A History of Arakan Past & Present Transalation English To Bangla

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___________________________
Arakaner Eitihash : Autit O Bartaman (A History of Arakan :
Past & Present) Writen by: Dr. Mohammed Yunus,
Published by: World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY)
Eastern Province, Dammad, K.S.A.
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GZUvB wbfikxj nq cowQj, hvi dj PMvgi mxgveZx Aj
jv wdwix (cZyMxR) `myì GKwU Mvcb AvLovq cwiYZ njv|
1650 mvji GKRb chUK wjLQb h Rj`my I jyUivì
mnvqZvq cZyMxRiv PMvg Zvì GK aibi mvefgZ Kvqg
KiwQj| mLvb mgy` c_ I j c_ Zviv cwZwbqZB WvKvwZ I
jyUZivR KiZ| Zviv wbg ei AjjvZ Ackvmb I gMi gyjyK
Kvqg KiwQj| gMì mnvqZvq cZyMxRì G bksm AcKgi
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AvivKvbi e kvmK mvb`v _y`vv KZK fvMvnZ gvNj ivRcy
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I AvivKvbx kvmKì gaKvi mK wZ nZ _vK| GiB dj
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myRv I Zuvi Abymvixì MYnZvi ci AvivKvbi `ywU fMx cwZg
mc`vqi (ivwnv I gM) ga Zxe A mw nq, hv ewgì
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evwnbx wnme weewPZ nqQ|
17
evwgRì gb G fxwZ GLbI bvov `q h, GKw`b AvivKvbi

BwZnvm cybivq wdi AvmZ cvi Ges AvivKvbi evcvi Zvì
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mg~n wec` nQ AvivKvbi gymjgvbiv| Zvì gbi Mfxi jvjvwqZ
mB fxwZ `ywifyZ Kivi Rb mycwiKwZ fve ivwnv gymjgvbì
wei bZvwK w Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki AvmQ|
18
c_g Aavq
f~wg I Rbmgw
fMvwjK Aevbt
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cvnvoK QzuqQ| AvivKvbi c~e cvk AewZ myDQ ceZgvjv AvivKvb
BDgv GwUK evgvi g~j fy-L _K m~Y Avjv`v GKwU cvKwZK
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mxgviLv iqQ hv HwZnMZ fve `~i cvPi cekvi wnme KvR Ki|
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Kvjv`vb, jgiv, Avb, Zvbc Ges mvyIq| bvd b`x AvivKvb I
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AvwKqve nq evcmvMi cevwnZ nqQ| Kvjv`vbi bvq Ab mKj b`xI
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19
mviv eQi mnR b-PjvPj hvM| Gi Kvb b`xB evgv _K Drcw nqwb|
GKviYB BwZnvm chvjvPbv Kij `Lv hvq, evgvi Zzjbvq ei mv_
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cfve wevi KiwQj| AvivKvb cKZ c PMvgevmxi Rb GKwU
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Zvì Pjgvb mgy` hvv cybivq Pvjy Kivi c~e AvivKvb wYK Aevbi
20
mgq AvivKvbxq jn I KvVhv wcbdv` ej cwiwPZ wQj w`q Zvì

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21
ZrKvjxb ^vaxb e myjZvbì ivRKxq fvlv wQj dvimx Ges Zviv AvivKvb
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G mKj AvivKvb ivRviv hviv ei myjZvbì mv_ Dg mK eRvq
iL PjZv ZvivB g~jZt Gi bvgKiY KiwQj AvivKvb| AvivKvb ivRviv
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gZev` wkLZ GKkZ eQi jMwQj| hLb GUv Zvì wbKU Lye Avq nq
Gjv ZLb Zviv `Ljv h GUv AvivKvb mvgvRi fvlv wnme cwiwPwZ
jvf KiQ|1
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Mjvi jLKMY kwUK AviLvb&K (
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KjKvZv hv`yNi msiwZ ek KqKwU gy`vi ga GKwU gy`v Ggb cvIqv

hvq h mwU AvivKvbxq kvmK myjZvb evnv`yi kvn KZK
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ek wKQz gy`v cvIqv hvq, hjv fviZi KjKvZv hv`yNi msiY Kiv
nqwQj| GKB Qvcv wewk gvnv` kvni Avgji gy`v wewUk hv`yNi
1
Arakan's place in civilization in the Bay in Journal of the Burma

Research Society (JBRS), Fiftieth Anniversary publications. No. 2. P.P.
491-2
22
msiwZ Aevq cvIqv hvq| RbK HwZnvwmK ge KiwQjb, GUv mZ

h dvimx Drm eBjvZ AvivKvb bvgwU AviLvb&K (Arkhank) A_ev
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Avm bvB| AvivKvbi wewfb weLvZ vb, b`x I ceZgvjv Aviex A_ev
dvimx bvg AvK&Bqve (EK-ab ) hvi dvimx A_ - GK cvwbi `k| hgb
ejv nq cvbRve (Panj-ab) A_- c cvwbi `k| b`xjvi bvg hgb
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Aviex A_ev dvimx k fvvi _K GmQ| G kjv AvivKvb
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hwÌ mvaviY aviYv Abyhvqx AvivKvbi mKj RbMY gymjgvb Ges

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23
whwb wZxq wekhyi mgq AvivKvb Awfhvb Ask wbqwQjb| wZwb

wjLQb- hLb Avgiv AvivKvb nZ Awfhvb cZvnvi Ki wbqwQjvg wVK
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ivqvs/ivnvs/ivmnvs cwifvlvwU cvPxb Kvji wb`kb enb Ki| GwU
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RvnvR `yNUbvq Avie ewYKMY fm fm cwg AvivKvb DcK~ji GKwU
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viv ivng ivRK eywSqQb| cieZxZ GwU ivnvs/ivmvs/ivqvs G icv
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(mvBjb) Gi ci RvwRivZ-Avj-ivngx| mLvb AvRe BDwbKY cvYx
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24
mKj eYbv evcK Abyfw~ Z wbq Avm h ivngx ev ivngv ecvmvMi Ges
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emevm KiQb DjL KiQb h ivn&gxi ivRv LyeB gZvai wQj| hvi
50,000wU nvZx I 150,000 Rb mb wQj| GgbwK eZgvb hyMI
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h GwU Dcgnv`kxq kw nIqvi Rb h_ enr ivR wQj bv| QvU GKwU
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mbvevwnbxi gvKvejv KiQ|
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25
1310 mvj msKwjZ ivwk`ywbi GKwU M AvivKvbi bvg ivnvb

wnme DjL Kiv nqQ hv ivnvs Gi mv_ Mfxifve mv`kc~Y| wZwb
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HwZnvwmK Ges NUbvcx jLKiv h_ cixv-bxwiv Ki ejQb- cvPxb
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(Chuijang ky athe ) M DjL Kiv nqQ h evgv m mgq wZb fvM
wef wQj, hvi GKwU Ask kvmb KiZ PvKgv ivRv| PvKgviv Zvì
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mKji viv wbevwPZ)| Zvi Kvb cy mvb wQj bv eis ay gvwbKex bvgi
GKRb Kbv mvb wQj| Zvi ^vgx evvjxì ci wQjb Ges 11181119 mvj ivqvb (AvivKvb) bvgK `k gNì mv_ hy KiQb|
gvwbKexi ci Zvi cy gvwbKMx mLvbKvi ivRv nb Ges Gici Zvi cy
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gvi`vb bvqvib K mLvbKvi MfYi wnme wbqvM w`qwQjb| GK&
DcvLvbi Aci GK RvqMvq DjL Kiv nqQ h ivRv ivmvs ivRi
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26
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AvivKvbi RbMY:
AvivKvb `ywU enr b-ZvwK Mvx iqQ| Gì ga ivwnv mc`vq
msLv Mwi RbMY wbq MwVZ Ges mecwi Zviv Bmjvg ag wekvmx| Avi
gvN ev ivLvBb mc`vq msLvjNy RbMY wbq MwVZ Ges Zviv e
aggZi Abymvix| 1942 mvji c~e ivwnv Ges gvN Dfq mc`vq KZK
weZ cwimi AvivKvb `Lj nqwQj| 1942 mvj gymjgvb weivax

`vvKvjxb mgq `wY AvivKvbi gymjgvbìK Divj Zvwoq `qv
nqwQj, hLvb e gNiv `kwUi `wY Aavsk `Lj Ki wbqwQj|
eZgvb Zviv mLvb msLv MwiZv ARb KiQ|
AvivKvbi cveZ Aj wKQz Avwèvmx evm Ki hvì AwaKvsk welx

gbvfvevcb| Zvì msLv GLbI Lye bMY| Zviv njv- KvwgR, gvR,
PvDs_vQ, mvK&m, wPb, PvDR, LvDsmvm, AvnbyQ Ges Kvbm| cavb bMvx njv-gvR, KvwgR, PvDs_vQ Ges wPbR|
ivwnv mc`vq t
ivwnv cwifvlvwU ivnvB ev ivmnvx k nZ wbMZ| ivnvB Ges
ivmvx cwifvlv viv cvPxb AvivKvb emevmKvix gymjgvb RbMvxK
eySvq| PMvg emevmiZ gymjgvb RbMvxi ga `ywU ^Z Pwii bMvx cvIqv hvq| Gì GKwU PvUMvBqv I AbwU ivnvB ej cwiwPZ|
27
GKB aggZi Abymvix nIqv mI Zvì mvswZK Afvmi ga

ZviZg iqQ| eZt, PMvgi ivnvBev mB mKj gymjgvb hviv egxq
bksmZvi KviY [AvivKvb (ivnvb) _K cvwjq GmwQj]| 1784 mvj
evgv KZK AvivKvb Rei `Lji Ri ai|
PMvg Rjvi gvU RbmsLvi cvk fvMi ekx nQ ivnvB hviv

AvivKvb Zvì c~ecyilì Drcw LuvR Ki Avie, g~i, ZzKx,cvimxqvb,
gvNj, cvVvb Ges evvwjì gvS GKRb wewUk Avwg Awdmvi whwb wZxq
wekhyi mgq AvivKvb evwnbxi mv_ hy KiwQjb, wZwb AviKvb
gymjgvbì b-ZvwK Pwi mK ge KiQb Gfve h fviZ I
evgvi h mKj gymjgvbìK Avwg `LwQ AvivKvbi gymjgvbiv Zvì
_K m~Y ewZg| Zviv bvg, cvkvK Ges Afvm Avieì m`k| bvix
Ges wekl Ki hyeZx bvixì evci GK aibi ^Z Aviexq msk
iqQ|
ivwnv fvlvi Dbqb LyeB AyZ cKwZi| GwU wewfb Avlvi mswgkY, h
fvlvjv nvRvi eQii AwaK mgq ai AvivKvb wevi jvf KiwQj|
GLvb DjL Kiv h_v_ h gviK-BD (Mrauk-U) ivRvì cv_wgK mgq
_K 1845 mvj ch dviwm AvivKvbi Awdwmqvj fvlv wnme eenvi
nq AvmwQj| m mgq gvDK-D ivRvì mv_ ei mK GZUvB Av
wiK I Mfxi wQj h AvivKvb ivR mfvq evsjv mvwnZ evcK mgw ARb
KiwQj| kvn& AvjvIj, `jZ KvRx Ges gvMb wmxwKi gZv AbK
gymjgvb mfvKwe AvivKvb ivRvì mev KiQb| Zviv dvimx, Aviex
A_ev wgk fvlv ivwnvZ mvwnZ iPbv KiZ| ivwnv fvlvK Zviv
wbRì ga mg `vb KiwQj Ges Ges G fvlvwU wQj g~jZt Aviex,
dvimx, evsjv I AvivKvb (ivLvBb) fvlvi mswgkY| hwÌ ivwnv fvlv
AvivKvb ivRvì kvmbvgj cmvi jvf KiwQj, wK eZgvb G fvlvwUi
28
jLic cvq wejywi c_| G fvlvwU gyjZt 1784 mvj evwgR nvbv`vi
KZK
asm cv nqwQj Ges cieZxZ ZrKvjxb DcwbewkKMY mUvK
h_vh_ msiY Ki bvB|
gM ev ivLvBb t
gM (Magh) kwU m`nvZxZfve evsjv fvlv _K Drcb| kwUi mwVK
Zvrch Ges P~ov Drcwj cwivi | kwUi mePq ekx mvlRbK
Drcwj GKwU nQ hv GUvK fviZi cvPxb gvMvav-ivR cwievii
kvmbvgji mv_ mshy KiQ| e cwZcwi nvm i nq fviZ gvIix
(Maurya) ivRZi cZbi ci _K| wLvb kvmbi ii w`K ivRv AkvK
mLvbKvi ivRv wQjb| gvMZ AvU kZvw mgq eev` Ges GK
iYkxj evY wn`yevì ga GKUv msNl nqwQj| gvMvav I cvPxb
wenvi eiv iYkxj wn`y Ges cwZc gvnvqvbv eì viv GZ
gvivZKfve wbhvwZZ nqQ h _ivf`v eìK eva nq mLvb
_K cvwjq hZ nqQ| Zviv mLvb _K cvwjq wMq wn`y ivRv kvwmZ
wfkvjxZ (Vesali) Avkq MnY Ki| ZLb _KB ZvìK gvN ej
WvKv nq| wK gvNvav Awfevmxì ga Gm Avwiqvbiv Zvìmn
agvej^x-gvwjqvb I wZeZxq-egxqì AfixY weevn mv`b nZv|
Zviv ivRwUK 957 mvj _K cvq cuvP kZvxKvj ai KiZjMZ Ki
iLwQj| fviZxq I gvjxqvbì mg^q m bZzb ki (Hybrid)
RvwZK eZgvbi mvaviY gvjxq I wZeZxq-egxq kYx _K AwZ
mnRB Avjv`v Kiv hvq| Gfve eZgvb hyMi AvivKvbx eiv Zvì
Drcw LyuR cvq gvMvavq| wK Zvì mv_ gvwjqvbì mv`k nqQ
Ges Zvì fviZxq PwiI nvwiqQ| meZ gM ki Drcw ne,
gvMvax, gvNx-gvMx, gM A_ev gvN| bZzb BsiwR Awfavb DjL Ki h gM,
(Mog), gMb (Mogen), gM (Mogue) kjv AvivKvbi bvg Ges cg29
lvok kZvwi AvivKvbxq RbMYK eySvZ eenvi nq| BsiR chUK ivd
wdP (Ralph Fitch) AvivKvbK gMb (Mogen) `k wnme mbv
Kib| eZgvb AvivKvb I evsjv`k Dfq `ki gvNiv G bvg eRb
KiQ| Zviv `vex Ki h GUv BsiRì DvweZ bZyb k hfve Zviv
KiQ| wewUkiv cvP Avm Av`k kZvwZ wK gM (Magh) cwifvlvwU
mg Ges Ag kZvwZI cPwjZ wQj| GLb welqwU cwivi h gM
(Magh) kwU BsiRì ^QvPvwiZv Dveb bq, hgbUv eZgvb hyM
AvivKvb I evsjv`ki AwaKvsk eiv gb Ki| wK ck nQ, Kb
Zviv G bvg eRb KiQ? cKZ NUbv nQ lvok kZKi gvSvgvwS _K
1784 mvj ch cvq `y kZ eQii AwaK mgq ai AvivKvbi gNiv
(magh) cZyMxRi jybKvix/`myì mv_ Mvcb AvuZvZ KiwQj. hv ei
Rb-gvbyli gb Ggb hbv`vqK fq Ges AvZsKi KviY nqwQj| Avi G
NUbv _KB gvN (Magh) kwU WvKvZ ev `myi cwZk nqQ| wnsmZv,
wbziZv, AvBb-ksLjv k~bZv Ges Zvì NY KvhKjvc Zvì `kK
gNi gyjyK bvg cwiwPZ KivZ cavb mnvqK wnme KvR KiQ| gNi
gyj-yK A_ AvBb-kLjv I wePvi-weePbv wenxb GKwU `k| gNi gyjyK
GLb GKwU cev` evK cwiYZ nqQ- hvi evsjv A_ AivRKZv ev
^QvPvwiZv|
wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK m`n cKvk KiQb h GivB mB euvabnviv, wnsm,

jybKvix gvN hviv GLb AvivKvb I evsjv`k gvN e wnme emevm
KiQ| cv mKj NUbv Ges eYbv G welq mvgvb m`nI ivLbv h
eZgvb hyMi gN ev AvivKvbxq jyUiv gvNìB eskai| HwZnvwmK
mvnveywb Uvwjki m`k kZKi gvSvgvwS mgq GKwU eYbv G NUbvi
mZvqb Kivi Rb h_ h, gvN jyUiv wQjv AvivKvb ivRi Awaevmx|
30
AvivKvbx Rj`myiv gN Ges wdwisMx DfqB cvwb c_ Gm e jyUZivR

KiZ| Zviv wn`y I gymjgvb, bvix I cyil, QvU-eo, Kg-ewk mevBK
AvUK Ki Rvic~eK Zyj wbq hZ| Zviv Zvì nvZi Zvjy we KiZ|
Zviv Zvì cvr`k w`q eZi jvwV XywKq w`Z Ges Zviv GKi ci
Ab RbK RvnvRi WKi wbP dj w`Z| c-cvwLìK hfve Lv`
Quzo `qv nq wVK mfve cZK mKvj I weKj Zviv ew`ì Dci ivbv
wenxb Pvj Quzo gviZ |
gMiv weMZ e kZ eQi ai G RNb bvgUv ARb KiQ hv GLb Zvì

Dim~ixì Rb LyeB jvi KviY nq ùvwoqQ| eis G bvgi cwieZ
Zviv GLb wbRìK ivLvBb ejZ i KiQ, hv AvivKvb Ges
gymjgvbì mv_ mivmwi mKhy|
AvivKvbxq DcvLvb gZ, ivLvBb kwU ivvcyiv ev ivmi `k nZ

GmQ| ivm ejZ Ggb GK `ZK wb`k Ki hv `LZ AaK gvbyl
Ges AaK c| AvivKvb DcvLvbi `jxj cgvY civwYK I KKvwnbx
wbfi| AvivKvb DcvLvbi `vexK Rvivjv Kivi Rb Zvì HwZnvwmK
Kvb cgvY bB| ivLvBb cwifvlvwU ivqvs/wiKvb ki weKZ ic, hv
AvivKvbi cyivZb bvg| lvok kZvwi gvSvgvwS mgqi GKRb ZzKx
bvweK wm`x Avjx Pwjex ivLvBbK ivKvb&R wjLQb| GUv me h
Aviex awb DPviY mgmvi KviY gvjxqvb evgxRiv AvivKvb ()
ki c_g nZ Aviex Avwjd ()K ev` w`q aygv ivKvb ()
DPviY KiQb| hvBnvK, ivKvb, ivKvb&R, AviLvb&K, wiKb, AvivKv,
AviKvb cwifvlvjv wewfb HwZnvwmK KZK
eeZ nqQ| Avi Gjvi
meB ivqvs A_ev AvivKvbi mv_ mKhy| GUv KvbfveB ivvcyivi
mv_ m bq, AvivKvbxq DcvLvb hfve `vex KiQ|
31
gNì K_ fvlv gwN ev ivLvBb hgbUv Zviv ej-GKwU Avjv`v fvlv bq

eis mvgvb DPviY/awYMZ cv_Kmn GwU LuvwU evwgR k| ivLvBb fvlvi
Avjv`v Kvb jL ic bvB| ivLvBb fvlv mK HwZnvwmKMY wbgv g
e KiQb|
ivLvBb fvlvi Avwefve ev cKvk welqK ckw U ek KwVb| nq GwU `kg
kZvwi gvjxq nvbv`viì fvlv A_ev GwU GKv`k I v`k kZvwZ
evgvi msk Gm cwiZv cqQ| wK welqUv GLbI AgxgvswmZ iq
MQ| AvivKvbi fvlv evgxR fvlvi gZB hv aygv AvwjK fvlv wnmeB
eeZ nq| fvlv ZvwK mgmvjv gv_vPvov w`q DVQ hv mgvavb Kiv
LyeB KwVb| G ckU v Dg gxgvsmvi cwZv KiQ|
32
wZxq Aavq
Avw` BwZnvm
abveZx mvgvR (The Kingdom of Dhannavati)t
cv mKj HwZnvwmK Z_, HwZn, wnmve-wbKvk Ges DcvLvb G welqi
w`KB BwZ Ki h my`~i cvPxb _K AvivKvb wQj GKwU wn`y ivR|
Lc~e 2666 A ch AvivKvb ivRvì mKj Z_-Dcv G
DcvLvbjvZ iqQ| Aviv wbwZ Ki ejv hvq h, wLvb kvmbi cvq
c_g kZvwi w`K gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) nZ cvq 40 gvBj Di-cwg
jgiv b`xi Zxi abveZx mvgvR Mo DVwQj| gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) wQj
cvPxb AvivKvbi ivRavbx| cZZvwK MelYvmg~n BwZ `q h GjvKvwU
AvR AvivKvb ej cwiwPZ e eQi ai Zv wn`y ivRvì Avevmf~wg wQj|
AvivKvbi cvkeZx Mvq e-xci mgmvgqxK agI wQj wn`yev`| P`
(Chandra) ivRvì kvmbi PvikZ eQi c~e Pxbv gYKvix dv-wnqb
(Fa-Hein) (405-411mvj) wn`yvb gY Kib| ZLb wn`yvbi kvmK
wQj iv| evY wQj mePq mevrK miKvi| wK wZwb mLvb nvRvi
nvRvi gvnvqvb I wnbvqvb mbvmxì AvLov nZ Z_-Dcv msMn Ki Pxb
wdi wMqwQj| G mKj Aj mmgq cvPxb èZvì MxRv, eì
AmsL eBc Ges msiwZ wZwP mg wQj| fviZ hwÌ GKwU e
iv wQj bv, Zey AmsL e vcbv e w`b ai wUK wQj|
33
Gg.Gm KwjQ (M.S. Collis) Zvi weLvZ M w` jv Ae ` MU BgR

G wjLQb gvwjqvb AvgYi c~e, AvivKvbi cv_wgK hyM mLvb
GKwU gv kni Mo DVwQj hvi bvg wQj abveZx| 1924 mvj Avwg hLb
mLvbKvi cveZ Ajjv cwi`kb Kwi ZLb `LZ cvB h mLvb
AmsL cv_ii fvh iqQ hjv wQj cg kZvwi mb hyMxq fvhi
gZ| m mgqi c_g w`K AvivKvb eevì AvMgY A^vfvweK wQj
bv| KviY mgy` c_ Gi hvMvhvM wQj gnv mfZvi K`we`y fviZi
mv_| BwjqU DjL KiQb m`ni AeKvk bB h evcmvMii `wY
DcK~jxq Aj Ges gvjvv Aji ga cvPxbKvj _K enr cwimi
Av`vb-c`vb ev hvMvhvM wQj| G mKUv P~ov chvq cQwQj hLb
eiv cg I l kZvwZ kvmb gZvq wQj|
AvivKvb DcvLvb Abyhvqx, abveZxi kvmK ivRv P` mywiqvi kvmbvgj

AvivKvb eevì AvMgb NU| Ges m mgq Zvi ccvlKZvq c_g
kZvwi w`K gnvgywY ei cwZg~wZ vcb Kiv nq|
P`ì kvmbi òkZ eQi c~e (788-957) GK Zx_hvx wnqb mvs

(630 mvj) wn`yvb eovZ Avmb| mmgq wn`yvbi ivRv wQjb nl.
whwb mLvb wke, m~h I eyi cwZgv wbgvY KiwQjb| G AvjvPbvq eySv
hvq h e agvej^xiv wQj D`vi gbi hvì KvQ wn`y èZv I MZg
ey mgvb ghv`vevb wQjb| wn`yvbi G aibi agxq KvRi PPv Zvì
cvkeZx `k AvivKvbi agxq KvhvejxKI evcK cfvweZ KiwQj|
DjwLZ mKj Z_-Dcv _K Avgiv G wmv DcbxZ nZ cvwi h,
fmvjx kvmbi c~e AvivKvb wn`yev` I eev` DfqB evcK cmvi jvf
KiwQj|
34
fmvjx ivR (788-957)

788 mvj P` bvgi GK bZzb ivResk fmvjx bMix cwZv Ki| G
bMixwU GKwU weLvZ eì bMi wnme cwmw cvq, hLvb cwZeQi nvRvi
nvRvi RvnvR cY enb Ki wbq AvmZ| AvivKvbx DcvLvb Abyhvqx G
eski bqRb ivRv eskvbyg 788 _K 957 mvj ch mLvb kvmb
cwiPvjbv Ki| Gì ga beg mvefg kvmKi bvg wQj my-iv-ZvBb
P`| whwb e Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki _yivUvb bvgi GK kvmKK civwRZ
Kib| AZtci wZwb mLvb PUvMvs (PMvg) bvgK vb GKwU weRq
wbgvY Kib|
P` ivRvì agxq Kvhvejx wbicY Kivi Rb cvPxb mB bMixi asmvekl

wbq MelYv Kiv nq| cvPxb mB bMixwUi AwZ cvIqv hvq gviK-BD
(Mrauk-u) bMix nZ Qq gvBj `~i QvU GKwU LimvZv b`xi Zxi Ges
evcmvMi nZ cvk gvBj wfZi jf~wgZ| GQvov AvivKvb cv gy`v
_KI Avgiv fmvjx ivRi mvb cvB|
cvPxb fmvjx bMixi asmcv vb Rwic Kiv nq wb wKsev Avwevii

Dk Lbb Kiv nq wb, ZeyI AwbqwgZ MelKiv mLvb Aewk BUi
`qvj `L eySZ cvi h GwU GKwU wekvj GjvKvK wNi iLwQj|
`wY cvki `qvjwU wQj cv_ii Zwi| `qvji wfZi AmsL KviKvh
LwPZ cv_i, g~wZ mymwZ Ges dyji QvcvswKZ `qvj iqQ| hjvi
eYbv Avgiv Ag kZvwi bMvix Pwii ga cvB| cv_ii G g~wZjv
Zvì èZvi AvKwZ enb Ki Ges g~j i Dci wkei cwe lvuoi
cwZg~wZ iqQ| G mKj asmvekl KvhKiY I welqMZfve cKZ wn`y
agvej^xì wZ wP enb Ki|
35
fmvjx gy`vi Qvcvjv nQ- luvo, bvw`, wkei cwZg~wZ, wkei wj,
dzj`vbxi gZ wKQz GKUv Ges bvMix Qvcvb| G mKj welq GUvB BwZ
Ki h fmvjx gy`vjv LuvwU evY HwZni wZevnx| wK evY
wb`kbevnx G gy`vjv gvnvqvb ivReski mv_ mwZnxb bq| GKB mgq
ei gvnvqvb ivRviv eY gy`vi cPjb KiwQjb| GUv GKwU cgvY h
Ag kZvwi ei gvnvqvb eevì mv_ wn`yevì mK KZUv
Nwb|
hnZz e cvkeZx iv fmvjx (Vesali) GKwU wn`y iv wQj, mnZz

GUv aviYv Kiv hvq h Gi agxq BwZnvmI wQj GKB aibi|
wnbvqvbev` wejy nqwQj, Gi dj gvnvqvbev` gwjK wn`yevì mv_

mgSvZv KiwQj G A_ h MZgey Zvì èZvjvi ga GKwU
èZvq cwiYZ nqwQj| GgbwK cvbwUKevì hb hv`yI Gi ewZgx
wQj bv| GUv Zvrchc~Y h Kgc GKwU UvbwUK fvh fmvjx'Z
(Vesali) cvIqv MQ | DivwjwLZ Z_ cgvYvwì wfwZ ejv hvq h
fmvjx ivRwU ei wn`y ivRi c~em~ix| Giv gvnvqbv eì Abymvix
wQj Ges miKvi I RbMYi DfqB wQj fviZxq|
AvivKvb Bmjvgi AvMgb
36
cvPxb Kvj _KB Avieiv kxlvbxq mgy`Pvix I bvweK cKwZi wQj| ZZxq
kZvwi c_g _KB `wY Gwkqv, `wY c~e Gwkqv Ges `~i-cvPi
`kjvi mv_ hvMvhvM wQj| m mgq _KB Avieiv AvivKvb _K
mygvv, Rvfv ch Ges gvjvKvQ mn `wY Gwkqv I `wY c~e Gwkqvi mgy`
DcKyjjvZ Zvì eemvi QvU QvU KjvYx vcb KiwQj| Zvici
mg kZvwi gvSvgvwSi w`K Avieì Rb GKwU bZzb m~hi D`q NU|
G mgq Bmjvg GKwU gnv AvavwZK, mvgvwRK Ges ivRbwZK kw wnme
AvwefZ
~ nq| gnvbex (mt) Gi gZzi GKkZ eQii gaB Zviv ivgi
Pq gZvai GKwU kwkvjx ivRZi cfyZ ARb Ki| Zvì mgy`
AvwacZ ew cqwQj f~-gamvMii `y AeevwnKv nZ wbg jvwnZ mvMi
nZ fviZ mvMii cwiwPZ mxgvbv ch| jvwnZ mvMi KvhZt wQj GKwU
Avie n`|
hvBnvK, mgy` mxgvbvq Zvì mivmwi ivRbwZK wbqY wbg B`v

DcK~jxq GjvKvi evBi c~ei AjjvZ cmvwiZ wQj bv| GZ`mI
Avgiv Avie emwZi AmsL A~Z `k `LZ cvB gvjxc, mvBjg Ges
Zvì evwYwRK KgKv Av`vgvb, wbKvei, AvivKvb DcK~j, gvjq, mygvv
Ges Rvfv ch weZ nqwQj| G mgq Zviv Zvì agxq I ivRbwZK
Kvhvejx Avbì mv_ DcfvM KiZ| G mKj Aj Bmjvg AvMgb
KiQ Kvb ivRbwZK mg_b QvovB Ges G mKj `ki gvwUi mv_
AvZxqZvi mK Mo ZzjQj kZvw _K kZvw ch| aygv myjZvb
gvngy` KZK
fviZ AvgYi mgq Ges cvvZ wek m Ges wmUi
ga msNl nqwQj|
evgv MRUi jLK wg. Aviwe vU (RB Smart) DjL KiQb - cvq
788 mvj gnvUvBs mvbw`qv wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| wZwb mLvb cvPxb
ivgvf`x GjvKvq GKwU bZzb bMix (fmvjx) cwZv Kib| Aekl evBk
37
eQi kvmbi ci wZwb cijvKMgb Kib| Zvi kvmbvgj ivgix xc ek

KqKwU RvnvR asmi NUbv NUwQj| ejv nq _vK asmcv
RvnvRjvi zìK- hvìK gvnvv`xq agvej^x ejv nq- AvivKvb
mì cvVvbv nqwQj Ges ZvìK mLvbKvi Mvg vqxfve emevmi
eev Kiv nqwQj|
AvivKvbxq DcvLvb DjL AvQ h, GKB mgq gymjgvb dwKi-ìekiv

c~e _KB AvivKvbi DcK~jxq AjjvZ gY KiZ| ej cwiwPZ
GKwU NUbv nQ- eì gvKvg ej AwfwnZ gymjgvbì Zx_v bjv
wZ ivg~jK ìMvn hv cxi eìxb eìx-B-Avjg Gi Abymvixiv
AvivKvbi DcK~j GjvKvq wbgvY KiwQj| gvq~ GjvKvq icK_vi nvwbdvi
UvsKx Ges Lvqdzii UvsKx, Avgevixi evevRx kvn& gvbvqgi ìMvn
Ges AvKvqei cxi eì kvni ìMvn G mKj NUbv Ag kZvwi iZ
AvivKvb gigx mvaKì AvMgbi P~ov `jxj enb Ki| AvivKvb
DcvLvb Aviv Z_ `q h cwjK kvmbi mgq gymjgvb mvaKMY
AvivKvb gY KiwQjb| AvivKvbi DcvLvb ivRv AvbvIivUvi
kvmbvgji GKwU NUbv DjL Ki h, hLb wZwb (ivRvi Abymvix) GKwU
eb cek Kijb wZwb mLvb AvavwZK cvevb GKRb dKxiK
`LZ cjb| G NUbv GUvB cgvY Ki h ay gymjgvb eemvqxivB
Avmb bvB eis gymjgvb mvaK Ges ìekiv cv_wgK mgqjvZ
DcK~jxq Aj Aeva Avmv-hvIqv KiZb|
G mKj Avie eemvqx Ges mvaKiv mLvbKvi vbxq jvKRbi ga

wgkbvix Kvhvejx cwiPvjbv KiZb| H mKj f Abymvixì DrK bwZK
Pwi Ges DP wgkbvix Dxcbv evcK msLK jvKK gnvb Bmjvgi cwZ
AvK KiwQj| hviv mevB wgj BmjvgK eyK Rwoq wbqwQj| cv_wgK
Avieì AbK mLvbKvi vbxq bvixìK weq KiwQjb Ges
38
mLvbKvi Mvg I kni Zviv vqx fve emwZ vcb KiwQjb| Avie
ewYKMY j c_ AvivKvb Bqvgv nq Di evgvq Zvici Pxb Mgb
KiZb| A_ev Zviv cvwb c_ gvjvv, mygvv I Rvfv nq `~i cvP
cwigY KiZb| evwYR nZ ga cvPi w`K divi c_ Avie ewYKMY
AvivKvb nq GKB iU AbymiY KiZb| ejv nq _vK, eZgvb kZvw
ch AvivKvbi e`wkK evwYR cyivcywi wbqY KiZv Avie ewYKMY|
ag cwieZb Ges bZzb Awfevmbi dj cieZx kZvwjvZ AvivKvb

gymjgvb RbMYi msLv evcK cwigvY ew cvq| HwZnvwmK wR.B. nvif
(G.E. Harvey) DjL KiQb `kg kZvwi ci `kwU ^Kxqfve e
`k wnme cwiwPZ wQj G KviY h mLvb gvnvv`xev` (Bmjvg)
AcwZiva wQj| dj Zi kZvwZ Avmvg _K gvjq ch mgy` KzjeZx
GjvKvjvZ hv e gvKvg ej cwiwPZ wQj, mLvb AmsL gmwR`
vcb Kiv nqwQj| m`nvZxZfve ejv hvq h evgvi Zzjbvq AvivKvb
gvnvv`xev` ev Bmjvg bvixìK mgvR _K weQb ivLvi ewk
f~wgKv cvjb KiQ|
Zi kZvwi ga Bmjvg AvwdKvi AvUjvwUK DcK~j Aj Ges ei

RbMYi `q I AvZv Rq KiZ mg nqwQj| Zv Zvì mKj kwkvjx
gyjevajvK cPvi KiwQj| AvivKvb ei cvkeZx Ges BZvgaB
GKwU kwkvjx gymjgvb Rbmgw nIqvZ, Zi kZvw _KB AvivKvb
Bmjvgi cfve-cwZcw Aviv m~`p nqwQj| HwZnvwmK wW.wR.B nj (D.
G. E. Hall) Dciv eYbvi mg_b ejQb, AvbvqvivBUvi kvmbvgj
cwjKiv AvivKvb Zvì KZ Zi NvlYv w`qwQj| wK 1287 mvji
ci GwU& AKvhKi nq co| Ges hwÌ 1433 mvj bvivgLjv KZK
ivnvs ivRZ cwZv nIqvi c~e mLvb gvS ga evwgR Ges gMì n
39
c wQj, Z_vwcI evgvi Zzjbvq AvivKvbi mv_ gvnvv`xq (Bmjvgx)

fviZi mKUv wQj meZ Aviv Mfxi Ges wbweo|
GUv DjLhvM h, cvkeZx e iv wcyiv A_ev wn`y ivR fviZi

cwieZ AvivKvb ivRv bvivgBLjv gymwjg kvwmZ e f~wgZ Avkq MnY
KiZ AwaK AvMnx nqwQjb| hvBnvK e Zvi `xN w`bi Aevb
AvivKvbi BwZnvmi Dci GK AmvaviY cfve wevi KiwQj|
bvivgBLjv Mi Gi KvU MwYZ I cvKwZK wevbi gvS ecweK
aviYvmg~n wkL Zvi gaeZx eQijv KvwUq wQjb| Dfq we`v
GKkiev`x wekvmi mv_ GK nq Bmjvgi mdjZvK KiwQj Aviv
cwicy| Gwkqvi mvgZvwK mgvR evev Gi wei Kvb my`~i cmvix
cwZiva Mo ZzjZ cviwb Ges G wekvm Ges vbi cP HK kwi
Dvb iva Ag nqwQj|
AvivKvb gvMvav eì AvMgY

( Influx of magadah Buddhists into Arakan) t
AvMB DjL Kiv nqQ h AvivKvb eevì AvMgY i nqwQj Lx
c_g kZvwi w`K| Ag kZvwZ wn`y c~bRvMiYi bZv ksKivPvhi
(Sankaracharjya) mgq fviZ eiv mePq ekx nqivbxi wkKvi
nqwQj| gvMvavq (fviZi cyivb wenvi) iYkxj wn`y I eì gvnvqvbv
cwZc KZK
eiv GZ wbggfve wbhvwZZ nqwQj h wecyj msLK
wnbvqvbv e eva nq c~eivR cjvqb KiwQj| hviv ZvrwYKfve P`
ivRvì Aaxb AvivKvb Avkq cqwQj| GgbwK Ag I beg kZvwZ
wZeZ weRq Kvjxb mgq e nZ AvMZ e kiYv_xiv AvivKvb Avkq
40
wbqwQj, hvZ Ki mLvb Zviv Zvì agUvK iv KiZ cvi| DjL

h, gvMvav Zvi mymgq eK Zvi ga Af
y KiwQj| G mKj e
Awfevmxiv gvN bvg aviY Ki hnZz Zviv gvMvav nZ AwfevwmZ nqQ|
G mgq AvivKvb wn`y, e Ges Bmjvg mKj ag cvkvcvwk wevi jvf
KiwQj, wK GKUv weivU cwigvYi Ab agvej^x Bmjvg `xwZ
nqwQj|
gvjxq AvgY
h mgq AvivKvb wZbwU ag cvkvcvwk wevi jvf KiwQj, m mgq `wY
gvjxqì GKwU nvgjv AvivKvbi Dci w`q eq hvq, hv 957 mvj P`
ivReski cwimgvw NwUqwQj| G fve c~eeZx wn`y ivR fmvjx
(Vesali) nZ wn`yev` wPiZi wbg~j
nq hvq| G AvgY ay P` ivRvì
BwZnvmKB Ki `qwb eis GKB mgq ei cvj ivRvìKI
e`~i wbq wMqwQj| fmvjx cieZxZ KLbv cybiwZ nqwb, wK eei
gvjxqvbì Abyceki dj e wn`yiv Zvì AvwacZ cybivq wdi
cqwQj| gvjxqvbiv wQj Amf ev eei gvbyl Ges AvivKvb wZeZxq
egxqì AvMgbi cieZx cvuP kZvw wQj GKwU AKvii hyM| wK
wewRZ `ki RbMYi mswgwkZ msw Zi cfve nvbv`viiv wkwZ nq hvq
Ges H `xN cvuP kZvwKvj ai Zviv Pzovfve GLvbKvi Awaevmxì m`k
nq hvq| wn`yevì Aavb Ges gvjxq I wZeZxq-egxqì GKxf~Z
nIqvi ci _K Kejgv `ywU ^Z mc`vq ivwnv I gvN- GK
AvivKvb kZvwi ci kZvw Aewa emevm KiZ _vK|
1044 _K 1077 mvj ch AvbvivnUvi (Avbiv`fv) Aaxb Gm

