You are on page 1of 23

MNP058 Economic and Global Context Individual Assignment

NOVARTIS BANGLADESH
Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis
Mohammad Younus Kazi 7/27/2010

MBA (Executive) 2009-10, London Metropolitan University

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Table of Contents
1. 2. 3. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 3 NOVARTIS IN BANGLADESH ................................................................................ 3 BANGLADESHS PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET .................................................. 4

4. PESTEL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 5 4.1 Political factors .................................................................................................... 5 4.1.1 Support of Government ................................................................................... 5 4.1.2 Issues ............................................................................................................. 6

4.2 Economic factors ................................................................................................. 6 4.2.1 GDP Growth ................................................................................................... 6 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 Inflation ........................................................................................................... 8 Unemployment .............................................................................................. 10 Debt .............................................................................................................. 11 Labour Force and Cost ................................................................................. 11

4.3 Socio-cultural factors ......................................................................................... 12 4.3.1 Alternative Medicines .................................................................................... 12 4.3.2 4.3.3 Religion ......................................................................................................... 13 Population Demographics ............................................................................. 13

4.4 Technological factors ......................................................................................... 13 4.4.1 Research and Development .......................................................................... 13 4.4.2 4.4.3 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient .................................................................. 14 Energy .......................................................................................................... 14

4.5 Environmental factors ........................................................................................ 14 4.5.1 Climate Change ............................................................................................ 14 4.5.2 Waste Management ...................................................................................... 15

4.6 Legal factors ...................................................................................................... 15 4.6.1 National Drug Policy ..................................................................................... 16 4.6.2 5. TRIPS ........................................................................................................... 16

RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 16 5.1.1 Bulk Drug Manufacturing............................................................................... 16 5.1.2 Research & Development Setup ................................................................... 17

6.

CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 17
Page 1

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 18 APPENDIX A: ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. 22

Page 2

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

1. Introduction
Novartis International AG is a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Basel, Switzerland. According to the Fortune Magazine (July 20, 2009 issue) it was the sixth largest Pharmaceutical Company in terms of revenue. Novartis was created in 1996 from the merger of two Swiss companies, Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz Laboratories which at present employs nearly 100,000 people worldwide, has a presence in over 140 countries including Bangladesh, and its products range includes Pharmaceuticals, Vaccines & Diagnostics, generics medicines, over-the-counter (OTC), animal health and contact lenses and lens-care (Novartis Website). This report investigates Novartiss marketplace and its activities in Bangladesh.

2. Novartis in Bangladesh
In 1973 the Ciba Geigy (Bangladesh) was registered as a joint stock company (Novartis Bangladesh website). It then launched researched pharmaceutical products in the Bangladeshi market. In 1986 Ciba Geigy introduced its first generic product in the Bangladeshi market, Servipham. The company began to export its products from Bangladesh in 1995. In 1997, Ciba Geigy and Sandoz merged to form Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited and introduced its first OTC product. In 2000, Novartis (Bangladesh) Limited became the first pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh to be awarded the EU GMP certification. Novartis Bangladesh awarded the National Export Trophy for the years 2002-2003 and 20032004 from Bangladesh governments Export Promotion Bureau (Novartis Bangladesh website). Novartis Bangladesh is one of the top pharmaceutical exporters of Bangladesh that exported US$15 million medicines in 2007, which is 44 percent of the total pharmaceutical exports from Bangladesh (Daily Star report, 2008). Though its export value is quite impressive, Its generic division Sandozs performance in Bangladeshs local market is not as good as Novartiss patented products. Sandoz positioned 15 in top 20 pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh (Table 1)

Page 3

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Manufacturer Name Square Beximco Incepta Pharma ACME Eskayef Drug International Aristopharma Sanofi Aventis A.C.I. Renata Opsonin Pharma Glaxosmithkline Orion Lab. General Sandoz Healthcare Pharma Ibn Sina Nuvista Pharma Novo Nordisk Novartis

