Thi i hc 2011 CHNG I: DAO NG C HC I. DAO NG IU HO 1. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Asin( t + ) 2. Vn tc tc thi: v = Acos( t + ) 3.

3. Gia tc tc thi: a = - 2Asin( t + ) 4. Vt VTCB: x = 0; | v| Max = A; | a| Min = 0 Vt bin: x = A; | v| Min = 0; | a| Max = 2A v 2 2 2 5. H thc c lp: A = x + ( ) 2 a = - x 6. Chiu di qu o: 2A 1 2 2 7. C nng: E = E + Et = m A 2 1 2 2 2 2 Vi E = m A cos (t + ) = Ecos (t + ) 2 1 Et = m 2 A2sin 2 (t + ) = E sin2 (t + ) 2 8. Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l , tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin vi tn s gc 2 , tn s 2f, chu k T/2 9. ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( nN*, T l chu k dao ng) l:
E 1 = m 2 A2 2 4

10. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c to x1 n x2 x1 sin 1 = A 2 1 vi v ( 1 , 2 ) t = = 2 2 sin = x2 2 A 11. Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A; trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt xut pht t VTCB hoc v tr bin (tc l = 0; ; /2) 12. Qung ng vt i c t thi im t1 n t2. x1 = A sin(t1 + ) x = A sin(t2 + ) v 2 Xc nh: (v1 v v2 ch cn xc nh du) v1 = Acos(t1 + ) v2 = Acos(t2 + ) Phn tch: t2 t1 = nT + t (n N; 0 t < T) Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S1 = 4nA, trong thi gian t l S2. Qung ng tng cng l S = S1 + S2 T t < 2 S 2 = x2 x1 * Nu v1v2 0 t > T S = 4 A x x 2 2 1 2 v1 > 0 S2 = 2 A x1 x2 * Nu v1v2 < 0 v1 < 0 S2 = 2 A + x1 + x2

Chc em mt k thi thnh cng !

Thi i hc 2011 13. Cc bc lp phng trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho: * Tnh * Tnh A (thng s dng h thc c lp) x = A sin(t0 + ) * Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t0 (thng t0 = 0) v = Acos(t0 + ) Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0 + Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic (thng ly - < ) 14. Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, E, Et, E, F) ln th n * Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi gi tr ca k ) * Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh) * Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n Lu : ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra nghim th n 15. Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, E, Et, E, F) t thi im t1 n t2. * Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim * T t1 < t t2 Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k Z) * Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr . 16. Cc bc gii bi ton tm li dao ng sau thi im t mt khong thi gian t. Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x0. * T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Asin( t + ) cho x = x0 Ly nghim t + = (ng vi x ang tng, v cos( t + ) > 0) hoc t + = - (ng vi x ang gim) vi 2 2 * Li sau thi im t giy l: x = Asin( t + ) hoc x = Asin( - + t) = Asin( t - ) 17. Dao ng iu ho c phng trnh c bit: * x = a Asin( t + ) vi a = const Bin l A, tn s gc l , pha ban u x l to , x0 = Asin( t + ) l li . To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a A Vn tc v = x = x0, gia tc a = v = x = x0 H thc c lp: a = - 2x0 v 2 A2 = x0 + ( )2 2 * x = a Asin ( t + ) (ta h bc) Bin A/2; tn s gc 2 , pha ban u 2 . 18.Ch : 1. th. th ca li x theo t c dng l ng hnh sin th ca vn tc v theo thi gian t c dng l ng hnh sin th ca vn tc v theo li x c dng l ng Elip (E) th ca gia tc a theo thi gian c dng l ng hnh sin th ca gia tc a theo li x l on thng th ca gia tc a theo vn tc v c dng l ng Elip (E) Chc em mt k thi thnh cng ! 2

Thi i hc 2011 2. lch pha -Li chm pha hn vn tc mt gc 90* hay vung pha vi vn tc -Li chm pha hn gia tc mt gc 180* hay ngc pha vi gia tc -Vn tc nhanh pha hn li mt gc 90* v chm pha hn gia tc mt gc 90* -Gia tc nhanh pha hn li mt gc 90* v cng nhanh pha hn vn tc mt gc 180* 3.Ch -Khi vt chuyn ng t VT bin v VTCB l chuyn ng nhanh dn nhng khng u : a.v > 0 -Khi vt chuyn ng t VTCB ra VT bin l chuyn ng chm dn nhng khng u : a.v < 0 -Khi vt i qua VTCB th hp lc tc dng vo vt i chiu -Vt i chiu chuyn ng khi hp lc tc dng vo vt c ln cc i v vt ang VT bin II. CON LC L XO k 2 m 1 1 1. Tn s gc: = ; chu k: T = ; tn s: f = = = 2 = m k T 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2. C nng: E = E + Et = m A = kA 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 Vi E = mv = kA cos (t + ) = Ecos (t + ) 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 Et = kx = kA sin (t + ) = E sin2 (t + ) 2 2 3. * bin dng ca l xo thng ng: l =