AvivKvb cwjKì Ki` ivR cwiYZ nq| AvivKvb DcvLvb Abyhvqx
`kwU cwjK gZv`k Qzuo dj Ges wbRiv cybivq ^vaxbZv ARb Ki|
41
cieZxZ cvwig bMixZ GKwU bZzb ivRZ cwZwZ nq| G ivRZi l

cfvekvjx ivRv MvIwjqv 1133 mvj wmsnvmb Avivnb Kib| cieZx
kZvwjvZ GKB GjvKvq A_ev jgiv b`xi wbKUeZx GjvKvq AmsL
ivResk kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki| hvB nvK, 1287 mvj ch AvivKvb ivR
Kg-ekx cwjK (Pagan) ivRvì Ki` ivR wQj Ges ejv hvq h GwU
Zvi wbRi ivRvìK gb PjZ wK cvMvb ivRvì AvwacZi KZZv
îc Zvì cwZ kvwj vcb KiZ|
1287 mvji ci _K 1378 mvj ch evwgR AwaivRi Kvb ARynvZI

wQj bv| H eQi AvivKvbi KwZcq e gvN Avfvq hvq Ges mLvb
Zvì
AfixY welqjvZ nc Kvgbv Ki| wKy egxq nc
vqx nq bvB Ges AvivKvb Zvi wbR^ c_B PjQ 1404 mvj bviv
gBLjv AvivKvbi ivRv wQjb, whwb jsMU nZ kvmb KiZb| Aveviv
Am gvN eì Ab GKwU `j Avfvq hvq Ges nc Kvgbv Ki|
mve wZbwU KviY MnY Kiv hZ cvi h Kb KwZcq e gvN Avfvq
wMqwQj egxqì wbKU wbRì ^vaxbZv-mvefgZ mgcY KiZ| c_g
KviYwU njv wek evcx Bmjvgi geagvb cfvei dj ivRv
bvivgBLjvI Bmjvg MnY KiZ cvi| m mgq Bmjvg AvwdKv nZ i
Ki e ch RbMYi `qK Rq KiZ mg nqwQj| Bmjvgi G
geagvb cfve Muvov eìK AvivKvbi cvnvox GjvKvi egxq
eì Avnevb Ki wbRì ^vaxbZv-^vefgZ wemRb w`Z z Ki
ZzjwQj| wZxq KviY njv ivRv bvivgBLjv gymwjg ei mv_ Ggb Av
wiK mK Mo ZyjZ cvi A_ev Zvi gymjgvb cRvì cwZ Ggb AvwiK
AbyMn `LvZ cvi hv eì wbKU Amnbxq nq co| ZZxq KviYwU
nQ gymjgvb Ges gvNì ga Av-mvc`vwqK hyi m~cvZ nZ cvi
Ges mLvb ivRv bvivgBLjv gvNì c bvI wbZ cvib| G KviYjv
e mc`vqi ga Amvli KviY nq ùvwoqwQj, dj Zviv egxqì
Avnevbi gvag ivRv bvivgBLjvK c`PyZ Kivi loh wj nqwQj|
ivRv bvivgBLjv ZLb egxqì nvZ `kUvK Zzj w`q e cvwjq hvq|
42
AvivKvbi wZeZ-egxqì `xN cuvP kZvwi agxq I mvswZK mnv`

j c_ AvivKvbK DaZb evgvi mv_ mshy KiwQj| G fveB eiv
AvivKvb Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg gnvqbxq I ekx wnbvqvb agvej^x nq|
43
ZZxq Aavq
AvivKvb gymwjg weRq
AvivKvbi cv_wgK gviK-BD ivRvMY

AvivKvbi gZvPzZ ivRv bvivgBLjv 1404 mvj e cvwjq hvb| wZwb
ei Bwjqvm kvnx ivRvì k I mePq weLvZ myjZvb wMqvm Dwb
Avhg kvn (1390-1411) KZK
mvì MnxZ nb| m mgq ei ivRavbx
wQj cv`yqv (wdivRvev`)| myjZvb wMqvmDwb wQjb Bmjvg I Bmjvgx
44
wkvi gnvb ccvlK| myjZvb wMqvmDwbi gZyi ci ivRv MYk bvgi

GK ivR mfvl` KZK
ei wmsnvmb wKQz mgqi Rb `Lj nq hvq| wZwb
Zvi agvwiZ cy Rvjvjywb gvnv` kvn& KZK wbnZ nb| Rvjvjywb
cv`yqv _K Mo ei ivRavbx vbvwiZ Kib| GKB agxq AveM
Abyfw~ Z I Drmvn-Dxcbv mnKvi wZwb cieZx `yhyMiI AwaK mgq ai
kvmb cwiPvjbv Kivi ci 1433 mvj Bnavg ZvM Kib| myZivs Zvi G
`xN 24 eQii wbevmbKvjxb mgq AvivKvbi ivRviv ei `yRb mePq
ekx wkwZ I avwgK kvmK Ges weLvZ AvavwZK bZv b~i KzZze Avjgi
Mfxi mvwba emevm Kivi myhvM cqwQj| m~i KzZez Avjg ivRv MYki
kvmbi Aemvb NUvb| wZwb mvswZKfve kZi ei myjZvbi wbKU
_K AbK wKQz wkv MnY Kib| mevcwi wZwb Bmjvg hv wQj m
hyMi Av_-mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK GK AcwZiva kw mKI vb jvf
Kib| G mKj vb Zvi gZv`k I Rxeb eevK m~Yic cwieZb Ki
`q| HwZnvwmKì fvlvq wZwb e ag gZ _K wdi Gm gvnv`x
(Bmjvg) I wfb `kx Rxeb eevi mv_ cwiwPZ nqwQjb| Gjv KiZ
wMq wZwb A fve Avwef~Z nqQb gahyM nZ AvaywbK hyM, KvPi
cvmv` DcvLvbi bvRyK cixi `k nZ nvRvi GK ivZi mej DU
Kbvg~jK iPbvq| bvivgBLjv Bmjvg Keyj Kib Ges gymjgvb bvg
mvjvqgvb kvn& MnY Kib| AvivKvbi DcvLvb GwUK mvgyqvb-G weKZ
KiwQj| AvivKvbi ivRv Bmjvg ag `xwZ nIqvi ci ei kvmK
Rvjvjywb gvnv` kvn Zvi PMvgi mbvevwnbxi AwabvqK Rbvij
Iqvjx LvbK cvk nvRvi (50,000) mbmn AvivKvb ivR weRq Ges
mvjvqgvb kvnK cybivq wmsnvmb ewmq `qvi Rb AvivKvb cvwVq
`b|
Iqvjx Lvb evYìK Zvwoq `b wK wbRB wekvmNvZKZv Ki emb|

wZwb qv gvbRx (Shua Mangji) bvgi GK hei `LjKvix kvmKi mv_
Avcvlgxgvsmvq Avmb Ges wbRB kvmb gZv Mnb Kib| mvjvqgvb
kvn Mo wdi Avmb| AvivKvb Gm Iqvjx Lvb Zvi KvU dvimx fvlvi
45
cPjb Kib Ges KvRx wbqvM `b| Iqvjx Lvbi wekvmNvZKZvi msev`
b Rvjvjywb gvnvv` kvn Rbvij mv`xi bZZ wZxq AviKwU mbv
evwnbx ciY Kib| wZwb Iqvjx LvbK P~ovfve civ Kib Ges
mvjvqgvb kvnK 1430 mvj cybivq wmsnvmb ewmq `b|
wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK fyjekZt ej _vKb whwb AvivKvbi divix kvmKK

cybivq AvivKvbi wmsnvmb ewmq w`qwQjb, wZwb njb myjZvb
bvwmiwb kvn ev bvwRi kvn&, whwb wQjb cybtcwZwZ Bwjqvm kvnx
ivReski c_g myjZvb wK bvwmiwb gvnv` kvn 1426 mvj ch
kvmKB nb wb|
hnZz c`K m^xq cgvYvw` cve Ki h, Rvjvjyxb gvnvv` kvn& m

mgq ei kvmb-KZ Z wQjb mnZz AviKvb Zvi kvmKì nvZ kvmb
fvi wdwiq `qvi KwZZ Zvi DciB eZvq|
mvjvqgvb kvn Zuvi ivRavbx gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) nZ cvUvix Kvjv

(Pattahri Quilla) bvgK GK bZzb vb vbvwiZ KiwQjb 1433
mvj| Gi GK eQi ciB wZwb cijvKMgY Kib| GLvb DjLhvM h
bMixwUi AwZ wbKU myjZvb mvjvqgvb kvni Avgji GKUv gy`v cvIqv
MQ| AvivKvbi BwZnvm GwU GKwU Abb `jxj| 1203 mvj hLb
gymjgvbiv e cek Kij, ZLb mLvb Zviv Lv`vB Kiv aibi gy`vi
cPjb Kij| Gi dj ivDK-D bMixZI GKB AvKwZi gy`vi cPjb i
njv| Gfve AvivKvb P~ov gymjgvb ivR icvwiZ njv| iubmvi
cfve `kwU GK AvaywbK mfZvi mv_ mshy njv| Avi GfveB `kwUi
gnv hyM i njv|
46
1430 _K 1530 mvj ch GKkZ eQi ai 11 Rb kvmK chvqg

AvivKvb kvmb cwiPvjbv Kib| ZLb _KB ei mv_ AvivKvbi
mK wQj AvwiK I mnv`c~Y| AvivKvb eK kvwj c`vb KiZ
Ges ei KvQ _K BwZnvm I ivRbxwZi `xv wbZ| 1531 mvj wgbexb
RveyK kvn& wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| Zuvi mnvqZvq AvivKvbxiv Bmjvgx
wkvq wWMx ARb Kib Ges Bmjvgx ivi Mvovcb nq|
1430 mvj _K h 11 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb KiQb Zvì Dcvwamn

avivevwnK bvg DjL Kiv njv|
wgK bs
kvmbKvj
47
bvg
cvjx Dcvwa
1. mvjvqgvb kvn&
1430-1434
(bvivgBLjv)
2. Avjx Lvb
1434-1459
(gsLvix)
3. Kvwjgv kvn&
1459-1482
(ev k cy)
4. gv_y kvn&
1482-1492
(`jv)
5. gvnvv` kvn&
1492-1493
(ev k bv)
6. bvix kvn&
1493-1494
(ivs AvDs)
7. kL gv`yjvn kvn&
1494-1501
(mvwjsMv_y)
8. Bwj kvn&
1501-1523
(gs ivRv)
9. Bwjqvm kvn&
1523-1525
(KvQvev`x)
10. Rvjvj kvn&

1525
(gskv I)
11. Avjx kvn&

1525-1531
(_vUvmv)
GK kZvw ai AvivKvbi Divj eZgvb evsjv`k-evgvi ga mxgve

wQj| PMvg Rjv m`nvZxZ fveB 1540 mvj ch ei myjZvbì
kvmbvaxb wQj| AvivKvbxq DcvLvb gZ, gsm gb Gi Dim~ix gL Lvix
ev Avjx Lvb (1433-1459) `xN mgq ei kvmb I gZv nvi Kib
bvB Ges hZ`~i me wZwb ivgyKI Zvi Aaxb GbwQjb Ges mvi G wc
dvqix (A. P. Phayre) i m c ev Kvwjgv Lvb PMvgmn ei GKwU weivU
Ask Zvi AwaKvi wbqwQjb hwK Kvb KviY QvovB|
dvqix wjLQb- cieZx AakZvw ai e kvmKì `yejZvi KviYB

Zviv PMvg `Lj Ki wbqwQj| wK m mgq msNwUZ NUbvejx, AvivKvb
DcvLvbi ee dvqvixi cvebvK mZvqb Ki bv| 1434 mvj _K
1459 mvj ch e mvjZvbvZ Aveviv Bwjqvm kvnx eski ivRv myjZvb
48
bvwmiwb gvngy` KZK

kvwmZ nq| Bwjqvm kvnxi kvmbvgj AvivKvbi
ivRv bvivgBLjv (Narameikhla) cjvqb Ki e Avkq MnY Ki|
myjZvb bvwmiwb gvngy` GKRb cfvekvjx kvmK wQjb| Zvi vcZ
Kjv, gy`vq QvcvwZ Lv`vB Kg me wKQz _K Rvbv hvq h Zvi kvmbvgji
e mvjZvbvZi GKUz GjvKvI nvm cvqwb eis AZ `Zvi mv_ mg
ei Dci Zvi wePvi Kvh cwiPvwjZ nZv| wK wZwb G mKj Kvh
cwiPvjbvi Rb Kvb mbv Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kib wb| myZivs gs Lvix
KZK
ei Ask `Lj msv AvivKvb DcvLvbi h ee ZvZ GLb
HwZnvwmK cgvYi NvUwZ cwijwZ nq|
1459 mvj _K 1475 mvj ch myjZvb bvwmiwb gvngyì cy

ivKbywb evievK kvn e kvmb Kib| cviwK cgvY mywbwZ Ki ej
h, 1474 mvj PMvg e myjZvbì KVvi kvmbvaxb wQj Ges GwU
ivKbywb evievK kvni cy I DevwaKvix myjZvb mvgmywb BDmyd kvni
kvmbvgj ch Mo `Lj `vixZi Aaxb wQj| PMvgi AwZ wbKU
nvUnvRvixi GKwU gmwRì djKi jLv nZ Rvbv hvq h gmwR`wU
myjZvb ivKbywb evievK kvni kvmbvgj 1474 mvj ivmwZ Lvb KZK
wbwgZ nqwQj|
AvivKvb DcvLvb A_ev AbKvb m~i KvbUvB myjZvb evievK kvn& Ges
AvivKvbi ivRv evmy c (Kvwjg kvn) ga eix Pzw ev mKi cgvY w`Z
cvi bv| myjZvb evievK kvn wQjb ei cv_wgK ^vaxb myjZvbì ga
AbZg gnvb weRqx GKRb kvmK| egyLx cwZfvi AwaKvix kwkvjx G
kvmK Zvi c~eeZx kvmKì AwRZ GjvKvmg~ni Dci c~Ygvvq AvwacZ
wevi Ki iLwQjb| 1476 mvj myjZvb evievK kvni kvmbvgj mgv
nq, Gici Zvi cy I DivwaKvix myjZvb kvgmywb BDmyd kvn 1474
_K 1481 mvj ch kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv Kib|
49
PMvgi Dci Zvi wbqYi cgvY gj Zvi kvmbvgj wbwgZ GKwU

gmwRì `qvj Lv`vB Kiv ci djK _K| ivmwZ Lvbi gmwR` _K
cvq `y gvBj Di gmwR`wU AewZ| Ggb Kvb BwZ cvIqv hvqbv h,
1482 mvj _K 1494 mvj ch AvivKvb ivRvì KD KLbI e nvbv
w`qwQj, hnZy Zviv Zvì c~em~ixì Pq Zzjbvg~jK fve `~ej
kvmK
wQj| 1493 mvj myjZvb nvmvBb kvn ei wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib|
1513 mvji c~e PMvg Rjv cyivcywifve myjZvb mvBb kvni Aaxb
wQj| wZwb ivRv avwYqv gvwbKv Zvi wbKU nZ PMvg Rei `Lj
KiwQjb| wK myjZvb mvBb kvn PMvgK cybivq `Lj Kivi Rb
1514 mvj eviRb evvjx I Acivci mbì mg^q MwVZ GKwU
kwkvjx evwnbx ciY Kib| cieZx eQi 1515 mvj myjZvb mvBb kvn
KZK
PMvg cyb`Lj nq| myjZvb mvBb kvn& KZK
PMvg `Lj msv
mywbwZ cgvYvw` Avgiv cvB mgmvgwqK Kvji cZzMxR HwZnvwmKì wbKU
nZ| RvqvI Qvj nv (Joao Coelho) Ges RvqI wmjfwiqvi PMvg
mdii mgq mLvbKvi Mfbi wQjb GKRb gymjgvb| ZrKvjxb
AvivKvbxq HwZnvwmK w` evivm (De Barros) myfve wjLQb h m
mgq (1517-18) AvivKvbi ivRv wQjv ei ivRvi wbqYvaxb| w`
evivm KZK AswKZ GKwU gvbwP PMvg, cveZ PMvg Ges Di
AvivKvb wbq MwVZ GKwU wei GjvKvK e ivRi Ask wnme `Lvbv
nqQ| 1517 mvj _K 1538 mvj ch PMvg c~Yvfve Moi
wbqYvaxb wQjv| cviZc, PMvgi mvBb kvnx kvmKiv mviv Rjvi
Dci Zvì AvwacZ GZ Mfxi fve cwZwZ KiwQjv h AvivKvbx A_ev
wcyivì Rb e mvjZvbvZ GgbwK Rjvi GKwU Aski DciI cfve
wevi Kiv cvq AmeB wQjv|
HwZnvwmK dvqixi (Phayre) Gi cvebv Abyhvqx 1482 mvj _K 1532

mvj ch PMvg AvivKvb ivRvì Aaxb wQj G eeUv HwZnvwmK mZi
50
Dci cwZwZ bq| GUv fveZ AhwK gb nq h, AvivKvbi ivRvì

DwPZ Zvì wnZvKvsxì wei we`vn Kiv| Zvì mg_b Qvov
AvivKvbxiv Zvì `k cybivii ^c KLbvB `L wb| c~e Ges `wY
AvivKvbi ZLbKvi weivRgvb cwiwwZ Ggb wQj h, mLvb _K egxq I
gvbiv mcwZ weZvwiZ nqwQj|
ReyK kvn (1531-1553)t

ReyK kvn& (wgb web) AvivKvb BwZnvm GKRb kwai kvmK wQjb| wZwb
1531 mvj wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib Ges AvivKvb mvgvRi Mvov cb
Kib| BZvga AvivKvbxiv Zvì Bmjvgx wkvq DP wWMx wbq
ivRbwZKfve cwic nq| `ywU weivU NUbv hv ReyK kvnK Zvi ivRZ
m~`p I mcmvwiZ Kivi Rb cqvRbxq Dcv I myhvM Gb w`qwQjv|
weLvZ m `yUv NUbv njv cZyMxRì AvMgb Ges e NU hvIqv Mn
hy| ReyK kvni gvZvivnbi 14 eQi c~eB cZyMxRiv (1517 mvj)
AvivKvb eì cek KiwQjv| ReyK kvn gviK-BD bMixK DcmvMixq
GKwU kwkvjx I myiwZ bMixZ icvwiZ KiwQjb| wZwb Gi Pvicvk
cwiLv I `qvj wbgvY KiwQjb Ges gvS gvS Kvgvb vcb Ki GwUK
myiwZ KiwQjb| `kx I we`kx mbì mg^q MwVZ GK`j mymwZ
eZbfvMx eRvwZK mbevwnbx Zwi Kivi Rb wZwb mLvb mbv
KgKZvì wbqvM w`qwQjb| wZwb Zvì mnvqZvq Zvi wbRi jvKej
viv GKwU weivU beni Zwi KiwQjb| hviv wQj cwikgx bvweK Ges
cZyMxR bevwnbxi `xvq mymwZ| Gfve ReyK kvn kwkvjx AvaywbK
A-ki wbqK nb| wZxq myhvMwU wQjv AvivKvb Mn hy| 1538
mvji gvP gvm AvdMvbx kvmK ki kvn& wKQz mgqi Rb Mo `Lj
Kib| wK GKB eQii RyjvB gvm ev`kvn gvqbi bZZ gvNjiv
Mo cek Ki Ges AvdMvbiv ZLb wenvi wdi hvq| `wY c~e ei
51
ivRavbx PMvg ZLb `yBwU cwZx kvmKi ga mshvM vcbKvix vb

wnme KvR Ki| wee`gvb G `yBRb kvmK njb mvBb kvnx ivRZi
kl kvmK gvngy` kvn& Ges kikvni Rbvij I gvqybi gbvbxZ kvmK
bvMvwRj| cwZx `j `ywU cwZiv eevnxb `wY-c~e eK `Lj Kivi
Rb cii hy KiZ|
1538 mvji ivRbwZK cU cwieZb ei cwZ AvivKvb ivRvì AvbyMZ

I ezZi cwimgvw NUvq| Zviv hei `LjKvix kikvn& I gvNj
mcmviYev`xì cwZ Kvb bwZK AvbyMZ I Avcvl gbvfve cvlY
Kiwb| gyjZt Zviv Zvì fvKvwL wQjv bv| PMvg `Lji Rb A
Kv`j wj wewfb `jjvi `yej
Zvi myhvM AvivKvbx ivRv ReyK kvn
Divji w`K avweZ nb Ges 1540 mvj PMvgmn c~ee `Lj Kib|
ReyK kvn KZK

PMvg `Lji ci PMvgi cvVvb MfYi wcyiv ìevi
cvwjq hvq| ivRgvjv (Rajmala) AvgvìK G Z_ `q h, PMvgi
cvVvb cavb Zvi mnmvwaK mb wbq wcyivq Avkq MnY Kib| divix G
cvVvb cavb AvivKvbì nvZ _K PMvgK Rq Kivi Rb wcyivi ivRv
weRqgvwbKvi nc Kvgbv Ki Ges Zv gyi nq|
1546 mvj evgvi Uzs ivReski ivRv Zvweb kfwZ (Tabin Shwehti)
Vvv AvenvIqvi ga AvivKvb AvgY Kib| Zvweb kfwZi AbKjv
hyZix cwg DcK~j asmcv nqwQj| hvB nvK, Zvi mKj j evwnbx
cQvjv, wK ivnvs (ivDK BD) bMixwU wQj LyeB myiwZ, Gi Pvicvk
Rvqvi-fvUvi cvwbZ fwZ Mfxi cwiLv wQj| Ges Zv `Lji GKgv myhvM
wQj Zvi cvPxijvi Aev wQj RxY`kv| ReyK kvn& Zvi mwVK Aevb
52
_KB Zvi cwZivi eev wbqwQjb| ivnvs `Lj e_ nq Zvweb

kfwZ (Tabin Shwehti) evox wdi hvq|
ReyK kvn& hLb nvbv`vi evgv ivRvi mv_ Gfve wj wQjb, ZLb 15461547 mvj wcyiv ivRv weRq gvwYKv PMvg nvbv `q Ges Zv `Lj Ki|
ivRvgvjv (Rajmala) DjL Ki h, ivRv wbRB Awfhvb `ynvRvi mbi
bZZ `b| PMvgi wbevwmZ cvVvb cavb Zvi GK nvRvi cvVvb mb I
Nvovi Mvox (KviR) mn wcyiv mbvcavbi bZZ AMmigvb
mbvevwnbxi AbymiY Ki| mwwjZ Awfhvb mdj nj Ges cvVvb cavb
cybivq Zvi Aevb wdi cj|
AvivKvb DcvLvbjv eYbv Ki h ReyK kvn& Zvi nvivbv Aevb ay

cybiviB Kib wb eis 1553 mvj Zvi gZ ch Zv AzY Aevq ai
iLwQjb| wK AvivKvb DcvLvbi G fvl wVK bq ej gb nQ hnZz
G `vex mZvqbi Rb wcyiv DcvLvb A_ev e BwZnvm mnvqK Kvb
`wjj ev cgvY bB| cKZ c, 1546 mvj _K PMvg cvVvb MfYii
AaxbB wQj| cieZxZ Zv Aveviv wYKi Rb wcyiv kvmbvaxb hvq|
wK ei MfYi gvnv` Lvb myi ivRKxq kvgm Avj xb Avey Avj
gvRvd&di gvnvv` Dcvax aviY Ki PMvgi ^vaxbZvi NvlYv
w`qwQjb| Ges wZwb I cvVvbi gZvPzZ Mfbi h_ fve wcyivì
wbqY nZ PMvg cyb`Lj Kib 1554 mvj|
ReyK kvn& hwÌ GKRb gymjgvb agvej^x wQjb, ZeyI wZwb iKgvwi
Dcv`vbK GKwU wbw` AvKwZZ ic`vb KiZ cviZb| AvivKvbK wZwb
mvjZvbvZ icvi KiwQjb| Mo I w`jxi gZ Ki wZwb Zvi ìevi
mvwRq wQjb| Zvi ìevi wQj- bcyskK, Aìgnj, xZ`vm Ges
Rjv`| mLvb ag, wPv-PZbv, msw Zmn mKj gwjK AwaKvii c~Yv
^vaxbZv wQj| ReyK kvn& gviK-BD (Marak-u) bMixK gmwR`, cvMvWv
53
Ges wZ ma viv mymwZ KiwQjb| mjv bv wQj B`v-Bmjvgx,

Avi bv wQj fviZxq| mjv wQjv GKwU wbw` AvKwZi hv gymwjg exq
hyMi evvjx gymwjg vcZ wnme cwiwPZ wQj| ReyK kvn& 1553 mvj
gZyeiY Kib| Zvi gZyi ci w`v (Dikka) bvgK GK mvaviY jvKi
Ackvmbi ga w`q gv `yeQi ci Zvi ivRZi Aemvb NU| Rei
`LjKvix ewK gb nq GKRb e gN, hnZz m Kvb gymjgvb bvg
aviY Kiwb|
e myjZvb KZK AvivKvbi wZxq weRq

evsjvi myjZvb kvgmywb Avey gvRvd&di gvnvv` kvn 1554 mvj PMvg
weRqi ci Zvi mbv KgKZvì GKB eQi AvivKvbi `wY Aj
cybivq AMmi nIqvi Rb wb`k `b| ivRvi wb`ki AvbyMZ îc mbv
KgKZviv AvivKvb weRq wbkvb eq wbq Avmb Ges AvivKvb ivRvìK
evsjvi myjZvbi wbKU Zvi ekZv ^xKvi KiZ eva Kib| AvivKvbi
Dci weRq wZK wPi iYxq Ki ivLZ kvgmywb Avey gvRvd&di
gvnvv` kvn& 962 wnRixZ (1554-1555) AvivKvb AwZ AvKlYxq avZe
gy`v cPjbi wb`k `b| wZwb GKRb cvVvb MfYiK AvivKvb wbqvM
w`qwQjb wKbv, A_iv wZwb AvivKvbxq miKvi iZc~Y iè`j GbwQjb
wKbv, A_ev AvivKvb ivRv GKRb AbyMZ `vm wnme Zvi ekZv ^xKvi
Kivq wZwb mvaviYfve cwiZz nqwQjb wKbv Zv Rvbv hvq bv|
weqKifve myjZvb gvnvv` kvn KZK
AvivKvb weRqi NUbv AvivKvb
DcvLvb m~Yfve Dcv Kiv nqQ|
myjZvb gvnvv` kvni Dim~ix wMqvmywb evnv`yi kvn& (1555-60) Zvi

wbR bvgB AvivKvb avZe gy`vi cPjb Kib| GUv cgvY Ki h, AvivKvb
1560 mvj ch evvjx myjZvbì KVvi wbqY wQj| AvivKvb DcvLvb
54
Abyhvqx Aviv `yRb ivRv- m njv (Saw Hla) (1555-1556) Ges wgb
mK (Min Sekkya) (1564-1571) AvivKvbi wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib|
gb nq Zviv wQjb mvaviY e gM, hnZz Zviv Kvb gymjgvb bvg aviY
Kib wb| hw` AvivKvb DcvLvbi fvl mZ nq Zvnj ivRv m njv (Saw
Hla) Ges wgb mK (Min Sekkya) DfqB AekB evsjvi myjZvbi
AbyMZ ivRv nq _vKeb| wK evnv`yi kvni gZyi ci cvVvb kvmKMY
AvivKvb Zvì kvmb gZv KZw`b ai ivLZ ciwQjb Zv GLbI
A iq MQ|
wmKv`vi kvn (1571-1593)

`y hyMi AwaK mgq ai Rei `LjKvixMY KZK Ackvmbi AevnwZi
ci, ReyK kvni hvM cy myjZvb wmKv`vi kvn& (wgb cvjvs) 1571 mvj
wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| m mgq Di AvivKvbi mxgveZx PMvg Rjv
cvVvbì Aaxb wQj Ges mLvb Zvì KZZ 1580 mvj ch vwqZ
wQj| H eQi wcyivi ivRv Agi gvwbKv (Amar Manikya) cvVvb ix
mbvìK PMvg civf~Z Kib Ges ci PMvg `Lj Kib| m mgqi
ci _KB PMvg wcyiv ivRv I wmKv`vi kvni ga mshvM vcbi K`
we`yZ cwiYZ nq| wmKv`vi kvn 1582 mvji w`K P~ovfve PMvg Rq
Kib | H eQii c~e AvivKvb ivRvi c PMvg `Lj Kiv meci wQj
bv, KviY ZvK ZLb evgvi ivRv evBb bvDs (Bayin Naung) Gi mKj AvMvmx
Kkji wei cwZiva KiZ nZv| ivRv evBb bvDs wQjb ivRv Zvweb
kfwU (Tabin Shwehti) Gi Dim~ix, whwb BZvc~e AvivKvb `Lj
KiZ wMq e_ nqwQjb| ivRv evBb bvDs hLb AvivKvb `Lji Dk
Awfhvb ciY KiwQjb, wVK m mgq Zvi AcZvwkZ gZz c~e AvivKvbi
55
ivRvK AwaK gvvq ^w w`qwQj Ges Zvi kwK PMvgi w`K Nywiq
w`Z ZvK mg Ki ZzjwQj| Zvici AvivKvb wcyivì AwaKvi Pj
hvq| f~-L mwKZ DPwfjvm eZxZ wee`gvb `ywU kvmKMvxi ga
eix mK weivR Kivi Aviv GKwU KviY wQj| Zvnjv wcyivi ivRv
AvivKvbi ivgy I QvKvwiqv c`ki MfYi Av`g kvnK Avkq w`qwQj|
Gi cwiYvg m AvivKvb ivRvi ivlvbj coj Ges kvw nZ wbvi
cvIqvi Rb Zvi wbavwiZ GjvKv _K m cvwjq Mj| wmKv`vi kvn ay
PMvg `LjB Kib wb eis wZwb Zvì ivRavbxi kvmb fvi bv cvIqv ch
cjvqbiZ wcyivì cvveY KiQb Lye Rvi mvi| G hyi mePq
Zvrchc~Y djvdj wQj h GwU PMvgi Dci AvwacZ weviK K` Ki
AvivKvbx I wcyivì ga `xNvqx cwZwZvi m~cvZ NwUqwQj |
AvivKvbxiv cveZ Ajmn mg PMvgi KZZ
ARb KiwQj Ges cvq
GKkZ eQi Zviv Zvì KZZ
ai iLwQj, cvi wcyiviv vqxfve
PMvgi KZZ
nvwiqwQj|
PMvg Zvì `Lj Avmvi ci AvivKvbxiv GLb gvNjìK mivmwi

mZKevYx wbq `qvi K_v fveQ, hnZz gvNj mgvU fveQ h, PMvg
_vKe Zvi AvBbMZ AwaKvi| weivRgvb ivRbwZK NUbvmg~ni AvjvK
wmKv`vi kvnK cZyMxRì mnvqZv jvfi Dk Zvì cwZ bgbxq fve
cKvk Kib| wZwb cZyMxRìK Zvi ivRi mv_ eemv cwiPvjbv Kivi
Rb AevwiZ myhvM myweav w`qwQjb, wK cieZxZ AvivKvb miKvii
AhvwPZ nc I AmRbg~jK AvPiYi KviY Zvì gaKvi we`gvb
mKi Uvbv cvob `Lv `q| cZzMxR nZvKvix RbK GvbUvwbI `
mDRv Mvw`bnv (Anto de souza Godinha) AvivKvb ivRvi wei A
aib Ges Rvi c~eK PMvg `~M `Lj Kib 1590 mvji w`K| wK
cieZxZ welqwU Avcvl gxgvsmvi gvag mgvavb nq hvq|
56
mwjg kvn (1593-1612)

wmKv`vi kvni ci Zvi cy mwjg kvn (wgb ivRv MvB) 1593 mvj
wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib| Zvi kvmbvgj AvivKvb Zvi kZi Pzov
wkLi AvivnY KiwQj, Zvi kvmbvgj A wKQz mgqi Rb AvivKvb
mvgvR XvKv Ges myìeb _K i Ki gjwgqvb ch ew cqwQj|
ewaZ Aj wQj nvRvi gvBj `NiI 153 _K 20 gvBj Mfxi ch we
xY DcK~jxq GjvKv| mwjg kvn KZK
G wekvj ivR cwZv Kiv me
nqwQj KVvi wekRbxb mbvevwnbx I bevwnbxi Kg`Zvi dj, h
evwnbx cv_wgKfve myjZvb ReyK kvn MVb Ki wMqwQj| Ges evwYR
AwaKvi wdwiq `qvi gvag Zvi mbvevwnbxi evBi cZzMxRìKI Zvi
c hy KiZ Drmvn c`vb Kiv KiwQj| wK cZyMxRiv Zvì ew^v_
PwiZv_ Kivi RbB hy ei nqwQj| hLbB Zvì AvbyMZ cixvi
myLxb nqQ, ZLbB Zviv cZviYvi cgvY w`qQ|
Zviv wQj g~jZt `yavi Zjvqvii gZ| Gfve hLb ivnvs-G K`xq
miKvi kwkvjx wQj ZLbB Kej cZzMxRìK kvmbi ga Ave Ki
ivLv hZ| mwjg kvni kvmbvgjB AvivKvbi BwZnvm c_g Ges GKgv
kvmbKvj hLb AvivKvbxiv egxqìK ay weZvwoZB Kib wb, eis Zvì
ivRK AvivKvbi Af
~ KiQb|
evBb bvDs Gi gZzi ci AvivKvbi c~evj egxqì gwK nvm cvq| Zvi
cy bv`v evBb (1581-1599) AvivKvbi wei Awfhvb cyb Avnevb
KiZ eva nqwQjb, hnZz Ni Ni we`vn i nqwQj| cieZxZ
57
ivRvi c_g PvPvZv fvB Us (Toungoo) Gi ivRcy evgvq GKwU mwwjZ

AvgY Ges jybi Avnvb Rvwbq AvivKvb ivRvi wbKU GKwU c
wjLwQj| AvivKvbxqiv GKwU evwnbx cvwVqwQj hv wmwiqvg `Lj KiwQj
Ges Zviv Uysì mnvqZvq 1599 mvj c wNi wbqwQj| bMievmx Ges
KgKZv-KgPvix mevB cvwjq wMqwQj| ivRv Ges Zvi wek cy fvjv
AvPiYi cwZvq AvZmgcY KiwQj, wK ZvìK nZv Kiv nqwQj|
Rei `Lji gvag cv wmwiqvg I gjwgqvb Zvi `xN DcK~j mxgvbvi
mv_ mshy Kiv nqwQj| G Awfhvb mdj nqwQj mwjg kvni DrK
bevwnbx Ges Zvi cZzMxR cRvì ^Zt~Z Ask MnYi gvag| G
jybi gvag bv`v evBbi Kbv I GKwU mv`v nvZx wQwbq Avbv nqwQj|
mdj c Awfhvbi ci, AvivKvb ivRv KZK
wdwjc ` weUv bvgi GK
cZyMxR mwbKK mvBwiqvgi MfYi wbqvM `qv nqwQj|
Di-cwgvj gvNjiv axi axi Zvì AvwacZ wevi KiwQj Ges

Zvì gZvi c`kbx mKji PvL covi gZv Aev nqwQj| mB
cwiwwZZ cZyMxRiv ewk myhvM myweav nvwZq wbqwQj Ges Zviv AvivKvb
ivRvK evcK fvMvw w`qwQj| AvivKvb Ges cZzMxRì gaKvi
ezZc~Y mK gyn~Zi gaB eix nq Mj| 1602 mvj ejLvi ivRvi
wbKU _K cZzMxRiv m`xc `Lj Ki wbqwQj| mxc weRq AvivKvbi
ivRvi wbKU Zvi ivRi wbivcvi Rb wec` msKZ eq wbq GmwQj| G
_K cwivYi Rb AvivKvbi ivRv cqvRbxq c`c wbqwQjb|
c_gZt wZwb w`qvs _K cZzMxRìK weZvwoZ KiwQjb Ges 1603
mvj cybivq mxc `Lj KiwQjb| evav wechq mI cZyMxRìK
WvKvwZ, jyUZivRg~jK KgKv nZ cwZiva Kiv hvqwb| `y ci gaKvi
eix mK ewkw`b vqx wQj bv| wee`gvb `ywU `ji ga GKwU mgSvZv
Pzw evevwqZ nqwQj| AvivKvbxq ivRv cZzMxRìK Zvi ivR Aevb
Kivi AbygwZ w`qwQjb| mxcK Zvì wbKU cybivq wdwiq w`qwQjb|
mgSvZvi cieZx kvwc~Y KqKwU eQi cZyMxRìK Zvì wfw my`p
Kivi Rb chv mgq myhvM Gb w`qwQj| Zviv ivRi wewfb GjvKvq
58
k fvevcb AvKwK AvgY PvwjqwQj| Zvì AcKg AwZ nq

