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udk&if 0wfcsifpdwf aygufvmojzifh udk&if0wfay;&ef rdcifudk ylqmygonf/
csufaumif;udk,lwwfaom rdcifu ]udk&if0wfw,fqdkwm vG,fwm
r[kwfzl;uG? pmwwfrS 0wfvdkY&wm? rif;vdk pmrwwfwJhvu
l udk&if0wfvdkY
b,fjzpfrvJ} [k qGay;vdkufygonf/ ]'Dvdkvm;? 'Dvdkqdk ausmif;aer,f}
[k ajymNyD; atmifqef;onf xdktcsdefrSp ausmif;aeygawmhonf/
rSwfcsuf/ /1932-33 ck aumvdyfausmif;a&mufp yxrESpf
vnf; atmifqef;onf ouFef;0wf tDwmvD,H bkef;awmfBuD;
OD;avmuexESihftwlvdkufum omoemjyKvkdpdwf jzpfay:vmojzifh
rdcifxH cGifhawmif;bl;ygonf/ rdcifu cGifhrjyKojzifh rvdkufjzpfcJhay/
odkYjzifh atmifqef;onf ewfarmuf&Sd 'DyuF&mausmif;ac:
OD;aombdwausmif;om; jzpfvmygonf/
OD;aombdwausmif;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif; jzpfaomfvnf; twef;
ausmif; jzpfygonf/ xdkacwfu xdkausmif;rsKd;udk ]avmu"mwfausmif;} [k
ac:Muygonf/ a&S;pmoufoufoifonfh bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESihf jcm;em;

18

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ap&eftwGuf odkY ac:jcif;jzpf[ef wlygonf/ vufaxmufq&mrsm;


onf vl0wfaMumifrsm;jzpf&m tcsKdU q&mjzpfpmar;yGJ atmifjrifMu tcsKdU
ratmifjrifMuyg/ uRefawmfwdkY i,fpOfu xdkvufaxmufq&mrsm;onf
vc r&MubJ ESpfukefrS qkaiG &Muygonf/ ESpfpOf ynma&;XmerS
ynmtkyf wa,mufa,muf vmppfaq;NyD;vQif ausmif;om;rsm;udk
twef;wifay;jcif;? twef;csjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfygonf/ ausmif;tkyf
bkef;awmfBuD;aomfif;? vufaxmufq&mrsm;uaomfif; twef; wifay;
jcif;? csjcif; rjyKEdkifMuay/
atmifqef;onf ausmif;aeonfhtcsdefrSp twef;xJ tNrJ
yxr &ygonf/ ausmif;tkyf bkef;awmfBuD;ESifhwuG q&m? q&mrrsm;udk
tvGefaMumuf&GHUdkao tvGeftydk;aoygonf/ pnf;urf;ao0yfjcif;?
wm0efodwwfjcif;? vHkYv0d&d,&Sdjcif;wdkYonf atmifqef;\ADZyif jzpfyg
onf/
xdkADZudk rdzrsm;xHrS &onf[k qdkcsifuvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY zcifESifrh dcifrSm tvGef dk;om;olrsm;jzpf rw&m;vkyf&ef
a0;pG? rw&m;vkyfonf[k txifcH&rnfudkyif tvGef aMumufolrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/ wm0efudk tvGefodwwf wm0efrJh ajymqdkvkyfudkifrIudk
tvGef pufqkyf&GH&Sm Muygonf/
pdwfaeoabmxm;tm;jzifh atmifqef;onf zcifESihf ydkwlyg
onf/ uRefawmfwdkYzcifonf &SmrS&Sm;aom vlat; wa,mufjzpf
rnfolYudkrQ &efrjyK/ rdrdukd &efjyKMuvdrfhrnf[kvnf; rxifol jzpfygonf/
tdrfif;? c&D;oGm;vm&mif; rdrdudk,fudk umuG,f&ef rnfonfhvufeuf
udkrQ udkifaqmifavh r&Sdyg/ uRefawmf rSwfrdoavmuf rnfolESihfrQvnf;
&efrjzpfzl;yg/

19

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

rSwfrdygao;onf/ yxrurmppfBuD;(1914-1918) twGif;u


uRefawmfwkdYzcifonf ppfonfawmfrsm; oufomacsmifcsda&;tzGJUwGif
aiGxdef;tjzpf aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ waeYo vlwa,mufonf(emrnfukd
rSwfrdaomfvnf; xdkol\ tquftEG,frsm;udk iJhnm aomtm;jzifh razmfjy
awmhyg) twGif;a&;r;vufrSwfvdrfjzifh aiGxkwf&m uRefawmfwdkY zcifu
xkwfray;bJ jiif;qdkvdkufygonf/ xdkvlonf &Sufvnf;&Suf? a'govnf;
jzpfojzifh t&ufaomuf tdrfay:odkY wufvmum ]cifAsm;u ppfaMu;
xdef;&vdkY armufwmvm;} ponfjzifh &efp apmfum;vmygawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkY zcifum; rdrdtdrfay:odkY wufvm rdrdtm; apmfum;oludk
bmrQrvkyfyg/ vSnfhyif rMunhfyg/ rQ onf;cHEdkifpGr;f &Sdolaywnf;/
xufaomrdcifurlum; ]eif bmvlyg;0wmvJ} [kajymum zdeyfjzifh
dkufrnfjyK&m? trl;orm;vl&rf;um;onf xdkif&Sdcdk; awmif;yefaom
aMumifhom oufomcGifh &oGm;ygonf/
rdcifonf rnfonhftcgrQ trIrJh trSwfrJh aewwfol r[kwfyg/
c&D;oGm;vm&mwGif EIwfu orKa'&Gwfvsuf vufuvnf; "m;udkifxm;
avh &Sdygonf/
atmifqef;onf zcifuJhodkY trIrJh trSwfrJh aewwfygonf/
xdkYaMumifhyif i,fpOfu olwyg;\dkufESufjcif;udkcH&? BuD;vmaom
tcgvnf; a&wdrfwGif tESpfcH&ygonf/ rdcifuJhodkY owd 0d&d,&Sdyg
rlum; a&wdrfwGif tESpfcH&rnf r[kwfyg/
i,fpOfu qdkif;wD;aeonfudk pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifaeaom
atmifqef;udk aumifuav; wpfa,mufu cJjzifhayguf xGufajy;&m
atmifqef;rSm ESzl; 'Pf&m&oGm;ygonf/ tjcm;tjzpftysufuav;
wckudkvnf; rSwfrdygao;onf/ waeYwGif olYxuf tenf;i,fBuD;aom
]at;armif} qdkolu atmifqef;udk xdk;Budwf dkufEu
S fvdkufygonf/

20

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

uRefawmfodaomtcg csufaumif;apmifh xdkaumifuav;udk vufoD;jzifh


xdk;? ajcjzifhvnf;uef ponfjzifh tawmfuav;ESHvdkufygonf/ xdk
aumifuav;u ]awmfawmhuG? rif;nD 'Davmufrembl;} [k jyefajym
onfudk ,ck pma&;ae&if; Mum;a,mifrdvmojzifh jyHK;rdygonf/
atmifqef;um; i,fpOfrSp usqHk;onfhaeYtxd rnfolYudkrQ
rESdyfpufvdk/ rESdyfpufcJh/ rdrdudkvnf; rnfolurQ ESdyfpuf&ef&Smvdrfhrnf[k
rxifol jzpfygonf/ ]vkyf&Jwmowd r[kwfbl;? cH&JrS owdyg} [k
BuD;vmaomtcg rdrdESihf &if;ESD;olrsm;udk rMumcP ajymavh&Sdygonf/

21

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(2)
ausmif;om;vli,fb0
a&S;acwftcgu jrefrmausmif; (Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyf
jrefrmausmif; (Anglo-Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyfausmif;
(English School) [l ausmif;oHk;rsKd;&Sd&m ewfarmufausmif;onf
jrefrmausmif; jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfausmif;onf &efukef? rEav;wdkY
uJhodkYaom NrKdUBuD;rsm;om&Sd ]t*Fvdyf jrefrmausmif;} onf rauG;?
a&eHacsmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;wdkYuJhodkYaom NrKdUuav;rsm;om &Syd gonf/
NrKdUydkif Hk;pdkufaomfvnf; &GmBuD;rQomjzpfaom ewfarmuf ]jrefrmausmif;}
om &Sdygonf/
uRefawmfwdkYi,fpOfu ewfarmufonf ql;wyfrsm;um&Hxm;aom
&GmBuD;jzpf oabFmqdyfNrKdUjzpfaom rauG;ESihf 36rdkif a0;onf/ rD;&xm;
vrf;vnf; r&Sdao;yg/ um;vrf ;vnf; r&Sdao; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
BuD;vmaomtcg atmifqef;onf &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGrsm;tm; ]usKyf
*sif*vd0gvm;(awmom;)} [k *kPf,l &,farm ajymqdkavh &Sdygonf/
acwfynm(t*Fvdyfpm) oifvdkvQif ewfarmuf roifEdkifbJ
NrKdUwNrKdU oGm;&ygonf/ 13-ESpf 14-ESpf t&G,fa&mufNyDjzpfaom
atmifqef;onf jrefrmpm 6-wef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfpm
oifvdk&um; tpfudkBuD;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY ynm&ifEdkY aomufpkdYcJhaom
a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;odkY olYudkydYk &ef rdbrsm;udk ylqmygawmhonf/

22

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

rdbrsm;uomru tpfudktpfrrsm;uyg olYudk uav;[k ,lqxm;Mu


ojzifh wNrKdUwaus;odkYcGJydkY&ef oabmrwlMuyg/ txl;ojzifh rdcifonf
tcspfqHk; om;uav;udk rcGJEdkifjzpfae&m tenf;i,f BuD;vmonfh
wdkifatmif apmifhqdkif;&ef azsmif;zsajymqdkygonf/ vkyfvdk&mudk rjzpfrae
vkyfwwfaom ZGJ&Sdonfhatmifqef;onf idk,dyk lqmHkru ]a&eHacsmif;
ausmif;udk rydkYvQif xrif;rpm;} [k aMunm xrif;rpm;bJ aeygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif tpmiwfcHwdkufyGJ qifETJaeygonf/ ol\ pdwf"mwf
udk aumif;pGmodaom rdbrsm;onf aemufqHk;wGif ol\ vkdvm;csufudk
vdkufavsm a&eHacsmif; ausmif;odkY ydkY&ygawmhonf/ odkYjzifh 1928ckwGif atmifqef;onf a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;om; jzpfvmygonf/

ewfarmufNrdKU
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aetdrfjywdkuf

23

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

,ckacwf vli,frsm; odMurnfr[kwfojzihf ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;


taMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkygonf/ 1920-jynfhESpfrwdkifrDu
ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm; r&Sdao;yg/ tpdk;&u wdkufkduftkycf sKyfaom tpkd;&
ausmif;rsm;ESifh c&pf,ef omoemjyK ausmif;rsm;om &Sdygonf/ Ak'bmom
0ifrsm; BuD;r;zGifhvSpfaom ausmif;rsm;vnf; tenf;i,f &Sdygonf/
1920-jynhfESpfrwdkifrDu jrefrmjynf wuodkvf[k r&SdbJ
]&efukefaumvdyf} ESifh tar&duef omoemjyK q&mBuD;*syfqif (Judson)
udk tpGJjyK zGifhvSpfxm;aom ]*syfqifaumvdyf} [l aumvdyfausmif;
ESpfausmif;om &Sdygonf/ (tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;wGif q&mBuD;*syfqifudk q&m
,k'oef[kif;? *syfqifaumvdyfudk ],k'oefaumvdyf} [kif; a&;om;Mu
ygonf/) xdkaumvdyfausmif;rsm;onf b*Fvm;jynfe,f umvuwm;
wuodkvf\ vufatmufcHjzpf&m xdkwuodkvfu BuD;r;vsuf pmar;yGJ
rsm; usif;yjcif;? bGJYrsm;ay;jcif; ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfygonf/
1920-jynfhESpf0,f ]&efukefwuodkvf} udk oD;jcm;zGihfvSpf&ef
&nf&G,fvsuf NAdwdoQbk&ifcH qm &,f*sDe,f u&ufa'guf(Sir Regianld
Craddock) BuD;r; ]&ef ukefwuodkvf tufOya'} w&yf udk a&;qGJ
Muygonf/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm jrefrmwdYk udk tppftrSefynm
wwfapvdk r[kwfbJ? rdrdwdkY wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf&m tultnD&apHk
avmufom ynmoifay;&ef jzpfygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif udkvdkeD e,fcsJUorm;rsm;yDyD rdrdwdkY
vufatmufcH vlrsKd;rsm;tm; rdrdwdkY\ udkvdkeDpepftwGuf taxmuf
tuljzpfaprnfh ynma&;rsKd;udkom ay;vdkygonf/
wuodkvfynmudk vlajrmufjrm;pGm rwwfajrmufapvdkbJ vuf
wqkyfpmrQaom t&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ om;orD;rsm;ESifh "e&Sif ajr&Sifrsm;\
om;orD;rsm;udkom wwfajrmufapvdkygonf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&m omrefvlrsm;

24

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wuodkvfynm roifEdkifatmif ]wuodkvf tufOya'} udk a&;qGJMu


ygonf/
1920-jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvwGif xkdOya'udk uefYuGufaomtm;jzifh
aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u acgif;aqmifum rdrdwdkYaumvdyfrsm;udk
oydwfarSmuf xGufcGmvmMuygonf/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;\ erlem
udk ,lvsuf tjcm;ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdYk ausmif;
rsm;udk oydwfarSmufvdkufMuygonf/ ,aeYwdkif ESpfpOf usif;yNrJjzpfonfh
]trsKd;om;aeY} onf xkdausmif;om;oydwfudk tpGJjyK usif;yjcif;
jzpfygonf/
ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfay:NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;uav;rsm;
ynmoifrysufap&ef oydwfarSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh rsKd;cspfyk*dKvfrsm;
OD;pD;aom ]trsKd;om;ynma&;aumifpD} (Council of National
Education) zGJU ausmif;rsm;zGihfvSpfvsuf ynmoifMum;ay;Muygonf/
xkdausmif;rsm;udk trsKd;om;ausmif; (0g) ae&Sife,fausmif; [k
ac:Muygonf/ trfatOD;armifBuD;(,ck qmarmifBuD;)? q&mBuD; ocif
udk,fawmfrIdif;? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd ponfh yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;uOD;pD;aom ae&Sife,f
aumvdyfausmif; wausmif;udkvnf; wnfaxmifcJhMuygonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; xdkaumvdyfonf oufqdk;r&SnfcJhyg/
ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumihf
ausmif;om;t&G,f
vlrr,fuav;rsm;onf ynmoifrysufHkru rsKd;cspfpdw"f mwfvnf; &vm
Muygonf/ aemiftcsdef ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkrsm;wGifif;? EdkifiH
a&;wGifif; acgif;aqmifjzpfvmolrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ae&Sife,f
ausmif;xGufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJwavQmuf
ae&Sife,fausmif;rsm;onf ta&;BuD;aomtcef;rS yg0ifcJhonfudk
rnfolrQ jiif;qdkEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/

25

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;wGifvnf; atmifqef;onf twef;


wdkif;yif yxr &ygonf/ 1930-jynhfESpf 7-wef;pmar;yGJwGif paum
vm;&Spf& ]OD;a&Tcdkqk} udkvnf; &ygonf/ wvvQif aiG 10-usyfusjzihf
oHk;ESpftwGuf paumvm;&Spf qkaiG csDjrihjf cif;cH&ygonf/ aemufESpfESpf
Mumaomtcg 10-wef;atmifojzifh xdk paumvm;&Spf qkaiGudk aumvdyf
a&mufonfh yxrESpftxd &cJhygonf/
a&eHacsmif;ae&Sife,fausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vufa&;
pmapmifjzpfaom ]ausmif;om;pmapmif} wckxkwf&m atmifqef;onf
t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&Guf&ygonf/
atmifqef;\ ]qef;} yHkudk ae&Sife,fausmif;om;b0vnf ;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ 1931-ckESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; arv 18&ufaeYwGif uRefawmfwdkYzcifonf ESpfvrQ emrusef;jzpfNyD;aemuf uG,f
vGefoGm;ygonf/ ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; tdrfjyefvmaom atmifqef;ESihf
ausmif;q&mjzpfaeaom tpfudkOD;b0if;BuD;wdkYonf zciftavmif;udk
oN*K[fNyD;rS a&eHacsmif;odkYjyefEdkifMuojzifh ausmif;a&muf aemufusaeMu
ygonf/ q&mwa,muf u ]rif;wdkY bmvdkY aemufus aeovJ} [kar;&m
atmifqef;u ]taz rrmvdkY} [k ajzygonf/ ]tck rmoGm;NyDvm;} [k
q&mu qufar;&m ]qHk;NyD} [k atmifqef;u jyefajzygonf/
xdkodkYajzaMumif;udk xdkq&mu tpfudkBuD;tm;ajym tpfudkBuD;u
uRefawmfhtm; wqifhjyefajymojzifh uRefawmfhwdkY &,fMu& ygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; ,aeY pOf;pm;Munhfaomtcg atmifqef;\tajzrSm
tvGefwdusonfudk awGU&ygonf/ olajzonfhtwdkif; ol ausmif;
jyefta&muf aemufus&jcif;onf zcif qHk;oGm;aomaMumihf r[kwfbJ
rrmaeaom zcif udk jyKpkae&aomaMumihfjzpfonfrSm rSefayonf/ tb,fh
aMumifhqdkaomf qHk;NyD;aemuf tavmif;udk oN*K[fHkrSwyg; tjcm;vkyf&ef

26

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefu atmifqef;onf 16-ESpfausmf 17ESpfom; t&G,frQom &Sdygao;onf/ xdkt&G,fuyif olonf ausmif;jyef
aemufus&jcif; jyem\ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf jrifol
jzpfygonf/ aemufydkif; ol\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifjcif;onf
jyemw&yf \ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf xdk;xGif;odjrif
wwfaom t&nftcsif;aMumihf[kqdkvQif rSm;rnf rxifay/

27

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(3)
&efukefwuodkvf
1932-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef;udk
jrefrmpmESifhygVdbmomwdYk wGif *kPfxl;jzifhatmifjrif &efukefwuodkvfodkY
a&mufvmygonf/ xdkacwfu aumvdyfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh txufwef;vTmESihf tvwfwef;vTmrsm;rS vmMuolrsm;
jzpf tvGef ]Id;} xkwfMuygonf/ 0wfpm;qif,if&m aumif;ayh? vSayh?
qef;ayh qdkonfh t0wfrsm;udkom *kPfwk *kPfNyKdif 0wfqifMuygonf/
xdkacwftcsdefwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;jzpfvmaom atmifqef;onf wrl
xl;jcm;aeygonf/
tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pwdkifxkwfoavmuf(0g)*dkufay;oavmuf
atmifqef;onf t0wfudkvnf; *krpdkuf? tpm;udkvnf; *krpdkuf?
taetxdkifudkvnf; *krpdkuf? jzpfovdkaeygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;
bdkauajymifaeatmif zD;vdrf;jyifqifoavmuf atmifqef;onf tNrJ
qHyifpkwfzGm;jzifh aewwfygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ydk;-zJ-uwD
yg-befaumuf paom taumif;pm;txnfrsm;udk 0wfqifaomfvnf;
atmifqef;um; rEav;vHkcsnfwywfEGrf;? yifeDwdkufyHktus? wcgw&H
ouvyftuswywfEGrf; ponfwdkYudkom 0wfqifavh&Sdygonf/ tjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tcef;rsm;udk vSyatmif rGrf;rH cs,fvS,f
xm;Muojzifh tcef;rsm; vSycefYnm;oavmuf atmifqef;\ tcef;onf

28

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

IyfyGaeygonf/ wcef;vHk; pmtkyfrsm;onf jyefYBuJae tusvHkcsnf


wdkYvnf; ae&mtESHtjym;a&mufaeMuygonf/ tdyf&mudkvnf; rnfonfh
tcgrQ rodrf;bJ? jcifaxmifudkvnf; tNrJ axmifxm;ygonf/
oyfoyf,yf,yf aewwfxdkifwwfaomausmifom;rsm;u rnfrQ
ESmacgif;HIUapumrl? atmifqef;um; ywf0ef;usifudk vHk;0*krpdkuf? 0wfNrJ
aeNrJtwdkif;yif/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;u olYtm;azmfa&GGpGm EIwfqufaomf
vnf; olujyef EIwfqufcsifrS EIwfqufonf/ xdkodkYaom atmifqef;udk
ausmif;om;trsm;u ]*Gpm} [k uifyGef;wyfMuonfrSm rxl;qef;vSay/
xkdrQ *Gusaomfvnf; atmifqef;onf tvGefpmzwfol jzpfygonf?
pmzwf&m ausmif;oifpmtkyfrsm;udkomru tjyiftyrS pmtkyfrsm;
(txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;) udkyg zwfavh&Sdygonf/ zwf&mvnf;
tcef;eD;csif;rsm;twGuf taESmifht&Sufjzpfrnf rjzpfrnfudkyif owdrjyK
EdkifawmhbJ atmfzwfvdku zwfwwfygonf/
atmifqef;onf rdrdudkEIwfqufolrsm;tm; jyefEIwfqufvdkrS
EIwfqufjcif;? pmatmfzwfvdku zwfjcif;wdkYonf tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;
tm; apmfum;vdkaom armufrmonfh pdwf"mwfaMumihfr[kwf/ pOf;pm;
csif&mpOf;pm; ywf0ef;usifudk arhaeaomaMumifhomjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf
yif wcgu t*Fvdyfpmygarmu rpwmdkU'fpf (F.W.W. Rhodes) u
]rifh;nD[m rdk;ay:cPcP wufwufaevdkY igu ajrBuD;ay:jyefa&muf
atmif cscsay;ae&w,f} [k &,farmajymqdkbl;ygonf/
atmifqef;onf bmawG pOf;pm;aeygoenf;/ vlysKdvl&G,fwdkY
obm0tavsmuf rdef;uav;awGtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;aeygovm;/
r[kwfyg/ atmifqef; pOf;pm;aeonfrSm uRefjzpfaeaom tzEdkifiHudk
rnfodkY u,fwif&rnfenf; qdkonhf tvGefBuD;us,faomjyemrsm;udk
pOf;pm;aeaMumif; ol\ aemufydkif;vkyf&yfrsm;u oufaocHaeygonf/

29

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

atmifqef;onf avmuGwfvkyfwwfol r[kwfyg/ pdwfxJu


rygbJ avmuGwfpum;awG ajymaejcif;jzifh tcsdefjzKef;vdkol r[kwfyg/
1947-ck Zlvkdifv 29-&ufaeY wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif
]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;} tqdkwifoGif;&if; 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Eku
atmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;cJhbl;ygonf/
]]tJ'Dvdk awGU&wJhtcgrSm udkatmifqef;[m olrsm;ESihfrwlatmif
xl;jcm;wJh trlt&mawGudk pNyD;awGU&wmyJ/ Oyrm pNyD;awGU&w,fqdk&if
wa,mufESifhwa,muf [uf[ufyufyuf EIwfqufMuw,f/ ol
wa,mufxJubJ bmrSrajymbJ ikwfwkwfxdkifaew,f/ onfawmh
awmfawmfxl;qef;wJhyk*dKvfbJvdkY atmufarhNyD; tJ'DaeY tcsdefukefNyD;
jyefcJh&w,f/
tJh'DrSmawGUwJhtaMumif;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; vrf;rSmawGUwJhtcg
b,foGm;rvdkYvJ? b,fuvmwmvJ? bmvkyfrvdkYvJ ponfjzifh EIwfquf
Muw,f/ EIwfqufwJhtcgrSm udktek f;? uRefawmf? udkodef;az? udkausmfNidrf;
wdkYuom tJ'Dvdk EIwfqufMuw,f/ udkatmifqef;uawmh EIwfquf
ayr,fh vSnhfrMunhfbJ a&SmufoGm;csifoGm;wmyJ/ jyefajymcsifrS ajymw,f/
&yfMunhfNyD; a&SmufoGm;csif oGm;wmyJ/
olrajymbl;qdkNyD; olYudk zmodzmomaevdkufayr,fh tJ'DtcgrSm
tydkrygbJ ajymp&m&SdwmvmNyD; ajymwmbJ/ uRefawmfuvJ taMumif;
rodbl;/ awGUwmvJ aemufusaew,f/ waeYusawmh udkodef;azudk tJ'D
udkatmifqef;qdkwJvl[m b,fvdkvlpm;vJ? vrf;awGU&if EIwfqufvdkYvJ
r&bl;? jyHK;vdkYvJ r&bl;/ olYudk vlxl;qef;wrsKd;bJvdkY tJh'Dvdk trSwfonm
xm;vdkufw,f/
aemuf 6 vavmuftMum oleJY&if;&if;ESD;ESD; aygif;MunhfvdkufwJh
tcgusawmh udkatmifqef;[m tydkawGqdk&if bmrS rvkyfcsifbl;?

30

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

avmuGwfqdkwm omNyD; olt,HktMunfr&Sdao;w,f/ avmuGwfajymaewJh


vlawG[m wa,mufESifhwa,muf nmaewJhvlawGbJ/
'Dawmhum wa,mufESihfwa,muf cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
aygif;&r,fhvlawG[m avmuGwfawG bmawG tydktvkyfawG ajymaebdkY
rvdkbl;/ ajymp&m&SdwmawG ajym? qdkp&m&SdwmawG qdk? ta&;&SdwJhtcgrS
ajymqdkbdkY? aqG;aEG;p&m&SdwmawG aqG;aEG;bdkY? 'gbJ/
tJ'DtcgrSm oGm;awGUawmh udkatmifqef;[m uRefawmfwdkY xifwJh
twdkif; uwfoD;uwfowf vlwrsKd; r[kwfbJ? twdtusudk vdkvm;wJh
yk*dKvfwa,mufqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY awGU&w,f}}
1932-33 ck ausmif;zGifhpwGif wuodkvfor*u BuD;r;vsuf
]bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&; rvkyfoihf} [laom tqdkw&yfudk t*Fvdyf
bmomjzifh pum;&nfvkyGJwck usif;yygonf/ xdktqdkudk uRefawmfwdkY
wifoGif; udkat;csKd qdkolu uefYuGufygonf/
pum;&nfvkyGJ rjyKvkyfrDuyif jyemESihf ywfouf
&efukefa*Zwf (The Rangoon Gazette) owif;pmwGif tajctwif
a&;om;Muygonf/ taMumif;t&mrSm EdkifiHa&;qHae&um; tjyifrS
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; 0ifa&;Muygonf/ xdktcsdefu EdkifiHa&;avmu
tdEd,jynfESihf jrefrmjynf cGJa&;wGJa&; jyemonf xdyfwef;a&mufae
ygonf/
NAdwdoQwdkYonf jrefrmjynfudk oHk;BudrfoHk;vnf(1828-18521885) wdkufcdkufodrf;,l tdEd,jynfwGif; xnfhoGi;f xm;Muygonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;udk apmapmydkif; rif;BuD;csKyf? aemufydkif; 'kwd, bk&ifcH?
xdkYaemuf bk&ifcHu aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkyk*dKvfrsm;onf tdEd,jynf&Sd
bk&ifcHcsKyf\ vufatmufcHrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif
jrefrmjynfonf tdEd,jynf\ jynfe,fwckrQomjzpf jrefrmjynf\

31

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tkyfcsKyfa&; tBuD;tuJrsm;onf tdEd,bk&ifcHcsKyf\trdefYudk emcHMu&


ygonf/
jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;wGif tdEd,jynfrS cGJxGufrS wdkif;jynf
twGuf ydkrdktusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqolrsm;vnf; &SdouJhodkY tdEd,jynfESifh
wGJaerS ydktusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqolrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh
qdkvQif tdEd,jynfESihf jrefrmjynf cGJa&;wGJa&;ESifyh wfouf EdkifiHa&;
avmuwGif y#dyu jzpfaeygonf/ cGJa&;bufrS acgif;aqmifrSm OD;baz
jzpf? wGJa&;bufrS acgif;aqmifrSm OD;cspfvdIif? a'gufwm barmfwdkY
jzpfMuygonf/ (a'gufwmbarmfonf xdktcsdefrSp Edkiif Ha&;e,fxJ 0if
vmjcif; jzpfygonf/)
y&d,m,ft&mwGif tvGefvdrmyg;eyfaom NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf
cGJa&;wGJa&;jyemudk rdrdwdkY rqHk;jzwfvdk? jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif
qHk;jzwfapvdkonf/ xdkodkY qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;rnf[k
aMunmygonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ(1932)NyD; wGJa&;axmufcHaom trwf
avmif;rsm; ydrk dkta&G;cH&aomfvnf; wdusjywfom;pGm rqHk;jzwfEdkifMu
ojzifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf (1935-ck jrefrmjynf tkyfcsKyfa&; tufOya'
t&) 1937-ck {NyDv 1-&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfudk tdEd,jynfrS cGJxGuf
vdkufygonf/
aus;vufvlxktay:wGif vGefpGm MoZmBuD;rm;aom bkef;awmf
BuD;rsm;\ tultnDudk &,lvdkaom(0g)EkdifiHa&;wGif bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk
ckwHk;vkyfvdkaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;(txl;ojzifh wGJa&;orm;rsm;)onf
azmfjyyg bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;EdkifiHa&;rvkyfoifh[laom pum;&nfvkyGJwGif
rsm;pGmpdw0f ifpm;Muygonf/ odkYjzpf&m xdkaeYn pum;&nfvkyGJudk ausmif;
om;rsm;omru tjyify EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;yg wufa&muf em;axmifMu
ojzihf wuodkvfor*cef;rBuD;wckvHk; jynhfvQHoGm;ygonf/

32

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

aumvdyfausmif;a&mufp atmifqef;onf tqdkudk axmufcH


0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;ygonf/ tqdkudk axmufcHjcif;rSm uRefawmftqdk&Sif
jzpfaeaomaMumihf r[kwfyg/ rdrd,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; axmufcHjcif;om
jzpfygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&vnfydkifEdkifpGm rajymwwfao;Hkru vl*dkuf
rSmvnf; *Guswwjzpfae&um; atmifqef;onf y&dowf\ avSmifajymif
jcif;? atmf[pfjcif;udk cH&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif atmifqef;onf rdrd
ajymvdkonfwdkYudk NyD;qHk;atmif ajymqdkNyD;rSom xdkifygonf/
xdktcsdefuyifvQif atmifqef;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif pdw0f ifpm;
rdrd,HkMunfcsufudk raMumufr&GHU azmfjyol jzpfygonf/ rsm;pGmaom
aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;onf bGJU&a&;? ausmif;rSxGufaomtcg tvkyf
tudkif aumif;aumif;rGefrGef&a&;wdkYtwGuf jyifqifaeMuaomfvnf;
atmifqef;onfum; EdkifiHa&;twGuf jyifqifaeygonf/

33

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(4)
wuodkvfor*
1934-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf tdkifatpmar;yGJ atmifjrif
NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;udk pwifaqmif&Gufygonf/ xdkESpf
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*(wuo) trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJwGif 0if
a&muf ,SOfNyKdifta&G;cH&m atmifqef;ta&G;rcH&yg/ vlodenf;ao;
onhfjyif ausmifom;trsm;u olYudk vlY*Gpm[kom todtrSwfjyKxm;Muyg
ao;onf/
ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; atmifqef;onf pdwfysufroGm;yg/ olYtm;
rJray;olrsm;udkvnf; pdwfckroGm;yg/ atmifqef;onf oabmxm;BuD;ol
aywnf;/ rnfrQ oabmxm;BuD;onfudk jrLeDpDy,frif;BuD;a[mif; OD;xGef;
tkef\ 1961-ck urmYuav;rsm;aeY 13-2-61 o0PfvTmudk zwfjI cif;
tm;jzifh odEdkifygonf/
OD;xGef;tkefu uav;rsm;xHydkYonfh ]OD;av;xGef;tkef\ pum;
vufaqmif} [laom o0PfvTm atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]yxrOD;qHk; OD;av;taeeJY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk owd&wm
uawmh 1934-ckESpfubJ/ &efukefwuodkvfrSm wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or*
trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJvkyfw,f/ 'DtcgrSm OD;ausmfNidrf;?
OD;odef;azjrihfwdkYu tzGJUwck zGJUpnf;NyD; a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifMuw,f/
udkatmifqef;udk rJxnfhyg? usKyfwdkYwm0ef,lygw,fwJh/ OD;av;u

34

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

jyefajymvdkufw,f/ ]'gavmuf Iodk;wJhvludk rJxnfhvdkufvdkY b,fjzpfrvJ?


rxnfhEdkifbl;Asm} vdkY OD;av;u jyefajymvdkufw,f/ 'DtcgrSm olwdkYu
]cifAsm; awmfawmfacgif;rmwJhvlbJ} vdkY rSwfcsufcsNyD; vufavQmhoGm;
Muw,f/ rJa&wGufNyD;wJhnae udkatmifqef;[m OD;av;&JU tcef;udk
a&mufvmw,f/ cyfvSrf;vSrf;uxJu olu &,farmNyD; vSrf;ajym
vdkufw,f/ ]udkxGef;tkef uRefawmf ta&G;rcH&bl;Asmh [J[J[J} wJh/
tem;a&mufvmawmh OD;av;u ukvm;xdkifxdk;ay;NyD; ]cifAsm; pdwfqdk;csif
qdk;? cifAsm;udk uRefawmfrJrxnfhcJhbl;} vkdY ajymvdkufawmh olu tm;&yg;&
&,farmNyD; ]'grsKd;rS uRefawmfu BuKdufwm? rJwefbdk;qdkwm tJ'Dvdk
xm;&w,fAs/ ta&G;rcH&wm cH&wmu ta&;rBuD;ygbl;/ tjyifvl
taeeYJvJ ausmif;om;udpa wG wjyHKwacgif;BuD; vkyfEdkifygw,f/ wdkifwdkif
yifyifeJY qufaqmif&GufMuwmayghAsm} ponfjzifh 3-em&Davmuf pum;
vufqHkusNyD; oli,fcsif;vkyfazmfaqmifbuftjzpf &if;ESD; oGm;Muw,f/
1935-36 ckESpfusawmhvJ trIaqmifrsm;tjzpf wifajrmuf
cHMu&wJhtcg? ausmif;om;udkatmifqef;[m taxGaxG twGif;a&;r;
taeeJY tvkyfodyfvkyfjycsifw,f/ 'gayr,fh vkyfazmfudkifzufawGu olY&JU
qufqHrIudk tm;r&ao;wJhtwGuf olY&JUpGrf;&nfudk uavmifjzifhjyapbkdY
tdk;a0r*Zif; t,f'Dwm0eftjzpf wm0ef,lapw,f/ vkyfjycsifwm
rvkyf&vdkY olpdwfaumufoGm;ovm;? raumufygbl;/ xm;wJhae&muae
olYpGrf;&nfudk jyNyD; ausmif;om;udp t00udk aqmif&GufcJhygw,f/ omref
tm;jzifhomqdk&if ig awmf&JUom;eJY ighudk ae&mray;&aumif;vm;qdkNyD;
pdwfvdkufrmefyg *GvkyfrSmbJ/
'gwifvm;? r[kwfao;ygbl;/ vlav;wdkY aoaocsmcsmem;axmif
rSwfxm;aemf/ OD;av;wdkY 1936-ckESpf oydwfarSmufNyD;wJh aemufydkif;
rSmawmif olYudk wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or* Ou|ae&mrSmxm;NyD;
aqmif&GufapMuw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfvJ ol[m b,folYudkrS pdwfuGufjcif;?

35

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

rif;om;BuD;rvkyf&vdkY ywfrBuD;udk xdk;azmufr,fa[hqdkwJh pdwfrsKd;


rxm;bJ oabmxm;BuD;pGm MunfjzLpGm vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm; pDpOfay;wJh
twdkif; pGrf;pGrf;wref vkyfjyjyefygw,f/
'Dvdk jrifjh rwfwJhpdwfxm;awGaMumihf jrefrmtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif
wifru urmuyg todtrSwfjyK&wJh acgif;aqmifBuD; jzpfcJhygw,f/
vlaoayr,fh olYtrnf[m raobJ &mZ0ifrSm tNrJ rSwfwrf;wif
xm;awmhr,fqdkwm uav;wdkY odMuw,f}}
OD;xGef;tkefonf ausmif;om;b0rSp e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;?
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wdkY atmifqef;ESihftwl vufwGJaqmif&GufcJhol
jzpfygonf/ atmifqef;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk ca&aphwGif;usodol
jzpfygonf/

tdk;a0t,f'DwmtzGJU (1936)

36

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

1935-36 ck w?u?o trIaqmif a&G;aumufyGJwGif atmifqef;


ta&G;cH&ygonf/ wuo\ tmabmfjzpfaom ]tdk;a0r*Zif;} t,f'Dwm
tjzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ xdkESpf w?u?o onf twuf<uqHk;
tjyif;xefqHk; jzpfygonf/ wuf<ujyif;xefonfESihftrQ rsufESmjzLrsm;
BuD;pdk;aeaom wuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;\ zdESdyfrIudkvnf; cH&ygonf/
wuodkvfausmif;tkyf rpwmqavmhpf (D.J. Sloss) onf omref
ausmif;tkyfrQomrubJ? tpdk;&ydkif;wGif tvGef 0ifqefYol jzpfygonf/
ynma&;orm;ouf oufom r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;wydkif;vnf;
jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ jrefrmausmif;om;uav;rsm; NAdwdoQtpdk;&udk
txifBuD; aMumuf&GHUdkaovmatmif yHkoGif;ay;vdkol jzpfygonf/
wenf;tm;jzihfqdkvQif jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYtm; uRefpdwfoGif;ay;vkdol jzpfyg
onf/ rdrdBuKd;udkifqGJwdkif; uonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tcGifhta&;
ay;oavmuf rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdonfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk zdESyd fol jzpfygonf/
rw&m;tcGifhta&;,lvdkaom (0g) uRefpdwf&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf
ausmif;tkyfBuD;xH rsufESmvdk rsufESm& vkyfwwfMuygonf/ xdk
ausmif;om;rsm; tdkifpDtufpf? bDpDtufpf ponfh &mxl;BuD;rsm;&atmif
ausmif;tkyfBuD;uvnf; ulnDay;wwfygonf/
tjcm;aomq&mrsm;onfvnf; ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk twk,lum
tvGef jALdku&uf qefMuygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf qufqH&mwGif
q&mwynhf oabmrsKd;rxm;bJ uRefocif oabmrsKd;jzifh qufqHMu
ygonf/ ausmif;om;wa,mufonf ausmif;wufcsdefpm&if; ac:&m ]qm}
xnfh rxl;rdurl ]rif;wdkYu uRefvlrsKd;? igu ocifrsKd;/ ighjyefrajymESihf}
[kyif armufrmpGm ajymqdkbl;ygonf/
tawmtwGif; w?u?o tpnf;ta0;wck Ou|udkEk
(0efBuD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek)u
]or*tay:wGifif;?
rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdaom
ausmif;om;rsm;tay:wGifif; tpdk;&u ESdrfvdrfrh nf} [k a[mrdojzifh

37

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wuodkvf tmPmydkifrsm;u udkEkudk ausmif;rS xkwfypfvkdufMuygonf/


xdktcg ausmif;om;rsm;\ rauseyfrIonf waeYxufwaeY jrifhwuf
vmygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif w?u?o\ tmabmfjzpfaom ]tdk;a0r*Zif;}
wGif (A hell hound at large vGwfaeaom i&JacG;BuD;waumif)
[laom aqmif;ygwck ygvmygonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;wGif wuodkvft&m&Sd
wa,muf taMumif;udk apmif;yg;&dyfjcnf azmfjyxm;ygonf/
tmPmrmef,pfaeaom wuodkvfausmif;tkyfBuD;onf tdk;a0
r*Zif; t,f'Dwmjzpfaom atmifqef;udkac: aqmif;yg;&Sifudk xkwfazmf
ajymqdk&ef awmif;qkdygonf/ aqmif;yg&Sifemrnfudk xkwfazmfajymqdkvQif
atmifqef;udk rnfodkYrQ ta&;r,l[kvnf; ajymvdkufygao;onf/
trSefrSm ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf aqmif;yg;&Sif rnfol rnf0g jzpfonfudk
&dyfrdaomfvnf; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm\ twnfjyKcsufudk &,lvdkojzihf
atmifqef;udkac: ar;jcif;jzpfygonf/ acsmhvnf;raysmh? ajcmufvnf;
raMumufwwfaomatmifqef;onf ]t,f'DwmwdkYrnfonf aqmif;yg;&Sif
rsm;\trnfudk xkwfazmfajymqdkkd; xHk;pHr&Sd/ cifAsm;wdkY vkyfcsifovdk
vkyfMu/ xkwfazmfrajymEdkif} [k jyefajym ausmif;tkyfBuD;tcef;rS
xGufcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifh wuodkvftmPmydkifrsm;onf atmifqef;udk
ausmif;rSxkwf&ef pDpOfMuygonf/
xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf bDatatmifojzifh ausmif;rSxGuf
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0onfh wckwnf;aom 0HomEkowif;pmjzpfonfh
]e,l;bm;rm;} (The New Burma) wGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif&Gufaeygonf/
1936-ck azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeYxkwf owif;pmrsm;wGif
]udkatmifqef;udkvnf; ausmif;xkwfvdrfhrnf} [laom owif;udk zwf&NyD;
aemuf uRefawmfonf w?u?o odkY oGm;ygonf/ uRefawmfa&mufoGm;csdef

38

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wGif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0; usif;y&ef pDpOfaeMuygonf/ rauseyfrI?


epfemrItrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifaeMu&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ]oydwf
arSmufr,fuG} [k a<u;aMumfMuum w?u?o cef;rodkY wzGJzGJ a&muf&Sd
vmMuygonf/
OuXudkEkESifhtcsKdU w?u?o acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ausmif;om;xk
w&yfvHk; oydwfarSmufjcif;udk rvdkvm;? rdrdwdkY trIaqmifrsm;om
pmar;yGJudk oydwfarSmufrnf[k qHk;jzwfxm;Muygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
Edk;Mum;wuf<uaeaom ausmif;om;xk\ awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfudk rnfol
wm;EdkifthHenf;/
tpnf;ta0;wGif tjcm;yk*dKvf wa,muf ESpfa,mufavmuf
pum;ajymNyD;aomtcg atmifqef; xygonf/ y&dowf\ MobmoHum;
em;uGJvkrwwf jrnf[nf;oGm;ygonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifhajym&ef pvkduf&m
ukvm;ausmif;om;wa,mufu ]t*Fvdyfvdkajymyg? uRefawmfwdkY jrefrm
pum; aumif;aumif; em;rvnfbl;} [k ajymojzifh atmifqef;onf
t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf ajym&ygawmhonf/
xdkaeYu atmifqef;\ajymyHkqdkyHkonf txufwGif azmfjycJhaom
pum;&nfvkyGJ ajymqdkcJhyHkESifh qDESifha& uGmbdouJhodkY uGmjcm;aeygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;udk a&a&vnfvnf EdkifEdkifeif;eif; ajymqdkEdik fkHru tcsuf
tvufrsm;onfvnf; xdvSrdvS&um; Mum;&olrsm;tzdkY MuufoD;arG;nif;
xp&myif /
av;ESpf(1932 rS 1936)twGif; atmifqef;\ wdk;wufrIonf
csD;usL;avmufayonf/ xdkodkY wdk;wufvmonfrSm tjcm;aMumihfr[kwf?
atmifqef;onf ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; tvum;raebJ tufcfref;
bmhcf(Edmund Burke)? 'pfpfa&vD(Disraeli) paom t*Fvdyf ygvDref

39

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhonfh yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;\ rdefYcGef;rsm;udk


tvGwfavmufeD;eD;&atmif zwfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om; av;ig;a,mufavmuf pum;ajymNyD;aomtcg
tm;vHk;wnDwnGwfwnf; wuodkvfudk oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf
Muavonf/ tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;onf pdwfr&SnfawmhbJ ]bm av&Snf
aewmvJ? jrefjrefqif;Mu} [k [pfatmf toifhapmifhaeaom
bwfpfum;rsm;ay:odkY ajy;wufMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf wuodkvfe,fajrudk
vSnfhywfum a<u;aMumfoHrsm; a<u;aMumfNyD;aemuf oydwfpcef;jyKvkyfrnfh
a&Twd*kefbk&m;odkY csDwufMuygonf/ ausmif;oltcsKdUvnf; vkdufygvmMu
ygonf/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;\ ]tacsmfrsm;} um; oydwfarSmufolrsm;udk
avSmifajymif ae&pfcJMh uygonf/ tcsKdUrjywfom;aom ausmif;om;rsm;
onfvnf; a&Twd*kefbk&m;a&mufNyD;rS ausmif;odkY jyefoGm;Muygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; if;wdkYOD;a&rSm rrsm;vSay/
oydwftiftm;onf tm;&zG,f aumif;ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
\ rsKd;cspfpdwfESihf &JabmfpdwfwdkYonf csD;usL;avmufayonf/ rsKd;cspfyk*dKvf
rsm;ESihf trsKd;om;owif;pmrsm;uvnf; oydwform;rsm;udk tm;ay;ulnD
Muygonf/ emrnfausmfumwGef;q&mBuD; a&Twav;ac: OD;buav; u
owif;pmwapmifwGif umwGef;a&;qGJNyD;
]]rmpwm qavmhwJhq&m
tmPmygPmjycJhwm/
oydwfudk nDnDnmnm
arSmufvdkufMupdkY 'Dwcg}}
ponfjzifh azmfjyvdkufygonf/