k m

mg l T = 2 k g * bin dng ca l xo nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing : mg sin l l = T = 2 k g sin m * Trng hp vt di: + Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: lCB = l0 + l (l0 l chiu di t nhin) k k + Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht): lMin = l0 + l A + Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht): lMax = l0 + l + A m lCB = (lMin + lMax)/2 Dj l + Khi A > l th thi gian l xo nn l D t = , vi cos = Vt di Vt trn A Thi gian l xo gin l T/2 - t, vi t l thi gian l xo nn (tnh nh trn) * Trng hp vt trn: lCB = l0 - l; lMin = l0 - l A; lMax = l0 - l + A lCB = (lMin + lMax)/2 4. Lc hi phc hay lc phc hi (l lc gy dao ng cho vt) l lc a vt v v tr cn bng (l hp lc ca cc lc tc dng ln vt xt phng dao ng), lun hng v VTCB, c ln Fhp = k| x| = m 2| x| . 5. Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng. C ln Fh = kx* (x* l bin dng ca l xo) * Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc hi phc v lc n hi l mt (v ti VTCB l xo khng bin dng) * Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing + ln lc n hi c biu thc: * Fh = k| l + x| vi chiu dng hng xung Chc em mt k thi thnh cng ! 3

Thi i hc 2011 * Fh = k| l - x| vi chiu dng hng ln + Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): FMax = k( l + A) = FKMax + Lc n hi cc tiu: * Nu A < l FMin = k( l - A) = FKMin * Nu A l FMin = 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng) Lc y (lc nn) n hi cc i: FNmax = k(A - l) (lc vt v tr cao nht) Lu : Khi vt trn: * FNmax = FMax = k( l + A) * Nu A < l FNmin = FMin = k( l - A) * Nu A l FKmax = k(A - l) cn FMin = 0 6. Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k1, k2, v chiu di tng ng l l1, l2, th ta c: kl = k1l1 = k2l2 = 7. Ghp l xo: 1 1 1 * Ni tip = + + ... cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T2 = T12 + T22 k k1 k2 1 1 1 * Song song: k = k1 + k2 + cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: 2 = 2 + 2 + ... T T1 T2 8. Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m1 c chu k T1, vo vt khi lng m2 c T2, vo vt khi lng m1+m2 c chu k T3, vo vt khi lng m1 m2 (m1 > m2)c chu k T4. 2 2 2 2 2 2 Th ta c: T3 = T1 + T2 v T4 = T1 T2 m1 m1 9. Vt m1 c t trn vt m2 dao ng iu ho theo phng thng ng. (Hnh 1) m2 m1 lun nm yn trn m2 trong qu trnh dao ng th: k g (m + m2 ) g k m2 AMax = 2 = 1 k 10. Vt m1 v m2 c gn vo hai u l xo t thng ng, m1 dao ng iu ho. Hnh 1 Hnh 2 (Hnh 2) m2 lun nm yn trn mt sn trong qu trnh m1 dao ng th: (m + m2 ) g AMax = 1 k 11. Vt m1 t trn vt m2 dao ng iu ho theo phng ngang. H s ma st gia m1 v m2 l , b qua ma st gia m2 v mt sn. (Hnh 3) m1 k m1 khng trt trn m2 trong qu trnh dao ng th: m2 g (m1 + m2 ) g AMax = 2 = k
Hnh 3

III. CON LC N 2 l g 1 1 g = 2 1. Tn s gc: = ; chu k: T = ; tn s: f = = = g l T 2 2 l 2. Phng trnh dao ng: s = S0sin( t + ) hoc = 0sin( t + ) vi s = l, S0 = 0l v 100 v = s = S0cos( t + ) = l0cos( t + ) a = v = - 2S0sin( t + ) = - 2l0sin( t + ) = - 2s = - 2l Lu : S0 ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x 3. H thc c lp: * a = - 2s = - 2l v 2 2 2 * S0 = s + ( )

Chc em mt k thi thnh cng !