AvivKvbi ivRv Zvì wfwK asm Ki `qvi `p wmv wbjb| wmv
Abyhvqx 1607 mvj Zvi ivR emevmiZ cZzMxR Awaevmxì Dci
MYnZv Pvjvbvi wb`k w`jb wZwb| Zvi mB wb`k AZ bksmfve
evevwqZ nqwQj| cvq QqkZ cZzMxR G bxie MYnZvq Zvì cvY
nvwiqwQj| wKQz msLK jvK eb cvwjq Mj, Abiv Zvì bKvq wMq
Avkq wbjv Ges wKQz jvK mgy` cvwo w`q Ab Pj wMqwQj hvì ga
mxevmUv MvbRvjRI wQjb|
G mgq mxci kvmK wQjb gvbyqj ` gvUvm (Manuel de Mattos)

bvgi GK cZyMxR| 1607 mvj gvUvmi gZz Zvi GK Aaxb KgKZv
dZn LvbK mB xc GKwU ^vaxb gymwjg z` ivRi bgybv evevqbi
myhvM Ki `q| mxevmUv MvbRvjm dZn Lvbi KvQ _K mxc
wQwbq bqvi Rb ejLi ivRvi mv_ GKUv mgSvZv Pzw evevqb Kib|
1609 mvj cZzMxRiv cybivq mxc `Lj Kib|
mxc cZzMxRì cwZv AvivKvb ivRvi Rb wec` msKZ eq GbwQj|

cZzMxRi mgmv AgxgvswmZ iLB mwjg kvn 1612 mvj gZz eiY
Kib| AvivKvbi BwZnvm mwjg kvni kvmbvgj GKwU hyMvKvix
kvmbvgj wnme cwZv jvf KiwQj| hwÌ ReyK kvn ivDK-BD bMixi
mdjZvi eywbqv` cwZv KiwQjb, wK Pwjk eQi ci Zvi mv_K Dim~ix
mwjg kvn HUvK c~Yvic m~`p KiwQjb ej ge Kiv hvq|
mvBb kvn (1612-1622)

59
mwjg kvni ci Zvi Rcy mvBb kvn (wgb LvgvDs) wmsnvmb AvivnY
Kib| ei Dci gvNj wbqY cwZv mvBb kvn Ges mxci ivRv
MvbRvjm Dfqi KvQB GKwU mvaviY wec` wnme weewPZ nZv| GLb
Zviv DfqB gvNjì wec GK AciK mnvqZv Kivi Rb wPv fvebv
KiQ| KviY gvNjiv PMvgmn `wY eK Zvì KVvi kvmbi Aaxb
gb KiZv| gvNj mye`vi Bmjvg Lvb KZK
fyjyqv (bvqvLvjx) weRqB
KvhZt AvivKvbi kvmb eevq mivmwi hvMvhvM Gbw`qQ| mvBb kvn
Lye `Z MvbRvjmi mv_ Zvi hveZxq SMov-weev` wgwUq dj Ges
1614 mvji wWmî gvmi ii w`K Zvi mv_ mwwjZfve j I mgy`
c_ fyjyqvi Dci AvgY Pvjvq| mvBb kvn& cZyMxR mbvevwnbx mv_ wbq
700 hy nvZxmn wekvj GK mbveni wbq PMvg nZ myL AMmi nb|
Aci w`K Zvi bevwnbx MvbRvjmi bevwnbxi mv_ hy nq cvwb c_
mvgb AMmi nq|
fyjyqvi gvNj nvbv`vi Avyj Iqvwn` `Ljb h nvbv`vi evwnbxK cwZiva

Kiv meci bq, KvRB wZwb WvKvwZqv b`x I gvQv I Lvj nq Di w`K
cv`cmiY Kijb hvZ wekvj cZzMxR-AvivKvbxq beni ZvK aiZ bv
cvi| G myhvM Zviv mLvb GKwU AiwZ GjvKv cq fyjyqv I b`xi
`ycvki AjjvZ evcK jyUZivR Pvjvjv GgbwK kl ch Zviv
WvKvwZqv b`x ch AMmi njv| GKUv chvq Gm wg kwjvi ga
fvY `Lv w`j, hLb MvbRvjm evwnbx Zvì mb`jK wdwiq bqvi
wmv wbjv| AvivKvbi ivRv cZzMxR GvWwgivji fvBcv AvUvwbI
Kvifvjnvmn cZzMxRi KgKZvìK AvUK Kij| cieZxZ Gi cvv
Reve wnme Zviv (cZzMxRiv) AvivKvb iYZixi GvWwgivjmn Abvb
KgKZvìK wNi djj Ges iYZixi mKj gvj-m` Ges hyv jyU
Ki wbq Ges AvivKvb ivRvK gvNjì mvgb GKvKx dj iL `Z
mxc wdi Mj| Avyj Iqvwn` G cwiwwZ _K myhvM MnY KiZ e_
nbwb| hvB nvK wZwb Aviv ewk Rbej I kw-mvg_ jvf Kijb| wZwb
WvKvwZqv b`x cvi nq Gm AvivKvb ivRvi Dci GKwU cvv AvgY
60
cwiPvjbv Kijb Ges ZvK gvNj cvveYKvix mbvì nvZ Zvi weivU
msLK mb Ges hy-nvZx dj iL dbx b`x w`q `Z cjvqb KivZ
eva Kijb|
mxc weRq cZzMxR kvmb gZvi mevP ARb wnme weewPZ nq|
cZzMxRiv GLb PMvg I cmn evcmvMii mgM c~e DcK~j weRqi
wPvfvebv KiQ Zvì KvRi AMMwZ weePbv Ki| fyjyqv Awfhvb
MvbRvjm KZK cZvwiZ nq AvivKvbxq ivRv Zvì wfw ev AevbK
asm Ki `qvi wmv wbjb| Aci w`K wdwjc ` weUv mvBivg
wbRK ^vaxb wnme NvlYv `q| 1615 mvji ii w`K AvivKvbiv
mxc Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki| MvbRvjm Zvi kvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb
ZLb wbRK wec` msKzj Ges Lye Amnvq Aevi ga `LZ cvq Ges m
ZLb mnvqZvi Rb Mvqvq Pj hvq| MvbRvjmi mvnvhi Ave`b MnxZ
nqwQj; Ges ZvK mnvqZv `vbi Rb Mvqvi fvBmiq Wvg dvbwmmKv `
wgbvRm ivfvi (Dom Francisco de Menazes Rovo) bZZ
AvivKvb GKwU iYRvnvR ciY Kib| Zviv 1615 mvji 3iv Avei
AvivKvb cQvb| GiB gvS AvivKvbi ivRv WvP (Dutch) ì mv_ GKUv
RvU Zix Kib| WvPiv wQj evwYR cZzMxì cavb cwZhvMx| 15
Avei AvivKvb Ges WvPì mg^q MwVZ h_ evwnbx cZzMxR Awfhvx
evwnbxi Dci AvgY Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki| Zzgj
y bhyi ga w`q
`yciB evcK q-wZ mvwaZ nq Ges cwikl cZyMxRiv civRq eiY
Ki| MvbRvjm mxc nZ cZveZb Kib, KviY wZwb mLvb Zvi
wb`k cvjb Kivi Rb KvDK LuyR cvbwb| Zvi nZwenej Abymvixiv
wbRì ga SMov-weev` evwaq w`j Ges AvivKvbxqìK xcwU `Lj
Kivi AbygwZ w`jv| 1615 mvj AvivKvb KZK
mxc `Lj cZzMxRì m
Aj GKwU mvgyw`K I agxq ivR cwZvi ^cK ZQbQ Ki w`qwQj|
61
c~e cv mvBwiqvg Ges c evgvi ivRv AvbvDcUjvbi (Anaupetlun)

KvQ niwQj| wK c~e mxgv wQqvgi mv_ evgvi ivRvi Pzwi dj
mvBb kvn wKQz mgqi Rb ^w cqwQj| mxc `Lj Kiv nqwQj Ges
evgxR I cZzMxR DfqB Zvì gwK cZvnvi Ki wbqwQj| G mKj
KviYB AvivKvbi ivRv bZzb Ki fyjyqvi Dci Zvi AvgY cwiPvjbv
KiwQj| c~eeZx NUbv Abyhvqx m mgqI gvNj _vbv`vi Avyj Iqvwn`
WvKvwZqv b`xi wbKU AwaK myweavRbK Aevb _K cZveZb Kivi
cqvRbxqZv LuyR cqwQjb| hvBnvK, Zvi cy wgRv b~i Avj-xb
AvivKvbx mbìK duv` djvi Rb GKUv cwiKbv KiwQjb| wZwb
DjLhvM msLK Akvivnx mb wbq WvKvwZqv b`xi wbKU GKwU
Rjvf~wgi wecixZ Mvcb IZ cZ Aevb wbqwQjb| AvivKvb ivRv
hLb mB vbwU AwZg Kij wVK ZLbB b~i Avj-xb AKvr Zvi Dci
Akvivnx Awfhvb Pvjvjb| Avyj IqvwnÌ Ab w`K _K Gm ZvK
AvgY Kij| k KZK
Pviw`K _K NivI nq AvivKvbx mbiv
nZwenej nq coj| weci AvgY cwZiva KiZ wMq Zviv Wvevbvjvq wbw njv| Zvì mbevwnbxi GKUv weivU Ask wbnZ nqwQj|
wKQz mb cvwjq hZ mg nqwQj| wK ivRv wbR Zvi fvBcv Ges
hy-nvZxmn Kv`v gvwUZ AvUK cowQjb| Pig msKUvcb gyn~Z wZwb Zvi
mKj KgKZv, Zvi fvBcvmn mKj Rbej, hy nvZx Ges Abvb hy
DcKiYvw` mgcY Kivi cve w`q kvw cv_bv Kijb| ay ^xq cvY I
ewMZ ^vaxbZv iv Ki ZvK wdwiq `qvi Abyiva Rvbvjb| Avyj
Iqvwn` Zvi G Ave`b MnY Kijb Ges wZwb aygv AvivKvb ivRvK
GKvKx PMvg wdi hvevi AbygwZ w`jb|
1616 mvji deqvix gvm gvNj mye`vi Kvwkg Lvb PMvg nZ AvivKvb
ivRvK weZvwoZ Ki H vb `Lj Kivi Rb Avyj bvex Gi bZZ
mLvb GKwU Awfhvb cvVvjb | mxZvKzi wbKU LvUMvi gvNj mbì
AMMwZ _vwgq `qv nqwQj| AvivKvbi ivRv LvUMvi GKwU mb NuvwU
vcb KiwQj Ges cvq 1000 iYZix viv mUvK mymwZ KiwQj|
62
Avyj bvex cv_wgK fve cP AvNvZ nb mB `~MwU `Lj Kivi c`c

wbqwQjb| wK wZwb mB c`c e_ nq `~MwUK Pviw`K _K
Aeiva Ki ivLjb| `xN w`b ai Aeiva Pjvi dj mLvb Lv`
mieivni msKU `Lv w`j Ges Gi dj gvNjMY 1616 mvji g gvmi
ga Aeiva Zzj bqvi cqvRb eva Kiib Ges Zviv fyjyqvq wdi
Mjb|
1616 mvj PMvg e_ gvNj Awfhvb mvBb kvni cvwK bxwZK Aviv
mymsnZ KiwQj| wZwb cveZ GjvKv _K i Ki mgy` DcK~j ch
PMvgi Di GjvKvjvK Rbk~b KiwQjb Ges mme GjvKvq ebf~wg
Mo ZzjwQjb, hvZ gvNjì mve AvgY cvKwZK fveB cwZiva
Kiv hvq| mxc `Lji ci cZyMxRiv AvZmY KiZ eva nqwQj|
mvBb kvn& ZLb ZvìK wewfb PvKzixZ wbqvM w`jb| gvNj mgy`
Awfhvbi wei cZzMxRì Iqv`vKZ mnvqZvi wewbgq îc Zvì Rb
eì bMix w`qvs K eiv `qv nqwQj| Gi myev` cZyMxRiv w`qvs
eìK Zvì cavb Avevm j Ges mgy` WvKvwZi K` we`yZ cwiYZ
KiwQj|
mvBb kvn& AvivKvbi GKRb k I mePq mdj kvmK wnme wbRK

cgvwYZ KiwQjb| wZwb Zvi ivRi mKj we`vn `gb KiwQjb|
cZyMxRì gZvK cy Ki w`qwQjb| wek weRZv gvNj mbìK
wZwb civwRZ KiwQjb Ges egxqì AvMvmx PvK wZwb ZQbQ Ki
w`qwQjb|
63
wZxq mwjg kvn& (1622-1638)

1622 mvj mvBb kvni ci Zvi cy wZxq mwjg kvn& DivwaKvix
wnme kvmb gZvq Avmb | AvivKvbi wmsnvmbi Dci _K cZyMxR
gwK chvqg nvm cZ _vK Ges wZxq mwjg kvn& AvivKvbxqì
wei cZzMxRì WvKvwZ KgKvi cwZ bRi bv w`q eis ZvìK
gvNjì wec eenvi Kivi Rb Zvi m` wnme gb Kib|
hvBnvK, wZxq mwjg kvn& gvNj ivRcy kvnRvnvbi wbKU GKRb
ivR`~Z ciY Kib| kvnRvnvb 1624 mvj wKQz mgqi Rb XvKvq
GmwQjb| ivRv wZxq mwjg kvn& AZ webq, bgZv mnKvi Zuvi KvQ
Ave`b KiwQjb hb ZvK ivRKxq RvqMxi`vi wnme MY Kiv nq|
Ges wZwb Avjvni bvg kc_ Ki Iqv`v w`qwQjb h, wZwb hLb h
KvRi Rb ZvK Zje Kieb ZLb m KvR wZwb ivRKxq wb`kbv
weePbvq Zv cvjb Kieb| GUv wQj AvivKvb ivRvi mv_ aygv GKwU
K~UbwZK D`vM| mgvU kvnRvnvb e c`k nZ Zvi kvmb eev Zzj
wbZ bv wbZB AvivKvb ivRv mLvb Zvi wcZvi AvMvmx bxwZ cybtceZb
Kib| mgvU kvnRvnvb Zvi wcZvi wei GK cvmv` wece e
GmwQjb| evsjvi mye`vi gneZ Lvbi Af~vbi m~ ai kvnRvnvbi
we`vn evsjvK mxgvnxb `~fvM djw`qwQj| G cwiwwZi myweav MnY
Ki AvivKvb ivRv fyjyqv GjvKvq jyb Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kib Ges wZwb
m GjvKvq jyUZivR Pvwjq ARm m` nvwZq wbq cybivq wdi Avmb|
gneZ Lvbi Pj hvIqvi ci wZwb evsjvq AviKwU Awfhvbi bZZ `b
Ges G Awfhvb wZwb XvKvi Dk iIqvbv nb| Ab GK eYbv Abyhvqx
wZwb bMixZ cek Kib Ges Zv Rvwjq `b Ges jyUZivR Kib|
Aekl wecyj cwigvY e`xì AvUK Ki wbq cybivq wdi hvb| 1630
mvji w`K PMvgi AvivKvb MfYi RvbZ cvijb h, PMvg nZ
AvivKvbxq kvmb DrLvZ Kivi Rb cZzMxRiv XvKvq wbhy gvNj MfYii
m_ GKwU Mvcb lohi Rvj eybQ| wZwb h_vh_ c`c bqvi Rb
wZxq mwjg kvnK NUbv mK AewnZ Kib| wZwb ZLb 500wU wWx
bKv I PwjkwU iYZix cZ
KiZ wb`k `b| Aekl wZwb c~YeM
w`qvs eìi Dk Zvi evwnbx wbq avweZ nb| cZzMxRìK e`x
64
KiZ Zvì Dci GKwU weqKi AvgY Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb

benii KvbK wb`k `qv nqwQj| Kvb KviY iYZix cvKivI
KiZ e_ nj Zvì Dci Aeiva Awfhvb vqx KiZI ZvK wb`kbv
`qv nq| BZvgaB AvivKvbi cZzMxR Awaevmxiv G cw Z Awfhvbi
h_vh_ Avfvm cq hvq Ges PMvg Zvì RbMYK Avmb wec` mK
mZK Kivi Rb Lye `Z ek KqKRb `~Z ciY Kib| w`qvs G ag
cPviK Lvb wfz gvbwiK (Manrique) AvivKvbi ivRvi mv_ mw vcbi
Rb AvivKvb ivR mfvq GKwU agxq wgkbi bZZ `b Ges cZzMxR
Awfevmxì Dci cvKovI Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kiv _K ivRvK weiZ
ivLb|
2iv RyjvB, 1630 mvj gvbwiK `qvs _K AvivKvb ch Zvi mePq

iYxq gY Awfhvb MnY Kib| gvNj gwK Aemvb KiZ agxq wgkbwU
mdj nqwQj Ges cwg GjvKv I evgvq cybivq kw wdwiq AvbZ
AveQvfve Avwef~Z
nqwQj| AvivKvbi ivRv m `ki bevwnbxK
cybivq Zje Ki wb`k cvVvb| gvbwiK Zvi AvivKvb mdii wZK_v
wjwce Kib, hvZ gymjgvbì evcvi AegvbbvKi ge iqQ| wZxq
mwjg kvni mgq _KB mgy` DcK~j WvKvwZ I jyUZivR KgKv ew
cZ _vK| gM Ges ivwnvivI G nvgjv Awfhvb Ask bq| wK
cZyMxR Rj `m~iv G `vm msMni Awfhvb bZZ c`vbKvix f~wgKv MnY
Ki Ges G aibi Awfhvb AvivKvbì Ask MnYUvI cZyMxRì Zzjbvq
Kvb Ask Kg bq| cZzMxRì G mKj cv PvUv Mvjvgiv wbg ei
RbMYi Dci AgvbweK bksmZv Pvjvq| ab-m`, cmvabx jyUZivR
QvovI Zviv nvRvi nvRvi cyil, gwnjv Ges wkìK Rvi Ki Zzj wbq
Avm Ges ZvìK `vm wnme wew Ki `q A_ev ZvìK ejc~eK
Lxvb ag `xwZ Ki| wbiciva bvweK, eemvqx, chUK mKjB wdwiw
Rj`myì mvmx KgKvi ga evm KiZ| wZxq mwjg kvn WvP Ges
ewUwfqvì mv_I ezZc~Y mKi weKvk NUvb| Zviv Zvì
B`vbwkqvb Awfevmxì Rb Pvj I `vmi wbqwgZ mieivn KiZ Riix
65
cqvRbi ga wQj| WvPiv AvivKvbì mv_ eemvwqK Kvhvw` cwiPvjbv

Kivi Rb ivnw`s G GKwU dvix Pvjy Kib| wZxq mwjg kvni
kvmbvgj 1631-1635 mvj AvivKvb GK fqvbK `ywfi cv`yfve `Lv
`q| mKj wKQzi g~j ^vfvweK g~ji PviY ew cqwQj| c~eeZx KqK
eQii avivevwnK km NvUwZi djB G `ywf `Lv w`qwQj| +++++
66
PZz_ Aavq
AvivKvb mvgvRi nvm Ges cZb
bicwZ KZK AvivKvb wmsnvmb `Ljt

1638 mvj GK ivR cvmv` lohi wkKvi nq Ges wZxq mwjg kvni
gZzi ga w`q AvivKvb mvgvRi gnvbZvi BwZ NU Ges cZbi hyMm~wPZ
nq| Zvi gZyi ci Zvi cy gs mvwb DivwaKvix wnme wmsnvmb
AvivnY Kib| wK wZwb weaev ivbxi GK cwgK KZK
bksm fve Lyb
nb| cieZxZ nZvKvix jvKwU wmsnvmb `Lj Kib Ges wbRK bicwZ
LZve f~wlZ Kib| hwÌ bicwZ Zvi (wbnZ ivRcyi) c~e cyilì
Dci mKj wg_v ccvMvv I AwfhvM cywf~Z Ki RbMYi mg_b Av`vq
KiZ cPv PvwjqwQjb, Z_vwcI GUv ARb KiZ cyivcywi e_
67
nqwQjb| cviZc, G Aea Rei `Lj gymjgvbì _K gZv wQwbq

bqvi my`~i cmvwiZ lohi Rb w`qwQj| bicwZ wQj GKRb mvaviY gM
e| cqvZ ivRvi fvB PMvgi fvBmiq gvZK ivq (Kvgvj) cieZxZ
^vaxbZvi NvlYv `b Ges Rei `LjKvixK gZvPzZ KiZ cqvRbxq
c`c MnY Kib| hvB nvK, Kvgvj G c`c e_ nb Zvi cqvRbxq
b-kwi Afve| wZwb fyjyqvi gvNj _vbv`vii wbKU wbivcv Kvgbv
KiZ eva nb| hnZz Kvgvj fyjyqvi w`K AMmi nb, ZLb cvq 200
iYZix wewk GKwU AvivKvbxq hy eni ZvK dbx b`x ch Zvwoq wbq
hvq Ges ZvK b`x cvi nIqv _K weiZ ivL | gvNj _vbv`vii mb
evwnbxiv jvMvZvi wj elYi gvag AvivKvb beniK wcQz nVvZ eva
Ki| ZLb Kvgvj AwZ wbivc`B dbx b`x cvi nq Zvi cwievi Ges cvq
9000 Zvi AvivKvbxq AbymvixK mv_ wbq RvnvxibMi cQ hvb|
hvB nvK, bicwZ Kvgvji wei loh Kiv Qo `qwb eis wZwb wewfb
aibi 650wUi AwaK iYZix wbq c~Ygvvq ei wei b Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv KiwQjb| evsjvi gvNj MfYi Bmjvg Lvb XvKv _K `Z QzU
Gm gNbv b`xi gyLi KvQ Zvi mbvevwnbx I bevwnbxK mwq Kivi
gvag Avmb gwKi mdj gvKvejv Kib| hwÌ AvivKvbxq hy eni
b`xi gvnbvq XyK cowQjv ZeyI GwU c~bivq mvgb AMmi nZ mvnm
cvqwb eis `Z mLvb _K cZveZb KiwQj|
RvnvxibMii Dk Kvgvji we`vqi c~e PMvgi cZyMxRiv Zvi
cvej^b KiwQj| bicwZi cwZwnsmvi fq Zviv m vb cwiZvM Kib
Ges Dcgnv`ki cZyMxR wbqwZ Aci GK vb Awfevmb MnY Ki|
Gi dj cvq 20 nvRvi evvjx jvK hviv BZvc~e cZyMxR KZK
AvUK
nq xZ`vm cwiYZ nqwQj Zviv mLvb gyw cj Ges wbRì Mn
wdi Gjv| wK cZyMxRiv NUbvg PMvg wdi hvq|
68
_vWvwgv Ges m`v _yWvv (Thadomintra and Sanda

Thudamma)t
bicwZi ci Zvi fvwZRv _vWvwgv DivwaKvix wnme 1645 mvj
wmsnvmb AvivnY Kib |Zvi kvmbvgj ivnvs G Rvic~eK WvP KviLvbv
e Ki `qvZ WvPì mv_ Zvi mKi Uvbvcvob `Lv `q| ivRvi
Ackvmbi dj AvivKvbi RbMYK AbK K fvM KiZ nq| GUv wQj
AfixY Kv`j| G KviYB ZvK PMvgi Di mxgv gvNjì
Abycek cwZiva KiZ cZyMxRì Dci wbfikxj nZ nqwQj| PMvg
ivi Rb cZzMxRì Dci Zvi GKPwUqv wbfikxjZvi ìb eìbMix
KvhZ cZyMxR Rj`m~ì AvLovq cwiYZ nq| AvivKvbi ivRv ewikvj
Rjvi `wYvj b Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KiZ wMqI gyLZvi cwiPq `b,
mLvb wZwb cwic~Yfve civwRZ nb Ges Awfhvb cZvnvi Ki wbZ eva
nb| 1652 mvj _vWvwgvi cy m`v _yWvv AvivKvbi ivRv nb|
evZvwfqvi mv_ GKwU Pzw mv`bi ci WvPiv ivnvs G Zvì KviLvbv
cybivq Pvjy Ki|
AvivKvb kvn& myRvi cjvqb

1657 mvji mî gvmi kli w`K gvNj mgvU kvnRvnvb gvivZK
Amy nq cob| Zvi G AmyZvB Zvi DivwaKvix Pvi cyi ga hyi
KviY nq `vovj| Pvi cy njv- `viv wmK`vi, myRv, AvIiRe Ges
gyiv`| hy AvIiRe weRqx nb| kvn myRv AvIiRei wbKU
AvZmgcY bv Ki Ges m cybivq Zvi wei hy Kivi `p cwZv e
Kij| wK hy m cyivcywi civRq eiY Ki cjvqb KiZ eva njv|
1660 mvj AvIiRei mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv KZK cwiPvwjZ Zxe AvgY
cwZiva KiZ kvn myRv cwZekx iv AvivKvbi mnvqZv wbivcv Kvgbv
69
Ki| wZwb Zvi cwievi cwiRb Ges f Abymvixì wbq AvivKvb Pj

Avmb| hnZz AvivKvbi ivRv ZvK RvnvR Ki gvq wbq hvIqvi
Iqv`v w`qwQjb| wZwb Zvi evKx Rxeb gvZB KvwUq `qvi BQv cvlY
KiwQjb| hvBnvK, GfveB GKwU e`bv weayi weqvMv NUbvi ga w`q
myRvi Rxebi cwimgvw NU|
gMivRv Zvi cwZv fi cgvY w`j| m myRvi KbvK weq KiZ

PvBjv| Zvi mKj ab-m` AvZmvr Ki ZvK Rj cvVvbvi cwiKbv
Kij| G aibi wec`msKzj cwiwwZZ myRv gymjgvb mb Ges AvivKvb
ivRvi mfvm`MYi mnvqZvq GKwU AfixY Av`vjb Rvi`vi Kivi
cwiKbv Kib| Zvi G cwiKbv NUbvg duvm nq Mj Ges fvMnviv G
ivRcy kl chvq cZ cvwjq hvIqvi Pv Kij, wK cQb w`K _K
AvgY Ki ZvK nZv Kiv nj| Ges Zvi Kbv hvK gMivRv Rvic~eK
weq KiZ PqwQj m mn Zvi cwievii mKj m`m I Zvi Abymvix mnPi
mKji Dci wbgg MYnZv Pvjvbv nj| Zvi cjvqb I gZzi G NUbv
wKQzUv AwbqZv Ges wg_v cPviYvi Rb w`qwQj| hv ek wKQz mgq ai
weivRgvb wQj| ewbqvi (Benier) G Aevi mvigg eYbv KiQb
Gfve, hv wbg ewYZ nj|
Avwg ivR cyi (myRvi) cwiYwZ mK wZbwU A_ev PviwU m~Y wfb
aibi eYbv bwQ| Avwg Gjv RbwQ Zvì KvQ _K hviv GgbwK
NUbvj DcwZI wQj bv| KwZcq jvK AvgvK wbwZ KiwQj h,
Abvbì mv_ ZvKI wbnZ Aevq cvIqv wMqwQj, hwÌ Zvi `nK
mbv Kiv KwVb nq cowQj| Avwg mB KviLvbvi cavbi wbKU GKLvbv
c `LwQjvg, mLvbI GKB aibi eYbvi DjL iqQ| welqwU wbq
gnv AwbqZv weivR KiQ, Avi G KviYB Avgiv w`jxZ GZv ekx
msKZ c`vbKvix v cPviYv bZ cqwQjvg| GUv eYbv Kiv nq _vK
70
h, Kvb GK mgq ZvK gvwmcvUvg (gvmvwjcvUvg) Avbv nqwQj Ges

MvjKv`v I wfmvcyii ivRviv Zvì mb evwnbx w`q ZvK mevZK
mnvqZv KiwQj| GUv Lye wbqZvi m_B ejv hvq h, Ab GK mgq wZwb
mIivZi bRii wfZi w`q jvj cZvKv evnx `ywU RvnvR Ki cvi
nwQjb| Ges c A_ev wmqvgi ivRv KZK
wZwb DcvwcZ nqwQjb|
Aveviv AvgvìK ejv njv h, ivRcy cviwmqvZ wQjb, h ZvK
wmivR G `Lv wMqQ Ges cigyn~ZB Kv`vnvi Zvici Kveyj ivR nvbv
w`Z cw Z wbZ `Lv MQ| Avgvi gZ G wicvUjvi mycwZwZ Kvb
wfw bB | Avwg WvP f`jvKi wbKU _K cv H cwUi DciB ewk
iZ wèv| cwU DjL Ki h, cvwjq hvevi c`c wbZ wMq ivRcy
wbnZ nb| Ges myjZvb myRvi `yRb nvigi cnix (LvRv) hvi mv_ Avwg
evsjv _K gvwmcvUvg ch gY KiwQjvg Ges mveK Mvj`vR evwnbxi
Awdmvi eZgvb whwb MvjKv`vi ivRvi mbvevwnbxi mv_ KvR KiQb,
Zviv DfqB AvgvK mywbwZ Ki ejQb h Zvì gwbe wbnZ nqwQj,
hwÌ Zviv cybivq Aviv ekx Z_ cZ hvMvhvM Kivi evcvi D`vmxb
wQj| divmx ewYKMY hvìK Avwg w`jxZ `LwQjvg Ges hviv mivmwi
Bvnvb _K GmwQjb Zviv myjZvb myRvi cviwmqvZ _vKvi evcvi
Kvb Z_B KLbI bb wb| GUvI gb nq h, Zvi civRqi wYK ciB
Zvi Qviv Ges Zievwi cvIqv wMqwQj| wKQz jvK avibv Ki h, hw` wZwb
ebB cuQ _vKb Zvnj wZwb cjvqbi DkB mLvb wMqwQjb|
GUv aviYv Kiv nq _vK h ebi ga AekB wZwb `m~ì nvZ coeb
A_ev evN ev nvwZi wkKvi cwiYZ neb| m `ki ebjvZ Gjvi
Dcè Lye ekx nq _vK|
G kl NUbvi wKQz w`b c~e evsjvi gvNj fvBmiq mB hyeZx ivRKbvK

AvZmgcYi Rb Riix evZv ciY KiwQjb| m`v _yWvv Zvì cwZ
Kvb gbvhvMB `bwb| Ges kl MY nZvi Dcj GKRb gvNj
iv`~ZK Kvivi KiZB wZwb mLvb wMqwQjb| cZvNvZi fq wZwb
w`qvs Gi wdwixìK evsjv AvgY Zvì ZrciZv eY ew KiZ
71
mvnm w`qwQjb| Gfve 1664 mvj Zvì bhvbmg~n b`x c_ XvKvi

w`K hvv Ki Ges 240wU wWw bKv wewk GKwU gvNj beniK
Qf Ki `q Ges mjvK wPiZi asm Ki `q|
PMvg gvNj weRq

AvIiRe KzPwenvi `Lj, Kvgic cybivi Ges AvmvgK wbwq Kivi
gvag Zvi Aevb Aviv my`p KiwQjb| Gi djB wZwb AvivKvbi Dci
Aviv ewk Zvi gbvhvM wbwe KiZ ciwQjb| PMvg `Lj Kivi
gvag wdwix gM KZK jyUZivRi Aemvb NUvbvi RbB cqvRbxq mKj
cw Z mb Kiv nqwQj| kvqv Luvb whwb 1664 mvj evsjvi fvBmiq
wbhy nqwQjb WvPìK AvivKvb nZ cZveZbi gwK w`qwQjb,
Ab_vq evsjvi mv_ Zvì eemv-evwYR msKU coe| myZivs 1665
mvji Kvb GK ivZ WvPiv Zvì ivnvs KviLvbvi mewKQy PviwU RvnvR
evSvB Ki Pj Mj Ges Zvì hvevi c~e AvivKvbi ivRv Dcjw KiZ
ciwQjb h Kx Pj hvQ Ges Zviv Kviv avIqv Lq bq eis wbR
wbRB Pj hvQ|
kvqv Lvb AvivKvb Awfhvb i Kivi c~e me c_g m`xc `Lj Kib
1665 mvji 12 bfî| mxc njv Mv b`xi gyL AewZ GKwU
iZc~Y xc| mxc `Lji gaw`q kvqv Lvb Zvi Pzov cw Z wbq `p
cZq GwMq Pjb| wZwb AvivKvb ivRvK ZvM Ki gvNj cvej^b
KiZ PMvgi wdwixìK mdjfve civwPZ KiwQjb| wewfb
KviYB wdwixiv gvNjì c wbqwQj| mePq ekx iZc~Y KviYwU
72
njv h AvivKvb ivRv wdwixìK PMvg nZ AvivKvbi Afi

weZvob Ki w`Z PMvgi MfYiK wb`k w`qwQjb| Gi Dk wQj
hvZ Ki ZvìK bRi`vwiZ ivLv hvq A_ev Zvì Dci bksm nZvh
Pvjvbv hvq| AvivKvbi ivRv wdwixì mv_ kvqv Lvbi hvMvhvMi
Lei RvbZ ciwQjb Ges gvNj KZK
mxc weRqi cieZx cwiYwZ
mKI wZwb Lye fxZ wQjb| G aibi cwiKbvi Avfvm cq wdwixiv
1665 mvji 19 wWmî PMgi GKwU weivU msLK AvivKvb RvnvR
eni AwM mshvM Ki 40 _K 50wU wWx bKv (Rvjev) GKhvM Gm
bvqvLvwjZ gvNjìK wNi djwQj|
wdwixì civRqi ci AvivKvbi Dk GKwU ZvrwYK Awfhvb

cwiPvjbvi wmv bqv nqwQj| evRivs D` Lvb j c_ cwiPvwjZ
cavb mb evwnbxi bZZ wè, Abw`K Bgcwiqvj bIqviv Awfhvb
Beb-B-mvBb Ges gvnvv` eM AvevKvk Gi bZZ cwiPvwjZ ne|
Rvwgb`vi beni cwiPvwjZ nwQj gybvIqvi Lvbi bZZ Ges Kvb
g~i Gi bZZ cwiPvwjZ wdwix hy eni j evwnbxi mv_ mwZ iLB
b`x Ges mgy` c_ mvgb AMmi nwQj| kvqv Lvb Awfhvbi mvweK
cwiwwZ cheY KiZ Ges cqvRbxq Lv` mvgMx mieivn wbwZ KiZ
cQb Aevb Kijb| BZvga, PMvgi mveK MfYi Kvgvj Ges Zvi
Abymvixiv hviv kvn& Rvnvbi kvmbvgj XvKvq cvwjq wMqwQj Zviv mevB
j evwnbxi mv_ AvivKvb Awfhvb Ask MnY Ki| 1666 mvji Rvbyqvix
gvm Kzwgivi wbKU AvivKvbxì mv_ Zvì c_g b msNl eva|
AvivKvbiv m~Yfve civwRZ nqwQj| hvB nvK, civRqi ciYB
cjvqbiZ AvivKvbxq iYZixjv (Rvjev) Zvì eo RvnvRjvi mv_
wgwjZ nq, hjv cQb Acv KiwQj| `yci ga jvMvZvi b
Kvgvb hy PjwQj| cieZx mKvj (24 Rvbyqvix) wZxq AviKwU bhy
msNwUZ nq, mLvb AvivKvbxq iYZix civwRZ nq cjvqb Ki Ges cvq
weKj wZbUvi w`K kevwnbxK Zvov Ki Ges Zviv KYdzjx b`xZ Gj
b`xi gyL Gm ZvìK wNi dj| BZvga, j evwnbx Lye `Z
73
KYdzjx b`xi Zxi Gm cuQvq H GKB w`b| Beb-B-mvBb KYdzjx

b`xZ cek Ki Ges AvivKvbxq RvnvRjvi Dci wc MwZZ AvNvZ
nvb| Kvb g~i Ges Abvb gvNj KgKZviv wewfb w`K _K Lye `Z
QzQ Avmb| evcK hyi ci AvivKvbxqiv kvPbxqfve civwRZ nq|
Zvì ga AbK wbZn nqwQj| wKQy jvK RvnvR cwiZvM Ki cjvqb
KiwQj Ges evKx mevB AvZmgcY KiwQj| Zvì AbK RvnvR Avb
jM A_ev gvNj benii AvNvZ Wye wMqwQj Ges Aviv 135wU
RvnvR AvUK Kiv nqwQj| AvivKvbxq `~M chvqg Zvì j evwnbxi
Dci wbfikxj nZ jvMj| AvivKvbi MfYi, whwb wQjb ivRvi PvPvi cy,
26 k Rvbyqvix AvZmgcY Kib Ges ZvK KvivMvi wbq hvIqv nq|
evsjvi evcK msLK ZgRyi hviv AvUK nqwQj Ges e`x nq KvivMvi
wQj, Zviv GLb gMì AZvPvi wbhvZb _K gyw cj Ges Zvì wbR
Mn wdi Gjv| b`xi Aci cvki `~Mi gM mbivI cvwjq Mj Ges
`~MwU gymjgvbì nMZ njv| evRivs D` Lvb 27 RvbyqvixZ PMvg
cek Kib| PMvg `Lj Kivi ci `wY PMvgi GjvKvjv `Lj Kivi
Rb gxi gvZRvi bZZ GKwU Awfhvb ciY Kiv nq| gvZRv `yMg ivv,
Lvj, Rj Ges LimvZv b`xi gvS w`q 12 w`b cwigYi ci ivgyZ Gm
cuQvb Ges AvivKvb ivRvi fvB ivDjxi KvQ _K ivgyK wQwbq bb|
AbK gymjgvb hvìK mLvb e`x wnme ivLv nqwQj, Zviv mevB gyw
cj| Gfve b `m~ì AvLov f Mj Ges GjvKvevcx gymjgvb
AvwacZ cybtcwZwZ nj| PMvgi cZb AvivKvbxì wbKU GKUv fqvbK
cwieZb wQj Ges Gi dj Zvì kxewi kZvwi cwimgvw NU|
cieZxZ KLbI Zviv PMvg GgbwK ivgyKI Zvì Kivq ivLZ cviwb
Ges wdwixì cjvqbi dj Zviv Zvì Zievix A meB nvivjv|
cviZ c, m`v _yWvv AvivKvb mvgvRi cZbi exR ecb KiwQj kvn
myRv I Zvi Abymvix Ges AvivKvbi AbK gymjgvbK bksm fve nZv
Kivi gvag| Zvi gZzi dj mLvb cieZx GK kZvwKvj ai weev` Ges AfixY Kjn PjZ _vK|
74
ev`vIdvqv KZK AvivKvb `Lj