40

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

twuf<uqHk; oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;wGif


atmifqef;yg0ifcJhonfudk txl;azmfjy&ef vdkrnfrxifyg/ xdkodkY yg0if
cJhonfhtwGuf atmifqef;onf xdkESpf pmar;yGJ(bD-at txufwef;
pmar;yGJ)udk rajzEdkifbJ aemufESpf(1937)rSmrS ajzqdk&ygonf/ wenf;
tm;jzifhqdkvQif atmifqef;tzdkY wESpfykyfoGm;ygonf/ tcsKdU oydwf
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ausmif;om;xka&SUwGif vufoD;vufarmif;wef;
tmabmiftm&if;oefoefjzifh a[majymMuaomfvnf; uG,f&mwGif pm
cdk;usufMuonf[k od&ygonf/ atmifqef;onfum; rnfonhftcgrS
vkyfief;tay:wGifif;? &Jabmf&Jbufrsm; tay:wGifif; opmrazmufacs/
wuodkvfoydwfonf [kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm;okdYvnf; ul;puf
oGm;avonf/ oydwf\aus;Zl;aMumihf wuodkvftmPmykdifrsm;onf
xkwfxm;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk jyefvufcH&onhfjyif tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
wGifvnf; ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk vufcH&ygawmhonf/
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; ausmif;tkyf rpwmqavmhpfEkwfxGufoGm;&
jrefrmtrsKd;om; q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif ausmif;tkyfjzpfvmygonf/
jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm; taejzihf yxrqHk;tBudrf wuodkvfausmif;tkyf
jzpfjcif;aywnf;/ xdkYjyif NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf ausmif;om;udpu
dk vpfvsLI
rxm;&JbJ w&m;0efBuD; qmjrbl; acgif;aqmifaom pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif
wckzGJU wuodkvf tufOya'udk jyifqif&ef pDpOf&ygawmhonf/ xdk
aumfr&SifwGif ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf atmifqef; 0ifa&muf
aqmif&Guf&ygonf/
tjcm;ta&;BuD;aom &vyfwckrSm aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;ESihf
[kdufpul;ausmif;om;rsm; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfvm ]jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;or*} [k ay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf/ txufausmfum&Durl
wEkkdifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh ausmif;om;tzGJUtpnf;[l r&Scd Jhbl;ay/

41

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

atmifqef;onf xdkEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*\ 'kwd,


Ou|? aemufESpfwGif Ou|tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&ygonf/
1936-ckESpf ausmif;jyefzGifhaomtcg atmifqef;onf w?u?o\
'kwd,Ou|jzpfvmygonf/ Ou|rSm 0efBuD;a[mif; trf?at? &m&Spf
jzpfygonf/ &m&Spfonf ukvm;vlrsKd;jzpfojzif?h usOf;ajrmif;aom
trsKd;om;a&; pdwf"mwf&Sdonfh ausmif;om;rsm;u &m&Spfukd Ou| rwif
vkdMuyg/ tjrifus,faom atmifqef;um; bmomra&G;? vlrsKd;ra&G;?
xdkufoifholudk xdkufoihfonfh ae&may;&rnfqdkonhfrludk tNrJpGJukdif
xm;onfhtwdkif; &m&Spfudk Ou|wifvdkol jzpfygonf/ atmifqef;onf
ukvm;xkdif vkvdkol r[kwfyg/ vkyfief;atmifjrifrI wckwnf;udkom
a&SUIol jzpfygonf/ usqHk;onfhaeYtxd atmifqef;wGif xdkpdwf"mwf
tjynhft0 &Sdygonf/ xdkpdwf"mwf(0g)oabmxm;BuD;rIaMumihfyif ol\
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifjcif; jzpfayonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif b0uyif atmifqef;onf wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jyifqifaeol jzpfygonf/ jyifqif&m tzufzufrS
jyifqifjcif; jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmifrI ay;Ekdifatmif ynmt&nftcsif;ESihf
jynhfpHkap&ef jyifqifHkru vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwavQmufwGif awGUBuHKcHpm;
&rnhf 'kutrsdK;rsdK;udk &ifqdkifEdkif&efvnf; jyifqifonf/
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftaejzifh w?u?o wGif tdyf? w?u?o
wGif pm;onfu rsm;ygonf/ tdyfaomtcg arGU,m? ukwifay:rSmrtdyf/
wef;vsm;cHkay:rSm jcHKp&m? cif;p&m rygbJ tdyfavh&Sdonf/ w?u?o\
zGm;zufawmf tapmifh OD;uHodef;u rMunhf&ufojzifh tdyf&mcif;ay;aom
tcg ]usKyfu EdkifiHa&;vkyfr,hfvl? axmifxJu xGuf&rSm r[kwfbl;?
'gaMumifh ckuxJu usifhaewm} [k ajym vufrcHay/ ausmif;ydwf
&ufrsm;twGif; awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavhvm jyefa&muf

42

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vQif aoG;csif;om;csif;rsm;jzpfMuaom awmifolv,form;rsm; rnfrQ


qif;&JMuyHkudk ajymjyavh&Sdonf[k OD;uHodef;u uRefawmhftm; ajymbl;
ygonf/
EdkifiHa&; tppftrSef[lonf pnf;pdrf&Sdonfh tvkyfr[kwf? 'ku
twd jynhfESufaeonfudk atmifqef; aumif;pGmodonf/ odonhf twdkif;
xdk'kursm;udk &ifqdkifEdik f&ef ausmif;om;b0uyif jyifqifcJhonf/
atmifqef;onf rsufaphuef; wapraMumuf? rdkufl;&J vkyfwwfol
r[kwfay/

w?u?o Ou| udkatmifqeff;

43

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

t*Fvdyfpmay? Oa&my&mZ0if? EkdifiHa&;aA'wdkYudk oif,lcJhaom


atmifqef;onf
1937-ck
rwfvwGif
bDat
pmar;yGJudk
atmifjrifygonf/ bDat atmifonftxd pmar;yGJ wcgrQ rusbl;ay/
odkYaomfvnf; aemufESpfwGifum; ausmif;om;udp? Ekid fiHa&;udpw
dYk udk
tcsdefjynhf
aqmif&Guf&onfjzpf&m
pmusufcsdefr&ojzifh
bDt,fvf(Oya'ynm) yxrES pf pmar;yGJwGif HI;ygonf/ atmifqef;\
yxrtBudrfHI;jcif;ESihf aemufqHk;tBudrf HI;jcif;aywnf;/
xdkESpf 1937-38 wGif atmifqef;onf w?u?o\ 'kwd,Ou|
tjzpfyif qufvufaqmif&Gufygonf/ Ou|jzpfxdkufaomfvnf; rvkyf&
ojzifh pdwfaumufroGm;bJ ay;tyfonhfwm0efudk ausyGefpGm aqmif&Guf
ygonf/ xdkYaemuf 1938-39 wGif atmifqef;udk w?u?o Ou|tjzpf
wifajrmufMuavonf/

44

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(5)
ocifatmifqef;
wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&&ef ausmif;om;avmuwGif aqmif&Gufae
kHjzifh rNyD;bJ? EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif udk,fxdvufa&muf 0ifa&muf
aqmif&GufrSjzpfrnf[k oabmaygufvmonfhtwdkif;? atmifqef;onf
xkdESpfrukefrD ausmif;rSxGuf xdktcsdefu twuf<uqHk;jzpfaom ]wdkYArm
tpnf;tHk;} odkY 0ifavonf/ odkYjzifh ausmifom;acgif;aqmif
udkatmifqef;onf ocifatmifqef; jzpfvmavonf/
1938-ckESpfavmufrSp ocifbaomif;? ocifApdef ponfh
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom vli,ftcsKdUonf rdrdwdkYemrnfukd
]ocif} wyfac:vsuf jrefrmrsm;\ trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfudk EId;qGay;
Muygonf/ xdktcsdefu tkyfpdk;ol t*Fvdyfrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk ocif[k
tac:cH jrefrmrsm;udk uReftjzpfoabmxm;um qufqHMuygonf/
ocifbaomif;wdkYvlpkonf vli,fydkif;udk pnf;Hk;um ]Armjynfonf
wdkYjynf? Armpmonf wdkYpm? Armpum;onf wdkYpum;? ocifrsKd;a[h
wdkYArm} ponfh aqmifyk'fwdkYudk a<u;aMumfvsuf ]wdYk ArmoDcsif;} udk
oDqdkMuNyD;vQif jrefrmvlrsKd;\ rD;cJjymzHk;jzpfonfh trsKd;om;a&;
pdwf"mwfudk azmfxkwfay;Muygonf/ wdkYArmoDcsif;udk aemufqufwGJ
u-wGif zwfyg/

45

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wdkYArmtpnf;tkH; tvH
odkYaomfvnf; xdktcsdefu ocifrsm;rSm pepf wus pnf;kH;
zGJUpnfjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ 1934- ckESpfavmufwGifrS wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;
[laom emrnfjzifh EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;wckudk wnfaxmifEdkifMuavonf/
tpnf;tHk;0ifwdkif; rdrdwdkY\emrnfa&SU armif? udk? OD; ponfwdkYudk
rwyfbJ? ]ocif} [k wyfMuygonf/ Oyrm ]udkuBuD;} qdkolonf tpnf;
tHk;0ifvdkufonfESihfwNyKdifeuf ]ocifuBuD;} jzpfvmygonf/ tvm;
wlpGm trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkYemrnfa&SU r? a': ponfwdkY rwyf
bJ ]ocifr} [k wyfMuygonf/ xdktcsufudk tpGJjyK jynfolvlxk
ESifhwuG tpdk;&onf w&m;0ifemrnfjzpfaom ]wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;} udk
toHk;enf; wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;tpm; ]ocifygwD} [laom trnfudk
toHk;rsm;avonf/
1938-ck ukefcgeD;avmufwGif atmifqef;onf OD;Ek (,cif
ocifEk)? ocifoef;xGef; (,ck uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif) wdkYESihf waeYwnf;
]wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;} 0ifonf/ xdktcsdefwGif wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; rSm
q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; acgif;aqmifonfh tjcrf;ESihf ocifApdef
acgif;aqmifonfh tjcrf;[l ESpfjcrf;uGJaeygonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;wdkY
tjcrf;onf trsm;pkjzpf ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf xdktjcrf;0ifrsm;
jzpfvmMuavonf/

46

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vlBuD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; acgif;aqmifonfh ygwDrsm;onf


][krl;} (0g) 'dkrDeD,H pau;uyfpfac: udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;avmufudkom
rdrdwdkY\ yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfMuygonf/ ][krl;} &vQif jynfa&;
jynf&mudp t00udk jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY pdwfwdkif;us pDrHcefYcGJEdkifrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfonf NAdwdoQ "eo[m, tzGJU0ifjzpfaeao;
ojzifh t*Fvdyf&Sifbk&ifudk todtrSwf jyKae&OD;rnfom jzpfonf/
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;rSwyg; vli,frsm;om jzpfMuaom wdkYArm
tpnf;tHk; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ]vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;} udk rdrdwdkY\
yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfMuygonf/ ]vlrsKd;wrsKd;onf tjcm;vlrsKd;
wrsKd;rsKd;udk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifh r&Sd} [laom 0g'udk vufudkifxm;vsuf
ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;onf NAdwdoQtpdk;& vufatmufrS vHk;0 kef;xGuf
a&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;Muygonf/ xdkacwfu wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;onf
twdk;wufqHk; twuf<uqHk; EdkifiHa&;ygwD jzpfayonf/ wdk;wuf
wuf<uonfESihftrQ NAdwdoQtpkd;&\ tzdESdyfudkvnf; tcH&qHk; ygwD
jzpfayonf/ ]ocifaygufp axmifajcmufv} [lyif qdkprSwf jyKcJhMu
ayonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf ygwD0ifjzpfvmNyD;aemuf rMumrD XmecsKyf
taxGaxG twGif;a&;r; jzpfvmygonf/ ocifatmifqef;wdkY acgif;aqmif
ydkif; a&mufvmonhf tcsdefrSp wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;\ 0g'vkyfief;pOf
onf wdk;wufonfxuf wdk;wufvmygonf/ NAdwdoQ tpdk;&uvnf;
tpnf;tHk;0ifrsm;udk tNrJwap apmifhMunhf tcgtcGifo
h mwdkif; zrf;qD;
ESdyfpufygonf/
1300-jynfhESpf aESmif;wefcl; vqkwf 3-4-5-6 &uf(1939-ck
{NyDv 6-7-8-9) aeYrsm;wGif armfvNrKdifNrKdU usif;yonfh pwkw
tBudrfajrmuf wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; nDvmcHBuD;wGif >rufMum;cJhaom Ou|

47

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ocifvSabmf\ rdefYcGef;udkzwfvQif tpnf;tHk;0if ocif? ocifrrsm;


rnfrQ tESdyfpufcHMu&onf? tpnf;tHk;BuD;\ 0g'vrf;pOfrsm; rnfrQ
wdk;wufonfwdkYudk odomEdkifayonf/ aemufqufwGJ c-udk zwfyg
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r; jzpfonhftcsdefrSp ocifatmifqef;onf
ygwDHk;yif tcsdefjynhfaexdkif vkyftm;ay;ygonf/ xdktcgu
ocifrsm;\ b0onf tvGef yifyef;qif;&JvSygonf/ rnfrQ qif;&J
apumrl ocifatmifqef;onf rnfonfhtcgrQ rnnf;nLbJ wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf iwfwvSnfh jywfwvSnfh aZmufcsom vkyfudkif
ygonf/ txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh ]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;tqdk} wifoGif;
&if; 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku ocifatmifqef;ESifh ywfouf atmufyg
twdkif; qufvufajymqdkoGm;ygonf/
]]udkatmifqef;&JU Sterling Qualities ac:wJh tifrwef
xl;jcm;wJh *kPfyk'fawGudk ]wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;} a&mufwJhtcgusawmh ydkNyD;
jrifvmw,f/
[dktcgwHk;u ausmif;om;tjzpfESihf jrifvmwmuawmh ol[m
pmta&;tom;rSm tvGefawmfw,f/ Armvdk a&;a&;? t*Fvdyfvdk a&;a&;?
pum;vHk;[m tifrwef ajymifw,f/ 'Dvdk a&;wwfwJh olYtwdtus
0goem ygvmwmudku tydkawG &TwfwGwfwGwfawG avmuGwfpum;awG
vkyfzdkY 0goem rygbl;/
wkdYArmtpnf;tHk;udk a&mufwJhtcgusrS wu,fhudk tprf;cH
EdkifwJh t&nftcsif;udk uRefawmfwdkY oGm;awGUw,f/ tay:,H
Munhfvdkufawmh ocifjzpfoGm;wmyJvdkY awGUMuw,f/ b,favmufawmif
pGefYpm;&w,f? b,favmufawmif tepfemcH&w,f? b,f-b,fvdk
tepfemcH&ovJqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY aumvdyfausmif;rSm aepOftcgwkef;u
rdbu ydkYwJhydkufqHudk azmazmoDoD oHk;vdkY? xrif;aumif; [if;aumif;

48

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

pm;vdkY? vufzuf&nf aomufcsifwdkif; aomufvdkY? bdkifpukwf


Munhfcsifwdkif; MunhfNyD; ydk;vHkcsnf w&Trf;&Trf;eJY 'DvdkvkyfaewJhvlawG[m
wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;rSm jzpfysufaewmu? [kdtcgwkef;u EkdifiHa&;udk
vkyfaewJh XmecsKyfrSm&SdwhJ trIaqmifawG[m xrif; waeYukd
ESpfeyfrSefrSefpm;&bdkY tifrwefcJ,Of;w,f/ wcgwav xrif; weyfom
pm;&w,f/ wcgwav reufpm pm;&vdkY npm rpm;&bl;/ wcgwav
npm pm;&vdkY reufpm rpm;&bl;/ wcgwav ajym&if,HkrSmawmif
r[kwfzl;/ t&Sif;awmif rpm;&wm &Sdao;w,f/
EdkifiHa&;udkawmh uRefawmf em;rvnfbl;/ ocifoef;xGef;eJY
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ay;bdkY uRefawmfhwm0efxm;ygqdkvdkY aiGxdef;ESihf 0g'jyefYyGm;a&;bJ
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vkyfwJhvlawG[m xrif;weyf ESpfeyfavmuf rpm;&&if atmifhaeEdkifw,f/
ESpf&ufavmufrpm;&vdkY atmifhraeEdkifwJhtcgrS XmecsKyfu vlawG
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'Dtajctae a&mufvmNyDvdkY/ 'Dvdk vmajymwJhvlu awmfawmfrsm;w,f/
'DvlawGudk uRefawmf tjypfwifaewm r[kwfygbl;/ trSefpifppfawmh
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tifrwef cJ,Of;w,f/
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wcgrS uRefawmhfudk ]usKyf xrif;rpm;&ao;bl ;/ tJ't
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rMum;cJ&h bl;/ jzpfovdk aeoGm;wmbJ/ pm;&&if vJ pm;vdkufwmbJ/
rpm;&bl; qdk&ifvJ xdkifaewmbJ/ pmtkyfudk xdkifzwfNyD; aevdkufwmbJ/

49

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

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x pm;vdkufwmbJ/ rpm;&wJhtcg 'DvdkxdkifaewmbJ/ tqif;t&Judk ol
taotcsm cHEdkif&nf&Sdw,f/
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ausmif;rSm ausmif;om;wdkY bm0 tvdkuf? cifAsm;wdkYvJ odwJhtwdkif;bJ/
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&Sif;&Sif;aygh/ ocifatmifqef;uawmh jzpfovdk aewmbJ/
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csKyfrSm tcef;wck&Sdw,f/ XmecsKyfrSmqdk&if trIaqmifawG aewJh Xme
csKyfbJ/ tJ'DrSmqdk&if tdyf&mvdyfawG bmawG ususee &Sdw,f/ 'D
trIaqmifawGu tdyfNyD;&ifvdyf? vdyfNyD;w,fqdk&if rSufjcif,if ponfjzihf
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aeMuw,f/
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tysufuav;wck ajym&OD;r,f/ ocifatmifqef;tdyfwJh tdyfcef;[m
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tcgrSm a&eHacsmif;u uRefawmfwdkY ocifawG-ocifrawG bk&m;zl;&atmif
vmMuNyD; XmecsKyfrSm wJwJhtcgusawmh XmecsKyfu vli,fuav;awGu

50

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nnf;nLoHudk uRefawmfwdkY rMum;&bl;av/
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u taMumftavSmf teHYawGudk tck Adkvfvusfmac:wJh ocifvSazwdkYu
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atmifqef;uawmh wcgrS nnf;nLw,fvdkY rMum;&bl;av/ tJ'Dvdk
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awGUcJh&wJhtwGuf EdkifiHa&;orm; wu,fh awmfvSefa&;orm;yDyD vkyfEdkifwhJ
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avmufygonf/

51

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ajymbl;ygonf/
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olYZmwdjzpfwJh ewfarmufudk jyefcJygw,f/ ol tvGefcspfwJh tareJYvJ
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qif;vmNyD; MunfhjrifwdkifrSm wJcdkaew,f/ ocifatmifqef;u uRefawmhf
udk olYtarqD ac:oGm;w,f/ a&mufwJhtcg tarBuD;u olYudk oem;
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atmifqef;u acgif;iHkYNyD; wcgwcgrS olYratudk Munhfw,f/ ar;wm
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rSmawmh ocifatmifqef;[m pum;wcGef;rS rajymbJ oltvGefcspfwJh
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xGufpjyKawmh ocifatmifqef;[m yvufazmif;ay: xdkifcsNyD; &xm;
jywif;aygufu MunfhaewJh olYtarudk &Scd dk;uefawmhvdkufw,f/
jyefvmMu&if; ocifatmifqef;u ]usKyfu om;ti,fqHk;? usKyfu
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ajymqdk&Smw,f}}

52

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tay:xuf ti,fqHk;om;uav; tay:wGif oHa,mZOf ydkygonf/
odkYygvsuf ocifatmifqef;onf rdciftay: pdrf;um;ovdk jzpfaeonfrSm
tjcm;aMumifh r[kwf/ wdik f;jynftwGuf toufESihf cEmudk,fudk vxm;
aomaMumifh jzpfonf[k ,lq&ef&SdonfrSty tjcm; taMumif;rsm;
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jzpfaeygonf/ EdkifiHa&;omvQif trd? EdkifiHa&;omvQif tz? EdkifiHa&;
omvQif aqGrsKd;om;csif; jzpfaeygonf/
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xdkwdkufrSmyif usif;yavonf/

53

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avbmygwDrS xkwfy,fcHxm;&avonf/ taMumif;rSm ppftwGif;wGif
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onfhtwGuf jzpfavonf/
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54

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56

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57

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xdkuvyfpnf;wGif ocifatmifqef;u twGif;a&;r;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
ygonf/
]uGefjrLepftp atmifqef;u} [ka&;vQif rSm;rnfrxifyg/
odkYaomfvnf; t*Fvdyftpdk;&u uGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifcGihf rjyKonfu
waMumif;? trsKd;om; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aZmufcs aqmif&Gufaeonfh
wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;twGuf tcsdefjynfh ay;ae&onfu waMumif;wkdY

58

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

aMumifh ocifatmifqef;wdkY vlpkonf xdktcsdefu uGefjrLepf ygwDudk


vufawGU taumiftxnf razmfEdkifcJhay/
ocifatmifqef;onf tvGef tvkyfvkyfol jzpfygonf/ tvkyf&Sd
vQif aeYa&mnyg rtdyfbJ rNyD;rcsif;vkyfol jzpfygonf/ t&nftcsif;
jynhf0Hkru ausmif;om;b0rSp EdkifiHa&; aqmif&GufcJhonfhtwdkif;
tawGUtBuHKrsm;vSNyDjzpf&um; ocifatmifqef;\ tawG;tac: t,ltq
onf &Sif;vif;jywfom; vufawGUESifhvnf; udkufnDvSygonf/
1940-jynfh? rwfvwGif ocifoef;xGef;? ocifA[def;? ocif
cifatmif paom wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf udkxGef;&Sdef (,ck
Adkvf&efEdkif) paom ausmif;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f
tzGJUudk acgif;aqmifum ocifatmifqef;onf tdEd,jynf &rf;*g;NrKdU
usif;yaom awmifolv,form; uGefz&ifhodkY oGm;a&muf wufcJhygonf/
xdkuGefz&ihfwGif wifoGif;&ef wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;\ aMunmpmwrf;udk
wnvHk;rtdyfbJ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tNyD;a&;qGJcJhygonf/ xdkaMunm
pmwef;rS atmufyg aumufEkwfcsufudk zwfMunfhvQif ocifatmifqef;\
EdkifiHa&;t,ltq tawG;tac:rsm; rnfrQ wdk;wufonfudk odEdkifygonf/
EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf
(1) e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrS vHk;0vGwfajrmufa&;/
(2) &Srf;jynfESifh tjcm;cRif;csefxm;aom e,frsm; 1935-ck jrefrm jynf
tufOya't& jynfrESihf cGjJ cm;xm;aom awmifwef;a'orsm;udk
qdkvdkonf/ /pma&;olwGif ya'o&mZfpepf zsufodrf;a&;/
(3) awmifolv,form;rsm;ESihf ypnf;rJhwdkY\ 'Drdkua&pD tmPm&Sifpepf/

59

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(4) vGwfvyfpGm a[majymydkifcGifh pnf;Hk;ydkifcGifh? yHkESdyfxkwfa0 ydkifcGifh


ponfrsm;/
(5) vlwdkif; vufeuf udkifaqmifcGifh/
pD;yGm;a&; &nfrSef;csuf
(6) tvkyform;ay:vpD/
(u) waeYvQif tvkyfcsdef 8-em&Dxuf rydkap&/
(c) tvkyform;rsm;\
owfrSwfay;a&;/

tenf;qHk;vkyfcudk

(*) uav;oli,frsm;tm;
zsufodrf;a&;/

tvkyfMurf;

Oya'jzifh
vkyfckdif;jcif;udk

(C) vlrIzlvHka&; (tdkempm&HHyHkaiG? emrusef; &HyHkaiG? udk,f0efaqmif


trsKd;orD; tvkyfor &HyHkaiG? tvkyf vufrJh &HyHkaiG ponfrsm;)
(i) tvkyfvufrJh rjzpfap&eftwGuf
vkyfief;rsm; wnfaxmifa&;/

EkdifiHydik f

pufrIvufrI

(p) pufrIvufrI vkyfief;rsm;udk tvkyform;rsm; tkyfcsKyf Edkifa&;/


(7) ajr,may:vpD/
(u) ajr&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;/
(c) qif;&Jaom awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh tvwfwef;pm; awmif
ol v,form;rsm;tm; ajr,mtcrJ h a0iSay;a&;/ aemufqHk;wGif

60

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ajr,mtm;vHk;udk
ajymif;a&;/
(8) tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
avQmfypfa&;/

EdkifiHydkifodrf;NyD;

pufrIajr,m

awmifolv,form;rsm;\

pepfodkY

a<u;NrDrsm;udk

(9) EdkifiHjcm; a<u;NrDtm;vHk; avQmfypfa&;/


(10) 0ifaiGtenf;trsm;ay:wGif tajccHaom tjrwfawmfcGef rSwyg;?
wdkufdkufESifhoG,f0dkufcGefrsm;tm;vHk; zsufodrf;a&;/
(11) e,fbufppfbufqdkif&m
toHk;p&dwfudk
jyifqifa&;(txufwef; vpmrsm;udk avQmhcsNyD;?
vpmrsm; wdk;jrihfay;a&;/)

rQwpGm
atmufwef;

(12) ajr,mtm;vHk; opfawm? a&aMumif;? rD;&xm;? owKwGif;rsm;


pufrIvkyfief; tBuD;pm;? bPfwdkuf ponfrsm;udk EkdifiHydik fvkyfa&;/
vlrIa&;&nfrSef;csuf
(13) trsdK;orD;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? tcsKyftcs,frsm;rS uif;vGwfap
a&;/ vkyfief;tm;vHk;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; wlnDaom tcGifhta&; &&Sd
apa&;/
(14) vlwdkif; tcrJh ynmoif,lEkdifa&;? vli,frsm;\ udk,fusifhw&m;?
,Ofaus;rI? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;? tqifhtwef; jrifhwifay;a&;/
(15) EdkifiHom;wdkif;\ vGwfvyfpGm ,HkMunfudk;uG,fydkifcGifh/

61

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(16) vlenf;pktm;vHk;twGuf ,Ofaus;rI vGwfvyfcGihf/ vlrsKd;pkwdkif;


rdrddk;&m"avhtwdkif; aqmif&GufydkifcGifhudk qdkvkd onf/ /pma&;ol
(17) vlrsKd;? bmom? vdif rcGJjcm;bJ Oya't&mwGif wlnDrI/
1939-ckavmufuyif ocifatmifqef;onf &ifhusufaom
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwa,muf jzpfaeayNyD/ touft&G,ftm;jzifh 24-ESpf
rQom &Sdao;aomfvnf; awG;ac:,lqyHkonf vufa[mif; EkdifiHa&;
orm;rsm; vufzsm;cg&avmufatmif &ihfusufaeygNyD/ vufa[mif;
EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;taejzifh ][krl;} ac: udk,fydkiftyk fcsKyfa&;avmuf
ESifhom
ESpfodrfh
auseyfaeMuaomfvnf;
ocifatmifqef;onf
]vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;} udk yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfygonf/ wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;avmufjzifh rauseyfao;bJ tvkyform;? v,form;rsm;
ponfh tzdESdyfcH ypnf;rJhvlwef;pm;rsm;\ b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
vnf; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;aeayNyD/
1939-ck pufwifbmvwGif Oa&mywdkuf 'kwd,urmppf pwif
jzpfyGm;ygonf/ t*Fvdyf? jyifopfEkdifiH ponfwdkYu wzufjzpf *smreD?
tDwvD ponfh 0ifdk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;u wzuf jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyf?
jyifopfEkdifiHwkdYonf ]vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkYtwGuf ppfwdkuf
&ygonf} [k a<u;aMumfaomfvnf; rdrdwdkYvufatmufcH EdkifiHrsm;tm;
vGwfvyfa&; ay;&efudkrl vufwGefYaeMuygonf/
NAdwdoQ tMuyfdkufaepOf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l&ef wdYk Arm
tpnf;tHk; acgif;aqmifrsm; pdik f;jyif;Muygonf/ ]t*Fvdyftcuf
Armhtcsuf} [laomaqmifyk'fudk a<u;aMumfMuum wdkYArm ocif
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tjcm;ygwD? yk*dKvfrsm;udk odrf;oGif; ]ArmhxGuf&yf
*dkPf;} (Freedom Bloc) udk zGJUpnf;Muygonf/

62

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

1939-ck atmufwdkbmv(Edk0ifbmv) avmufwGif a'gufwm


barmftdrf tpnf;ta0;usif;yum xGuf&yf*dkPf;twGuf a'gufwm
barmfudk OuX? ocifatmifqef;udk twGif;a&;r;tjzpf wifajrmufMu
vrf;pOfw&yfa&;qGJMuygonf/ vrf;pOfa&;qGJ&ef tpnf;ta0;udk 15-&uf
cefY a&TUqdkif;oifhaMumif; tjcm;yk*dKvfrsm;u ajym&m ocifatmifqef;u
]tpnf;ta0; a&TU&efrvdk? ,ckyifa&;qGJrnf? cifAsm;wdkY vufzuf&nf
aomufaeMuyg} [kajymNyD; tjcm;pm;yGJwvHk;odkY a&TUajymif; wxdkifwnf;
ESifh ]xGuf&yf*dkPf;} twGuf vrf;pOfrsm;udk a&;qGJvdkufygonf/
ocifatmifqef; a&;qGJwifjyaom vrf;pOfudk tm;vHk;u oabmwl
vufcHMuonf[k twlygoGm;ol ocifwifarmif(usKHrai;)xHrS od&
ygonf/
txufwGif
a&;cJhonfhtwdkif;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf
]vGwfvyfa&;? 'Drdkua&pDa&;wdkYtwGuf ppfwdkuf&ygonf} [k a<u;aMumf
aomfvnf;
rdrdwdkYvufatmufcHEdkifiHrsm;tm;
vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnf
[lum; raMunmyg/ ]ppfEdkifa&;twGuf ulnDMuyg? ppfNyD;vQif
vufatmufcHEdkifiHrsm;ta&;udk pOf;pm;ygrnf} [kom rwifrus aMunm
avonf/
xdkaMunmcsufonf tm;&p&m r&Sdojzifh ocifatmifqef;wdkY
vlpkonf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? ppfqefYusifa&; wdkufyGJrsm;udk jyif;jyif;
xefxef qifETJMuygonf/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&uvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;
ajrmufjrm;pGmudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifygawmhonf/
tcsKdUudk yk'frwyf Hk;wifw&m;pGJ axmifcsygonf/ (a'gufwm
barmf? ocifEk ponfrsm;) tcsKdUudkrl ,ckacwf toHkjyKaom yk'fr-5 ESifh
tvm;wlaom umuG,fa&;Oya'yk 'fr-26 jzifh zrf;qD; &uftuefY
towfr&Sd csKyfaESmifygonf/

63

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tzrf;cH&aom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh ocif


ygwD0ifrsm;ESihf a'gufwmbarmf\ qif;&Jom;ygwD(t&yfac: "m;r
ygwD)0ifrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
ocifatmifqef;udkvnf; ZvGefNrKdU w&m;a[mcJhrIaMumifh zrf;qD;
&ef 0&rf;xkwfygonf/ tzrf;cH axmifxJ oGm;aejcif;onf tusKd;r&Sd/
tjyifwGif&SdaerS wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf BuKd;yrf;Edik frnf[k oabm
aygufonfhtwdkif; ocifatmifqef;onftzrf;rcHbJ ajrvQKd;ygawmhonf/

64

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(7)
&JabmfokH;usdyf a&SUajy;
ocifatmifqef;onf pdwful;,Oform;r[kwf/ vufawGUorm;
jzpfayonf/ rdkufl;&Jvkyfwwfolr[kwf/ tajctaet&yf&yfudk oHk;oyfNyD;
rS vrf;pOfcsol jzpfonf/
]olykefxw,fqdkwm tcgtcGifhaumif;&rS x&w,f/ t*FvdyfawG
'kua&mufaewJh tcdkufvJ jzpf&r,f/ udk,fhrSmvJ vltiftm;? vufeuf
tiftm; &Sd&r,f/ Armjynf[m wdkif;jynfi,fuav;jzpfvdkY tm;udk;&r,hf
wdkif;jynfBuD;wckeJYvJ qufoG,frdNyD; jzpf&r,f/ tJ'Dvkd taMumif; trsKd;
pHkwJhtcgusrS olykefx&r,f/ 'grSr[kwf&if rdkuf&m usawmhraygh} [k
ocifatmifqef;u olYrdwfaqGtcsKdUtm; pum;pjrnfajym&if; ajymjy
avonf/ ]tvif;odkY} pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfcsuf
ajrvQKd;NyD;aemuf ocifatmifqef;onf tdyfraebJ vGyfvyfa&;
&&ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfavonf/ ppfjzpfaeonfh tajctaeudk
csufaumif;,l EkdifiHjcm;ESifh qufoG,fum tultnD&,l&ef pDpOf
avonf/
xdktcsdefavmufwGif ]xGuf&yf*dkPf;} 0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom a'gufwm
barmf? a'gufwmodef;armif wdkYxHrS *syefEdkifiH\ tultnDvdkcsifvQif
&EkdifaMumif; Mum;od&avonf/ ocifatmifqef;ESihf &Jabmfrsm;onf
EdkifiHjcm;tultnD ,loifh? roifhudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;MuNyD;aemuf ,l&ef

65

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

qHk;jzwfvdkufMuavonf/ rnfonhfEdkifiHrS tultnD,l&rnfudkum; twd


tus rqHk;jzwfEdkifMuay/ wkyfjynfrSjzpfap? ,dk;',m;jynfrS jzpfap &&m
EdkifiHrS tultnDudk ,l&rnf[lom qHk;jzwfEkdifMuavonf/ EkdifiHjcm;
tultnD&Edkif&ef xdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY wa,mufa,mufudk wdwfwqdwf
apvTwfEdkifrSomvQif &Ekdifrnf[kvnf; oabmaygufMuavonf/ odkY
jzifh vla&G;Mu&m? ocifatmifqef;onf rqdkif;rwGyif oGm;&ef oabmwl
vdkufavonf/
xdktcsdefrSm ppfjzpfaeonfh tcsdefjzpf&m EdkifiHjcm;odkY cdk;xGufonfh
tvkyfonf vG,fulaom tvkyfr[kwfyg/ toufpGefY&rnhf tvkyf
jzpfygonf/ omrefyk*dKvfrsm; vkyf&Jonfh tvkyfrsKd; r[kwfay/ ocif
atmifqef;rlum; wdkif;jynftwGuf toufpGefY&ef OD;rav;ol jzpfonhf
twdkif; xdkwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/
*syefu tultnD ay;rnfqdkaomfvnf; ocifatmifqef;wdkY
vlpkudk uGefjrLepf[k,lqum r,HkMunfojzifh tcsdefqGJaeygonf/
xdkYaMumifh ocifatmifqef;onf ocifvSNrKdif (,ck Adkvf&efatmif) ESihf
wkyfjynfodkY cdk;xGuf&ef pDpOfavonf/
xdktcsdefwGif wkyf-jrefrm vrf;rBuD;rSm ydwfaeNyD jzpf&m ocif
atmifqef;wdkYonf ukef;vrf;jzifh roGm;EdkifMubJ? yifv,fc&D;jzifh oGm;&ef
pDpOfygawmhonf/ a&S;OD;pGm oabFmjzihf ]trGdKif} NrKdUodkYoGm; xdkrSwqifh
wkyfjynfwGif;odkY oGm;&ef jzpfygonf/ xdkodkYoGm;Edkif&ef ]udkausmfcif}
qdkol rdwfaqGwOD;u pDpOfay;avonf/
rSwfcsuf/ /tcsKdUxifaeouJhodkY atmifqef;u *syefudk
oGm;ac:onf qdkjcif;rSm rrSefyg/ ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;ESihf jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&; twGuf wdkufyGJqifETJaeaom
wkyfuGefjrLepfygwDESihf qufoG,f&ef wkyfjynfodkY xGufcGmoGm;jcif;

66

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

jzpfygonf/ aemufrS tajctaet& *syefESifh qufoG,frd *syefjynfodkY


a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
1940 jynhf Mo*kwfv 8-&ufaeYnwGif ocifatmifqef; ESihf
ocifvSNrKdifwdkYonf wkyfvlrsKd;rsm;uJhodkY kyfzsuf wkyfoabFm ][dkifvd}
qdkufuyfxm;&modkY oGm;Muygonf/ ocifatmifqef;u ]wefvla&Smif}?
ocifvSNrKdifu ]wefqlawmif} [laom wkyftrnfrsm;udk,l a&S;OD;pGm
oabFmqdyfodkY vHjcm;jzifh oGm;Muygonf/ xdkrSwqifh oabFmBuD;&Sd&modkY
ormefuav;jzifh oGm;Mu&ygonf/

trdGKifodYk oGm;&ef kyfzsufxm;pOf


ocifvSaz(,ck Adkvfvusfm)ESifh ocifxdef0if; wdkYonf oabFm
qdyfrSae ormefuav;avSmfcwfoGm;&modkY rsufaphwqHk; vdkufMunhfum
0rf;enf; usefcJyh gonf/ ocifvSNrKdifonf ocifvSazwdkYudk jyefMunhf

67

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

aomfvnf; ocifatmifqef;url vHk;0vSnfhrMunhfbJ yifv,fa&jyif


BuD;&Sd&modkYom a&S;I qdwfNidrfpGm vkdkufygoGm;onf[k Adkvfvusfm u
ajymbl;ygonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf vkyfrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufonfESifhwNyKdifeuf
aemufjyefrMunhfbJ a&SUodkYom qufvufcsDwufwwfol jzpfayonf/
rnfodkYaom tcuftcJrsKd;ESihf &ifqdkif&apumrl &nfrSef;xm;aom yef;wdkif
odkY ra&mufrcsif; csDwufrnfyif/ ]avScGufcsnf;usef? tvHrvSJ} [laom
vlpm;rsKd;aywnf;/
ocifatmifqef;wdkY\ a&SUa&;onf tm;&bG,f r&SdvSyg/ ol\
&Jabmfrsm;u olwdkYp&dwftwGuf aiG 200d-rQavmufom ay;vdkufEdkif
ygonf/ oGm;&rnfhae&modkYvnf; wcgrQ ra&mufzl;/ todrdwfaqG
[lvnf; wa,mufrQ r&Sday/ tcsdeftcguvnf; ppfjzpfaecsdefjzpf&m
touftE&m,fESihf eD;uyfvSygonf/ xdkYaMumifyh if ]Adv
k fcsKyfatmifqef;}
jzpfvmaomtcg ]ArmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmfyHk} [laom aqmif;yg;wGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhygonf/
]]uREkfyf\ c&D;qHk;XmerSm trGdKifNrKdUjzpf\/ xdkNrKdUrSae uREkfyf\
vkyfaqmifp&m&Sdonfh udpr sm;udk cefYcGJpDrH&rnfjzpf\/ uREfkyf\ tjzpfum;
oefaumifvuG,f awm&yfv,f a&muf&Sdaeolyrm &Sdaeawmhonf/
uREfkyfoGm;&rnfhae&mESihfywfouf uREfkyf bmwckrQrod/ aqGvnf;r&Sd?
rsKd;vnf;r&Sd/ urmYta&SUydkif;om;onf ta&SUydkif;taMumif; twka,mifrQ
avmufomod\/ odorQvnf; ra&&mvS/ qdk;0g;vSavpG/
tvkyftpDtpOf[l bmrQtwdtus&Sdonf r[kwfacs/ uREfkyf\
ajrmfjrifwwforQPfjzihfom BuHK&rnfh ta&;[loudk pDrHtyk fpD;&ef
uREfkyf\ &Jabmfrsm;u tmPmukef vTJtyfvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/

68

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tb,fodkYyifjzpfap? igonf tu,f aooGm;onfhwdkifatmif jrwfaom


aojcif;? EkdifiHtwGufaojcif;jzpfonf[k udk,fhudk,fudk ESpo
f drfh&awmh\/}}
txufyg aumufEkwfcsuft&? ocifatmifqef;onf wdkif;jynf
twGuf aojcif;udk jrwfaomaojcif;[k ,lqaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
1940-ck Mo*kwfv 24-&ufaeYwGif ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf
trGdKifNrKdUodkY a&mufoGm;Muavonf/ vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif ocif
atmifqef;onf olYxHk;pHtwdkif; pOf;pm; aeavonf/ ocifvSNrKdif
(Adkvf&efatmif) u ]tudkBuD;? uRefawmfwkdY b,foGm;vdkY b,fa&muf
MurSvJ} [kar;aomtcg ]tomaeprf ;Asm? rar;prf;ygeJY} [k rmefrJjcif;
udkom cH&onf[k ocifvSNrKdifu aqmif;yg;wckwGif a&;cJhavonf/
trGdKifodkY a&mufaomtcg ]tjynfjynfqdkif&m a'o} jzpfonhf
]ulvefpl;} uRef;uav;wGif aeMu&onf/ xkduRef;uav;udk NAdwdoQ?
tar&duef? *syefESihf wkyftpdk;&wdkYu tvSnfhus tkycf sKyfMuavonf/
ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf a,mifa,mifvnfvnfESihf roGm;wwf rvm
wwf jzpfae&m ykvdyfu zrf;rnfvkyfojzifh rdrdwdkYrSm ygvmaom &Sdpk rJhpk
aiGxJrS 75-usyf vyfxdk; vdkuf&avonf/ usefaiGuav;rSm
rrsm;vS&um; wvausmfavmuf &Sdaomtcg waeY 4-usyfrQaom
a[mfw,fcudkyif
ray;EdkifonfhtajcodkY
qdkufa&mufMu&avonf/
ocifatmifqef;um; olYxHk;pHtwdkif; pdwf"mwfrus? tcef;atmif;
pmzwfumom aeavonf/
ESpfvrQMumaomtcg *syefppfAdkvfuav;wa,muf a&mufvm
ocifatmifqef;wdkYudk *syefjynfodkY ac:aqmifoGm;avonf/ 1940 jynfh
Ekd0ifbmvwGif *syefjynf wdkusKdNrKdUavqdyfodkY qdkuaf &mufaomtcg
rpwm rDemrD(ac:) Adkvfr;BuD; qlZluD; (aemufydkif; Adkvfrdk;BuKd; jzpfvmol)

69

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

u qD;BuKdonf/ xdkYaemuf ocifatmifqef;wdkYudk a[mfw,fwckwGif


xm; a&SUvkyfief;twGuf pDpOfMuavonf/
1941-ck Zefe0g&DvwGif *syefwyfrawmf OD;pD;csKyfonf
]rDemrDuef} ac: tzGJUwck zGJU&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/ xdktzGJUukd rpwm
rDemrD u OD;pDvQuf jrefrmvli,frsm;udk wdwfwqdwfac:aqmif
ppfoifwef;ay;&ef jzpfayonf/ xdktcsdefyif *syefonf jrefrmjynfudk
wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ jrefrm
vli,fuav;rsm;udk ppfynmoifay;vdkonfrSm pdwfapwemaumif;jzifh
r[kwfbJ jrefrmjynfudk rdrdwdkY0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufaomtcg twGif;olykef
tjzpf toHk;cs&efjzpfayonf/
xdkYaMumihf tjcm;vli,frsm;udkyg ac:vm&ef ocifatmifqef;
wdkYudk jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvTwfMuavonf/