Thi i hc 2011
2 2 * 0 = +

v2 gl 1 1 mg 2 1 1 m 2 S02 = S0 = mgl02 = m2 l02 2 2 l 2 2

4. C nng: E = E + Et = Vi E =

1 2 mv = Ecos2 (t + ) 2 Et = mgl (1 cos ) = E sin 2 (t + ) 5. Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l1 c chu k T1, con lc n chiu di l2 c chu k T2, con lc n chiu di l1 + l2 c chu k T2,con lc n chiu di l1 - l2 (l1>l2) c chu k T4. 2 2 2 2 2 2 Th ta c: T3 = T1 + T2 v T4 = T1 T2 6. Vn tc v lc cng ca si dy con lc n v2 = 2gl(cos cos0) v TC = mg(3cos 2cos0) 7. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h1, nhit t1. Khi a ti cao h2, nhit t2 th ta c: T h t = + T R 2 Vi R = 6400km l bn knh Tri t, cn l h s n di ca thanh con lc. 8. Con lc n c chu k ng T su d1, nhit t1. Khi a ti su d2, nhit t2 th ta c: T d t = + T 2R 2 9. Con lc n c chu k ng T cao h, nhit t1. Khi a xung su d, nhit t2 th ta c: T d h t = + T 2R R 2 10. Con lc n c chu k ng T su d, nhit t1. Khi a ln cao h, nhit t2 th ta c: T h d t = + T R 2R 2 Lu : * Nu T > 0 th ng h chy chm (ng h m giy s dng con lc n) * Nu T < 0 th ng h chy nhanh * Nu T = 0 th ng h chy ng T * Thi gian chy sai mi ngy (24h = 86400s): = 86400( s) T 11. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i: Lc ph khng i thng l: u r r u r r * Lc qun tnh: F = ma , ln F = ma ( F a ) r r r Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a v ( v c hng chuyn ng) r r + Chuyn ng chm dn u a v u r u r u r u r u r u r * Lc in trng: F = qE , ln F = | q| E (Nu q > 0 F E ; cn nu q < 0 F E ) u r * Lc y csimt: F = DgV ( F lung thng ng hng ln) Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh. g l gia tc ri t do. ur u V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh . u r u r u r Khi : P ' = P + F gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc P ) u r u u F u r r g ' = g + gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin. m l Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi : T ' = 2 g' Cc trng hp c bit: Chc em mt k thi thnh cng ! 5

Thi i hc 2011 u r F * F c phng ngang: + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c: tg = P F + g ' = g 2 + ( )2 m u r F * F c phng thng ng th g ' = g m u r F + Nu F hng xung th g ' = g + m u r F g'= g + Nu F hng ln th m IV. TNG HP DAO NG 1. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x 1 = A1sin( t + 1) v x2 = A2sin( t + 2) c mt dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x = Asin( t + ). 2 2 2 Trong : A = A1 + A2 + 2 A1 A2 cos(2 1 ) A sin 1 + A2 sin 2 tg = 1 vi 1 2 (nu 1 2 ) A1cos1 + A2 cos2 * Nu = 2k (x1, x2 cng pha) AMax = A1 + A2 * Nu = (2k+1) (x1, x2 ngc pha) AMin = | A1 - A2| ` 2. Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x1 = A1sin( t + 1) v dao ng tng hp x = Asin( t + ) th dao ng thnh phn cn li l x2 = A2sin( t + 2). 2 2 2 Trong : A2 = A + A1 2 AA1 cos( 1 ) A sin A1 sin 1 tg 2 = vi 1 2 ( nu 1 2 ) Acos A1cos1 3. Nu mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x1 = A1sin( t + 1; x2 = A2sin( t + 2) th dao ng tng hp cng l dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x = Asin( t + ). Ta c: Ax = A sin = A1 sin 1 + A2 sin 2 + ... A = Acos = A1cos1 + A2 cos2 + ... Ax 2 vi [ Min; Max] A = Ax2 + A v tg = A V. DAO NG TT DN DAO NG CNG BC - CNG HNG 1. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st . Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li kA2 2 A2 = l: S = 2 mg 2 g 4 mg 4 g = 2 2. Mt vt dao ng tt dn th gim bin sau mi chu k l: A = k 2 A Ak A = = s dao ng thc hin c N = A 4 mg 4 g 3. Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f0 hay = 0 hay T = T0 Vi f, , T v f0, 0, T0 l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca h dao ng.

Chc em mt k thi thnh cng !