PMvg nvivbvi ci gviK-BD mvgvRi f~L nvm cq eZgvb AvwKqve,
wKDKwcD Ges mv`vq Rjv ch cQvq| wbg evigvi H Ajmg~n hv
c_g mwjg kvn KZK
wewRZ nqwQj Ges wZxq mwjg kvn& KZK cybivq
wewRZ nqwQj Zvi meB egxì Aaxb wdi wMqwQj| AvivKvb GLb Zvi
cvKwZK mxgviLvi ga Ave Ges 250 eQi c~e gymjgvbMY KZK c_g
AvivKvb weRqi mgq Gi h mxgviLv wQj m Zzjbvq eZgvb mxgviLv
AbK Kg|
1784 mvj egxì viv AvivKvb `Lj ch Ges ivRv m`v _yWvvi gZzi
ci megvU 26 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb KiQb| PMvg (1666) I mv`v
wfRqv (1710) cZbi gvSvgvwS mgq `kRb ivRv cZK Mo AvovB
eQi Ki AvivKvb kvmb KiQb| wZbRb ivRv GK eQi Ki Ges `yRbi
KDB GKgvmI kvmb Kibwb| m`v wfRvqv I bviv Avevqvi gvS kvmbi
Mo wQj `y eQii wbP Ges 1784 mvj ch kl mvZ ivRvi kvmbKvj
wQj cZKi Mo wZb eQi Ki| AvivKvb ^vaxbZvi kl kZvw KUQ
AfixY -msNvZi ga w`q| AvivKvb ivRvi Aaxb KgiZ gymjgvb
Zxi`vR evwnbx ekx cwZcw jvf KiwQj| Zviv `wY Bwqvi AvdMvb
mbì mg_b cq bZzb Ki Av`vjb Rvi`vi Ki| 1666 mvj _K
1710 mvj ch AvivKvbi ivRbwZK KZZ
cyivcywi fve Zvì nvZB
wQj| H mgqi ga Zvì viv `kRb ivRv wmsnvmb emQ Ges c`P~Z
nqQ| 1692 mvj Zviv ivRcvmv` Rvwjq `q Ges wek eQi ai `ki
hLvb Zviv wMqQ mLvbB Avb Ges Zievix enb Ki Nyi ewiqQ|
klZK, m`v wfRvqv bvgi GK myweav fvMx e egxqìK ivgixZ
weZvob KiwQj| wK AvwKqvei wbKU w_sMvbU ev _vivMY bvgK vb
Kvgb bvg aviY Ki Zvì eskaiMY mLvb Aevb KiwQj| Zviv
AvivKvb fvlvZB K_v ejZv| wK ZLbI Zvì ga Bmjvgx wekvm Ges
AvdMvbx ewk AevnZ wQj| ivRvi ci ivRv Lyb njv Ges GKMvgi
75
wei Ab Mvg hy wj nj| mekl `yRb ivRv wQjb gymjgvb| Zviv

wQjb Kvgvb Zxi`vRì eskai hviv BZvc~e m`v wfRvqv KZK weZvwoZ
nq ivgixZ GmwQj| wR. B. nvifi (G. E. Harvey) gZ, kl ivRv
_vgvWv (1782-5), whwb cwinvwmK fve c_g ivRvi bvg aviY KiwQjb|
Ges ivRi Dci Zvi KZZ AbKvsk Kg wQj| hnZz wZwb wQjb
wbMnxZ ivgix eskv~Z|
GK`j AvivKvb KZZ

kxj eweM Avfvì nc Kvgbv Ki Zvì
mLvb Mj| egxqì nci Rb AvivKvb jWì Ave`b mK
HwZnvwmK nvif wbgv ge KiQb, meZ Zviv wQj `k cwgK Ges
Zviv Zvì `kK Svgjv gy GKwU `k wnme `Lvi Rb Kvgbv
KiZv| wK cKZ NUbv njv Muvov e agvej^xiv Aveviv gymwjg
kvmbK mn KiZ cvijv bv| myZivs Zviv ZvB Kij hv Zvì c~e
cyiliv KiwQj 1406 mvj ev ZviI c~e| 1784 mvj Avfvi ivRv
ev`vIdvqv (Bodawphaya) j I mgy` c_ AvivKvb AvgY Pvjvq Ges
mvgvb AvgYi ciB cwic~Y weRq ARb Ki| GfveB AvivKvbi
^vaxbZvi m~h AwgZ nq|
76
cg Aavq
gviK-BD mgqKvi mvgvwRK I agxq Rxebt

c~e gviK-BD AvivKvb mgvR wn`y agi cfve Kg hvIqvi ci ekvjxi
wn`y ivRviv `ywU cavb ag- e I Bmjvg wekvm KiZv| G mgq eemvwq
gymjgvb ag cPviK KZK
ag cPvii dj Bmjvg agi evcK Dbqb
mvwaZ nq| 1203 mvj evsjvq AvivKvb gymjgvbiv kfve Aevb Ki|
gvwjqvbì AvgYi dj Ges AvivKvb I wZeZxqì AvMgb
AvivKvbi evYiv `giv I cwjKZvi mv_ wgwjZ nq Ab RvqMvq
Aevb Ki|
957 mvj _K 1430 mvj ch- `xN 500 eQi ci AvivKvbi c~em~ix
gymjgvbiv e agi cyYf~wg AvivKvbi Dci weRq jvf Ki| AvivKvb
AewZ Zx_ hvvq weki mKj e ag cwgKiv gnvgywYK fw Kivi
Rb GLvb RgvqZ nZv| GZ GLvb e agi ^KxqZv ew cvq| `xN
500 eQi ai Zvì gvjxq I wZeZxq-egxq mn agvej^xì mv_
Aevb Kivi dj Avixqvb gM eiv axi axi Zvì mv_ wbRì Lvc
LvBq bq|
hvB nvK, 1287 mvji ci AvivKvbxqiv cwjK AvwacZev` ZvM Ki

^vaxb nq hvq| wKQz mgqi Rb AvivKvbi gy mgvR gymjgvbiv Af
ixY welqjvZ cfve wevi KiZ _vK| wK Muvov eiv G cwiekK
77
gb wbZ cvijv bv| G aibi RbMY GKwU ^vaxb, gy I mgkvjx

AvivKvb `Lvi cwieZ we`kxì kvmbvaxb _vKvKB AwaK cQ`
Kijv| ^vaxbZv fvMxì Askx`vi wnme gymjgvbivI Gi dj fvM
Kijv| 1374, 1406 Ges mekl 1784 mvj AvivKvbi ^vaxbZv
nvivbvi Rb Kicx eì lohB `vqx| Bmjvg agi viv eagi
wZ nIqvi wg_v AvksKvq Kicx eiv gymjgvbì AvivKvb nZ
mg~j DrLvZ Kivi Rb cvY cY msMvg Kijv| hnZz Zvì mnagvej^x
evgvbiv Gic Avkvi K_v cPvi KiwQj| 1942 mvji gymwjg nZvh G
mKj Muvov eìB nvZi KvgvB| G nZvh 1 jvLi AwaK jvK
gviv wMqwQj| civaxbZv, nZvkv, agxq AmwnzZv Ges AvivKvbi
jvKì AKvi fwelZi Rb H mKj Ki eivB `vqx|
gviK-BD ivRZi 1430 mvj _K 1638 mvj ch mgqKvj wQj

AvivKvbi BwZnvm m `ki Rb GKwU ^Yvj hyM| G hyM _K KD
AwZ mnRB Abyaveb KiZ cvi h, wKmi dj AvivKvbi DbwZ I
AebwZ NUwQj| 1430 mvji w`K gymjgvb KZK AvivKvb weRqi ga
w`qB G mvbvjx hyMi m~Pbv nqwQj Ges 1638 mvji gymjgvbì KvQ
_K eì wbKU gZvi cvjv e`ji ga w`qB AvivKvb cZbi
P~ov mvcvb iwPZ nqwQj| GUvi KviY wQj, Bmjvgi wkvq wkwZ DP
bwZKZvmb gymwjg kvmbMY bvq wePvi I mgZv wbq `k kvmb
KiZb| BwZnvmi, ivRbxwZ I cKwZ vbi Dbqb, cvKwZK wevbi
weKvk Zvì vivB weKwkZ nqwQj| dj AvivKvb G gn ARb
KiwQj| hLbB `k Muvovwg, agxq AmwnzZv Ges bwZKZvi AatcZb
`Lv w`j, ZLbB Gi cZb mywbwZ nq cojv|
AbK BwZnvmwe` Ges DcvLvwbK aviYv Kib h, AvivKvbi ivRv wQj

e agvej^x, hwÌ Zviv wbRì Rb gymjgvb bvg iLwQj Ges Zvì
78
gy`vq Kvjgvi (gymjgvbì wekvmi ^xKvivw) Qvcvb KiwQj | Zvì

`vexi cQb KviYmg~n njvt
c_gZt ei gymjgvbìK AvivKvb cybivi mnvqZv `qvi Rb
Zvì mv_ KZ Pzw cwic~Y KiZ DcivwjwLZ mKj cvB Zviv mb
KiwQj| Ges H mKj AvivKvb ivRv gymwjg bvg Aej^b KiwQjb hviv
evsjvi `wY c~e Rjv PMvgi Dci cfve wevi KiwQjb|
DcivwjwLZ eYbv mg~ni hyw Lb Ki KwZcq cLvZ BwZnvmwe` ge
KiQb hv GLvb Zzj aiv njvt
qv`k kZvwi ga Bmjvg AvwdKvi AvUjvwUK mgy` DcK~jeZx Aj
Ges evsjvi gaKvi RbMYi `q I gbK Rq KiZ mg nqwQj| GUv
m hyMi iZcyY welqmg~ni Dci cfve wevi KiwQj|
bvivgBLjv (Narameikjhla) Zvi gaeZx eQijv Mo ìevi

AwZevwnZ KiwQjb| wZwb mLvb MwYZ I cKwZ wevbi ecweK
aviYvmg~n wkv MnY KiwQjb| Bmjvgi mdjZvi g~j gIGKkiev` wekvm wZwb vb jvf KiwQjb|
G BwZnvmweì gZ, bvivgBLjv A_ev mvIgyqvb A_ev myjvqgvb kvncybtcwZwZ AvivKvbxq ivRv- mywbwZ wekvm gymjgvb wQjb| wK wZwb
wK evsjvq cjvqbi c~e Bmjvg Keyj KiwQjb, bvwK wZwb `xN 24 eQi
evsjvq Aevb Kvj Bmjvg `xwZ nqwQjb- Zv GLbI AgxgvswmZ iq
MQ|
79
Arakans place in the civilisation of the Bay kxlK, mv^ e

mvb my ey (San Shane Bu) Gg. Gm. KwjQ (M. S. collis) KZK
cZ
KZ GKwU HwZnvwmK MelYvc cvIqv hvq h, bvivgBLjv gymjgvb
nqwQjb Ges Bmjvgi wekvmK mgyybZ ivLZ wZwb AvivKvbxq ivRv
wnme cwiwPwZ jvf KiwQjb| D MelYvci mswk AskUzKz GLvb
DjL Kiv hZ cvi|
AvivKvbxq ivRv Zvi `k ZvM Ki 24 eQi egxqì Aaxb mLvb
Aevb Kib...| Gici wZwb e Ges cwiwPZ gZev` _K wdi Gm
Bmjvg& Ges we`kx gZev` wekvm vcb Kib| GUv KiZ wMq wZwb
gaeZx hyM _K AvaywbK hyM, Mvm cvjm bxKjm Gi KwZ cixi `k
nZ GK nvRvi GK ivZi DU K KvwnbxZ Avwef~Z nb|
GKB MelYvci Aci GK RvqMvq DjL AvQ h, gymwjggvwjqvbì wbKU _K G gZev` (Bmjvg) wkLZ GKkZ eQi jM
Mj| hLb GUv Lye fvj Ki DcjwZ Gjv ZLb Zviv AvivKvb mvgvR
cwZv Kijv| 1430 mvj _K 1530 mvj ch GKkZ eQii Rb
AvivKvb evsjvi mvg wnme Aevb Kijv| evsjvi cwZ kv Rvbvjv Zv
_K BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ wkLj| gviK-BD mvgvRi 11Rb ivRv G gZev`
AbymiY Kijv| 1531 mvj wgb web (RveyK kvn) wmsnvmb AvivnY
Kijb| Zvi mv_ AvivKvbxqiv Zvì gymwjg wkvq DP wWMx ARb
Kijb Ges gymwjg ivRi wfw vcb Kijb|
wRId evivKvD (Geofirry Barraclough) KZK

mvw`Z w` UvBg
GUjvm Ae Iqv wnmUvwi gvbwP AvivKvbK GKwU Di cwg evgv
BmjvwgK iv wnme `Lvbv nqQ| AvivKvbi jvKRb mK DjL
KiZ wMq eBwUZ jLv nqQ h, P`k I c`k kZvwZ Zvì
gymwjg ivR wQj ^vaxb, cieZxZ GwU evgv KZK
kvwlZ nq| G gvbwP
80
Mi jLKi gZ bvivgBLjvi evsjvq cjvqbi c~e AvivKvb

BZvgaB gymwjg kvmb cwZwZ nqwQj Ges wek gymwjg BwZnvm vb
Ki wbqwQj| 1406 mvj AvivKvb AvgYi Rb egxq ivRvK Avnevb
Kiv, KwZcq wec`Mvgx eì Rb GUv GKUv Dg KviY nZ cvi|
Gi wfwZ KD hyw `LvZ cvie bv h, ivRv ZLbI gymjgvb wQjb bv

hLb Zvi Aaxb AwaKvsk RbMY gymjgvb wQj| hLb BLwZqvi Avj- `xb
gynv` web eLwZqvi evsjv weRq Kib ZLb mLvbKvi msLvMwi RbMY
wQj wn`y I e| GZ`mI wZwb mLvb gymwjg kvmb cwZv
KiwQjb| wK axi axi gymjgvb RbMY ew cZ _vK| hnZz ga
Gwkqv, ga cvP cfw Z GjvKv nZ gymjgvbiv GLvb AvmZ _vK|
cvkvcvwk vbxq jvKRbI gymwjg kvmbi Af
y nZ _vK| Ggb GKwU
hyM hLvb m hyMi GKRb mvaviY cheK Bmjvg wfb cw_exZ
AviwKQz&B `LZ cvq bv| mbv, ivRbwZK Ges mvswZK `wKvY nZ
wePvi Kij `Lv hvq h, gymwjg mvjZvbvZK DbwZ Ges mdjZvi GKwU
Dj gWj wnme weePbv Kiv hvq| GUv wekvm KiZ KwVb nq hGUvi ci GKUv `k Rqi ci gymjgvbiv GKRb Agymwjg kvmK KZK
kvwmZ neb|
cKZ NUbv nQ h, AvivKvbxq DcvLvb GKwU Lvivc Dk wbq

AvivKvbi cKZ BwZnvmK weKZ KiQ| GZ AvivKvbi BwZnvm
gymjgvbì f~wgKvK Lye QvU Ki `Lvbv nqQ| BwZnvmweìv
AvivKvbi DcvLvb nZ civfve Z DjL Ki AvivKvb mK
wjLQb| DcvLvwbK Ges BwZnvmwe`ì G aibi eYbvq mZ weewRZ
Z_mg~n cvIqv hvq| AvivKvbxq DcvLvb Abyhvqx, gs m gyqvb Gi Dim~ix
gs Lvix ev Avjx Lvb (1434-1459) evsjvi iRvi KZZi wbKU ekx mgq
AvZmgcY Kib wb| wZwb `kwUi KZZ
MnY Kib, hZ`~i me wZwb
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ivgyI AwaKvi Kib| Zvi Dim~ix ev m c ev Kvwjgvmv (1459-1482)

cybivq Dii w`K AMmi nb Ges PMvg knii KZZ
MnY Kib|
KvhZ, H ivRviv hw` evsjvi wP Qzuo djb, Zvnj AvivKvb ivRvì
gymwjg bvg AevnZ ivLv, gy`vq Kvwjgvi QvcvY Kiv Ges dvmx fvlvK
Awdwmqvj fvlv wnme eenvi Kivi Kx cqvRbxqZv iqQ?
cviZc, myjZvb myjvqgvb kvn _K myjZvb Avjx kvn ch GKkZ eQi

(1430-1530) h GMvi Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb KiwQjb evsjvi mv_
Zvì mKjiB Lye Ai mK wQj| Zviv BwZnvm, ivRbxwZ Ges Bmjvg
mewKQzB evsjv _K wkLwQjb| GgbwK Zviv gymwjg wkvq DP wkv MnY
KiwQjb| evsjvi BwZnvm Kv_vI KD LyuR cve bv h DjwLZ ivRviv
PMvgi cyivcywi `Lji c`c wbqwQj A_ev GUvK `Lj KiwQj|
GgbwK Zviv BwZnvmwe`MYi KZK
evsjvi mvg wnme LZve
cqwQjb|
W. Gm. we. Kvbyb Mv (Dr. S. B. Qanungo) Gi gZ, KwZcq BwZnvmwe`

gymjgvb bvgavix AvivKvb ivRvì cKZ cwiPq LyRZ Pvb, hviv PMvg
kvmb KiwQjb| Zvì gZ, evsjvi GKwU Aski Dci wekl Ki
evsjvi GKwU c`k PMvgi Dci Zvì AwaivRi wZ wP wnme
AvivKvbxq ivRviv gymwjg bvg iLwQjb| Ab GK RvqMvq Dj-wLZ
BwZnvmwe` ge KiQb `y eQii GK msw kvmbi ci wZwb gviv
hvb| Zvici `wjqvi cy ivb As gZvq Avmb Ges 1494 mvj A
KqK gvmi Rb kvmb Kib| Zvi ci H GKB eQi ivb As Gi gvgv
wmsnvmb `Lj Kib| gymwjg bvgi AbycwwZ GUvB BwZ Ki h
PMvgi KZZ
wQj gymjgvbì nvZ Qvov|
82
wK Avgiv wewfb HwZnvwmK m~ nZ RvbZ cvwi h, cqvRbi ZvwM`

ivRviv gymwjg bvg aviY KiwQjb| ivb As Gi gymwjg bvg byix kvn Ges
ZvQv jvs Mv_v Gi gymwjg bvg kL gayjvn kvn|
Ab RvqvMvq GKB BwZnvmwe` ge KiQb ivb As _K _vZvQv

(Thatasa) ch AvivKvbi mKj kvmK PMvgi Dci Zvì KZZ
ai
ivLZ e_ nqwQjb G KviYB Zviv gymwjg bvg MnYi cqvRbxqZv
Abyfe KiwQjb|
G eei wecixZ Avgiv `LZ cvB h, H mKj ivRv gymwjg bvg aviY
KiZb| Zvì bvg wbgict
ivb As = byix kvn
mwjs Mv_y = kL gayjvn kvn
gs ivRv = Bwj kvn
Kvmvev`x = Bwjqvm kvn
gs m I = Rvjvj kvn
_vZQv = Avjx kvn|
gviK-BD hyM AvivKvbi `yB ivRv Bwjqvm kvn I Avjx kvni cv KwZcq
gy`v _K Zvì gymwjg bvg ivLvi cKZ NUbv mK Rvbv hvq|
83
wZxq mwjg kvni ci bvivcvw`Mx (Narapadigyi) wmsnvmb Rei`Lj

Kib| myZivs wZwb gymwjg bvg MnYi cqvRbxqZv Abyfe Kibwb, hwÌ
wZwb PMvg kvmb KiwQjb| bvivcvw`Mxi gy`v nZB me c_g dvmx/bvMix
fvlv gyQ djv nq Ges Zvi Dfq cvkB AvivKvb fvlvi Qvcvb Kiv nq|
BwZnvmwe` dvqvix (Phayare) `vex Kib h, 1638 mvj PMvg gvNj

mye`vi Bmjvg Lvbi Aaxb nq Ges Gi dj dvmx / bvMix fvlv wejy
nq hvq| wK HwZnvwmK cgvY hgb Hall (3) cwivi Ki h 1666
mvj ch PMvgK wdwiq bqv nqwb| GUv cwivi fve BwZ Ki h
PMvg wbqYi mv_ mwKZ bq| eis m gymjgvb nZ cvi A_ev bvI
nZ cvi|
evsjvi `wY c~e Rjv PMvg RveyK kvni Aaxb Avm 1540 mvji
w`K| hLb evsjv wQj Mn hyi wbgwZ| hnZz gvNj, AvdMvb Ges
Avie nvmvBb kvn eski jvKiv hy wbqvwRZ wQj| Mo BZvgaB
gvNjì viv `Lj nqwQj| wgb web (RveyK kvn) Ges Zvi Dim~ix ivRv
Mx (mwjg kvn), wgb dvjvDs (wmKv`vi kvn), wgb LvgvDs ( nvmvBb kvn)
Ges w_wi _v`vv (wZxq mwjg kvn) Pvci gyL wQjb h, Zviv gymwjg
bvg ivLeb bvwK Zvì c~emyixì Dci AvivwcZ Z_vKw_Z kZjv c~iY
Kieb| Zvì Dim~ixiv gymjgvb wQj bv Ges hviv BZvgaB evsjvi
kvmb nZ weZvwoZ nqwQj| GLvb hyw msZ fve Dcmsnvi ejv hvq
h, h mKj ivRv gymjgvb bvg aviY KiwQj Zviv AKzwP gymjgvbB
wQj|
84
ReyK kvni gZyi ci w`v (Dikka) bvgi GK mvaviY jvK wmsnvmb

`Lj Kib| wZwb RbK m njv (Saw Hla) KZK
mgw_Z Ges gs mqv
KZK
AbymZ wQjb| Giv mevB wQjb mvaviY jvK| Zvì gymwjg bvg
wQj bv | KviY Zviv gymjgvb wQjb bv| wK gs mqvi (Sekkya) ci
ea DivwaKvix wgb dvjvDs ev wmKv`vi kvn (1571-1593) KZK
wmsnvmb cybivi nq| Zvici Zvi cy ivRv Mx ev c_g mwjg kvn

(1593-1612), Zvici Zvi cy wgb LvgDs ev nvmvBb kvn, Zvici Zvi
cy w_ wi _y`vv ev wZxq mwjg kvn wmsnvmb Avmb | Gì mevB
gymjgvb bvg aviY Kib| wZxq mwjg kvni gZzi ci gM eMY KZK
wmsnvmb `Lji ga w`q AvivKvb mvgvRi cZb i nq| Zviv `xN mgq
ai AvivKvb kvmb Kib| Ze Gì KDB gymwjg bvg aviY Kibwb|
gviK-BD ivRvi we`vq _K Avgiv `LZ cvB h hviv ea
DivwaKvix wQjb ZvivB Kej gymwjg bvg aviY KiwQjb| KviY Zviv
wQjb gymjgvb| Ab w`K Rei`LjKvixiv Kvb gymwjg Dcvax MnY
Kibwb| gZvi Rb gymjgvb I eì ga cwZwZv mvewYK fve
PjZ _vK| 1666-1710 mvj ch Kvgvb wnme cwiwPZ gymjgvb
Zxi`vRiv ivRbwZK gZv cyivcywi nMZ Ki ivL| m`v _vw`Zv Ges
_vgvWv `yRbB gymjgvb wQjb Ges Zviv Kvgvb Zxi`vRì eskai wQjb,
hvìK BwZc~e ivgwiZ weZvwoZ Kiv nqwQj| AvivKvbi kl ivRviv
gymjgvb wQjb- G eei mg_b HwZnvwmK wW. wR. B. nj h ge
KiQb
Zv
GLvb
DjLhvMt
1691 mvj myRvi Abymvixiv Zxi`vR hvv wnme gZvq AwawZ
wQjb...| Zviv BQv Abyhvqx ivRvK nZv KiZv Ges AciRbK gZvq
emvZv Ges DP fviZ _K bevMZìK Zvì mv_ mshy Kiv nZv|
1692 mvj Zviv ivR cvmv` Rvwjq `q Ges 12 eQii Rb Zviv Zievix
Ges Avb eq wbq mg `ki Dci cKvkfve Nyi ewoqQ Ges
hLvb BQv mLvbB ewoqQ| klZK, Zviv RbK ivRv KZK civwRZ
nq whwb 1710-1731 mvj ivRv mv`vwfhvqv (Sandawizaya) wnme cwZv
cqwQjb| wZwb ZvìK ivgwiZ Zvwoq `b| mLvb Ges w_b MvbU
85
I AvwKqvei wbKU _vivMY Zvì eskaiMY Kvgvb bvg aviY Ki wUK

wQj| Zviv AvivKvb fvlvq K_v ejZv wK Bmjvgx wekvm I AvdvMvbxq
ewk Aej^b KiZv| Zvì kl ivRv _vgvWv (1782-1785) cnmwbK
fve c_g ivRvi bvg aviY Kib Ges wZwb wQjb Zzjbvg~jKfve Kg
gZvai kvmK| AvivKvb ivRvMY KZK
cPwjZ gy`vB cgvY Ki h, H
mKj ivRv wQjb gymjgvb| myjZvb Avwj kvni Avgji GKwU gy`v- hv
mcwZ gviK-BD ivR cvIqv MQ- ZvZ dvmx fvlvq Qvcvb `LZ
cvIqv hvq| hLvb jLv AvQ|
Avjvn eZxZ Kvb Bjvn bB| gvnv` @ Avjvni cwiZ evZv evnK|
Avj-vn G ivRK wPivqx Kib|
gy`vwUi Aci cvk dvmx fvlvq Lv`vB Kiv AvQ h,

myjZvb Avjx kvn weRZvì RbK| Avjvn G ivRK `xNvqx Kib|
KD hw` gy`vq QvcvwZ jLvjv gbvhvMi mv_ cheY Ki Zvnj

Zvi ga G m`n _vKe bv h gy`v cPjbKvix gymjgvb wfb Ab Kvb
agi neb| hw` KD Rei`x Ki G KvR Ki Zvnj m wbwZ
Bmjvgi agxq BwZnvmi wei KvR KiQ| agi ga Kvb
evaevaKZv ev evovevwo bB| gymjgvbiv Kviv BQvi wei Bmjvgx
KgKvi cwZ AvbyMZ KiZ ev AbymiY KiZ Zvi cwZ Pvc ev ej cqvM
Ki bv| BwZnvm G welq Dj `v iqQ|
wKQz BwZnvmwe` GLbv AvivKvbK GKwU e ivRi mv_ cwiwPZ KiZ

cQ` Ki hwÌ AvivKvb evsjvi myjZvbì KZK ^vaxb nqQ, gy`vq
86
Kvwjgv LwPZ KiQ Ges dvmx fvlvK Av`vjZi fvlv wnme eenvi
Kivi gvag AvivKvb ivRviv gymjgvb bvg ivLvi PPv AenZ iLQ| G
cm GKRb BwZnvmweì ge GLvb DjLhvMt
evsjvi myjZvbì ^vaxb nIqvi ciI AvivKvbxq ivRviv egxq ev cvjx
Dcvwai mv_ mv_ gymjgvb Dcvwa eenvi Kivi iIqvR AevnZ iLQ|
KviY Zviv ay Zvì wbR^ wPv Ges gvNjì ciYvq myjZvb nZ Pvq
bv| hnZz mLvbKvi GKwU wekvj msLK cRvmvaviY wQj gymjgvb|
Av`vjZi welqvw` Ges ckvmwbK wbqg Kvbybi Mo Ges w`jxi
myjZvbì iIqvRB Zviv gb PjZ| Av`vjZ eeZ bcysmK (LuvRv),
xZ`vm Ges Rj-v`- meB wQj gvNj| ivRwU eì Aaxb _vKv mI
iZc~Y me c`jvZB gymjgvbiv wbqvM cqwQjb|
GUv Lqvj ivLZ ne h mLvbKvi Rb mgwi ga GKwU weivU Ask

gymjgvb cRv| Zviv mnRB ivRv NvwlZ wfb `kx ev wfb agi Kvb
gZev` gb wbe bv| hgb Ki Zviv ivi welqjv gb bq| G me
welq ck AvmZ cvi h, bicwZRx (Narapatigyi) _K Q`v _yWvv
ch ivRviv Kb gymwjg bvg avib Kib bvB Ges gy`vq Kvjgvi Qvcvb
`b bvB? hwÌ Zviv evcK gymwjg RbMY Aa~wlZ PMvgi Di cwg
GjvKvi kvmb gZvi `vwqZ wQjb| hwÌ Zviv gymwjg bvg bvg
jLwQj Ges gy`vq Kvjgvi Qvc w`qwQj Z_vwc ZvìK gymjgvb ejvi
Rvivjv Kvb wfw bB| Zviv wQj g~jZ e agvej^x|
hwÌ GKwU `ki AwaKvsk RbMY GKwU wbw` ag wekvm Ki ZeyI

kvmKì Rb H agxq `j mg~ni aviK evnK nIqvi cqvRb bB| GK
nvRvi eQii AwaK mgq ai fviZ gymjgvbì kvmb _vKv mI
mLvbKvi AwaKvsk RbMY wn`y&B _K wMqwQj| hnZz fviZi kvmKiv
gymjgvb wQjb Ges Zvi ckvmwbK KvVvgv gymjgvbì ixwZ Abyhvqx
87
PjZv mnZz m mgq fviZK wn`y ivR ejvi Avi Kvb Dcvq wQj bv|
Abyic fve hwÌ AvivKvb e I gymjgvbiv evm KiZv Ges hnZz
gymjgvbiv Bmjvgx kvmb Abyhvqx `k kvmb KiZb mnZz AvivKvbK
GKwU e iv wnme AvLvwqZ Kiv hvq bv|
hvB nvK, Kvb KviY bB h Kb ivRviv myjZvb nIqvi BQv cvlY

KiZv Ges Kb BmjvgK Zvì ag wnme MnY KiwQj| cw_exZ Ggb
Kvb bRxi bB h, GKRb Agymwjg ivRv PqQ h ZvK gymwjg ivRv
ej WvKv nvK|
Kvb GKwU `ki Av`vjZi fvlv ejZ eySvq m`ki kvmK kYxi
fvlv| gvNj fviZi Av`vjZi fvlv wQj dvmx| hwÌ mLvbKvi mvaviY
RbMYi fvlv wQj Advmx| Abyicfve evsjvi myjZvbì Av`vjZi fvlv
wQj dvmx| hwÌ mLvbKvi cRv mvaviYiv wewfb fvlvq K_v ejZv| hw`
AvivKvbi kvmKiv Av`vjZi fvlv wnme dvmxK cwZv bv KiZv Ges
AvivKvbi RbMYi mvgvwRK, mvswZK Rxebi mv_ wgk wMq Bmjvgi
g~jeva bv wkLvZv Zvnj AvivKvb gymwjg kvmb cwZvB cZ bv|
eZgvb AvivKvb Ges gymjgvb Aa~wlZ Abvb `kjvZ Ggb GKRbI

Agymwjg ewK cvIqv hve bv h gymwjg bvg aviY Ki AvQ| hLb Kvb
ew agvwiZ nq Bmjvg MnY Ki ZLb m Zvi cyivZb eskMZ bvgi
mv_ Ab GKwU gymwjg bvg MnY Ki| GKRb gM e k f jy gs (Shwe
Lu Maung) whwb mcwZ Bmjvg `xwZ nqwQjb| wZwb G evcvi iZc~Y
`v ck KiZ cvib| wZwb GLb kvnbIqvR k f jy gs bvg mevwaK
cwiwPZ| GUv AbK c~e _K AbymZ GKwU HwZn| Kvb GKRb ew
gymwjg bvgi Abyic bvg Kej agxq eBjvZ LuyR cZ cvi| hgb
88
B`x I Lxvb hviv bex Bevwng ch Zvì c~e cyilì Drcw Zvjvk
Ki|
G evcvi Aviv AbK civ cgvY AvQ h, AvivKvbi h mKj kvmK

gymwjg bvg aviY KiZb Zviv mKjB KvhZ gymjgvb wQjb| evwZwfqvq
WvP gM iwRvi wjwLZ G welqi mv_ mwZc~Y GKwU Z_ GLvb
DjLhvMt
Ab GKwU iZc~Y `vex njv AvivKvbxq gvqì WvP mvbìK
evwZwfqvi KvQ mgcY Kiv| evwZwfqvq Rvbvbv nqwQj h, G mKj
wkìK gymjgvb wnme jvjb cvjb Kiv nw&PQj Ges avwgK WvP
Kvjwfwbiv fxlY fxZ nq cowQj| WvP wkì wcZviv ivi ndvRZ
wQj| hw` kvmKiv e nZb Zvnj wkìK e agvej^x wnmeB
Mo Zvjv nZv| hnZz H wkìK gymjgvb wnme Mo Zvjv nqwQj
mnZy ejv hvq h, AvivKvbi kvmKivI gymjgvb nq _vKeb|
kvmKi c` QvovI gymjgvbiv ivi AbK iZc~Y c` `Lj Ki

iLwQjb| G mKj cì ga wQj cavbgx, wmwbqi gx, mwPe, MfYi,
KvRx, mfvKwe, mbvcavb cfw Z| HwZnvwmK m~ gZ, wZxq mwjg kvnx
Avgji cavbgx wQjb jvi RywRj/ jvi IqvwRi bvgi GK gymjgvb
ew| oBiv (Guerriro) Gi Z_ Abyhvqx, RbK igx ivRvi Dci
iZc~Y gZv wevi Kib| Kwe `jZ KvRx I Kwe AvjvIji
jLbxmg~n _K G welq AbK Z_ cvIqv hvq h, gymjgvbiv
DcivwjwLZ c`jv AwaKvi Ki iLwQjb| GmKj ewì ga
wQjb- jvi DwRi, Avkivd Lvb, KvivBkx gvMb VvKzi, mvjvqgvb mq`
gymv, mq` gvnv` Lvb, be ivR gRwjm Ges mq` kvn cgLy |
89
hvB nvK, gymwjg ivRvì PvwiwK ewk _K eySv hvq h AwaKvsk

gymwjg ivRv wQj cvPxb AvivKvbi Av`x Awaevmx| ivRvi c` Qvov Abvb
iZc~Y c`jvZ wewfb `k nZ AvMZ jvKiv AwawZ wQj|
cieZxZ h mKj jvK GLvb Awfevmb MnY KiwQj Zviv njv Aviex,
wgmix, wmixq, ZzKx , Avwewmwbqvb, ivgx (evqRvbwUqvb), Lvivmvbx, DReM,
Di fviZxq, `vwbvZevmx, Avmvgxq, evvjx, KvUvwbwQ, Gvwmbx,
KvwQbxR, ga Gkxq Ges Aviv AbK `kxq| AvivKvb ivRvì
kvmbvgj h mKj Bmjvgx HwZnvwmK wZ wbwgZ nqwQj Zv AvR ch
we`gvb AvQ| eZgvb gvs _v MY Mvgi wbKU wbwgZ gymv gmwR` wbwgZ
nqwQj 14k kZvwZ, gviK-BD GjvKvi wbKU KvIqvjs Mvgi wbKU
mvbw`Lvb gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj Rbvij mvw` Lvb KZK
c`k
kZvwZ, Avjg jmKvi gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj 1668 mvj AvaywbK
wgbivqv knii wbKU ivDs Mvg wc myRv KZK
myRv gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj
1661 mvj wgbZvqvweqvb| weLvZ KvRx KZK
KvRx gmwR` wbwgZ
nqwQj Ges AvwKqvei meenr gmwR` gymv Ìqvb gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj
17k kZvwZ|
AbK e ivRv gviK-BD Avgj AbK cvMvWv, g~wZ Ges wZ

wbgvY KiwQj| wK 1784 mvj ev`vIwdqv KZK `kwU `Lj nIqvi ci
wZwb evcK msLK gmwR` gv`vmvK aywjmvr Ki `b| GgbwK ivRKxq
jvBeix Rvwjq `qv nq Ges wn`y-e Ges Bmjvgx hyMi wZ
wPjvK asm Ki `qv nq| ev`vIwdqv (Bodawphaya) AvivKvb
wekl Ki gymwjg vcZ asmi RvqMvq Aviv AbK cvMvWv Ges
cwZg~wZ vcb Kib| Zvi Dk wQj AvivKvbK GKwU e Aa~wlZ
Aji ic `qv| KviY Aviex I dvimx Qvcv Lvw`Z ci-cU I ci
L AvRI m mKj cvMvWvjvZ cvIqv me|
90
ei gymwjg mvjZvbvZi mvswZK msk Gm AvivKvb ivRi

cwimgvw i nq c`k kZvx _K| e AvdMvb iv f hvIqvi
dj hLb ivRbwZK Awi Aev `Lv w`qwQj, Ges gvNjì geagvb
AMMwZi KviY AvdMvbi wewk ewiv Ges Abvb c` gymjgvb evsjvi
c~evjxq RjvjvZ cvwjq Avm| Gì ga _K A KqK Rb jvK
AvivKvb ìevi Avkq cvq| mLvb Zviv miKvii KqKwU iZc~Y c`
c~iY Ki| G mKj jvKi ccvlKZvq ek KRb Awfevmx gymjgvb
eywRxex evsjv mvwnZi PPv AevnZ ivL|
h mKj cLvZ gymjgvb Kwe m`k kZvwZ AvivKvb ivR ìevi

ccvlKZv cqwQjb Zviv njb- `jZ KvRx, AvjvIj, gvMb wmwKx
(VvKzi) Ges gvi`vb| Kwe `jZ KvRx Avkivd Lvbi Abyiva Ges
ccvlKZvq Zvi mZx gqbv I jvi P`vbx wjLwQjb| GKRb nvbvdx
gymjgvb wnme wZwb NUbvi eYbv KiQb| wZwb wQjb wZxq mwjg
kvni Dc`v I cwZiv gx| `jZ KvRx Zvi ccvlK Avkivd Lvbi
DP cksmv KiQb, whwb Abvb Aviv Awfevmx gymjgvbì ccvlKZv
KiQb| Giv njb- mvC`, kvqL, gvNj Ges cvVvb| Gì cvkvcvwk
wQjv evY,xq, I `MY| `jZ KvRx Zvi iPbvejx cwic~Y Kivi
c~eB gviv hvb cieZxZ Kwe AvjvIj mjv mgv Kib| AvjvIji
wcZv wQjb dvZvn evì gRwjm KzZzei gx| GK`v, hLb AvjvIji
wcZv Zvi cyK mv_ wbq bKvq Ki b`x c_ wbg evsjvi w`K
hvwQjb, ZLb Zviv cZyMxR Rj`m~ KZK
Avv nb| msNl wcZv wbnZ
nb Ges AvjvIj AvnZ Ges e`x nb| cieZxZ wZwb wbRK AvivKvb
LyuR cvb, mLvb wZwb AvivKvb ivRvi GKRb mbv KgKZv nq hvb|
GKRb ` mb nIqvi cvkvcvwk AvjvIj wQjb GKRb gnv wegvbe,
Kwe Ges MvqK| Aviex, dvimx, msZ
, evsjv Ges wnw`mn ek KqKwU
fvlvq Zvi h_ `Zv wQj| AwZ mZi Zvi G Yvejx gvMb wmwKxi
`wK AvK Ki, whwb cici `yRb ivRvi cavbgx wQjb| gvMb wbRI
GKRb wkvwe` I Kwe wQjb| Akvivnx mbv`j _K wZwb AvjvIjK
91
gy Kib Ges ZvK wZwb Zvi ccvlKZvq ivRKwe wnme wbqvM `b|
gvwjK gvnv` RvBwm iwPZ GKwU weLvZ wnw` ivgvwUK gnvKve
cveZx evsjvq Abyev` Kivi Rb wZwb ZvK `vwqZ `b| AvjvIj
mdjZvi mv_ Abyevì KvR mgv Kijb| Zvi cveZx mgv nq
meZ 1651 mvj| Zvi cieZx KvR wQj weLvZ Avie iRbxi ivgvwUK
M mvqdzjg~jK ew`Dvgvj| GUv mgv nqwQj meZ 1655-1659
mvj| Gi cieZxZ wZwb dvimx Kwe wbRvg MRbex iwPZ nv-cvBKvi(mvZ `kcgx) mv`bi KvR nvZ `b| 1660 mvj ivRcy kvn myRvi
AvivKvb cjvqbi ci G iPbvwUi KvR mgv nq, mLvb G cjvqbi
NUbv DjL AvQ| kvn myRvi mv_ Zvi m`nRbK wK A RwUjZvi
KviY AvjvIjK Rj cvVvbv nq| hvB nvK Lye A mgqi gaB Kwe
Rj _K Qvov cjb Ges wZwb gvmy` kvn bvgi GKRb cfvekvjx Kwe
Ges AvivKvb ìevii gw mvjvqgvb wmwKx KZK ZvrwYKfve mg_b
cq cybivq ^ c` envj njb| kli Rbi Abyiva BDmyd Mv`vi
dvimx KvRi Dci wfw Ki wZwb Zzndv iPbv Kijb| Gm Bmjvgi
KgKv I cheY AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| meZ 1664 mvj Zvi GK
KvRwU mgv nq| myjvqgvbi ccvlKZv Ges ZviB Abyiva cieZxZ
AvjvIj `jZ KvRxi mZx gqbv I jvi P`vbx Gi evKx Ask mgv
Kib| AvjvIj Zvi e eqm AvivKvbi GK iZc~Y gw gRwjk
bfvivR Gi ccvlKZv jvf Kib| m mgq AvjvIj wbRvg MbRexi
weLvZ M wmKv`vi bvgv evsjvq Abyevì KvR mv`b Kib|
wmKv`vi bvgv wQj AvjKRvvii Awfhvbi mgq cvim D~Z PgK
mwKvix Mmg~ni msKjb| Gjv QvovI AvjvIj Zvi e eqm AbK
KvwbK Ges wjwiK KweZv iPbv Kib| hwÌ Zvi cavb iPbvjv wQj
Abyevàgx ev dvimx iPbv _K msKjb, Avi G wbqgB AvjvIj Avb`
cZb| m`nvZxZfve wZwb wQjb evsjv mvwnZi GKRb gnvb Kwe|
AvjvIji ccvlK gvMb VvKziI AMva cwZfvi AwaKvix GKRb Kwe

wQjb| wZwb wQjb wmwKx cwievi Rb jvf Kiv GKRb gymjgvb| wK
92
AvivKvb kvmKiv ZvK VvKzi Dcvwa w`qwQj| AvivKvb kvmKiv DP c`