70

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(8)
AdkvfawZESifh bD?tdkif?at
ocifatmifqef;onf *syef\ &nf&G,fcsufudk rsm;pGm r,HkMunf
vSay/ odkYaomfvnf; ppfjzpfaepOf tawmtwGif; ppfynmoifMum;&vQif?
vufeuf&EkdifvQif? wdkif;jynftwGuf tusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqonfhtwdkif;
vli,f&Jabmfrsm;udk ac:aqmif&ef jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmavonf/
1941-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf oGm;wkwyf
wkyfoabFmom;uJhodkY kyfzsufum jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmonf/
jrefrmjynf&Sd &Jabmfrsm;tm; tajctaet&yf&yfudk &Sif;jyNyD;aemuf
rwfvqef;avmufwGif ocifvSaz(Adkvfvusfm)? ocifA*srf;(Adkvfva&mif)?
wuodkvfausmif;om; udkxGef;&Sdef(Adkvf&efEdkif)ponfh &Jabmfrsm;udk wyg
wnf;ac: *syefjynfodkY oabFmjzifyh if jyefavonf/ tjcm;vli,frsm;udk
vnf; tokwfvdkufydkY&ef pDpOfcJhavonf/
odkYjzifh ]&JabmfoHk;usdyf} [k &mZ0if wGifaeonfh atmufyg
&JabmfwdkYonf oabFmjzihfwwef? ,kd;',m; txd ukef;aMumifhjzihfwrsKd;
ponfjzifh *syefjynfodkY wdwfwqdwf cdk;xGufMuavonf/ taemuf
ppfrsufESmwGif tvkyfIyfaeonf NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf ocifatmifqef;
aysmufoGm;onfudkif;? acwjyefvmonfudkif;? tjcm; rsKd;cspfvli,frsm;
aysmufoGm;onfudkif; rodvdkuf&Smay/

71

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

&JabmfoHk;usdyf
1/ ocifatmifqef; - AdkvfawZ
2/ ocifvSaz - Adkvfvusfm
3/ ocifIarmif - Adkvfae0if;
4/ udkxGef;&Sdef - Adkvf&efEdkif
5/ udkvSarmif - AdkvfaZ,s
6/ ocifvSNrKdif - Adkvf&efatmif
7/ udka&T - AdkvfausmfaZm
8/ ocifpHvIdif - Adkvfatmif
9/ udkaqmif; - Adkvfxdef0if;(t*Fvdyft0ifaoqHk;oGm;onf/)
10/ ocifxGef;a&T - Adkvfvif;,kef
11/ ocifatmifodef; - Adkvf&JxG#f
12/ ocifA*srf; - Adkvfva&mif
13/ ocifwifat; - Adkvfbkef;jrihf
14/ ocifxGef;cif - AdkvfjrihfaqG
15/ ocifoef;wif(1) - Adkvfoef;wif(Zif;r,fwGifusqHk;onf/)
16/ ocifoef;wif(2) - Adkvfjr'if([dkifeHuRef;wGifusqHk;onf/)
17/ ocifatmifoef; - AdkvfpBuFm
18/ ocifpdk; - Adkvfjrihfatmif (t*Fvdyf jyeft0if udk,hfudk,fudk
owfaoonf/)

72

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

19/ ocifpHjr - Adkvfawmufxdef


20/ udkvS - Adkvfrif;a&mif
21/ udkapmvGif - Adkvfrif;acgif
22/ ocifausmfpdef - Adkvfrdk;ndK
23/ ocifopf - Adkvfapmaemif
24/ ocifcifarmifOD; - Adkvfwm&m
25/ ocifxGef;vGif - AdkvfAv
26/ ocifoef;nGefY - AdkvfZifa,mf
27/ ocifat;armif - Adkvfrdk;(xl;BuD;wdkufyGJwGifusqHk;onf/)
28/ ocifarmifarmif - AdkvfP(zmyGefwkdufyGJwGif usqHk;onf/)
29/ ocifaiG - Adkvfapmatmif(a&TusifwkdufyGJwGif usqHk;onf/)
30/ ocifxGef;tkyf - ppfynmroifbJ tkyfcsKyfa&; ynmom
oifojzifh AdkvfbGJU rcH,lcJhay/
&JabmfoHk;usdyfonf *syefjynfodkY a&mufaomtcg a&S;OD;pGm
]azmfrdkqm} uRef;\ taemufzuf&Sd ][kdifeHuRef;} wGif ppfynmudk yifyef;
BuD;pGm oifMum;&onf/ tpm;taomuf taetxdkif tvGefqdk;&Gm;onfh
tjyif pm;csdefESifh tdyfcsdefrSwyg; em;csdef[l vHk;0 r&Sdoavmufyif/
xdkxuf qdk;0g;onfrSm *syeft&m&Sdrsm;onf yxrwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfudk
rdwfaqGuJhodkY qufqHaomfvnf; wjznf;jznf; armufrmvmum
vufatmufi,fom;ozG,f qufqHvmMuonf/ toufi,f&G,faom
&Jabmfrsm;onf cHjyif;vS&um; xdktcsdef xdkae&myif *syefwdkYudk awmfvSef

73

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vdkpdwf aygufvmMuayonf/ ocifatmifqef;\ qHk;roGefoifrI


aumif;aomaMumifhom pdwfvdkufrmefyg rvkyfcJhrdjcif; jzpfayonf/

Adkvfvufsm? AdkvfpBufm? AdkvfawZ (1941 - *syef)


1941-ck 'DZifbmv 7-&ufaeYwGif *syefonf ppfraMunmbJ
[ma0,HuRef;&Sd ykvJqdyfurf; (Pearl Harbour) udk AHk;BuJwdkufcdu
k f
tar&duefa&wyfudk zsufqD;ypfvdkufavonf/ t*Fvdyf-tar&duef
wdkYonfvnf; *syefudk ppfaMunm&avawmhonf/ *syefonf w[kefxdk;
ppfqifum ]a0vrif ;om;} ESifh ]&Dyg;vfpf} (Prince of Wales and
Repulse) ac: t*FvdyfppfoabFmBuD; ESpfpif ;ESifhwuG tjcm; oabFmi,f
rsm;pGmudk AHk;BuJzsufqD; ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;&Sd t*Fvdyf-tar&duef
vufatmufcHEdkifiHrsm;udk tvGefwdkawmif;aom tcsdeftwGif; odrf;ydkuf
vdkufavonf/ ,dk;',m;jynfonfvnf; av;em&DMumrQ pwdoabm
ckcHNyD;aemuf vufeufcsavonf/
*syefonf
ppfxJ0ifvmNyD;onfhaemuf
&ufydkif;twGif;yif
]rDemrDuef} tzGJU0if *syefppfAdkvfrsm;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf ,dk;',m;jynf
befaumufNrKdUodkY a&TUajymif; ]bD-tdik f-at} ac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&;

74

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wyfrawmfudk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifMuavonf/ bD-tdkif-at qdkonfrSm


(Burma Independence Army) [lonfh t*Fvdyf bmomjyef csuf\
twdkaumuf jzpfygonf/
befaumufNrKdUwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf rdrdwdkY\ vufarmif;aoG;
rsm;udk azmufNyD;vQif aiGzvm;wvHk;xJ xnfhvsufaomuf jrefrmh
vGwfvyfa&; r&rcsif; tdk;ausaus ta&cef;cef; wdkuyf GJ qifETJrnf [k
opmt"d|mef jyKMuavonf/ rdrdwdkY emrnfrsm;udkvnf; txuf azmfjy
cJhonfhtwdkif; ajymif;um AdkvfawZ(ocif atmiffqef;)udk acgif;aqmif
tjzpf wifajrmufMuavonf/
wyfom;rsm;pkaqmif;aomtcg ,dk;',m;jynf&Sd jrefrm trsKd;om;
rsm;ESihf &Srf;trsKd;om;rsm;onf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf 0ifa&mufMuojzihf
cefYrSef;onfxufyif ydkrdk&&Sdavonf/ xkdYaemuf bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf
onf 0dwkd&d,tilrS ppfwaMumif;? xm;0,fe,frS ppfwaMumif;? zmyGefrS
ppfwaMumif;? ppfaMumif;oHk;aMumif;jzefYum jrefrmjynfwiG f;odkY csDwufvm
avonf/ AdkvfawZ(AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) onf zmyGefppfaMumif;rS csDwuf
onf/
bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm; vufeufaumif;[l r&Sd/ pepfwus
,leDazmif;yif r&Sday/ *syefwyfrawmfonf acwfrSDvufeufaumif;rsm;
wyfqifay;rnf[k uwday;cJhaomfvnf; uwdrwnfcJhay/ *syefwyfrawmf
u ay;onfh vufeufrsm;onf acwfrrSD olwdkY roHk;vdkaom vufeuf
a[mif;rsm;om jzpfavonf/ pepfwus ,leDazmif; r&Sdojzifh bD?tdkif?at
wyfom;rsm;onf(0g?pdrf;?eD) a'gif;wHqdyf ygonfh vufywfrsm; ywfMu
&onf/ tcsKdUrSm vHkcsnf 0wfMu&onf/
odkY&mwGif ,HkMunfcsufESihf rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf tvGefjyif;xefaom
bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;onf &&mvufeufrsm;udk pGJudkifvsuf? ppfcsD

75

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkum jrefrmh ZmwdaoG; Zmwdrmefudk tjynfht0 xkwfazmf


jyoMuavonf/ pepfwus avhusifha&; r&SdygbJvsuf t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;udk
ajymifajrmufpGm wkdufckdufEdkifcJhMuavonf/ a&TawmifwdkufyGJonf xif&Sm;
aom om"u w&yf jzpfavonf/ ppfcsDoDcsif;rsm;udk aemufqufwGJ-*
wGif zwfyg/
1942-ck rwfv 10-&ufaeYwGif bD?tkdif?at wyfrawmfonf
&efukefNrKdUudk odrf;ydkufEkdifavonf/
xdktcsdeftxd bD?tdkif?at \ aoemywdonf *syef Adkvfr;BuD;
qlZluD;(Adkvfrdk;BuKd;) jzpfavonf/ jrefrmjynfodkY 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkuf
aomtcg AdkvfawZ (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) tm; bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf\
aoemywd&mxl;udk vTGJajymif;ay;&ef tpDtpOf&SdcJhaomfvnf; &efukefodrf;
NyD;onftxd vTJajymif;ray;cJhay/ qifajctrsKd;rsKd;ay;um tcsdefqGJae
avonf/ xdkYjyif *syefppfom;rsm;onf bD?tdkif?at wyfom;rsm;udk tcg
tcGifh&wdkif; ESdyfpufnO f;qJMuavonf/
AdkvfawZESihfwuG Adkvfvusfm? AdkvfpMum? Adkvfae0if; paom
bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf qufvuf onf;rcHEdkifawmh
ojzifh bD?tdkif?at tkyfcsKyfrIudk vTJajymif;ay;&ef Adkvfrdk;BuKd;xH pma&;
wifjyMuavonf/ xdkpmudk taMumif;jyK aygufuGJrIBuD;wck jzpfEdkifonfh
tE&m,f&Sdonfudk bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm; aumif;pGm odygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; tajctaeonf onf;rcHEdkifavmufatmif qkd;0g;aeNyD
jzpf&m tjcm;enf;vrf; r&dSawmhay/
pma&;wifonfhaeY naeydkif;wGif Adkvfrdk;BuKd;u AdkvfawZESifh
bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rdrdaexdkif&mtdrf (,ck NAdwdoQ
oHtrwftdrf) odkY qifhac:ygonf/ AdkvfawZwdkY a&mufomG ;aomtcg tdrf
twGif;tjyif ae&mtESYHtjym;wGif vSHpGyfwyf dkifz,faoewfrsm; udkif

76

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

aqmifxm;aom *syefppfom;rsm; csxm;onfudk awGU&avonf/


bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ajcmufvSefY&ef &nf&G,f[ef wlayonf/
Adkvfrdk;BuKd;onf oufawmfapmifhrsm; jcH&HvQuf tcef;wGif;odkY
0ifvm rdrd\"m;udk qGJxkwfum ]]'Dpmu bmt"dyg,fvJ}} [k
tvGefcufxefaom rsufESmxm;ESifh ar;avonf/ Adkvfrdk;BuKd; "m;qGJxkwf
vdkufonfESifh wNyKdifeuf AdkvfawZonfvnf; rdrd\"m;dk;udk udkifvdkuf
avonf/ Adkvfrdk;BuKd;\ rsufESmonf ajymif;oGm; ]]rif;wdkY[m ighom;
awGvdkbJ/ ajymp&m&Sd&if vmajymyg/ pma&; bma&; rvkyfygESih}f }
ajymNyD;vQif bD?tdkif?at acgif;aqmifrsm;udk jyefvTwfvdkuaf vonf/

AdkvfawZ? Adkvfrdk;BudK; ESifh &JabmfokH;usdyf0if wcsdKU


aemufwaeYeHeufwGif Adkvfrdk;BuKd;\vufrSwfjzifh AdkvfawZtm;
bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf aoemywd? Adkvfvusfmtm; ppfOD;pD; XmecsKyfr;
tjzpf cefYxm;aomtrdefYpm xGufvmavonf/

77

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(9)
bD?'D?at aoemywd
ocifatmifqef; (0g) AdkvfawZ (0g) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; onf
tajctaeudk rSefuefpGm oHk;wwfoljzpfygonf/ tajcmufwdkuf b0ifjrihf
wwfol r[kwfyg/ rdrdudk csD;usL;xm;aom oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkaeMuaomf
vnf; atmufajcvGwf roGm;ay/ aemufqufwGJ-C zwfyg/
1942-ck
atmifqef;u -

arv

19-&ufaeY

xrif;pm;yGJwckwGif

AdkvfcsKyf

]]rdrdonf xrif;pm;yGJrsm;? {nfhcHyGJrsm; wufa&muf&ef 0goem


rygcJhaMumif;/ ,aeY raeom wufa&mufvmaomfvnf; &SufaMumif;/
xrif;pm;yGJBuD;usif;y {nhfcHolrsm;u wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;[m
wdkif;jynftwGuf aqmif&Guf atmifjrifNyD; jyefvmMuw,fqdkwJh txdrf;
trSwfeJY {nfhcHjcif; jzpfaMumif;/ rdrdbmrQ jcm;jcm;em;em; raqmif&GufcJ&h
ojzifh xrif;rpm;vdkaMumif;/ Adkvfr;BuD;? tmZmenfBuD;[k csD;usL;Muonf
udkvnf; rcHvdkao;aMumif;/ rdrdonf rnfonhfygwDrvdkuf? rdrdBuD;r;aom
ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmfBuD;onfvnf; b,fygwDESifhrQ rqdkif?
wjynfvHk;ESifhom qdkifaMumif;}} ponfjzifh ajymcJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; tajcmufwdkuf <um;vdkol r[kwfay/
wenf;tm;jzihfqdkvQif ]0r&SdbJ 0dvkyfvdkol} r[kwfay/ tajctaeudk
rSefuefpGm oHk;oyfwwfol jzpfayonf/

78

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tcsKdUyk*dKvfrsm; ,lqouJhodkY *syef ppfEdik fvdrfhrnf[k AdkvfcsKyf


atmifqef;onf wxpfcsr,kHMunfcJhay/ 1942-ck *syefonf ta&SUtm&S
awmifydkif;&Sd EdkifiHtm;vHk;vkdvdkukd odrf;ydkufxm;csdefwGif ]]*syefawmh trsm;
BuD; rsKdxm;wmbJ/ tpmacsEdkif racsEdkif apmifhMunhf&rSmbJ}} [k uRefawmfh
tm; ajymbl;ygonf/
tcsKdUyk*dKvfrsm; ,lqouJhodkY *syefu jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
wdkufay;vdrfhrnf[lvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf r,HkMunfcJhay/
bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmf\aoemywd AdkvfawZtjzpf xkwfa0aom
aMunmpmwef;wapmifwGif ]]vGwfvyfa&;rnfonf olrsm;\ EdkYoufcH
pdkYae r&Edkif/ rdrdwdkYtm;udk rdrdwdkYudk;NyD; rdrdwdkYzmom BuKd;yrf;&vdrfhrnf}}
ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;avonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf\ aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
0ifh0gjcif; vHk;0r&Sd/ jrefrmjynfwvTm; csDwuf&mwGif taqmifta,mif
vHk;0rygbJ &SdpkrJhpktus? abmif;bDrsm;ESihf pm&Gufpmwef;rsm;udk vHkcsnf
wxnfESihf xkyfydk; armfawmfum;&Ekdifonhfae&mwGif armfawmfum;jzihf?
armfawmfum; r&Edkifonhfae&mwGif ajcvsif csDwufcJhavonf/
wjynfvHk;u ]AdkvfcsKyf-AdkvfcsKyf} ESihf aumif;csD;Mobmaxmyem
jyKaeMuaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;onf atmufajcvGwfroGm;bJ
rdrd\ vkyfief;rSm pvHk;a&;pom &Sdao;onfudk aumif;pGm oabmayguf
ayonf/ txufjrefrmjynfydkif;odkY csDwufvm&if; yckuLcdkif? NrKdifNrKdUwGif
uRefawmfESihfawGUaomtcg ]]uRefawmfwdkY tvkyf[m tp\ tprQom
jzpfonf}} [k ajymoGm;ygonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
tpm;taomuf? taetxdkif twGufvnf; txl;jyifqifay;&efrvdk/ &&m

79

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

xrif;[if;pm; zsmMurf;ay:wGifyif tdyfavh&Sdonf/ tcsKdUu olYudk


AdkvfcsKyf[lyif rodMuay/
NAdwdoQwyfrsm;
jrefrmjynfrS
vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;aomtcg
bD?tdkif?at wyfrsm;onf &efukefNrKdUwGif jyefvnf pkpnf;Muavonf/
aoemywd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfvnf; Adkvfrdk;BuKd;aeoGm;aomtdrf
(,ck NAdwdoQ oHtrwftdrf) odkY ajymif;a&TU aexdkifavonf/
zufqpf*syefonf rdrd\Zmwdkyfudk jyonfxuf jyvmavonf/
*syefbmomjzifh ]'dkifwdk0usKdatuif;} ? jrefrmbmomjzihf ]ta&SUtm&S
omwlnDrQ aumif;pm;a&;} t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh (East Asia Coproperity) [laom aqmifyk'fudk yg;pyfu a<u;aMumfaomfvnf; zuf qpf
*syef\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm ta&SUtm&S&Sd EdkifiHrsm;udk aoG;pkyf&efom
jzpfaMumif; waeYwjcm; xif&Sm;vmavonf/
zufqpf*syef\ aoG;pkyfrIrSm t*Fvdyf\ aoG;pkyfrIxuf
tqrsm;pGm jyif;xefqdk;0g;avonf/ t*Fvdyfu opf? a&eH? owKpaom
vkyfief;BuD;rsm;avmufudkom aoG;pkyfcJhaomfvnf; *syefurl iyd?
ig;ajcmuf paom vkyfief;uav;rsm;rStp atmufajcodrf; aoG;pkyf
avonf/
*syefppfwyfonf jrefrmwdkYudk acR;wyfqGJ uRJEGm;rsm;udk odrf;Hk
ru? *dkId (Gosko) ? umeDbdk (Kanebo) paom *syef ukrPDrsm;onf
vnf; wefbdk;r&Sdaom *syefaiGpuLrsm;udk xkwfay; jrefrmwdkY\ ESrf;?
ajryJ? 0g*Grf; ponfwdkYudk odrf;,lMuavonf/
*syefppfom;rsm;onf tvGef&ufpufMurf;MuKwf a,musfm;?
rdef;r? bkef;BuD;rsm;ygra&Smif yg;em;dkufwwfMuonf/ uifaywdkifac:
*syefppfykvdyftzGJUuvnf; rdrdwdkY rBuKdufrESpfoufaom olrsm;udk zrf;qD;
vufoJcGHcGmjcif;? a&aEG;ylavmif;jcif;? usifpufjzihfwdkYjcif; paom

80

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

,cifu rMum;bl;? rBuHKbl;aom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh nOf;yef; ESdyfpufMu


avonf/ jrefrm trsKd;orD;rsm;udkvnf; aiG? ypnf;wdkYjzifh jzm;a,mif;
aoG;aqmifif;? t"r tEdkifusihfif; zsufqD;Muavonf/
0rf;enf;p&maumif;onfrSm *syefudk ]rmpwm} ac:vsuf
pum;jyeftjzpfif;? ukrPDt0,fawmfrsm; tjzpfif; 0ifa&muf aqmif&Guf
ulnDMuonfh trsKd;om;opmazmufjrefrmtcsKdU\ tjyKtrlyif jzpfay
onf/
odkYaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk awGUjrifMum;odae&aom AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tzdkY pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;ajrU jzpfae&onfrSm tHhMozG,f r&Sday/
waeYwGif uRefawmhftm; ]'dkYawmh EGm;usNyD/ acG;rjzpfatmif BuKd;pm;MuvdkY
&Jabmfuav;awGudk ajym&w,f} [k nnf;wGm;ajymqdkbl;ygonf/
tawmtwGif; ]jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufaoG;ay;um
wdkufckdufjcif;jzpfygonf} [k 0g'jzefYcJaom zufqpf*syefonf Armh
vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(bD?tkdif?at) udk zsufodrf;&ef pDpOfavawmhonf/
trsKd;om;opmazmuftcsKdUuvnf; zsufodrf;&ef *syefudk wdkufwGef;Mu
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG wyfrawmfom;rsm;\
ZGJowdESihf rsKd;cspfpdwfwdkYudk od&um; vHk;0 rzsufodrf;&Jay/
]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;? vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf xm;&efrvdk/
umuG,fa&; wyfomxm;&ef vdkonf} [k taMumif;jyum 1943-ck Zlvdkif
v 27-&ufaeYwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf(bD?tkdif?at) udk Armh
umuG,fa&; wyfrawmf(bD?'D?at) tjzpf ajymif;vJ wyfom;OD;a&
udkvnf; oHk;axmifxd avQmhcsvdkufavonf/ bD?'D?at qdkonfrSm
(Burma Defence Army) [lonfh t*Fvdyf bmomjyef csuf\
twdkaumuf jzpfygonf/

81

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ]Adkvfr;BuD;} tqifhjzihf bD?'D?at \


ppfaoemywdtjzpf cefYxm; ppfHk;csKyfrStp tqifhtoD;oD;wGifvnf;
*syefppfAdkvfrsm;udk ]tBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm;} tjzpf wGJzuf cefYxm;vdkuf
avonf/ trSefrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk
r,HkMunfonhftwdkif; *syefppfAdkvfrsm;udk tBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm;tjzpf cefY
xm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ bD?'D?at udkvnf; &efukefwGif rxm;bJ ysOf;rem;
odkY ajymif;a&TUxm;avonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf *syefwyfrawmf aoemywd ]tD;'g; (Lt.
General Iida) u a'gufwmbarmf acgif;aqmifaom tpd k;& tzGJUwckudk
zGJUpnf;vkdufavonf/ bD?'D?atwGif *syeftBuHay;t&m&Sdrsm; yl;wGJcefYxm;
ouJodkY tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifvnf; tqifhtoD;oD;wGif *syef tBuHay;t&m&Sd
rsm; cefYxm;yl;wGJxm;avonf/ trSefrSm *syeftBuHay; t&m&Sdrsm;
omvQif tmPmydkifrsm;jzpfojzifh a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;& tzGJUonf
kyfao; tpdk;&rQom jzpfayonf/
ppfa&;wGifif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;wGifif;? pD;yGm;a&;wGifif; pdk;pOf;rQ
auseyfzG,fr&Sd&um; pdwfaxmif;udk,faus jzpfaeaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
\ usef;rma&;tajctaeonf waeYwjcm; qdk;0g;vmavonf/ xdkY
aMumifh ,ckacwf ppfHk;csKyfjyKvkyfxm;aom taqmufttHkBuD;wGif zGihfvSpf
xm;onfh aq;HkodkYwufum aq;0g;uko&avawmhonf/
aq;HkwGif olemjyKq&mruav; rcifMunfESihf awGUavonf/
rcifMunf\ ,k,jyKpkrIaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ usef;rma&;onf
rMumrD aumif;rGefvmavonf/
xdktcsdefxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &nf;pm;rxm;bl;ao;ay/
rdef;rysKduav;rsm;udk rsufarG;axmf armfyif rMunhcf Jhbl;ay/ EdkifiHa&;jzifh

82

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

om tcsdefukefae&um; &nf;pm;xm;&ef tcsdefvnf; r&SdcJh/ xm;&efvnf;


pdwfrul;cJhay/
,k,jyKpkwwfaom q&mrav; rcifMunfESihf awGUaomtcg
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ oHrPduJhodkY wif;rmaom pdwf"mwfonf t&nf
aysmfusum rcifMunfudk b0Muifazmfbuftjzpf odrf;ydkufvkdpdwf ay:vm
avonf/ odkYjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf olemjyKq&mruav;
rcifMunfwdkYonf orD;&nf;pm;b0odkY a&mufMuavonf/
xdkaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf uRefawmfESifh tpfudkBuD;
(OD;b0if;) wkdY wnf;cdk&m a&TawmifMum;vrf;&SdtdrfokdY rcifMunfudk
ac:vm ]]'g uRefawmhf&nf;pm;bJ}} [k ajymum uRefawmfwdkYESihf
rdwfquf ay;ygonf/ tpfudkBuD;u tBuD;jzpfonhftwdkif; {nfhcHpum;
ajymonhfwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&ygonf/ uRefawmfu rcifMunf touf
rnfrQ&SdNyDudk ar;ay;&ef tpfudkBuD;udk wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf ajymvkdufygonf/
tpfukdBuD;urlum; rcifMunf rnfonfhESpfu q,fwef;atmifovJ [k
ar;NyD; tjcm; tvmyovmypum;rsm;udkom ajymaeygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkY
jyefoGm;aomtcg uRefawmfu ]]tpfudkBuD;uvJ toufar;ygqdk?
b,fhES,f b,fwkef;u q,fwef;atmifovJvdkY ar;&wmvJ}} [k ajym&m
tpfudkBuD;u ]]tdkuGm- toufar;&wm tm;emp&mBuD;/ q,fwef;
atmifwJhESpfudk 18-ESpfxm; wGufMunfh&if olYtouf cefYrSef;Edkifwm
ayghuGm}} [k jyefajymygonf/
1942-ck pufwifbmv 6-&ufaeY wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf
rcifMunfwdkY\ vufxyfyGJudk olwdkYcsif;pwifawGUcJh&mjzpfaom aq;Hkyif
usif;yygonf/ om;orD; av;a,muf xGef;um;aomfvnf; ti,fqHk;
orD;uav;onf &ufydkif;twGif; aoqHk;oGm; 'kwd,om; atmifqef;

83

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vif; onfvnf; 1953-ckESpfOD;0,f a&epfaoqHk;oGm;&Smygonf/ ,ck


om;BuD;atmifqef;OD;ESihf orD; atmifqef;pkMunfwdkYom usefygawmhonf/

AdkvfcsKyf ESifh a':cifMunf r*Fvmaqmifzdwfpm


tdrfaxmifonfjzpfvmonfh tcsdefrSp AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ydkrdk aysmhajymif;vmavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif ,cifuavmuf
]rdkif;? rMurf;? raMumif} awmhay/ avmu0wfudk ydkrdkem;vnfvmonf[k
qdk&ayrnf/ bD?'D?at aoemywdtjzpf ysOf;rem;&SdaepOf uRefawmfwdkY
&efukefrStjyef acw0ifa&muf wnf;cdkMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf awmifwGif;
BuD;odkY c&D;quf&ef rD;&xm;blwmHkodkY oGm;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyfwdkY ZeD;
armifESHu vkdufydkYMuygonf/ tpfudkBuD;u uRefawmfhudk jyHK;Munfh
]]atmifqef; vlrIa&; em;vnfvmNyD}} [k rSwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/
1943-ck rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;wdk*sKd (General Tojo) \
tpdk;&u a'gufwmbarmf? a'gufwmodef;armif? ocifjrESihf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;wdkYudk ]ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef} wdkusKdodkY
zdwfac:ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ]AdkvfcsKyfuav;} (Major
General) tqifhodYk wdk;jrifhay;onf / ]wifaemfa[um} ac: *syef{u&mZf
[Ddk[Dwdk (Emperor Hirohito) ]wufaewHqdyf} wwd,wef;} (Third

84

AdkvfcsKyf \ Zmwm

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

bGUJ wHqdyf ay;tyfygonf/ tjcm;


yk*dKvfrsm;tm;vnf; bGJUwHqdyftoD;oD; tyfESif; csD;jrihfvdkufygonf/
vGwfvyfa&; wESpfajrmufonfhaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; xyfrH
]&wemwHqdyf yxrwef;} (First Class Order of the Sacred
Treasure) udk ay;tyfjyefygonf/
Class Order of the Rising Sun)

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&efqdkaomfvnf; trSefrSm


zufqpf*syefonf rdrday;vdkYonfh vGwfvyfa&;yHkpHudkom ay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfygonf/ jyefa&mufMuaomtcg csD;usL;*kPfjyKaom {nfhcHyGJwckwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u *syefay;rnfh vGwfvyfa&;onf twkta,mifrQom
jzpfrnfjzpfaMumif; t&dyft>ruf ajymcJhavonf/
xdkYaemuf ]vGwfvyfa&;jyifqifrIaumfrDwD} zGJUpnf;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tm;vnf; tzGJU0ifwOD;tjzpf xnfhoGif;cefYxm; Muavonf/

AdkvfcsKyf ESifh a':cifMunf r*Fvmaqmif


85

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(10)
vGwfvyfa&;ESifhcspfMunfa&;
1943-ck Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk aMunmNyD;
aemuf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppf0efBuD; jzpfvmygonf/ ]ArmhumuG,f
a&; wyfrawmf} (bD?'Dat) onfvnf; ]Armh wyfrawmf} (Burma
National Army or B.N.A) jzpf vmygonf/ a'gufwmbarmfonf
EkdifiHawmf t"dywdESihf 0efBuD;csKyf? ocifjronf 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvm
ygonf/
a'gufwmbarmfonf EdkifiHawmf t"dywd jzpfvmHkru wdkYArm
tpnf;tHk;ESihf qif;&Jom;ygwDudk yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;vkdufaom aemufydkif;
]r[mArmygwD} jzpfvmonfh ]wdkYArm qif;&Jom;tpnf;tHk;} \ tBuD;
tuJ tmPm&Sifvnf; jzpfvmygonf/ xdkacwfu aqmifyk'fonf
]waoG;? woH? wrdefY} jzpfygonf/
oDcsif;a&;q&mrsm;uvnf; ]urmrSmvnf; tmPm&Sif? 'dkYvJ
tmPm&Sif} ponfjzifhif;? ]tcgcgyif pdwftm;wufzG,f? tmPm&Sif
rdefYMum;cJhw,f/ cg;awmif;BuKdufum? a[m'Dppfudk Edkifatmifom wdkuf&
r,fwJh} ponfjzihfif;? tmPm&Sif csD;usL;onfh aw;oDcsif;rsm;udk a&;pyf
oDqdkvmMuygonf/
xdkodkY t"dywdESifhwuG yk*dKvftawmfrsm;rsm;onf *syefjynfvkyf
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk om,maeMupOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *sLAvDa[m

86

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

usif;yaom ]vGwfvyfa&; wESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;} wGif


*syefay;aom vGwfvyfa&;\ tESpfom& uif;rJhyHkudk atmufygtwdkif;
zGifhcsvdkufygonf/
]]uaeY vGwfvyfa&;&vdkY wESpfjynfhwJhtxdrf;trSwfyGJaeY? 'D
jynfolY tpnf;ta0;BuD;rSm uRefawmf[m tpdk;&tzGJU0ifwOD;taeeJY
r[kwfbJ? jynfoljynfom;wOD;tjzpf ta&;BuD;wJhpum;awGudk jynfol
trsm;&JUtusKd;udkarQmfudk;NyD; ajymjyvdkygw,f/ ,ck Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;
&wm wESpfaphvmNyD/ 'DtawmtwGif;rSm usKyfwdkY bmawGUMu&ovJ/
trSef ajym&&ifawmh usKyfwdkY wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;
t&omqdkwm rcHpm;&ao;bl;/ cHpm;&wJhvlawG[mvJ vleJpkomjzpfw,f/
tJ'DvleJpkawGxJrSm b,folawGvJ qdkvdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfyg tygt0if
usKyfwdkYtxufu tpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;awG? 'DvlawGudk uyfajrmifNyD; pm;aewJh
vlawG? tjrwftpGef; BuD;BuD;,lNyD; vlawG&JU 'kuudk &if;ESD;NyD; pD;yGm;&Smae
wJh acwfysufolaX;awG/ tJ'gawGavmufbJ/ tJ'Dawmh wkdif;oljynfom;
awG pdwfxJrSm ar;Mu jref;Muvdrfhr,f/ trSefuawmh tckvGwfvyfa&;[m
trsm;odMuwJhtwdkif; pmay:vGwfvyfa&;bJ &Sdao;w,f/ vufawGU
oabm txnfESihfudk,f? j'yfESifhtaumiftxnf rjrif&? rawGU&? rcHpm;&
ao;bl;/ usKyfwdkY a&SUqufNyD; pcef;oGm;EdkifrS vGwfvyfa&; taumif
txnfudk jrif&vdrfhr,f/ tck rjrif&ao;bl;}} 1944-ck Mo*kwfv 6&ufaeYxkwf? jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrS aumufEkwfcsuf/
uJhodkY zGifhcsvdkufojzifh jrefrmjynf&Sd *syefppfAdkvfBuD;rsm;
twGif;wGifomru *syefNynf&Sd tpdk;&ydik f;wGifvnf; tawmf *,ufdkuf
oGm;avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; xdkodkYzGifhcs&JonfrSm rdrdwGif tjypftemtqm
vHk;0 r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ tcsKdUyk*dKvfrsm; udk,u
f sKd; udk,fhpD;yGm;

87

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

twGuf ypnf;awG pkaqmif;aeMuaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um;


ypnf;udk vHk;0 *krpdkuf/ wdkif;jynfESifh vlxktwGufoufoufom aqmif
&GufcJhayonf/
AdkvfcsKyf\ dk;om;rIESifhywfouf 1947-ck Zlvdkifv 29-&ufaeY
wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGifvnf; aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;
tqdkwifoGif;&if; 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;
ajymqdkoGm;ygonf/
]]*syefacwfwacwfvHk;rSm bmbJajymajym tpdk;& b,fvdkbJ&Sd&Sd?
wkdif;jynfu wu,fMunfndKaewmuawmh Armtpdk;& r[kwfbJ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; jzpfaew,fqdkwm b,folrS jiif;vdYk r&bl;/ Armtpdk;&
b,fvdktrdefYawGxkwfxkwf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wcGef;ajymwmeJU rwlbl;/
tJ'Dvdk wkdif;jynfrSm jzpfaew,f/
'Davmuf t&Sdeft0gBuD;w,f/ onfavmuftxd wefcdk;MoZmawG
BuD;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk jzpfaewJhtcsdeftcgrSm AdkvfcsKyfae&mrSm AdkvfcsKyfr[kwf
bJeJY wjcm;u udk,fhpdwfudk,f rxdef;EdkifwJhvlpm;rsKd;? avmbBuD;wJh vlpm;
rsKd;? tJ'Dvdk vlpm;rsKd;wa,mufa,muf&Sdaer,fqdk&if *syefacwfwkef;u
woufr[kwfbl;? q,fouf rukefEdkifatmif ypnf;awG pkEkdifw,f/ tJ'D
txd jzpfEkdifw,f/
*syefacwfwkef;u 'Dvdk&wJh t&Sdeft0gMoZmawGudk tvGJoHk;pm;
vkyfNyD;awmh ydkufqHawG[m oHk;rukefEdik favmufatmif pkoGm;MuwJhvlawG
taMumif;udkvJ 'DrSm <uvmwJh trwfrif;awG todygbJ/
AdkvfcsKyfqdk&if &SyftusESpfxnf? abmif;bDESpfxnfbJ&Sdw,f/ tJ'D
ESpfxnfxJrSm wxnfuvJ cyfpkwfpkwfavmufom tzwfwifNyD; usef&pf
cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf[m? olYvdktifrwefBuD;us,fwJh t&Sdeft0g? BuD;us,fwJh
wefcdk;MoZm? BuD;rm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm b,favmuftxd udk,fhpdwfudk udk,f

88

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

EdkifEdkifeif;eif;eJY csKyfwnf;oGm;Ekdifw,f qdkwmudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;BuD;


cifAsm;wdkY odygvdrfhr,f}}

u&iftrsKd;om; Adkvfr;csKyfa[mif; apmMum'dk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyf


atmifqef;\ dk;om;NcKd;jcHrIESifh ywfouf aqmif;yg;wckwGif atmufyg
twdkif; a&;cJhygonf/
]]*syefacwf waeYrSm *syefoHtrwfu AdkvfcsKyfeJY uRefawmfwdkYudk
aeYv,fpmpm;&ef zdwfygonf/ xkdaeYrSm tawmfuav; ylygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY 0wfxm;aom ,leDazmif;rsm;rSm tvGefxlNyD; uRefawmfwdkY
tm;vHk; acR;wvHk;vHk;ESifh jzpfaeygonf/ AdkvfcsKyf0wfxm;wJh ,leDazmif;rSm
uRefawmfwdkY ,leDazmif;xuf ykdxl&um; AdkvfcsKyftzdkY jyKwfxm;ouJhodkY
jzpfaeygonf/
uRefawmfwdkY jzpftifudkjrifaom *syefoHtrwfu uRefawmfwdkY
tay:tusrsm;udk cRwfxm;&ef tvdkufodpGm tBuHay;ygonf/ uRefawmf

89

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wdkYvJ rqdkif;rwGyif tay:tusrsm;udk cRwfypfvdkufygonf/ AdkvfcsKyf[m


olYtay:tusudk awmfawmfESihfrcRwfyg/ pOf;pm;aeyHk ay:ygonf/
aemufqHk; cRwfvdkufaomtcg olYatmufcHpGyfus,ftusrSm &p&mr&Sdatmif
pkwfNyJaeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY pGyfus,frsm;vnf; pkwfNyJ
aeygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf pGyfus,frSm wckESihfwck oDxm;ovm;
atmufarh&avmufatmifudkyif pkwfNyJaeygonf/}}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\dk;om;rIudk *syefrsm;udk,fwdkif0efcH&ayonf/
jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefppfwyfrsm;\ yxrqHk; aoemywd AdkvfcsKyftD;'g;
u ]atmifqef;onf aiGvnf;rruf/ tmPmvnf;rruf/ wudk,faumif;
vnf; rqH/ 'gaMumifh *syefawGu olYudk av;pm;onf} [k t"dywd
a'gufwmbarmftm; zGihfajymbl;avonf/
bD?tdkif?at\ yxr aoemywd Adkvfrdk;BuKd;ac: Adkvfr;
BuD;qlZluD;uvnf; ]atmifqef;onf t<uif;rJh dk;om;onf/ olonf
owdAswdESihf jynfhpHkaom ppfacgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfonf/ rsKd;cspfpdwfvnf;
jyif;xefonf/ xdkYaMumifh igwdkY*syefrsm;onf olYudk dkaoav;pm;onf} [k
zGifh[0efcHbl;avonf/
u&ifArmcspfMunfa&;
bD?tkdif?at acwftp 1942-ckwGif jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o
u&ifArm t"dukPf; tBuD;tus,f jzpfcJhygonf/ u&ifudk Armuowf?
Armudk u&ifuowf ponfjzifh wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomufaeMu
onfh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf &efolBuD;rsm;ozG,f jzpfaeMuygonf/
xdktjcif;t&mudk awGUjrifae&aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
rsm;pGmpdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfcJh&ygonf/ wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;csif; aoG;pnf;

90

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

nDnGwfrIr&Sdygu ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ ratmifjrifEdkio


f nfudk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; aumif;pGm oabmaygufygonf/
xdkodkY oabmaygufonfhtwdkif; u&ifArm aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;
&&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf raerem;BuKd;yrf;cJhayonf/ BuKd;yrf;cJhonfh
twdkif; atmifvnf; atmifjrifcJhayonf/
u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom apmpHbdkoif? apmMum'dk;wdkYudk
ArmhwyfrawmfwGif;odkY xnfhoGif;cefYxm;Hkru? u&ifwyf&if;wckudkvnf;
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifay;vdkufavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u u&iftrsKd;
om;rsm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunf aygif;oif;qufqHaomtcg u&iftrsKd;om;
rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfudk ,HkMunfvmavonf/
u&ifArm aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aqmif
&GufcJhykHrsm;udk 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku txufwGif az:jycJhonfh aMuuGJ
0rf;enf;aMumif; tqdkwifoGif;&if; atmufygtwdkif; ajymcJhygonf/
]]*syefacwfwkef;u tifrwef todPfeJwJh vli,fwpk[m
t*Fvdyfudkarmif;xkwfNyD;awmh u&ifbJ &Sdw,fqdkNyD; &GmawGudk rD;dIU?
tJ'Dvdk[mawG rawmfw&m;udpa wGudk vkyfwJhtwGuf u&ifawGu ArmawG
tay: pdwfemNyD; u&ifArmt"dukPf; jrpf0uRef;ay:rSm tawmf
jzpfcJhw,f/
tJ'Dvdk jzpfcJhwJhudpu
dk trSefpifppf [dktcsdeftcgwkef;u EdkifEdkifeif;
eif;eJY u&ifArmcspfMunfa&;udk &atmifrvkyfEdkifcJh&if rD;[m 'Dtcsdefxd
avmifaerSmbJ/ ,ckvdktcgrSm u&ifudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJY uRefawmfwdkYeJY
wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfxJrSm &Tif&Tifysys nD&if;tudkvdk cspfcspfcifcif
awGUqHkbdkY tajctaeawG r&SdEdkifbl;qdkwm? [kdtcgu u&ifArm
t"dukPf;? u&ifArm pdwfem;usnf;aewJhtcguaeNyD; u&ifArm
cspfMunfa&;? u&ifArm em;vnfa&;qdkwm a&mufatmif ArmbufuaeNyD;

91

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

rm;rm;rwfrwf vkyfcJhwm b,folvJqdk&&if AdkvfcsKyfjzpfcJhwJh taMumif;?


acgif;aqmifBuD;awGu twdtvif; 0efcHygvdrfhr,f}}
u&ifacgif;aqmif (xkdpOfu 0efBuD;)
atmufygtwdkif; ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/

apmpHbkd;oifuvnf;

]]uRefawmfwdkY 1942-ckESpfu jzpfysufwJh u&ifArmt"dukPf;rSm


uRefawmfvnf; yg0ifygw,f/ acgif;aqmifcJhw,f/ tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm tJ'D
bD?tdkif?at? AdkvfcsKyfacgif;aqmifwJh bD?tdkif?at[m uRefawmfh&JU &efol
jzpfcJhw,f/ uRefawmf tckajymcsifwmu AdkvfcsKyf[m &efoludk b,fvdk
rdwfaqGjzpfatmif vkyfwwfovJqdkwm tifrwefxl;uJwJh tcsufwcsuf
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D 1943-ck? Mo*kwfv 1-&ufaeY Armjynf vGwfvyfNyDqdkwm
aMunmawmh uRefawmf &efukefudk qif;vmw,f/ qif;vmawmh uRefawmfh
rdwfaqGawGu &efukefudk roGm;eJY? ocifawG cifAsm;udk owfvdrfhr,fvdkY
ajymw,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfu oGm;&r,fvdkY ajymNyD;xGufcJhw,f/
uRefawmfa&mufvmawmh yxrOD ;qHk; ocifAdkvfeJY awGUw,f/
NyD;awmh ocifarmifBuD;/ olwdkYeJYawGUNyD;oumv uRefawmfuajymw,f/
tJ'D AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJY uRefawmf awGUcsifw,f/ 'geJY [dkuwqifh
olwdkY&JU ocifoef;xGef;qD ac:oGm;w,f/ [dkurSwqifh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;eJY oGm;awGUw,f/
oGm;awGUawmh uRefawmfu olYudk ajymjyw,f/ uRefawmf[m
apmpHbkd;oifbJ/ cifAsm;&JU &efoljzpfygw,f/ oluawmh uRefawmfhudk
MunfhNyD; b,fvdkajymovJqdk&if ]A brave enemy is a good friend}
(&J&ifhaom&efolonf rdwfaqGaumif; jzpfw,f) vdkYajymw,f/ tJ'Dpum;
udk Mum;NyD;awmh uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm uRefawmhfudkawmh owfrSmr[kwfzl;

92

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

qkdNyD; aemufwajz;ajz; uRefawmfwdkY ArmwyfrawmfxJrSm0ifNyD; aqmif&Guf


w,f}}
txufygaumufEkwfcsuft& u&ifArm cspfMunfa&;twGuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rnfuJhodkY aqmif&GufchJonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;onf e,fcsJUorm;yDyD aoG;cGJtkycf sKyfa&;
ay:vpD (Policy of Divide and Rule) udu
k sihfoHk;um Armwdkif;&if;om;
tcsif;csif;udk &efwdkufay;NyD; aoG;cGJcJhavonf/ zufqpf*syefonfvnf;
xdkay:vpDudkyif usifhoHk;um Armwdkif;&if;om; tcsif;csif; aoG;uGJatmif
enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh BuKd;yrf;cJhavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tjrifus,fpGm
aqmif&GufrIaMumifhomvQif wdkif;&if;om; tcsif;csif; (txl;ojzifh
u&ifArm) cspfMunfa&;udk aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; jzpfayonf/