Thi i hc 2011 CHNG II: SNG C HC I. SNG C HC 1. Bc sng: = vT = v/f Trong : : Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng v: Vn tc truyn sng (c n v tng ng vi n v ca ) 2. Phng trnh sng Ti im O: uO = asin( t + ) Ti im M cch O mt on d trn phng truyn sng. * Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th uM = aMsin( t + - * Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th
= d1 d 2 v = 2 d1 d 2

d O M

3. lch pha gia hai im cch ngun mt khong d1, d2

d d ) = aMsin( t + - 2 ) v d d uM = aMsin( t + + ) = aMsin( t + + 2 ) v

Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong d th:

=

Lu : n v ca d, d1, d2, v v phi tng ng vi nhau 4. Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi nam chm in vi tn s dng in l f th tn s dao ng ca dy l 2f. II. GIAO THOA SNG Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp cch nhau mt khong l: Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d1, d2 Gi x l s nguyn ln nht nh hn x (v d: 6 = 5; 4,05 = 4; 6,97 = 6 ) 1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Bin dao ng ca im M: AM = 2aM| cos(
d1 d 2 )|

d d = 2 v

* im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = k (kZ) S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun): l l l < k < hoc N C =2 + 1 * im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = (2k+1) S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun): 1 l l 1 l 1 < k < hoc N CT =2 + 2 2 2 2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Bin dao ng ca im M: AM = 2aM| cos( * im dao ng cc i: d1 d2 = (2k+1)
d1 d 2 + )| 2

(kZ) 2

(kZ) 2

S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun): 1 l l 1 l 1 < k < hoc N C =2 + 2 2 2 * im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d1 d2 = k (kZ) S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun): Chc em mt k thi thnh cng ! 7

Thi i hc 2011

l l l < k < hoc N CT =2 + 1

d1 d 2 + )| 4

3. Hai ngun dao ng vung pha: Bin dao ng ca im M: AM = 2aM| cos(

l 1 l 1 <k < 4 4

S im (ng) dao ng cc i bng s im (ng) dao ng cc tiu (khng tnh hai ngun): Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln lt l d1M, d2M, d1N, d2N. t dM = d1M - d2M ; dN = d1N - d2N v gi s dM < dN. + Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Cc i: dM < k < dN Cc tiu: dM < (k+0,5) < dN + Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Cc i: dM < (k+0,5) < dN Cc tiu: dM < k < dN S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.

III. SNG DNG 1. * Gii hn c nh Nt sng * Gii hn t do Bng sng * Ngun pht sng c coi gn ng l nt sng * B rng bng sng 4a (vi a l bin dao ng ca ngun) 2. iu kin c sng dng gia hai im cch nhau mt khong l: (k N * ) * Hai im u l nt sng: l = k 2 S bng sng = s b sng = k S nt sng = k + 1 (k N * ) * Hai im u l bng sng: l = k 2 S b sng nguyn = k 1 S bng sng =k+1 S nt sng =k (k N ) * Mt im l nt sng cn mt im l bng sng: l = (2k + 1) 4 S b sng nguyn = k S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1 3. Trong hin tng sng dng xy ra trn si dy AB vi u A l nt sng Bin dao ng ca im M cch A mt on d l: AM = 2a sin(2 ) vi a l bin dao ng ca ngun.
d

Chc em mt k thi thnh cng !

Thi i hc 2011 IV. SNG M 1. Cng m: I=

E P = tS S

Vi E (J), P (W) l nng lng, cng sut pht m ca ngun S (m2) l din tch mt vung gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu S=4R2) 2. Mc cng m
L( B ) = lg I I Hoc L(dB) = 10.lg (cng thc thng dng) I0 I0

Vi I0 = 10-12 W/m2 f = 1000Hz: cng m chun.

Chc em mt k thi thnh cng !

Thi i hc 2011 CHNG III: IN XOAY CHIU 1. Biu thc hiu in th tc thi v dng in tc thi: u = U0sin( t + u) v i = I0sin( t + i) Vi = u i l lch pha ca u so vi i, c 2 2 2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I0sin(2 ft + i) * Mi giy i chiu 2f ln * Nu pha ban u i = 0 hoc i = th ch giy u tin i chiu 2f-1 ln. 3. Cng thc tnh khong thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k Khi t hiu in th u = U0sin( t + u) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln khi u U1. U1 4 t = Vi cos = , (0 < < /2) U0 4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R,L,C * on mch ch c in tr thun R: uR cng pha vi i, ( = u i = 0) U U I= v I 0 = 0 R R U Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c I = R * on mch ch c cun thun cm L: uL nhanh pha hn i /2, ( = u i = /2) U0 U I= v I 0 = vi ZL = L l cm khng ZL ZL Lu : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton (khng cn tr). * on mch ch c t in C: uC chm pha hn i /2, ( = u i = - /2) U0 U 1 I= v I 0 = vi Z C = l dung khng ZC ZC C Lu : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon ton). * on mch RLC khng phn nhnh
2 Z = R 2 + ( Z L ZC )2 U = U R + (U L UC )2 U 0 = U 2R + (U0L U0C )2 0