KgKZvìK Gic AbK Dcvwa w`Z| gvMb VvKzi Aviex, dvimx, wn`x
Ges evsjvq Lye cvi`kx wQjb| Zvi KvweK iPbvjvi ga ay
P`veZx GLb ch AvweZ nqQ| ivRcy exifb I ivRKbv
P`veZxi gaKvi fvjvevmvi M-Kvwnbx wbq iwPZ G MLvwbZ mvwnZi
gbb I cwZ cqvM Kiv nqQ| gvMb meZ 1660 mvj gviv hvb| Zvi
mgmvgwqK Kvji Kwe wQjb `jZ KvRx| wZwb AvivKvbi KvwPcyiK Zvi
(AvjvIji) Rbvb wnme eYbv Kib| Zvi eYbv gZ, GKUv
DjLhvM msLK Djvgv Ges kvqL evY Kvqì mv_ GK wQjb,
Zviv mKjB mvwnZ PPvq wbqvwRZ wQjb, bwme bvgv wkivbvg wZwb
GKUv gnvKve iPbv Kib| ewki w`K w`q hv wQj gwjK Ges hv
Aviex I dvimx iPbvi Dci wfw Ki iwPZ nqwb eis mgmvgwqK Kvji
mvgvwRK Rxeb wbq iwPZ|
H mKj Kweì vivB AvivKvb mvwnwZK HwZn cwZwZ nqwQj hv

Av`k kZvwi kl ch `xN mgq ai AevnZ wQj| GLb Avgiv Aci
GK iZc~Y gymjgvb Kwe Avyj Kwig L`Kvii bvg RvbZ cvwi| wZwb
ejb Zvi cp `v` imyj wgqv wQjb AvivKvb ivRvi Aaxb GKRb Kvg
KgKZv Ges Zvi `v`v gvQvb Avjx wewfb fvlvq ` wQjb| myZivs `vfvlx
wnme KvR KiZb| Avyj Kwigi wcZv Avjx AvKeiI wQjb GKRb
wkwZ ew| Avyj Kwig mvw`K bvbv AvwZqvevi bvgK GK m`kvjx
ewYKi ccvlKZv cqwQjb| Zvi Abyiva Avyj Kwig 1789 mvj,
`yj-v gRwjk (Dulla Majlish) wkivbvg GKwU dvimx iPbvi evsjv Abyev`
Kib| c~e wZwb nvRvi gvmvqj I Zvgg AvbRvix wkivbvg Aviv `ywU
iPbvi KvR mb Kib| hvi wfw wQj dvimx iPbv| AvivKvbi ev`vi
bvgK GK Mvg mK ejZ wMq Kwe Avyj Kwig ejb, m Mvg evm
KiZ KvRx, gydZx, Djvgv, agxq dKxi Ges ìek| mLvb emevmiZ DP
c` gymjgvbiv ivRvi mv_ ezZc~Yfve Avjvc AvjvPbv KiZ| hLbB
Kvb GK Mixe jvK m Mvg eovZ AvmZ, ZvK KLbI Lvwj nvZ
93
wdwiq `qv nZ bv| bvgvR covi Rb mvw`K bvbv AvwZqvevi KZK

mLvb
GKwU gmwR` wbwgZ nqwQj| G KvRi Rb wZwb mgvR mycwiwPZ nb| m
Mvg ek wKQz Djvgvi AvMgb NUjv, Zviv bvgvRi evcvi wbqwgZ
Z`viKx KiZv| Rygv Ges wbqwgZ bvgvR covbvi Rb chvqg Zvì
GKRbK LZxe I Aci RbK Bgvg wbqvM `qv nqwQj|
l Aavq
94
ev`vIdvqvi Aaxb AvivKvb (1784-1824)

gviK-BD kvmbi cZb wQj ivwnvì Rb GK gvivZK gwK, hnZz
gviK-BD Gi cZKwU welq wQj evweKfve I mvswZKfve Bmjvgx
fveavivi| myZivs gviK-BD cZbi ci G me wKQzB aywjmvr nq Mj|
nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb Ges RvZxqZvev`x eìK nZv Kiv njv|
gymjgvb mb, wkx Ges cKkjxmn Kgc wek nvRvi (20,000)
e`xK AvivKvbi cvnvox GjvKv w`q ga evgvq Zvwoq `qv nqwQj|
Zvì ga _K nvRvi nvRvi jvK cw_ga gviv Mj| eì kq
gnvgywYi cwZg~wZ evgvq wbq hvIqv nqwQj| G cwZg~wZwU GLbv gvbWvj
knii AvivKvb cvMvWvq eZgvb AvQ| ev`vIdvqvi mbiv gymjgvb I
wn`yì AcZzj AwfwjLb I wZ wPmg~nI wQwbq wbq hvq|
AvivKvbi Dci ev`vIdvqvi 40 eQii kvmb GKwU bRxi wenxb îvPvi

I wbziZvi wb`kb enb Ki| jvKìK Rvic~eK mbvevwnbxZ fwZ
Kiv nZv Ges Rvic~eK Zvì viv wewfb KvR Kivbv nZv| mvaviY
gvbyli mvg_i evBi AwaK nvi Ki msMn Kiv nZv| nvRvi nvRvi
AvivKvbxq e`xìK evgvq cvMvWv wbgvYi KvR cyiv mvZ eQi ai
xZ `vmi bvq KvR KiZ nqwQj| evÌdvqvi KZK
Rvic~eK cwikg
I Rvic~eK mbvevwnbxZ KvR eva Kiv Ges vbxq KgKZvì AhvwPZ
nc AvivKvbxqìK Aviv wewQb Ki Zzjj Ges Zvì ga _K
nvRvi nvRvi jvK mxgv GjvKv w`q cvwjq PMvg Rjvq Pj Mj| ejv
nq _vK 1798 mvji ga AvivKvbi `y ZZxqvsk jvK Zvì gvZfw~ g
Qo Pj wMqwQj| ay 1798 mvjB Kgc `k nvRvi (10,000) jvK
PMvg XyK cowQj Ges Zvi cieZxZB Aviv e jvK ZvìK
Abymib KiwQj| B Bwqv Kvvbx G mKj jvKì PMvg Rjvi
`wYvsk Aevb Kivi evcvi Kvb Avcw Kij bv| LvwbKUv gvbweK
KviY Ges LvwbKUv m Aj RbmsLv ewi KviY ZvìK ^vMZ
Rvbvbv nqwQj|
95
1811 mvj wKs ewis wnme cwiwPZ AvivKvb kiYv_x RbK wQbweqvb
(Cinbyan) egxqì wei GK we`vnx evwnbx msNe Kijb| wZwb GKwU
DjLhvM msLK evwnbxK GKwZ Kijb, Kvvbxi mxgvbvq cqvRbxq
cw Z MnY Kijb Ges AvivKvbi mxgv AwZg Ki ivnvDs
(Mrohaung) G Aeiva Kijb| hwÌ wZwb Rvic~eK ivnvDs Gi `Lj
wbZ e_ njb, wK `~Mi ixevwnbxK G kZ AvZmgcY KivZ eva
Kijb, h Gi RbMYi Rxeb I mwK Aegy ivLZ ne| hvBnvK,
`~Mi ixevwnbxi AvZmgcYi ci wZwb AbK egxq mb, Zvì cwievi
Ges Zvì mg_KiK nZv Kijb| 1811 mvji gvSvgvwS mgqi ga
AvivKvbi mgM egxq c`kjv hv AvwKqvei AvaywbK Rjvi cwZwbwaZ
Ki wQbweqvbi nMZ nq| Gi dj egxq Ges wewUkì gaKvi mK
Aviv Rvi`vi nq|
Zvì nvivbv ivRZ wdwiq Avbvi Rb egxqiv elv gmygi kl w`K

cwZ MnY Kij| mb msMn Kiv njv Ges c c`kK wZb nvRvi
jvK mieivn `qvi Rb wb`k `qv njv| 66 cvD e`yK I `ykZ Rb
jvK enb Kivi Rb GKwU fvmgvb mZz vcb Kiv njv| cieZxZ
UBjvi bvgi GKRb BsiRi bZZ Aviv GKwU RvnvR ew Kiv njv|
1811 mvji 6 wWmî G beni iyb _K hvv i Ki, GK mvn
ci Aviv GKwU z` eni hy nq| evgvb j evwnbx bMvixm G Gm
GKwZ njv, mLvb _K Zviv mv`vqi w`K avweZ njv Ges mLvb
_K Zviv bc_ ivgix DcK~j wMq cuQj| Zviv Mvq`vìK LvR
Kivi Rb mgy` c_ ewiq coj| Zviv Q`yevi wbKUi xcjvZ
wZbkZ ibZixZ gvU 10 nvRvi jvK `LZ cjb| Zvì bZZ
w`wQj wQbweqvb| D hy AvivKvbxqiv kvPbxqfve civwRZ nq| G hy
Zviv 200wU iYZix nvivq| wQbweqvb Zvi Aewk mbìK wQq GK
KiZ mg nq| wZwb bZzb ic hy i Kivi Rb mvnmi m
96
cZveZb Kib| G j wZwb gv 100wU iYZixi GKwU eni wbq AMmi

nb| wK GeviI wZwb civwRZ nb Ges wZwb Zvi ibZixi AaK nvwiq
djb| egxqiv ZLb Q`yev `Lj Kij| wQbweqvb Ges Zvi Abymvixiv
mxgv c_ cjvqb Kij|
we`vnx Ges kiYv_xì KVvi civPbvq egxqiv ZLb mxgveZx GjvKv

Ryo wbwavq Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KiwQj| GgbwK Zviv Kvvbxi KZc
K
G ej gwK w`Z h, Zviv mLvb j evwnbx ciY Kie Ges dì
mnhvwMZvq Zviv UKbvd _K XvKv ch mgM `ki Dci AvwacZ we
vi KiwQj| AvivKvb we`vnx cavbì AvZmgcY bv Kiv ch Zviv G
AvwacZ AevnZ iLwQj|
hvB nvK, DRbv ckwgZ Kivi Rb Kvvbx KZc GKwU K~UbwZK

D`vM MnY KiwQj| m mgq PMvg DRbv Aviv Rvi`vi nwQj|
KjKvZv _K Aviv kw, mvnm I Rbej GmwQj| hLb ew i nq Mj
ZLb egxqiv ivnvDs (Mrohaung) Gi w`K wdi Mj|
mxgvi Dfq cvki mbì AbycwwZi myhvM wbq QvBweqvb AvivKvb

wZxqevi AvgYi cwiKbv MnY Kijb| wZwb bvd b`x cvi nq
gvDs`vI G evgvi mxgvbvi `Lj bb Ges GKwU QvU egxq wewQb GjvKvK
civwRZ Kib, wK egxqì viv Lye `Z cybivq Zv `Lj nq hvq|
AvivKvbiv Zvì bKv wbq cvwjq hvq wK Zvì AbK Wye hvq| h
mKj AvivKvbxq cvY euP wMqwQj Zvì AbKB PMvg Rjvq cvwjq
hvq| KqK gvm c~ei cwiwwZ GLb cybivq Kvvbxi GjvKvq msNwUZ
njv Ges egxqiv Zvì AvZmgcY `vex Kij|
97
wQbweqvb Kvvbxi Rb GKUv gv_v ev_vi KviY nq ùvovj| ZvK

MdZvi Kivi wb`k `qv njv, wK KDB ZvK AvUK KiZ cvij bv|
1812 mvji bfî gvm wQbBweqvbi Abymvixiv KevRvi `Lj Ki Ges
KevRvi kniK Zvì cavb Kvhvjq cwiYZ Ki| AvivKvbi Dci
cieZx Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi Rb wZwb mLvb RvnvR wbgvYi KvR i
Kib| GKB gvm Kvvbxi evwnbxjv ivgyZ NvwU vcb Ki Ges
PMvg nZ wQbweqvb evwnbxi Dci GKwU h_ AvgY Pvjvq Ges ZvìK
Zvì cavb Kvhvjq _K weZvwoZ Ki| wQbweqvb mxgv AwZg Ki
wgbMvwR (Minglagyi) Z Zvi jvKìK GKwZ Ki Ges AvivKvbi
gaw`q ivnvDs Gi w`K AMmi nq| wK Zviv AvivKvbì viv Avv
nq civwRZ nq| wQbweqvb cvq 150 Rb Abymvix wbq bvd b`xi GKwU
DP ckvLv nq cjvqb Ki| egxqiv Zvi cjvqbiZ wew jvKìK
avIqv Ki mxgv wbq hvq| AvgYi Dci Aviv GKwU RwUjZv Rb
jvf Ki| G RwUjZv Zwi nq g~jZ we`vnxì cebvq| 1815 mvj
wQbweqvbi gZz ch wQbweqvb I egxqì AvgYi mgmv AevnZ
_vK|
wQbweqvbi gZzi ci egxqiv wewUk cRvì Dci GKwU z` wbhvZbi

avivevwnK AvgY cwiPvjbv Kib| cvewjK mvwfmi nvwZ wkKvixì Dci
evi evi AvgY Pvjvbv nq Ges mLvbKvi jvKìK nZv Kiv nq A_ev
ZvìK Zzj wbq wMq xZ`vm wnme wew Kiv nq, hwÌ Zvì eemv
evwYR wewUk mxgviLvi ga AevnZ wQj| bvd b`xi gyL AewZ
kvnvcixi QvU xc AwaKvii evcvi GKwU Pzw cwZwZ nqwQj, ZeyI
GUv AbK eQii Rb B Bwqv Kvvbxi AhvwPZ `Lj wQj| PMvgi
bKv mg~ni Dci Uvj Avivc Kiv nq Ges Kvb GK NUbvq KqKRb
gvwSi Dci ivMvw^Z nq Ges Zvì GKRbK nZv Ki| G msNli m~
ai bvd b`xi c~e cvk Aavix jvKì mgvMg i nq | `wY PMvgi
98
jvKRb fq Ges kvi ga Zvì w`b AwZevwnZ KiZ _vK| 1823

mvji 24 mî ivZ kvnvcix xc Awfhvb Pvjvq| GK nvRvi jvK
xcwUZ AeZiY Ki| mLvbKvi AbK jvKK nZv Ki I AbKK
AvnZ Ki Ges evKxìK xc _K Zvwoq `q| ev`vIdvqvi
kvmbvgj AvivKvbi Aev BwZnvmwe` nvif msc eYbv KiQb hv
GLvb DjLhvMt
1785 mvj AvivKvb weRqi c_g eQi _K AvivKvb weksLj Aevi
ga wQj| Rxebi Rb ò div GKRb egxq DcwbewkKi Rb
ewZg Kvb welq wQj bv| fqvbK cZvNvZ Av`vq Kiv nqwQj| wK
AwwZkxjZv AevnZ wQj| AvivKvbxqì AbK AwfhvM wQj: Zviv
miKvii wei bq eis îvPvii wei we`vn KiwQj| ZvìK wewfb
`~Mi mìì WvKv nZv| hLb Zviv evgvq wbi Aevq AvmZv ZLb
ZvìK AvUK Kiv nZv Ges Zvì Dci nZvh Pvjvbv nZv| Zvì
wbKU _K Rvi c~eK Puv`v Av`vq QvovI Zvì Dci cvkweK wbhvZb
Pvjvbv nZv| Gfve wZb nvRvi jvKK gBKwUjv DcZKvq WK Avbv
nq Ges Zvì KnB Avi wdi Avm wb| Qq nvRvi jvKK wmsgvB Gi
wei KvR Kivi Rb cvVvbv nqwQj| mLvb AbK jvK ivM gviv
Mj| 1797 mvj hLb wgbvMg cvMvWv Zwii KvR Aviv `y nvRvi
jvKi cqvRbxqZv `Lv w`j ZLb jvKiv hyi `vgvgv evRvjv Ges
mevB hyi Rb RM DVjv| eQii ci eQi hy _vg wb Ges RbMY
wbfq ivZ KvUvZ cvi wb| AvivKvb KLbv Rbej wQj bv Ges GLb GUv
GKUv gif~wgZ cwiYZ nqwQj| knijv Rbb nq cowQj Ges
mLvb Rj Mo DVwQj Ges mLvb `Lvi gZ wKQzB wQj bv, wb
wbRbZv... welbZv... Ges gZz|
99
100
mg Aavq
wewUk `Lj AvivKvb
wewUk-evgvb 1g hy (1823-25)
Yvqx `Lji ci egxq mbiv kvnvcyix xc ZvM Ki Pj hvq| wewUk
KZK
GKwU Gvsjv evwgR dwUqvi Kwgkb vcbi c`c f hvq|
ZLb 1824 mvji RvbyqvixZ evgvb Rbvij ev`vjv AvivKvbi Dci
AvwacZ Kvqg Ki Ges PMvg Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb mbìK
GKwZ KiZ i Kib| wewUk kwK nq KiZ egxqìK evcK
gvvq bZZ `qv nqwQj| Zviv Abyaveb KiZ e_ nqwQj h fviZxq
cwiwwZ `yejZvi Rb cKZ KviY wQj, h `yejZv PMvg `Lvbv nqwQj
Ges gvivVvì cyivcywi civRq ch fviZi miKvi Zvi c~e wmv
GKwU KVvi c`c bqvi gZv Aevb wQj bv| ev`vjvi bZZ evgvi
mbevwnbx bvd b`x cvi nq AvgY i Ki| BZvga wewUk mbiv
Av`vgvb xccy _K wbg evgvq GKwU b AvgYi cwiKbv MnY Ki|
wewUk KZK ivyb `Lji Lei ev`yjvi fviZi AMmi nIqvK _vwgq
101
w`qwQj| ivyb cybivii Rb ci ci `yRb egxq RbvijK ciY Kiv

nqwQj wK Zviv e_ nqwQj Ges nvbv`vi ewnvi Kivi Rb ev`yjvK
Avnevb Rvbvbv nqwQj| ev`yjv 60,000 mb Ges GKwU Kvgvb eni wbq
Awfhvb kyi Kijv| Zvi c_g `ywU AvgY cwZiva Kiv nqwQj Ges
`vbyevqyZ wdi hZ eva Kiv nqwQj| 1825 mvji 1jv Gwcj hLb
`vbyevqy `Lji c`c wbwQj ZLb ev`yjv hy wbnZ njv | 1825
mvji ii w`K ivnvDs `Lj Kiv nqwQj| Zvici `Z m`yev I
Qv`vqI `Lj Kiv nq| AvivKvbiv KvhKi fve wewUk kvmbi Aaxb
Avm 1825 mvj|
AvivKvbi Dci wewUk kvmb (1825-1947)

1826 mvj hLb wewUkiv AvivKvbi kvmb gZv MnY Kijv ZLb
AvivKvbi Aev wQj wekLjvc~Y| hv KqK eQi ai weivR KiwQj|
wewUkì wei GKwU evcK we`vn ckwgZ Kiv nq 1836 mvj Ges
`kwU cKZ A_ kv nZ i Ki| mec_g AvivKvb Ges ZvbvQwigi
`ywU c`k fviZi MfYi Rbviji mivmwi Zveavb c_Kfve kvwmZ
nZ _vK | wK AvivKvb `Z evsjvi MfYii Aaxb vbvwiZ nq Ges
Gi mycvwiUbWU PMvgi Kwgkbvii Aaxb KvR KiZ _vK | mLvb
fviZxq kvmb KvVvgv Pvjy Kiv nq Ges fviZxq AwfZvi ziY NUvbv
nq| hvB nvK AbK c~e AvivKvbi wbR^ Kwgkbvi wQj Ges kvmb gZv
Zvi Dci b wQj| ckvmb cybMVb Kiv njv| Kwgkbvii Aaxb Rjv
KgKZv, GKRb Rjv gvwRU, wePviK Ges Ki Av`vqKvixi `vwqZ cvjb
KiZv| Zvi Aaxb Rywbqi mnKvix Kwgkbvi wQjb, whwb bvwb Ave`b
eZxZ Abvb mKj gZvi PPv KiZb| mLvb GKRb vbxq ivR^
KgKZvI wQjb| whwb gvqv_yB (Myothogyi) wnme cwiwPZ wQjb| wZwb
Rjvi ivR^ welqK Kvhvejxi Z`viwK KiZb| gvqv_yBi Aaxb
mLvb wKq~b-IK&m wQjb| hviv ^ ^ Mvjv _K ivR^ Av`vq
KiZb| wKqyb IKmì Aaxb Bfv- Ms ev Mvg cavb wQjb| knijvZ
102
UvDbkxc Awdmvi (TO) wbqvM Kiv nqwQj| Ges cZK wU. I wQjb
Zvi GjvKvi ga GKRb gvwRU, wePviK Ges mnKvix Kvji|
AvBbi kvmb m~wPZ nIqvi dj RbMYi evcK KjvY mvwaZ nq|

`vwiK wbhvZb Ges Puv`vevR Aea NvlYv Kiv nq| WvKvwZK c~ei
Zzjbvq AbK k nvZ `gb Kiv nq| Rxeb I mì wbivcv G bZzb
kvmb Avgji GKwU cwiwPZ ewk cwiYZ nq| kvw wdi Avmvi mv_
mv_ AvivKvbxq RbMY hviv c~e egxqì viv weZvwoZ nqwQj ev hyi
mgq cvwjq wMqwQj Ges AwaKvsk PMvg Rjvi `wY Avevm Mo
ZzjwQj Zviv mevB AvivKvb Zvì c~ei Ni evoxZ wdi AvmZ i
Kijv| AvivKvbxq RbMYi Av`vjbi welqjvK BwZnvmwe` dvqvix
msw AvKvi eYbv KiQb hv GLvb Zzj aiv njvAvivKvb MvjhvMi mgq hmKj jvK Zvì `k Qo cvwjq hvq
Ges DcK~jxq xc PMvgi `wYvsk GgbwK evsjvi myì eb GjvKvq
emwZ vcb KiwQj Zviv mKjB chvqg `k wdi AvmZ jvMjv Ges
Di c~evj elv gmyg cyil gwnjv, wk Zvì mKj m` mnKvi
bKvq Ki meZ evsjv nZ Zvì cZK f~wgZ cZveZb Ki| 30 ev
40 eQi c~e Zviv Zvì Avcb f~wg ZvM KiwQj|
GUv AwfhvM Kiv cyivcywi wevwKi Ac-Dk cYvw`Z h ekxi fvM

gymjgvb wewUk kvmbvgj AvivKvb cek KiwQj| cKZ NUbv nQ h,
h mKj jvK viv BZvc~e weZvwoZ nqwQj kvw vcbi ci Zviv
AvivKvb Zvì Ni wdi GmwQj| wK 1942 mvji gymwjg weivax
`vv _K eZgvb mgq ch Pjgvb b-ZvwK DrLvZ Awfhvb AevnZ
_vKvi dj nvRvi nvRvi ivwnvK AvivKvb ZvM KiZ Pvc cqvM Kiv
nqwQj|
103
wewUk miKvi z` cwimi AvivKvb hvMvhvM eevi Dbqb Ki, hvi

Dci wbfi Ki AvivKvbi evcK Kwl m`K KvR jvMvbv nZv|
AvivKvb dvwUjv Kvvbxi jjv (wg kxc) AvwKqve Rjvjvi
AfixY bc_ wbqwgZ PjvPj KiZv| Gjvi gvag cZK Rjv
knii mì ìi mv_ AvivKvb hvMvhvM cwiPvjbv Kiv nZv| G
KvvbxwU AvwKqve I AvivKvbi cvnvwo Rjvjvi mì ì cvjUfvi
gvS Ges wKqvKcy Ges mv`vq Rjvjvi gvSI mvwfm eevcbv
egvwK b`x c_i ìb GLvbKvi moK hvMvhvM wQj mvbZ| AvivKvb
dvwUjv Kvvbx eyw_WvDs Ges gvDs`vD Gi gvS h_vg gvqy I bvd
b`xi Dci w`q GKwU wg Uvg c_ Zwi KiwQj| GUvi Dk wQj G
`ywU b`x c_ Zvì wgvi hvMvhvM iv Kiv| GQvov AvivKvb Kvb
ijc_ wQj bv|
hvMhvM eevi DbwZi dj AvivKvb GKwU mgkvjx evwYR K`

cwiYZ njv| cZK eQi cwZekx PMvg nZ AbK gmygx kwgK
(deqvix _K g) AvivKvbi gvV KvR Kivi Rb GLvb AvmZv Ges
Zviv mvaviYZ MxKvji kl evwoZ wdi hZ | AbK eemvqx ay
evwYR Kivi RbB AvivKvb cek KiZv| wK Zviv cavbZ ivRavbx
bMix AvwKqve Aevb KiZv| AwaKvsk Awfevmx hviv wewUk kvmbi mgq
AvivKvb Abycek KiwQj Zviv wZxq wek hyi mgq `k wdi hvq Ges
evKxiv wb DBb Gi we`k weivax Awfhvbi mgq cvwjq hvq|
Dcwbek weivax RvZxq Av`vjb

1885 mvj wewUkiv mg evgvK GK KiYi KvR mgv Kijv| ivyb
KjRi wkv_xì bZZ Bqs gbm eyw Gmvwmqkb (WMBA) bvgi
104
GKwU msMVb cwZwZ nqwQj 1906 mvj| G msMVbwUi cavbZ Dk

wQj eev` I wkvi Dbqb NUvbv Ges mgvR mev Kiv| WMBA
ivRbwZK wmv wbZ i Ki 1917 mvji c_g w`K| Zvici WMBA
wbRK Rbvij KvDwj Ae evgxR Gmvwmqkb (GCBA) G cwieZb
Kib| hv wQj Aviv weZ Ges egxq RvZxqZvevì GKwU bgybv| GCBA
egxqì AwaKvii Rb wewUk miKvii mv_ hy Ki| BwZga GCBA
Ges Abvb gnj wekl Ki e mbvmx KZK
wfb `k weivax cPviYv
Aviv Rvi`vi nq| fviZxqì Zvwoq Ìqvi Rb Ges Zvì gvjvgvj
jyU Ki bIqvi Rb Rvivjv NvlYv `qv nq| 1930 mvj ivyb fviZ
weivax `vvi cv`yfve NU| wekwe`vjqi ZiY wkv_xì viv 1930
mvji w`K Wy evgv GwkqvIqvb (Avgvì evgv msMVb) bvgi GKwU bZzb
msMVb cwZwZ nq| ZiY G wkv_xiv wbRìK _vwKb (gvvi) ej
m^vab KiZv| Zviv mgM `k evcx GKwU fviZ weivax AvZ cPvi
KiwQj| AvivKvbi ivwnv, K`xq evgvi Rviev`, c~e evgvi cvviv
Ges `wY evgvi evì gZv bwUf gymjgvbìK mvaviY fviZxqì
_K Avjv`v KiZ evgvi e mvaviY e_ nqwQj| fviZxqiv
DcwbewkK kvmbvgj AvivKvb cek KiwQj Ges Zvì Dci AhvwPZ
fve AvgY KiwQj|
BwZga evgvi agxq I ivRbwZK bZviv AvivKvbxR gMm BbUz _vwKb cvwU
(Arakanes Maghas into Thakin Party) K msMwVZ Kivi Rb
AvivKvb Avmb| AvivKvb cvwUi Dk wQj wewUkì Kej _K evgvK
gy Kiv| hvB nvK _vwKb cvwU evgvi ^vaxbZv hyi mgq AvivKvb gMì
gb gymwjg weivax NYv mvwiZ KiwQj| G hyi Dk wQj `ywU fMx
cwZg mc`vqi ga weQ` NUvbv| hLb weQì welqwU DVjv ZLb
wewUk miKvi evgvi wewfb mc`vqi 24wU cwZwbwa `jK evgv MvjUwej
mjb Avmvi Rb Avnevb Rvbvjv| mjbwU 27 bfî, 1931 mvj
_K 12B Rvbyqvix, 1932 mvj jb AbywZ nq| ivwnvì Kvb
cwZwbwaK mLvb Avnevb Rvbvbv nqwb| KviY wewUkiv ZvìK fviZxq
105
m`vqi ga MY KiZv bv| e gM _vwKb Rbve Zzb As M (Mr. Tun

Aung gyaw) AvivKvb cwZwbwaì bZZ `q| wewUk-fviZ _K evgvi c_K
nIqv Ges 1937 mvj AfixY ^vqZ kvmb Abygv`b nIqvi dj
_vwKbiv kvmb gZvi c~Y wbqY cvq| wefvRbi gv GK eQi ci 1938
mvj ivyb Aveviv gymwjg weivax `vvi cv`yfve NU| _vwKb cvwUi bZv
As mvb AvivKvb GKwU Mvcb mdi Ki cvq GKB mgq| mLvb gevb
kni AbywZ GKwU mjb wZwb hvM `b| wZwb AvivKvbi ivwnvì
evcvi Zvi bxwZ mn evgvi ^vaxbZv ARbi evcvi Kkj wbq
AvivKvbxq e bZvì mv_ AvjvPbv Kib| BDivc hLb wZxq wek
hy i njv ZLb evgvi MfYi KZK
evgvK wg kwi mv_ mwq fve
hy AskMnYi NvlYv `qv nq| As mvb Ges Zvi 30 Rb mnhvMx
Mvcb Rvcvb Pj hvq| Ges mLvb Zviv Rvcvbxì ccvlKZvq evgv
^vaxbZv mb (Barma Independence Armey) MVb Ki| 1941 mvji
23 wWmî Rvcvbxiv ivyb evgv wbc Ki| wewUkiv evgv Ges AvivKvb
_K cZveZb Ki fviZ Pj Avm| mveK Rbvij wb DBb Gi
bZZ we. AvB. G. evwnbxi c_g `jwU gDjwgqvb nq ivyb cQvq 1942
mvji ii w`K| Gi dj evgvq fviZxqì Ges AvivKvb ivwnvì
gb gvivZK AvZi mw nq| fviZxqiv BwZga meci mKj iU w`q
evgv _K cvwjq hZ i Ki|
1942 mvji gywmjg nZvh

hLb wewUkiv mi Mj ZLb AvivKvb wefvMi ckvmb gM e BD wKqvI
wKb (Un kyaw Khine) Gi Dci wbfikxj nq coj| Zvi Dci AvivKvb
wefvMxq Kwgkbvii `vwqZ AcY Kiv nqwQj| G ckvmb gMìK
AwZgvvq Lywk KiwQj| _vwKb m`miv wewfb aibi `ybxwZi KviY
miKvi KZK
hvì Rb civqvbv Rvix Kiv nqwQj- Zvì Mvcb
106
Avkqj nZ ewiq Gj Ges cKvk jyUZivR I `m~ew i Kij|

gymjgvbiv wQj Zvì AvgYi wPivPwiZ wkKvi| Rvcvbxì viv
AvwKqve evgv wbci ci mLvbKvi wewfb kni I Mvg Qo AwaKvsk
gymjgvb Zvì wbR^ evox-Ni Pj hvq| Gi KviY wQj Zvì ga GKwU
wg_v cPviYv Pvjvbv nqwQj h AwZmi AvwKqve GKwU gymwjg weivax
`vvi cv`yfve NUZ hvQ|
Rvcvbxiv 1942 mvji 23 k gvP AvwKqve evgv weviY NUvq, dj

AbK wewUk, MviLv, wecyj msLK AZvaywbK me A dj iL cvwjq
hvq| KwZcq Kzc_Mvgx Kvib m`m gM agvì kw Aviv ew KiZ
Zvì KvQ Gme wew Kij A_ev Awdmvi, cywjk Awdmvi Ges cywjk
Kbejì mKj A AvUK Kij, h mKj A RbMYi wbivcv weavb
KiZ wewUkiv dj iLwQj| AwaK gM Kwgkbvi BD wKqvI wLb GKwU
bKv evSvB Ki A I Mvjvevi` wKqvDKZvI Ges wgbweqvq mieivn
Kij|
_vwKb m`miv gymjgvbì jvBmKZ mKj A AvUK Kij| myZivs

_vwKbiv GLb A-k mymwZ njv, Abw`K gymjgvbiv Cgvbi (wekvm)
ej ejxqvb nq Awenxb Aevq Lvwj nvZ co _vKj| Avmb ash
Abyaveb KiZ gymjgvbiv cyivcywi e_ njv| kì gvKvejv Kivi
Rb Zviv AjxK Kbv cvlY Kijv| Ges Zvì AbK GUvB Avkv
Kijv h, Zvì gM eyiv ZvìK iv Kie| gymjgvbiv msMwVZ wQj
bv Ges ZvìK cwiPvjbv Kivi gZv KD wQj bv|
107
BZvga gMiv gymjgvbì Dci AvgY Kivi mvweK cw Z MnY Kij|

Zviv wgbweqvq GKwU Mvcb eVK Kijv Ges eVK _K Zviv wbgv
wmvjv MnY Kijv|
1. wZbwU KvUvMwiZ _vwKb mbiv wef _vKe| Zvì ga
GK`j e`yK, AviK`j Zievwi Ges Ab `j ej-g aviY Kie|
2. G evwnbxjvi wPd Kgvvi wnme _vKeb mvb wKqvI As (San
Kyaw Aung), wZxq Kgvvi wnme _vKeb gs wKqvI Ges Zzb njv
As (Tun Hla)| wK AvgYi wb`k Avme cwmWU _vwKb _v
hvb njv (Thakin Tha Zan Hla) Ges fvBm cwmWU BD
dv wLb Gi c _K|
3. G AvgYi j I Dkjv nQ wbgic:
K. AvivKvbi ^vqZ kvmbi Rb hy wewUk DcwbewkKì wec

Rvcvbxì mg_b `qv|
L. `k nZ mKj KvjvìK- mv`v Kvjv (wewUk) Ges Kvjv Kvjv
(fviZxq)- Zvwoq `qv Ges Zvì ab mw gMì KjvY evRqv
Kiv|
M. ivvwnv Ges KvgvbìK GLvb _vKZ AbygwZ `qv| hviv AvivKvb
KqK cRb ai emevm KiQ| wKy ZvìKI PvUvMvBqvì gZv Zvwoq
`qv hw` Zvì Kvb KgKv AcZvwkZ ej cgvwYZ nq|
ivwnv Ges egxqì AvivKvbi Aevbi AbygwZ welqK wmvwU bqv

nqwQj aygv gM eì GKwU `ji AvB Iqvki Rb| gymjgvbiv
`xNw`b ai Zvì cvkvcvwk emevmi dj Zviv gymjgvbì cwZ D`vi
108
`wfw cvlY KiZv| evweK c, evgvi _vwKb bZviv Ges Zvì

AvivKvbxq mnhvMxiv AvivKvbi mKj gymwjg RbMYK wPiZi DrLvZ
Kivi Rb AbK w`b AvM _KB lohi Rvj eyb AvmwQj| _vwKbiv
`Ljv h, Lye `Z evgvi ^vaxbZv wbKUeZx nwQj Ges G wekLj I
AwwZkxj cwiwwZZ hw` gymjgvbìK wbg~j Kiv bv hvq Zvnj Zviv
^vaxbZv Di evgvq GKwU vqx gv_v e_vi KviY nq _vKe| AvivKvb
gM eìK _vwKbiv ceva w`qwQj h, Zvì e agi Rb
gymjgvbiv GKwU gvivZK gwK| eZ GUv wQj `ywU fwMcwZg m`vqi
ga vqx wefvRb Zwi Kivi Rb GKwU K~UKkj| hvZ Ki Zviv wef
RbMYK mnRB kvmb KiZ cvi Ges AvivKvbK Zvì vqx Dcwbek
evbvZ cvi| wK Kzc_ Mvgx gMiv gymjgvbì wei loh KiZ _vK
Ges Zviv gymjgvbì mv_ GK ^vaxbZv DcfvM Kivi cwieZ Aaxb
_vKvKB ekx cQ` KiZv| GLb, AvwKqve eZxZ mgM `k jvjyc
_vwKbì Aaxb nq cojv| wewUkì Pj hvIqvi ci gyn~ZB wn`y Ges
PvUMvBqv gymjgvbì `vKvbcvUjvZ jyUZivR i njv| Gme
jvKì AwaKvskB cvwjq Mj| ivwnvìK Zvì ez cwZg PvUMvBqv
gymjgvbì ZvM KiZ wb`k `qv njv| Gme RbMYi cvq mevB
cjvqb Kijv| wK a~Z gMiv Gi ciI _vgjv bv| gymjgvbì evRvi
GKi ci GK AhvwPZ fve jyU Kiv njv|
BD wcwbqv w_nv (U Pinnya Thiha), BD _v Rvb njv (U Tha zan Hla),