Market Value (US$) Dec 2007 106,853,218 54,406,039 43,672,495 31,990,257 26,896,796 23,163,408 23,005,700 22,505,617 22,438,789 21,531,753 20,754,444 17,159,150 12,789,998 10,409,370 101,042,702 9,552,740 8,288,494 7,382,732 6,739,984 6,682,644

Market Share (%) Dec 2007 18.03 9.19 7.37 5.40 4.54 3.91 3.88 3.80 3.79 3.63 3.50 2.90 2.16 1.79 1.69 1.61 1.40 1.25 1.14 1.13

Market Growth (%) Dec 2007 28.63 4.08 19.92 20.06 22.46 -3.91 32.74 18.91 33.04 13.30 2.99 9.09 10.76 16.72 22.37 37.83 42.16 5.57 25.71 29.04

Table 1: Top 20 Pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. (Source: Hussain, I. F., Rahman, A. & Husain, M. (2008) Opportunities in Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals for Bangladesh, Bangladesh-American Pharmaceutical Association Journal, Volume 17.) .

3. Bangladeshs Pharmaceutical Market


According to the UKTI (April, 2010) the total size of the pharmaceutical market of Bangladesh was estimated to be US$700 million in 2007. It also reports that the industry produced medication worth $715 million in 2007 with the market growing over 12% annually over the last half a decade and firms primarily focus primary on branded generic final formulations by using mostly imported APIs. According to the World Bank report (2008) about 80% of the drugs sold in Bangladesh are generics and 20% are patented drugs. It also reports that domestically Bangladeshi firms generate 82% of the market in pharmaceuticals and locally based
Page 4

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

multinational companies account for 13%, and the final 5% is imported. There are 240 registered pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh where 164 of these actively involved in the manufacture or marketing of pharmaceutical products (Hussain et al., 2008). The top 30 to 40 companies dominate almost the entire market, where the top 10 hold 70% of domestic market share and the two companies Beximco and Square capture over 25% of the market (World Bank report, 2008). The pharmaceutical market of Bangladesh is dominated by a few large companies. This kind of market structure is defined as oligopoly (Gillespe, 2010, p. 302; Griffiths & Wall, 2008, p. 226; Salvatore, 2007, p. 340; Besanko et al, 2010, p. 221). The decisions of one company influence, and are influenced by, the decisions of other companies. For example, when the pharmaceutical market leader Square got the UK MHRA approval, the second largest company Beximco immediately started the process desperately to secure it (UKTI, 2010).

4. PESTEL Analysis
PESTEL analysis provides a framework to examine the external environment of a company (Gillespie, 2010, p. 13; Morrison, 2006, p. 30). PESTEL stands for political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. PESTEL analysis helps a company to categorize the relevant issues in its environment, so that it can assess its relative importance and develop an appropriate strategy (Sloman & Hinde, 2007). The following sections provides an overview of the currently affecting the Novartis in Bangladesh.

4.1

Political factors

Experienced international businesses engage in political risk assessment, a systematic analysis of the political risks they face in foreign countries and any changes in the political environment that may adversely affect the value of a companys business activities (Griffin & Pustay, 2010, p. 97; Czinkota et al., 2009, p. 102; Daniels et al, 2009, p. 154). Politically Bangladesh is now a stable country after decades of instability and coups. 4.1.1 Support of Government Bangladesh government regards the pharmaceutical industry as one of the key sector for foreign investment in the country (BOI, 2010a). With strong government support Bangladesh is developing a robust manufacturing and technically experienced industrial base for this sector.

Page 5

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Bangladesh was placed 15th globally for the protection which it affords investors in the World Banks (2009) Doing Business survey. 4.1.2 Issues General strikes by opposite political parties those caused huge loss to the businesses and industries were a regular part of political life in Bangladesh. The situation has improved a lot in past few years despite of very few occasions (BBC, June 2010). Companies are still facing some corruption and bureaucracy issues when to do business in Bangladesh. For example, according to the World Bank report (2009) it requires 7 procedures and takes 44 days to start a business there. Despite some bureaucratic problems in overall the current political environment of Bangladesh is business-friendly for Novartis.