93

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(11)
*syefawmfvSefa&; a&SUajy;
tcsdKUu *syefukd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ac:vmonf[k xifae
Muonf/ trSefrSm txufwGif a&;cJhonfh twdkif; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;
toufpGefY EdkifiHjcm;odkY xGufoGm; onfrSm wkyfjynfoGm;&ef
jzpfygonf/ trGdKifwGif aomifwifaepOf jrefrmjynfwGif usef&pfcJhonfh
&Jabmfrsm;\ pDpOfcsuft& *syefESifh tquftoG,f& *syefjynfodkY
a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/
xdkpOfu urmYtajctaet& rnfoluac:ac:? rac:ac: *syef
onf jrefrmjynfukd wdkufawmhrnf jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m *syefa&mufvm
jcif;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: tjypfyHkcsvQif rw&m;ay/ pifppfrSm
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh bD?tdkif?at\ aus;Zl;aMumifh zufqpf*syefonf
jrefrmjynfwGif &rf;um;csifoavmuf r&rf;um;&Jonfudkum; rnfolrQ
jiif;qdEk dkifrnfr[kwfay/
txuf azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; *syefonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
touftaocHum wdkufay;vdrfhrnf[k AdkvfcsKyf r,HkMunfcJhay/ i,fpOfu
p AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdudk,fukdom tm;udk;ol jzpfayonf/
olrsm; ESmacgif;jzifh toufrSLvdk/ SLvdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvGeftxifao;
avonf/

94

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

,dk;',m;jynf befaumufNrKdU bD?tdkif?at wyfrawmfzGJUpnf;


aepOfuyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &JabmftcsKdUudk jrefrmjynfwGif;odkY
vQKdU0SufpGm apvTwf zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSef&ef pDpOfcJhavonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd rdwfaqGrsm;xHodkY awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk pnf;Hk;
*syef0ifvmaomtcg ]vGwfvyfa&;} twGuf ta&;qdk&ef? r&ygu ajr
vQdK; *syefudk ajymufusm;pepfjzifh awmfvSef&ef pma&;cJhavonf/
odkYaomfvnf; xdktcsdefu ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif
rsm;onf axmifxJa&mufaeMuojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tpDtpOfudk
taumiftxnf razmfEdkifcJhMuay/
NAdwdoQtvdkawmf&drsm;ESifh tcsKdU rodem;rvnfaom yk*dKvfrsm;u
t*FvdyfuEdkifcgeD;rS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefudk awmfvSefcJhoa,mif
a,mif a&;om;ajymqdkMuavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf EdkifrnfhbufodkY vdkufonfh ]tacsmiform;} jzpfonf[k
apmif;yg;&dyfjcnf a&;om;ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygonf/ xdka&;om;ajymqdkcsuf
rsm;onf rrSefyg/ tjzpftysuftrSefudk rodaomfif;? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;tay: tmCmwxm;aomfif; a&;om;ajymqdkaom tcsuf
rsm;om jzpfayonf/
1943-ck ESpf0ufavmufuyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf
*syefawmfvSefa&;udk pDpOfcJhygonf/ 'kwd,urmppfNyD;p 1945-ck
Mo*kwfv 29-&ufaeY &efukefNrKdUawmfcef;r usif;yaom ]ta&SUtaemuf
toif;} (East and West Association) tpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh atmufygtwdkif; xnfhoGif;a[majym
cJhygonf/

95

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

]]uREfkyfwdkYonf *syefay;aom vGwfvyfa&;ESihfywfouf txif


rBuD;cJyh g/ uREfkyfonf wdkusKdrS jyefa&mufvmNyD;aemuf {nfhcHyGJwckwGif
*syefay;rnfh vGwfvyfa&;onf emrnfrQom jzpfrnf[k ajymcJhygonf/
1943-ck Mo*kwfv 1-&ufaeY ]vGwfvyfa&;} aMunmNyD;aemuf
rsm;rMumrD uREfkyfwdkYonf ocifoef;xGef;tdrfwGif pnf;a0;wdkifyifMu
NyD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;udk qifETJ&ef pDpOfMuygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf
1943-ckESpf tukefavmufwGif awmfvSefa&;udk pwifEdkiv
f drfhrnf[k xifcJh
Muygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; pdwful;,OfcJhjcif;rQom jzpfaMumif; jzpf&yfrsm;
u oufaocHcJhygonf/ awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;onf wuGJwjym;jzpfae
Hkru pepfwus pnf;Hk;xm;jcif;vnf; r&Sdao;yg/ uREfkyfwdkYwGif &Sif;vif;
jywfom;aom yHkpHvnf; r&Sdao;yg/ tdEd,jynfESifhif;? wkyfjynfESihfif;
tquftoG,fvnf; r&ao;yg/ o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? qufoG,fa&;?
vufeuf? &dum ponfwdkYrSmvnf; jyemBuD;rsm; jzpfaeygonf/ ta&;
tBuD;qHk;rSmum; uREfkyfwdkYonf jynfolvlxkudk rpnf;Hk;&ao;yg/ jynfol
vlxk\ ulnDaxmufyHhrI &rSomvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf atmifjrifEdkifrnf
jzpfygonf/
xkda[majymcsufudk Adkvfvusfm\aqmif;yg;u axmufcHygonf/
Adkvfvusfm\ aqmif;yg;wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]pdwftxif 1943-ck ESpf0ufavmufwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf uRefawmf
ESihf Adkvfae0if;? AdkvfaZ,s? AdkvfausmfaZm? Adkvf&JxG#f ponfwkdYukd olYtdrf
ac:NyD; *syeftm; awmfvSef&ef wdkifyifaqG;aEG;ygonf/ uRefawmfu pepf
wus pnf;Hk;&ef vdkao;aMumif;? tcsdefapmao;onf[k xifaMumif;
wifjyygonf/ tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;uvnf; uRefawmfhudk axmufcHMuygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfum; uRefawmfwdkYESihf oabmwlyHkray:yg/ xdkaeYwGif qHk;jzwfcsuf
rcsbJ tpnf;ta0; a&TUqdkif;vdkuf&ygonf/ xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf

96

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ocifoef;xGef;ESihf aqG;aEG;&m ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; tcsdefrusao;


aMumif; ajymygonf/ odkYjzifh awmfvSefa&;udk a&TUqdkif;vdkuf&ayonf/}}
xdktcsdef(1943-ckESpf)rSm r[mrdwfwyfrsm; tvl;tvJ cHae&
*syefonf ae&mwdkif;wGif atmifyGJcHaecsdef jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m NAdwdoQ
EkdifcgeD;rS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefudk awmfvSef&ef pDpOfonf[k
a&;om; ajymqdkcsufonf rrSefuefaMumif; xif&Sm;vSayonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ a[majymcsufwGif ta&;BuD;onfhtcsuf
wck ygonfudk owdjyKoihfayonf/ xdktcsufonf jynfolvlxkomvQif
t"dujzpfonfqdkaomtcsuf jzpfayonf/ rnfonhfvkyfief;rqdk jynfol
vlxk\ ulnDaxmufyHhay;rI&rSmomvQif (0g) jynfolvx
l kudk pnf;Hk;Edik frS
omvQif atmifjrifEdkifrnfqdkonfh tcsufyif jzpfayonf/ EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm; rSwfom;vdkufemoifhonhf tcsufBuD;aywnf;/
ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvfvusfm? Adkvfae0if;paom &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;
u tcsdefrusao;[k ,lqojzifhom qdkif;iHhae&aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf *syefawmfvSefa&;udk rsufajcjywf rcHcJhay/ zufqpf*syef
udk awmfvSef&ef pDpOfaeonfh uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;? jynfolY
ta&;awmfyHkygwD (aemufykdif;qdk&S,fvpfygwDjzpfvmonf/) acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESihf tNrJwap aqG;aEG;wdkifyifvsuf &Sdayonf/
awmfvSefa&;[lonf vlwef;pm; toD;oD;udk udk,fpm;jyKaom
EdkifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESihfwuG vufeufudkif
wyfom;rsm;udk waygif;wpnf;wnf; pnf;Hk;EdkifrSomvQif atmifjrifEdkif
rnfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aumif;pGm oabmaygufavonf/
xdkodkY oabmaygufonfhtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf yJcl;&Sd
Armhwyfrawmfpcef;wGif *syefwacwfvHk; ajrvQKd; awmfvSefa&; vIHYaqmf
aeaom uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif ocifpdk;ESihf awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhavonf/

97

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

jrpf0uRef;ay:&Sd u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;udk pnf;Hk;&eftwGuf AdkvfvusfmESihf


apmMum'dk;wdkYudk apvTwfcJhavonf/ &ckdiftrsKd;om; udkndKxGef;udk tdEd,
jynfodkY apvTwf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESihf qufoG,fapcJhavonf/
zufqpf*syef\ npfywfrIaMumifh udkndKxGef;tzdkY tdEd,jynf
oGm;&ef vG,fuloGm;avonf/ *syefnpfywfyHkrSm *syefonf ArmESihf&ckdif
aoG;cGJ&ef udkndKxGef;tm; vufrSwftjynhftpHkay; &ckdiw
f dkif;odkY apvTwf
jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ awmfvSefa&;orm; udkndKxGef;onf *syef\npfywfrI
udk tcGifhaumif;,l tdEd,jynf oGm;NyD;vQif *syefawmfvSefa&; tpDtpOf
rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifavonf/ zufqpf*syefonf udk,fhSL;udk,fhywfcH&av
ownf;/
xdkaemuf uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;? jynfolYta&;awmfyHk
ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;? wyfrawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;yg0ifonfh ]zufqpf
qefYusifa&;tzGJUcsKyf (Anti Fascist Organisation or A.F.P) udk
1944-ck Mo*kwfvwGif vQKdU0SufpGm zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhavonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf pDpOfyHkESihfywfouf 0efBuD;csKyf
a[mif; OD;Eku ]ig;ESpf&moD Armjynf} pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJh
avonf/
]]uRefawmhftdrfwGif tpnf;ta0;wck csdef;xm;onfudk tpnf;
ta0; wufrnfholrsm; a&mufvmrS uRefawmf od&\/ if;tpnf;ta0;rSm
twGif;vlrsm; tpnf;ta0; jzpfonf/
ocifjr? AdkvfcsKyf? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifcspf? AaqG? ausmfNidrf;
tp&Sdaom olrsm; pHkvifMuaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfonf ola&;vmaom
]zufqpf"m;jyrsm;udk ckcHwkdufzsufMuavmh} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh aMunm
pmwef;&SnfBuD;udk zwfjy&m tm;vHk; oabmwl axmufcHMuavonf/

98

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

if;udk ArmppfwyfrS wm0ef,l yHEk SdyfNyD;vQif Armjynft&yf&yf&Sd


awmfvSefa&; orm;rsm;xHodkY ydkYavonf/ if;rSwqifh awmfvSefa&;udk
apwemaygufrnfh olrsm;\ vufxJodkY xnfh&ef jzpf\/
xdkaeYrSp bD?'D?at ppfwyfESihf tjyifbuf awmfvSefa&;orm;
wdkYonf pepfwus wOD;ESihfwOD; qufoG,frdvsuf &Sdavonf/}}
xdkYjyif OD;Ekonf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif ]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;
aMumif;tqdk} wifoGif;&if; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ESihf ywfouf atmufyg
twdkif; xnhfoGif; ajymoGm;ygonf/
]]awmfvSefa&; tcsdefa&mufvmawmh awmfvSefa&; pDpOfwJhtcgrSm
vl&if;wa,muf taeeJY uRefawmf yg&Sdavawmh awmfvSefa&;rSm AdkvfcsKyf
u b,favmuftxd ta&;yg t&ma&mufw,f qdkwm uRefawmfodw,f/
trSeftwdkif; ajym&r,fqdk&if 'DawmfvSefa&;rSm wu,fvdkY AdkvfcsKyf rygbJ
acgif;wdrf;aer,fqdk&if Armjynf awmfvSefa&;[m jzpfoavmufawmh jzpf
r,f/ 'gayr,fh tckNyD;cJhwJh zufqpfawmfvSefa&;vdk NrKdifNrKdifqdkifqdkifBuD;
jzpfrSm r[kwfzl;/
'gudk EkdifiHa&;orm;awGa&m? EdkifiHa&;orm; r[kwfwJhvla&m 0efcH
&r,f/ tJ'Dvdk AdkvfcsKyf ryg&if NrKdifNrKdifqdkifqdkifBuD; rjzpfrSm pdk;&wJhtwGuf
AdkvfcsKyf ryg&if ygatmif tawmf BuKd;yrf;cJhMuwmudk ukd,fwdkif tod
jzpfygw,f/
AdkvfcsKyfygvmNyDqdk&if bmawG jzpfay:vmovJqdkawmh tJ'Dvdk
awmfvSefa&;orm;awG wae&mu wae&moGm;csif&if oGm;vdkY&ygw,f/
b,fvdkoGm;ovJqdk&if bD?'D?at ppf0wfppfpm;ESihf oGm;Edik fw,f/ awmfvSef
a&;wyfawGqDudk vlapvTwfw,f/ tJ'g AdkvfcsKyfvkyfwJh tpDtpOf awGbJ}}

99

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

txufyg aumufEkwfcsufrsm;t& zufqpf*syefawmfvSeaf &;wGif


AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;udk wjynfvHk; twdkif;twmESihf rpEdik fao;rD


yif tdEd,jynfokdY vQKdU0SufpGm vTwfvdkufaom udkndKxGef; jyefa&mufvmNyD;
aemuf bkef;awmfBuD; OD;ynmoD[ESihf ylaygif; &ckdifwdkif;wGif awmfvSef
a&; pEdkifcJhMuavonf/
txufArmjynfwGifvnf; Adkvfr;BuD;Axl; acgif;aqmif zufqpf
awmfvSefa&; pEdkifavonf/(Adkvfr;BuD;Axl;onf *syefawmfvSefa&; t
wGif;rSmyif iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGef tedpa &mufcJhavonf/)

100

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(12)
*syefawmfveS fa&; qifETJyHk
1945-ck rwfv 17-&uf paeaeYwGif
Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;
onf
,ck
awmfvSefa&;yef;jcHjyKvkyfxm;aom
ae&m
wyfxGufyGJ tcrf; tem; usif;yMuavonf/
&efukefNrKdUolNrKdUom;
ESpfaomif;ausmfonf
wyfxGufyGJ tcrf;tem;odkY vma&muf tm;ay;
Muavonf/ xdktcrf;tem; ESihfywfouf
]wyfrawmfpmapmif (1960)} wGif atmufyg
twdkif; azmfjy xm;ayonf/
]]eHeuf 7 em&DcefYwGif t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf? *syeftBuHay;
t&m&SdcsKyf ar*sm*sife&,fquldkif;? ppf0efBuD;ESihfppfaoemywd AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;wdkY a&mufvmMuavonf/ EdkifiHawmf t"dywdBuD; a'gufwm
barmfESihf ar*sm*sife&,f quldkif;wdYk u t*Fvdyf? tar&duefwdkYtm; Armh
owdudkjy &J&ifhpGm acsrIef;Mu&ef ppfxGufrnhf Armhwyfrawmftm;
rSmBum;NyD;vQif ppfxGuf ArmhatmifvHawmfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vufokdY
tyfavonf/ xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufygtwdkif; rdefYcGef;
ajymMum;jyefonf/

101

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

&JabmfwdkY
tus,fcsJUNyD; &Snf&Snf rajymcsifbl;/ tck
ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/ qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/ tcuftcJ
awGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jyyg/ txuf
Adkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcHMuyg/ txuf AdkvfawGuvJ
omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh
twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfwdkYeJYtwl csDwuf r,f/
Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/ teD;uyfqHk; &efoludk
&SmNyD; wdkufMu/ 'gbJ/
AdkvfcsKyf rdefYcGef;ajymNyD;onfESihf wNyKdifeuf ab;rS&yfem;axmif
aeaom vlxky&dwfowfBuD;\ tm;&auseyfaom vufckyfwDoHrsm;ESihf
]ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap} [laom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;onf qlnHjrnf[D;
yJhwifxyfvsuf &Sdavonf/
rdefYcGef;ay;NyD;aemuf ppfxGufrnhf wyfrsm;onf a&Twd*HkapwDawmf
jrwfBuD;udk wywfywf csDwuftav;jyK&ef tpDtpOftwdkif; csDwufMu
onf/ yxrwGif ab;rS y&dwfowfBuD;onf 0rf;omjcif;? tHhtm;oihfjcif;?
tm;&wuf<ujcif;wdkYjzifh jynhfae toHrxGufEdkifbJ idkif Munhfae&mrS
kwfcsnf; touf0ifvmouJhodkY ]'dYk Arma[h? 'dkYArm} [laom a<u;aMumfoH
rsm;udk qlnHpGm atmf[pftm;ay;MuonfrSm [def; oGm;avonf/
csDwuf&m vrf;wavQmuf trsKd;orD;rsm;u atmifoajyyef;rsm;
udk &Jabmfrsm;\ tustdwfuyfrsm;wGifif;? OD;xkyfrsm;wGifif; pdkufay;
]ppfyGJudk Edkifatmif wdkufcJhyg} [k EIwfqufMuavonf/ tcsKdUuvnf;

102

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

csDwufaeaom &Jabmfrsm;tay:odkY yef;yGifhyef;uHk;rsm; BuJcsum 0rf;om


tm;& csD;usL;Mu\/
tzdk;tdk tzGm;tdkrsm;uvnf; a&csrf;tdk;xJrSa&udk oajycufjzifh
yufum zsrf;um atmifygapaMumif; qkrGefaumif; awmif;qdk&if;
0rf;omvHk;qdkY rsuf&nfrsm;yif usMuonfudk awGU&\/}}
xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;
onf wyfazsmuf &efukefNrKdUrS tvQKdtvQKd aysmufuG,foGm;Muavonf/
rdrdukd,frdrd tvGeftxifBuD;cJhaom zufqpf*syefonf r,Hkw0uf
,Hkw0ufjzifh AdkvfcsKyfwdkY xGufcGmoGm;onfudk ai;armMunhfI&if; usef&pf
cJhavownf;/
1945-ckESpf rwfv 27-&ufaeYum; zufqpf*syefudk wjynfvHk;
twkdif;twmESifh w&m;0ifaMunm awmfvSefcJhaom aexl;aeYjrwfBuD;
jzpfavonf/
zufqpf qefYusifa&;tzGJU (A.F.O) \ acgif;aqmifrI atmuf
Armhwyfrawmf? uGefjrLepfygwD? jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwD? tm&Svli,f
tpnf;tHk;? vlrsKd;pk toD;oD;ESihf jynfolw&yfvHk;onf aoG;pnf;nDnGwf
MuNyD;vQif zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;wGif tifwdkuftm;wdkuf yg0ifqifETJ
cJhMuavonf/
zufqpfqefYusifa&; txdrf;trSwfjzpfaom teDa&mifcH Mu,fjzL
tvHawmf atmufwGif vlwef;pm;toD;oD;? vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;onf tvH
awmfESihf tvm;wl vufywfrsm; ywfum &Sd&if;pGJ vufeufrsm;udkomru
r[mrdwfrsm;xHrS &&Sdaom vufeufrsm;udkyg udkifpGJvsuf zufquf*syefudk
awGU&moif;csKdif; "m;rqdkif; okwfoif &Sif;vif;cJhavonf/ awmfvSefa&;
wyfom;rsm;\ toufrsm;pGmudkvnf; tpaw; cHcJhMu&avonf/

103

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

awmfvSefa&;e,fajrudk wdkif; 7-wdkif;cGJum Adkvfae0if;? Adkvf&JxG#f?


Adkvfr;atmif? AdkvfAxl;? AdkvfausmfaZm? Adkvfarmifarmif? AdkvfwifxGef;wdkYu
toD;oD; wm0ef,l acgif;aqmifcJMh uavonf/ omreftm;jzihf ppf
acgif;aqmif[lonf a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmodkY rwufbJ aemufydkif; XmecsKyf
vkyfxm;onfhae&mrS aeom trdefYay; nTefMum;avh &Sdayonf/ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;rlum; udk,fwdkif a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmjzpfonfh o&ufcdkif
rif;wkef;NrKdUe,f&Sd wdkif;7-wGif 0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufcJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ owdESihfywfouf 0efBuD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek
u ]aMuuGJ0rf;enf;aMumif;} tqdk wifoGif;&if; atmufygtwdkif; ajymcJh
ygonf/
]]ppfwdkufw,fqdkwm? awmfvSefa&;awG vkyfw,fqdkwm rsm;aom
tm;jzihf acgif;aqmifvkyfwJhvl[m b,fawmhrS xGufrwdkufzl;? aemufvdkuf
awGuom taocHNyD; wdkuf&w,f/ acgif;aqmifvkyfwJhvlu tifrwef
vHkjcHKwJhae&mrSm ae&w,f/ tJ'DuaeNyD; pDrHcefYcGJ&w,f/
'gayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfuawmh r&bl;/ oludk,fwdkif xGufwdkufcsif
w,f/ oleJYwygxJ uRefawmfu ygroGm;awmh rodygbl;/ 'gayr,fh twl
ygoGm;cJhwJh &JabmfawGu ajymjywm Mum;&wmjzifh tifrwef toJ
xdwfp&m aumif;w,f/
waeYrSm AdkvfcsKyfwdkY &SdaewJh ae&mrSm uif;awG csxm;w,f/ tJ'D
uif;awG&JU xGufayguf wae&mrSm *syefawGu AdkvfcsKyf&SdwJh ae&mudk
vmaewm jrifEdkifwJh ae&mrsKd;udk a&mufaew,f/ AdkvfcsKyf&Sdw,fMum;vdkY
vmaewmbJ/ AdkvfcsKyf&SdwJh ae&mudk 0kdif;NyD; rJypfw,f/ rJypfawmh
AdkvfcsKyfeJY twl&SdwJh vlawGu AdkvfcsKyf xdkifaeygvdkY ajymMuw,f/
Cover ,lxm;p&m Trench wl;ajrmif;xJrSm xdkifaeygvdkY ajymwm
ajymvdkY r&bl;/ AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif pufaoewfypfwJh &Jabmftem;oGm;NyD;

104

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

b,fae&mudkypf qkdNyD; pDrHcefYcGJaewmudk &JabmfawG jrif&w,f/ aemufqHk;


usawmh b,fvdk vkyf&ovJqdkvQif [dkuvmaewJh usnfqHawGuvnf;
tqufrjywfvmaeawmh AdkvfcsKyfcg;udk zufNyD; ajrBuD;ay:udk twif;
vSJcsNyD; zdxm;&w,f/
tJ'Dvdk AdkvfcsKyf[m owdjy&wJh ae&mus&if olrwlatmif &J&J0hH0Hh
pGefYpGefYpm;pm; jycJhw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY od&ygw,f}}
AdkvfcsKyfESihf twlygoGm;aom &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if Adkvfrif;acgif
(0efBuD;a[mif;) uvnf; uRefawmfhtm; xdkpOfu tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk
ajymjy&if; ]cifAsmhnD tJ'Dwkef;u aobdkY aumif;wmAsm} [k ajymbl;
ygonf/
xdktcsdefavmufwGif zufqpfqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf
tdEd,jynf&Sd r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESihf tquftoG,f &aeayNyD/ r[mrdwf
wyfrsm;ESihf tquftoG,f&atmif aqmif&GufcJholonf udkodef;az
(odef;azjrifh) jzpfygonf/
udkodef;azonf *syefacwfwGif jrefrmjynf aerjzpf&um;
tdEd,jynfodkY wdwfwqdwf xGufcGmoGm;&avonf/ tdEd,jynfwGif
rusef;rrmjzpfaeaomfvnf; jrefrmjynf&Sd zufqpfawmfvSefa&; tiftm;pk
rsm;ESihf r[mrdwfwyfrsm; tquftoG,f&atmif BuKd;yrf;aqmif&Guf
cJhavonf/
1945-ckESpf arv 15-&ufaeYwGif ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif; qdkif&m
NAdwdoQ aoemywdcsKyf avmh'farmifhbufwef (Lord Louis
Mountbatten) \
oabmwlnDcsuft& jrefrmjynftxufydkif;udk
jyefvnf odrf;ydkufEdkifNyD;jzpfaom NAdwdoQwyf aoemywdcsKyf qvif; (Lt;
General Sir Wiliam Slin) onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rdwDvmNrKdUodkY
zdwfac: aqG;aEG;avonf/ Armhwyfrawmfudk rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf

105

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tjzpf todtrSwfjyK
jrefrmjynfrS *syefrsm;udk wdkufxkwfMu&mwGif vufwGJ aqmif&GufcJhonf/
(Patriotic Burmese Forces or P.B.F)

aemufydkif; AdkvfcsKyfr;(Field Marshal) jzpfvmaom qvif ;u


ol\ ]tHI;rS tEdkifodkY} (Defeat into Victory) [laom pmtkyf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfywfouf atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhygonf/
]]uREfkyfonf atmifqef;udk av;pm;rdonf/ uREfkyf xifcJhouJhodkY
olonf udk,fusKd;&Sm wm0efrJh ajymufusm; acgif;aqmif r[kwfay/
olonf rsKd;cspfyk*dKvf tppfjzpf pdwful;,Oform; r[kwf/ vufawGU
orm; jzpfonf/ olonf tvGef dk;om;onf/ olonf ay;cJhNyD;aom uwd
twdkif;vnf; wnfonf/ uREfkyfonf atmifqef;ESihf tvkyfvkyf
jzpfonf}}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfonf
wdkufyGJaygif; waxmifxufrenf; wdkufcJhayonf/ AdkvfcsKyf (Lt;
Genearl) wa,muf? AdkvfcsKyfuav; (Major General) ESpfa,muf
tygt0if zufqpf*syef ppfom;aygif; ESpfaomif;cefY usqHk;apcJhonf/
zufqpf*syef oHkYyef;ESpf&m? oHk;&mcefY zrf;qD;Edkifonf/ rsKd;cspfArmh
wyfrawmf\ yl;aygif;ulnDrIaMumifh zufqpf*syefonf aqmvsifpGm
vufeufcsaMumif;udk NAdwdoQ aoemywdrsm; udk,fwdkif 0efcHMu&onf/
*syef vufeufcsaomtcg 12 eHywf NAdwdoQwyf aoemywd
AdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmrGefw,f*lpawmhzdkY'f (General Sir Montagu
Stopford) u rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf aoemywd (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)
xHodkY atmufyg twdkif; o0PfvTm ydkYcJhavonf/
]],cktcg *syefonf jrefrmjynf&Sdwyfrsm; vufeufcsa&;twGuf
pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk vufcHNyDjzpf&m uREfkyfonf oifESihfwuG rsKd;cspfArmh
wyfrawmfom;tm;vHk;udk oifwdkYwdkif;jynf vGwfajrmufa&; aemufqHk;

106

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tqifhwGif aqmif&GufcJhMuaom aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;twGuf aus;Zl;wif


csD;usL;vdkygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYwyfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIonf
xda&muf *syefajrmufjrm;pGmudk usqHk;apcJhygonf/ *syef usL;ausmfa&;
orm;\&efrS rdrdwdkYwkdif;jynfudk u,fwif&ef vIYHaqmfcJhaom wyfom;rsm;
\ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf tem*wf umv0,f Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;
tjzpf wdik f;jynfudk umuG,f&ef erlemjzpfapvdrfhrnf[k uREfkfyf ,HkMunf
ygonf/}}
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rnfonhftcgrQ udk,fusKd;rzuf? wdkif;
jynfvGwfajrmufa&; twGufom aqmif&GufcJhavonf/ 14 eHywf
NAdwdoQaoemywd qvif;ESihf awGUpOfu rdrdonf ppfacgif;aqmifrQom
jzpfaMumif;? EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrSm ocifpdk;jzpfaMumif; ajymcJhonf/
udk,fusKd;&Smvdkol jzpfygu rdrdonf ppfacgif;aqmifomru EdkifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfonf[k ajymcJhayvdrhfrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif wwdkif;
wjynfvHk;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwf
jyKaeMuayNyD/

107

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(13)
z?q?y?v a&SUajy;
zufqpf*syefonf awmfvSefa&; NyD;qHk;aomtcg (1945-ck
Mo*kwfv) zufqpfqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk ]zufqpfqefYusifa&;
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU (0g) z?q?y?v (The Anti Fascist People s
Freedom League or A.F.P.F.L) tjzpf pepfwus pnf;Hk;NyD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk OuXtjzpf wifajrmufMuavonf/
rSwfcsuf/ /apmapmydkif;u zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyf
a&;tzGJU(0g) z?w?y?v [k rSnfhac:cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;rS 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
tBuHay;csuft& ]zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU} (0g)
z?q?y?v [k ac:wGifjcif;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyf bmomjyefcsufudkum;
ajymif;vJ&ef rvdkonhftwdkif; rajymif;vJMuay?
xdktcsdeftcgu z?q?y?v acgif;aqmifydkif;wGif jyemESpfck
ay:cJhavonf/
yxrjyemrSm rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk zGJUpnf;vwHhaom
NAdwdoQ ArmhwyfrawmfESihf tzGJUtpnf;vdkuf yl;aygif;oihfoavm/
odkYwnf;r[kwf awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;onf ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;odkY
wOD;csif; 0ifoifhoavm [laom jyem jzpfayonf/

108

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

uGefjrLepfygwDu rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;onf vufeuf


tm;vHk;pGefY NAdwdoQ ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;odkY wOD;csif; 0ifoifhonf[k
,lqayonf/ Adkvfvusfm? Adkvfae0if;? uG,fvGefol *sme,fausmf
OD;cspfarmifponfh yk*Kd vfrsm;url wyfcsif; yl;aygif;a&;udkom vufcH
wOD;csif; 0ifa&mufa&;udk oabmrwlMuay/
ausvnfpGm aqG;aEG;NyD;aemuf uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; wyfcsif;
yl;aygif;a&;udk oabmwlvufcHonfhtwdkif; ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif; aoem
ywdcsKyf avmh'farmifhbufwefESihf aqG;aEG;&ef 1945-ckESpf pufwifbmv
wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef;? Adkvfvusfm? Adkvfae0if;? OD;baz
ponfh acgif;aqmifrsm;onf oD[dkVfuRef; uEDNrKdUodkY oGm;Muavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;url tu,f aqG;aEG;yGJratmifjrifvQif
vufeufrcsbJ t*Fvdyfudk jyefwdkuf&ef pDpOfxm;avonf/ xkdodkY pDpOf
xm;aMumif;udk rdrdtm; zGifhajymonf[k uG,fvGefol OD;wifxG#fu 1947ck Mo*kwfv 25-&ufaeYxkwf (Burmese Review) *sme,fwGif a&;om;
cJhavonf/
avmh'farmifhbufwefESihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY\ tjrifus,frI
aMumifh aqG;aEG;yGJonf atmifjrif rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk NAdwdoQArmh
wyfrawmfESihf yl;aygif;&ef oabmwlnDcJhMuavonf/ rsKd;cspfArmh
wyfrawmfrS t&m&Sd 200ESihf wyfom; 5000 wdkYudk NAdwo
d QArmhwyfrawmf
wGif xnfhoGif;zGJUpnf;&ef oabmwlMuavonf/ xdkoabmwlnDrIukd
]uEDoabmwlnDcsuf} (Kandy Agreement) [k ac:Muavonf/
avmh'farmifhbufwefESihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYvnf; rdwfaqGBuD;rsm; jzpf
oGm;Muavonf/

109

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

'kwd,jyemrSm vGwfvyfa&; r&ao;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;


onf ppfwyfxJwGifyif qufvufaeoifhoavm odkYwnf;r[kwf EdkifiHa&;
xGufvkyfoihfoavm [lonfh jyem jzpfavonf/
udkodef;az (odef;azjzifh) rS wyg; uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;
(txl;ojzifh *dk&S,f) onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ppfwyfxJrSmyif qufae
apvdkonf/ AdkvfvusfmESihf tjcm;yk*dKvfrsm;url wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;
r&ao;? vGwfvyfa&;&&ef trsKd;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf&OD;rnf/
wnfaqmufEdkifrnfh wOD;wnf;aom yk*Kd vfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;om
jzpfonf[k ,lqum AdkvfcsKyfudk ppfwyfrS xGuf Edik fiHa&;acgif;aqmifrI
udk ay;&ef wdkufwGef;Muavonf/
trSefyif vlwef;pm;toD;oD; vlrsKd;pktoD;oD;\ ,HkMunfudk;pm;rI
udk cH&olonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk
qufvuf qifETJ&ef &mZ0ifay; wm0efukd xrf;aqmif&rnfvnf; jzpf
xrf;aqmifEdkifonfvnf;jzpfaom yk*dKvfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;om jzpf
ayonf/
xdkYaMumifh rddrdtay:odkY usa&mufvmaom wm0efudk rnfonhf
tcgrQ acgif;ra&Smifaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jrefrm vlrsKd;xJrS
wcgrQ r&bl;ao;onfh Adkvfr;csKyf tqifhESihf Armhwyfrawmf\ 'kwd,
aoemywdcsKyftjzpf cefYxm;jcif;udk vufrcHbJ ppfwyfrS xGuf EdkifiHa&;
vkyfavawmhonf/
1945-ck pufwifbmv 25-&ufaeY armifhbufwefxH a&;om;
aompmwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]uRefawmfh pdwfBuKduftwdkif;qdkvQif
ppfwyfwGif qufaevdkygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; trsm;\ qHk;jzwfcsuf
twdkif; vdkufem&ygrnf} [k azmfjycJhayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif
twpGJ r&SdbJ trsm;pk\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk dkaovdkufemavh&SdaMumif;

110

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

oufaocHonfh om"uwck jzpfayonf/ tjcm; om"ursm;udk txuf


wGif azmfjyNyD; jzpfonf/
0ifaiG rSefrSef&onfh ppfwyfrS xGuf EdkifiHa&; vkyf&onfhtwGuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tzdkY pm;-0wf-aea&; tawmf usyfwnf;oGm;onfudk
&if;ESD;olwdkif; odMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; olum; eurwd rwkefvIyf/
z?q?y?v wm0efrsm;udk tcsdefjynfh aqmif&GufcJhayonf/ olYudk MunfndK
olrsm;u vma&muf v'gef;aom a&TaiGypnf;rsm;udkvnf; z?q?y?v &HykH
aiGxJodkYom xnfhvdkufavonf/
zufqpf*syefrsm;udk jrefrmjynfrS armif;xkwfNyD;onfhaemuf
NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf aemiftcg jrefrmjynfbk&ifcHjzpfvmaom AdkvfcsKyf
uav; &efYpf (Major General Hubert Rance) acgif;aqmifonfh
NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;udk zGJUpnf;vkdufavonf/ 1945-ck arv 10-&ufaeY
txdrl tdkifpDtufpft&m&Sda[mif; yD;,m;pf(O.F.B Pearce) u NrKdUjy
tkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&SdcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhavonf/ xdk NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;
onf ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;qdkif&m aoemywdcsKyf vufatmufcHjzpf
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; (Military Administration) yif jzpfavonf/
ppftwGif; tdEd,jynfokdY qkwfcGmxGufajy;Muaom NAdwo
d Qt&m&Sd
rsm;ESihf tjcm;t&m&Sdrsm;onf NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;ESihftwl jrefrmjynfodkY
jyefvm tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;wGif 0ifa&muf aqmif&GufMuavonf/ tpdk;&
t&m&Sda[mif;rsm;omru bD?tdk?pD bD?bD?wD?pD paom NAdwdoQ ukrPDBuD;
rsm;rS t&m&SBd uD;rsm;vnf; NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;wGif 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifMuav
onf/
xdkyk*dKvfrsm;wGif 1942-ckESpfu rdrdwdkYudk armif;xkwfvdkufaom
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay: vufpm;acsvdkpdwf &SMd uonf/ xdkYaMumifh
zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fonfh trdefYtrsKd;rsKd;udk xkwfjyefMuavonf/ AdkvfcsKyf

111

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

atmifqef;udk opmazmuf Oya'jzifh BuKd;pifwifowf&ef BuKd;pm;Muav


onf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;udk ykefuefrIjzifhif;?
vlowfrIjzifhif; Hk;wifBuKd;rdefYay;avonf/ odkYaomfvnf; xkdt&m&SdBuD;
rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihfwuG Armhwyfrawmf z?q?y?vwkdY\
t&Sdeft0gaMumifh jynfolrsm;udk ESdyfpufcsifoavmuf rESdyfpufEdkifcJhMuay/
BuKd;rdefYay;xm;aom awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;udkvnf; rowf&JMuay/
*syefawmfvSefa&;BuD; NyD;qHk;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
z?q?y?v udk cdkifrmawmifhwif;vmap&ef pepfwus jyefvnfpnf;Hk; vdkuf
avonf/ z?q?y?vonf trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkjzpfonfhtwdkif; uGefjrLepf
ygwD? qdk&S,fvpfygwD paom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? tvkyform;or*? tvkyf
orm;tpnf;tHk;? awmifolv,form;or*? awmifolv,form;tpnf;
tHk; paom vlwef;pm; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vli,ftpnf;tHk;? trsKd;orD;
tpnf;tHk;? jynfolY&Jabmf ponfh vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;tjyif OD;baz?
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? aysmfb,fOD;jr? [oFmwOD;jr? *sme,fausmf OD;cspfarmif
paom woD;yk*v EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD;rsm;udkyg odrf;oGif;pnf;Hk;EdkifcJhav
onf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Ou|? ocifoef;xGef;u taxGaxG twGif;
a&;r;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
xdkpOf z?q?y?v onf vlwef;pm;toD;oD;? vlrsKd;pktoD;oD; wdkY
\ rSDcdktm;xm;&m jzpfcJhayonf/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkonf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ dk;om;rIESihf rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudk ,HkMunfonhftwdkif;
z?q?y?v tvHawmfatmufwGif nDnmzszs tifwdkuftm;wdkuf 0ifa&muf
aqmif&GufcJhMuavonf/

112

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(14)
rdefYcGef;ESpfck

AdkvfcsKyf rdefYcGef;ajymaeykH
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;yHk(,m,D) pnf;rsOf;Oya'rSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfayonf/
tcef;1/ /A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU zGJUpnf;yHk
yk'fr(1)/ /vuf&Sdtac: A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUwGif atmufygtwdkif; zGJUpnf;&rnf/
(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 3-OD;pD/

113

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(c) EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif[k
todtrSwfjyKjcif;
woD;yk*vyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;rS trsm;qHk; 10-OD;/

cH&aom

(*) vlxktpnf;tHk;rS ukd,fpm;vS,f 2-OD;pD/


(C) vlrsKd;a&;qdkif&m tpnf;tHk;rsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 3-OD;pD/
yk'fr(2)/ / aemufxyf0ifaom
ygwDrsm;?
tzGJUrsm;udktopfjyefvnf
zGJUpnf;aom A[kdOD;pD;tzGUJ u pOf;pm;oGm;&ef/

tcef;2/ /tzGJUcsKyf\&nf&G,fcsuf
(u) zufqpf0g' wurmvHk;wGif vHk;0uG,faysmufonftxd wdkufckduf
acsrIef;&ef/
(c) twvefwdwfaMunmcsuf? wD[D&efaMunmcsuf paom aMumnm
csufrsm;twkdif; Armjynfoljynfom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ uHMurmudk
rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkif&ef/
(*) ArmjynfBuD;udk jynfolwdkYqEtwdkif; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef/
(C) Armjynfudk Armjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;omvlrsKd; toD;oD;wdkY tm;vHk;
oabmwl vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;aom wkdif;jynfBuD; xlaxmif&ef/
odkY wnfaxmif&m yg0ifaom vlrsKd;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwdkY
uHMurmudk rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkifaom tcGifhta&; ay;xm;&ef/

114

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tcef;3/ /tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;&mwGif xm;onfh tajccHw&m;rsm;


(1) wOD;csif;jzifh tmPm&Sifvkyfonfhpepfudk rvdkvm;/
(2)

vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; rkef;wD;a&;udk rvdkvm;/ tcsif;csif; nD&if;


tudkozG,f cspfcifrIudk vkdvm;onf/

(3) ppfrufvdkvm;aom0g'?
rvkdvm;/

ppf0g'orm;u

vTrf;rdk;aom

pHepfudk

(4) t&m&SdwdkYu tmPmudk vufudkifxm;um xif&mpdkif;onfh pepfudk


rvdkvm;/
(5) oufOD;qHydkif
rvdkvm;ay/

&Sifbk&if

xif&mjyKvkyftkyfcsKyfonfh

pepf ukd

tzGJUcsKyfzGJUpnf;&mwGif vdkvm;rnfhtcsufrsm;
(1) wOD;csif; acgif;aqmifonfxuf 0dkif;0ef;pkHk; acgif;aqmif jcif;udk
vkdvm;onf/
(2)

acgif;aqmifonfhyk*dKvf? acgif;aqmifonfh tzGUJ tpnf;wdkYudk vnf;


trsm;qEjzihf BuKd;udkifxm;&ef vdkayonf/

(3) urmYwdkif;jynf toD;oD;wdkYESihf &if;ESD;pGm qufqHrnf/ vlrsKd;a&;


w&m; (0g) 0HomEkw&m;udk vufudkifxm;&rnf/
(4) ppfwyf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf wdkif;jynftpdk;&\ vufatmufcH
jzpf&rnf/

115

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(5) jynfoltm;vHk;wdkYtm;
'Drdkua&pD
tcGihfta&;
ay;&rnf /
vkyfxHk;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD tpOftvmwdkYESihf jzpfap&rnf/
tcef;4/ /tzGJUcsKyftwGif;0if tzGJUrsm;tm;tkyfcsKyfa&;
yk'fr(1)/ / tzGJUcsKyfodkY
tpkvdkuf0ifaom
toif;om;rsm;onf
tzGJUcsKyf\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk waoGrwdrf; vdkufem&rnf/
yk'fr(2)/ / tzGJUcsKyf0if tzGJUcsif; tcsif;rsm;cJhvQif tzGJUcsKyf\ OD;pD;
tzGJUu qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
yk'fr(3)/ / ygwDudpr sm;?
ygwDtusKd;rsm;ESihf
EdkifiHa&;udpr sm;?
EdkifiHtusKd;rsm; xdyg;NidwG,fvmvQif EkdifiHtusKd; Edkifiu
H dp
omvQif t"dujzpf&rnf/
yk'fr(4)/ / tzGJUcsKyf\qHk;jzwfcsuft& EdkifiHudpr sm;udk aqmif&Guf &m
tzGJUcsKyf\trnfESihf aqmif&Guf&rnf/
yk'fr(5)/ / tzGJUcsKyf0iftcsif;csif; yk*dKvfpGJ ykwfcwfajymqdkjcif; r&Sd&/
yk'fr(6)/ / tzGJUcsKyf\ qHk;jzwfcsufrcsrD tzGJUwcku rdrd\ oabmxm;
udk vufcHvmatmif BuKd;pm;Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif qHk;jzwf
csufcsNyD;onfhtcg
xdktzGJU\
oabmxm;r[kwfbJ
tzGJUcsKyf\oabm
jzpfojzifh
if;qHk;jzwfcsufudk
rqefYusif&/ e,frsm;wGif tzGJUcGJrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
atmufygtwdkif; owfrSwfMuonf/

116

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tcef;5/ /e,frsm;wGif tzGJUcGJrsm;zGJUpnf;a&;

e,frsm;wGif cdkiftzGJUcGJ? NrKdUe,ftzGJUcGJ? &GmtzGJUcGJ ponfjzifh


tzGJUcGJrsm;udk zGJUpnf;&rnf/
if;tzGJUcGJrsm;onf A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU\ erlemtwdkif; tzGJUtoDoD;
wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf/
z?q?y?v\ tmPmydkiftzGJUonf A[dkOD;pD;tzGUJ jzpfonf/ A[kd
OD;pD; tzGJU0ifrsm;onf atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
(1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(2)

Adkvfvusfm

(3) Adkvfae0if;
(4) ocifoef;xGef;
(5) ocifjroGif
(6) ocifA[def;
(7) udkodef;az
(8) udkausmfNidrf;
(9) udkbaqG
(10) ocifcspf
(11) ocif0wif
(12) OD;bcsKd

117

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(13) OD;cspfarmif
(14) OD;jr([oFmw)
(15) OD;btkef;
(16) OD;at;
(17) OD;atmifZHa0
(18) OD;bdk;jr(uu)
(19) OD;ausmf&if
(20) OD;b*srf;
(21) apmbOD;BuD;
(22) OD;bckdif
(23) q&momxdk
(24) OD;baz
(25) OD;odef;armif
(26) OD;yk
(27) OD;quf
(28) OD;jr(aysmfbG,f)
(29) OD;b0if;
(30) OD;wif
(31) ocifav;armif
(32) ocifnD