BD mvb wKqvI Ges BD gs wKqvD cgLy bvgi AvivKvbi _vwKb bZviv
gymjgvbì Dci mvaviY nZvh Pvjvbvi wb`k w`j| Gfve 1942
mvji 28 gvP eeivwPZ gymwjg nZvh i njv| wgqvbweqv kniZjxi
Aaxb Pvbwewj Mvgi wbiciva gymjgvbì Dci _vwKbiv Suvwcq cojv|
gymjgvbiv cvY cY hy Kijv| wK Zviv _vwKbì cej AvgYi gyL
wUKZ cvijv bv| hnZz Zvì ivBdjjv wQj AZ gZvmb Avi
gymjgvbì Ajv wQj vbxq Ges gvvZv Avgji| gM Ges Zvì cfy
_vwKbì viv hy PjvKvjxb mgq jyUZivR, nZv, alY Aeva PjZ
109
_vK| nvRvi nvRvi wbivciva cyil, gwnjv Ges wk wbnZ nq| ivwnviv
civwRZ nq| AbK jvKRb b`xZ Svwcq cojv Ges AbK ebi ga
nvwiq Mj| muvZwiq hvIqv jvKìK wj Ki nZv Kiv njv| gM
civ Zvì `xN Zievwi w`q Aa gZ cyil, gwnjv Ges wkìK wbgg
fve Mjv KU djjv| hviv euP wMqwQj ZvìK avivjv Qzwi w`q
UzKiv UzKiv Ki KU djv njv| ivwnv hyeZx Kbv Ges igYxìK
alYi ci nZv Kiv njv Ges wbvc wkìKI wbzifve gi djv
njv| cwZekx gMiv Zvì (ivwnv) Mevw`c, avbPvj GgbwK cvlvK
cwiQÌ wQwbq wbq Mj| ^Y ici gZ g~jevb wRwbmc _vwKb
bZviv wbq wbjv Ges Abvb e mvgMx eei WvKvZìK w`q `qv njv
| wbivciva f~ fvMxì i jgiv b`xi cvwb jvwnZ eY aviY Kijv|
cieZx w`b 29 k gvP w gMiv jvs ivBP G AvgY Kijv| ivwnviv

cP AvgY Zvì cwZiva Kivi Pv Kijv | wK GZ Zviv civwRZ
njv| AbK cyil, gwnjv Ges wk wbnZ njv| AbK gwnjv Zvì mwZZ
ivi Rb b`xZ Suvwcq cojv| AbK jvK b`x muvZwiq cvUvwiwKjvi
w`K cvwjq Mj| b`xi Kvb GKwU cvi nIqvi RvqMvq gMiv cjvqbiZ
ivwnvìK AvUK Kijv| c_g Zviv Zvì gvjvgvjjv wQwbq wbj
Zvici Zvì wbgg fve nZv Kijv| ivwnv myìx Kbv I igYxìK
Zvì evoxZ wbq Mj Ges wKQzw`b Zvì hb evmbv wbeviYi ci
ZvìK nZv Kijv | _vDswMbv NvU cvq 15 nvRvi jvKK wbzi
gMì Zievwii wbP ewj nZ njv| cvq 10 nvRvi cyil, gwnjv I wkK
AvdvKvi Wvjvi gyL AvUK Ki ivLv njv | AvdvKvi Wvjv nQ GKwU
ceZ nv| Zvì mKjK mLvb nZv Kiv njv|
Pvbwewj Ges wgbevB kniZjxi jygevB kviK asm Kivi ci _vwKbiv

wgevb knii gymwjg Aa~wlZ ivBmvDs Ges cvLv Mvg AvgY cwiPvjbv
110
Kijv 1942 mvji 1jv Gwcj| Mvg `ywUi 15 nvRvi ivwnv Awaevmxì
cvq AaKK nZv Kiv nq| ivgix knii wbKU wKqvDKwgqvI RbcÌ
nZvh Pvjvbvi c`c bqv nqwQj| wK Zviv AjwKK fve euP
Mj| wKqvDKcvD knii gymjgvbiv KwZcq wewUk mbi mnhvwMZvq
wbvi cjb| A wewUk mb c~e _KB mLvb NuvwU KiwQj| 1942
mvji 8 Gwcj _vwKbiv wKqvDKUvD Ges evnvi cvovq AvgY Kijv|
AmsL gymjgvbK nZv Kiv njv |Zvici _vwKbiv gnvgywb, cvKZjx,
kvwZwj, evMvqvcvov, bvqvmvi, Avgevox wd`vcvov, AvdvK, KvRxcvov Ges
ivIqvsMvqv cfw Z Mvg AvNvZ nvbZ i Kijv| AvdvK Mvgi mePq
abx ew Ave`xb, Zvi ab m` dj iL cvwjq Mj| gM AvgYi
c~e m ejZv gMiv KzKz ii gZv, Zzwg hw` Zvì cwZ nvo Qz uo gvi
Zvnj Zviv bxie _vK| Abyic fve Zzwg hw` gMìK A_Kwi `vI
Zvnj Zviv Zvgvi Kvb wZ Ki bv| wK nvq! kl gyn~Z Zvi ab
mÌ ZvK iv KiZ cvijv bv| hwÌ m nZvh _K Kvb gZ
cwivY cj wK ZvK iscyi kiYv_x wkwei kl wbkvm ZvM KiZ njv
LyeB wb^t Ges fM `q Aevq|
BZvga AvZvivDs Ges cvbvMwi nZ gymjgvbiv duvKv nZ _vKjv Ges

_vwKb AvgYi fq cvwjq Mj| AvwKqve knii c~ei gymjgvb MvgPvb`vgv gIiKzj, KzBwbcivs, mvjcvov, Zqbcvov I ZvIKdz Ges
cvDKZvI kniZjxi Mvg MyjvZ _vwKbì AvgYi fxwZ weivR KiwQj|
Abyic fve ivwnv Mvg-UvWvBs, bvqvLvjx, Rvjvcvov, wRRv Ges wKgK
_vwKb AvgY I asmi Rb UvMU Kiv nqwQj|
Gwcji kli w`K iv_WvDs I eyw_WvDs kniZjxZ cP AvgY

Pvjvbv nq| eyw_WvDs kniZjxi KvDmvb ch Mvgjv asm I Rvwjq
`qv nq| eyw_WvDs Gi Di Uvs evRvi Ges Zvi Pvicvki MvgjvI
111
gMì AvgYi wkKvi nq| jyBb Mvgi gymjgvbiv gv GKwU wW.we

e`yK wbq exivwPZ fve gMì wei hy Ki| wcbKs Gi ivwnviv
bKvq Ki gvq~ b`x cvi nq AvwKqve xc cQ| cw_ga gMiv Zvì
Dci wj Pvjvq| dj AbK jvK b`xZ Wye gviv hvq| gwR Ges
iv_WvDs kniZjxi AvbyK cvs Ges KvWvDs Mvgi gymjgvbiv Avkqi
Rb AvwKqve cjvqb Ki Pj hvq | gvqyiUK, Rvdivs Ges ivRvi wej
Mvgi evcK msLK gymjgvb Zvì Mvg Qo AvwKqve Avkq bq|
Avjvni Akl AbyMn AvivKvbi gymjgvbiv wbRìK nvbv`viì
AvgY _K iv Kivi Rb wKQz A msMn KiwQj Ges wKQz cwkY
MnY Kivi myhvM cqwQj| AvwKqve gymjgvbì AvgYvZK Ges
cwZivg~jK cw Z AvivKvbì enr cwimi AvZwZ Ki Zvj| dj
Zviv gymjgvbì Dci cP AvgY Pvjvbvi mvnm cj bv| wKQz `y
gMK AvwKqvei Rvevi Mvqvdvivq Zvwoq `qv njv|
egxq Av`vjbi djvdj gymjgvb weivax nZvh Drmvn hywMqwQj| G

nZvh gvbyl I mì evcK wZ mvwaZ nq| 1 jvLi ekx gymjgvb
G nZvh wbnZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb Aa~wlZ Mvg asm Ki `qv
nq| Kvjv`xb b`xi c~ecvoi gymjgvb msLvMwi GjvKvmg~n gymwjg
msLvjNy GjvKvq cwiYZ nq| wK gvbweK mfZv Ges g~jevai wePvi
Gi wZ wQj Aviv ekx| 1942 mvji nZvh AvivKvbxqì gb Ggb
GKwU AgvPbxq Kvjv `vM jcb Kijv h Gi wZ iYvZx Kvj _K
AvivKvb emevmiZ `ywU fwMcZxg mc`vqi ga cybtezZ cwZvi
GKwU eo evav wnme KvR Kie|
eyw_WvDs Gi hy- vwKvjt
112
1942 mvji Gwcji kl mvni w`K, hLb gMì cP AvgY

AwMKvi bvq `Z Qwoq cowQj ZLb KvIqvmb, Mv`ygcvov, wmbw`civs,
Avjx Bqs, dzBgvwj, ivwqsMvWvDs Ges eyw_WvDs Ges Ab mKj Mvgi
gymjgvbiv Avjx Bqs Gi wgi Avng` Rvbvj, Avyj Revi `vfvlx, Aveyj
evmi Payix cgy Li gZ cLvZ me gymjgvbì bZZ gMì AMhvv
cwZiva Kivi Rb GKwZ nq| BZvga kZ kZ mvnmx hvv wKjvWvDs
Gi gvvi myjZvb Ges nvbPyivZvi byi Avng` Rvbvji gZ ewì
bZZ gvDsWvD _K Zvì A-k I Mvjvevi` wbq eyw_WvDs G g~j
evwnbxi mv_ hvM `q| wK gymjgvb hviv AvivKvbi gaeZx GjvKvq
gZyi gyL _K euP wMqwQj Zviv GLb gymjgvbì kwZ kvwkvjx nq
cwZivai bkvq g nq DVjv Ges Zviv Zvì wbnZ wcqRbì ii
e`jv wbZ eyw_WvDs Gi hy ^ZtzZfve AskMnY Kijv|
gymjgvbiv mKj w`K _K eyw_WvDs kniK wNi djjv Ges Gi cwZ

GKwU KvhKi Aeiva Avivc Kijv| hy i nq Mj| Awekvmx gM Ges
wKQz Pxbv Awaevmx cywjk dvuwoi evvi Ges Abvb miKvwi feb nZ
cwZiva AvgY Kijv| KqKw`b ci hLb eyw_WvDs Gi civRq Pzov
nq Mj ZLb eyw_WvDs Gi fxZ m gM I Pxbviv eyw_WvDs, AvivKvb
RwUi wgvi nvgvwo w`q AvivnY Kijv| wK gMiv Pxbv cwieviK
wgvi DVZ AbygwZ w`j bv| Zvì G aibi AvPiY PxbvìK GZvB
wcq Zzjjv h Zviv GLb gMì wgvii Dci wj elY KiZ
jvMjv| ZLb wgviwU gMì fwZ Ki wbq Qo hvIqvi Rb cw Z
wbwQj| fxZ m jvKRb hLb wgvii wbivc` cvk wMq wfo Rgvjv
ZLb wgviwU KvZ nq D Mj Ges cvwbZ Wye Mj| Gfve `ywU
wgvi hvx mnKvi AvivKvb RwUZ Wye Mj| Ab GKwU wgvi cvwjq
hZ mg njv| wK RbK dziK ivRv KZK GB wgviwUI Avv
njv Ges m GUvK Wyweq w`j| wgvijv Wye hvIqvi msev` b gM
eiv wQb wfb nq cojv Ges Zviv cvnvoi wfZi cvwjq Mj|
eyw_WvDs gymjgvbì viv `Lj njv| ZLb gymjgvbiv cjvqbiZ gMì
113
wcQb Lye Rvi GKUv avIqv w`j| eyw_WvDs Gi civRqi Lei c~e
GjvKvi _vwKbì AMhvvKI _vwgq w`j| KvIqvmb Ges iv_WvDs
kniZjxi ivvRvi wej ch mgM GjvKv gymjgvbiv ^vaxb Kijv|
gymjgvbì c _K Abyic AvgYi fq gvDsWvD Gi gMiv bvd b`x
AwZg Ki wewUk kvwmZ GjvKvq cvwjq Mj| Avv GjvKvi gymjgvb
Ges e kiYv_xiv iscyi Ges w`bvRcyi Avkq wbj| ZLb gvDs`vD
kniZjx, eyw_WvDs kniZjx Ges iv_WvDs kniZjxi wKQz Ask mn mgM
GjvKv gymjgvbì viv cwZwZ kvw KwgwUi kvmbvaxb Gjv| Rbve
Igivn wgqv kvw KwgwUi cavb wbevwPZ njv|
1942 mvji 1jv g Rbvij Cmvi bZZ RvcvbxR Bwiqvj Avwg

(JIA) Ges ev ivb As Gi bZZ evgv bvkbvj Avwg AvivKvb dU
(BNAAF) AvivKvb Bqvgvi Dci w`q wbg evgvi cvg nZ wgbevqvi
Dk hvv i Kij| wgqvbevqv kniwU wQj AvivKvb _vwKb mgw_Z
Rvcvbxì mì ì| gMiv Ges e wfziv ZvìK D Af_bv
Rvbvjv Ges AvivKvb `Lj R. AvB. G. K mvnvh Kivi Rvi cwZkwZ
w`j| 3iv g Rvcvbx mb Ges we. Gb. G m`miv AvwKqvei KqK gvBj
Di-c~e AewZ cvbv wRqvb cQj| Rvcvbxì Aevb evavM Ki
Kvjv`vb b`xZ wewUk b NuvwU vcb Kijv| 5 g wewUk bevwnbx mLvb
_K DV Mj Rvcvbxiv cvIKZvI nq AvwKqvei w`K AMmi nq| 7 g
Kvb cwZiva QvovB Rvcvbxì viv AvwKqve `Lj nq hvq|
H w`bB ev ivb As Gi bZZ evgv bvkbvj Avwg (we. Gb. G) AvwKqve

XyK co Ges Avgevox Ges gvbycvov GjvKvi wkRb gymjgvbK wbggfve
nZv Ki| fxZ m Mvgevmx Zvì Ni-evox Qo cvwjq hvq| we. Gb.
G-Gi mb Ges gMiv MvgjvZ XyK co Ges Zviv Mevw` cmn
gymjgvbì mKj m` wQwbq wbq hvq| wK AvwKqve Rvcvbx mbì
114
DcwwZ `yKwZKvix I WvKvZì nvZ _K jvKRbi Rxeb iv KiZ

mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Kijv| mgM AvivKvb GjvKv Ryo GKwU A^wKi
kvw weivR KiZ _vK|
gi c_g Aavsk _vwKb bZe` mn we. Gb. G. Gi GKwU evwnbx GKwU

cvnviv bKvq Ki evw_WvDs Gi w`K gvqy b`xZ cwigY Ki| ZxieZx
gymjgvbì wcq Zvjvi Rb Zviv Zvì Dci wj elY Ki| wK
BRnvi wgqv Payixi bZZ GK`j mvnmx gymjgvb mB bKvwUK wmw`cvs
Ges Mv`ygcvovi gvSLvb cvKovI Ki dj| msNli cvv AvgY
wewUk Kwgkbvi BD wKqvI wLb wj we nq gviv hvq| cvnviv bKvwU Avi
mvgbi w`K AMmi bv nq wcQbi w`K wdi hvq| G NUbvi msev` b
gM Ges Rvcvbxiv ivM AwMkgv nq DV| wK Rvcvbxiv wPv fvebv Ki
`Ljv h iv_WvDs, eyw_WvDs Ges gvDs`vD Gi gymjgvbì mg_b eZxZ
Zvì Rb evgvq `Lj Awfhvb mb Kiv LyeB KwVb nq coe Ges Zviv
AveviI cwg w`K ZvwoZ ne| GUv QvovI Rvcvbxiv Rbve myjZvb
gvngy`, GWfvKU Rbve gvnv` Bqvwmb Ges _vwKb mgw_Z bvwmi
Dwbmn AbK cfvekvjx I MYgvb gymjgvbì mv_ Avjvc AvjvPbv
Ki| Rvcvbxiv gvDs`vD G GKwU cwZwbwa `j cvVvq| cwZwbwa `jwU MVb
Kiv nqwQj gymjgvbì c _K gvnv` Bqvwmb I BD cv wLb Ges
we. Gb. G KgKZv ev Bqvb bvs, ev Bqvb wKs Ges ev gvBI wbqvU Ges
KwZcq gM m`mì wbq| G cwZwbwa `jwU 8 Rvbyqvix wkK`vi cvovq
GKwU Rbmfv Kivi cwiKbv MnY Ki| mfvq we. Gb.G Ges gymjgvb
bZe` ee ivLb| Zviv hyiZ `ywU mc`vqi ga kvw cwZvi
evcvi AvjvPbv Dcvcb Ki| Zviv hyw ck Ki h, Rvcvbxì
wec hvIqv gymjgvbì ^v_i Rb wZKi ne| BZvga vbxq
gymjgvbiv kiYv_xì mv_ hy nq bvwKì `L bqvi Rb vf
dU co| bvwKiv gymjgvbì Dci evcK nZvh Pvwjq wQj|
gymjgvb bZe` Ges Zv^x mvne agv gymjgvbìK wbqY Kivi Rb
h_vmva Pv Kijb| DjL Kiv cqvRb h, mfvq Dfq `jB A k
115
mymwZ wQj| m kviMvji ga nVvr KiB e`yKi wji AvIqvR

kvbv Mj| Dfq ci ga wj wewbgq njv| ev Bqvb bs, ev Bqvb
wKb Ges ev gvq~ bvDU gMì w`K _K gviv Mj Ges Abw`K Bbv
Avwgb, Avey eKi, nvweeyjvn, gjfx Avym mvjvg Ges gjfx Avyi
ingvbi cy gymjgvbì c _K G msNl wbnZ nj| Aewk gMiv
cvwjq Mj| gvnv` Bqvwmb Ges cv wLb Dfq we. Gb. G KZK
MdZvi nq Rj cwiZ njv| Zv^x mvneI MdZvi njb Ges ZvK

AvwKqvei Kvb GK Mvcb RvqMvq e`x Ki ivLv njv| wK Rvcvbxiv h
Kvbfve wZbRb gymjgvb bZv AvUKi welqwU Rb Mj| Rvcvbxiv
gymjgvbìK `Z Qo Ìqvi Rb ev ivb As K wb`k w`j| m
ZvK Qo w`Z eva wQj|
Af~ixY mvc`vwqK I agxq msNvZ wYK mgqi Rb AvivKvbxì

AMhvvK evavM Kijv| wK axi axi Zviv gvq~ Dcxc XyK cojv
Ges eyw_WvDs I gvDs`vD kni Aveii ga `Lj Ki wbj| Rvcvbxiv
mB GjvKvq AbKjv cwZivg~jK Aevb Zwi Kij Ges kì
Aev Rvbvi Rb fviZxq mxgveZx njv| bvd b`xi cwg _K wewUkiv
BZvga&B mi wMqwQj|
AvivKvb wewUkì cybtcek

wewUkiv AvMB KevRvi I UKbvd Zvì Dcwbek cwZwZ KiwQj|
wf-dvm (V-Force) wnme cwiwPZ GKwU Mvq`v msMVb AvivKvb vbxq
gymjgvbì mg^q Mo DVwQj| hwÌ cv_wgK chvq Zviv wQj
cwkYnxb| wK cieZxZ mvweK wf-dvm wewUkì Mvq`v KvVvgvi
GKwU MyiZc~Y I AZ g~jevb Ask wnme Mo DV| AvwKqve
Awfhvbi c~e wewUk KgKZviv Rvcvbxì wbqwZ GjvKvq cek Kivi
116
Rb meci mvgbi w`K AMmi nq| wf-dvm Gi msMnxZ Z_i Dci

wfw Ki Zviv cieZxZ z` z` Awfhvb Pvjvq| kZKiv 99 fvM
AvivKvbx gymjgvb wewUkì mv_ mnhvwMZv Ki|KviY Rvcvbxiv wQj
Zvì wPi `ykgb gMì ez| KwZcq Ggb gymjgvbI wQj hviv Mvcb
Rvcvbxì mv_ KvR KiZv|
1942 mvji 16B wWmî _K kyi Ki wewUk evwnbx gvq~ b`xi Dfq cvk
w`q AvwKqvei GKwU Rvivjv Awfhvb Pvjvq| hwÌ i _K gb
nqwQj h, mewKQyB wewUkì fvjvi Rb PjQ, Rvcvbx evvi _K
cP cwZivai myLxb nq wewUk mbiv| wewUk evwnbx AveviI cqvRbxq
cw Z MnY Kijv| 1943 mvj bfîi ga Zviv AvwKqvei Dk
Awfhvbi Rb cw Z wbj| mbv BwZnvm weklY Kij `Lv hvq 1944
mvji cyiv eQiwUZ Di AvivKvbi `y `j mbvevwnbxi ga mKUv
LyeB bksm Ges `yjf| AbK RvqMvq wewUk Ges Rvcvbx mbiv myL hy
wgwjZ nqwQj|
Di cwg fviZ-evgv mxgv w`q AMmi nIqvi cvkvcvwk wewUk evwnbx

AvivKvbi ga XyK co Ges 1944 mvji cvq kli w`K AvwKqve,
wKqvKcy Ges mvb`vq `Lj Ki| 1945 mvji AvMi c~eB wbg evgvK
Rvcvbxì nvZ _K gy Kiv nq| Gfve evgv AveviI kvwc~Yfve
wewUkì `Lj Pj hvq| 6 AvM wnivwkgvq me c_g cvigvbweK evgv
wbc Kiv nq| 9 AvM bvMvmvwKZ wZxq cvigvbweK evgv wbc Kiv
nq| 1945 mvji 2iv mî Rvcvbxiv AvZmgcY Ki|
wewUkì wdi hvIqvi cieZxZ gymwjg weivax `vv Ges AvivKvb `ywU
enr kwi jvMvZvi hyi dj gymjgvbì evcK wZ nqwQj| hv my`~i
117
cmvix cfve mw KiwQj| mvc`vwqK `vvi KviY AvivKvbi AbK

gymjgvbK Divj Pj hZ nqwQj| AvivKvb mbevwnbxZ KgiZ
GKRb wewUk KgKZv wjLQbt
hyi c~e gymjgvb Ges e Dfqi viv AvivKvb cyivcywifve `Lj
nqwQj| Zvici 1941 mvj Dfq m`vq wejy nq co Ges cii
hy wj nq co| gvUvgywUfve hyi djvdj wQj h- gMiv `kwUi
`wY Aavski KZZ
MnY KiwQj Ges gymjgvbiv Dii evKx Aavski
KZZ
wbqwQj|
GKB jLK wbgv fvlvq Zvì mvnmi cksmv KiQb, Zviv wQj
KVvi Ges cwikgx gvbyl... Zviv wQj msMwVZ Ges cwkwZ| Aviv we
vwiZ ejZ Mj ejv hvq Avwg Zvì GKwU evUvwjqvbi mv_ wgwjZ nq
hy KiwQjvg| Zviv Avgvi mv_ Zvì wbR^ Awaevmxì gZB &AvPiY
Kijv| Avwg `Ljvg h Zviv `xN w`b ai GKwU kfvevcb `k evm
KiQ| GZ`mI Zviv GiB ga euP AvQ| ZvìK B`xì mv_
Zzjbv Kiv hZ cvi...|
AvivKvbx gymjgvbiv LyeB wekZvi mv_ wewUk mbvì mev Ki|

wewUkì Rb Zviv Rxebi SzuwK wbZv, hy KiZv Ges gvivI hZ|
meZ Zviv gb KiZv Zvì fwelZ iwPZ ne wewUkì weRqi
gvagB | wewUkì mdjZvi Rb Gme jvKì Amvgvb Ae`vbi
welq GKB jLK Zvi Abyfw~ Z e KiQb Gfve t
G mKj jvK eZxZ Avgiv A Ges ewai _vKZvg| Zvì mvnvhB
Avgvì PvL I Kvb Lyj w`qQ Ges Zvì _K Avgiv cqwQ Pjgvb
webv`b| Zviv myì gbi AwaKvix I `~i`wmb DcwbewkKì Rb
AvKlYxq me wRwbmc Zwi KiZ...| Zvì fwelZ Avgvì nvZ|
118
Avgiv ZvìK myLx gvbyl evwbqwQ Ges Zvì Rb AvivKvbi evBi

GKwU myì iv evwbqwQ| h Kvb mRb, AbyMn Ges fvjvevmv nvRvi
evi AvgvìK c`vb Kiv nZv|
wewUkì Rb Amvgvb AvZZvM mI ivwnviv cwZ`vb Kx cqwQj Zv
AvR cwivi| Zvì Dicyiliv ivwnvìK AvivKvbi RbMZ
Awaevmx wnme gb wbZI A^xKwZ RvbvQ|
evgvi ^vaxbZvi cvvj AvivKvb

AvUjvwUK mb` Abymvi evgvi ^vaxbZv Abygv`bi Rb wewUkiv cwZve
nqwQj| mb`wU DcwbewkKì ^vaxbZvi Rb cwZv KiwQj| hviv hy
Rqi Rb wg kwK mvnvh KiwQj| evgvi RvZxq bZv As mvb (Aung
San) whwb c_g Zvi `k Rvcvbx nvbvìK mnvqZv KiwQjb|
wewUkì evgvq cybtceki kl w`b Zvi `k wg evwnbxi c mnvqZv
e Ki w`qwQj| 1945 mvj Rvcvbxì AvZmgcYi ci Ges hy wg
evwnbxi weRq jvfi ci evgvi ^vaxbZv Abygv`bi AvjvPbv Lye
ZvoRvo cybivq i nq| 1947 mvji 27 Rvbyqvix jb AvUwj-As mvb
Pzw ^vwiZ nq| hv GK eQii ga c~Y ^vaxbZv Abygv`b Ki| hv
KbwUzqU Gvm^jx MVb KiZ Pvi gvmi ga wbevPbi AbygwZ `q|
`yfvMRbKfve gM agvì Muvov gbvfvei KviY AvivKvbi fvM

AbK w`b ai gvnvwZ Aevq _vKjv| AvivKvb _K gymjgvb
RbMYK wbg~j Kivi cwZ`vb Zviv BZvgaB _vwKbì nvZ AvivKvbi
^vaxbZv AcY KiwQj| mvc`vwqK `vv `ywU fwMcZxg mc`vqi gaKvi
`yiZK Aviv evwoq w`qwQj| kYx wefvM `yej nq AvivKvbi RbMY
fwelZi Rb AMmi nZ cvi wb| hy Pjv Kvjxb mgq Zvì `y
fwMcZxg m`vqi ga hw` GKZv _vKZv, gM eì _K c_K nZ
119
wbRì ga GK kvwc~Yfve emevm Kivi hw` BQv _vKZv Ges

gMì hw` Aaxb _vKvi BQv bv _vKZv Zvnj AvivKvbi ^vaxbZv GKwU
^c wnme Avi _vKZv bv| wbwZ GUv eve cwiYZ nZv| A_ev
Kgc cv_wgK chvq GUv ^vqZ kvmb jvf KiZv Ges cieZxZ GUv
P~ov ^vaxbZvi w`K avweZ nZv|
axi axi ^vaxbZv mwbKU AvmvZ g~j evgvi gymjgvb bZviv fwelZ
AvivKvbi ivRbwZK Kkji evcvi wfb gZ cvlY Kijv| 1945
mvji 24 _K 26 wWmî wcb gvbvq GKwU evgv egxq gymwjg mjb
(All Barma Barmes Muslim Conferance) AbywZ nq| mjb mKj
egxq gymwjg msMVbjvK GKwU gv msMVb ic `qvi evcvi wmv
MnxZ nq| h msMVbwUi bvg ne The Barma Muslim Congress (BMC)|
evgvq gymwjg cwZwbwaZKvix Kvb wewQb msMVbi Rb KvR bv Kivi
wmv MnxZ nq G mjb| Rbvij KvDwj Ae evgv gymwjg
Gvmvwmqkb (we.wm.we.Gg.G) Gi
cveK gv GK fvU civwRZ
Ki G wmv MnxZ nq| Rbve ivvK we. Gg. wmi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ
njb| we. G. wm As mvbi bZZ GwU dvwm wccjm& wdWg jxM (G.
Gd. wc. Gd. Gj) G hvM `qvi wmv wbj, hnZz Zviv wekvm KiZv h
Zviv egxqì _K Avjv`v bq| aygv ag eZxZ HwZnvwmK welqjvZ
gZ cv_K _vKZ cvi| wK wR. wm. we. Gg. G Gi Avjv`v mvc`vwqK
cwZwbwaZi Rb Av`vjb AenZ ivLjv| AvivKvbi ivwnviv Zvì
Avjv`v b-ZvwKZv, HwZnvwmK cvcU Ges AvivKvbi Pjgvb cwiwwZi
eYbvi gvag wewUk miKvii KvQ Zvì Aevb cwivi Kijv| Zviv
wewUk miKvii KvQ AvivKvbi gymjgvbìK e AvivKvbxqì _K
GKwU c_K RvwZ wnme ^xKwZ Ìqvi `vex Rvbvjv| Ges Zvì
AvwjK ^vqZ kvmb Abygv`b Gi cwZcw eenvi Kijv|
120
Kvib, KvwPb, mvb, Kvqvn cfw Z mc`vqi gZ AvivKvbi Ab mKj

RvwZ egxq RbMYi mv_ Zvì AZxZi wZ AwfZvK wemRb w`q As
mvb K evgv BDwbqbi mv_ hvM w`Z mevZK mg_b Kijv bv| Zviv c~Y
^vaxbZv A_ev Zvì ^ ^ GjvKvi vbxq ^vqZ kvmb `vex Kijv| wewUk
miKvi ^vaxbZv Abygv`bi c~e kZ wnme As mvbK evgvi mKj RvwZi
mvaviY mwZ jvf KiZ wb`k w`j| As mvb mgM `k mdi Kijb
Ges wewfb RvwZi bZeì mv_ K_v ejjb Ges Zvì mv_ gZ wewbgq
Kijb| wZwb ZvìK c~Y ^vaxbZvi Iqv`v Kijb| Ges wbivcvi
wbqZv w`jb| Ges ewPi HK dg~j
vi Aaxb Zvì msw Z I ag
msiY cwZve njb | wK mxgveZx RbMY G evcvi D`vmxb
_vKjv| 1946 mvji gvP gvm As mvb AvwKqve mdi Kijb Ges mLvb
wZwb gymjgvb bZe`K ^vaxbZv Di evgvq Zvì h_vh_ AwaKvi
msiYi wbqZv w`jb| BD As Rvb Iqvwn Ges myjZvb gvngyì bZZ
GKwU cwZwbwa `j wZwb gvDs`vD Ges eyw_WvDs GjvKvq cvVvjb| cwZwbwa
`ji KvR wQj mLvbKvi gymjgvbìK G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj- G hvM
w`Z msMwVZ Kiv| wK gymjgvbiv As mvb Gi G. Gd. wc. Gd. wc Z
hvM `qv _K weiZ _vKjv|
hvB nvK, AbK RwUjZvmn As mvb ^vaxbZv Di AvivKvb wewfb

m`vqi Aev wbq AvjvPbvi Rb cvs js G GKwU mjb AvqvRb
KiZ mg nqwQjb| HwZnvwmK cvs js mjb AbywZ nq 1947
mvji deqvix gvm| AvivKvb ivwnv eZxZ mKj RvwZK mjb
Avgb Rvbvbv njv| Rbve ivvKi `wfwi dj ivwnvìK nq
cwZcb KiZ As mvb K mvnm c`vb Kiv nqwQj| Rbve ivvK evgvi
mKj RbMYi cwZwbwaZ `vex Kijb| gM e BD As Rvb IqvB
AvivKvbi mKj RbMYi c _K mjb cwZwbwaZ KiwQjb| mLvb
mKj cwZwbwaivB Zvì ^ ^ GjvKvi ea ivRbwZK AwaKvi Av`vqi
Rb h_vmva Pv Kijv| wK AvivKvbi gM cwZwbwa bxie _vKj|
djvdj wQj h AvivKvb egxq kvmbi AaxbB iq Mj| ^vaxbZv Di
121
evgv K`xq miKvi KZK

wbqwZ nZv| hnZz Zviv ivRbwZK cwqv
nZ weZvwoZ wQj Ges wewUk miKvii c _K fvjv Kvb wKQzB Zvì
Rb AvmZv bv, dj ivwnviv ZLb Kvq`-B-Avhg gynv` Avjx wRbvni
wbKU GKwU cwZwbwa `j ciYi wmv wbj| Rbve wRbvn ZLb cvwKvbi
^vaxbZvi Rb hy KiwQjb| gymwjg cwZwbwa `jwU gvDs`vD nZ ei nq
cojv Ges 1947 mvj jvnvi Rbve wRbvni mv_ `Lv Kijv| Zviv
ZrKvjxb wewUk fviZi msLv Mwi wnme `wY AvivKvbK cvwKvbi
ga Afwy i Rb hy KiZ A_ev Di AvivKvbi gymjgvbì ^vqZ
kvmb Abygv`bi Rb egxq bZv As mvb K Pvc `qvi Rb Rbve wRbvni
wbKU Ave`b Rvbvjv| wK cwZwbwa `j Rbve wRbvni mv_ mivmwi
mvvZi c~e As mvb Gi wekl iv`~Z Rbve iwk` Zvi mv_ mvvZ
Kib| As mvb Gi c _K iv`~Z Rbve wRbvnK Avk Kijb h,
gymjgvbì AwaKvimg~n mvsweavwbK fve mymsnZ I cwZwZ Kiv ne|
Gi Reve Rbve wRbvn cwZwbwa `jK Avk Kijb h Zvì wPv Kivi
Kvb KviY bB | hnZz AvivKvbi gymjgvbì fwelZi evcvi As
mvb h cwZkwZ w`qQ ZvZ wZwb (wRbvn) cwiZ| Gfve AvivKvbx
gymjgvbì welqwU Aenjvq Pj Mj| evgvq ^vaxbZv Avmvi Rb
gymjgvbMY fq I kvi ga cwZv KiZ jvMjv|
cvs As mjbi ci KbwUyqU Gvm^jx Gi Rb `k evcx c_g

mvaviY wbevPb AbywZ nq 1947 mvji Gwcj gvm| wK evgvi cv`wkK
miKvi wewfb Luvov ARynvZ Di AvivKvb wbevPb evavM Kijv| Gfve
AvivKvbi gymjgvbiv evgvi c_g msweavb Lmov KiZ AskMnY Kiv _K
ev` co Mj| Ges wccjm fjvUvix AMvbvBRkb (wc. wf. I)
AvviMvD Pj Mj| AvivKvb AwZ RvZxqZvev`x gM hviv wewUk
cybtceki ci Avvi MvD Pj wMqwQj Zviv AvivKvbi ^vaxbZv jvfi
^c wbq GLb KwgDwb Ges wc.wf.I Z hvM`vb Kijv|
122
Ag Aavq
AvivKvbxiv Kb iv ARb KiZ cvij bv?
123
cvs js Kbdvi (Pang long Conference) ivi bvg AvwjK

^vqZkvmb MnxZ nqwQj mjv njv- kvb, KvwPb, Kvib Ges Kvqvn|
G Qvov kvb Ges Kvqvni `k eQi ci Zvì AcmviY AwaKvi MnxZ
nqwQj| Pxb Aj mg~n wekl wWwfkb ghv`vq Abygvw`Z nqwQj| Dci
DjwLZ c`ghv`v h mKj Yvejxi wfwZ c`vbi wmv MnxZ nqwQj
mjv wbg DjL Kiv njv1. GKwU ^Q fMvwjK mxgviLv _vKv|
2. egxqì Zzjbvq Ab Avjv`v GKwU fvlv _vKv|
3. GKwU ^Z HwZnvwmK cvcU _vKv|
4. GKwU Avjv`v mfZv _vKv|
5. A_bwZK fve mg_evb wk`vM Ges A_bwZK fve AvZwbfikxj GKwU mc`vq _vKv|
6. GKwU mymsMwVZ weivU Rbmgw _vKv|
7. GKwU Avjv`v BDwbU wnme wbRì ga GKwU ^Z cwiwPwZ
gb Pjvi AvMn _vKv|
Dci ewYZ Yvejxi AvjvK Ges Dci ewYZ `kjvi Zyjbvq
AvivKvbI Kvb Ask wcwQq bB| Ab w`K AvivKvb ivi (State)
Y Yvw^Z nIqvi Rb Abvb ivi Zzjbvq Gi Aviv AbK BwZevPK I
cksmbxq welqvw` iqQ| wK AvivKvbxiv iv (State) cvIqv _K ewZ
wQjv, Kbbv cvs js Kbdvi Zvì cwZwbwaiv GUvi Rb `vexB
Zvjwb| hvnvK, AvivKvb cwZwbwaì c _K AvivKvbi Rb GKwU
Avjv`v I ^Z iv MVbi `vex bv Kiv, AvivKvbi AwaKvsk RbMYi
AvKvvi cwZdjb nZ cvi bv| evgvi Rb ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi i
_KB AvivKvbx eiv GKwU Avjv`v ivi `vexZ Zzjbvg~jKfve GKUv
124
fvjv Aevb wQj| A_ev Zviv G `vexUv h_vh_ dvivg Dcvcb KiQ|
wK G welq Zviv KLbI weklfve wQj bv| jb AbywZ evgv
MvjUwej mjb wg: Zzb As MvI (Mr. Tun Aung Gyan) Gi bZZ
cwiPvwjZ AvivKvbx e cwZwbwaì AvivKvbi Rb GKUv Avjv`v iv
`vex Kivi mKj myhvM wQj| hvB nvK, egxq WwjMUì cxovcxwoZ
Zviv bxie _vKj, wK Ab w`K kvb Ges KvwPb cwZwbwa `ji m`miv
Zvì ivi Rb Rvivjv hyw& Dcvcb Kij|
eZ: AbK c~eB As mvb Ges AvivKvbx e bZeì ga GKwU

Mvcb Pzw mvw`Z nqwQj| G gg h, AvivKvb gymjgvb mgmv
gxgvsmv Kiv ch AvivKvbxiv ^Z ivi Rb `vex Kie bv Ges G mgmv
mgvavbi ciB Kej egxqiv AvivKvb iv Abygv`b Kie|
AvivKvb gymwjg msLv Mwi RbMYi DcwwZ AvivKvbx e Ges egxq