4.2

Economic factors

When a company wants to do business in another country, it should have good knowledge on growth rate, inflation, unemployment, wages, income, stability, poverty and the like of that country (Daniels et al. 2009, p. 185). These factors of Bangladesh are analysed in following sections and also compared with China, India, Pakistan and UK to get a comparative picture. 4.2.1 GDP Growth The economy of Bangladesh has grown 5-6% per year since 1996 despite many internal problems like political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, and insufficient power supplies and its growth was resilient during the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession (Figure 1). The GDP growth rate of Bangladesh was higher than in Pakistan or UK, and very close as in India (Figure 2) and according to the World Factbook (2009) its position was 18th among the 213 countries in 2009. GDP per capita of Bangladesh was US$ 1,600 that was lower than India, China and Pakistan.

Page 6

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Country Comparison on GDP Per Capita (PPT) (2009)


Source: The World Factbook
40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0

GDP - Per Capita (PPP)

Figure 1 Country Comparison on GDP Per Capita (PPT) (2009). (Source: The World Factbook (2009). Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency).

GDP - Real Growth Rate (2009)


Source: The World Factbook
10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 GDP Real Growth Rate Bangladesh China India Pakistan UK

Figure 2 GDP - real growth rate. This entry gives GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted
for inflation and expressed as a percent. (Source: The World Factbook (2009). Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency).

Page 7

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

FIGURE 3: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth of Bangladesh (1980 2009) Source: MOF (2010) Ministry of Finance, Bangladesh, Bangladesh Economy: Recent Macroeconomic Trend. Available: http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/budget/rw/real_sector.pdf (accessed: 26/07/2010).

4.2.2 Inflation Inflation rate is a measure of the increase in the cost of living that influence on many parts of the economic confidence, and the stability (Daniels et al., 2009, p. 196). From 1991 the inflation rate of Bangladesh is always under 10 percent (Figure 4).

Page 8

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

FIGURE 4: Inflation Rate of Bangladesh (1980 2009) Source: MOF (2010) Ministry of Finance, Bangladesh, Bangladesh Economy: Recent Macroeconomic Trend. Available: http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/budget/rw/real_sector.pdf (accessed: 26/07/2010).

Inflation Rate in 2009 (Consumer Prices)


16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 Bangladesh

Source: The World Factbook

China

India

Pakistan

UK

Inflation Rate

Figure 5 Inflation Rate in 2009 (Consumer Prices). (Source: The World Factbook (2009).
Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency).

Page 9

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

In 2009 the inflation rate of India and Pakistan was over 10 percent whereas in Bangladesh it was just above 5 percent. Higher inflation rate raises the cost of living and historically annual inflation rates of 10 to 30 percent, erodes confidence in a countrys currency and spurs people to search for better ways to store value (Daniels et al., 2009, p. 196). Lower inflation is a good indicator for Novartiss Bangladesh marketplace. 4.2.3 Unemployment Daniels et al (2009) argues that unemployment depress economic growth, create social pressures, and provoke political uncertainly. The unemployment rate in Bangladesh was 2.5 percent in 2009 and that was lower than China, India, Pakistan and UK (Figure 6).

Unemployment Rate (2009)


Source: The World Factbook
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Bangladesh China India Pakistan UK

Unemployment Rate

Figure 6 Unemployment Rate in 2009 based on consumer prices. (Source: The World
Factbook (2009). Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency).

The proportion of unemployed workers in a country shows how well a country productively uses its human resources. In Bangladesh unemployed workers do not get any benefits or allowances from the government. Without unemployment benefits, people are compelled to engage in some work, even if this is only a few hours in low-paid informal jobs (Mujeri, 2004). Lower unemployment increases buying capabilities of customers in Bangladesh.

Page 10

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

4.2.4 Debt The larger the total debt becomes, the more uncertain a countrys economy becomes (Daniels et al., 2009, p. 198). The internal public debt that was measured by the percentage of Bangladeshs GDP was lower than in India, Pakistan or UK in 2009 (Figure 7).