Z L ZC Z ZC R ;sin = L ; cos = vi R Z Z 2 2 1 + Khi ZL > ZC hay > > 0 th u nhanh pha hn i LC 1 + Khi ZL < ZC hay < < 0 th u chm pha hn i LC 1 + Khi ZL = ZC hay = = 0 th u cng pha vi i. LC U Lc I Max = gi l hin tng cng hng dng in R 5. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC: P = UIcos = I2R. 6. Hiu in th u = U1 + U0sin( t + ) c coi gm mt hiu in th khng i U1 v mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = U0sin( t + ) ng thi t vo on mch. 7. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c P cp cc, rto quay vi vn tc n vng/pht pht pn Hz ra: f = 60 T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in = NBScos( t + ) = 0cos( t + ) tg = Chc em mt k thi thnh cng ! 10

Thi i hc 2011 Vi 0 = NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca vng dy, = 2 f Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = NSBsin( t + ) = E0sin( t + ) Vi E0 = NSB l sut in ng cc i. 8. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha i1 = I 0 sin(t ) 2 ) 3 2 i3 = I 0 sin(t + ) 3 My pht mc hnh sao: Ud = 3 Up My pht mc hnh tam gic: Ud = Up Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: Id = Ip Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic: Id = 3 Ip Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi nhau. U1 E1 I 2 N1 = = = 9. Cng thc my bin th: U 2 E2 I1 N2 i2 = I 0 sin(t P2 10. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng: P = 2 2 R U cos 2 P Thng xt: cos = 1 khi P = 2 R U Trong : P l cng sut cn truyn ti ti ni tiu th U l hiu in th ni cung cp cos l h s cng sut ca dy ti in l R = l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng 2 dy) S gim th trn ng dy ti in: U = IR P P .100% Hiu sut ti in: H = P 11. on mch RLC c L thay i: 1 * Khi L = 2 th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau C 2 2 R 2 + ZC U R 2 + ZC * Khi Z L = th U LMax = ZC R 1 1 1 1 2 L1 L2 = ( + ) L= * Vi L = L1 hoc L = L2 th UL c cng gi tr th ULmax khi Z L 2 Z L1 Z L2 L1 + L2
2 2UR Z C + 4 R 2 + ZC th U RLMax = Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau 2 4 R 2 + Z C ZC 2 12. on mch RLC c C thay i: 1 * Khi C = 2 th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau L 2 2 R2 + ZL U R2 + ZL ZC = * Khi th U CMax = ZL R

* Khi Z L =

Chc em mt k thi thnh cng !

11

Thi i hc 2011 * Khi C = C1 hoc C = C2 th UC c cng gi tr th UCmax khi 1 1 1 1 C + C2 = ( + )C = 1 Z C 2 ZC1 ZC2 2

2 2UR Z L + 4 R 2 + ZL th U RCMax = Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau 2 2 4R + Z L Z L 2 13. Mch RLC c thay i: 1 * Khi = th IMax URmax; PMax cn ULCMin Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau LC 1 1 = 2U .L C L R 2 th U LMax = * Khi R 4 LC R 2C 2 C 2 2U .L 1 L R2 * Khi = th U CMax = R 4 LC R 2C 2 L C 2 * Vi = 1 hoc = 2 th I hoc P hoc UR c cng mt gi tr th IMax hoc PMax hoc URMax khi = 12 tn s f = f1 f 2 14. Hai on mch R1L1C1 v R2L2C2 cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau Z L ZC1 Z L ZC2 Vi tg1 = 1 v tg 2 = 2 (gi s 1 > 2) R1 R2 tg1 tg2 = tg C 1 2 = 1 + tg1tg2 Trng hp c bit = /2 (vung pha nhau) th tg 1tg 2 = -1.

* Khi Z C =

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Thi i hc 2011 CHNG IV: DAO NG IN T SNG IN T 1. Dao ng in t * in tch tc thi q = Q0sin( t + ) * Dng in tc thi i = q = Q0cos( t + ) = I0cos( t + ) q Q * Hiu in th tc thi u = = 0 sin(t + ) = U 0 sin(t + ) C C 1 Trong : = l tn s gc ring, LC T = 2 LC l chu k ring 1 f = l tn s ring 2 LC Q I 0 = Q0 = 0 LC Q I L U 0 = 0 = 0 = I0 C C C 1 1 q2 * Nng lng in trng E = Cu 2 = qu = 2 2 2C 2 Q E = 0 sin 2 (t + ) 2C Q2 1 * Nng lng t trng Et = Li 2 = 0 cos2 (t + ) 2 2C * Nng lng in t E = E + Et Q2 1 1 1 E = CU 02 = Q0U0 = 0 = LI02 2 2 2C 2 Ch : Mch dao ng c tn s gc , tn s f v chu k T th nng lng in trng bin thin vi tn s gc 2 , tn s 2f v chu k T/2 2. Sng in t Vn tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10-8m/s My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc thu bng tn s ring ca mch. v Bc sng ca sng in t = = 2 v LC f Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t LMin LMax v C bin i t CMin CMax th bc sng ca sng in t pht (hoc thu) Min tng ng vi LMin v CMin Max tng ng vi LMax v CMax