Dfqi wbKUB GKUv eve mgmv wnme `Lv w`qwQj| Zviv fewQj h
AvivKvb hw` GKwU ^Z iv wnme ^xKwZ cvq Zvnj GUv Zvì ^v_i
wec hve| ZvB mLvb _K gymjgvb RbMYK Kgvbvi Rb me aibi
c`c MnYi wmv MnxZ nqwQj| Zviv GUv fvjv KiB RvbZv h
egxqì mg_b Qvov ay AvivKvbx eiv G KvR KiZ cvie bv| mgqi
eeavb hLb Zvì G j AwRZ ne ZLbB AvivKvb eiv Zvì
wbR^ iv cve| G bxj bvi m~ aiB 1942 mvj gymwjg weivax
nZvh Pvjvbv nqwQj| Gi Dk wQj AwaKvsk gymjgvb RbMYK bvd
b`xi Icvi Zvwoq `qv| GKUv wbavwiZ cwimi Zviv mdjKvgI
nqwQj| GK j (1,00,000) wbnZ nqwQj Ges Kvjv`vb b`xi c~ecvki
GjvKv gymwjg msLvjNy Aj cwiYZ nqwQj| wK Zviv Zvì UvMU
cyivcywi ARb KiZ cvi wb| gymjgvbìK cybivq iv_Wvs Gi Icvi
Zvwoq `qv hvqwb Ges wecyj msLK gymjgvb AvwKqve xc Ges gvq~
125
DcxcI _K wMqwQj| hyi mgq ewUkì _K cv A ej Zviv

ZLb Lye kwkvjx nq DVwQj| ^vaxbZvi cvKKvj GKwU ^Z iv `vex
Kivi cwiwwZUv AvivKvbx eì wbKU fxwZKi gb nqwQj| myZivs
gymjgvb mgmv cyivcywi mgvavb nIqv ch hy cieZx mgqjvZ Zviv
egxqì bZZ cwiPvwjZ K`xq miKvii Aaxb _vKvKB cQ` Kij|
1962 mvji ga AvivKvbxì cwZ GKwU ^Z iv `vexi cwiwwZ
Aviv ekx AbyK~j njv, ZLb gyRvwn` we`vn BZvgaB mg~j DrcvwUZ
nqQ Ges gM eiv AvivKvbi Av_-mvgvwRK, kwK Ges ivRbwZK
Aviv ekx AMmi nqwQj| hnZz gymjgvbì weivU Ask GKwU
mxgveZx mbv kvmbi Aaxb e`x wQj ZvB gymjgvb kv Avi ekx vqx
nqwb| BD b~ (U Nu) wmv wbqQb h, GUv wQj AvivKvb eì `xN
cwZxZ cwZvi cwZ mvb `Lvbvi mgq| wK bx DBb (Ne Win) Gi
mbv Af~vb Zvì G `vex evevqbi cwqvK Aviv wKQz mgq wejw^Z
KiwQj| evgvi ^vaxbZvi cvKKvj AvivKvbi Rb ^Z iv ARb
AvivKvb e bZvì Abxnv m`nvZxZ fve cgvwYZ nq AvivKvb iv
Abygv`b msv msm`xq weZK| G welq wbg AvjvKcvZ Kiv njv|
22 deqvix, 1956 mvj ivgix msm`xq Avmbi cwZwbwa BD ev wgqvs (U

Ba Myain) KZK
msm` `vwLj KZ AvivKvb iv Abygv`b msv
msweavb mskvab weji Reve miKvii gx ev wLb gvDs MBj (Bo
Khin Maung Gale) ejQb 1947 mvj ewMIK As mvb Gi gZzi c~e
wZwb ivLvBb wefvMi ivLvBb RvwZi welq mK weePbv KiwQjb| wZwb
ivLvBb bZe`K ejwQjb, Zviv wbRivB G welq wmv wbZ cvi h,
Zviv kvb Ges LvwPbi bvq ^Z iv MnY Kie bv wK enr evgvi Aaxb
_vKe| mB mgqKvi ivLvBb bZe` gvBIwQj wKqvI BD (Myochit Kyaw
U) Ges BD wcwbqv (U Pinnya) gb KiZb m ivLvBbì Rb GKUv c_K
iv _vKvi cqvRb bB| ZvB Zviv AvivKvbK GKwU wefvM (Division)
Ki ivLvi evcvi memwZ w`qwQjb| Avi G mwZ w`qwQj m mgq
hLb msweavb Lmov nwQj|
126
iv-Uv-bvqv (ivLvBb RvZxq hy msMVb) m`m BD njv Uzb c (U Hla Tun

Pru) 19 deqvix, 1958 mvj AvivKvb iv Abygv`bi Rb msweavb
mskvabx wej ck Kivi mgq msm`K ej wQjb h evwMIK As mvs
(Bogyoke Aung San) AvivKvbi Rb ^Z iv Abygv`b w`Z mZ
nqQb| Zvi G ee cvbvwRqvb GjvKvi msm` m`m BD c w_b (U Paw
Thin) KZK
mgw_Z nqwQj| wZwb `vex Kijb h, evwMIK As mvb
AvwKqvei GKwU Mvg wKqU wLb Uvb G AbywZ GKwU wgwUs G ejwQjb
h, GKwU ^Z iv jvf Kivi Rb AvivKvbxì megvU PviwU ewk
wQj| AvivKvb miKvii wbKU GKwU ^Z iv Abygv`bi Rb BD njv Uzb
(U Hla Tun) KZK msweavbi cvweZ mskvabxi Reve gx BD ev m (U
Ba Saw) msm`K ejwQjb h hLb wZwb KjKvZvq Rvcvb wecei
welqjv wbq KvR KiwQjb ZLb wZwb BD _Bb c gvBU (U Thein Pe
Myent) Gi mv_ `Lv Ki AvivKvb Aji fwelr wbq AvjvPbv
KiwQjb| wZwb Zvi mv_ Avjvc KiwQjb h AvivKvbi Rb GKwU
^vqZkvwmZ wbR^ miKvi MnY Kiv wK m Aji jvKRbi Rb
memvKyj KjvYKi ne| Gi Reve BD _Bb c gvBU (U Thein Pe
Myent) ejjb h, AvivKvb wefvRbi ci _KB AvivKvbx RbMY
HwZnvwmKfve Ges fMvwjK fve GKwU Avjv`v ^v wnme cwiMwYZ
nQ &Ges GKwU wbRì miKvi `vex Kiv Zvì ea AwaKvi| hvB nvK,
i _KB ivLvBb RbMY Ges egxq RbMY GZvUvB AvwiKZv mnKvi
KvR KiwQj h Zviv myL `ytL evgvi cwZ `vqe wQj| G AwaKvi fvM
Kivi gvag ivLvBbiv ekx DcKZ nZ cvie bv Ges eZgvb mnhvwMZv
AevnZ ivLvi dj Zvì ^vfvweK mdjZvI evnZ ne| BD ev m (U Ba
Saw) Zvi AvjvPbv Pvwjq Mjb G ej h, 1946-1947 mvj evgvi
^vaxbZvi c~e hLb msweavb Lmov Kiv nwQj ZLb wZwb iv-Zv-bvqvi
(Ra-Ta-Nya) mfvcwZ Ges Ggwc BD ev gvBqvs (U Ba Myaing) Gi mv_
mvvZ Kib| Zvi mv_ AvjvPbv KiwQjb h AvivKvb wefvMi AMMwZ
I mdjZvi Rb wKfve msweavb iPbv Kiv hvq| Gi Reve BD ev gvBs (U
Ba Myaing) BD _Bb c gvBU Gi bvq GKB Di w`jb| BD ev m Zvi
127
AvjvPbv Pvwjq Mjb h, 1946-1947 mvj ivLvBb G Gd wc Gd Gj

(AFPFL) m`m Ges ivyb G emevmiZ ivLvBb eywRxexì ga GKwU
mfv AbywZ nqwQj| G mfvq G AvjvPbv nqwQj h kvb, KvwPb Ges
Kvib Aj mg~ni RbMY GKwU ^Z ivi Rb `vwe RvbvwQj|
Avgvì ivLvBbì Rb eZgvb Aevq _vKvB KjvYKi ne, bv wK
^vqZkvwmZ miKvii Rb `vex KivB KjvYKi ne? Gi Reve ZrKvjxb
Ggwc, BD KqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min) ejb, GUv Kiv nj AvivKvbi wbR^
Kvb dv _vKe bv| hw` Avw_K Kvb dv bv _vK Zvnj mLvb wKQzB
Kiv hve bv| DcivjwLZ msm`xq weZK _K Avgiv mnRB G hewbKv
UvbZ cvwi h, Kb AvivKvb GKwU ^Z iv ev (State) ARb KiZ
cvij bv|
hvB nvK, evgvi ^vaxbZvi ci hnZz ivLvBbì Aevi w`b w`b DbZ
nwQj ZLb Zviv AvivKvbi Rb GKwU ^Z ivi `vex Kij| AvivKvb
iv ARbi Rb hLb msmì evBi Av`vjb i njv ZLb Di
AvivKvbi gymjgvb Gg.wciv AvivKvb GKwU ^Z iv Abygv`bi welq
gZ cv_K Rwoq coj|
beg Aavq
^vaxbZv cvieZx evgvi Aaxb AvivKvb
evgvq ^vaxbZv Avmvi dj AvivKvbx RbMYi ga wgk cwZwqv mw
nqwQj| gymjgvb weivax gM eiv Lywk nqwQj| Zviv fvej h Zvì
Nvi k gymjgvbì mv_ gjvgkvi Zviv Dg Aevb iqQ|
Zviv wPv Kij h, hv Zviv wewUk Avgj KiZ cvi wb GLb Zviv Zv
Aeva Pvwjq hZ cvie| Zviv G eevì weRq Dj-vm ej weePbv
KiZ| hvB nvK, Zvì gaKvi GKwU QvU `j, `ytL Abyfe Kij| Kbbv
AvivKvbi ivRv Ges cRv meviB GKwU ^vaxb AvivKvbi `xNw`bi ^c
128
AvMi Pq Aviv civnZ njv ej AbyfZ

~ nQ| Zviv Dcjw KiZ
cvij h, Zviv GLb GKwU bZzb wK Mvcb Kjvbxi Aaxb Pj Mj|
gyRvwn` we`vn
^vaxbZvi wYK ciB dvwmev`x weivax RbMYi ^vaxbZv msN
(AFPFL) kvwmZ miKvi eev GKwU weivU msLK gymjgvb KgKZv
KgPvixK PvKixPzZ Ki Ges Zvì vb AvivKvbx eìK wbqvM
`q, hviv geagvb nvi gymjgvb mc`vqi wei elg mw Ki
ZvìK gbvK w`Z jvMj| Zviv Zvì eoìK Dcnvm KiZv Ges
Zvì mv_ îvPvix AvPiY KiZv| wK ivwnvì wei fyj
mskvabi Rb KZc
Av` Kvb c`c MnY Kiwb| BwgMkb
(Awfevmb) KZc gvDs`vI, (Maungdow) eyw_WvDs (Buthidaung) Ges
iv_WvDs (Rathedaung) Aj nZ AvwKqve ch gymjgvbì ZrciZvi
Dci mxgveZv Avivc Ki| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb kiYv_x hviv 1942
mvj fviZ cjvqb KiZ eva nqwQj Zviv mLvb wdi hvevi AbygwZ
cj bv| Zvì ab-mw evRqv Kiv njv|
1942 mvji nZvh AvnZiv ZLbI my nq IV wb, hLb egxq

gymjgvbMY wegvZv myjf AvPiY AwZ nq egxq KZK
1947 mvj
wefvwRZ nqwQj| D KovB _K Avb wbc Kivi gZ Aviv bZzb
kvw Ges bksmZv gymjgvbì Dci Avivc Kiv nqwQj| gymjgvbiv
Gfve Aviv msLvjNy nwQj| GLb Zvì AwZ Ges wUK _vKv gnv
wecì ga| RbK gvnv` Rvdi whwb KvIqvj Rvdi wnme evcK
cwiwPZ Ges whwb wQjb Rvcvbx cwkYcv GKRb ivwnv, wZwb RbMYK
msMwVZ KiZ i Kijb| wZwb fviZ-Dcgnv`kxq Kwe Avjvgv
BKevji MxwZ KweZv Mq Mq gymjgvb RbmvaviYi PZbvK DxweZ
129
Kib Ges wZwb Zvì wekvm, mvb Ges gvnvZK ivi Rb Zvì Rxeb
I ab-m` DrmM KiZ Avnvb Kib| gymjgvbiv mevZKfve Zvi G
Avnevb mvov `q| Rvdi gymjgvbìK Af
~ KiZ I cwkY w`Z
i Kijb| wK 1949 mvj ch gyRvwn`ì I miKvix evwnbxi ga
DjLhvM Zgb Kvb msNl nqwb|
1949 mvj evgvi bZzb ckvmb vbxq Awaevmxì mg^q GKwU mxgveZx
wbivcv evwnbx MVb Ki, hv evgv AvwjK evwnbx (BTF) bvg cwiwPZ|
AvivKvb wewUGd (BTF) Gi beB fvM MwVZ nqwQj AvivKvb eì
wbq, wekl Ki hviv gymjgvbì wPi `ykgb wQj| AvwKqve Rjv ckvmK
wKqvI BD (Kyaw U) Gi wb`kbvq wewUGd (BTF) mgM Di AvivKvb
GKwU mvmx ivR cwZ&v Ki| gwkb Mvbi wjZ gymjgvb bi-bvix
wkiv evcK cwigvY nZvnZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi eywRxex, Mvg cavb Ges
IjvgvK KzKzi-Bu`yii gZ nZv Kiv nq| cvq mKj gymjgvb MvgKB gvwUi
mv_ wgwkq `qv nq| wewUGd bksmZv cvk nvRviiI ekx kiYv_xK
ZrKvjxb c~e cvwKvb Awfevmb wbZ eva Ki|
gymjgvbì `vexmg~n wQj AwePvijv mskvab Kiv| AvBb Abymvi

ZvìK egxq bvMwiK wnme emevm Kivi AbygwZ `qv Ges îvPvix
Ges Ryjygkvnxi Aaxb ZvìK civaxb bv Kiv| Zvì G `vexjv
gyRvwn` we`vnK evavM Kiwb eis Aviv `Z MwZkxjZv I cmviZv
cqwQj| K`xq miKvi G we`vn `gb Kivi Rb e nq cojv, hv
evgvi Abvb vb cv`yfve nqwQj Ges GUvK evgvq wbqvwRZ Kiv Ame
nqwQj|
130
hvB nvK miKvi ZLb we`vnxì mv_ mgSvZv-Avjvc KiZ ek wKQz

c`c MnY Kij| miKvii GKwU cwZwbwa `j Zvì KvQ Gjv, Zvì
`vex-`vIqvi K_v bjv wK G AvjvPbv cwikl Kvb djvdj eq wbq
Gjv bv| 1949 mvji Ryb gvm BDwbqb wgwjUvix cywjki 26Zg
evUvwjqvb AvivKvb NuvwU vcb Ki we`vn NvlYv Kij Ges Zviv
KwgDwb I wcwfIì mv_ Ki wbq wKqvK wcD (Kyaukpyu) mv`vq
(Sandoway) Ges Gì Rjv mìjvi cZb wbq Avm| Gfve Kej
AvwKqve eì miKvix wbqY nvm cqwQj| Abw`K gyRvwnìv mg
Di AvivKvbi AwaKvi wbqwQj| Ges AvivKvb e we`vnxì Aci
`jjv Abvb RjvjvZ Zvì wbqY wbqwQj|
1951 mvj _K 1954 mvj ch miKvwi evwnbxjv gyRvwn`ì wei

evrmwiKfve wekvj AvwK AbK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv KiwQj| kni Ges
cywjk duvwo hjv gyRvwn`ì wbqY wQj, mjv Avevi miKvwi
evwnbxì viv cybivi nqwQj| G AwfhvbjvZ AbK msLK
emvgwiK jvKK îZvwKfve AvUK Kiv nqwQj, Zvì Dci wbhvZb
Pvjvbv nqwQj Ges ZvìK nZv Kiv nqwQj| we`vnxì Avvbv
m`n AbK evox-Ni, Rvwjq `qv nqQ| bZZi cwieZbi dj Ges
`jMZ hyi KviY gyRvwnìv wKQz mgqi Rb m GjvKvi KvhKi wbqY
nvivjv| 1951 mvji w`K gyRvwn`-B-Avhg Rvdi KvIqvj ivRbwZK
cwZwnsmvi ekeZx nq wbggfve wbnZ nb Ges cieZxZ Rbve Avevm
bvgK GK ew gZv `Lj Kib| Rvdi KvIqvji Aaxb KgiZ GKRb
iZc~Y jdUbU KYj iwk` ei nq Avmb Ges eyw_WvDs Gi `wYc~e wdDBgvjx GjvKvq Zvi `j cwZv Kib| Aci GKRb `y`v Kgvvi
Kvwkg whwb cieZxZ Kvwkg ivRv bvg evcK cwiwPwZ jvf Kib wZwb
wbRK NvlYv `b| mLvb miKvwi evwnbx Ges gyRvwn`ì wewfb `ji
ga msNl PjwQj| 1954 mvji ci Kvwkg miKvii Rb GKwU iZi
fxwZi KviY nq `vuovq| Ges gvIs`vI, eyw_WvDs Ges ivLWvDs Gi
AwaKvsk GjvKvq gyRvwnìv Zvì cvavb cybtwevi KiwQj| mgqi ga
131
gyRvwn`ì mvaviY gymjgvb RbZv _K c_K Kivi Rb miKvi GKwU

kwkvjx ivRbwZK c`c MnY Kib| 25 mî, 1954 mvj, mv
8.00 Uvq evgvi ZrKvjxb cavbgx BD by (U Nu) Zvi iwWI fvlY
ivwnvK GKwU Avw` bZvwK mc`vq wnme NvlYv `b| z` cwimi
ivwnvì gwjK AwaKvijvi cybtcwZwZ nqwQj| miKvi gymjgvb
bZe` Ges msm` m`mì eySvZ Pv Kijb h we`vn hvIqvUv wQj
GKUv e_v cPv hnZz ivwnvì AwaKvi BwZgaB cybtcwZwZ
nqQ| gyRvwn`ì ga `jxq hy e_ nq ivRbxwZweìv miKvii Dci
hy Kvb weRq `LZ e_ njb| Ges gymjgvbì ivRbwZK KvgKv
DbwZ `LZ cjb dj Zviv RbMYK miKvii cvej^b KiZ Dy
Kijb| AfixY hy wQb-wfb gyRvwn`ì c Rb mwZ jvf Kiv
KwVb nq coj| RbMYi cwZ wekvm nvwiq Zviv wewfb aibi AcKg
Ges wbRì jvKì Dci AwePvi Kij| gyRvwn`ì evovevwo _K
wbRì iv Kivi Rb AbK Mvgevmx kni vbvwiZ njv|
G aibi myhvM MnY Ki 1954 mvji bfî _K miKvi gyRvwn`ì

bxwZgvjvi wei Acvikb gbmyb (Operation Monsoon) bvgi GKwU
weZ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki| gyRvwn`ì iZc~Y K`jv `Lj nq
hvq Ges Zvì KwZcq bZv wbnZ nq| Kvwkg ZLb c~e cvwKvb cvwjq
Mj| gyRvwn` Afyvbi gi` f Mj| Zvì `jxq KvVvgvZ
wewQbZv NUvi dj cieZxZ gyRvwn` Av`vjb Aveviv `yej nq coj|
wK GUv `xNvqx njv| miKvi evwgR Avwgiv hvìK gyRvwn`ì wei
eenvi KiZv, mB mKj gymjgvbì mnvqZvq vbxq gymjgvbì mg^q
GKwU ^Qvmex evwnbx MVb Kib| gyRvwn`ìK Aveviv wewQb Kivi
Dk cavbgx BD by Ges cwZiv gx BD ev my (U Ba Swe) 1959
mvj eyw_WvDs Ges gvDsWvI kni mdi Kib| Zviv mB knijvZ eo
eo ivRbwZK Rbmfv Kib, mLvb Zviv kvb, KvwPb Ges Kvib
mc`vqi gZ ivwnv mc`vqK evgvi GKwU Avw` bZvwK Mvw wnme
DjL Kib| Zviv ZvìK evgvi bvMwiKì mgvb AwaKvi c`vbiI
132
cwZv Kib| BZvga gyRvwn` `jjvi ga Aveviv wefvRb NUjv|

hnZz Di AvivKvb vbxq ^vqkvmb mnKvi GKwU gymjgvb RvZxq
GjvKv (Muslim National Area) cwZvq miKvii cvei wei wfb
AwfgZ DwZ njv| P~ovfve gyRvwnìv Zvì A mgcY KiZ wmv
wbjv Ges 1961 mvj kl nIqvi c~eB AwaKvsk gyRvwn` miKvii KvQ
AvZmgcY Kijv|
msm`xq MYZKvjxb AvivKvbxì ivRbwZK KgKv (19481962 Lx)

AvMB DjL Kiv nqQ KbwUyqU Gvm^jx (Gwm) Gi Rb gvDs`vD
Ges evw_WvDs Gi `ywU GjvKv ev` mgM AvivKvb Ryo mvaviY wbevPb
AbywZ nq| G wbevPb gymjgvb fvUvi wQj- mgM RbmsLvi 98 fvM|
hvBnvK, ^vaxbZvi ci mLvb wbevPb AbywZ njv Ges Rbve myjZvb
Avng` I Rbve Avyj Mvd&dvi G `yB wbevPbx GjvKv _K msm` m`m
wbevwPZ njb| G. wm. wbevPb _K i Ki 1960 mvji mbv Af~vb
ch Dfq msmì Rb wZbwU mvaviY wbevPb AbywZ nq h_vg 1951,
1956 Ges 1960 mvj| 1951 mvji mvaviY wbevPb gymjgvbiv 5wU
Avmb weRqx nq| Gi ga 3wU Avmb wbg nvDR Ges 1wU Avmb DP
nvDR wQj| G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. weRqx nq 3wU Avmb Ges evKx
Avmbjv `Lj Ki bq iv-Uv-bvqv ev ivLvBb RvZxq hy msN|
gymjgvbì wbR^ Kvb ivRbwZK `j wQj bv| Zviv Kvb Kvb mgq ^Z
wnme ùvwoq Avevi KLbv ev G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. Gi mv_ mg_K `j
wnme wbevPb Ask bq| 1956 mvji mvaviY wbevPb Di AvivKvbi
5wU AvmbB cybivi Ki gymjgvbiv| iv-Uv-bvqv mvweK Avmbi gv GK
ZZxqvsk Avmb weRqx nq Ges evKx Avmbjv `Lj Ki bq G. Gd. wc.
Gd. Gj.| 1956 mvji msm` wbevPb h mKj gymjgvb Ggwc wnme
133
wbevwPZ nqwQjb Zvivy njb- Rbve myjZvb Avng`, Rbve Aveyj Lvqi,
Rbve BRnvi wgqv, Rbve Aveyj evkvi Ges Rbve Avyj Mvd&dvi| iv-Uvbvqvi wbevwPZ weLvZ m`miv njb, BD wKqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min), BD
gvDs wKqvI Rvb (U Maung Kyawa Zan), BD njv Zzb c (U Hla Tun Pru),
BD mvb Zzb w_b (U San Tun Khaine), BD ev mBb (U Ba Sein), BD
As wKqvI LvBb (U Aung Kyaw Khine), BD c _Bb (U Paw Thein) cgLy |
1957 mvj eyw_WvDs Di wbevPbx GjvKvi Rb GKwU DcwbevPb AbywZ
nq, hnZz Rbve BRnvi wgqvi wbevPb evwZj Ki Zvi wei ivq c`vb
Kiv nq| mveK msm`xq mUvix Rbve myjZvb gvngy` wewUk-fviZ AvBb
mfvq m`m wnme wbevwPZ nb Ges wZwb BD by (U Nu) gx cwilì
^vgx wnme `vwqZfvi MnY Kib|
cvjvgUi ivLvBb (e) m`miv Zvì wbRì ga ^vaxb AvivKvbx

mskvaxq `j (IAPG) bvgi GKwU msMVb Kvqg Kijv| Zviv AvivKvbi
Rb GKwU ^Z iv Abygv`bi Rb cvjvgU `vex ck Ki| cv_wgK
chvq Zviv ekx gbvhvMx wQj bv| wewfb GjvKvq ^Z iv Abygv`bi
welq cixv-wbixv Kivi Rb 1947 mvj ixR DBwjqvgm& Kwgkb vwcZ
nqwQj| BZvc~e AvivKvbi ivZ Abygv`bi ck `yi ivLv nqwQj|
Aviv wZbwU AvwjK kvqZkvwmZ Kwgkb AvivKvb ^Z iv Abygv`bi
welq cixv-wbixv KiwQj | m wZbwU Kwgkb njv 1948 mvj MwVZ
gw BD bvBI (U Nyo) Gi bZZ AvwjK ^vqZkvmb Kwgkb, 1948
mvji Avei MwVZ mvi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb Ges 1950 mvj
MwVZ KjBm Kwgkb|
gw BD bvBI Zzb (U Nyo Tun) Gi bZZ MwVZ AvwjK ^vqZkvmb
Kwgkbi Aci wZb m`m njb GvKvDUvU Rbvij BD wKqvI wgb ( U
Kyaw Min) BD wZb (U Tin) Ges BD Zwb dZ (U Tin Phet)| AvwjK
^vqZkvmbi Rb Z_ Abymvb Kivi cwieZ D Kwgkb AvivKvbi Rb
134
wbgv ZvrwYK c`cjvi civgk w`q miKvii wbKU GKwU gaeZx

wicvU ck Kij|
1. Aea Awfevmb KvhKi fve `gb Kivi Rb AvwKqve cvwKvbx

KbmyjU ì Ges cwg cvwKvb evwgR KbmyjU ì
Lvjv|
2. Aviv AwaK KvhKvifve we`vn `gb Kiv|
3. AvivKvb cwiwwZi Rb DchvMx KgKZv wbqvM `qv|
4. miKvwi `ybxwZ civqb KgKZvì wei KvhKix c`c MnY
Kiv|
5. AvUKZKì cvewjK j G AWvi Gi 5 Gi AbyQì AvIZvq
Gb cybt cixv-wbixv Kiv Ges hviv gyw cvIqvi hvM
ZvìK Qo `qv |
6. ZrKvjxb cavb wePvicwZ mvi ev I (Sir Ba Oo)i mfvcwZZ
1948 mvji Avei gvm cavbgx BD by (U Nu) KZK mvi ev I
Kwgkb MwVZ nq| G Kwgkbi Aaxb wZbwU Dc-KwgwU MwVZ
nqwQj| Gjvi KvR wQj h_vg Kvib, gvb Ges AvivKvbi
RvZxq welqvw` wbq Z`viKx Kiv|
cZK Dc-KwgwU MwVZ nqwQj GKRb ivxq cwZwbwa, wZbRb cwZwbwa

Ges PviRb mswk- GjvKvi cwZwbwa wbq| Pvi m`m wewk AvivKvbi
RvZxq cwZwbwaiv njv BD wKqvI Bb (U Kyaw Yin), BD mvb Zzb As (U
San Tun Aung), BD _v Zzb (U Tha Tun) Ges Rbve myjZvb Avng`|
135
Zviv 1948 mvji 29 k Avei Zvì wbR^ gZvgZ ck KiwQjb hv

wbg Dcvcb Kiv njv|
1. AvivKvb welqK GKRb gw wbqvM `qv Ges GUvK msweavbi
AvBb wnme Afy Kiv|
2. AvivKvb welqK gxK mnvqZv Kivi Rb GKwU AvivKvb welqK
KvDwj MVb Kiv Ges GUvK msweavb AvBb wnme Af
y
Kiv|
3. msweavbi 12 AbyQ` Abyhvqx, AvivKvb RbMYi BQvbymvi
AvivKvbx welqK gYvjq I AvivKvb welqK KvDwj KZK
AvivKvb GjvKvi hveZqx KgKv mv`b KiZ cqvRbxq weavb

I AvBb Kvbyb Zwi Kiv|
4. cuvP eQi ci G Kg cwiKbvi djvdji Dci wbfi Ki
AvivKvbx RbMYi BQvbyhvqx GUv cybivq cixv-bxixv Ges
mskvab Kiv ne| A_ev GUv cyivcywi evwZj KiZ ne|
D KwgwUi AvivKvbx (ivLvBb) cwZwbwa BD k bvI (U Shwe Baw) wbgv

cvejv ck Kib|
1. AvivKvbi cvKwZK m`jvK KvR jvMvbv Ges wk
KviLvbvi Dbqb NUvbv|
2. AvivKvbi Rbc_, jc_ Ges ijc_i Dbqb NUvbv|
3. DP wkv I KvwiMix wkvmn AvivKvbi gvbmZ wkveevi
Aviv DbwZ mvab Kiv|
4. ^v I wPwKrmv eevi DbwZ Kiv |
136
5. Kwl Ges evwYR cwZvbi Dbqb Kiv |

6. evgvi Di cwg mxgv h Kvb mgmv mgvavbi j Ges
AvBb kLjv cwiwwZ wVK ivLZ GK A_ev `y evUvwjqvb ivLvBb
AvwgK vqx mb evwnbxZ gvZvqb `qv|
7. evgvs U (PMvg cvnvox GjvKv) Ges AvIqv wKDb (myìeb)
GjvKvq emevmiZ ivLvBb RvwZK cybevmbi Rb cqvRbxq
gZv c`vb Kiv|
8. AvBb cYqb I ivR^ Av`vqi gZv c`vb Kiv|
9. AvivKvb wefvMi cZKwU welq ^vqZ kvmb Abygv`b Kiv|
KwgwUi egxq m`miv Avjv`v ivi aviYvK cZvLvb Kij| wK Zviv
mycvik Kijb h, ^vqZkvmbmn AvivKvbK evgvi Aaxb GKwU wefvM
evbvbv DwPZ| AvivKvb welqK gw wbqvM `qvi cwieZ ay RvZxq
cvjvgU Avwg MVbi gZv `qv Ges m aibi AvivKvb wefvMxq
KvDwj MVb Kiv DwPZ hv ne Aviv ekx KvhKi|
Zì Pvi eQi ci 1952 mvj mvi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb hwÌ
Kvib Ges gb wicvU ck KiZ cviZv ZeyI Zvì Rvbv gZ iZc~Y
KviYi RbB AvivKvb welqK wicvU ck Kiv nqwb|
1950 mvji 26 k RyjvB AvivKvb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi wg. Kjxi

mfvcwZZ Kjx (Kelly) Kwgkb MwVZ nqwQj g~jZ AvivKvb ^Z iv
Abygv`bi mveZv Abymvb Kivi Rb| G welq Abymvb Ges Z`
Kiv njv| wK Kjx Kwgkbi wicvU miKvixfve NvlYv Kiv njv bv|
137
myZivs AvivKvb iv Abygv`bi welq P~ov wmv Avmvi cwieZ `xN

m~wZvq wbcwZZ njv|
cyiv msm`xq gqv` aiB Uv-bvqv (Ta-Naya) m`miv ivwnvì wei

kfvevcb AvPiY KiQ| Zviv ivwnvìK KvjvP (Kalas) PvUMvBqv
ej Acev` w`Zv Ges Zviv ivwnvìK Zvì mgK ej ^xKwZ w`Z
bv| Zviv me`v ivwnvì fveg~wZ weKZ KiZ Pv KiZv| GgbwK Zviv
gymjgvb Ggwc ìK Awfhy KiZv| Zviv wbevPb weRqx nIqvi Rb G
Gd wc Gd Gj Gi gb Abygv`b wbq evcK msLK PMvgevmxK Aea
fve AvivKvb cvVvbvi cwiKbv KiwQj| Zviv ivwnvìK bvMwiKZ
`qvi evcvi weic gbvfve cvlY KiZv| Zviv e wfzìK gyRvwn`
Af~vbi wei Abkb agNU cvjb KiZ civwPZ KiZv| Ges GKwU
wn`y ag wfwK iv cwZvi Rb Zviv gymjgvb Ggwcì wei Pvc cqvM
KiZv| ivwnvì cwZ iv-Uv-bvqv m`mì Gic welc~Y gbvfvei
KviYB egxq ivRbxwZweìv gymjgvb Ggwcì _K Zvì mvnvh
mnhvwMZv `~i mwiq wbjv| 1958 mvj Gd wc Gd Gj hLb `ywU Mc
wef nq coj, ZLb AvivKvb iv ARbi mvebv AbKUv Dj nq
DVjv| cavbgx BD by (U Nu) NvlYv Kijv h hw` 1960 mvji mvaviY
wbevPb weRqx nZ cvi Zvnj m AvivKvbivK Abygv`b wè| G Gd
wc Gd Gj Gi Dfq McB Zvì ^ ^ w`K AvB G wc wR (IAPG) ì
mg_b jvfi Pv Kij| wK iv-Uv-bvqv (Ra-Ta-Naya) BD by Gi Iqv`v
cvIqvi ci ZvKB mg_b `qvi wmv wbjv| AvivKvb iv Abygv`bi
welqwU AwaKvsk gymjgvbB Lye iZ mnKvi wbqwQj, hnZz Zviv AvksKv
eva KiZv h gNiv hw` AvivKvbi gZvq Avm Zvnj Zviv 1942
mvji bvq AviKwU fxwZKi cwiwwZ Zwi Kie| GiB mg_b Di
AvivKvbi gymjgvbiv Zvì Rb GKwU ^vqZkvwmZ ivi `vex Rvbvjv|
h GjvKvwU ne gN KgKZv ev Zvì cfvewenxb ivyb K`xq miKvi
KZK
mivmwi wbqwZ| Zvì bybZg `vex wQj K`xq miKvi kvwmZ
GKwU ^Z Rjv Zwi Kiv| gymjgvb GgwcivI cvjvgU Ges MYgvag
138
GKB `vex Dcvcb KiwQj| gymjgvb ghv`vi mv_ mwZ iL AbK

ivwnv mvgvwRK mvswZK msMVb w I DRbvKi KgKv Pvjy
KiwQj|
wbevPb weRqx nIqvi ci BD by AvivKvb welqK mKj mgmvi Z` Kivi

Rb GKRb Z` Kwgkb wbqvM w`qwQjb| ivwnv RvwgqvZzj Djvgv G
Z` Kwgkbi wbKU AvivKvbi gymjgvbì Aevi Dci GKwU my`xN I
myweZ viKwjwc ck KiwQj| Zviv GKwU Avjv`v Rjv cwZvi Rb
`vex RvwbqwQj hvi GKwU wbR^ Rjv cwil` Ges vbxq ^vqZkvmb
_vKe| mgSvZv mgvavb îc viKwjwci jLKMY G kZ mZ njv
h RjvUv ne AvivKvb ivRiB GKwU Ask| hvBnvK Zviv cxovcxwo
KiwQj h Rjvi mswk welq I Zvi mgmvejx Ges KgKZv-KgPvix
wbqvMi iv cavbK mwVK civgk wèb mswk KvDwj|
ivwnv hye msMVb 1961 mvji 31 RyjvB AbywZ GKwU wgwUs Gi wmv
miKvii cwZ Avnevb RvwbqwQjb AvivKvb ^vqZ kvwmZ ivi Abygv`b
bv `qvi Rb| KviY 1942 mvji `vvi ci _K gymjgvb I eì
ga mvc`vwqK Amvl GLbI weivR KiQ| evowZ mZKZv mnKvi
ivwnv Qv mOMVbI Abyic wmv wbqwQj| Zviv mZK KiwQj h mKj
cwZev` mI hw` iv cwZvi ecvi wmv nq Zvnj GUvi Rb
AvivKvbi wefvRb cqvRb ne Ges gymjgvbì Rb Avjv`v ^vqZkvmb
wbw ne|
cvjvgUi gymjgvb m`miv GKB fve miKvii KvQ Ges Z` KwgwUi

KvQ Ave`b Kijv Af
y bv Kivi Rb| G aibi iv Zwii evcvi
Zvì Kvb Avcw bB| wK aygv eyw_WvDs gvDs`vI Ges iv_WvDs
139
Rjvi Ask eZxZ hLvb gymjgvbiv wQj msLvMwi| ivwnvì AwZ

wbwZ Kivi RbB G RjvjvK AekB GKwU c_K BDwbU wnme MVb
KiZ ne| AvivKvbxì Dci Pvc cqvM Ki GKK iv MVb Kiv meZ
ivwUK Aveviv bZzb icvZi w`K avweZ Kie|
wK AvivKvb gymjgvbì msMVb (G Gg I)I AvivKvb ^Z iv