Country Comparison - Public Debt (2009)


80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Source: The World Factbook

Internal Public Debt (% of GDP)

Figure 7 Internal Public Debt as percentage of GDP in 2009. (Source: The World Factbook
(2009). Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency).

The resulting pressure to revise government policies, in the face of growing internal debt, can create economic uncertainties for investors and companies (Daniels et al., 2009). Bangladesh is in better position than neighbor countries in terms of debt problem and that is a good sign for its pharmaceutical industry. 4.2.5 Labour Force and Cost For the pharmaceutical industry, the cost of labour is one of the key elements of total production costs. Companies always search the world for the best deal with the difference between low-cost and high-cost countries (Daniels et al., 2009, p. 201). According to the Office of the US Trade Representative (2008) the cost of manufacturing one million tablets was estimated to be $18,000 in the USA, $8,000 in India and $6,500-7,500 in Bangladesh. This is

Page 11

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

accounted for Bangladeshs highly competitive labour and energy costs. The report also highlights that the labor costs in the pharmaceutical industry are 20-30% lower in Bangladesh than in India. Bangladesh is 8th according to the number of total labour force in the world that is more than Pakistan, UK, Germany, France or Japan (World Factbook 2009). Abundant supply of cheap labour forces would be attractive factor for Novartis to extend their investment in Bangladesh.

Total Labour Force (2009)


Source: The World Factbook
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Millions

Labour Force

Figure 8 Total Labour Forces in 2009. (Source: The World Factbook (2009). Washington,
DC: Central Intelligence Agency).

4.3

Socio-cultural factors

A company should identify key cultural differences in the country where it is doing or intended to do business and then it must need to alter its customary practices to succeed there (Daniels et al., 2009). 4.3.1 Alternative Medicines There is a long tradition of self-medication in Bangladesh as many of its population cannot afford to see health professionals when they fall ill. Majority of population are still using

Page 12

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the country (Islam & Farah 2008). Alternative medicine refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being. Reports of Islam and Farah (2008) estimated that 70-75% populations of the country still use traditional medicine namely herbal, homeopathy, religious and magical methods for management of their health problems of various kinds. 4.3.2 Religion According to the World Factbook (2010), 89.5% of the population in Bangladesh is Muslim. The religious belief and practices have influence and impact on national/international business that is seen in a cultures values and attributes toward entrepreneurship, consumption and social organisation (Griffin & Pustay, 2010; Morrison, 2006 and Czinkota et al., 2009). Many Muslim workers require extra time break for daily prayer. Muslims are forbidden from the consumption of pork and alcohol. The pharmaceutical companies need to consider these religious factors to do the business in Bangladesh. 4.3.3 Population Demographics Bangladesh tops South Asia with its average life expectancy of 61 years though per capita consumption of medication is one of the lowest in the region (World Factbook, 2009). The population of Bangladesh ranks seventh in the world with about 140 million people and it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Due to the total size of the population, good life expectancy and the stable growth of economy, the country has considerable market for pharmaceutical products.

4.4

Technological factors

Technological environment is another important dimension of a country and the foundation of its resource base (Griffin & Pustay, 2010). Three key technological factors are discussed in following sections. 4.4.1 Research and Development Foreign direct investment has brought about the globalization of production, but this has not led to the globalization of technological innovation in Bangladesh. Large companies have tendency to concentrate their R&D activities in their home countries, but progressively specialized R&D is being decentralized to overseas locations, to benefit from different areas of