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Thi i hc 2011 CHNG VII: TNH CHT SNG CA NH SNG 1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng. * /n: L hin tng nh sng b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut. * nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc nh sng n sc c tn s xc nh, ch c mt mu. v c l l c 0= l = 0 Bc sng ca nh sng n sc l = , truyn trong chn khng l 0 = f f l v n * Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo mu sc nh sng. i vi nh sng mu l nh nht, mu tm l ln nht. * nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm. Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,4 m 0,76 m. 2. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim Ing). * /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian trong xut hin nhng vch sng v nhng vch ti xen k nhau. Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn ti) gi l vn giao thoa. M d1 S1 * Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh) x d2 ax a I D d = d 2 - d1 = O D S2 Trong : a = S1S2 l khong cch gia hai khe sng D = OI l khong cch t hai khe sng S1, S2 n mn quan st S1M = d1; S2M = d2 x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im M ta xt * V tr (to ) vn sng: d = k x = k k = 0: Vn sng trung tm k = 1: Vn sng bc (th) 1 k = 2: Vn sng bc (th) 2 * V tr (to ) vn ti: d = (k + 0,5) x = (k + 0,5) k = 0, k = -1: Vn ti th (bc) nht k = 1, k = -2: Vn ti th (bc) hai k = 2, k = -3: Vn ti th (bc) ba lD a * Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th bc sng v khong vn: l D i l l n = in = n = n a n * Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S1S2 th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu v khong vn i vn khng i. D di ca h vn l: x0 = d D1 Trong : D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn D1 l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng * Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip: i = lD ,k Z a D

lD ,k Z a

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Thi i hc 2011 * Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S1 (hoc S2) c t mt bn mng dy e, chit sut n th h vn (n - 1)eD s dch chuyn v pha S1 (hoc S2) mt on: x0 = a * Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn trung tm) L + + S vn sng (l s l): N S = 2 1 i 2 L + S vn ti (l s chn): N t = 2 + 0,5 i 2 Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7 * Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x1, x2 (gi s x1 < x2) + Vn sng: x1 < ki < x2 + Vn ti: x1 < (k+0,5)i < x2 S gi tr k Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 cng du. M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x1 v x2 khc du. * Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng. L + Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th: i = n- 1 L + Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th: i = n L + Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th: i = n - 0,5 * S trng nhau ca cc bc x 1, 2 ... (khong vn tng ng l i1, i2 ...) + Trng nhau ca vn sng: xs = k1i1 = k2i2 = ... k1 1 = k2 2 = ... + Trng nhau ca vn ti: xt = (k1 + 0,5)i1 = (k2 + 0,5)i2 = ... (k1 + 0,5) 1 = (k2 + 0,5) 2 = ... Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x. * Trong hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng (0,4 m 0,76 m) D - B rng quang ph bc k: D x = k (l - l t ) vi v t l bc sng nh sng v tm a - Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x) lD ax l = , k Z + Vn sng: x = k a kD Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k lD ax l = , k Z + Vn ti: x = (k + 0,5) a (k + 0,5) D Vi 0,4 m 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k - Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k: D xMin = [kt (k 0,5) ] a D xMax = [k + (k 0,5)t ] Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm. a D xMax = [k (k 0,5)t ] Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm. a

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Thi i hc 2011 3.S VN SNG V VN TI QUAN ST C Gi L l b rng giao thoa trng. S vn sng quan st c trong na giao thoa trng (khng k vn sng trung tm)l phn nguyn ca n c xc nh bi cng thc:

Nh vy: +Tng s vn sng quan st c l: N=2n+1 +Tng s vn ti quan st c l: 4.H VN GIAO THOA DCH CHUYN 4.1.Khi dch chuyn ngun S theo phng song song H vn s dch chuyn ngc hng dch chuyn ca S mt on: N'=2n