Abygv`bi welq wfb gZ cvlY Kib| Z` KwgwUi wbKU ck KZ
GKwU viK wjwcZ G Gg Ii mfvcwZ myjZvb gvngy` Ggwc wevwiZ
DjL Kib h, Zviv Kej gv `ywU kZ AvivKvb ivK mg_b wè| hw`
AviKvbx eiv Zvì `vexjvK mg_b `q hw` ivi msweavb hw`
gymjgvbì agxq mvswZK A_bwZK, ivRbwZK, ckvmwbK Ges wkvMZ
wbqZv Af
y Ki| bZzb AvivKvb ivi cavbMY chvqg `vwqZ cvjb
Kie| iv cavb gymjgvb nj U KvDwji wKvi ne GKRb
Agymjgvb Ges Zvi mnKvix ne AviK Rb gymjgvb| Gfve
avivevwnKfve chvqg AbymiY Kiv ne| GKB aibi eevcbv KvhKi
ne wewfb aibi wbqvM, KwgwU Ges msMVbi ejvZI| GK-ZZxqvski
Kg ivi gx gymjgvb ne bv| gymjgvbì Rb KvhKi Kvb AvBbB cvk
ne bv hw` bv Ges hZY bv KvDwji msLvMwi gymjgvbiv GUvi Rb
fvU wè| gymjgvb GjvKvq PvKzixi wbqvMi iv cavb Zvi
gwmfvi gymjgvb m`mì civgk AbyhvqxB KvR Kie| mKj miKvwi
c`, cvewjK mvwfm, cimfvi c` Ges Abvb mKj c`jvZ wbqvMi
ejvq gymjgvbiv Zvì RbmsLvi kZKiv nvi Abyhvqx GKwU wekl
Aski myweav fvM Kie| gymjgvbì Rb eivKZ cvjvZ wbqvM
cvIqvi Rb gymjgvb cwZhvMxiv wbRì gaB cwZwZv Kie| miKvi
Lye gbvhvM mnKvi gymjgvbì wkvMZ I A_bwZK cqvRbjv cyiY
Kie| Kvb wkv_xKB Zvi ^xq ag eZxZ Ab agi Kvm Ask MnY
KiZ eva Kiv ne bv| cZK agxq MvxB mKj wkv cwZvb Zvì
^ ^ ag Abykxjb Kivi AbygwZ cve| cZK Ges h Kvb agxq Mvx
140
PvBj Zvi wbR^ agxq cwZvb vcb Kivi AbygwZ cve Ze Zv miKvi
KZK
Abygv`b Kwiq wbZ ne|
gymjgvbiv Zvì wbR^ wekl ivwnv fvlv Ges msw Z Dbqb Kivi
evcvi Ges Zvì ag mcmviY KiZ m~Y ^vaxb ne| gymjgvbì
welqjvi Rb GKRb wekl KgKZv wbqvM Kiv ne hvi KvR ne
gymjgvbì AwfhvM Ges mgmvjv Z` Kiv Ges mjvi welq iv
cavbi KvQ wicvU Kiv| AvivKvb iv cwZvi cieZx 10 eQii Rb
iv nZ mi wMq cZK Rjvq- wekl Ki Di AvivKvbi Rjvjvq
AwaKvimg~n wMZ Ki ivLv ne Ges ivyb K`xq miKvii mivmwi
wePvi eevq cwiewZZ ne|
`xN w`b ci miKvi gvDs`vI, eyw_WvDs c`k Ges iv_WvDs c`ki

cwgvsk GKwU wekl gvq~ mxgveZx ckvmb (MFA) cwZv Kivi NvlYv
w`jb| hUv mivmwi K`xq miKvii wbqY cwiPvwjZ ne| mbv
KgKZvMY KZK
kvwmZ nIqvi Rb GUvi ^vqZ kvmb wQj bv| hw` GUv
AvivKvbi wePvi eevi Aaxb bv nZv Zvnj bZzb G eevcbv ivwnv
bZeì mg_b jvf KiZ mg nZv| G ckvmbi cKZ evevqb Ges
KvhKvwiZv i nq 31 gvP, 1961 mvj _K| vbxq gymjgvbì A
fyw Z GKwU wekl cywjk evwnbx- hv gvq~ Bq (Mayu Ye) bvg cwiwPZMo IV Ges AvBb kLjv cwiwwZi DbwZ nZ i Ki| 1962 mvji
iZB miKvi AvivKvb iv cwZvi Rb GKUv Lmov AvBb cZ
Ki|
gymjgvbì `vexi mv_ mwZ iL gvq~ Rjv ev` ivL| mbv wece
msNwUZ nq 1962 mvj| bZzb G miKvi AvivKvb iv cwZvi cwiKbv
evwZj Kib| wK gvq~ Rjv ZLbI wekl kvmbvaxb _K hvq, hv 1964
mvji 1jv deqvix îv welqK gYvjqi Aaxb cwZv Kiv nqwQj|
141
142
`kg Aavq
mbv kvmbi Aaxb AvivKvb
AvivKvb mbv Af~vbi cfve
2iv gvP, 1962 mvj, ZrKvjxb evgxR mbv cavb Rbvij wb DBb (Ne
Win) GKwU icvZnxb mbv Af~vbi gvag gZv `Lj Kib| wZwb
msweavb wejy Kib Ges msm`xq eev f `b| ivi mKj gZvAvBb, wePvi Ges wbevnx- ^qswqfve Zvi bZZ MwVZ wec-ex KvDwj
(RC) Gi wbqbvaxb Pj hvq| Avi. wm bZzb GKwU ivRbwZK `ji
NvlYv `q hv evgv mvmvwj cvMvg cvwU ev (BSPP) bvg cwiwPZ|
GQvov Abvb mKj ivRbwZK `jjvK wbwl NvlYv Kiv nq| we. Gm.
wc. wc mgM`k evcx Gi kvLv-ckvLv cwZv Ki| AvivKvb Kejgv
AvivKvbxq eivB (ivLvBb) bZzb G ivRbwZK `j Af~w cqwQj|
Avi. wmi Dci gZv cwiewZZ nIqvq Avi, wm AvivKvb iv Abygv`bi
evcvi cwZv Kijv Ges AvivKvbi AwbqZv axi axi KU Mj|
143
1963 mvji deqvix gvm Avi,wm miKvi `ki mgM evsK Ges
eemvwqK cwZvbK RvZxqKiY Kij| AvivKvb AwaKvsk evwYwRK
vcbv wQj gymjgvbì Aaxb| G bZzb miKvii Avgj gymjgvbMY
evcK A_bwZK wechqi gyL co| Abw`K, AvivKvbi Aci cv z`
cwimi eemv-evwYR cmvi jvf KiwQj| AvivKvb mKj evwYwRK
cwZvb-vcbv QvU ev eo GgbwK gyw` I Pvji `vKvb _K i Ki
wWcvUgU vi meB gymjgvbì gvwjKvbvaxb wQj| Gjvi meB
RvZxqKiY Ki Avi,wm miKvi|
gZvq myiwZ wb DBb (Ne Win) Zvi cyivbv Pzj AvivKvbi ivwnv
gymjgvbì wei cwZkva wbZ i Kij| gymjgvbì PjvPji Dci
mxgveZv Avivc KiZ Avi, wm miKvi AvivKvb wefvMxq KZci KvQ
GKwU cvcb ciY Ki| iv wbqwq MYgvag (wgwWqv) ivwnv
gymjgvbìK weRvZxq ej cPvi KiZ jvMjv| wb DBb wbRB hLb
wZwb msev` Kgxì mv_ K_v ejZb ZLb wZwb ivwnv gymjgvbì
wec we`cvZK fvlv eenvi KiZ| wZwb AwfgZ `b h, AvivKvbx
eì DwPZ G mKj Kvjvm (Kalas) ì wei h_vh_ c`c MnY
Kiv|
wb DBb KZK
wZxq c`cwU wQj AvivKvb ckvmbK exqKiY Kiv|
h me gymjgvb cywjm m`m cvwK ckvmbi mgq wbqvM cv nqwQj
Zvì mevBK ewnvi Kiv nqwQj bZzev evgvi gaeZx Aji AbK
`~i cvwK mxgv ZvìK e`jx Kiv nqwQj| Abvb DP c` gymjgvb
KgKZvìK nq Rvi c~eK Aemi wbZ eva Kiv nqwQj bZzev ZvìK
Di AvivKvb nZ vbvwiZ Kiv nqwQj| KwZcq miKvwi Awdmi
Kivbx Ges wKQz wkK eZxZ Abvb mKj cv c~iY Kiv nqwQj egxq
A_ev gMì viv, hvì ga nZ wKQz msLK c~e cvwKvb nZ me gv
144
Awfevmb KiQ| 1964 mvj Avi,wm ckvmb wekl gvq~ cvwK ckvmb
(Gg Gd G) wejy Ki `q Ges m GjvKvq îv gYvjq wbqYvaxb
AvwKqve Rjvi wePvi eev Aveviv Pvj~ Ki| 1964 mvj AvivKvbi
mKj mvgvwRK I mvswZK msMVbjv wbwl Kiv nq| G mKj
msMVbjv njv- 1956 mvj cwZwZ BDbvBUW ivwnv msMVb (URO),
1960 mvj cwZwZ ivwnv hye msMVb (RYO), ivyb wekwe`vjq ivwnv
Qv msMVb (RURSA) ivwnv RvgqvZzj Djgv (RJU) AvivKvb RvZxq
gymwjg msMVb (ANMO) Ges AvivKvb gymwjg hye msN (ARMY)| ivwnv
jyqR cvMvg- hv evgv eWKvws mvwfm (BBS), ivyb nZ mcPvi Kiv
nZv- 1956 mvji Avei evwZj NvlYv Kiv nq|
17 g, 1964 mvj 50 I 100 wKqvUi mKj evsK bvUi gy`v g~j iwnZ
Kiv nqwQj, hv cavbZt AvivKvbi ivwnv gymjgvbì Dci evcK cfve
djwQj|
hvB nvK, AvivKvbx eiv Zvì AbyMZ KgKZvì I vbxq we. Gm. wc.
wc m`mì mnvqZvq mq KZ mKj A_i g~j Av`vq KiZ mg
nqwQj| `vKvb-cvU RvZxqKiY, gy`vg~jiwnZKiY Ges gymjgvbì
Pjvdivi Dci mxgveZv Avivci ci ivwnvì A_bwZK gi`
f cojv| AvvKvb eiv RbMYi `vKvb _K fvM cY Lye mv
`vg Gb Ges mjv KvjvevRvi wew Kivi gvag AwZ mnRB gybvdv
nvwZq wbjv| c~e knii h mKj AfixY eemv-evwYR gymjgvb
eemvwqKMY KZK
cwiPvwjZ nZv, GLb Zvi meB Pj MQ eì
nvZ| mvgvb KqKRb miKvwi PvKzix Rxex eZxZ Kvb gymjgvbB miKvwi
fvZv weZiY wbqgi myhvM-myweavi AwaKvix nZv bv| Abw`K mKj e
GUv _K myhvM-myweav fvM KiZv| mxgv evwc eemv-evwYR ZLb
GKPwUqv wbqwZ nZ jvMjv AvivKvbx e I miKvwi msvjv viv|
145
wKQz msLK gymjgvb eemvqx hviv Zvì Rxeb evwR iL eemv-evwYR

cwiPvjbv KiwQj, ZvìK Zvì jvfi meUzKzB Zvì eemvi
myweavfvMx e Askx`viì Rb Qo w`Z nqwQj| mbv miKvi
AvivKvbx eì DcvRbi mvweK myhvM-myweav Zwi Ki w`qwQj|
mbv kvmb axi axi AMmi nZ jvMj Ges we. Gm. wc. wc Aviv ekx
kwkvjx njv| AbK `wi` AvivKvbx e gymjgvbì m` ivZvivwZ
abx nq Mj, evgvi wewfb b-ZvwK Mvxi AMZ cZK ew hLb
NwbZ we. Gm. wc. wc kvmbi Aaxb `vwiì KkvNvZ wePwjZ ZLb Kej
AvivKvbx eiv G kvmb _K myweav fvM KiwQj| we. Gm. wc. wc ckvmb
cyivcywifve ZvivB wbqY KiZv, gymjgvbiv GZ AskMnY KiZ AbygwZ
cZ bv|
1967 mvj ivyb Pvj Ges Abvb gwjK Lv` mvgMxi gvivZK msKU
`Lv w`j| AvivKvb Drcvw`Z evcK cwigvY Pvj evgvq cvwVq `qv
nqwQj | dj AvivKvb Pvj msKUi mw nqwQj| G KviYB AvwKqve
mbv miKvii wei `vv Rvi`vi nqwQj| mbv Rvviv AZ KVvi
nvZ G `vv `gb Kijv| GZ AbK jvK gviv Mj| 1967 mvji gnv
msKUi mgq AbK gymjgvb `~wf gviv wMqwQj|
hvB nvK, mbv miKvi KZK

AvivKvbx gymjgvbì gvbweK AwaKvi
jNbi aviv jvMvgnxb fve PjZ _vK| mbv KgKZvMY KZK
ivZi
kl cni Kvb IqviU QvovB cfvekvjx- cLvZ gymjgvbìK MdZvi
Kiv, Zvì Dci AgvbweK wbhvZb Pvjvbv Ges Puv`v Av`vqi ci ZvìK
Qo `qv ZLbKvi w`b GKUv wbZbwgw&K Kgm~PxZ cwiYZ nqwQj|
AvBb cqvMKvix msvjvK Ges wePviKìK gymjgvbì Dci wbhvZb
146
Pvjvbvi w`Kwb`kbv `qv nqwQj Ges ZvìK bvq wePvi cvevi

AwaKvi _K ewZ Kiv nqwQj|
AvZcZqx gM eiv cZK RvqMvq gymjgvbìK AvgY KiZ jvMj,

Zviv ZvìK cnvi KiZv& Ges Zvì ab m` jyU Ki wbZ| hLb
gymjgvbiv Zvì G `ytL `y`kvi welq cywjk duvwojvZ AwfhvM KiZv
ZLb Awfhy `yKwZKvixì wei eev MnYi cwieZ wewfb wg_v
AwfhvMi ARynvZ gymjgvbìK `wZ KiZv| cywjk KZK G aibi
AvPiY gymjgvbìK AvZwZ Ki Zzjjv, GgbwK Zviv bvq wePvi cv_bv
KiZI fq cq Mj| mbv miKvi Zvi gZv MnYi ci _KB Aviv
wbggZvi mv_ Z_vKw_Z Awfevmb Z` Awfhvb AevnZ iLwQj|
kvixwiK wbhvZb, bvixì DZ Kiv, Ges Pv`vevwRi AwfhvM eZxZ
Aea Awfevmx nIqvi KviY AbK wbiciva ivwnvK Rj kvw eiY
KiZ nqwQj| wKqvKZvI (Kyawktaw), gny vDs (Mrohaung), cvDvI
(Pauktaw), geb (Myebon), wgbevqv (Minbya) cfw Z knii nvRvi nvRvi
jvKK Zvì Nievox nZ Rvic~eK
Zvwoq `qv nqwQj| cwiwwZi
wkKvi nq G me jvKi AbKB c~e cvwKvb Awfevmb wbqwQj| 1987
mvj Gvgbw BUvibvkbvji GKwU cwZe`bi Askwekl GLvb
DjL Kiv hZ cvit evgvq Aea Abyceki AwfhvM 1956 mvj
A_ev cieZx eQijvZ 34 Rb evvjx eskv~Z gymjgvbK AvUK Kivi
NUbvq Gvgbw BUvibvkbvj Mfxi DM cKvk Ki| wewfb AwfhvM
_vKv mI Gvgbw BUvibvkbvji DM wQj h Zviv (evvjx)
ZrKvjxb c~e cvwKvb nZ Aeafve evgvq cek KiwQj, Zviv
cKZ
c ivLvBb ivi RvZK evgxR bvMwiK, Ges Zviv Zvì msLvjNy
b-ZvwK esk I agi KviY vbxq KZc
KZK
AvUK nqwQj| Zvì
AbKKB AwfhvM ev wePvi QvovB m`n ekZ AvUK Kiv nqwQj, Zvì
AvUKi ci _K ZvìK Ges Aviv AbKK Rj e`x Ki ivLv
nqwQj| hwÌ Zvì wec ivq NvlYv Kiv nqwQj Ges hv weeiY
147
Abyhvqx GK w`b nZ KqK gvm ch ew Kiv nqwQj Ges Zv ehyM

AvMB AwZevwnZ nqwQj|
e wbziZv gymjgvbì RxebK AwZ Ki Zzjjv| cavbZ wekwe`vjq

wWMx avix I mvì mg^q ivwnv eywRxexì GKwU `j Mvcb GKwU
cwZiva msMVbi AvqvRb Kijv| hvi bvg ivwnv ^vaxbZv evwnbx
(RIF)| G msMVbi D&k wQj evwgR îkvmbi Kej nZ Zvì
RbMYK gy Kiv| Avi. AvB. Gd. Di AvivKvbi kni I MvgjvK
Ges g~j evgvq emevmiZ ivwnvì ga KwZcq mvsMVwbK mj cwZv
Kijv| G msMVbjv Zvì msMvg-Av`vjb Rvivjv mg_b cvIqvi
Rb we`ki mv_ hvMvhvM i Kijv| hrmvgvb cyivZb gyRvwn`
`jjvi mv_I G msMVbjv hvMm~ vcb Kijv| gyRvwn` msMVbjv
wKQz A-kmn AvivKvbi RjjvZ Kvb gZ wUK wQj|
1967 mvj ivwnv gymjgvbì GKwU weivU msLvK DjwLZ knijv

_K ewnvi Kiv nqwQj Ges ZvìK bKvq Ki eyw_WvDs G Pj hZ
eva Kiv nqwQj| mLvb _K Zviv gvDs`vI G cQjv Ges mLvb `xN
w`b Zviv Lvjv AvKvki bxP w`b AwZevwnZ Kijv| vbxq jvKRb
Zvì Rb Lv` mieivn KiZv| Awfevmb KZc ZvìK bvd b`x
w`q cvwKvb Abyceki Pv KiwQj| G mKj wbivciva gymjgvbì
cwZ AgvbweK AvPiY AwZ nq gvDs`vI Gi gymjgvbiv Avi. AvB. Gd
bZv Rbve myjZvbi bZZ miKvii KgKvi wei cwZev` Ki Ges
GK chvq GKRb Awfevmb KgKZv cZI nq| ZrYvr KwZcq Avi.
AvB. Gd mg_K MdZvi nq Rj e`x nq| MdZvix GovZ Rbve
myjZvb c~e cvwKvb cvwjq hvb| myjZvb cvwKvb _vKv Aevq Zvi
we`k welqK mUvix Rbve gvnv` Rvdi, whwb we.G Rvdi wnme
ekx cwiwPZ, ZvK ewnvi Kiv nq| hLb Rbve gvnv` Rvdi Avi. AvB.
148
Gd Gi bZZi `vwqZfvi MnY Kijb| ZLb Rbve myjZvb 1970 mvj

evgv KZci KvQ AvZmgcY Kijb| c~e cvwKvbi ^vaxbZv Av`vjb
i njv| Rbve Rvdi whwb cvwKvbx mbevwnbxi mv_ hvM mvhvk _vKvi
KviY wekl cwiwPZ wQjb, c~e cvwKvb Aevb Kivi evcvi Lye fxwZi
ga wQjb| wZwb Rvdi _vbxi bZZ cyivZb gyRvwn` evwnbxi mv_ mK
vcb Kijb Ges fvBm cwmWU wnme Zvi `j hvM `vb Kijb|
hyKvjxb mgq Ges hy cieZx mgq ARm& cwigvY AZvaywbK A-k
evsjv`k Avmv i Kijv| Rvdi _vbx evcK cwigvY A msMn Kijv|
Ges Zvi kw `Z ew cj| KqK eQii Rb evgxR miKvi MelYv
Ki `Ljv h, mxgveZx GjvKvq Kx NUwQj| Ges Zvi (Rvdi _vbx)
Kvhgi cwZ Afve `w djjv| hvB nvK AvivKvb eì Ai
GKUv Pvcv AvZ weivR KiwQj| ki wei hy Kivi cwieZ Rvdi
_vbx Zvi wbRi jvKRbi ga jyU ZivR i Kijb Ges wbRi fvM
iPbvi KvR e _vKjb| 1973 mvj Rvdii wei AvgYvZK ekxi
fvM evgxR mb ZvK Zvi mKj `~M ZvM KiZ Ges evgv-evsjv`k mxgv
nZ cvwjq hZ eva Kijv| Rvdii ab mw Ges Zvi xMY evgxR
mb KZK
AvUK njv| m mgq mxgv Zvi jvdUbvU we.G Rvdi _vB
AwaKvsk RbejK evsjv`ki gvwUZ wbivcv `qvi wewbgq ZvìK
we.wW.Avi. Gi wbKU AvZmgcY KivZ cwiKbv Kijb| Rbve we.G
Rvdi ZLb PMvg wdi Mjb| mLvb wZwb GKwU vbxq nvUji
eevcK wnme KvR i Kijb| wK wZwb wKQz cexb gyRvwn`ì mv_
hvM mvRkI AevnZ iLjb, hviv ZLbI Zvì Ajv Rgv `qwb|
we. Gm. wc. wc miKvi KZK AvivKvb iv Abygv`b

1974 mvj we. Gm. wc. wc me c_g wccjm KsMm Avnevb Kijv Ges
hv we. Gm. wc. wc KZK
DvwcZ msweavb Abygv`b Kijv| bZzb G
msweavb mveRbxb KvVvgvZ AvivKvb iv Abygv`b Kijv| bZzb
AvivKvb iv kZfvM e KZc
wbqvM `qv nqwQj| egxqìK DP&
149
c` Ges vbxq AvivKvbx eìK ckvmbi wbgi c`jvZ wbqvM

`qv nqwQj| AvivKvb U KvDwj wQj evgv mg_K AvivKvbx eì
wbqYvaxb| Zviv ivwnvì wei Aveviv loh Rvi`vi Ki|
Z_vKw_Z Awfevmb Zì bvg mk Awfhvb PjZ _vK| gymjgvbì
Dci wbhvZbi gvv GK fqsKi ic aviY Ki| wkwZ ivwnv hyeKiv
jvwZ nZ _vK Ges ZvìK miKvwi PvKzixZ wbqvM w`Z A^xKwZ
Rvbvbv nq| ivwnvì Rb eemv-evwYR cvq eB Ki `qv nq|
gymjgvb elg Ges gvivZK eKviZi KviY m Rvbgvji wbivcvi

Afve AbK gymjgvbK evsjv`ki mxgv Awfevmb MnY KiZ ZvwoZ
KiwQj| AbK Avevi evgxR KgKZvìK DrKvP c`vbi gvag g~j
evgvq Abycek KiwQj| gymjgvbì G cevnUv ew cj hnZz we. Gm.
wc. wc miKvii mgqKvj `xNvwqZ Kiv nqwQj| we. Gm. wc. wc kvmb
Avgj wb BDb (Ue Win) GKevi mdi KiwQjb| AvwKqve wegvb eìi
evwni MU AewZ GKwU myì gmwR` `L wZwb LyeB z nqwQjb|
hLb e bZe` AvivKvbi A_bwZK mdjZv mK ZvK AewnZ
Kijb ZLb wZwb ZvìK ejjb h Kvjvì myL G aibi cR
MnY Kiv wQj AcqvRbxq| ZrKvjxb cvvZ mbvevwnbxi Kgvvi
Rbvij wZb I (Tin Oo), cieZxZ whwb Avwg cavb nqwQjb Ges
eZgvb bvkbvj wjM di Wgvmx (N.L.D) Gi Pqvigvb wnme Rj
wQjb, AvivKvb ivi MRUavix c` KgKZvì GK mfvq wZwb
ejwQjb h miKvi AvivKvb D`xqgvb Kvjv mgmv gvKvejv Kivi Rb
20 eQi gqv`x GKwU cwiKbv MnY KiQ|
gymjgvbìK AvivKvb Qo Pj hZ eva KivZ AvivKvbx eiv we.

Gm. wc. wc miKvii c _K Dvbx cqwQj| Zviv AwaK gvvq
AvgYvZK nq DVjv, hnZz gymjgvbì mv_ jb`b ev AvPvi-AvPiY
150
KiZ ZvìK c~Y ^vaxb gZv `qv nqwQj| gymjgvbiv geagvb nvi
c_ NvU, nvU-evRvi Ges Kg Zvì AvgYi wkKvi nZ jvMj|
AvwKqve kni AbKjv Mvcb eaf~wgi Lei mvb cvIqv wMqwQj|
mLvb Dv wkì Ges wewQb jvKì AcniY Ki wbq wMq nZv
Kiv nq| gymjgvbì agxq Kvhvejx nvwm Zvgvmvi welq cwiYZ njv|
AvwKqvei kZ eQii cyivbv Rvg gmwR` msjM IqvKdi Rwg evRqv
Kiv njv Ges mLvb mvwi mvwi `vKvb cvU wbgvY Kiv njv, Avi Gme
`vKvb cKvk Kzii gvsm wew Kiv nZv| gmwRì cek vi GKwU
weivU Wvweb vcb Kiv nqwQj| hLb gmwRì wfZi bvgvR PjZv
ZLb gmwRì w`K bvsiv wRwbm c Ges cv_i Quzo gviv nZv| avwgK
jvKìK Acgvb Ac` Kiv nZv, Zvì `vwo gyb Ki `qv nZv
Ges Zvì Uzwc Ko bqv nZv| gmwR` Ges gmwRì AvwYvq Ki
XywKq `qv nZv| Kei vb mg~n DQ` Ki mLvb cvqLvbv, evm
Uvwgbvj Ges dji evMvb wbgvY Kiv nZv| gmwR` gv`vmv Ges cwe
vcbvjv Aeva asm Kiv nZv| mbiv gvS gvS RyZv mnKvi gmwR`
gv`vmvq cek KiZv Ges mLvb gvZvj Aevq co _vKZv|
ivwnvì Dci Ryjyg wbhvZb AevnZ _vKvi dj Zvì RgvUeuvav

wbziZvi ewntcKvk NUjv| cyivZb Avi. AvB. Gd Kgxe`mn GK`j
hyeK, AvBbRxexmn wekwe`vjqi wWwMavixiv, Wvvi Ges nvB zj
wkv_xiv 1975 mvji kli w`K Avvi MvD Pj Mj| we.G Rvdii
bZZ Zviv mevB ivwnv cUvqwUK dU G hvM w`j| we. G Rvdi c~e
_KB PMvg KvR KiwQj| cyivZb gyRvwn` `jjvi evKxiv Avi. wc.
Gd. Gi mv_ wgk Mj| GLb Avi.wc.Gd AvivKvb nZ Aviv AbK
bZzb hyeKK Afy KiZ jvMjv Ges ZvìK wewfb evP wgwjUvix
cwkY w`j|
151
wKs WvMb Awfhvb (1978)

20 eQi gqv`x ivwnv wbg~j cwiKbvi Afx j cuQvi Rb AvivKvb
iv KZc
ivi me wbevnx wefvM U KvDwji mivmwi Zveavb
bvMvwgb ev wKs WvMb Acvikb bvg gymjgvb RvwZ-Mvx wbg~j
Awfhvb
cwiPvjbv Kijv| G Awfhvbi Dk wQj gymjgvbìK fxZ-m Ki
Zvjv Ges ZvìK AvivKvb ZvM eva Kiv| G AwfhvbwU i nqwQj
1978 mvji gvP gvmi AvwKqvei me enr gymwjg Mvg mvwKdviv nZ
Ges hv AwZ A mgqi ga mg GjvKvq Qwoq co| AvivKvb
gymjgvb bvix,cyil, hyeK, e wbwekl mKji MY MdZvi, wbhvZb, alY
Ges nZvi Lei Di AvivKvbi Abvb knijvi gymjgvbìK fxlY
fve nZvk Kijv| cywjk, mbvevwnbx Ges Awfevmb KgKZvì wbq
MwVZ bvMvwgb evwnbx Lye `Z eyw_WvDs GjvKvq cQ Mj Ges mLvb
Zviv vmi ivRZ Kvqg Kijv| eyw_WvDs bvMvwgb nZvhi me wbK
`k cwiYZ njv| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb bi-bvixK Rj wbc Kiv
njv, Zvì AbKK Avevi wbhvZb Ki nZv Kiv njv| AvUK
K`jvZ gymjgvb igYxìK Aeva alY Kiv nZv| Awfhvbi
wbziZvq fxZ m nq Ges Rvb gvji wbivcv, mvb ghv`vi cyiv
AwbqZv `LZ cq weivU msLK gymjgvb Zvì Ni evox Qo Pj
hZ jvMjv Ges Zviv Kv-cwikv nq `yMg cvnvox c_ Ges b`x bvjv
cvo nq Gm evsjv`ki mxgv VuvB Rgvjv| cw_ga jvjyc gM e
Ges wbivcv Kgxiv Zvì wRwbmc Ges A_Kwo Rvi Ki wQwbq wbjv|
AbK kiYv_xK wj Ki nZv Kiv njv Ges AbKK fvix evSv
mnKvi bKvq cvi nIqvi mgq LimvZv bvd b`xZ Wyweq gviv njv| h
mKj Mvgi evwm`viv hLbB Zvì Mvg Qo Pj Mj ZLbB vbxq gMiv
Zvì Ni evoxZ jyb i Kijv, mjvK Avb wbc Kijv Ges
Mevw`cjvK wbq Mj| GK gvmi ga kiYv_xì msLv wZb jvL
152
(3,00,000) Qvwoq Mj Ges Zviv mevB evsjv`kx KZc

KZK
wbwgZ
Avqx KvjvZ Avkq wbjv|
evsjv`k miKvi Awfhvb _vgvZ egxq miKviK Zvobv w`Z e_ Pv

Kij| evgxR miKvi h Kvb fyj KvR KiZ cyivcywi A^xKwZ Rvbvb|
Ges Zviv NvlYv Kij h gvgjvi fq AbK evvjx Aea Awfevmx `k
Qo cvwjq Mj| mmgq `k miKvwi Av`g gvix PjwQj|
RvwZmsN kiYv_x welqK nvB Kwgkb (UNHCR) ZvrwYKfve AwbwZ wQj

h G mKj cjvZKìK kiYv_x wnme AvLvwqZ Kiv ne wKbv| wdjv
mvsevw`K dvbKvBm nUvi (Francois Haughter) Zvi GKwU cZ`kx
cwZe`b cKvki gvag G m`ni Aemvb NUvjb| wZwb Zvi cwZe`b
DjL Kib h- G mKj gymjgvb kiYv_xiv evgxR mbì Ai gyL
Zvì `k ZvM KiZ eva nq|
UNHCR P~ovfve ZvìK cKZ kiYv_x wnme mbv Kib Ges Zvì
Rb vY KgmyPx i Kib| wekvj msLK gymjgvb kiYv_xì DcwwZ
weki wekl Ki gymjgvb ivjvi gbvhvM AvKlY KiZ mg nq|
hwÌ evgv cv_wgK chvq Zvi RbMYK wdwiq wbZ A^xKwZ Rvbvq,
cieZxZ AvRvwZK Pvc bZRvby nq|
evsjv`ki gvwUZ 9 gvmi AwaK mgq kiYv_xì Aevbi ci, Zvì

wdwiq bqvi c_ ck KiZ 1979 mvj Dfq `ki ga GKwU wcvwK Pzw mvwiZ nq| UNHCR Gi cwimsLvb Abyhvqx `y jvL
153
(2,00,000) jvK Zvì evox Ni wdi hvq| Abw`K Pwjk nvRvi jvK
kiYv_x wkweijvZ gviv hvq Ges evKxiv evsjv`k mgvR Qwoq wQwUq
hvq| `yfvMekZ wcvwK PzwZ ivwnvì emevmi welqwU wQjbv|
dj fwelZ evgvq emevm Kiv Zvì Rb m~Y AwbwZ nq cojv|
wb DBb Gi bZzb bvMwiKZ AvBb

1979 mvj kiYv_x cZveZbi dj bZzb bvMwiKZ AvBb KvhKi nq
1982 mvj| bZzb G AvBb bvMwiKìK wZbwU KvUMwiZ web Ki|
Gjv njv- RvZxq (National), mnhvMx (Associate) Ges wfb `k
nZ Gm bvMwiK (Naturalised)| AvBb Gi wZxq Aavqi (bvMwiKZ)
wZb Gi AbyQ` Abyhvqx 1823 mvji wewUk `Lji c~e h mKj bZvwK Mvx evgvq emwZ vcb KiwQj Zvì mevBK RvZxq
(National) KvUvMwiZ djv nqQ| wewUk kvmbvgj h mKj jvK
evgvq Abycek KiwQj ZvivB mnhvMx (Associate) Ges Naturalised
bvMwiK| `y bvMwiK KvUvMwii ga cv_K nQ- h mnhvMx bvMwiKMY
BDwbqb wmwURbwkc Gv-1948 Abyhvqx ìLvi gvag Zvì bvMwiKZ
Abygv`b Kwiq wbqwQj| Abw`K hviv BZvc~e Zvì bvMwiKZ
Abygv`b Kwiq bqvi Rb Ave`b Ki wb GLb ZvìK Abyic
Abygv`bi Rb weewPZ nZ cvi| Avi GìKB Naturalised bvMwiK
wnme kYx webvm Kiv nqQ| m `ki AvBb mnhvMx I Naturalised
bvMwiKìK mì gvwjK nIqv I ivRbwZK KgKv Ask MnY KiZ
wblavv Rvwi KiQ| AvBbi 4 AbyQì wmv Abyhvqx h Kvb bZvwK Mvx- mUv RvZxq nvK A_ev bv nvK- AvBbi Av`vjZi Dci
wbfi KiZ cvi bv Ges U KvDwji wmv Abyhvqx wekl Aevq
_vK| miKvi îZvwK fve ivwnvìK RvZxq bvMwiKì ZvwjKv
_K ev` w`qwQj| miKvi G fvb ai wQj h, Zviv wQj AvivKvb vcbvi
Zvì kZvw cvPxb BwZnvmi Pig DcwZ 1823 Di Awaevmx|
ivwnvìK ivwenxb RbMY cwiYZ Kivi K~U Kkj mnKvi wb DBb G
154
c`c MnY KiwQj| Zvi Dk wQj ivwnvìK AwZ mnR `k

_K Zvwoq `qv|
bZzb bvMwiKZ AvBb Pvjy nIqvi dj Ges ivwnviv weRvZxq wnme
AvLvwqZ nIqvi dj gymjgvbì Aev Aviv kvPbxq nq cojv|
BwZga miKvi mgM AvivKvb evcx gymjgvb weivax Av`vjb I `vvq
cKvk fve ccvlKZv Kijv| `wY AvivKvbi ivwnviv- hviv mLvb
msLv jNy wQjb- gvivZK fve 1982 Di `vvi Kej co| mvb`vq,
Uyc, qv, wKqvKwcD, ivgix Ges Q`yev kniZjxjvi AbK gymjgvb
Aa~wlZ MvgK gmwR` mnKvi DQ` Ki `qv A_ev woq `qv nq
A_ev Rvwjq `qv nq| Di AvivKvb AvwKqve Rjvq AbK Mvg
Rvic~eK Lvwj Ki djv nq Ges Rvi c~eK vbvi Kgm~Pxi AvIZvq
kZvx cvPxb AbK gmwR`K uwoq `qv nq| ivwnvì _K
Rvic~eK Av`vqKZ cwikg GLb KzrwmZ KZ`vmi cwikg cwiYZ
nqwQj| hLvb f~fvMxiv gvbyl ej weewPZ nZv bv Ges Zvì mv_
h Kvb aibi AvPiY Kiv nZv| G mKj bi civ Pig wbziZv, wbhvZb
Ges nZvKvi nvZv wQj| AvivKvb nZ g~j evgv ch ivwnvì
Av`vjb cyivcywifve wbwl Kiv nqwQj| `xNw`b _KB ivwnviv g~j
evgvq emevm Ki AvmwQj| Zviv Awfevmb KZc
KZK MdZvi
nqwQjb Ges ZvìK AvivKvb cvwVq `qv nqwQj| aygv hviv
KZcK DrKvP w`Z ciwQj ZvivB mLvb emevm AevnZ ivLZ
ciwQj|
RbmsLv ZvwK wP cwieZbi j, AvivKvb iv KZc

BZvga mgM
Di AvivKvbi AjjvZ e Mvg wbgvYi GK gnvcwiKbv MnY
Kij| cvnvox DcRvwZ gyis, PvKgv Ges QvK- hviv cvnvox GjvKvq emevm
KiZ mPvivPi myL Abyfe KiZv- ZvìK wbgf~wgi w`K AvmZ wb`k
`qv njv gymjgvbì _K wQwbq bqv mgZj f~wgZ ZvìK emwZ
vcb KiZ ejv njv| AbK e gM AvivKvbi Abvb Ask _K Ges
155
evsjv`k _K Gm gymjgvb Aa~wlZ GjvKvq emwZ vcb Kijv| bZzb

MvgjvZ AmsL cvMvWv I gywZ wbgvY Kiv njv, hv KvhZ Di
AvivKvbi Pnviv cwieZb Ki w`j| bZzb evwm`vì AZvPvi gymjgvbiv
GZvB AwZ nq DVjv h Zviv evcK msLvq AvivKvbi evBi Pj
hZ D`Z njv|
BZvga AfixY `jxq Kv`j Avi. wc. Gd bZZ cwiPvwjZ cwZiva

Av`vjb wav wef nq cojv| KviY 1978 mvji kiYv_x msKU _K
Avmv myhvM myweavjvK h_vh_ KvR jvMvZ Avi. wc. Gd bZe` e_
nqwQj| KwZcq Avi. wc. Gd cwZvZv m`m wSwgq cov cwZiva
Av`vjbK 1982 mvj cybivq mxweZ Ki Zzjjv| G Dk Zviv
ivwnv mwjWvwiwU AiMvbvBRkb (RSO) Gi bvg Av`wkK PZbv, KVvi
Kgm~Px Ges cwiPvjbvi Abyfw~ ZK Rvi`vi KiwQj| RSO Gi bZZ
ivwnv cwZiva Av`vjb cybRxeb jvf Kijv| RSO eZgvb G
Av`vjbK P~ov j wbq hvIqvi Rb kZfvM mg_b RvMvjv|
hnZz ZZxq hyMi P~ov eQijvZ GK `jxq îZvwK kvmb eev

Abycek KiwQj mnZz `kwUi A_bxwZ Lye `Z asmi w`K avweZ
nwQj| evgv ZLb GKwU ^vbZ `k (LDC) cwiYZ njv| KwZcq
myweavfvMx mbvm`m eZxZ mgM `ki RbMY `vwiì KkvNvZ
wbwlZ nwQj| wbZ cqvRbxq è mvgMxi gvivZK msKU `Lv w`j|
wRwbmc wekl Ki Pvji g~j ewi dj AvivKvbi mvaviY RbMYi
ga Amvl `vbv eua DVjv|
1987 mvji mî gvmi 25, 35 I 75 wKqvUi evsK bvU iwnZ

Kivi dj RbMY gnv weviY dU cojv| 1988 mvji gvP gvm
156
ivyb cKkj BbwwUDU (RIT) Gi wbKU GKwU QvU Pvqi `vKvbI G

Av`vjb Rwoq) Mjv Ges Av`vjbi P~ov cwiYwZ nUvbvi Rb
cqvRbxq Kvhg mb Kijv | e `jxq MYZ cwZv I we. Gm. wc.
wc kvmb wejvci `vexZ AvivKvbmn mgM `k Pjgvb GK`jxq
mgvRZvwK kvmbi wei Av`vjb gB Rvi`vi nq DVjv| c_g
w`K G Av`vjb wkv_xMY KZK i nq| Ges cieZxZ MY Av`vjb
cwiYZ nq| hnZz Av`vjbjvK wbzifve `gb Kiv njv mnZz
cieZxZ miKvwi KgKZv, KgPvix I mbvm`mì Ask MnY Av`vjb
Aviv Rvi`vi njv| wb DBb hLb `LZ cjb h, cwiwwZ axi axi
wbqYi evBi Pj hvQ ZLb wZwb Zvi gZv ivi Rb GKwU PvZzix
Kkji gvag KqK gvmi gaB ivi kxlvbxq ewìK cwieZb
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cyiv mxgveZx GjvKvq hyi cwiwwZ Zwi Kijv| 1992 mvji Gwcj
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miKviK AbK cwZkywZ w`qwQj| wK AvivKvbi wfZiKvi Aevi
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