118

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(33) rpwm&Sm&Spf
(34) rpwm&mref
(35) OD;MuifrSdef
(36) OD;rsKd;I
txufyg A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU0ifpm&if;udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh z?q?y?v
onf rnfrQus,fjyefYaom trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkBuD; jzpfonfudk odom
Edkifayonf/
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
omru vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf; toD;oD;\ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf xif&Sm;aom
woD;yk*v EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;yg yg0ifonfudk txl;azmfjy&ef rvdk
ay/ xkdrQ us,fjyefYpGm zGJUpnf;Edkifjcif;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tjrif
us,frIaMumihf jzpfayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rnfrQ tjrifus,fonfukd
atmufygrdefYcGef;rsm;u oufaocHayonf/
pwkwtBudrfajrmuf
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif
Ou|AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\rdefYcGef;
]]uaeY vlBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;ac:&jcif; taMumif;rSm EdkifiH
twGif; nDnGwfrIudk a&SUI ac:qdk&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ t&ifuvJ ac:
cJhw,f/ rlvuvJ &nf&G,fcJhw,f/ EdkifiHa&;nDnGwfrIqdkwJh t"dym,f[m
bmvJqdk&if tck uRefawmfwdkY zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGJUcsKyfudk wEdkifiHvHk;&JU enf;vrf;wus twnfjyKwJhtjzpfudk Formal

119

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tjrefa&mufatmifvkyfNyD; 'DtzGUJ csKyf&JU 0g'? &nf&G,fcsuf?


pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; EdkifiHtwGuf zufqpf0g' urmBuD;wavQmuf y
aysmufoGm;a&;? jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;ESihf xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
trsm;jynfolwdkYqEESihf avsmfnDpGm wnDwnGwfwnf; vkyfudkifjcif;udk
qdkvdkygw,f/
Sanction

(u) zufqpf0g' wurmvHk;wGif vHk;0uG,faysmufonftxd


wdkufcdkufacsrIef;&ef/
(c) twvefwdwfaMunmcsuf? wD[D&efaMunmcsufrsm; twkdif;
Armjynfoljynfom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY uHMurmudk rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkif&ef/
(*) ArmjynfBuD;udk jynfolwdkYqEtwdkif; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef/
(C) ArmjynftwGif;&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wdkif; rdrdwdkYuHMurmudk
rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;EdkifNyD; tm;vHk;\ oabmESihf nDnGwfpGmxlaxmifaom
EkdifiHxlaxmif&ef/
'gawG[m tzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU &nf&G,fcsuf jzpfygw,f/
'DtzGJUcsKyfBuD;&JU oabmw&m;tus,fudk &Sif;jyygtHk;r,f/ tck
urmBuD;rSm vlwOD;xJujzpfap? odkYr[kwf vlwpkujzpfap Ekdifxufuvl
jyKum EkdifiHtwGif;a&m EdkifiHtjyifya&m qufqpf0g'[m jynfwGif;
vGwfvyfa&;? urmYvGwfvyfa&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk zsufqD;cJhw,f/ 'Dvkd
zufqpf0g'[m qdk;oGrf;w,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkY wdki;f oljynfom;awG
udk,fwdkif tJ'D0g'vufudkifxm;wJh *syefatmufrSm oHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;avmuf
aecJh&vkdY vufawGUod&SdcJhNyD;bJ/ tcktcg jynfwjynfrSm 'Dvd0k g'rsKd;&Sd&if
olwdkYzmom olwdkY jzpfaeMuwm? igwdkYeJY bmqdkifovJvdkY apm'uwufcsif
wJhvlawG &Sdcsif&SdtkH;r,f/ tJ'Dvdk apm'u&JU tajzuawmh 'DvdkbJ t&ifu
wcsKdUwdkif;jynfBuD;awG vlawG oabmxm;cJhMuvdkY zufqpf0g'vTrf;rdk;wJh

120

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wdkif;jynfawGu wajz;ajz; e,fcsJUNyD; &rf;um;vmwJhtwGuf tck ppfBuD;


jzpfcJh&wmbJ/ ('kwd, urmppfBuD; jzpf&jcif;taMumif;udk &Sif;jyjcif;
jzpfonf/ /pma&;ol) 'DvdkjzpfcJhwJh ppfBuD;[mvJ uRefawmfwdkYEkdifiHygrusef
rD;ul;cJhw,f r[kwfzl;vm;qdkwJh vufawGUtajzudkbJ ay;&rS mbJ/ tck
acwfrSm ppf[m wEdkifiHxJrSmvJ rjzpfEdkifb;l / jzpfjyef&ifvJ ppfrD;ul;wwf
w,f/ ppfrD;ul;&if urmwckvHk; 'kua&mufw,f/ 'gaMumihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;
udk uRefawmfwdkY[m tNrJwrf; &Ekdifoavmuf&atmif BuKd;pm;&r,f/
tcktcgrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tzsuftqD;qHk;0g'[m zufqpf0g'jzpfvdkY
'D0g' urmrSm b,fae&mrSmjzpfjzpf &Sdae&if ppfjzpftHk;rSmbJ/ 'D0g'
yaysmufatmifvkyfzdkY vdkw,f/ 'Dwifvm;qdk&if r[kwfao;bl;/ 'D0g'rsKd;
[m olwdkYjynfrSmvJ wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk csKyfcs,fw,f/ urmrSmvJ
tifrwef dkif;pdkif;ao;EkyfwJh vlrsKd;a&;0g'udk vufudkifxm;NyD; ydkNyD;
csKyfcs,fbdkY &nf&G,fcsuf &Sdw,f/ urmrSm urmYvGwfvyfa&;udk xdcdkuf
w,f/ urmYvGwfvyfa&;udk xdcdkufvdkY&&if urmYvGwv
f yfa&; r&EdkifbJ
jzpfoGm;r,f/ urmYvGwfvyfa&; r&SdEdkif&if ArmhvGwfvyfa&; qdkwmvJ
r&SdEdkifbl;/ tck wcsKdUuajymMur,f? ppfBuD;[m NyD;oGm;NyD/ zufqpfawGvJ
usoGm;NyD r[kwfvm;vdkY ar;Mur,f/ tck zufqpf0g'[m pifppftm;jzifh
HI;oGm;ayr,fh 'D0g' odkYr[kwf qifwldk;rSm;0g' vufudkifxm;wJhvlawG?
tzGJUawG? EdkifiHawG &Sdao;w,f/ Oyrm pydefjynfeJY wkyfjynfrSm 'D0g'
rsKd;awG <uif;usefwkef;bJ/ (xdktcsdefrSm wkyfjynfwGif csefau&Sdwftpdk;&
BuD;pkd;aecsdef jzpfonf/ /pma&;ol) 'D0g'rsKd;udk tm;ay;wJh EkdifiHaygif;
rsm;pGmrSm
wnf&SdNyD;
aygif;pnf;xm;wJh
tzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsKd;awG
(International trusts, Cartels, Combines) awGvJ &Sdao;w,f/
vufatmufcH wdkif;EkdifiHawG tkyfpdk;csifwJh wkdif;jynfawG &Sdao;w,f/ 'g
awG&SdaeorQ urmYNidrf;csrf;a&;[m rwnfNrJEdkifbl;/ urmYNidrf;csrf;a&;[m
vIyfvIyfvIyfvIyfeJY eufjzef ppfjzpftHk;rvm;qdkNyD; urmrSm&SdaewJh uRef

121

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

awmfwdkYwdkif;oljynfom;awGESihf wjcm;wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m at;at;


aq;aq; aecGifh&MurSm r[kwfzl;/ 'gaMumifh zufqpf0g' urmrSm
yaysmufoGm;a&;udk uRefawmfwdkY &nf&G,fcsufxJrSm xnfhxm;w,f/
urmrSm tJ'D0g'rsKd;udk wkdufzsufr,hf vlawGeJY tNrJyl;aygif;NyD; tcGifh
tmPm&wdkif; aqmif&GufbdkYbJ/
txl;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkYwkdif;jynfrSm 'D0g'rsKd; vHk;0r&SdEdkifatmif
vkyf&r,f/ tmPm&Sif0g'? vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; rkef;wD;a&;0g'? *syefjynfrSm
vdk ppfuom vTrf;rdk;&r,fqdkwJh ppfbuftmPm&Sifpepf? oufOD;qHydkif
&Sifbk&ifpepf0g'(Feudalism) txufuom cefYxm;NyD; wdkif;oljynfom;
qEt&r[kwfbJ wdkif;oljynfom;awGeJY uif;uGmNyD; rif;pdwfaygufwJh
t&m&SdawG cs,fvS,fwJh pepfqdk;rsKd; &Sdae&if trsm;jynfolwdkY qEeJU vkyf
udkif&wJh 'Drdkua&pD0g' acwfrpm;EdkifwJh zufqpf0g' qifwldk;rSm;awG
ay:vmEdkifw,f/ 'Dvkd0g'rsKd;awG ay:vm&if wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m
vGwfvyfa&;qdkwmudk r&Edkifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY[m 'Drdkua&
pD0g'udkom acwfpm;atmif vkyf&r,f/ tJ'D0g'rsKd;t& om vGwfvyfwJh
ArmEdik fiH xlaxmifEdkifatmif BuKd;pm;&r,f/ 'grsKd;rvkyfEdkif&if uRefawmfwdkY
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136

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137

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138

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(15)
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139

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aom ygwDonf tjywftowf Edkifayrnf/ ____________
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140

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141

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142

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143

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(2)

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(3)

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144

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(4)

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145

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(16)
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146

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147

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148

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149

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150

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151

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152

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0ifvQif vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ ratmifjrifEkdif[k aumif;pGm oabmayguf
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153

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vlowfrIjzifh ta&;,l zrf;qD;oifhonf[k bk&ifcHcefY trwf 35-a,muf
yg0ifaom Oya'jyK vTwfawmfwGif ajymqdk pGyfpGJMuavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vlowfrIjzifh BuKd;ay;cH&vQif ol\ ae&mudk
rdrdwdkY ,lEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;u ,lqMu[ef
wlayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vlxku olwdkYudkomvQif tMunfndK rJhonf
xuf rJhvm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ydk MunfndKvmMuavonf/
xdkpGyfpGJcsufudk Mum;&NyD;aemuf bk&ifcH a':refprpfonf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk ac: pHkprf;ar;jref;avonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
tjzpftysuf trSefudk ruG,fr0Sufajymjy xkdudpt
wGuf rdrd vHk;0

154

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

wm0ef,lonf[k bk&ifcHtm; ajymvdkufavonf/ xdktcg bk&ifcH qma':


refprpfonf ] AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ ESvHk;&nfudk rcsD;usL;bJ raeEdkif} [k
rSwfwrf; wifcJhavonf/ (Maurice Collis a&; Last and First in
Burma pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfcsuf)
txufyg aumufEkwfcsuft& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wGif vufHk;
&nfomru ESvHk;&nfyg &SdonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
t&m&Sdqdk;rsm;ESihf odumusaeNyDjzpfaom EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;
rsm;u rnfrQyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk rormaomenf;jzifh jzKwfcs&ef BuH
Muaomfvnf; bdvyf&Sd NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf vlxt
k oJpGJ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udk rzrf;&JMuay/ zrf;qD;&ef trdefYay;NyD;rS xdktrdefYudk jyefvnf
kyfodrf;Mu&avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf z?q?y?v\ *kPfodumonf ,cifu
xufyif ydk BuD;rm;vmavonf/ z?q?y?v\ acgif;aqmifrIatmufwGif
tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;tygt0if jynfolw&yfvHk;onf pnf;vHk;nDnGwf vm
onf/ xdkYaemuf e,fcsJUorm;udk tvJxdk; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk t&,l
&ef wmplvmavonf/
1946-ck pufwifbmv 5-&ufaeY jrefrmhordkif;wGif rawGUbl;
rBuHKbl; rMum;bl;aom ykvdyfoydwf jzpfay:cJhonf/ NAdwo
d Q &mZ0ifq&m
rsm;u ykvdyfoydwf jzpf&jcif;rSm vpmwdk;wufray;rIaMumifh jzpfonf[k
taMumif;jyMuavonf/ trSefrSm ykvdyftzGJU0ifrsm;tay:wGif jynfolvlxk
\ vGwfvyfa&; wkdufyGJta&mif [yfvmrIaMumifh ykvdyfoydwf ay:vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ ]ykvdyfta&; csufcsif;ay;? puLjzL tvdrk &Sd? vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;
csufcsif;ay;} paom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh ykvdyfoydwf
\ tajccHonf pD;yGm;a&;aMumifh r[kwfbJ EdkifiHa&;aMumifh jzpfonfudk
odEdkifayonf/

155

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ykvdyfoydwf jzpfay:NyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrD pma&;oydwf? rD;&xm;


oydwf? pmwdkufoydwf ponfjzifh tjcm;tpdk;&Xmersm;rS trIxrf;rsm;onf
vnf; oydwfarSmufMuavonf/
xdkodkY ykvdyftzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf tjcm; tpkd;&trIxrf;rsm; oydwf
arSmufMuojzifh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&; ,E&m;onf &yfqdkif;oGm;avonf/
bk&ifcH qma':refprpf ae&mwGif a&mufvmaom bk&ifcHtopf
qm[l;bwf&efYpf (Sir Hubert Rance) onf qmay:xGef;wdkYvlpkudk
&mxl;rS jzKwf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom z?q?y?v tm;
tpdk;&tzGJUukd xdk;tyf&avonf/
rSwfcsuf/ /ykvdyfoydwfESihf tjcm; tpdk;&trIxrf;aygif;pHk rsm;\
oydwfonf z?q?y?v tmPm&vm&jcif;\ taMumif;wck jzpf
aomfvnf; t"du taMumif;&if;um; r[kwfay/ z?q?y?v\ jynfol
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onf/ xdkoydwfrsm; rjzpfay:rDuyifvQif NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf z?q?y?v
\ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk r&ygu rjzpfEdkifawmhonfudk oabmayguf
onfhtwdkif; 1946-ck ZGefvwGif bk&ifcH qma':refprpfudk aqG;aEG;&ef
twGuf bdvyfodkY jyefac:cJhavonf/ bdvyftpdk;& 0efBuD;csKyf tufwvD
(Clement Richard Attlee) onf ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;qdkif&m aoemy
wdcsKyf avmh'f armihfbufwefESihfwdkifyif qma':refprpfudk EkwfxGufap
&efESifh ppfNyD;acwfOD;wGif jrefrmjynf trIxrf;bl;aom NrKdUjytkyfcsKyfa&;
t&m&SdcsKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf [l;bwf&efYpfudk bk&ifcHcefY&ef qHk;jzwfNyD; jzpf
avonf/ ]puLjzLpmwrf;} udk w&m;0if rkyfodrf;aomfvnf; ab;csdwf
xm;vsuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ yl;aygif; aqmif&Gurf Iudk t&,l&ef
[l;bwf&efYpf tm; nTefMum;xm;NyD; jzpfavonf/

156

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(17)
AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&ESihfpnf;Hk;a&;
1946-ck? pufwifbmv 27-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
acgif;aqmif tpdk;&tzGJUopfudk zGUJ onf/ tpdk;&tzGJU0if trsm;pkonf
z?q?y?v udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf useftzGJU0ifrsm;rSm OD;apm? ocifApdef?
qmarmifBuD;? apmbOD;BuD; wkdYjzpfMuonf/
Oya'oabmtm;jzifh ]puLjzLpmwrf;} wGif aMunmxm;onfh
twdkif; 1935-ck jrefrmjynftufOya'yk'fr 139 onf wnf&Sdaeayao;
onf/ xdkyk'frt& jrefrmjynfudk bk&ifcHwOD;wnf;\ oabmtwdkif;
tkyfcsKyf&ef jzpf trIaqmifaumifpDonf bk&ifcHudk tBuHay;&efom
jzpfonf/
odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY &mxl;vufcHMuaomtcg
bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif 0ifa&muf rpGuf
zufawmhacs/ trIaqmifaumifpDonf 'dkrDeD,ef EdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaom
]uJbDeuf} (0efBuD;tzGJU) uJhodkY vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifavonf/ Oya'
oabmt& bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD\ obmywdjzpf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf 'kwd,obmywd jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGUwGif
um; bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rwufa&muf
awmhbJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uomvQif obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf&av
onf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 'kdrDeD,efEdik fiHrsm;&Sd

157

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

0efBuD;csKyfuJhokdY jzpfvmavonf/ a&S;,cifu jrefrmrsm; rudkif&onfh


umuG,fa&;XmeESihf EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmersm;udkvnf; AdkvfcsKyf udkif&avonf/
tpdk;&opf zGJUNyD;onfhaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf avmavm
q,f jyemjzpfaom oydwfudpr sm;ESihf tjcm;jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ae&
ojzifh em;&onf r&Sday/ tpdk;& jzpfvmaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf om,mrI
r&Sday/ tpdk;&vkyfae&onfudkyif auseyfESpfouf[ef rwlacs/ ocifb0
rSp olESihf cifrif&if;ESD;cJhaom udktkef;jrifh(ausmfvif;pmay)u aqmif;yg;
wapmifwGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;avonf/
]]uRefawmf &efukefudk jyefa&mufvmaomtcgum; olYrSm aeY
rtm; nrtm; tvkyfvkyfae&ojzifh at;at;vlvl &,f&eT f;ywf&Tef; aecGifh
r&cJhay/ odkYaomf z?q?y?v tpdk;&tzGJU pHk;xdkifonfhnaewGif twGif;
0efrsm;Hk; avScg;tqif; olESihf AdkvfxGef;vSudk awGU&m ]tpdk;& vkyf&wm
redyfygbl;uGm tkef;jrifh&m} [k nnf;nnf;nLnL IHUrJhumajym um;ay:
wufoGm;onfudk ,ckwdkif Mum;a,mif jrifa,mifvsuf &Sdawmhonf/
bdvyfrS jyefvmMuNyD; wn olYtdrfwGif owif;pmq&mrsm;udk
zdwfac: &Sif;vif;ajymjyavonf/ &Sif;jyBuNyD;aemuf toD;oD;x
jyefMupOf uRefawmfhteD;odkY uyfvmNyD; ]a[haumif? rif;u bmem;vnfvdkY
owif;pmxJrSm awma&; awmifa&;eJY xnfh&wmvJ} [k rsufESmxm;eJY
ajymajymqdkqdk olYvufxJ&Sd vef'efwdkif;owif;pmacgufeJY dkufavawmh&m
teD;&Sd yk*dKvfrsm;u tHhtm;oifhaeMu\/ aemufrS ]acG;rom;? rif; waeY
vmcJhtHk;? [J[J} [k &,farmawmhrS tm;vHk; Muufao aoae&mrS 0dkif;
&,fEdkifMuawmhonf/ ocifatmifqef;um; 0efBuD;jzpfvdkYvJ [efrBuD;?
pwdkifrvkyf/ olYoabmdk;twdkif; ajymaeqdkaequfqHaeus twdkif;yif/}}
rsm;pGmaom EdkifiHa&;orm;wdkYonf tmPm&a&;(0g)tpdk;&jzpfa&;
udk rdrdwdkY\ yef;wdkiftjzpf owfrSwfMuavonf/ xdkEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;

158

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

onf tpdk;&jzpfavmaomtcg rdrd\tpdk;&b0udk om,mvmMuavonf/


b0ifjrihfvm atmufajcvGwfoGm;wwfMuonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
rlum; tpdk;&jzpfa&;udk t"durxm;/ wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udkom t"du
xm;oljzpfojzifh tpdk;&jzpfvmaomfvnf; pdwfaysmf&TifrI r&Sday/ vGwfvyf
a&;yef ;wdkiftxd csDwufa&;onf vG,fulaom vkyfief;r[kwfonfudk
aumif;pGm odonhftwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tzdkY raysmfydkufEdkifonfrSm
tHhMop&m r&Sday/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tcuftcJrsm;rSm renf;vSyg/ NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUorm;onf tajctaet& rvTJra&Smifomojzifh z?q?y?v tm;
tpdk;&zGJUpnf;cGifhay;vkduf&aomfvnf; jynfwGif;opmazmufrsm;ESihyf l;aygif;
trsKd;rsKd; ajcxdk;cJhMuavonf/ rvTJra&Smifom jrefrmjynfrtm;
vGwfvyfa&; ay;&aomfrS awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefvSyfxm;Edkif&ef enf;
rsKd;pHkjzifh BuKd;pm;cJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wzufrS NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ ajc
xdk;rIudk cH&ouJhodkY tjcm;wzufrSvnf; z?q?y?v\ r@Kdifwck jzpf
cJhaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD\ vuf0J*dkPf;*PESihf &ifqdkif&avonf/
z?q?y?v tpdk;&jzpfNyD; wvrQ rMumao;rDyif uGefjrLepfygwDonf
trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkjzpfaom z?q?y?v ESihf vrf;cGJavawmhonf/ xdkYjyif
tcsKdUtrIxrf; oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; b0ifjrifhoGm;um odum
csr&awmhbJ z?q?y?v udk twdkuftcHvkyfvmMuavonf/ xdkodkYaom
tajctaersKd;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; r[kwfbJ tjcm;acgif;aqmif
wOD;omqdkygvQif z?q?y?vudk r,drf;r,dkif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&ef rsm;pGm
cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/
tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ausmfvTm;Edkio
f nfrSm
jynfolvlxk\ pdwfa&m udk,fyg axmufcHrIudk &aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/

159

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

AdkvfcsKyfudk jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u rnfrQ MunfndKonfudk ]igwdkY AdkvfcsKyf


bmawG vkyfcJhovJ} pmtkyfwGif OD;ykuav;u atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJh
ygonf/
]]Armjynf t*Fvdyfvufatmuf a&mufNyD;onfhaemuf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;avmuf vlxktMunfndK cH&qHk;aom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;
rsKd; r&Sdbl;ao;acs/ a&mufav&m NrKdUwdkif;&Gmwdkif;wdkY vlxk 0dkif;tHk wdk;a0SY
MunfhIavh&SdonfhtwGuf pdwfysufp&m aumif;avmufatmif jzpf&onf/
t,kwfqHk; AdkvfcsKyf tdrfomoGm;onfudkyif 0dkif;vdkuf Munhfojzifh ]odyf
*GuswmbJ} [k AdkvfcsKyfnnf;nLao;\/
NrKdUaygif;rsm;pGmrSmyif w&m;a[mtNyD; wnf;cdk&mtdrfodkYjyef&m
vlxkBuD;u aemufrS vdkufvmBuNyD;vQif AdkvfcsKyfudk apmifh Munhfavh &Sd
Mu\/ ysOf;rem;NrKdUwGif ausmif;wdkuftwGif; vlxkw&m;yGJBuD; NyD;onfh
aemuf qdk&S,fvpfygwD vzuf&nfyGJusif;yonfhae&m wdkufodkY acw
0ifa&muf&m vlxkBuD;onf aemufrS vdkufvH 0dkif;tHkvmMuNyD;vQif
]AdkvfcsKyfudk Munhfyg&ap} [k tjyifrS [pfatmfaeMu\/ awmif;yef
aomfvnf; r&ojziffh AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkuftjyifzufodkY oHk;rdepfrQ xGuf
&yfjyNyD;vQif ]udkif;? awmfa&mhaygh} qdk um;ay:odkY wufvdkufaomtcg
]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; atmifygap} [k [pfatmfa<u;aMumfMuNyD; MobmBuD;
ay;Mu\/
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xufig wdk;umMunhf jrif&aomfvnf; ae&m Munhf& rauseyfao;
bJ tjcm;wae&modkYvnf; vdkuf MunhfMuav\/ acwrQ Munhfvnf;
tm;r&/ rifwufrdaeonhfyrm pdrf; MunhfaeMuolwdkYrSmvnf; 'keJYa';/
tcsKdUvnf; AdkvfcsKyf\udk,fudk prf;oyfMunhfvdkonfhyrm tem;odkY twif;
wdk;uyfonfudk tBudrfBudrf umuG,f&ao;\/}}

160

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tpdk;&jzpfvmaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tpdk;& vkyfief;


twGufxuf z?q?y?v vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcsdefydk oHk;avonf/
z?q?y?v vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrifrSomvQif &nfrSef;xm;aom vGwfvyfa&;
atmifyef; qGwfcl;Edkifrnfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aumif;pGm oabmayguf
avonf/
1946-ck? pufwifbmv 29-&ufaeYwGif rlvu pDpOfxm;onfh
twkdif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf z?q?y?v 0efBuD;rsm; acgif;aqmifum
puLjzLpmwef; uefYuGufonfh pDwef;vSnhfvnfyGJudk &efukefNrKdUwGif
usif;yavonf/ e,ftoD;oD;wGifvnf; z?q?y?v u BuD;r;usif;yMu
avonf/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ pDrHudef;udk tpdk;&tzGJU0if0efBuD;rsm; OD;aqmif
vsuf uefYuGufyGJ usif;yjcif;onf tBudrfum; yxrqHk;ESihf aemufqHk;
tBudrf jzpfavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ wm0efum; BuD;rm;vSayonf/ NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUorm;onf jrefrmjynftm; rvGJraoG vGwfvyfa&; ay;&awmhrnf
udk &dyfpm;rdonfhtwdkif; awmifwef;a'orsm;udk csefvSyfxm;Edkif&ef
trsKd;rsKd; BuKd;pm;cJhavonf/ pwDAifqif qdkoltm; e,fjcm;a'oqdkif&m
nTefMum;a&;0efcefY jrefrmrsm;ESihf &Srf;? ucsif? csif; ponfh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;pkrsm; aoG;uGJatmif ajcxdk;apcJhavonf/
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e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfa&; ay:vpDtwdkif; aqmif&Gufjcif;rQom
jzpfonf/
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awmhrnhf[k ,HkMunfuwnf;u bdvyftpdk;&\ jrefrmjynfqdkif&m twGif;
0ef atrm&Du ]jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnf odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;
ay;&aom tajctaeodkY a&mufaomfvnf; NAdwdoQtifyg,m\ pD;yGm;a&;

161

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

bufrS Munfhonfjzpfap? umuG,fa&;bufrS Munhfonfjzpfap awmif


wef;e,fa'oudk NAdwdoQvufatmuf tESpfoHk;q,frQavmufxm;NyD;rS
jzpfrnf/ xdkawmifwef;om;rsm;onf jrefrmrsm; uJhodkY r[kwf/ NAdwdoQu
xdef;odrf;xm;&ef trSefvdktyfayao;onf} tp&Sdaom oabmxm;yg
onfh twGif;pmwapmifudk tdEd,jynfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH qm
a':refprpf xHodkY a&;om;ay;ydkYvdkufaom [l\/}} (17 Budrfajrmuf jynf
axmifpkaeYxkwf ]vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf} owif;pmwGifygonfh OD;tkef;jrifh
('kdY&Srf;jynf) a&; ]yifvHkajreufoefrS jynfaxmifpk AdrmefodkY} aqmif;yg;rS
aumufEkwfcsuf/)
jrefrmjynfrtm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&aomfvnf; awmifwef;a'o
rsm;udk qufvuftkyfcsKyfxm;EdkifvQif NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf vGwfvyf
cgp jrefrmEdik fiHudk rdrdwdkY pdwfwdkif;us BuKd;udkifEdik frnf jzpfayonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif awmifwef;a'orsm; rygaom jrefrmjynfvGwfvyf
a&;onf NyD;jynfhpHkaom vGwfvyfa&; jzpfrnfr[kwfacs/

AdkvfcsKyf \ ucsifjynfe,fc&D;
xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif
awmifwef;a'orsm;yg yg0ifvmatmif aqmif&Guf&avonf/ tpdk;& zGJUNyD;

162

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

aemuf rsm;rMumrD ucsifjynfe,f jrpfBuD;em;odkYif;? u&ifjynfe,f


vGdKifaumfodkYif;? &Srf;jynfawmifBuD;odkYif; rem;rae oGm;a&mufa[majym
pnf;Hk;&avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; tvGef 0d&d,&SdvSolaywnf;/ AdkvfcsKyf
0d&d,&SdyHkudk ]igwdkYAdkvfcsKyf bmawGvkyfcJhovJ} pmtkyfwGif OD;ykav;u
atmufygtwdkif; a&;cJhygonf/
]uREfkyfvnf; AdkvfxGef;vS\ tpDtpOftwdkif; &Jabmfrsm;ESihftwl
tdyfcef;odYk 0ifvdkuf\/ AdkvfcsKyfum; jynfolY&JabmfXmecsKyf acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESihfif;? z?q?y?v acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihfif;? wzGJUNyD;wzGJU aqG;aEG;vsuf
&Sdonfum; nOfhoefaumifausmf 2-csufwD;avmufrS NyD;awmh\/
eHeuf 4-em&DcGJtcsdefwGif uREfkyfwdkY tdyfarmusaecdkuf? AdkvfcsKyfu
vufckyfwD;NyD;vQif ]a[h AdkvfxGef;vS x-x} [k EId;oH Mum;&\/ OXme
or'gESihf jynfhpHkrIyifwnf;/}}
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vdkufvQifeHeuf 8-em&D-qdk&GefwdkADvm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; tpnf;ta0;/
10-em&D- tpdk;&trIxrf; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihfawGU/
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12-em&D- umuG,fa&;Xmeqdkif&m tpnf;ta0;/

163

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a&mufav&m t&yfwdkif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ &Sif;vif;jywfom;rIudk txl;ESpfNcdKufoabmusMuavonf/
avmuGwfryg vdk&if;udkom 'Jh'dk;ajymwwfonfh AdkvfcsKyfudk ,HkMunfvmMu
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AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefYcGef;udk ucsifacgif;aqmifrsm; txl; BuKdufESpf
oufMuavonf/
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aeygw,f/ vGwfvyfrSmawmh taES;eJY tjrefbJ aocsmaeygw,f/ ucsif
trsKd;om;rsm;[mvJ uRefawmfwdkY&JU aoG;&if;om;&if;rsm; jzpfonhftwGuf
Armrsm;eJY qdk;wlaumif;buf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMuapcsifygw,f/ 'grSvJ
acwfBuD; ajymif;vJaeonfhtavsmuf ucsiftrsKd;om;rsm;vJ wdk;wufEdkif
ygr,f/ ucsifrsm;[m dkif;ao;w,f qdkNyD; cGjJ cm;xm;wm[m ESpfaygif; 60
ausmfaomfvnf; bmrsm;wdk;wufjcif;&Sdao;ovJ/ ArmjynfeJY yl;aygif;
vdkuf&if Armrsm;eJYtwl &ifabmifwef; vdkufEdkifMur,f/ ArmjynfESihf
aygif;vdkuf&if cifAsm;wdkYtay:rSm t*Fvdyfrsm; rtkyfcsKyf&awmhbl;/ cifAsm;
wdkYe,fudk cifAsm;wdYk tkyfcsKyf&r,f/ Oyrm pwDAifqifvdk t*Fvdyft&m&Sdu
cifAsm;wdkYudk tkyfcsKyfapcdkif;aew,f/ [kdtcgus&if olvdkvludk cifAsm;wdkYu
tkyfcsKyfapcdkif; Edkifw,f/ Armrsm;u ucsifrsm;tay:rSm tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;rSmvJ
r[kwfzl;/ ucsifawmifwef;e,fudk ucsifrsm;oabmus tkyfcsKyf&r,f/

164

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odkY&mwGif wjynfvHk;eJY ywfoufwJh b@ma&;? umuG,fa&;? pD;yGm;a&;


ponfwdkYudkawmh ucsif0efBuD;rsm;yg0ifaom tpdk;& tzGJUwzGJUu wdkifyif
aqmif&GufoGm;rSmbJ/ bmoma&;qdkwmrSmvJ vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcsifwm
udk udk;uG,fEdkifwmbJ}}
ucsifacgif;aqmifBuD;wOD;url ]AdkvfcsKyfudk uRefawmf uwdwck
ay;vdkygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYtay:rSm t*Fvdyf uwdrwnfwmawG
pkxm;&if tdrfwaqmifavmufyif &Sdrnf/ wu,fvdkY csp&m&S&d if ac:yg/
uRefawmfwdkY csbdkY toifhbJ}} [k pdwfvdkufrmefyg x ajymavonf/
1946-ck 'DZifbmv 24-&ufaeY u&ifeDjynfe,f vGdKifaumfNrKdUrS
tjyef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &Srf;jynfawmifBuD;NrKdU anmifa&Ta[mfwGif
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]]uRefawmfwkdY ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf tifwdkuftm;wdkuf
aqmif&GufaeMuygw,f/ urmYtajctaeudkif;? Armjynf\ tajctaeudk
if; axmufq ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;pcef;rSm eD;uyfvsuf &Sdaeygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY ArmjynfvGwfvyfwJhtcgrSm &Srf;jynf[mvJ ArmjynfeJYtwl
vGwfvyfapvdkygw,f/ ArmjynfESihf yl;aygif;wJh ae&mrSmvJ &Srf;jynf
jynfwGif;a&;udpr sm;udkawmh &Srf;vlrsKd;&JU oabmxm;twdkif; jzpfaprSm
ygbJ/ Armjynf w0Srf;vHk;eJY ywfoufwJh[mawGudkawmh &Srf;0efBuD;rsm;
yg0ifaom tpdk;&tzGJUu pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh &Sdygvdrfhr,f/ xdktcgrSm
rnfonfh t*Fvdyf wpHkwa,mufurS apmfbGm;rsm;tay:rSm cs,fvS,f
EdkifcGifh &Sdr,fr[kwfygbl;/ apmfbGm;rsm;uom olwdkYtay:rSm cs,fvS,f
EdkifcGifh&Sdygr,f/ Oyrm pwDAifqifvdkvlu apmfbGm;awGtay:rSm cs,fvS,f
aew,f/ [dktcgus&if olYvdkvlrsKd;udk apmfbGm;awGu jyefvnfapcdkif;
cs,fvS,fEdkifcGifh &Sdvmr,f/ bdvyftpdk;&u Armjynfa&;udpa wG aqG;aEG;

165

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bdkY uRefawmfwdkYudk zdwfMum;wJhtwGuf Zefe0g&Dv 2-&ufaeYrSm bdvyf


oGm;&ygvdrhfr,f/
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'gaMumifh apmfbGm;rsm;&JU oabmwlnDcsufudk tvdk&Sdygw,f/ tMurf;rludk
a&;qGJay;cJhyghr,f/ vufrSwfxdk;NyD; wygwnf; ,loGm;Edkifygu om
aumif;ygr,f/ tckvdk uRefawmf tBuHay;wmudkrS oabmrwlbJ t*Fvdyf
vufatmufrSm aecsifao;w,f? olwkdYjyKorQbJ cHcsifao;w,fqdk&ifawmh
cifAsm;wdkY&JU oabmtwdkif;bJ/ odkYaomf aemifudk uRefawmfwdkY tqdk;rqdk
ygeJY/ uRefawmfwdkYu e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk tjyif;txef cs&awmhrSmjzpfvdkY
e,fcsJUorm;eJY yl;aewJhvlrsm;udkvJ csrSmbJ}} ponfhjzifh AdkvfcsKyfu &Sif;&Sif;
ajymcsvdkufavonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ / txufygrdefYcGef;rsm;t& NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;
onf e,fjcm;a'oqdkif&m nTefMum;a&;0ef pwDAifqifrSwqifh rnfrQ
ajcIyfcJhonfudk odomEdkifygonf/)
apmfbGm;rsm;u rdrdwdkY odvdkaomtcsufrsm;udk ar;jref; 'DZifbm
v 25-&ufaeYwGif anmifa&TNrKdU xyfrHaqG;aEG;&ef csdef;qdkMuavonf/
xdknwGif AdkvfcsKyfu apmfbGm;rsm; oabmaygufvmatmif &Sif;jy&m
oabmwl vufrSwfxdk;csuf r&ao;aomfvnf; auseyfzG,f EIwfuwdrsm;
&avonf/

166

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(18)
atmifqef;ESihf tufwvD
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aomtcg bdvyfoGm;&ef jyifqif&avonf/
z?q?y?v tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft&
AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&onf 1946-ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 8-&ufaeYwGif(tpdk;&zGJUNyD;
wvcGJyif r&Sdao;rD) aMunmcsuf wapmifudk xkwfjyefavonf/ aMunm
csuf\ oabmrSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&u jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ESihf ywfouf
aMunm&ef? raMunmvQif 1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 31-&ufaeYwGif tpdk;&
tzGJU EkwfxGufrnfhtaMumif; jzpfavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif
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NAdwdoQtpdk;&u aMunm&ef NAdwdoQtpdk;&xHodkY &mZoHay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfayonf/
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0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDonf jrefrmjynfudk NAdwdoQ "eo[m, twGif;wGif
jzpfap? tjyifwGifjzpfap? vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtjzpf todtrSwfjyKrnf[k
ygvDrefatmufvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif aMunmavonf/ xdkYaemuf
bdvyfodkY vma&mufaqG;aEG;&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk zdwfac:avonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /vGefcJhaomwESpfcefYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu
bdvyfodkYvm aqG;aEG;yg&ap[k urf;vSrf;cJhonfudk vufrcHaom

167

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf ,ck AdkvfcsKyfwdkYudk zdwfac:&avNyD/ zdwfac:&mwGif


vnf; bk&ifcHrSwqifh pmjzifhoufoufr[kwfbJ EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme tNrJ
wrf;twGif;0ef qm*pfvfbwfavhof0pfwf (Sir Gilbert Laithwait) udk
apvTwf zdwfac:jcif; jzpfayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ atmifjrifjcif;
w&yfaywnf;/)
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atmifqef;onf ocifjr? OD;wifxG#f ponfwdkYESihftwl bdvyfodkY oGm;av
onf/ ocifApdefonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESihftwl vdu
k foGm;aomfvnf;
OD;apmrSm aemufrS vdkufoGm;onf/ jrefrmjynfrS rxGufcGmrD AdkvfcsKyfonf
jynfolvlxktm; ]taumif;qHk;udk arQmfvihfxm;&efESihf tqdk;qHk;twGuf
jyifqifxm;&ef} rSmMum;cJhavonf/ bdvyf toGm; tdEd,jynf e,l;a'vD
NrKdUwGifjyKvkyfaom owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGifvnf; tvm;wlajymcJhavonf/
xdkajymqdkcsufonf tqefrygaom Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfyg/
xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf awmifwGif;BuD;NrKdUe,f z?q?y?v OuXtjzpf
aqmif&Gufae&onfjzpf&m AdkvfcsKyfwdkY bdvyfoGm;aeMupOftwGif; vuf
eufpkaqmif;&ef XmecsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;xHrS nTefMum;csufrsm;udk &yg
onf/ AdkvfcsKyfonf ajymonhftwdkif; vkyfvdkonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 13-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;
aqmifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESihf NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf tufwvD
acgif;aqmifaom NAdwdoQtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwkdY\ aqG;aEG;yGJudk
vef'efNrKdU trSwf 10- a'gif;eif;vrf;&Sd NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf\ a*[m
usif;yavonf/ aqG;aEG;yGJtpwGif AdkvfcsKyfu t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh atmuf
ygtwdkif; >rufMum;avonf/ jrefrmbmomjyefcsufrSm tMurf;tm;jzifh
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

168

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

OD;baz? tufwvD? AdkvfcsKyf? OD;wifxG#f


(1947 Zefe0g&D? trSwf 10 a'gif;eif;vrf;)
]]udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU\udk,fpm; uREfkyfajymMum;vdkonfrSm uREfkfyf
wdkY jrefrmjynfwGif ta&;rBuD;vSaom jynfwGif;a&;udp tenf;i,fwGif
oabmuGJvGJrIrsm; &SdaeMuapumrl? uREfkyfwdkY wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk;onf
tcsKyftcs,fuif;rJhaom wif;jynhf usyfjynfh vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdk&m
um; woHwnf; jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf xdkvGwfvyfa&;udk tvsif
tjref vdkcsifMuojzifh ,ckrSpwif jyifqifvdkygonf/
jrefrmjynf[k ajym&m0,f uREfkyfwkdYonf wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;
tnDtnGwfjzpf? vGwfvyfaomjrefrmjynfudk &nfrSef;ajymjcif; jzpfyg
onf/ nDnGwfrI&&Sda&;twGuf ratmifjrifEdkifaom tcuftcJ[l r&Sdyg/
wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;onf &mEIef;jynfh vGwfvyfa&;
& jynfy ya,m*rygbJ tpHktnD awGUqHk aqG;aEG;cGifh&MuvQif

169

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nDnGwfMuygvdrfhrnf/ tcsufonf vGwfvyfonfqdkaom u&ifeDjynf


twGufvJ rSefygonf/ udk;uG,faom bmomtvdkufif;? vlrsKd;tvdkufif;
jrefrmjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;onf vGwfvyfa&; rqHk;HI;oihf[k uREfkyf
wkdY av;eufpGm ,HkMunfygonf/
pnf;vHk;rI &ydkifcGifhESihf vGwfvyfa&; &ydkifcGifhwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkY
tm;vHk;\ &nfrSef;csufjzpf? xdktcGifhwdkYudk uREfkyfwdkY vdkvm;Muygonf/
xdkvdkvm;csufudk wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;onf bmomra&G;? vlrsKd;ra&G;
vdIufvIdufvJvJ axmufcHaeonf[k uREfkyfajymEkdifygonf/
,aeYrSp wESpftwGif; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &oifhonf[k
uREfkfyfwdkY ,lqygonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfu 'DZifbmv 20-&ufaeY ygvDref
atmufvTwfawmfwGif ay;cJhonfhuwdudk xyfavmif; aMunmonfudk
Mum;&onfhtwGuf uREfkyfwdkY auseyfygonf/ jrefrmjynftm; NAdwdoQ "e
o[m,twGif; jzpfap? tjyifwGif jzpfap rdrdwdkYoabmtwdkif; vGwfvyf
a&;udk a&G;cs,fcGifhay;&efif;? uREfkyfwdkY vkdvm;csufrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm &&Sd
a&;twGuf ulnD&efif;? BuH&G,faMumif; ajymqdkonfhtwGuf bk&if
rif;jrwf\ tpdk;&udk uREfkyfwdkYu aus;Zl;wifygonf/ tjrifhjrwfqHk;
jzpfaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESihf us,fjyefYaom usifhpOfrsm;yif jzpfapumrl
vufawGU taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif wcgw&H ratmifjrifwwfonfudk
&mZ0ifwGif awGU&ygonf/ uREfkyf odYk ajym&jcif;onf jrefrmjynfwGif
uREfkyf awGUBuHKbl;aom tawGUtBuHKrsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
uREfkyfwdkYonf 0efBuD;csKyfESihf bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&\ apwemudk av;pm;
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdYbufrSvnf; xdkapwemudk wHkYjyefrnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyf
uwday;Edkifygonf/
jrefrmjynfwGif 1935-ck? tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ESihf puLjzLpmwrf;udk
vlBuKdufrrsm;yg/ uREfkyfwdkY udk,fpm;vS,ftzGUJ onf uREkfyw
f dkY\ udpt
00

170

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bk&ifrif;jrwf\ tpdk;&xHrS &vmvdrfhrnf[k uREfkyfwdkY jynfolrsm;onf
arQmfvifhaeMuygonf/}}
bdvyf&SdaecdkufrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf e,fcsJUorm;ESihf
EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;\ ajcxdk;rIudk cH&ygao;onf/
AdkvfcsKyfu jrefrmjynfrESifh awmifwef;a'orsm; yl;aygif;nDnGwf
a&;twGuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&tm; ta&;qdkaepOf &Srf;jynfapmfbGm;tcsKdUu
e,fjcm;a'oqdkif&m nTefMum;a&;0ef pwDAifqif paom e,fcsJUvufyg;ap
wdkY\ pum;udk em;axmifum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf apmfbGm;rsm;\
udk,fpm;vS,f r[kwfaMumif;? awmifwef;e,frsm;udp aqG;aEG;&ef
apmfbGm;rsm;udk oD;jcm;zdwfac:apvdkaMumif; ponfjzihf 0efBuD;csKyf
tufwvDxH aMu;eef;dkuf taMumif;Mum;Muavonf/
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apmfbGm;awGdkufvdkufwJh aMu;eef;udk MunhfygtHk;} [k ajymum aMu;eef;udk
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odkYaomfvnf; &Srf;jynf jynfolvlxkonf awmifBuD;NrKdUwGif vlxk
tpnf;ta0;BuD;usif;y ]awmifwef;a'oom;rsm;onfvnf; jrefrmjynf
ESihfwygwnf; vGwfvyfa&;&vkdaMumif;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY\ vdkvm;
csufudkvnf; wcJeufaxmufcHaMumif;} ponfjzifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsum
0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDxH aMu;eef;dkuf taMumif;Mum;Muavonf/
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jrefrmtpdk;&wdkYonf awmifwef;a'orsm;\ xkwfazmfajymqdkcsuf xifjrif
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[laom pnf;urf;csufudkay; vdkufavsmvmygawmhonf/ e,fcsJU

171

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vufyg;aprsm; ajcxdk;aeMuonfhtwGif;rSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; &cJhaom


