STPM Chemistry Form 6 Definition List: 1.

The Hund Rule orbital with the same energy level (degenerate orbitals), electron will occupy different orbital singly/one electron first with the parallel spin, before pairing.(Reject: same spin, spin with same direction) STPM 2008, 2007 2. Pauli Exclusive Principle Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons withopposite spin. (Reject: different spin) STPM 2007 3. Aufbau principle Electrons occupy orbitals with the lowest energy level first. (Reject: occupy lower energy first) STPM 2006, 2007 4. Vapour pressure the pressure exerted by a vapour that is in equilibrium with its liquid at a fixed temperature in a closed system. It is due to the collision of the vapour particles on the walls of the container. STPM 2004 STOICHIOMETRY 1. Molarity (M) [concentration of a fluid solution] defined as the moles of a solute per volume of solution. 2. Density [concentration of a fluid solution] defined as the mass of solution per volume of solution. 3. Dilution addition of solvent to a solution resulting in an increase in the volume of the solution and a decrease in the concentration of the solute in solution. 4. Precipitation reaction (also refer to as double-displacement reaction) a reaction that involve two aqueous salts being added together to form ions and a solid salt precipitate. ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA 1. Arrhenius acid acid yields H3O+ when added to water 2. Arrhenius base base yields OH- when added to water 3. Bronsted-Lowry acid (proton donor) a substance that donate a proton, H+ to a base. 4. Bronsted-Lowry base (proton acceptor) a substance that accept a proton, H+ from an acid. 5. Conjugate acid a species (molecule or ion) formed when a proton is added to a base. 6. Conjugate base a species (molecule or ion) formed when a proton is removed from an acid. 7. Lewis acid an electron-pair acceptor. 8. Lewis base an electron-pair donor. 9. Electrolyte (also electrolytic conductor) a chemical compound that will conduct electricity in the molten state or in aqueous solution. 10. Strong acid an acid that is almost completely dissociated in aqueous solution. (Stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base) 11. Weak acid an acid that is only partially dissociated in aqueous solution. (Weaker the acid, the stronger its conjugate base)
Acid-Base Equilibria

Term Arrhenius acid

Definition Yields H3O+ when added to H2O

Example aq: [H3O+] > [OH-]

Yields OH- when added to H2O Bronsted-Lowry acid Proton donor Bronsted-Lowry base Proton acceptor Lewis acid Electron pair acceptor Lewis base Electron pair donor Arrhenius base
Four important concepts (just the berry essence): 1.

aq: [OH-] > [H3O+] HX in protic solvent KOH in protic solvent BF3 in aprotic solvent NH3 in aprotic solvent

Acid dissociation (expressed quantitatively) acid dissociation constant, Ka, is nothing more than the equilibrium constant for the dissociation reaction of an acid in water. Relative strength of an acid (increases), its Ka (increases) and its pKa (decreases).

(The Ka and pKa of an acid depend on the strength of an acid, but not its concentration.) 2. Base hydrolysis base hydrolysis constant, Kb, nothing more than the equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis reaction of a base in water. Relative strength of a base (increases), its Kb (increases) and its pKb (decreases).

(The Kb and pKb of an acid depend on the strength of an acid, but not its concentration.) 3. 4. Overall Relationship : Acid strength , Ka , pKa , conjugate base strength , Kb , pKb Strength of a reagent (Ka / pKa and Kb / pKb) the completeness of a reaction in water. (dissociation = ionisation or electrolytic nature) The stronger the acid, the more electrolytic it is, because it conducts electricity better due to the greater number of ions in solution. The stronger the base, the more readily it undergoes hydrolysis when mixed with water

Acid Cl3CCOOH Cl2HCCOOH H2SO3 HClO2 ClH2CCOOH HF HNO2 HCOOH H3CCOOH 2,4-(H3C)2C6H3NH3+ 4-H2NC6H4NH3+ H3CO3 4-O2NC6H4OH HClO HBrO NH4+ HCN HIO

Name Trichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Sulfurous acid Chloroacetic acid Chloroacetic acid Hydrofluoric acid Nitrous acid Formic acid Acetic acid 2,4-dimethylanilinium 4-aminoanilinium Carbonic acid 4-nitrophenol Hypochlorous acid Hypobromous acid Ammonium Hydrogen cyanide Hypoiodous acid

pKa 0.64 1.27 1.82 1.90 2.82 3.15 3.41 3.74 4.74 5.08 6.18 6.36 7.15 7.46 8.72 9.26 9.36 10.66