Page 13

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

excellence in different localities (Patel & Pavitt, 1991; Archibugi & Michie, 1997). According to the World Bank report (2008), pharmacists of Bangladesh have been trained for quality assurance and skilled engineers for reverse engineering and manufacturing but its workforce has lack of new research and innovation skills, which is very important for innovative drugs. Bangladeshi pharmaceutical firms target mainly lower-end branded generics. Despite the country possessing huge manufacturing capabilities of domestic need, the complete lack of R&D in domestic companies could cause the market to be idle. According to the Kostermanss (2008) report, universities and government research is currently under funded in Bangladesh and the pharmaceutical industry here currently invests about 1% in R&D. 4.4.2 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Around 80% of Bangladeshs total need of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is being met through imports (UKTI, 2010). To meet the API demand locally the Bangladesh government is developing an API park, that is due to open in 2011 to meet at least 70% of countrys API supplies and it will develop the infrastructure with state-of-the-art facilities including a central effluent treatment plant and incinerator for solid and liquid waste-management (BOI, 2010b). Novartis and other pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh will be benefited from this park to minimize their production cost by using locally produced APIs. 4.4.3 Energy Bangladeshs unreliable power supply forces most Bangladeshi firms to depend on selfgeneration of power (World Bank, 2008). Disruptions of power supply result in significant productivity losses in Bangladesh. The World Bank (2008) reports that the power cost could be lower when generators are running on highly under-priced natural gas of Bangladesh. Large pharmaceutical companies like Novartis can install gas based energy system.

4.5

Environmental factors

Couple of key environmental factors discussed in following sections those significant for Novartis operation in Bangladesh. 4.5.1 Climate Change Bangladesh is now widely recognized to be one of the countries which are most vulnerable to climate change as a result of global warming. It is a low-lying region that risks submerging some of its parts beneath the sea (Morrison, 2006, p. 428). Natural hazards that come from increased rainfall, rising sea levels, and tropical cyclones are expected to increase as climate
Page 14

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

change, each seriously affecting agriculture, water & food security, human health and shelter (MoEF, 2008). Environmental impacts are often considered necessary side effects of development or the price to pay in order to achieve progress (Furley, 1996; Hesselberg, 1992; Weissman, 1993). Novartis (Bangladesh) claims in their website that it takes a leading role in its work in the areas of Health, Safety and Environment in pharmaceutical industry. 4.5.2 Waste Management The National Drug Policy 2005 of Bangladesh states that the pharmaceutical plants must need to comply with environmental legislation like disposal of waste streams. Environment may have hazardous impact if the wastages of manufacturing plants are not managed properly. Novartis takes care of all their toxic and non toxic waste to make sure that all the disposable water is properly treated and disposed (Novartis Bangladesh Website).

4.6

Legal factors

Every company in every country must comply with local legal system and regulations regarding operations (Daniels et al., 2009). The legal environment has a great impact on doing business in any country. According to the World Bank (2009) reports Bangladesh is ranked 119 out of 183 economies on ease of doing business whereas India ranked 133 (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Bangladesh Compared to global good practice economy as well as selected economies.

Page 15

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

4.6.1 National Drug Policy The Bangladesh governments Director of Drug Administration (DDA) has an essential monitoring and supervisory role on all activities related to import, procurement of raw materials, production and import of finished drugs, export, sale, pricing, etc. for all kinds of medicine. The National Drug Policy (2005) states that the WHOs current Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) should be strictly followed and that manufacturing units will be regularly inspected by the DDA. Other key features of regulation are restrictions on imported drugs (where these are produced by four or more local firms); a ban on the production in Bangladesh of around 1,700 drugs which are considered non-essential or harmful; and strict price controls, affecting some 117 principal medicines. 4.6.2 TRIPS The World Trade Organizations (WTO) Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right (TRIPS) agreement permits 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) including Bangladesh to reverse-engineer, manufacture and sell patented generic pharmaceutical products locally as well as for export to other developing and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) until 2016 (World Bank, 2008, p. 15). Bangladesh is unique among the 49 LDCs as it has a strong pharmaceutical base. This sector is the second largest sector in terms of national revenue and it exported drugs to over 50 countries in the world (Azad, 2006). Novartis are enjoying the benefit of TRIPS as it has manufacturing based in Bangladesh.