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tvkyform;? v,form;paom vkyfom;jynfolwdkYomvQif tepfemcH
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1947-ck? Zefe0g&Dv 27-&uf? wevFmaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESihf NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDwdkYonf jrefrmjynftm; vGwf
vyfa&; yef;wdkifodkY ydkYaqmifrnf pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muavonf/
xdkpmcsKyfonf ]atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf} [k ordkif;wGiaf vownf;/
pmcsKyf\oabmtusOf;csKyfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif wdik f;jynfjyK vTwf
awmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk usif;y awmifwef;a'orsm;tygt0if
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf tajccHOya' a&;qGJ&efif;?
Mum;jzwfumvwGif bdvyftpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&udk ]tmPmydkif'drk DeD,ef
tpdk;&} tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&efif; oabmwlMujcif; jzpfayonf/ tao;
pdwfudk aemufqufwGJ q-wGif zwfyg/
pmcsKyft& jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; atmhESvHk;emaeaom
NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ ]puLjzLpmwrf;} pDrHudef;onf tvdktavsmuf ysufjy,f
oGm;avownf;/
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f dkYum;
atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyft& vGwfvyfa&;r&Ekdif[k taMumif;jy
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jzpfMuaom OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdkYonf rif;om;BuD;rvkyf&ojzifh
ywfrBuD;udk xdk;azmufjcif;om jzpfonf/ txufwGifa&;cJhonfhtwdkif;
EdkifiHa&;orm; a[mif;BuD;rsm;u AdkvfcsKyfudk bdvyf ajcxdk;jcif;aywnf;/

172

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

1947-ck? Zefe0g&Dv 30-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfwdkYonf bdvyfrS


jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufMuavonf/ azazmf0g&Dv 3-&ufaeYwGif
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf owif;pmq&mrsm;tm; zdwfac:NyD;vQif ]pmcsKyft&
puLjzLpepf ysufoGm;NyDjzpfaMumif;/ odkYaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG
rNyD;ao;aMumif;/ aqmif&Guf&efusefao;aomudpr sm;udk a&Sma&SmSLSL
NyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&GufEdkifMuygu at;csrf;aomenf;jzifh Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&; &EdkifaMumif;/ wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftwGuf wdkufdkuf a&G;
aumufyGJusif;yEdkifcGifhESihf Mum;jzwftpdk;&tmPmwdkYudk &cJhaMumif;/ NAdwd
oQtpdk;& rnpfywfEdkifatmif toifhjyifxm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;} ponfjzifh
AdkvfcsKyfu &Sif;vif;jyavonf/
AdkvfcsKyf\ &Sif;jycsufudk aESmifBuKd;rJh owif;pmrsm;wGif dk;om;
aom jynfolwdkYu vufcHMuonf/ a'gufwmbarmf? qmay:xGef;? OD;apm
paom EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;url ]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wdkif;
jynfudk a&mif;pm;cJhNyD} [k a<u;aMumf AdkvfcsKyfudk ajcxdk;Mujyefonf/
odkYaomfvnf; olwdkYtaMumif;udk odaeMuNyD;jzpfaom jynfolvlxku
olwdkYudk vufrcHMuay/ olwdkYonf xdktcsdefrSp Edik fiHa&;ZmwfcHkrS qif;
oGm;Mu&avawmhownf;/

173

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(19)
yifvHkpnf;Hk;a&;
bdvyfrS jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ t"du wm0ef
onf awmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf pnf;vHk;Edkifatmif xyfrHpnf;Hk;&jcif; jzpfay
onf/ e,fcsJUorm;uvnf; tavQmhray;/ awmifwef;a'orsm;udk jynfr
rS cGJxkwfxm;Ekdifatmif tpGrf;ukef BuKd;pm;vsufyif &Sdavonf/ txuf
wGifa&;cJhonfhtwdkif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;udk
qufvuftkyfcsKyfxm;EdkifvQif vGwfvyfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHudk rdrdwdkY pdwfwdkif;
us BuKd;udkifEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/
awmifwef;a'oom;rsm;\ qEudk pHkprf;avhvm&ef[kqdkum
NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf NAdwdoQ'dkrDeD,ef0efuav; abmhwGefrav; (Arthur
Bottomly MP.) udk jrefrmjynfodkY apvTwfvdkufavonf/
1947-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 8-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf &Srf;jynf
yifvHkNrKdUodkYoGm; jynfrESihfawmifwef;a'orsm; yl;aygif;a&;udk &Sif;jy
onf/ rdrda&;qGJxm;om ]rl} udk awmifwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; a0iS
avhvmaponf/
xdktcsdeftxd e,fcsJUorm;\ vufyg;aprsm;onf ajcxdk;vsufyif
&SdMuao;onf/ ]ArmawGu cifAsm;wdkYudk vdkufavsmvScsnfvm;? 'gavmuf
vG,fwm[m taMumif;wckawmh &Sdr,f/ t&rf;rvkyfbJ pOf;pOf;pm;pm;
vkyf&ifaumif;r,f} [kif;? ]AdkvfcsKyfudk Munhfygvm;? *syefpdwf raysmuf

174

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ao;bl;? awmfawmfMum cifAsm;wdkY zufqpfvufatmuf a&mufoGm;rSmbJ}


[kif; ajymqdk owif;vTifhMuavonf/
odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ dk;om;rIudk t<uif;rJh
,HkMunfMuaom awmifwef;om;rsm;onf em;ra,mifMuawmhay/ AdkvfcsKyf
\ atmufygrdefYcGef;udk Mum;emMuNyD;vQif jrefrmjynfrESihf yl;aygif;&ef qHk;
jzwfvdkufMuavonf/ e,fcsJUvufyg;aprsm;vnf; ]cJavorQ oJa&us}
jzpfMu&avawmhownf;/

175

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ yifvHkrdefYcGef;
]]yifvHktpnf;ta0;udk taMumif;ESpfrsKd;aMumifh vm&aMumif;/
yxrrS m jrefrmjynf&SdvlrsKd;rsm; nDnGwfa&;twGufjzpf tjcm;taMumif;
rSm vef'efaqG;aEG;yGJ awmifwef;a'oESihfywfouf rnfodkYaqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifcJhonfudk ajymqdk&Sif;vif;jy&ef jzpfaMumif;/
urmYEdkifiHa&;t& jrefrmjynf&SdvlrsKd;tm;vHk;rSm nDnGwf&ef vkdtyf
aMumif;/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;rSm &NyD[kqdkEdik f
aMumif;/ ,ck usef&Sdaeaom jyemrSm awmifwef;a'oudpy if jzpf
aMumif;/
bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJ jrefrmjynf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmifwef;
e,f vGwfvyfa&;udk wcsdefwnf; ray;cJhvQif wu,fhvGwfvyfa&;rjzpfEdik f
[k ajymqdkcJhaMumif;/ awmifwef;e,fudk NAdwdoQwdkY wdkuf dkuftkyfcsKyfjcif;
udk jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYu rBuKdufaMumif;/ awmifwef;e,fudk awmifwef;vlrsKd;
rsm;om tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;jcif;udk jrefrmrsm;u BuKdufaMumif;/
NAdwdoQwdkYu awmifwef;e,fvlrsKd;rsm;onf atmufusaemufus
jzpfaeao;ojzifh vGwfvyfa&;ESifh rwef[k xifaeMuaMumif;/ xdkodkY
wifjycsufudk jrefrmrsm;u oabmrwlaMumif;/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;
&onfESihf wNyKdifeuf awmifwef;e,f vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k jrefrmrsm;u
xifjrifaMumif;/ jrefrmrsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf ajymqdkjcif;
rSm tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;vdk r[kwf/ odkY&mwGif awmifwef;e,frsm;onf jrefrm
jynfESihfwef;wl tqifhtwef; tcGifhta&; &apvdkaomaMumifhyif jzpf
aMumif;/

176

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

jrefrmrsm;onf NAdwdoQ\uRef rjzpfvdkaMumif;/ xkdenf;wl awmif


wef;vlrsKd;rsm;vnf; NAdwdoQuRefrsm;tjzpf ra&mufapvdkaMumif;/ xdkYjyif
awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf jrefrmuReftjzpf rjzpfapvdkaMumif;/
awmifwef;e,f pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm aumifpD\ vufxJ &Sv
d drfhrnf
jzpfaMumif;/ xdkaumifpDtzGJUxJ awmifwef;e,frS udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muf
&Sdvdrhfrnfjzpf&m if;\ vufxJrSmum; xdktkyfcsKyfa&; &SdrnfjzpfaMumif;/
NAdwdoQwdkYrSm jrefrmjynf Mum&SnfpGm tkyfpdk;&ef tcGift
h cg r&Sd
awmhaMumif;/ apmapm odkYr[kwf tenf;i,fMumvQif jrefrmjynfudk
pGefYvTwf&awmhrnfjzpfaMumif;/ xdkYaMumifh uREfkfyfwdkYud,
k fudk uREfkyfwdkY
tm;udk;tm;xm; jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ xdkae&m nDnw
G fa&;rSm vGefpGm
yif vkdaMumif;/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aomtcgrSyif tqifhtwef; jrifhEdkifaMumif;/
vGwfvyfa&;r&vQif vuf&Sd atmufusaemufusjzpfaeaom tqifhtwef;
udk jrifhwifEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifaMumif;/
vljzLjzpfap? vlrJjzpfap? rnfolYudkrqdk raMumufr&GHUESihf if;wdkYu
awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;udk ar;cJhvQif awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;u vGwfvyfa&;udk
vkdcsifw,f[k ajym&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ ajcmufvQifvnf; raMumufMuESihf?
acsmhvQifvnf; raysmhMuESihf/ awmifwef;vlrsKd;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfuJhodkY
wlnDaom tqifhtwef;udk vdkcsifonf[k ajym&rnf jzpfaMumif;/ 'gudk
,aeY ajymvdkuf&if eufjzef taqGwdkY vGwfvyfa&;&rnf jzpfaMumif;/}}

177

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

yifvkHpmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfxdk;aeykH
1947-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeY eHeuf 10-em&DtcsdefwGif
&mZ0ifwGifonfh ]yifvHkpmcsKyf} udk atmufygacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u
vufrSwf a&;xdk;Muavonf/
1/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; = Armjynfacgif;aqmif
2/ apmcGefyef;qdkif = awmifydkifapmfbGm;
3/ apma&Todkuf = anmifa&TapmfbGm;
4/ apm[Hkz = ajrmufydkif;odef;eDapmfbGm;
5/ apmeef; = vJcsm;apmfbGm;
6/ apmxGef;at; = omcref ;apmfbGm;
7/ cGefyef; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? ajrmufydkif;odef;eD
8/ OD;wifat; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? awmifBuD;
9/ OD;Mumyk = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg

178

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

10/ apm,pfz = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg


11/ qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;
12/ aZmf&pf = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;
13/ cGefxD; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yifvHk
14/ OD;xGef;jrifh = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? armufr,f
15/ cGefapm = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? yif;w,
16/ OD;jzL = apmfbGm;udk,fpm;vS,f? usKdif;wHk
17/ wef&a'gif = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? jrpfBuD;em;
18/ 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf
19/ vbef;*a&mif; = ucsifudk,fpm;vS,f? Aef;armf
20/ OD;vSmarmif = csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? zvrf;
21/ OD;aomifZmckwf = csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? wpf'if;
22/ OD;0rfudka[m = csif;udk,fpm;vS,f? [wfum;
xdkaeY xdktcsdefonf ]jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH} wnf; [laom
om;&wemtwGuf umva&Munf wnfaomtcsdef jzpfayownf;/

179

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

(20)
v,form;? tvkyform;ESihf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
awmifwef;a'orsm;udk atmifjrifpGm pnf;Hk;NyD;onfhaemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tpdk;&tzGJUacgif;aqmifyDyD? wdki;f jynfwGifjzpfay:
aeaom jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&avonf/ ]jynfxJta&; aygufeJYaus;}
[louJhodkY AdkvfcsKyf &ifqdkif&aom jyemrsm;onf IyfaxG;rsm;jym;vSay
onf/
Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? v,form;ta&;? tvkyf
orm;ta&; ponfjzifh jyemaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifudk aeYrtm;
nrtm; ajz&Sif;ae&ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf tcsdefrSef rpm;&? tcsdefrSef rtdyf
&acs/ waeY olYtdrfwGif wnf;cdkae&if; uRefawmfonf olYjzpftifudk
rMunhf&ufojzifh rSefrSefpm;? rSefrSeftdyf&ef ajymrdygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfurl
]b,fESyfvkyfrvJ? vlxkacgif;aqmifqdkwm 'DvdkbJ vkyf&rSmbJ/ vGwfvyf
a&; &NyD;&ifawmh EdkifiHa&;uxGufawmhr,f} [k jyefajymygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf xrif;pm;ae&if;vnf; EdkifiHa&;udkom pdwfapmae
wwfygonf/ waeYwGif olwdkYZeD;armifESHESihf uRefawmfwdkY xrif;pm;aeMu
pOf ol\ &ifESpfonf;csmrsm;jzpfaom atmifqef;OD;? atmifqef;vif;wdkY
onf xrif;pm;yGJem;odkY vmMuygonf/ uRefawmfu 0uftlacsmif;uav;
rsm; auR;vdkufygonf/ uav;rsm;vnf; tBudrfBudrfvm uRefawmfu
vnf; vmwdkif; auR;ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfu olYom;uav;rsm;udkMunhfNyD;

180

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

]rif;wdkYuvJuGm? [dkvlawGvdkbJ? ay;rSef;odwdkif; vdkcsifwmbJ} [k


ajymvdkufygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif yk*dKvftcsKdUonf EdkifiHa&; aps;qpfaeMu
ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfonf xrif;pm;ae&if; xdkyk*dKvfrsm;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;
rd[ef wlygonf/
tpdk;&tzGUJ acgif;aqmifjzpfaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf\tdrfrSm wHcg;r&Sd?
"m;r&Sd 0ifcsifwdkif; 0ifEdkif xGufcsifwdkif; xGufEdkifMuygonf/ jynfol
vlxkonf AdkvfcsKyfxHodkY tcsdefra&G;vmawGU rdrdwdkY\ jyemrsm;udk
wifjyEdkifMuygonf/
1947-ck? Zlvdkifv 29-&ufaeY wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif aMuuGJ
0rf;enf;aMumif;tqdkudk axmufcH&if; ucsifacgif;aqmif qrm;'l;0g;
qif0g;aemifu ]AdkvfcsKyfudk vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ rcsD;usL;bJ raeEdkifonhf
tcsufwckrSmvnf; olrsm;awGu eef;&if;0efwdkY bmwdkYvkyfw,fqdk&if tdrf
0ifwHcg;aygufwGif ykvdyfwdkY tapmifhwdkY bmwdkY xm;&Sw
d ,fqdkwm od&
w,f/ odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyfuawmh bmrQ rxm;csifbl;/ ukefukefajym&r,f
qdk&if rnfonhf qif;&Jom;rqdk rdrdwdkY\ ta&;jyemrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfxH
tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufajymqdkEdkifcGif&h Sdw,f/ onfvdktcsufawGudk axmuf
Ijcif;tm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf[m wdkif;jynfqif;&Jom;rsm;udk rnfodkY *kPm&SNd yD;
rnfodkY vGwfvyfcGifhay;w,fqdkwmudk tvG,fwulusepGm odEdkifygw,f}
[k xnfhoGif;ajymqdkoGm;avonf/
jrefrmjynfonf pdkufysKd;a&;EdkifiH jzpfonfhtwdkif; vlOD;a&tm;vHk;
\ 85-&mcdkifEIef;rQaom awmifolv,form;rsm;\ta&;udk ajz&Sif;&onhf
wm0efonf tpdk;&wdkif;\ wm0efjzpfygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
tmPm&NyD;aemuf rMumrD awmifolv,form;rsm;\ oufomacsmifcsda&;
twGuf oD;pm;cEIef;xm;rsm;udk jyifqifjy|mef;vdkufavonf/ xdkYjyif

181

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

v,form;rsm;\ b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf a&&SnfpDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf;


pOf;pm;xm;avonf/
1947-ck azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom awmifol
v,form; nDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyfu ]awmifolv,form;awG[m Armjynf
rSm vlrsm;pkjzpfw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wdkY&JU vGwfvyfa&;
ygvmr,f/ awmifolv,form;vlrsm;pk&JU tcGifhta&;rygbJ vGwfvyfa&;
[m t"dyg,f r&Sdbl;vdkY ,lqw,f/ cktcgrSmawmh qihfyg;pyf ESrf;yuf
ovdk jzpfaew,f/ vkyfcsifovdk rvkyfEdkifbl;/ cifAsm;wdkYvkdcsifMuovdk
ajr&Sifpepfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJcsifw,f/ v,fydkif&Sifpepfudk jzKwfjypfEkdif
bdkYbJ} ponfhjzifh >rufMum;cJhavonf/ rdefYcGef; tjynhftpHkudk aemufquf
wGJ Z-wGif zwfyg/
awmifolv,form; jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&if; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf tvkyform;oydwfudpr sm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;&avonf/
ppfNyD;acwfwGif jyefvmMuaom NAdwdoQukrPDBuD;rsm;onf t&if;&SifBuD;
rsm;yDyD tvkyform;rsm;udk raoHkwr,fom auR;csifMuavonf/
pm;0wfaea&; rzlvHkaom tvkyform;rsm;tzdkY oydwfvufeuf pGJudkifHkrS
wyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sday/ ,ciftpdk;&rsm;vufxufurl tvkyform;
oydwfrsm;onf tMurf;zufNzdKcGif;jcif;udkom cHMu&onf/ AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&
um; avmavmq,f tm;jzifh tvkyform;rsm; &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifh
ta&;rsm;&atmif aqmif&Gufay;Hkru? tvkyform;rsm; b0vGwfajrmuf
a&;twGuf a&&SnfpDrHudef;rsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;xm;avonf/
1947-ck? rwfv 10-&ufaeY jrefrmjynf t*Fvdyfukeo
f nfBuD;
rsm;toif; ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfu atmufygtwdkif;
xnfhoGif;ajymMum;oGm;ygonf/

182

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

]]jrefrmjynf ta&;BuD;aom pufrIvkyfief; t&yf&yfudk jynfolydkif


vkyf&ef uREfkyf BuH&G,faMumif;/ xkdodkYjyKvkyfrSom vlwdkY pdwfauseyf aysmf
&TifpGm aeEdkifaom tqifhtwef;udk &&SdrnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkfyf pGJNrJpGm ,Hk
Munfonf/ odkYaomf jynfolydkif vkyfief;vkyfjcif;rSm pdwfoabm jzLajzmifh
pGmESihf rSefuefaom tcsdefa&mufrS vkyf&rnfqdkcsufudk od&Sad Mumif;/
t&if;&Sif0g'onf tcgcyfodrf; vkdvm;tyfonf[k uREfkyf rxif
aMumif;/ tcsdefumvtm;jzihf uREkfyfwdkYjynfrSm wvSrf;rwufEdkifrD? xkd
t&if;&Sif0g'xJrSyif vkyfudkifoGm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ odkYaomf t&if;&Sif
pepf udk taemufEdkifiHrsm;rSmuJhodkY w&m;vGef wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;vmatmif
rvkyfoifhaMumif;/
jrefrmjynfonf vsifjrefpGm wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;vdkvQif EdkifiHjcm; tul
tnDudk vdkvdrfhrnf jzpfaMumif;/ wdk;wufrIudk taMumif;jyK Edik fiHjcm;
tultnDudk zdwfac:&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ xkdokYd zdwfac:&m uREfkyfwdkY pDrH
ovdkvkyfEdkifrSom xdEk kdifiHjcm;tultnDudk vufcHrnfjzpfaMumif;/ if;
EdkifiHjcm;tultnDudk ZufBuKd;vTwfxm;Edkifvdrhfrnf r[kwaf Mumif;/
,cktcgrl tvkyform; rNidrfoufrIrsm;&Sdvsuf oydwfarSmufae
MuaMumif;/ xkdokdY oydwfarSmufjcif;rSm t&if;&Sif0g' rvTJra&SmifombJ
jzpfyGm;&rnfyif jzpfaMumif;/ tvkyform;rsm;\ awmif;qdkcsuftrsm;yif
w&mrQwaMumif;/ jrefrmjynf&Sd tvkyform; tajctaerSm tjcm;wdk;wuf
onfhwkdif;jynf&Sd tvkyform; tajctaeESihf EdIif;pmvQif rsm;pGm auseyf
zG,f r&SdaMumif;/ vHkjcHKa&;vnf; r&SdaMumif;/ tvkyform;rsm; Edk;Mum;vm
NyDjzpf if;wdkY vdkvm;csufudk awmif;&m yxrtBudrfjzpf rSm;wm ydkwm
awG &SdrnfjzpfaMumif;/ tvkyform;ta&;udk tjypfwif HIUcsbdkY roihf
aMumif;/ ul;oef;a&;qdkif&m vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u vuf&Sdtvkyform;oydwf
udk ajz&Sif;&m oabmwlNyD;tcsufrsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg vdkufavsmoifh

183

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

aMumif;/ tpkd;&uvnf; oydwfta&;NyD;atmif tpGrf;ukef BuKd;pm;ae


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wefcl;vqkwf 4-&ufaeY({NyDv 9-&ufaeY)wGif usif;yrnfh wkdif;jynfjyK
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184

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185

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aumufyGJrSmrlum; Armhaemifa&;udk qHk;jzwfrnhf a&G;aumufyGJ jzpfaeaom
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187

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jyKEdkifonhf tpGrf;&Sdonfudk NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkYu aumif;pGm oabmayguf
vsuf&SdaomaMumihfyifjzpfonf/
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rwfrwf &yfaeEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; uRefawmf awmfvS r[kwfyg/ vlxk
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z?q?y?v trwfavmif;rsm;xJrS tcsKdUwdkYonf vlxku BuKdufESpf
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188

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raeMuESihf/ ,ckta&;onf wcsuftrSm;rcHaom ta&;BuD;jzpfojzifh
vlxkBuD;onf rdrdwdkY\ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfudk tjcm;tcsdefrsm;xuf tcsdef
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,ck uRefawmfh nTefMum;csufrsm;twdkif; vlxkBuD;onf z?q?y?v
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jzifh waeYvQif rdkifw&mausmf ESpf&meD;yg;rQ c&D;xGufum a[majymcJhav
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189

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

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tpOftwdkif; trSDa&mufatmif oGm;NyD; a[mavh&Sd\/ vGefavNyD;aom
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r&Sd/ armfawmfum;armif;&mwGifvnf; wem&DvQif rdkif 25-30 avmuf
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190

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onfudk vufrcHacs/ olYudkMunhf&ef uRefawmfhtdrf apmifhaeMuaom
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;ESihf a,musfm;? rdef;rrsm;onf rSef;ajcESifhrudkuf jzpfoGm;
&&Smavonf/
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ponfwdkYudk &Sif;vif;a[majymcJhavonf/ a[majymcsuf tjynhftpHkudk
aemufqufwGJ ps-wGif zwfyg/
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a&G;aumufyGJESihf ywfouf &efukeftoHvTifhHkrS toHvTihf&jyefavonf/
a&G;aumufyGJ zsufqD;olrsm;onf wdkif;jynf\ &efoleyH wf 1-jzpfrnfh
taMumif;/ z?q?y?v trwfavmif;tm;vHk;udk a&G;vQif wESpftwGif;
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&SdaMumif;/ z?q?y?v trwfavmif;rsm;tay:wGif jynfov
l lxku rnfokdY
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avonf/ toHvTifhcsuf tjynfhtpHkudk aemufqufwGJ n-wGif zwfyg/

191

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

1947-ck {NyDv 9-&ufaeYwGif wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumuf


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uspD a&G;aumuf wifajrmuf&ef pDpOfvdkufavonf/ odkYaomfvnf; Oya'
jyKvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSmuJhodkY rJay;Edkifolrsm;ESihf ta&G;cHolrsm;
twGuf ypnf;t&nftcsif;owfrSwfcsufrsm; r&SdawmhbJ toufjynfhol
wkdif; rJay;ydkifcGihf? ta&G;cHydkifcGifh &&Sdavonf/
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&um; e,frsm;pGmwGif z?q?y?v trwfavmif;rsm;onf NyKdifbufr&Sd
ta&G;cHMu&avonf/ AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif &efukefvrf;rawmf rJqEe,frS
NyKdifbufr&Sd a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif; cH&avonf/ jynfr a&G;aumufyGJ
rsm;wGif uGefjrLepftrwfavmif; 7-OD;rSwyg;? usefe,ftm;vHk;wGif z?q?
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vdkuf&if EGm;bJjzpfjzpf rJay;r,fuG} [k a<u;aMumfum vlxkonf
tifwdkuftm;wdkuf rJay;Muavonf/ awmifwef;a'orsm;wGifvnf; z?q?
y?v tm; axmufcHaom trwfavmif;rsm;om rsm;aomtm;jzifh ta&G;cH
Mu&avonf/
a&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD; rsm;rBumrD(1947-ck {NyDv 18-&ufaeY)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ESpfopful;rdefYcGef; >rufMum;avonf/ xdkrdefYcGef;
wGif AdkvfcsKyfu ajcvSrf;rSefrSefESifh vkyfudik foGm;rnfhtaMumif;/ z?q?y?v
udk wdkif;jynfu axmufcHonfhtwdkif; z?q?y?v uvnf; Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;udk wESpftwGif; &atmifvkyfrnhftaMumif;/ vGwfvyfa&;
r&ao;rD tawmtwGif; wdkif;jynf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfrnfh
taMumif;/ ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;&Sd Edik fiHtm;vHk;ESihf jynfaxmifpk EdkifiH
wEdkifiHjzpfatmif EdkifiHa&;aoG;pnf;rI vkyfrnhftaMumif;/ tdEd,jynf?
wkyfjynf EdkifiHBuD; ESpfEdkifiHESihf rdwfaqGjzpfzdkY BuKd;pm;rnfjzpfaMumif;

192

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ponfjzifh rdrdtpdk;& aqmif&Gufrnhf vkyfief;rsm;udk &Sif;jyygonf/ xdkYjyif


uGefjrLepfawG\ trSm;rsm;udk axmufjyNyD; twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;?
owif;pmrsm;? tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;tm; rSefwmvkyf&efESihf rSefwmvkyfaeorQ
umvywfvHk; rnfolYrQaMumuf&efrvdkaMumif; uwday;ajymMum;avonf/
tmPm& z?q?y?v tzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;tm;vnf; rw&m;
tcGihfta&; r,l&efESihf t&rf;rJhvkyfvQif tzrf;cH&rnhftaMumif; owday;
ajymMum; vkdufavonf/ rdefYcGef;tjynhftpHkudk aemufqufwGJ #-wGif
zwfyg/
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onf? rnfrQ tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;rIudk pufqkyf&GH&Smonfudk odEdkifygonf/
tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;rIudk AdkvfcsKyf pufqkyfyHkESihf ywfouf
uRefawmfudk,fwdkif odonhfjzpf&yfwckudk azmfjyvdkygonf/ waeYwGif
AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkif;crf;vSnhfvnf&if; cdkifwckodkY a&mufoGm;ygonf/ e,f
tajctae pHkprf;ar;jref;&m cdkif0efu ]"m;jywdkufrIrsm;&SdaMumif;? "m;jy
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wifjyygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfu ]rrSefwmvkyf&if usKyfbJjzpfjzpf ta&;,lyg} [k
jyefajymvdkufavonf/
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]]if;aemuf uREfkyfu ],cktcg AdkvfcsKyf&JU vkyfief;pOfudk qefYusif
bufvkyfaeMuolrsm;tm; txl;ta&;,lNyD; wenf;enf;ESihf zdESdyfypfvQif
&Sif;roGm;aybl;vm;/ oGm;vQif tvkyfvkyf& rvG,fbl;vm;} [k ar;aom
tcg ]udk,feJY qefYusifbufvkyfwJhvlawGudk zdESdyf&Sif;vif;bdkYqdkwm
(tifbD;&Sif; &SdwhJvlrsKd;rS) udk,fusKd;t&if;cH&SdwJh vlrsKd;rS vkyfEdkifwJhpdwf?

193

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tpnf;tHk;BuD; jzpfvmwm[m AdkvfcsKyfudk taMumif;jyNyD; jzpfay:vmwm
jzpfavawmh wnfNrJbdkY[mvJ AdkvfcsKyftay:rSm wnfaeygw,f/ vGwfvyf
a&; &NyD;wJhaemuf tvkyf vkyfp&mawG[m ydkvdkYom rsm;vmrSmbJ? 'Dtcg
rsKd;rSm AdkvfcsKyf EdkifiHa&;rvkyfawmhbl;qdk&if tpnf;tHk;BuD;[m tpdwfpdwf
t>rm>rm jzpfoGm;rSm pdk;&drfp&m r&Sdaybl;vm;} [k ajymaomtcg ]vGwfvyf
a&;&NyD;wJh tcgus&if ygwDoabm awGuawmh trsKd;rsKd;&SMd urSmbJ/ 'Drkd
ua&pD xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; tvkyf vkyfoGm;Mu&rSmbJ} [k jyefajz\/}}
wcgu uRefawmfhtm;vnf; AdkvfcsKyfu ]vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if
EdkifiHa&;u xGufawmhr,f? rxGufvdkYvJ rjzpfzl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if tmPmEdkifiHa&; vmawmhr,f/ tmPmEdkifiHa&;eJY
uRefawmfeJY rjzpfzl;} [kajym ]tJ'Dtcgus&if olwdkYvkyfyHkawG ab;u xdkif
MunhfNyD; &,faecsifw,fAsm} [k ajymbl;ygonf/

194

atmifoef;

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(21)
vGwfvyfa&;odkY
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;
aemuf(1947-ck arv 19-&ufaeYwGif) ,ck ,Ofaus;rIjywdkufjzpfaeaom
*sLAvDa[m z?q?y?v trwfrsm;ESihf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;omygaom z?q?
y?v yPmr jyifqifrInDvmcHudk pwifusif;ycJhavonf/
xdknDvmcHonf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfvkyfief;udk tpm;xdk;&ef
r[kwfbJ jznfhpGuf&ef jzpfaMumif; tpcsDum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
rdrdvkdvm;onfh ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH} \yHkpHudk tao;pdwf &Sif;jy
avonf/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfNyD;aomtcg orwEdkiif H xlaxmifrnfh
taMumif;/ &Sifbk&ifpepfESihf orwpepfjcm;em;yHktaMumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tppfESihf 'Drdkua&pDtwk jcm;em;yHktaMumif;/ vGwfvyfaom orw
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm;ESihf v,form;rsm;\ tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk rnfodkY umuG,frnfjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh tao;pdwf
>rufMum;avonf/ xdkYjyif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta&;? awmfvSefa&;
wdkY\ t"dyg,fESihfywfouf vDeif? pwmvif? armfpDwHk; paom
uGefjrLepf acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk zwfMum;udk;um;um
tao;pdwf &Sif;jyavonf/
twdkcsKyfrSm xdkrdefYcGef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ EdkifiHa&;
tbd"rmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; azmfjyxm;ojzifh vlwdkif; avhvm

195

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

rSwfom;oifhonfh rdefYcGef;jzpfayonf/ xdkrdefYcGef;t& Adkvcf sKyfonf t&if;


&Sifpepf? zufqpfpepfudk vufrcHbJ vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh tvkyform;?
v,form;rsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;rnhf 'Drdu
k a&pDpepfudkom
vufcHaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ rdefYcGef;tjynhftpHkudk aemufqufwGJ XwGifzwfyg/
xdknDvmcHudk uRefawmfvnf; wufa&mufcJh&m AdkvfcsKyf\
jywfom;yHkudk rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrifhcJh&ygonf/ Oyrm 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
paom tcsKdUacgif;aqmifrsm;u Ak'bmomudk EdkifiHawmf bmomjyKvkyf&ef
wdkufwGef;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyfu ]]EkdifiHa&;eJY bmoma&; a&maxG;rIrSm rrSef/
'DudprSm avQmhray;Edkif/ cifAsm;wdYk rBuKduf&if uRefawmf(acgif;aqmif
tjzpfrS) qif;oGm;&ef toifh&Sdonf/}} [k ajymcsvdkufavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf udk,fwdkifr,HkMunfygbJ rdrdacgif;aqmifrI usqHk;
rnfpdk;onhftwGuf avQmhay;wwfaom acgif;aqmifrsKd; r[kwfay/ 1947ck azazmf0g&Dv 28-&ufaeY &efukefNrKdUawmfcef;rwGif jyKvkyfaom {nhfcH
yGJ AdkvfcsKyfu ]]acgif;aqmifvkyfwJhvlawG[m aemufvdkuf vlawGxuf
ydkNyD; tjrifus,f&r,f/ acgif;aqmif[m [dkvlajym [kwfEdk;Edk;? 'Dvlajym
[kwfEdk;Edk;? a,mifcsmcsmvkyf&if acgif;aqmif r[kwfzl;/ acgif;aqmif
vkyfwJhvl[m udk,f,HkMunfwJhudpu
dk wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk ajym&J&r,f/
&Sif;jyEdik f&r,f/ toufpGefYoifhwJhae&mrSm pGefY&J&r,f/ y&d,m,foHk;oifhwhJ
ae&mrSm oHk;&r,f/ tcsdeftcgvdkufNyD; vkyf&r,f/ trsm;a,mifvdkY
a,mif&w,f tarmif awmifrSef;? ajrmufrSef;rodqdk&if acgif;aqmif
r[kwfzl;}} ponfjzifh xnhfoGif;a[majymcJhavonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 0rf;xJuwrsKd;? yg;pyfuwrsKd; ajymwwf
ol r[kwfacs/ 1947-ck arv 30-&ufaeY owif;pmuGefz&ifhwGif
AdkvfcsKyfu ]]uRefawmfuawmh ,HkMunfwJhtwdkif; vkyfrSmbJ? xdef;vdkY &&if&

196

atmifoef;

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r&&if uRefawmf&JU acgif;aqmifrI HI;wmbJ/ uRefawmfvdk vlrsKd;[m


EdkifiHa&;orm;awmh jzpfrSmr[kwfygbl;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;qdkwmu 0rf;xJrSm
b,favmuf pdwfqdk;aywJh zHk;xm;Edkif&r,f/ uRefawmfuawmh pdwfqdk;&if
qdk;wJhtvdkuf zHk;vdkYr&bl;}} [k ajymcJhavonf/
ESpfopful;rdefYcGef;wGifajymcJhonfhtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
wzufrS vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jyifqif&if; tjcm;wzufrSvnf; wkdif;jynf
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf pdkif;jyif;avonf/ 1947-ck ZGefv 6-&uf
aeYwGif ,ck pmayAdrmefjzpfaeom ]qdk&ifwdkADvm} taqmufttHk EdkifiH
a&;orm;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;? XmetoD;oD;rS yg&*lrsm; wufa&muf
aom uGefz&ifhudk usif;yum wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf
pDrHudef; a&;qGJMuavonf/ xdkpDrHudef;udk w&m;0if ]2-ESpfpDrHudef;} [k
ac:aomfvnf; vltrsm;u ]qdk&ifwdkADvmpDrHudef;} [k ac:Muavonf/
uGefz&ifhtpwGif AdkvfcsKyfu t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh rdefYcGef; >rufMum;
avonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf >rufMum;&jcif;rSm xkduGezf &ifhwGif jrefrm
r[kwfaom yg&*lrsm;vnf; wufa&mufMuaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
xdkrdefYcGef;wGif AdkvfcsKyfu uGefz&ifhac:jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm
wdkif;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf a&&SnfpDrHudef; a&;qGJ&ef r[kwfbJ
vufiif;jyemrsm;jzpfaom vlaerIp&dwfusqif;a&;? tvkyfvufrJh
yaysmufa&;? odkYr[kwf avsmhyg;apa&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? vlaetdrfrsm;
ta&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? Nidrf0yfydjym;a&; ponfwdkY
twGuf pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&ef jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyavonf/ xdkYjyif yg&*l
qdkolrsm;vnf; rSm;wwfojzifh olwdkYajymwdkif; em;ra,mifbJ t&m&m
mPfjzifh ,SOfvkyf&ef uGefz&ifhwufolrsm;udk owday;avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf pdwful;,Oform;r[kwf/ vufawGUorm;jzpfonhf
twdkif; rjzpfEdkifonfudk rvkyfbJ jzpfEdkifonfudkom vkyfol jzpfayonf/

197

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

uGefz&ihfrprDuyif AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif a&;qGJonfh pDrHudef;ESihf


ywfoufaom oabmxm;pmwef;udk a0iSxm; yxraeYwGif wufa&muf
olrsm;tm; xdkpmwef;tm; a0zef ap&m rnfolrQ a0zefrnhfol r&SdMuay/
pmwef;wGif pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&ef (1) pm&if;tif;taMumif;t&m &SmazGa&;
tzGJU/ (2) tBuHmPfrsm;ay;aom pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJaomtzGJU/ (3)
aiGaMu;udpu
dk pdppfaom b@ma&;tzGJU/ (4) enf;vrf;&SmazGaomtzGJU/
(5) pkaygif;ppfaq; pDrHudef;rsm;udk qHk;jzwftwnfjyKaom tzGJU
ponfjzifh tzGJUi,frsm; zGJUpnf;um aqmif&Guf&ef nTefMum;xm;avonf/
1947-ck ZGefv 10-&uf t*FgaeYwGif wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;udk pwifusif;yavonf/ xdktcsdeftxd e,fcsJUvufyg;ap
rsm;onf ajcxdk;vsuf &Sdygao;onf/ Oyrm u&ifeDjynfe,f(,ck
u,m;jynf)rS udk,fpm;vS,f ESpfa,mufonf &efukefodkYa&mufNyD;rS
]]uRefawmfwdkY u&ifeDjynfe,frSm vGwfvyfNyD;jzpfonf/ wdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;wuf&efrvdk}} [k ajymum jyefoGm;Muavonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /Oya'oabmt& u&ifeDjynfe,fonf NAdwdoQ
vufatmufcH r[kwfay/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGUwGirf l NAdwdoQtpdk;&
jyKorQ Ek&ayonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif bdvyf tpdk;&udk,pf m;vS,ftzGJUESihf
aqG;aEG;aom yxraeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ]vGwv
f yfonfqdkaom
u&ifeDjynfe,f} [laom pum;vHk;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;ajymjcif; jzpfayonf)
1947-ck ZGefv 16-&ufaeY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf tpnf;
ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif
jrefrmEdik fiHawmftwGuf a&;qGJ&rnfh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'ESihf
ywfoufonfh vrf;nTefjy|mef;csuf tqdkudk atmufygtwdkif; wifoGif;
avonf/

198

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

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jrefrmEdik fiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;ol
jynfom;wdkY\ tmoDoqEESihf avsmfnDpGm EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'udk pD&ifa&;qGJ&eftvdkYiSm pHknDpka0;Muvsuf atmufyg
jy|mef;csufrsm;udk csrSwfMuaMumif;/
(1) EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'onf ]jrefrm
jynfaxmifpk EkdifiHawmf} [k ac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfhtcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif orwEdik fiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf/
xdkYjyif(2) jynfaxmifpkEdik fiHawmfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'u
owfrSwfazmfjyonhf woD;yk*v
jynfe,frsm;onf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfESihftrQ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tmPm &&Sdap&rnf/
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ESihfwuG? tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;
wkdY\ tcGihftmPm [lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ap
&rnf/
xdkYjyif(4) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHawmf\ wdkif;oljynfom;rSeforQonf
vlrIa&;&mif;? pD;yGm;a&;if;? EdkifiHa&;if; w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf
tqifhtwef; tcGihfta&;ESihf Oya'oufa&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuHKedrfjh rifh r&Sd?
yuwd wlnDap&rnfhjyif w&m;Oya'ESihfaomfif;? trsm;jynfolwdkY
apmihfpnf;tyfaom tusifhodumESihfaomfif; rqefYusiforQ vGwfvyfpGm

199

atmifoef;

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BuHpnfydkifcGifh? xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? 0wfjyKydkifcGifh?


y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;Hk;ydkifcGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdYk &&Sd
wnfNrJap&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk
owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&rnf/
xdkYjyif(5) zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdkY
vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;jcif; &Sdap&rnf /
xdkYjyif(6) vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwjrefrmEdkifiH\
e,fajrwdkY waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwHhckid fNrJa&;udkif;? EdkifiHawmf\
Munf;? a&? av wdkYudk tcsKyftjcmpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifu
h dkif;? w&m;"r
ESihfwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;apmihfxm;&Sdap&rnf/
xdkYjyif(7) &mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdik fiHawmfonf urmwGif
rdrd\ *kPfusufoa&ESihf avsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom tqifhtwef;odkY
a&muf&Sdap&rnhftjyif? vlow0gwdYk \ wdk;wufa&;ESihf aumif;usKd;
csrf;om jynfh0a&;wdkYudk wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukef jznfhpGrf;
xrf;&Gufum jynfaxmifcsif;csif; qdkif&m w&m;"rESihf usifh0wfodumudk
tajccHjyK urmYNidrf;csrf;a&; a&SUIvsuf EdkifiHwumwdkYESihf rdwf 0wfrysuf
wGJzufyl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIudk cdkifNrJaom t"d|mefjzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh/}}
tqdkwifoGif;&if; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Armjynf\ tajctae
t& jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH zGJUpnf;oihfaMumif;? vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh Armrsm;u
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm; twif; eom;yg;,m;vkyfrnf r[kwfaMumif;?
vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifaom orwEdkifiHudk vdkvm;aMumif;?