Vi: +D':khong cch gia ngun v 2 khe +y:khong dch chuyn ca ngun 4.2.Khi dch chuyn ngun theo phng vung gc H vn khng dch chuyn,khong vn khng thay i 4.3.Khi dch chuyn v tr tng i gia cc khe v mn -V tr vn trung tm khng i -Nu D tng ,khong vn tng -Nu D gim ,khong vn gim 4.4.Khi t mt bn mt song song vi mt trong hai khe H vn dch chuyn v pha khe c t bn mt on:

5.GIAO THOA VI NH SNG TRNG -nh sng trng c bc sng nm trong gii hn:

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Thi i hc 2011 -nh sng n sc c vn sng ti v tr x c xc nh bi h thc

-nh sng n sc c vn ti ti v tr x (nh sng b tt) c xc nh bi h thc:

-B rng quang ph bc k:

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Thi i hc 2011 CHNG VIII: LNG T NH SNG 1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn) hc e = hf = = mc 2 l Trong h = 6,625.10-34 Js l hng s Plng. c = 3.108m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng (ca bc x). m l khi lng ca phtn 2. Tia Rnghen (tia X) Bc sng nh nht ca tia Rnghen hc l Min = E mv 2 mv 2 = e U + 0 l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc) 2 2 U l hiu in th gia ant v catt v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt v0 l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v0 = 0) m = 9,1.10-31 kg l khi lng electron 3. Hin tng quang in *Cng thc Anhxtanh mv 2 hc e = hf = = A + 0 Max l 2 hc Trong A = l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt l0 0 l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt v0Max l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch * dng quang in trit tiu th UAK Uh (Uh < 0), Uh gi l hiu in th hm mv 2 eU h = 0 Max 2 Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly Uh > 0 th l ln. * Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i VMax v khong cch cc i dMax m electron chuyn ng trong in trng cn c cng E c tnh theo cng thc: 1 2 e VMax = mv0 Max = e EdMax 2 * Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, vA l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, vK = v0Max l vn tc ban u cc i ca electron khi ri catt th: 1 2 1 2 e U = mv A - mvK 2 2 * Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in) n H= n0 Vi n v n0 l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian t. n e n hf n hc Cng sut ca ngun bc x: p = 0 = 0 = 0 t t lt Trong E =

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Thi i hc 2011 Cng dng quang in bo ho: I bh = H= q ne = t t

I bh e Ibh hf I hc = = bh pe pe pl e * Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B ru mv r R= , a = (v,B) e B sin a Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v0Max r u r mv v ^ B sin a = 1 R = Khi eB Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc ban u cc i v0Max, hiu in th hm Uh, in th cc i VMax, u c tnh ng vi bc x c Min (hoc fMax) 4. Tin Bo - Quang ph nguyn t Hir Em * Tin Bo nhn phtn pht phtn hc e = hf mn = = Em - En hfmn hfmn l mn En * Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: Em > En rn = n2r0 Vi r0 =5,3.10-11m l bn knh Bo ( qu o K) * Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir: 13, 6 En =- 2 (eV ) Vi n N*. n * S mc nng lng - Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi P ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K O Lu : Vch di nht LK khi e chuyn t L K N Vch ngn nht K khi e chuyn t K. - Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt M phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn thy Pasen ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch: L Vch H ng vi e: M L H H H H Vch lam H ng vi e: N L Vch chm H ng vi e: O L Banme Vch tm H ng vi e: P L Lu : Vch di nht ML (Vch H ) Vch ngn nht L khi e chuyn t L. K - Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi Laiman ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M Lu : Vch di nht NM khi e chuyn t N M. Vch ngn nht M khi e chuyn t M. Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:

n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3

n=2

n=1

1 1 1 = + v f13 = f12 +f23 (nh cng vct) 13 12 23

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Thi i hc 2011

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Thi i hc 2011 CHNG IX. VT L HT NHN 1. Hin tng phng x * S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t N = N 0 .2
t T

= N0 .e- l t

* S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht ( hoc e- hoc e+) c to thnh: D N = N 0 - N = N0 (1- e- l t ) * Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t m = m0 .2 T = m0 .e- l t Trong : N0, m0 l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u T l chu k bn r ln2 0, 693 l = = l hng s phng x T T v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht phng x. * Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t D m = m0 - m = m0 (1- e- l t ) Dm = 1- e- l t * Phn trm cht phng x b phn r: m0
t m T = 2 = e- l t Phn trm cht phng x cn li: m0 * Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t AN DN A m1 = A1 = 1 0 (1- e- l t ) = 1 m0 (1- e- l t ) NA NA A Trong : A, A1 l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh NA = 6,022.10-23 mol-1 l s Avgar. Lu : Trng hp phng x +, - th A = A1 m1 = m * phng x H L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn r trong 1 giy. t