5. Recommendations
According to the PESTEL analysis, pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh has an positive external environment in overall. Here are some recommendations based on the outcome of this analysis regarding Novartiss current and future operations and strategies. 5.1.1 Bulk Drug Manufacturing Novartis can expand their business in Bangladesh to increase its production. Increasing the scale of production will allow it to a lower cost per unit of output and yield economies of scale (Besanko et al., 2010; Griffiths & Wall, 2008; Sloman & Hinde, 2007). By doing this Novartis can increase is total market share in Bangladesh that is currently only 1.69% of total pharmaceutical market and top to local companies have 18% and 9% (Hussain, 2008). Under the TRIPS, Novartis in Bangladesh can manufacture patented drugs until 2016 in bulk for

Page 16

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Bangladesh as well as to export other 49 such patent exempted lease developed countries of the world. 5.1.2 Research & Development Setup Novartis can invest in R&D setup in Bangladesh for reverse engineering as well as bioequivalence study and clinical trials. Rivalry in pharmaceutical sector is very high as a good number of investments have taken place in this sector, but very few companies have invested on R&D. The research on developing drug for localised diseases like dengue fever, arsenic poisoning by using Novartis R&D skills and local scientist would be an excellent investment for Novartis. According to the UNESCO report there is a huge demand of drugs for these diseases not only in Bangladesh but also in other countries in South-East Asia.

6. Conclusion
In this report Novartis current operations in Bangladesh are analysed. PESTEL analysis used to examine few significant factors of external environment and discussed how they influence the Novartis. At the end of the report couple of recommendations is provided for Novartiss current and future strategies and operations in Bangladesh.

Page 17

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

References
Alam, F. (2009) Potential for developing Bangladeshs pharmaceutical sector. The Financial Express, Bangladesh. Published on 21 December 2009. Archibugi, D. & Michie, J. (1997) Globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy, in Archibugi, D. and Michie, J. (eds) Technology, Globalisation and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 173-240. Azad, A. K. (2006) Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Sector: Present and Potential, BAPA Journal, Volume 15 BBC (2010) Bangladesh opposition stages general strike. Reported on 27 June 2010, Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10427555 (Accessed on 24 July 2010) Besanko, D., Dranove, D., Shanley, M. & Schaefer, S. (2010) Economics of Strategy, 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 4th ed. BOI (2010a) Market Overview, (Board of Investment Bangladesh), Available: http://www.boi.gov.bd/key-sectors/life-sciences/market-overview (Accessed: 12 July 2010) BOI (2010b) Key Benefits and Advantages, (Board of Investment Bangladesh), Available: http://www.boi.gov.bd/key-sectors/life-sciences/key-benefits-a-advantages (Accessed: 12 July 2010) Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I., Moffett, M., Marinova, S. & Marinov, M. (2009) International Business, European Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H. & Sullivan, D. P. (2009) International Business: Environments and Operation, 12th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall. Fortune Magazine (2009) Time, Inc.. July 20, 2009 Issue, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/industries/21/index.html (accessed on 22 July 2010) Furley, P. (1996), Environmental issues and impact of development, in Preston, D. (Ed.), Latin American Development Geographical Perspectives, 2nd ed., Longman, Harlow.