200

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf vlxkrS qif;oufonf[k ,HkMunfMuaMumif;?


vGwfvyfrI[lonf pnf;urf;&SdrS vGwfvyfrItppf jzpfEkdifaMumif; ponf
jzifh xnfhoGif;>rufMum;oGm;avonf/ rdefYcGef;tjynfhtpHu
k dk aemufquf
wGJ #-wGif zwfyg/

wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf wuf&efvmpOf
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202

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205

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206

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207

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210

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230

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232

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233

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234

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235

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236

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238

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239

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240

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246

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247

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256

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257

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258

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300

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302

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vsuf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;pcef;odkY aqmif&GufMu&ef vlxu
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ygw,f/

322

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awGUqHkpnf;a0;Mu&w,fqdkwm tifrwefaumif;wmbJ/ cifAsm;wdkY 'D
a&mufvmwm odwJhtwdkif; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&SUajy;yPmr jyif
qifrInDvmcHudk vmwufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpfeJY a&mufvmMuwm
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vmwufwJhtwGuf cifAsm;wdkYudk 0rf;yef;wom c&D;OD;BuKdjyKw,fqdkwm
avmufbJ avmuGwfpum;ajymNyD; ajymoifhajymp&m&SdwJh tcsufawGudk
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323

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EdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'pnf;rsOf;tajccHawGudk pOf;pm;bdkYbJ/ odkYay
r,fh tcsdefr&wmeJY 'kwd, vlpHkpHk&wJhenf;udk xGifNyD;oHk;&wmbJ/
Armjynf&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya' pnf;rsOf;tajccHawGudk pOf;pm;
r,fqdkawmh a&S;OD;pGm wcsKdUowif;pmawG? vlawG Iyw
f kyfwkyfvkyfaewJh
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z?q?y?v u vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; qHk;jzwfrvm;/ 'dkrDeD,ef tkyfcsKyfa&; qHk;
jzwfrvm;qdkwJh rIyfoifhbJ IyfaewJh ar;cGef;bJ/ 1946-ck Zefe0g&DvxJ
rSm usif;ycJhwJh z?q?y?v nDvmcHobifBuD;u bmqHk;jzwfcJhovJ/ 'D
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bl;/ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkom awmif;qdkw,fqdkNyD; twdtvif;qHk;jzwf
xm;wm&Sdaewm bmrSxyfNyD; em;Iyfp&m rvdkygbl;/ usKyfwdkY[m rSefwm
rrSefwm? aumif;wm raumif;wmawG tyxm;NyD; tJ'DnDvmcHBuD;&JU qHk;
jzwfcsufudk y,fvJry,fEdkifbl;/ ajymif;vJ rajymif;Edkifbl;/ 'Dawmh 'Dudp
[m bmrSxyfay:p&m rvdkawmhbl;/ odkYaomfvJ Armjynf vHk;0vGwfvyf
awmh tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifwJh EdkifiHvlrsKd;aygif;pHk (Commonwealth of
Sovereign Nations) udk jrefrmjynf u rwnf axmifbl;vm;? r0if
bl;vm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;uawmh wjcm;jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dar;cGef;[mawmh Arm

324

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udpu
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vnfatmif tpdk;& (State) qdkwJh oabmw&m;eJY ywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;
csifw,f/ 'D ]tpdk;&} qdkwJh obmw&m;eJY ywfoufNyD; a&S;u wkyf?
tdEd,? acgr? a&mracwfupNyD; uaeYtxd oabmtrsKd;rsKd; ay:cJhw,f/
tckacwfrSmawmh um;vfrwf qdkwJh yk*dKvfupwJh rwf0g'awG&JU oabm
w&m;[m wajz;ajz; acwfpm;vmw,f/
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wdk;wufwkef;bJ/ tJ'Dvdk oabmtrsKd;rsKd; qdkayr,fh EdkifiHa&;[m pD;yGm;a&;
tkwfjrpfay:rSm wnfw,fqdkwmudkawmh b,folrS rjiif;Edkifawmhygbl;/
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u tusKd;jcif; uGJjym;NyD; y#dyujzpfvmMuw,f/ 'Dy#dyujzpfwmawGudk

325

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BuD;wJhtrIi,fatmif? i,fwJhtrI yvyfatmif vkyfzdkYqdkNyD; tpdk;&qdkwmudk


vlawGu wifajrmufw,f/ wifajrmufwkef;uawmh vlawGubJ/ 'gay
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wJhtpdk;&[m rdk;usa&Tudk,fb0 a&mufoGm;w,f/ tJ'Db0upNyD; tpdk;&
qdkwm vlawGu tmPmtyfvdkY jzpfwmygvm;qdkwJh obm0[m vHk;vHk;
aysmufoGm;wmbJ/ tJ'D&Sifbk&ifpepfvkd om;pOfajr;quf qufcHwJhtpdk;&
rsKd;usawmhvJ bmajymp&m &SdawmhrvJ/ wcgxJ tpdk;&qdkwm bkef;uH
aMumifh (Divine Rights King) qdkNyD;awmif wcgwkef;u t,ljzpfwJh
txd tpdk;&&JU rlvb0[m aysmufcJhwmbJ/
tJ'DrSm ajymcsifMuvdrfhtHk;r,f/ 'gu a&S;&ifbk&ifawGyg/ tck
&Sifbk&ifawGuawmh tmPmvJr&Sdawmhygbl;/ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'
twdkif; tkyfcsKyf&wmygvdkY ajymMuvdrfhr,f/ aumif;NyD/ &Sifbk&ifqdk&if
om;pOfajr;quf qufcH&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk r;awG rwfawG &Sd&vdrfhr,f/
t*FvefrSmqdk&if 'Dtwdkif;bJ r[kwfvm;/ r;awG rwfawGqdkNyD; tacsmif
yGaeoavmuf yGaeMuwm/ (House of Lords) r;awG rwfawG
vTwfawmfqdkNyD; tqmus,faeMuwm olwdkYwawGbJ/ tmPm&Sdwm r&Sd
wmudk tyxm;NyD; olwdkYwawGudk 'Dvdk&Sdwm[m vlvlcsif; twlwlbJqdkwhJ
oabmw&m;udk zHk;vTrf;EdkiforQ zHk;vTrf;EdkifatmifvkyfNyD; aemufqHk;usawmh
vlawGu ay;xm;wJh tpdk;&tmPmudk tacsmifaumfEdkifatmif pDpOfxm;wm
awGbJ/ tmPmqdkwmvJ r&Sdbl;r[kwfygbl;/ ajAmifom odyfr&Sdw,f/
oG,f0dkufwJhenf;? pD;yGm;a&;enf;? [dwfvHk;[efvHk;enf;awGeJY trsm;BuD;bJ/
olwdkYtmPm&SdaeMuwmbJ/ NyD;awmh 'D&Sifbk&ifpepfqdkwmrsKd;[m tacsmif
wdkif;jynfydkufqHukefwJh&mxl;awG awmfawmfbJ&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh vlawGu
wifajrmufwJh ]tpdk;&} qdkwm[m vlawG&JU tpdk;&? jynfolawG&JU tpdk;&?
jynfolawGESifh tvSrf;ra0;bJ tNrJvufwGJaewJhtpdk;& jzpfrSomvQif
oabmw&m;twdkif; udkufnDr,fvdkY uRefawmfxifw,f/ tJ'Doabm

326

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

w&m;eJY ajzmifhajzmifBh uD;qefYusifwJh


&Sifbk&ifpefpudk rvdkcsifbl;/

om;pOfajr;quf

qufcHoGm;wJh

'Drkdua&pD0g'tppfudkom zefwD;r,f
tJ'Dawmh orwpepfudk vdkcsifw,f/ orwpepfom wdki;f oljynf
om;awGomvQif t&if;cHrlvblw jzpfw,fqdkwJh obm0udk jyefazmfw,f/
vlvlcsif; twlwlbJqdkwJh obm0udk jyefazmfw,f/ 'gayr,fh wckowdjyK
&r,f/ ]tpdk;&} qdkwJhtmPm[m tifrweftzdk;wef toHk;0ifw,f/ tJ'D
tmPmudkvJ ypnf;tiftm;aumif;wJhvlawG tcsif;csif; vkMuw,f/ &&if
vJ vufrvTwfcsifbl;/ wdkif;oljynfom;awG qdkwmuawmh tJ'DxJrSm
wkwfvkyftdkufcH&r,fhtcgusrS yg&wmbJ/ 'DvdktmPmvkMuwJhtcg ]'Drdk
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wJhpepfawGvJ &Sdw,f/ vlawGu? wdkif;oljynfom;awGu ]tpdk;&} tmPm
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tyfvdkufwmbJ/ 'gayr,fh usKyfwdkYudk cifAsm;wdkY tkyfpdk;wJhvlawGtwGuf
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vlawG&JUtusKd;udkvkyfwJh vlawG&JUtpdk;&omvQif 'Drdkua&pD jzpfEdkifr,f/
tjcm;[mawG 'Drdkua&pDtppf rjzpfEdkifbl;/ twkawGomjzpfw,f/
'Drdkua&pDqdkwm bmvJ
tJ'DvdkpepfrsKd;eJY orwtpdk;&rsKd;rSom usKyfwdkYwdkif;oljynfom;
awGudk tusKd;xda&mufpGm aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrSmbJ/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkif; 'Drdk
ua&pDwm r[kwfzl;/ 'Drdkua&pD acwfpm;vmwJhtcgrdkY a&ma,mifNyD;
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327

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vlcsif;? vlwef;pm; tcsif;csif;? vlrsKd; tcsif;csif; tp&Sdonftm;jzifh tcGifh


ta&;wef;wl usyfjynhf wif;jynfh r&SdorQumvywfvHk; 'Drdkua&pD usyf
jynfh wif;jynfh r[kwfao;bl;/
'Drdkua&pDwkawG
tck 'Drdkua&pD ac:aewJhwdkif;jynfawG trsm;[m wu,f h 'Drkd
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ao;w,f/ tJ'D 'Drdkua&pDawG[m t&if;ppfvdkufawmh t&if;&Sifac:wJh
ypnf;&Sif t&if;&SifawG pD;yGm;a&;cs,fvS,fwJhpepf tajccHwJh 'Drdkua&pD
awGjzpfw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifh t&if;&SifawG&JU tmPm&Sifpepf tkyfcsKyfa&;
udk 'Drdkua&pDqdkwJh brf;jyNyD;xm;wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;bJ/
'Drdkua&pD tppfuawmh
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t"duvdkvm;NyD; wdkifjynfwnfaxmifcsifw,fqdk&if 'Drdkua&pDpepft&rSbJ
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awG[m pifppfawmh 'Duae jzmxGufoGm;wmbJ/ b,f[mrS 'Drdkua&pD
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'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;awGudk vdkuf&SmNyD; vkyfaeMujcif;om jzpfw,f/
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csufcsif;jzpfrvm;/ b,favmuf MumrvJ/ b,fenf; taumif;qHk;vJ
qdkwmawGudk tck usKyfwdkY wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif&r,fhtcg txl;pOf;pm;&
r,fh tcsufawGbJ/

328

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

EdkifiHa&;[m pD;yGm;a&;tajccHay:rSm wnfw,f/ EdkifiH&JU zGJUpnf;


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rjzpfEdkifbl;/ t&if;&Sif 'Drdkua&pDorm;oufouf rsufpdeJYMunfhajym&if
awmh 'grrSefbl;vdkY ajym&rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh urmt&yf&yfrmS &SdwJh EdkifiHtoD;
oD; zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk Oya'awGudk twGif;ususavhvm&if pD;yGm;a&;
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MuwmbJ/
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atmufusaemufusjzpfaewJh uRefb0u vSrf;wuf&r,fqdkawmh tv,f
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oabmw&m;awGudk tajccHxm;NyD; wdkif;jynfwnfrSomvQif wu,fh 'Drdk
ua&pDEdkifiHudk a&mufatmifoGm;Edkifvdrfhr,f/
wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;t& jynfolawG&JU
tusKd;twGuf jynfolawGu wifajrmufwJh jynfolawG&JUtpdk;&jzpfHkeJY rNyD;
ao;bl;/ tJ'Dtpdk;&[m jynfolawG&JU vufiif;pD;yGm;a&; tqifhtwef;udk
tcGifhta&; wef;wl&EdkifwJhtajctxd jrifhwifEdkifatmif aqmif&Gufay;rS
wu,fh 'Drdkua&pDtxd wufvSrf;Edkifr,f/ 'gjzifh tJ'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD
tqifhtwef;a&mufatmif b,fvdktajccHawG cs&rvJ/

329

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
'Drdkua&pD tajccHrsm;

1/ ta&;BuD;wJh pufrIvufrIypnf;vkyfief;awGudk tpdk;& odrf;Edkif


&r,f/ odkYr[kwf odrf;Edkifatmif tajccHysKd;xm;&r,f/
2/ tvkyform;awG&JU aea&;? xdkifa&;? pm;a&;? aomufa&;?
usef;rma&;? pnf;Hk;a&;? tdek mpmta&;? tp&Sdojzifh tcGihfta&;awG
&Sd&r,f/
3/ v,fvkyfwJhvlawG&JUvufxJ v,fa&mufatmif pDpOfEdkif&
r,f/ v,ftajrmuftjrm;udk woD;yk*v
ydkifqdkifwJhpepfudk y,fzsufEdkif
&r,f/
4/ vlrsKd;toD;oD;[mvJ olwdkY&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;awG &atmif
pDpOfxm;&r,f/
5/ wdkif;oljynfom;awGomvQif tmPmydkif tppfjzpfw,fqdkwJh
oabmw&m;udk cdkifcdkifrmrmjzpfatmif pDpOfwwf&r,f/
6/ vlrsKd;? bmom? vdifra&G; wdkif;jynfBuD;om;wdkif; &oifh&xdkuf
wJhtcGifhta&;awG yg&r,f/
7/ wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&;[m jynfolYtpdk;&wm0ef jzpfw,f/ tck
uRefb0rSmvdk a&S;uvJ &JtzGJUtp&SdwJh tck jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUqdkwJh tzGJU
rsKd;awGudk woD;wjcm; wnfaxmif&wJh tajctaersKd; r&Sdap&bl;/
8/ wdkif;jynf Oya'w&m;Hk;pepf[mvJ jynfolawG&JUtusKd; a&SUI
r,fh jynfolYw&m;Hk;pepfrsKd; jzpf&r,f/
tJ'Dvdk tcsufawGygrSomvQif wu,fh'Drdkua&pD tajccHawG cs&m
a&mufr,f/ 'grSomvQif olYtcsdeftcga&mufwJhtcg 'Drdkua&pD qdkwJh
taqmufttHkBuD;udk rm;rm;rwfrwf wnfaqmufEdkifr,f/

330

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

'DtcsufawGudk xyfNyD; uRefawmf&Sif;jyygtHk;r,f/ yxrtcsuf


oabmuawmh ukefypnf;vkyfenf; (Means of Production) rsm;wGif
tcsuftcsmjzpfwJh opfawm? owK tp&SdwJh ajray:ypnf;? ajrwGif;ypnf;
rsm;? a&wGif;a&ay:oufqdkif&mrsm;? obm0tm;? vQyfppftm;? rD;&xm;?
avaMumif;oGm;vma&;? pmydkYwdkuf? oHBuKd;? pum;ajymaMu;eef;? toHvTifh
HkwdkY[m wdkif;jynf&JUudk,fpm; tpdk;&ydkif jzpf&vdrfhr,f/ wjcm;ypnf;vkyf
ief;awGudkvJ wwfEdkiforQ jynfolYor0g,rtoif;rsm;u ydkifqdkifatmif
BuKd;pm;&vdrfhr,f/ tpdk;& odrf;orQ ypnf;vkyfief;rsm;udk tpdk;&udk,fwdkif
vkyfEdkif&ifvkyf? rvkyfEdkif&if tjcm;vlawGudk iSm;&rf;wJh oabmom jzpf&
vdrfhr,f/
EdkifiHjcm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udpq
dk&if tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfEdik fatmif
pDpOf&r,f/ 'D[mawGudk bmjyKvdkY tajccHcs&ovJqdk&if jynfolawG trsm;
tusKd;&SdEdkifbdkYbJ/ 'Dvdkr[kwf&if t&if;&SifawGu cs,fvS,fcsifwdkif; cs,f
vS,fwJh tjzpfrsKd;a&mufNyD; wdkif;oljynfom;awGtay: t&if;&SifawGu
vuf0gBuD;tkyf aoG;pkyfEdkifwJh tajctaersKd; a&mufoGm;r,f/ tJ'Dvdk
t&if;&SifawGu BuD;pdk;HkwGifru woD;yk*v
t&if;&Sifydkif ukrPBD uD;awG
(Monopoly) wOD;wnf;ydkifoabmrsKd; jzpfoGm;NyD; aps;emt&yf&yfeJY EdkifiH
pD;yGm;a&;t&yf&yfudk olwdkYpDrH&m cH&r,fqdkwJhpepfrsKd; &Sdvmr,fqdk&if
uRefawmfwdkY 'DurmBuD;[m waeYraeYu tvGefatmhESvHk;emNyD; &GHrkef;p&m
jzpfwJh zufqpfpepfBuD; jyefay:vmbdkY pD;yGm;a&;tajccHBuD;udk cGifhjyK&m
usw,f/
t&if;&Sifpepf jzKwfypfr,f
'gaMumifh tJ'Dvdk (Monopoly) vuf0g;BuD;tkyf t&if;&Sif ukrPD
BuD;rsm;jzpfwJh (Cartels, Syndicates, Trusts) tp&Sw
d Jh woD;yk*v

331

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ypnf;vkyfief;BuD;awGudkawmh usKyfwdkY&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHOk ya'rSm twd


tvif; ydwfyifxm;&vdrfhr,f/ tck uRefawmfwdkYajymaewJh tcsuftvuf
awG[m qdk&S,fvpf0g't&vm;vdkY ar;csifar;Muvdrfhr,f/ r[kwfao;bl;/
trSefuawmh uRefawmfwdkYArmjynfrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk uRefawmfwdkY
b,favmufbJ xlaxmifcsifayr,fh tckArmjynfrSmjzpfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaet& b,fenf;eJYrS rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/ usKyfwdkYjynfrSm t&if;&Sif
pepf qdkwmawmif aumif;aumif;r&Sdao;bl;/ t&if;&Sifpepfxuf aemuf
wqifhuswJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfrSm usKyfwdkY a&mufaew,f/ 'Dawmh usKyfwdkY[m
t&if;&Sifpepfudk rvTJra&SmifomvkdY cGifhjyKxm;awmh udk,yf dik f woD;yk*v

ypnf; udk,fydkifvkyfief;awG &SdtHk;rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfwdkY[m


t&if;&Sifpepfudk rwwfomvdkY cGifhjyK&ayr,fh wwfEdkiforQ csKyfcs,f&vdrhf
r,f/ udk,fydkifypnf;? udk,fydkifvkyfief;awGqdk&if trsm;tusKd;udk rxdcdkuf
ap&bl;/ udk,fydkifypnf;? udk,fydkifvkyfief;awGudk vkdwJhtcg tpdk;&u wdkif;
jynfudk,fpm; odrf;Edkifr,fh tajccHrsKd;awG zGifhxm;&vdrfhr,f/
tvkyform;tcGifhta&; umuG,fr,f
t&if;&Sifpepfudk cGifhjyKxm;awmh tvkyform;awG&JU tcGifhta&;
awGudk aumif;aumif;owfrSwfNyD; olwdkYaoG;pkyfcsifwdkif; rcH&atmif pDrHzef
wD;NyD; tajccHw&m;awG zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rSm xnfhxm;&vdrfhr,f/
v,fvkyfolom v,fydkif&r,f
v,f,majrydkifqdkifrIudprSmqdkvJ v,f,majrvkyfwJh vlawG
v,f,majr&atmif tajccHawG cs&vdrfhr,f/ v,fajr{u tajrmuftjrm;
ydkifwJh v,f&SifBuD;pepfudkawmh Oya't& uefYowfcsKyfcs,f zsufy,fypf&

332

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vdrfhr,f/ aemufNyD; b,fvdk udk,fydik fv,f,majrrsKd;jzpfjzpf b,fESpf{u


xuf rydkap& tp&Sdonftm;jzifh Oya't& uefYowf&vdrfhr,f/ 'DvdkrS
rvkyf&if v,fydkif&SifpepfBuD;[m &Sdaewmudk rzsufEdkifHkwif r[kwfbl;?
jyefjzpfatmif vkyfwmjzpfvdrfhr,f/ v,f,majrrsm;udk trSeftm;jzifhqdk&if
aemufqHk; wdkif;jynfydkif ( tpdk;&ESifh or0g,rtzGJUydkif) vkyfEdik f&if aumif;
rSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ tJ'D[m rvkyfrD v,f,majrvkyfolwdkif; ajrvuf&Sd&
atmif vkyfEdkif&r,f/ 'DtcgrsKd;rSm tpdk;&u tv,ftvwfwef;ESifh
atmufwef;uswJh awmifolv,form;awGudk wwfEdkiforQulnD&vdrfhr,f/
tJ'Dvkd pD;yGm;a&; tajccHw&m;awGudk zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rSm xnfhbdkY
vdkvdrfhr,f/
tckeajymcJhwJh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHoabmw&m;awG[m t&if;&Sif
pepfeJY ruif;ao;ayr,fh trSefuawmh t&if;&SifpepfvJ rubl;/ qdk&S,f
vpfpepfvJ rusao;bl;/ EdkifiHa&;qdkwm pD;yGm;a&; tajccHoabmw&m;
awGudk acgifcsKyfokyfaqmifwJhtwkdif; 'Dvdk pD;yGm;a&;tajccHwJh t&if;&Sif
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;[m t&if;&Sifoufouf 'Drdkua&pDvkd t&if;&SifawG&JU
tmPm&Sifpepf udk umqD;rxm;bJ e,fcsJUpepf (Feudalism) udk wGef;vSef
NzKdzsufNyD; jynfolawG&JU tcGifhta&;udk aqmif&Gufr,fh jynfolvlwef;pm;
aygif;pHk tmPm&SifpepfyHkoPmef aqmifxm;wJh 'Drdkua&pDopfEdkifiHa&;
jzpf&r,f/ tcktcsKdUEdkifiHawGrSm usKyfwdkY Mum;odawGUjrif&wJh 'Drdkua&pD
qdkwmawG[m trSefuawmh (Oligarctry) ac:wJh t&if;&Sifjzpfjzpf?
t&if;&Sifvdk vlwef;pm;awGjzpfjzpf vlwpkavmufom BuKd;udkifxm;wJh
tmPm&Sif vkyfaewJhpepfawGjzpfw,f/

333

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vltrsm;qHk;tusKd;&SdrI a&SUIw,f

usKyfwdkYvdkcsifwmuawmh (Greatest happiness of the


Greatest number) vltrsm;qHk; taumif;qHk; csrf;omokc&atmif
tJ'Dvdk vltrsm;qHk;u BuKd;udkifwJh tmPm&SifvkyfwJh 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;udkom
vdkcsifwmbJ/ tukefvHk;tusKd;&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmawmh ckvdk t&if;&Sif?
tvkyform;? v,f&Siftp&SdwJh vlwef;pm;uGJjym;rIawG&SdaeorQ umvywf
vHk; rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/ v,f&Sif tusKd;&Sdwdkif; v,form; tusKd;r&SdEdkifbl;/
tvkyf&Sif tusKd;&Sdwdkif; tvkyform; tusKd;r&SdEdkifbl;/ olwdkYtcsif;csif;
tusKd;awG[m wcgwcg aphpyfvdkY r&EdkifbJ wOD;tusKd;&Sd&if wOD;xdr,f
qdkwJh tajcrsKd; jzpfvmwJhtcg tpdk;&[m wzufzufu yif;rSjzpfr,f/ tJ'D
awmh 'Drdkua&pDopfqdkwm tpdk;&u vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh vlqif;&JawGbufu
xHk;pHawmh yifr,fqdkwJhoabmbJ/
vlrsm;pktmPmydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;
'Drdkua&pDopft&vkyfr,fh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rsKd;[m b,fvdk
jzpf&rvJqdk&if wdkif;oljynfom;vlrsm;pkawG tmPmydkiftjzpf tkyfcsKyfEdkif
atmif olwdkYa&G;aumufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m atmufuaeNyD; xdyftxd
wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&; wdkif;jynftpdk;&tmPmudk udkifxm;&r,f/ olwdkYa&G;
aumufvdkufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk rBuKdufvdkY&Sd&if jyefac:Edkif&r,f/
'Dawmh tck ArmjynfrSm&SdaewJh t&m&SdjALdku&uf tkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd;
r&SdEdkifawmhbl;/ wdkif;jynfopmrazmufwJh wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;om;awG[m
jynfolYvGwfvyfcGifhawGudk trsm;tusKd;twGufvkyfr,fh ae&mawGrSm &&Sd
vdrfhr,f/ 'Dae&mrSm vltrsm;pkvdkYqdkwm[m ypnf;tajctae &mxl;tajc
taeudk taMumif;jyKNyD;om vlrsm;pk? vlenf;pkjzpfMuwJh vlawGudkom
qdkvdkw,f/ vlrsKd;a&;t& uGJjym;aewJhvlrsm;pk vlenf;pk udpa wGrSmawmh

334

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vlrsm;pkvlrsKd;pku vlenf;pkvlrsKd;awGtay: vTrf;rdk;rIr&SdaprS 'Drdkua&pD


rSefr,f/ vlrsKd;t& bmomt& vdift& tcGifhta&;cGJjcm;rI? ESrd fcsrIawGudk
Oya't& y,fzsufNyD; 'DvdkESdrfeif;wmawGrsKd;awGU&if Oya't& tjypfay;
wmrsKd;awmif pDrH&r,f/ 'grS 'Drdkua&pD yDor,f/ vlrsKd;a&;ESifh ywfouf
xyfrHNyD; uRefawmfaqG;aEG;ygtHk;r,f/
jALdku&uftkyfcsKyfa&; zsuf&r,f
txufrSmajymcJwJhtxJrSm tck ArmjynfrSm&SdaewJh t&m&Sd jALdk
u&uftkyfcsKyfa&;rsKd; r&SdEdkifawmhbl; qdkwm[m bmqdkvdkwmvJ/ uRefawmf
&Sif;jyvdkygao;w,f/ vGwfvyfr,fh ArmjynfBuD;rSm tck tpdk;& t&mxrf;?
trIxrf;awG? avmu"mwfq&m? ynmonf? pufq&m? aq;q&m tp&SdwJh
vlawGudk rvdkawmhbl;vm;qdk&if olwdkYudk vkdvdrfhr,f/ olwdkYtxJu
(Technicians) ac:wJh txl;oifMum;rI wwfwJva
l wG qdkvdkY&Sd&if
tpdk;&u aumif;aumif; ajrmufpm;&rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh olwdkY[m jynfolY
tpkd;& jynfolYrdwfaqGawG jzpf&r,f/ jynfolawGudk *krpdkufbJ txuf
vlBuKduf NyD;a&mvkyfwJhvlpm;awG rjzpf&bl;/ wdkif;jynfeJY jynfolawG&JU
opmudk apmifhxdef;wJhvlawG jzpf&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'DvdkvlawG trSefrawmh
wcsKdU vcawG bmawGrSm enf;csifenf;vmayr,fh vGwfvyfr,fh Arm
jynfrSm ydkNyD;tcGifhta&;awG ay;vmEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ ,cktcg t*Fvdyf
awGom vkyfae&wJh ae&mrsKd;awG uRefEdkifiHjzpfaevdkY ocifEdkifiHvkyf&wJh
ae&mrsKd;awGrSm olwdkY 0ifcGifh vkyfcGifh &SdvmMurSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ a&S;u
t&m&Sdpepftwdkif; jynfolawGESifh wjcm;pDawmh aevdkYrjzpfEdik fbl;/

335

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&; tpdk;&wm0ef

NyD;awmh *syefjynfrSmvdk ppfwyfu EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;rSm cs,fvS,f


wmrsKd;? *smrPDrSm [pfwvmwdkY wufvmwmrsKd;udk pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;
t& ESdrfeif;wJhae&mrSm vGwfvyfwJhArmjynfwGif wdik f;jynfumuG,fa&;[m
tpdk;&&JUwm0ef? wwdkif;jynfvHk;&JU wm0efjzpfvmwJhtwdkif; umuG,fa&;
vkyfief;rSeforQ tpkd;&omvQif vkyfEdkif&r,f/ ]woD;wjcm; udk,fydkiftzGJU
awGu vkyfzdkYvJ rvdkbl;/ tcGifhvJ jyKEdkifrSm r[kwfzl;/} tckvdk uRefb0rSm
awmh wdkif;jynfumuG,fwJhwm0efu ocifvlrsKd;tpdk;& wm0efvkdjzpfNyD;
olwdkYuvJ aumif;aumif;rvkyfawmh uRefawmfwdkYzmom uRefawmfwdkY
wwforQ rSwforQ jzpforQ jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJU tp&SdwJh tzGJUrsKd;awGzGJU
NyD; vkyfae&w,f/
ppfoabm EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; r&S&d
'DvkdtzGJUawG[m vGwfvyfwJhArmEdkifiHrSm r&SdEdkifawmhbl;/ odkY
r[kwf&if vGwfvyfwJhArmjynfrSm 'DvdktzGJUrsKd;[m ppfoabm EdkifiHa&;
ygwDrsKd; jzpfwwfNyD; jzpfvmwJhtcg zufqpf0g'awG arG;jrLvmwwfw,f/
'gudkvnf; aumif;aumif; owdjyK&r,f/ txl;ojzifh zufqpf0g' Arm
jynfrSm ray:Edkifatmif pD;yGm;a&; EdkifiHa&;t& tzufzufuaeNyD; wm;&
vdrfhr,f/ zufqpfpepf zufqpf0g'qdkvdkY ArmjynfrSm a,mif0g;0g;awG
trsm;BuD; jzpfaeMuw,f/ zufqpfpepfqdkwm bmvJ/ Murf;oifhvdkY Murf;
wmudk zufqpfpepfac:wm r[kwfbl;/ udk,fESifph dwf roifhwm vkyforQ
udk zufqpfpepfvdkYac:wm r[kwfbl;/ aiGyifaiG&if; (Finance Capital)
BuD;awGu vufudkifwkwfvkyfxm;wJh wynfhawGeJY wdkif;oljynfom; vl
trsm;udk tMurf;ywrf;zdESdyfNyD; tifrwefusOf;ajrmif;rSm;,Gif;wJh? vlrsKd;a&;
w&m; vufudkifxm;wJh0g'[m zufqpf0g'bJ/ tJ'Dawmh pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiH

336

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

a&;? vlrsKd;a&;w&m;awGESifh ywfoufNyD; usKyfwdkY[m zufqpftm;ay;


w&m;awG ray:atmif wdkif;jynfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya' vkyfuwnf;u pDrH
xm;&vdrfhr,f/
vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwmbmvJ
'Dae&mrSm vlrsKd;a&;udpu
dk uRefawmfaqG;aEG;vdkw,f/ t*Fvdyfvkd
rSm ( Nation or Nationality, Race, Tribe) tp&Sdonftm;jzifh
vlrsKd;a&;awGudk toD;oD; ac:xm;wm&Sdw,f/ (Nation or Nationality)
qdkwmrsKd;uawmh Armvdk wdwdusus b,fvkdjyef&r,fqdkwm Armh
tbd"mef ususeexGufrSbJ jzpfEdkifrSmbJ/
t"dym,fuawmh Oyrm NAdwdoQvlrsKd;qdk&if t*Fvdyf? paumh?
a0v? tdkif;&pfvlrsKd;awG aygif;xm;wmudk ac:wmbJ/ tar&duefvlrsKd;qdk
&ifvJ Oa&myuvlrsKd;pHk tar&duefrSm vmaeNyD; tar&duefvlrsKd;vdkaewJh
vltm;vHk;udk ac:wmbJ/ 'Dawmh (Nation) odkYr[kwf (Nationality)
ac:wJh vlrsKd;BuD;udk qdMk uygpdkY/ tJ'DvlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm b,fvdk tcsif;t&m
awGeJYjynfhpHkrS vlrsKd;BuD;vdkY ac:rvJ/ tJ'DvlrsKd;a&;jyemeJY ywfoufNyD;
tck urmausmf qdkAD,uf,leD,efacgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfwJh pwmvifu b,f
vdkokyfazmfxm;ovJqdk&if A nation is a historically evolved
Stable Community of Language, territory, economic life, and
psychological maker, manifesteo in a community of cluture:

vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm
vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm &mZ0ift& jzpfyGm;vmNyD; wnfwnfwefYwefY ae
vmwJh olYbmompum;eJY olYe,fajreJY olYpD;yGm;a&;eJY olY,Ofaus;rIynm

337

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

xHk;pH"avhawGeJY nDnGwfpnf;Hk;xm;wJh vlaygif;pkbJvdkY pwmvifu okyf


azmfjycJhw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm vlaygif;pkqdkwm[m (A nation is not a racial
or tribal community of people) vdkY twdtvif; azmfjyxm;w,f /
t"dym,fuawmh vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm taoG;tom; tqif;wlwJh ( Race) wdkY
(Trible) wdkYac:wJh vlrsKd;pkrsKd; r[kwfzl;/ tJ'D (Race) wdkY (Trible) wdkY
ac:wJh vlrsKd;pkrsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfw,fvdkY &Sif;vif;jyefw,f/
tJ'DrSmvJ pum;wl&SdHkeJYvJ vlrsKd;BuD; rjzpfEdkifao;bl;wJh/ pum;
wrsKd;xJ ajymMuwJh t*FvdyfeJY tar&duef[m vlrsKd;BuD;ESpfrsKd; jzpfaewm
txift&Sm;bJ r[kwfvm;wJh/ vlrsKd;jcm;wdik f; pum;rjcm;bl;/ pum;wl
wdkif; vlwrsKd;xJ r[kwfzl;/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm qHk;pnf;cGifhr&SdvdkY&S&d if
wrsKd;pDjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvdk qHkpnf;wJhae&mrSm wajrxJae? wa&xJaomufwJh
vlawGrS vlwrsKd;xJjzpfvmEdkifowJh/ aemuf pD;yGm;a&;rSmvJ wOD;eJYwOD;
ausmaxmufaemufcH oabmrsKd;rSDcdNk yD; aygif;pnf;xm;rSm jzpfowJh/
NyD;awmh vlrsKd;wrsKd;&JU pdwf"mwf (National Character) vdkYqdkwJh
vlY,Ofaus;rI xHk;pH"avhqdkwmudk rxm;vdkY rjzpfzl;wJh/ tck 'DtcsufawG
xJu wckESpfck&SdHkeJY vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd; rjzpfEdik fbl;wJh/ 'DtcsufxJu wck
avmuf r&HkeJYbJ vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwJh *kPft*Fgudk rxdkufbJ jzpfoGm;EdkifowJh/
tJ'Dawmh 'Dtcsif;t&mawGtm;vHk; jynfhpHkrS vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd; jzpfw,fqdkbJ/
'Dae&mrSm (Common Language) qdkwJh pum;wlvdkY qdkwmrSmvJ Oyrm
NAdwdoQvlrsKd;BuD;rsm; t*Fvdyfpum; tm;vHk;ajymMuw,f/ em;vnfMu
w,f/ 'gayr,fh tdkif;&pfwdkY bmwdkYrSm olwdkYpum; oyfoyf&Sdw,f/
tJ'gudkvJ owdjyKbdkYvdkw,f/

338

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
EdkifiHawmf

aemufNyD; (State)? ('Dae&mrSmawmh vufeufEdkifiHawmfvdkYbJ


qdkMuygpdkY/) tJ'DvufeufEdkifiHawmfqdkwJh (Pol, Community) EdkifiHa&;
vlaygif;pHkeJY vlrsKd;BuD;aygif;pHk (National Community) udk em;rIyf
apvdkbl;vdkY pwmvifu &Sif;xm;w,f/ b,fvdkvJqdk&if wlwmawGxJrSm
pum;wlrS vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd; qdkwm jzpfEdik fr,f/ odkYaomfvnf; vufeuf
EdkifiHawmfqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;vlaygif;pkxJrSmawmh pum;rwlayr,fh wEdkifiHxJ
jzpfEdkifw,fqdkwm azmfjyxm;w,f/
vlrsKd;a&;vlenf;pk
aumif;NyD/ 'DtcsufawGudk tajcjyKNyD;pOf;pm;&if uRefawmfwdkY Arm
jynfrSm (Nation or Nationality) vlrsKd;BuD;tjzpfeJY b,fESpfrsKd;
&SdovJqdk&if pifppfajym&&ifawmh tm;vHk; wrsKd;xJbJ &SdEdik fr,f/ (Race,
Tribe) qdkwJh[mrsKd;awmh &Sdoaygh/ 'grsKd;awGaum (Nation or
Nationality) xJrSm r&Sdbl;vm;qdkawmh &SdowJh/ olwdkYudk (National
Minority) vkdY ac:w,f/ vlrsKd;a&;vlenf ;pkawGvdkY ac:w,fwJh/ tJtcke
uRefawmfwdkY ArmjynfrSm vlrsKd;BuD;vdYk ppfppfac:Edkifwm tm;vHk;
aygif;ac:rSm jzpfEdkifw,fvdkY uRefawmfbmjyKvdkYajym&ovJqdk&if txufrSm
azmfjycJhwJhtcsufawGeJY jynfhpHkwJh vlaygif;pkqdkvdkY &Srf;vlrsKd;udk ajymr,fqdk
&ifawmh ppfppfr[kwfbJ cyfavsmhavsmh oabmrsKd;qdk&if vlrsKd;BuD;vdkY ac:
Edkifygvdrfhr,f/ wjcm;vlrsKd;qdk&if rac:Ekdifbl;/

339

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
uGJjym;csufawG

Oyrm *sif;azmvlrsKd;? olwkdYrSm txufyg vlrsKd;BuD;t*Fg jynfhjynfh


pHkpHk r&Sdbl;/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm olYcsnf; rjzpfEdkib
f l;/ Oyrm csif;/
csif;usawmh ydkawmifqdk;oGm;ao;w,f/ bmjyKvdkYvJqdk&if olwdYk rSm pum;
wludk r&Sdbl;/ tcsif;csif;usawmh Armpum;&ifvJoHk;? t*FvdyfawG pDrHcJhvdkY
ukvm;pum;&ifvJ oHk;ae&wmbJ/ u&ifeDudkMunfh/ vlOD;a&uvJ rdk;NAJe,f
qdkwm xnhfygrS &Spfaomif;avmufbJ &Sdw,f/ tJ'D &Spfaomif;avmufu
tcsif;csif; bmpum;oHk;ae&ovJqdk&if Armpum;udk oHk;&w,f/ u&if
vlrsKd; MunfhtHk;rvm;/ trsKd; 12-rsKd;avmufuGJNyD; pum;qdk&ifvJ
(Principal Languages)
t"du pum;ESpfrsKd;awmif &Sdaew,f/
tcsif;csif;usawmh Armpum;bJ oHk;&wmbJ/ &Srf;qdkwmvJ trSefuawmh
Armpum; trsm;tm;jzifh em;vnfMuwmbJ/ ,Ofaus;rIqdk&if Armh
,Ofaus;rIeJY wlwmawG trsm;BuD;bJ/ vlrsKd;BuD; tcsif;csif;qdk&ifawmh
(Nations are sovereigns and all nations are equal) vdkY
vlrsKd;BuD;awG[m tcsKyftjcmtmPm&Sdw,f? twlwlbJ? wef;wlbJvdkY
pwmvifu qdkxm;w,f/
udk,fydkifjy|mef;EdkifcGifh
'gjzifh 'Dt"dym,fu b,fvdkoabmvJ/ vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm tcsif;
csif;aygif;oif;ae&if (Regional Antonomy) qdw
k Jh e,fajrt&
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&SdNyD; cGJxGufcGifhyg &xkdufowJh/ udk,fydkifjy|mef;Edik fcGifh
vHk;0&xdkufowJh/
The right of self determination means that a nation
can arrange its life according to its own will. Its has the right
to arrange its own life on the basis of antonomy.

340

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

It has the right to enter into federal relation with


other nations. It has the right to complete secession. vkdY

qdkxm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh qufajymxm;wm &Sdao;w,f/


This of courese does not mean that Social Democrats
will support every demand of a nation. A nation has the right
even to return to the order of things; but this does not mean
that Social Democrats will subscribe to such a decision if
taken by any institition of the said nation......NyD;awmh
In fighting for the right of nations to self
determination, the aim of the Social Democrats is to put an
end to the policy of national oppression, to render it
impossible, and there by to remove the grounds of hostility
and reduce it to a minimum.

udk,fydkifjy|mef;EdkifcGifhudk vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwmwdkif; &xdkufw,f qdkay


r,fh ae&mwum tNrJwrf;r[kwfzl;/ aumif;usKd;vkyfzdkYom jzpfw,f/ qdk;
usKd;vkyfzdkY r[kwfzl;qdkwm ajymxm;w,f/ vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; cs,fvS,fvTrf;
rdk;rI? ESdyfpufrIrjzpf&atmif 'DtcGifhta&;rsKd;udk vlrsKd;BuD;wdkif;udk ay;wm
bJ/ yD;awmh ]rwf0g'} #Dumq&mwOD;uvJ
It would be wrong to say that marxists must support
every national movement and that they have to apply the
principle of national self-determination as a dogma in every
simple case. Also the right of self-determination of this or
that national group has to be definitely denied if under the
given conditions it would serve reactionary purposes and do
a disservice to the general cause of democracy.

uG,fvGefoGm;wJh vDeifqdkwJh yk*KdvfBuD;uvJ qdkxm;w,f/


The various demands of democracy, including selfdetermination, are not absolute, but a small part of the

341

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

general democratic (now general socialist) world movement.


Possible in individual concrete cases, the part may contradict
the whole, if so it must be rejected. aemufNyD;
The question of the right of a nation freely to secede
must not be confused with the question of whether it would
be expedient for any given nation to secede at any given
moment.

'gawGtm;vHk;NcKHvdkufawmh bmt"dym,fxGufovJqdk&if vlrsKd;BuD;


qdkwm tcsif;csif; aygif;Mu&if udk,fydkifjy|mef;cGifht& aygif;Mu/ 'gayr,fh
ae&mwum tcsdeftcgwdkif;rSm tajctae tusKd;taMumif;udk raxmufbJ
t&rf;ukd,fydkifjy|mef;cGifh r[kwf&bl;qdkwJh t"dym,fygbJ/ 'gu (Nation
or nationality) qdkwJh vlrsKd;BuD;ESifh ywfoufNyD; odoifhodxkdufaom
oabmw&m;awGbJ/ yD;awmh
Of course, not one of the regions constitutes a
compact homogeneous nation for each is interspersed with
national minorities. Such are the Jews in Poland, the Latvians
in Lithuania, the Russians in Caucasus, the Poles in the
Ukraine, and so on. It may be feared, therefore, that the
minorities will be oppressed by the national majorities. But
there will be grounds for this fear only if the old order
continues to prevail in the country. Give the country
complete democracy and all grounds for this fear will vanish.
What is it that particularly agitates a national
minority? A minority is discontented because it does not
enjoy the right to use its native language. Permit it to use its
native language and the discontent will pass of itself. A
minority is discontented because it does not posses its own
schools. Give it its own schools and all grounds for discontent
will disappear. A minority is doscontented because it does

342

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

not enjoy liberty of conscience, etc. Give it these liberties


and it will cease to be discontented. Thus national equality
in all forms (language, schools etc) is an essential element
in the solution of the national problem. A state law based on
complete democracy in the country is required, prohibiting all
national privileges without exception and all kinds of
disablities and restrictions on the rights of national
minorities.