H = H 0 .2

t T

= H 0 .e- l t = l N

H0 = N0 l phng x ban u. n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.1010 Bq Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H0 (Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s). 2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt * H thc Anhxtanh gia khi lng v nng lng Vt c khi lng m th c nng lng ngh E = m.c2 Vi c = 3.108 m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng. A * ht khi ca ht nhn Z X m = m0 m Trong m0 = Zmp + Nmn = Zmp + (A-Z)mn l khi lng cc nucln. m l khi lng ht nhn X. * Nng lng lin kt E = m.c2 = (m0-m)c2

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Thi i hc 2011 * Nng lng lin kt ring (l nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln): Lu : Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng. 3. Phn ng ht nhn A A A A * Phng trnh phn ng: Z11 X 1 + Z22 X 2 Z33 X 3 + Z44 X 4 Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ... Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X1 X2 + X3 X1 l ht nhn m, X2 l ht nhn con, X3 l ht hoc * Cc nh lut bo ton + Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A1 + A2 = A3 + A4 + Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4 u ur ur ur u u r u u u r u r u r u r + Bo ton ng lng: p1 + p2 = p3 + p4 hay m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m4 v3 + m4 v4 + Bo ton nng lng: K X1 + K X 2 +D E = K X 3 + K X 4 Trong : E l nng lng phn ng ht nhn 1 2 K X = mx vx l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X 2 Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng. 2 - Mi quan h gia ng lng pX v ng nng KX ca ht X l: p X = 2mX K X - Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh u u ur r u u r u ur u u r V d: p = p1 + p2 bit j = 1 , p2 p
2 p 2 = p12 + p2 + 2 p1 p2 cosj 2 2 2 hay (mv) = (m1v1 ) + (m2 v2 ) + 2m1 m2 v1 v2 cosj

DE A

u u r p1 u r p

hay mK = m1 K1 + m2 K 2 + 2 m1 m2 K1 K2 cosj u u u r r ur u u r Tng t khi bit 1 = 1 , p hoc 2 = 2 , p p p u ur u r u 2 2 2 Trng hp c bit: p1 ^ p2 p = p1 + p2 u u u r r ur u u r Tng t khi p1 ^ p hoc p2 ^ p K1 v1 m2 A = = 2 v = 0 (p = 0) p1 = p2 K 2 v2 m1 A1 Tng t v1 = 0 hoc v2 = 0. * Nng lng phn ng ht nhn E = (M0 - M)c2 Trong : M 0 = mX1 + mX 2 l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng. M = mX 3 + mX 4 l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.

ur u p2

Lu : - Nu M0 > M th phn ng to nng lng E di dng ng nng ca cc ht X3, X4 hoc phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn. - Nu M0 < M th phn ng thu nng lng | E| di dng ng nng ca cc ht X1, X2 hoc phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng. A A A A * Trong phn ng ht nhn Z11 X 1 + Z22 X 2 Z33 X 3 + Z44 X 4 Cc ht nhn X1, X2, X3, X4 c: Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l 1, 2, 3, 4. Nng lng lin kt tng ng l E1, E2, E3, E4 ht khi tng ng l m1, m2, m3, m4 Chc em mt k thi thnh cng ! 22

Thi i hc 2011 Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn E = A3 3 +A4 4 - A1 1 - A2 2 E = E3 + E4 E1 E2 E = ( m3 + m4 - m1 - m2)c2 * Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x 4 A 4 A- 4 + Phng x ( 2 He ): Z X 2 He + Z - 2Y So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v. - 1 A 0 A + Phng x - ( 0 e ): Z X - 1 e + Z +1Y So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi. Thc cht ca phng x - l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt ht electrn v mt ht ntrin: n p + e- + v Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x - l ht electrn (e-) - Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khng khi lng (hoc rt nh) chuyn ng vi vn tc ca nh sng v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht. +1 A 0 A + Phng x + ( 0 e ): Z X +1 e + Z - 1Y So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi. Thc cht ca phng x + l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt ht pzitrn v mt ht ntrin: p n + e+ + v Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x + l ht pzitrn (e+) + Phng x (ht phtn) Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E1 chuyn xung mc nng lng E2 ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng hc e = hf = = E1 - E2 l Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo phng x v . 4. Cc hng s v n v thng s dng * S Avgar: NA = 6,022.1023 mol-1 * n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10-19 J; 1MeV = 1,6.10-13 J * n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10-27kg = 931 MeV/c2 * in tch nguyn t: | e| = 1,6.10-19 C * Khi lng prtn: mp = 1,0073u * Khi lng ntrn: mn = 1,0087u * Khi lng electrn: me = 9,1.10-31kg = 0,0005u

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