Page 18

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Gillespie, A. (2010) Business Economics, Oxford University Press. Griffin, R. W. & Pustay, M. W. (2010) International Business, Global Ed. 6th Ed. Prentice Hall. Griffiths, A. & Wall, S. (2008) Economics for Business and Management, 2nd ed, Financial Times, Prentice Hall. Hesselberg, J. (1992), Exports of pollution-intensive industries to the South, in Norsk Geogr. Tidskr, Vol. 46, pp. 171-4. http://www.svtc.org/cleancc/strat.htm (accessed November 1999). Hill, C. W. L. (2009) International Business, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hussain, I. F., Rahman, A. & Husain, M. (2008) Opportunities in Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals for Bangladesh, Bangladesh-American Pharmaceutical Association Journal, Volume 17. Islam, M. S. & Farah, S. S. (2008) How Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is promoted in Bangladesh?: A Critical Evaluation of the Advertisements Published in local newspapers. Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine. July 10, 2008. http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/33767736/How-Complementary-andAlternative-Medicine-CAM-is-promoted-in-Bangladesh-A-Critical-Evaluation-of-theAdvertisements-Published-in-Local-Newspapers# (Accessed on 15 July 2010) Karim, F (2005) National Drug Policy May 5, 2005, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Keith, W. (2010) The Pharmaceutical Market: Bangladesh, Opportunities and Challenges, Espicom Management Report Kostermans, K. (2008) Public & Private Sector Approaches to Improving the Pharmaceutical Quality in Bangladesh, page 5, published by the World Bank, Bangladesh Development Series, Paper no. 23, March 2008. MoEF (2008) Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2008. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. xvi + 68 pp. Morrison, J. (2006) The International Business Environment, Global and Local Marketplaces in a Changing World, 2nd ed, Palgrave Macmillan.

Page 19

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Mujeri, M. K. (2004) Bangladesh Decent Work Statistical Indicators: A Fact-Finding Study, Final Report, International Labour Office National Drug Policy (2005) Directorate of Drug Administration, Ministry of Family Welfare, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Available: http://www.ddabd.org/download/drug_policy_2005_eng.pdf (Accessed on 24 July 2010) Novartis Bangladesh Website, http://www.novartis.com.bd (accessed on 24 July 2010) Novartis Website, http://www.novartis.com (accessed on 22 July 2010) Office of the US Trade Representative (2008), page 21, and information supplied by BAPI in October 2008 Patel, P. & Pavitt, K. (1991) Large firms in the production of the worlds technology: an important case of non-globalisation, Journal of International Business Studies, 22: 1-21. Salvatore, D. (2007) Managerial Economi cs: Principles and Worldwide Applications, 6th ed. Oxford University Press. Shamsuddoha, M., Shohrowardhy, H. S., & Nasiruddin, M. (2009) Sustainable Growth: Combining Ecological Issues into Strategic Planning. Advances in Mining Technology and Management, IIT, Kharagpur, India, November 30-December 2, 2005. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1302271 Sloman, j. & Hinde, K. (2007) Economics for Business, 4th ed. Financial Times, Prentice Hall. The Daily Star, Novartis again top medicine exporter, Star Business Report, 13/03/2008. Available: http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=27481 (Accessed on 25 July 2009) The World Bank (2008) Public and private sector approaches to imporving pharamaceutical quality in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Development Series, Paper No. 23, Human Development Unit of South Asia Region, March 2008. The World Bank (2009): Doing Business in Bangladesh, A co-publication of The World Bank and the International Finance Corporation The World Factbook (2009). Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2009.

Page 20

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html UKTI Report (2010) Pharmaceutical Opportunities in Bangladesh. UK Trade & Investment, Dhaka, April, 2010 UNESCO, World Water Assessment Programme for development, capability building and the environment, United Nations Education Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Available: http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/facts_figures/basic_needs.shtml (Accessed on 25 July 2010) USAID (2009) Bangladesh Environment Current Conditions, United States Agency for International Development, Bangladesh. http://www.usaid.gov/bd/programs/environ.html (Accessed on 21 July 2010)) Weissman, R. (1993), Corporate plundering of third-world resources, in Hofrichter, R. (Ed.) Toxic Struggles. The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 186 -96.

Page 21

Novartis Bangladesh: Pharmaceutical Marketplace Analysis

Appendix A: Abbreviations
APIs BOI CAM DDA DTL GDP GMP LDCs OTC PESTEL TRIPS TRIPS UKMHRA UKTI WHO WTO Active pharmaceutical ingredients Bangladesh Board of Investment Complementary and Alternative Medicine Director of Drug Administration Drug Testing Laboratories Gross Domestic Product Good Manufacturing Practices least developed countries Over-the-Counter Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal Trade Related Aspects of Inellectual Property Right Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare Product Regulatory Agency United Kingdom Trade & Investment World Health Organization World Trade Organisation

Page 22

You might also like