'D[muawmh vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk tcGifhta&;awGESifh ywfoufNyD;


odoifhodxdkufwJh tcsufawGbJ/ yD;awmh vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkqdkwm vlOD;
a&b,favmuf&SdrS vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk ac:rvJqdkwmudkvJ odbdkYvdkw,f/
t&if ppfrjzpfcifwkef;u&SdcJhwJh EdkifiHaygif;pHk toif;csKyfBuD;u okyfjy
|mef;xm;wmuawmh? vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkqdkwm vlrsKd;a&; vlrsm;pk&JU ig;yHk
wyHkavmuf&SdrS vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkvdkY ac:Edkifr,fvdkY qdkxm;w,f/ bmjyK
vdkYvJqdk &Srf;jynfrSm vlrsKd;aygif; 20-30 avmuf&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvdkom vlrsKd;
uGJwdkif; a&Smufac:ae&&if qHk;rSmr[kwfzl;/ 'ghaMumifh vlOD;a& owfrSwf&
wmbJ/ odkYayr,fh ArmjynftzdkYrSm vlrsKd;a&; vlrsm;pk&JU ig;yHkwyHkqdkwm
awmh rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;w,f xifw,f/ q,fyHkwyHkavmuf&Sd&ifbJ vlrsKd;
a&; vlenf;pkvdkY ac:oifhw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lqw,f/ vlrsKd;a&; vlrsm;pk
&JU ig;yHkwyHk&SdrS vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pkqdk&ifawmh ArmjynfrmS vlrsKd;a&; vl
enf;pkudk r&SdEdkifawmhbl;/
u&ifvlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk
'gayr,fh Oyrm u&ifvlrsKd;qdkvdkY&Sd&if vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pktjzpfeJY
tcGifhta&;awG &oifhoavmuf r&bJ &Sdaew,fqdkwm jiif;vdkY usKyfwdkY
&rSm r[kwfzl;/ NyD;awmh olwdkYwawG[mvJ ArmawG&JU q,fyHkwyHkavmuf

343

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tzsif;qHk;&Sdvdrfhr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olwdYk udkawmh vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk tcGifh


ta&;awGudk ay;bdkY awmif;w,f/ rGefvlrsKd; udp qdk&ifawmh olwdkYrSm tck
vlrsKd;a&; vlenf;pk tjzpfeJY rGefpmay? rGefausmif;awG udpavmufuvGJ&if
wjcm;epfemcsufawG r&Sdygbl;/ rGef&,f Arm&,f cGJjcm;NyD; u&ifudk
oabmxm;ovdk xm;apcsifvdkYawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;/
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH xlaxmifMupdkY
'Dawmh vlrsKd;a&;jyemeJY ywfoufNyD; uRefawmf awmfawmf pHkpHk
vifvif ajymjyNyD;wJhaemuf uRefawmfwdkY Armjynfopfudk wnfaxmifawmh
jynfaxmifpkoabm wnfaxmifrvm;/ vlrsKd;BuD; wrsKd;xJbJqdkwJh wdkif;
jynfrsKd; (Unitary State) wnfaxmifrvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk
vdkw,f/ uRefawmfhtjrift& qdk&ifawmh txufvlrsKd;a&;t& &oifh&xdkuf
wJhtcGifhta&;awGudk pnf;urf;owfrSwfay;NyD;awmh (Unitary State)
vlrsKd;BuD;wrsKd;xJqdkwJh EdkifiHrsKd;awmh axmifvdkY rjzpfzl;/ jynfaxmifpk
oabmrsKd;bJ jzpf&rSmbJ/ 'gayr,fh aygif;cgrS aq;twGufav;wJh jynf
axmifpkrsKd;? vDeifajymovdk wpdwfwa'ou wckvHk;udk qefYusifwhJ
(The Part Contradicting the Whole) jynfaxmifpkrsKd; qdk&ifawmh
rjzpfEdkifao;bl;/ txl;ojzifh jynfaxmifpk[m pD;yGm;a&; wdkufwufrIudk
pkaygif;NyD; pepfwus pDpOfEdkifr,fh jynfaxmifpkrsKd; jzpf&vdrfhr,f/ 'grS
vlrsKd;tm;vHk; wdkif;oljynfom;trsm;qHk; wdk;wufrIudk vkyfEdkifrSmbJ/ aygif;
w,fqdkwm tcsif;csif; aumif;usKd;&Sdatmif aygif;MuwmjzpfNyD; qdk;usKd;&Sd
atmif aygif;wmrsKd; b,fenf;eJYrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/
'DvlrsKd;a&;jyemeJY ywfoufNyD; aemuftaMumif;ay:&if ay:o
vkd aqG;aEG;oifh&if aqG;aEG;ygtHk;r,f/ tck 'DrdefYcGef;rSmawmh 'DavmufeJYbJ
awmfavmufNyDvdkY uRefawmf ,lqygw,f/

344

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

udkif; usKyfwdkY vmr,fh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm b,fvdkzGJUpnf;


tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'rsm; a&;qGJqHk;jzwfoifhw,fqdkwmeJY ywfoufNyD; tajccH
w&m;awGudk uRefawmf ajymjycJhNyD;NyD/ 'Dtjyif uRefawmfwdkY bmawGvkyf
MuOD;rvJqdkwmawG pOf;pm;MutHk;pdkY/
yxr usKyfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf uaeNyD; b,fvdk b,fvdk
qHk;jzwfoifhw,fqdkwmawG pOf;pm;wmuawmh [kwfygNyD/ 'gayr,fh usKyf
wdkYqHk;jzwfwm twnfjzpfyghrvm;/ usKyfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf[m
tcsKyftjcm tmPm&Sd&JUvm; qdkwJhar;cGef;udk uRefawmf ajzjyvdkw,f/
tdEd,jynfrSm wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf[m tcsKyftjcm tmPmeJYjynfph HkwJh
tzGJUvdkY ,lqNyD; pDpOfMuw,f/ b,fvdkpDpOfMuovJqdk&if wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmf pwJhaeYupNyD; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfeJY qdkiforQudp rSeforQ
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfomvQif tmPmydkif qHk;jzwfEdkifw,f/ tpdk;&eJY
rqdkifbl;qdkNyD; pDpOfMuw,f/ usKyfwdkY bdvyftpdk;&eJY oabmwlxm;wJh
twdkif;uawmh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'udk qHk;
jzwfygqdkwJhtcsuf ygcJhw,f/ odkYaomf tcsKyftjcmtmPmqdkwm Oya'
oabm yg;pyfoabmjzpfHkESifh rNyD;ao;bl;/ usKyfwdkY wdkif;jynfaemufu?
usKyfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfaemufu (Popular Mass Sanction)
ac:wJh wdkif;jynfvlxk&JU tm;ay;axmufcHrI&rS tcsKyftjcm tmPmqdkwm
aoaocsmcsm taumiftxnfazmfEdkifr,f/
uRefawmfwdkYvdk tajctaersKd; rajymeJY/ vGwfvyfaew,fqdkwJh
EdkifiHawG&JU tcsKyftjcm tmPmawGawmif udk,fhwdkif;jynfaemufu
(Sanction) tm;raumif;vdYk &Sd&if tcsKyftcs,fcH&w,fqdkwm uRefawmf
wdkY owdjyKMu&r,f/ tJ'gu Oya'oabm? Oya'pum; r[kwfzl;/ EdkifiH
a&;oabm? EdkifiHa&;pum;bJ/ uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf ay:
aygufvm&jcif;[m awmfvSefx<uNyD; tmPmodrf;ydkufNyD;wJh EdkifiHtajc
taersKd;rSm ay:aygufwmrsKd; r[kwfbJ w0ufwysuf awmfvSefa&; tajc

345

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tae (Semi-revolutionary Situation) rsKd;rSm ESpfOD;ESpfzuf aphpyfNyD;


ay:aygufvm&wJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrsKd;jzpfawmh olYtajctae
twdkif; xl;qef;wJh taMumif;csif;&mawG awGU&w,f/ trSefuawmh
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk rusif;yrD vGwfvyfwJh ,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&
(Provisional National Government) qdkwmrsKd; ay:aygufNyD; vkyfEdkif
&ifawmh ydkNyD;aumif;wmbJ/ 'gayr,fh usKyfwdkY[m b0tajctaerSef
twdkif; aumif;wmudk pdwful;oefovdk ajymraebJeJY jzpfovdkuaeNyD;
udk,fvdk&m udk,fa&mufatmif qGJaqmifoGm;EdkifrS acgif;aqmifawG ppfr,f/
awmfvSefa&;orm; ppfr,f/ aeygtHk;/ awmfvSefa&;qdkwm bmvJ/
'Dar;cGef;udk uRefawmf ar;? uRefawmf ajzcsifao;w,f/ bmjyKvdkYvJqdk&if
usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynfrSm vli,fawG awmfvSefa&;pum; awmfawmfajymMuw,f?
'gaMumifh 'Dta&;udk uRefawmf tckaqG;aEG;&wmbJ/
awmfvSefa&;qdkwm bmvJ
bmvJ awmfvSefa&;/ tMurf;ywrf;vkyfwmwdkif; awmfvSefa&;
vm;/ r[kwfzl;/ tzsufvkyfief;qdkwmwdkif; awmfvSefa&;vm;/ r[kwfzl;/
vkyfcsifwdkif;vkyfvdkY &ovm;/ r[kwfzl;/ bm&nf&G,fcsufeJYvJ/ b,fvdk
vJ? vJ vJ vJ/ tJh'Dvdk ]vJ} awG trsKd;rsKd;eJY uRefawmfwdkY pOf;pm;MupdkY/
w&Ha&mtcgu 'Dar;cGef;udk uRefawmf 'DvdkajzcJhw,f/
Revolution
is
direct
participation
of masses
themselves to shape their own destiny fundamentally by all
possible means; historically inevitable and necessary, and
inadmissible of all forms of dry schematisation unrelated to
given historical conditions, and of blind, negative,
spontaneous, destructive character; and therefore creative in
the highest degree. Its fundamental objective is the

346

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

emencipation of all toilers; its basis mass participation, its


guarantee of victory mass consciousness. (in other words,
the degree to which the toiling mass is organised and thus
conscious of its role and power.)

awmfvSefa&;qdkwm
awmfvSefa&;qdkwm vlxku vlxk&JUuHMurmudk tajccHuaeNyD;
zefwD;&mrSm b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpfqdkNyD; vlxkudk,fwdkif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfw,f/ &mZ0ifaMumif;t& rvTJra&SmifomvdkYvJ vdkw,f/ jzpfysufay:
aygufaewJh &mZ0iftajctae tcsuftvufawGeJY tjcm;wvrf;jzpfwhJ
tacsmufwdkuf pdwful;pDrHudef;rsKd;eJYawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;/ NyD;awmh rsufaph
pHkrSdwfNyD; tuef;vdk &rf;vdkYrjzpfbl;/ wzufwGifom vkyfwJhtvkyf? tvkd
tavQmuf vlxkx<urI zsufqD;HktvkyfudkvJ vufrcHEdkifbl;/ tJ'gawG
aMumifh awmfvSefa&;qdkwm tBuD;tus,fqHk; jyKjyifzefw;D wwfwJhowd &Sd
ygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;&JU tajccH &nf&G,fcsufBuD;uawmh vkyfpm;udkifpm;
vlxkBuD; vGwfvyfrIjzpfygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;&JU tajccHtkwfjrpfuawmh
vlxkyg0ifatmif aqmif&Gufa&; jzpfygw,f/ awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifbdkY
tajccHuawmh vlxkBuD;&JU Edk;Mum;x<urI wenf;tm;jzifh vlxkBuD;[m
b,ftxd zGJUzGJUpnf;pnf;&SdvdkY b,ftxd rdrd&JUwm0efeJY wefcdk;tmPmudk
od&Sdem;vnf Edk;Mum;ovJqdkwJhtay:rSm wnfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd uRefawmf
ajzcJhw,f/
'DaeYvJ 'DvdkbJ ajz&rSmbJ/ usKyfwdkY tckvkyfaewm tm;vHk;awG
[m bmudk vkyfaewmvJ/ usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynfBuD;udk awmfvSefajymif;vJae
MuwmbJ r[kwfvm;/ tJ'Dvkd awmfvSefajymif;vJaewJhtcg Murf;oifhwJh
tcgvJ Murf;cJhw,f/ Murf;p&m vdkao;&ifvJ Murf;&tHk;rSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ
Murf;&r,fqdkwmawmh uRefawmfem;vnfoavmuf wu,fhawmfvSefa&;

347

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

oabmw&m; r[kwfzl;/ trd0rf;u zGm;jrifvmaomcav;[m rarG;cif


y#doaEwnf&w,f/ aeY&ufaphrS arG;zGm;&w,f/ tJh'DrwdkifrD arG;zGm;&if
ao&ifvJ aor,f/ avQm&ifvJ avQmr,f/ csdeJY&ifvJ csdeJYr,f/ tifrwef
aumif;cJw,f/ NyD;awmh arG;zGm;wJhtcgrSmvJ jyif;jyif;xefxefeJY zGm;&wm
&Sdw,f/ oufoufomomeJY zGm;&wm&Sdw,f/ tar? taz&JU usef;rma&;?
vufo,fvkyfwJhol usifvnfrI tp&SdwJh tajctaeawGt& jzpfwmbJ/
tckvJ tJ'Dtwdkif; awmfvSefa&;udk pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if wcsKdUvlawGu Murf;
rS tmPmodrf;&r,fqdkNyD; ajymMuw,f/ udkif; k&Sm;jynfrSm awmfvSefa&;
jzpfwkef;u tmPmodrf;,lwJhtcg Murf;cJh&ovm;/ NcKHMunfh&if rMurf;cJh&
bl;/ odrf;NyD;tmPmudk aemufusawmh jyefumuG,fwJhtcgrSm Murf;wm
awG vkyf&w,f/ bmjyKvdkY tmPmodrf;wJhae&mrSm rMurf;cJ&h ovJ/
tmPmxdef;odrf;xm;Edik fbdkY vkdw,f
awmfvSefa&; vkyfwJhvlawGu Murf;csifvdkYvJ r[kwfzl;/ rMurf;
csifvdkYvJ r[kwfzl;/ Murf;p&mrvdkvdkY rMurf;&wmbJ/ awmfvSefa&;&JU
aemufqHk;tqifh[m tmPmvuf& odrf;ydkufrIbJ/ tmPmvuf& odrf;ydkuf
rIqdkwmvJ uaeY tmPm&NyD; eufjzef jyefvGwfoGm;wmrsKd; r[kwfzl;/
&yD;wJhtmPmudk xdef;xm;Edkifatmif pDpOfNyD; odrf;ydkufrS wu,fh tmPm
odrf;ydkuf&m a&mufr,f/ t&ifppfBuD;jzpfcJhwJhtajctaeeJY tck ppfBuD;NyD;cJh
wJhtajctae jcm;em;rIudkvJ uRefawmfwdkY jrif&w,f/
t&ifppfBuD;tNyD;wkef;u e,fcsJUpepf[m tckvdk r,dkifvJao;bl;/
qdkAD,uf,leD,ef? Oa&myta&SU? wkwfjynfajrmufydkif;wdkYrSmvdk awmfvSef
a&; atmifjrifxm;wJhEdkifiHawG r&Sdao;bl;/ NyD;awmh ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;
tajctaeudk oHk;oyf&r,f/ tif'dkae;&Sm;rSm vufeufeJY awmfvSefcJhw,f/
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&; &NyDvm;/ r&ao;bl;/ NyD;awmh usKyfwdkY awmfvSefa&;

348

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vkyf&if b,ftxd tvGefqHk; vkyfEdkifrvJ/ trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSef


a&;qdkwmxuf ydkroGm;Edkifbl;/ 'g tvGefqHk;bJ/ wcHkxJESifh avSum;
tqifhqifh ausmfa&mufcsifvdkY rjzpfbl;/
There are in the meantime, another kind of people
who, though they may not be malicious, often got taken in
by the so-called theory of one stage Revolution and the
entirely subjective thesis which purports to complete the
political and social revolution in one stroke in utter disregard
of the development of the revolution, i.e the necessity of a
period of transition between one revolution and another; and
then permit themselves the non-sense of the talk referred to,
viz, to complete the political and social revolution in one
stroke.

olYenf;ESifhol udk,fhenf;ESihfudk,f
tJovdk wkwfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif armfpDwkef;u ajymcJhw,f
r[kwfvm;/ aemufNyD; pwmvifu rwf0g'orm;awG[m t&if;&Sifpepfudk
awmfvSefajymif;vTJNyD; qdk&S,fvpf0g' xlaxmifwJhae&mrSm wvrf;wenf;
wnf;om &SdwmvdkY r,lqbl;/ k&Sm;jynf&JUenf;[m k&Sm;jynf&JU tajc
taet&jzpfw,f/ t*FvefjynfrSm t*Fvefjynf&JU tajctaet& t*Fvdyf
enf;t& jzpfw,f/ k&Sm;enf;u ydkMurf;w,f/ t*Fvdyfenf;u ydkc&D;&Snf
w,f tp&Sdonftm;jzifh ajymcJhw,f/ aemufNyD; pwmvifubJ
(Revolution does not come of itself. It must be prepared for
and won.) awmfvSefrIqdkwm tvdktavQmuf rjzpfzl;/ jyif qifNyD;vkyfrS

atmifjrifEdkifr,fvdkY qdkcJhw,f/

349

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atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vGwfvyfa&;pcef ;udk b,fvdkvSrf;rvJ

tJovkd tcsufawGpOf;pm;NyD; usKyfwdkY vGwfvyfa&;pcef;udk b,f


vkdvSrf;&vJ/ uRefawmhftjrift&ajym&&if Armjynf&JU awmfvSefa&;[m
ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif; awmfvSefa&;&JU wpdwfwa'otjzpf yl;aygif;oGm;Edkif
rS vHk;0atmifjrifr,f/ tJ'DrwdkifrD usKyfwdkY ta&SUtm&Sawmifydik f;rSm&SdwJh
wdkif;jynfawG woD;wjcm;pD udk,fhvrf;udk,foGm;wJh tajctaersKd;awG
&SdaetHk;rSmbJ/ tJ'DtajctaersKd;rSm vGwfvyfa&;qdkwm &oavmufawmh
&rSmbJ/ vHk;0jynfhpHkr,fvdkY wxpfcs rqdkEdkifbl; ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif;
jynfaxmifpkomvQif tJ'Dtydkif;rSm&SdwJh EdkifiHawG&JU tpGrf;ukef vGwfvyfa&;
udk &,lEdkifr,f/ xdef;odrf;Edkifr,f/ wdk;csJUEdkifr,f/ 'Dtydkif;rSm urm&JU
e,fcsJUEdkifiHawG trsm;qHk;pkNyD; pdk;rdk;aeMuw,f/ tJ'De,fcsJUEdkifiHawG[m
woD;wjcm;pDtm;jzifh tiftm;enf;ayr,fh pkaygif;vdkuf&if tm;rao;ao;
bl;/ olwdkY[mvJ wOD;udkwOD; tultnDjyKoavmuf jyKaeMuw,f/
usKyfwdkYEdkifiHtcsif;csif;uvJ rdwfawmifrS aumif;aumif;rqufEdkifMuao;
bl;/ usKyfwdkY&JU toD;oD; tiftm;awG[mvJ vHk;0 cdkifrmawmifhwif;ae
w,fvdkY rqdkEdkifao;bl;/
jyifqifrIawG vkyfMupdkY
tJ'Dvkd paumpujzpfaewJh tajcrsKd;r,f usKyfwdkY paumpubJ
&SdaetHk;rSmbJ/ usKyfwdkY&JU Edik fiHtoD;oD;[m tdEd,jynfrSmom [dELESifh
rlpvifrsm; nDnGwfEdkif&if tdEd,vGwfvyfa&;[m usyfjynfhwif;jynfh
jzpfEdkifw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; jzpforQxJu taumif;qHk; jzpfatmif usKyfwdkY
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'
udk qHk;jzwfvdkufwJhtcg wdkif;jynfvlxk tHk<uaxmufcHrIudk EdkifiHa&;?
pnf;Hk;a&;? pD;yGm;a&; jyifqifrIawGu wzuf/ tdEd,? wkwfjynf? ta&SU

350

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tm&Sawmifydkif; tjcm;EdkifiHawGESihf qufoG,frIt&yf&yfvkyfNyD; jyifqifrI


awGu wzuf/ usKyfwdkYwdik f;jynf&JU umuG,fa&;tiftm;pkawGudk pkEdkiforQ
jyifqifrIawGu wzuf/ tpdk;&vkyfief;eJY jynfolYvkyfief;awGudk wGJzufNyD;
jyifqifrIawGu wzuf/ tJ'Dvkd tzufzufjyifqifrIawGvkyfNyD;awmh wdkif;
jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfBuD;udk pum;oabm tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfpHkwhJ
tzGJUuaeNyD; vufawGUoabm tcsKyftjcmESifh jynfhpHkwJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfjzpfatmif usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynf usKyfwdkYtajctaet& usKyfwdkYenf;
awGeJY zefwD;&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvkd zefwD;wJhae&mrSm usKyfwdkY bmawG
vkyf&rvJ/
aoG;ykyfawG azmufypfMu
1/ z?q?y?v eJY qufoG,fwJh vlxktpnf;tHk; (jynfolY &JabmfwyfzGJUyg)
awGu rdrdwdkY twGif;tiftm;pkawG oefY&Sif;Edik forQ oefY &Sif;Edik fatmif
udk,fhwyf vHkEdkiforQ vHkatmif? aoG;ykyfawG azmufypfwJh pepfudk
wEdkifiHvHk;csDNyD; vkyf&vdrfhr,f/
2/ Edik fiHa&;oifwef;awGudk pepfwuszGifhNyD; EdkifiHa&; vkyfaewJh
vli,fawGudk EdkifiHa&; xyfNyD; tjyif;txef oifay;Mu& vdrfhr,f/
3/ or0g,rvkyfief;udk tpdk;&tultnD &orQ,lNyD; taumiftxnf
jzpfoGm;atmif vkyf&vdrfhr,f/
4/ z?q?y?v vGwfvyfa&;&HyHkaiGudk qufNyD; aumufcHMu& vdrfhr,f/
5/ tpdk;&eJY jynfol yl;aygif;NyD; wdkif;jynf jyefvnf xlaxmifa&;udk
z?q?y?v u tifwdkuftm;wdkuf nTefMum;acgif;aqmifNyD; vkyfoGm;
&r,f/

351

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vGwfvyfa&;onf vrf;qHk;r[kwf

z?q?y?v wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf trwfawG[m z?q?y?v


tpkdk;&udk jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;awGrSm tBuHay; Pfay; ulnD
aqmif&Guf csJUxGifay;HkwifrubJ rdrdwdkYqdkif&m rJqEe,fawGeJY tquf
rjywfbJ vGwfvyfwJh ArmjynftwGuf wdkif;jynfvlxkudk tjrifrSeftwdkif;
jyifqifxm;bdkYvdkw,f/ txl;ojzifh wdkif;jynfvlxk[m vGwfvyfa&;&JU
wm0efrsm;udkvJ xrf;bdkY tqifoifhjzpfatmif a[majym jyifqifxm;bdkY
vdkw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&w,fqdkwJhudp[
m vG,fwJhudp r[kwfzl;/ vGwf
vyfa&; &HkESifh usKyfwdkYjyemawG ajz&Sif;oGm;MurSm r[kwfzl;/ tJ'Dtcg
usrS wu,fhjyemawG ay:vmvdrfhr,f/ vGwfvyfa&;[m vrf;qHk;
r[kwfbJ vlawG&JU aumif;pm;a&;udk a&mufapr,fh vrf;aMumif;om
jzpfw,f/
NcKd;NcHZGJoefMuyg
wdkif;jynf jyefvnfxlawmif&mrSm tck k&Sm;jynfopf wnfcgp
uvdk? tck bdvyfrSm jzpfaeovdk vlawG[m tifrwef NcKd;jcHonf;cHNyD; ZGJ
ebJeJY pdppfaqmif&Guf vkyfudkifEdik frS avmifpmusNyD; jymyHktwdjzpfaewJh
ArmjynfBuD;udk pnfyifom,m0ajymatmif reJ usKyfwdkYvkyf&vdrfhr,f qdk
wmudk usKyfwdkY[m vlxkacgif;aqmifawGqdkvdkY&Sd&if vlxkem;vnfatmif
a&SUaqmifa[majymnTefjyNyD; owd&Sd&Sd vkyfjy&vdrfhr,f/
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf csoifhu cs&r,f
tJ'Dawmhum t*FvdyfawGeJY pm&if;&Sif;MuwJhae&mrSmvJ Armjynf
vGwfvyf&if b,folawGeJY aygif;&rvJ/ b,folawGeJY aygif;vdkY aumif;

352

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

rvJ/ usKyfwdkY[m EdkifiHjcm;tultnD uif;vdkYrjzpfEdik fbl;qdkwmawG


axmufNyD; tajrmftjrifBuD;BuD;eJY vkyfwwf&vdrfhr,f/ tMurf;ywrf;
jzpf&ifvJ 'DavmufbJ/ 'Dtwdkif;oGm;vJ 'DavmufbJqdkwJh tajctaersdK;
qdk&ifawmh uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSm b,folbmajymajym tMurf;rudkifbJeJY
vGwfvyfa&;tmPmodrf;Edkifatmif vkyfrSmbJ/ odkYayr,fh 'DvkdrjzpfEdkifb;l
qdk&ifawmh cs&rSmbJ/ tJ'Dvdk vkyf&r,fhudpa wGrSm z?q?y?v rSm&SdwhJ
vuf0Jorm;awG&JUnDnGwfrI[m tajccHyifr tcsufBuD;jzpfw,fqdkwm
wkarS- oifw&m;emy&dowftaygif;wdkYonf? *PSmx- rarhravsmhraygh
owdESifh rSwfom;oGm;Muukefavmh[l wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ayownf;/

353

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-!
vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGuf
a&;qGJ&rnfh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh
ywfoufonfh vrf;nTefjyXmef;csuf

Ou|/ /
OD;atmifqef;emrnfESihf
OD;atmifqef;u wifoGif;ygvdrfhr,f/

wifoGif;xm;wJhtqdkudk

OD;atmifqef;(&efukefNrKdUr? vrf;rawmf)/ / awmifwef;a'orsm;


ESihf u&ifeDe,frsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdkY
\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\ tmoDoqE ESifh avsmfnD
pGm EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qGJ&eftvdkYiSm pHknDpk
a0;Muvsuf atmufygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk csrSwfMuaMumif;/
(1) EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'onf ]jrefrmjynf
axmifpk EdkifiHawmf} [k ac:wGifapaom vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif orwEdik fiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf/
xdkYjyif(2) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
Oya'u owfrSwfazmfjyonfh woD;yk*v
jynfe,frsm;yg0ifapvsuf? odkY
owfrSwfazmfjyonfh woD;yk*v
jynfe,frsm;onf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajc
cH Oya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfESifhtrQ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm
&&Sdap&rnf/

354

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

xdkYjyif(3) tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orwjrefrmEdik fiHawmf


ESihfwuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;wdkY
\ tcGifhtmPm [lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ap&
rnf/
xdkYjyif(4) jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf\ wdkif;oljynfom;rSeforQonf vlrI
a&;if;? pD;yGm;a&;if;? EdkifiHa&;if; w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf tqifh
twef; tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'oufa&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuKHerd fjh rifhr&Sd? yuwd
wlnDap&rnfhjyif? w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? trsm;jynfolwdkY
apmifhpnf;tyfaom tusifhodumESihfaomfvnf;aumif; rqefYusiforQ
vGwfvyfpGm BuHpnfydkifcGifh? xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? bmom
w&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh? 0wfjyKydkifcGifh? y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;Hk;ydkif
cGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdkY &&SdwnfNrJap&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif tcdkiftvHk owfrSwfxm;ap&rnf/
xdkYjyif(5) zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif vlenf;pkrsm;tzdkY
vHkavmufaom umuG,fcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf /
xdkYjyif(6) vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwjrefrmEdkifiH\
e,fajrwdkY waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwefYcdkifNrJa&;udkvnf;aumif;? EdkifiH
awmf\ Munf;? a&? av wdkYudk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhudk
vnf;aumif;? w&m;"rESihfwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;apmifh
xm;&Sdap&rnf/

355

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

xdkYjyif(7) &mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf urmay:wGif


rdrd*kPfusufoa&ESifhavsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom tqifhtwef;odkY a&muf
&Sdap&rnfhjyif vlow0gwdkY\ wdk;wufa&;ESifh aumif;usKd;csrf;om jynfh0
a&;wdkYudk wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGrf;ukef jznhfpGrf;xrf;&Gufum
jynfaxmifcsif;csif; qdkif&mw&m;"rESihf usifh0wfodumudk tajccHjyK
urmYNidrf;csrf;a&; a&SUIvsuf EdkifiHwumwdkYESifh rdwf0wfrysuf wGJzuf
yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIudk cdkifNrJaom t"d|mefjzifh apmifhxdef;awmhtHh/
'Dtqdkudk uRefawmf wifoGif;&wJhtaMumif;uawmhum uRefawmf
wdkY te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vlrsKd;pHkudk,fpm;vS,fwdkY tp&So
d nftm;jzifh vm
a&mufpka0;NyD;awmh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY zGJUpnf;NyD;
wJhaemuf Armjynf&JU zGJpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk a&;qGJbdkYqdkNyD; 'D
vTwfawmfrSm wm0efusvmygw,f/
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cHOya'udk a&;qGJr,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if wa,mufwaygufqdkwJh oabmrsKd;jzpfNyD;
bmrS tajccHr&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ vrf;pOfnTefjyxm;jcif;vnf;
r&Sd NzpfNyD;awmhum vdkcsif&mudk tjref&rSmr[kwfbl;/ ,ck uRefawmf wif
oGif;wJhtqdk[m Directive Resolution. aemuf 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSmbJ cefY
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vrf;nTeftrSmozG,fjzpfwJh tqdkom jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D aumfrDwD toD;oD;
awGu qufvufNyD; zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'xJrSm bmawGxnfhoifh
w,fqdkwm tao;pdwftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? rltm;jzifhaomfvnf;

356

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

aumif; aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;wJhtcg tajccHtm;jzifh b,ftay:rSm


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od&Sdxm;wmcsif; rwlwdkY&Sd&if uRefawmfwdkY aumfrDwDawGvkyfr,fh vkyfief;
awG[m tifrwef tcuftcJawGudk awGUp&m&Sdygvdrfrh ,f/ tJ'Dawmh tajc
cHoabmtm;jzifh vrf;jywJh? vrf;nTefwJh qHk;jzwfcsufwckudk wkdif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfu yxrOD;pGm qHk;jzwf&ef vdkygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk vrf;nTefwJh
qHk;jzwfcsuf &NyD;rS aumfrDwDawG zGJUpnf;NyD; tvkyfudk qufvufvkyfMu&
ygvdrfrh ,f/ 'DvdkrS r[kwf&if wcsKdUaumfrDwDu ]orw} pepf t& oabm
rsKd;eJY aqG;aEG;oGm;csif aqG;aEG;r,f/ wcsKdUuvnf; ]&Sib
f k&if} pepft&
aqG;aEG;csif aqG;aEG;r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh ]jynfaxmifpEk dik fiH} oabmudk
vufcHwJhvlawGu vufcH? vufrcHwJhvlawGuvJ olwdkYoabmtwkdif;
vkyfqdkovdk jzpf&if tzGJUtrsKd;rsKd;u wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrS jyefNyD; tpD
&ifcHwJhtcg qufpyfvdkYr&EdkifwJh tpD&ifcHpmtrsKd;rsKd;udk uRefawmfwdkY
b,fvdkrSvkyfNyD; qHk;jzwfwwfrSm r[kwfzl;/ 'gaMumifh 'DtajccHrludk
jyXmef;xm;NyD;rSomvQif a&SUqufvdkY &Edik fygvdrfrh ,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY
'DvdktajccHvdkwJhtwGuf 'DvTwfawmfwGif 'Dtqdkudk ,ckwifoGif;&jcif; jzpf
ygw,f/ 'Dtqdkudk uRefawmfwdkY tawmfbJ pOf;pOf;pm;pm;eJY a&;qGJNyD; wif
oGif;xm;ygw,f/ rlvyxrwkef;u uRefawmf wifoGif;&r,fhtqdk[m
z?q?y?v yPmrnDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJh tqdkbJ jzpfygw,f/
odkYaomfvJ tJ'Dtqdkudk zwfMunfhwJhtcg jyifp&mvdkaewJh tcsKdU tcsuf
tvufawGudk awGU&ygw,f/ z?q?y?v nDvmcHwkef;u qHk;jzwfcJhwJhtqdk
awGeJYywfoufvdkY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfHk;uaeNyD;awmh dkufNyD;a0xm;wJh
pmtkyf&Syd gw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm Munfhr,fqdk&if awGUygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D
qHk;jzwffcsufrludk uRefawmf jyifqifxm;ygw,f/ jyifqifwmuawmh
ed'gef; pum;csD;rSm awmifwef;a'orsm;eJY u&ifeDe,frsm; tygt0ifjzpf
aom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfol EdkifiHawmfom;wdkY\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;

357

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

oljynfom;wdkY\ tmoDoqEESifh avsmfnDpGm EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk


tajccHOya'udk pDpOfa&;qGJ&eftvdkYiSm pHknDpka0;HkavmufuvGJNyD; wjcm;
oabm ryg0ifatmif jyifqifxm;ygw,f/ ,ck (State) qdkwJh EdkifiH
awmfBuD;udk uRefawmfwdkY ArmjynfrSm rzGJUpnf;rdMuao;ygbl;/ tJ'Dawmh 'D
zGJUpnf;r,fh EdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawG? b,fe,fawG yg&r,fqdkwm
uRefawmfwdkY ususee owfrSwfNyD;om; rjzpfEdkifao;ygbl;/ ,ck
uRefawmfwdkY aqG;aEG;&eftcsuf[m ]EdkifiHzGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmf[k ac:wGifapaom tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif orwEdkifiH zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya' jzpfap&rnf} qdkwJh
tcsufudkom aqG;aEG;&ef jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkwmudk
uRefawmf txl;&Sif;jyaep&m rvdkygbl;/ 'DEdkifiHawmfudk jynfaxmifawG pk
xm;r,fqdkwJh oabmavmufygbJ/ jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u
uRefawmfwdkY tck zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'[m (Unitary
Constitution) vlwrsKd;xJqdkwJh Edi
k fiHrsKd;r[kwfbJeJY vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynf
axmifpkEdkifiHawmfqdkwJh t"dym,fa&mufoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfu
aeNyD; jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmftjzpf zGJUpnf;tyfw,fvdkY tqdkwifoGif;wJh
udpr Sm ,ck<ua&mufvmMuwJh trwfrif;rsm;u ArmEdkifiHawmfudk 'Dvdk
jynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmftjzpfeJY zGJUpnf;tyfw,fvdkYqdkwJh tajccHrl[m oifh
roifhudk 'DvTwfawmfBuD;u pOf;pm;bdkYygbJ/ uRefawmfwdkY tckjzpfaewJh
Armjynf&JU tajctaeawGudk axmufvdkYMunfh&if uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHudk
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmftjzpfeJY zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifrSomvQif oifhavQmf
avsmufywfygvdrfhr,fvdkY ,lqwJhtwdkif; 'DtajccHoabmxm;udk 'Dtqdk
xJrSm xnfhoGif;NyD; 'DvTwfawmfBuD;rSm wifoGif;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ jynf
axmifpkEdkifiHawmfvdkY 'DrSm wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh ,ck 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
rSm <ua&mufvmMuwJh awmifwef;a'orsm;u udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrif;rsm;
[m 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif olwdkYoufqdkif&me,frsm;u yg0ifNyD;om;

358

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

jzpfoGm;r,fvm;qdkNyD; oHo,&Sdaew,fvdkY uRefawmf od&ygw,f/ tJ'D


awmh 'Dudpe JYywfoufvdkY uRefawmf wdwdvif;vif; &Sif;csifwmuawmh
Armjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfvdkY ac:wGifbdkYqdkNyD;awmh 'DtqdkxJrSm wifjy
xm;ayr,fh 'Djynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxJrSm b,fe,fawGygvdkY b,fe,f
awGyg&r,fvdkY owfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdao;ygbl;/ 'Dawmh awmifwef;a'o
uaeNyD;awmh wufa&mufvmMuwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m bmrS 'Dudpe JY
ywfoufNyD; pkd;&drfp&m tvsOf;r&Sdygbl;/ 'Djynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmfxJrSm
udk,fygcsifrS udk,fhe,fqdkif&mrSaeNyD;awmh ygcsifrS ygEdkifwmbJ/ 'D
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf rzGJUpnf;rDtcgrSm wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf zGJUpnf;&ef
tvkdYiSm uRefawmfwdkY oabmwlnDcsufawG pmcsKyftrsKd;rsKd; csKyfwJhtcg
wkef;u awmifwef;a'ou udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eJY uRefawmfwdkYcsKyfqdkcJhwJh
pmcsKyft& qdk&ifjzpfap? aemufNyD;awmh awmifwef;a'oqdkif&m pHkprf;a&;
tzGJU tpD&ifcHpmrS axmufcHcsufrsm;udk uRefawmfwdkY vufcHvmcJhwJhtwdkif;
jzpfap? tJ'Dvdk vufcHxm;wJh 'DpmoabmwGifrubJ (Not only the
letter of agreement) 'Dpmoabmudk uRefawmfwdkY oabmwlnDvmcJh
wmwGifrubJ? uRefawmfwdkYtzdkYrSmqdkvdkY&Sd&if (The spirit of
agreement) oabmwlnDvmcJhwJh wu,fht&if;cH oabmw&m;udk
vufcHNyD;awmh 'Dtwdkif;bJ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm vkyfrSmygbJqdkwm
awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wdwdvif;vif; em;vnfapcsifyg
w,f/ uRefawmfwdkY ay;xm;NyD;om;uwd? em;vnfNyD;om; oabmwlnD
csufawGudk e,fcsJUorm;awGudkvJ uRefawmfwdkY azmufzsufjcif; rvkyfyg
bl;/ tJ'Dvdkay;NyD;om;uwdeJY em;vnfNyD;om; oabmwlnDcsufawGudk
azmufzsufrnfvm;vdkY oHo,&SdwJhvlawG[m Ou|rif; cGifhjyKcsuft&
ajym&&if uRefawmfwdkY&JU Sense of honour, Sense of Self-respect,
Sense of pride wdkYudk apmfum;w,fvdkY uRefawmf ,lqygw,f/ tJ'D
awmh uRefawmfwdkYay;NyD;om;uwd? em;vnfNyD;om; oabmwlnDcsufwdkY

359

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

t& awmifwef;e,fu udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfxJ


a&mufvmwJhtcg aoaocsmcsm em;vnfapcsifwmu b,fenf;eJYrS uRef
awmfwdkY Armvlrsm;pkjzpfwJhvlawG[m cifAsm;wdkYudk twif;tm;jzifh uRef
awmfwdkY jynfaxmifpkxJrSm roGif;ygbl;/ oabmrwlbJ raeEdkifwJh tajc
taersKd;udk vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfwJhenf;eJYvJ uRefawmfwdkY rvkyfygbl;
qdkwm twdtvif; em;vnfapcsifygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;)
'Dae&mrSm uRefawmf xyf&Sif;csifwmu waeYwkef;u uRefawmfhqD
udk pmwapmif a&mufvmygw,f/ trSefpifppfu uRefawmfwdkY awmifwef;
e,f udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ajymvdkYvm;? 'DvdkrS r[kwf&ifvJ awmifwef;e,f
qdkif&m XmenTefMum;a&;0efu olYzmomtaeomBuD;? jrif;urvIyf cHku
vIyfwmvm;/ 'gawmh uRefawmf rajymwwfzl;/ odkYaomfvJ wqifhuaeNyD;
awmh awmifwef;a'oqdkif&m udpa wGeJY ywfoufNyD; wdkif;jynfjyKvTwf
awmfrSm aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm tifrwef pdk;&drfaMumifhMuaewJhtaMumif;
uRefawmf pmwapmif&ygw,f/ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfHk;uvnf; &
ovm; rajymwwfbl;/ tJ'DpmxJrSm bmygovJqdk&if uRefawmfrSwfrd
oavmufajym&&if awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mudp t&yf&yfudk 'Dwdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfuaeNyD; qHk;jzwfwJhtcgrSm qdkif&mqdkif&me,f&JU udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm; pkHk;oabmwlnDcsufr&bJeJY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD; rqHk;jzwf
Edkifbl;qdkwm uRefawmfwdkY awmifwef;e,f pHkprf;a&;tzGJUwkef;u axmufcH
csufay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'gvJ trSefpifppf uRefawmfwdkY tBuHay;wJhtwdkif;
xnfhcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DrSmqdk&if qdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,fawmfawG tcsif;
csif;bJ vlrsm;pk vlenf;pk rjzpfbJeJY oabmuGJvGJwJYae&mrSm nDwlrQwl
oabmuGJvGJaeMu&if b,fvdkenf;eJY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD; qHk;
jzwfrvJqdkwJh 'Dar;cGef;udk awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m ud,
k fpm;vS,fawG[m 'D
udkawmh vmrar;Muygbl;/ odkYaomfvJ rqdkifwJh awmifwef;e,fqdkif&mXme
nTefMum;a&;0efuaeNyD; EdI;aqmfcsuft& bk&ifcHrif;BuD;uaeNyD; pdwfylNyD;

360

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ar;w,f/ uRefawmfhoabmrSm 'g[m enf;vrf;pnf;urf; rrSefbl;vdkY


,lqw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqd&k if ,ck ajymqdkaejcif;[mvJ awmifwef;e,f
qdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uaeNyD;awmh t*Fvdyf oGm;uyfw,fvdkY uRefawmf
rqdkvdkygbl;/ odkYaomfvJ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfu qHk;jzwfwJhudpr Sm
t*Fvdyf&JU tumtuG,fudk igwdkYawmhjzifh ,lrS csrf;om&m&r,fvdkY xif&if
uRefawmf &Sif;&Sif;bJajymcsifygw,f/ t*Fvdyf[m trSefpifppf taES;eJY
tjref olYvufatmufcH wdkif;Edik fiHawGu xGufoGm;&awmhrSmbJ/ b,fvdk
jzpfjzpf 'DvdkjzpfaeNyD/ urmYtvm;tvmBuD;xJrSm 'Dvdkpw
d fxm;&SdwJhvlawG
[m udk;uG,f&m b,fenf;eJYrS &SdrSmr[kwfbl;qdkwmudk uRefawmf owday;
ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf taMumif;ajym&&if
b,ft*Fvdyf&JU tultnDeJYrQ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfudk vmNyD;awmh
MoZmray;Edkifbl;qdkwm odapcsifw,f/ 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm awmif
wef;a'oqdkif&m udpa wGudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wdYk
oufqdkif&m awmifwef;e,f udk,fpm;vS,fawGtcsif;csif; b,folY b,fol
rS rJrombJeJY wlaeMuw,fqdk&if 'DvTwfawmfxJrSm z?q?y?v trwf
trsm;qHk;jzpfwJhtwdkif; trsm;qHk;tzGJU&JU acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJY uRefawmfwdkY
wdwdvif;vif; uwday;vdkwmu cifAsm;wdkYtcsif;csif; tJ'Dvkd b,folY
b,foludkrS rJrombJeJY rJNyKdifaewJhtcgrSm uRefawmfwdkY 'Dwdkif;jynfjyK
vTwfawmfuaeNyD;awmh twif;zdNyD;awmh rqHk;jzwfapbl;qdkwmudk uRef
awmf uwday;ygw,f/ (MobmoHrsm;) tJ'Dawmh awmifwef;e,fqdkif&m
udpe JYywfoufNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY&JU apwem[m tifrwef&Sif;ygw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;wJh tqdkjyKNyD;wJhaemuf qufvufawmhum? 'Djynf
axmifpkzGJUpnf;wJhae&mrSm jynfaxmifpkxJygcsifwJh jynfe,fawG[m b,f
vdktcsuftvufawG? b,fvdktcGifhta&;awG? b,fvdktajccHawG? tJ'Dvkd
tcsuftvufawGt& pkaygif;oifhw,fqdkwJhudpa wG aqG;aEG;wJhtcgrSm
uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;wJhtqdkawG uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;wJhtBuHPfawG

361

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

'gawGudk oabmrusvdkY&SdvQif oabmrwlwJhtwdkif; awmifwef;e,f


oufqdkif&mudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m oabm&Sd ArmjynfeJY raygif;bJ aecsif
aeEdkifygw,f/ 'g ,aeY uRefawmfwdkY 'Dwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm 'Dpum;
udk ajymjcif;bJ/ uRefawmfwdkYpdwfapwemudk b,favmufxdatmif &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om; xm;w,fqdkwmudk odapcsifvdkY ajymqdkjcif;
jzpfygw,f/ aemufNyD;awmhwcsuf 'Dvdk cifAsm;wdkY oabmrwlvdkY&S&d if ryg
csifaevdkY ajymwJhae&mrSmvJ e,fcsJUorm;awGvdk wzufuaeNyD;awmhum
rygcsifaeyguGmqdkNyD;awmh rygbl;vdkYxifwJhtcgusawmh wzufu 0ifNyD;
awmh rIyfzl;/ odkYaomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkY tjrifawmh&Sw
d ,f/ b,fEdkifiH
b,fe,frSmjzpfjzpf ,ckacwfrSm b,fwdkif;Edik fiHrS urmBuD;rSmjzpfaewJh0g'
eJY urmBuD;rSmjzpfaewJh ta&;udpa wG&JU *,uftdkufudk rcH&wJhe,f&,f
vdkY &SdrSmr[kwfzl;/ 'Drdkua&pD0g'? 'Drdkua&pDpepf? 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;
awG acwfpm;aewJh 'DurmBuD;rSm 'Drdkua&pDoabmxm; rxm;EdkifwJhe,f
[m taES;eJYtjref 'De,frSm&SdwJhvlawG Edk;Mum;x<uvmNyD;? 'DvdkurmBuD;&JU
oabmw&m;awGeJY jzpfysufaewJh acwfoabmw&m;awGeJY qefYusifbuf
oabmw&m;awGudk wGef;vSefypfMurSmbJqdkwm uRefawmf erdwfzwfxm;
csifw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'DvdkuRefawmfem;vnfxm;wJhtwdkif; uRefawmfwdkYeJY
twlwlygNyD; rvkyfcsifygbl;qdk&if uRefawmf twif;rwdkufwGef;ygbl;/
tJ'Dvdk ryg ygatmifqdkNyD;awmhum 'guawmh Armpum;r[k wfzl;xif
w,f/ uRefawmf em;vnfoavmufawmh u&ifpum;bJvdkY xifw,f/
twif; eom;yg,m; vkyfwJhenf;rsKd;udkvJ rvkyfygbl;/ tJ'gudk wdwd
vif;vif; awmifwef;e,fu uRefawmfhrdwfaqGrsm;udk uRefawmf em;vnf
apcsifygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdk&if uRefawmfwdkY tifrwef &Sif;&Sif;vif;
vif; oabmxm;aewJhtxJuaeNyD;awmh IyfatmifvkyfaewJhvlawGu ,ck
wavmrSm awmfawmfrsm;aeawmh 'gudk &Sif;onfxuf &Sif;atmif xyfNyD;
ajym&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfhrdwfaqGwa,mufu uRefawmfhudk ajym

362

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

ovdkbJ cifAsm; tJ'Dvdk&Sif;&Sif;ajymwmudkbJ olwdkYpdwfxJrSm Iyfaew,f


qdkawmh tJ'gawmh rwwfEdkifbl;/ (&,foHrsm;) tJ'Dawmh 'Djynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHawmfrSm b,fe,fawG yg&r,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkY 'DtxJrSm xnfh
xm;wmvJ r&Sdao;ygbl;/ ygcsifwJhvlaawGrS ygMu/ t"dym,fu e,fudk
owfrSwfrxm;bJeJY jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfvdkYom omrnxnfhxm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ aemufNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwEdkifiHawmfvdkY qdk&jcif;
[m vGwfvyfw,fqdkwJh t"dym,fudk uRefawmf odyfNyD; &Sif;jyaep&m rvdk
ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh bmjyKvdkY tcsKyftjcmtmPm Sovereign Power
&Sd&r,fvdkY xyfNyD;qdk&ygovJqdk&if tcsKyftjcmtmPm qdkwm oabm
w&m;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ trSefuawmh State EdkifiHawmfqdkuwnf;u
tcsKyftjcmtmPm[m tusKH;0ifNyD;om;bJ/ 'Dvkdoabmw&m;eJY &SdwJh[m
vJ &Sdygw,f/ odkYaomf 'DEdkifiHawmfqdkayr,fh tm;r&rauseyfao;bJeJY
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifwJh EdkifiHawmfqdkrSomvQif jynfph HkvHkavmufwJhoabm
w&m;rsKd;vJ &Sdygw,f/ yxr oabmw&m;uawmhum Theory pmoabm
avmufom jzpfygw,f/ 'kwd, oabmw&m;uawmh vufawGUjzpfwJh
oabmw&m;ygbJ/ b,fvdkvufawGUjzpfwJh oabmw&m;rsKd;awGygovJ
qdk&if 'DvGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHawmf qdkNyD;awmh zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifvdkufMuwJh
EdkifiHawmftoD;oD;wdkY &SdMuayr,fh tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfhpHkwJh EdkifiH
awmf (Sovereign State) tcsKdUEdkifiHawGuawmh tJ'Dvdk r[kwfbJeJY jynf
axmiftcsif;csif; qufoG,fwJh EdkifiHa&;pum;rSmqdkvdkY&Sd&if Vassal State
vdkY tqdkcH&ygw,f/ Vassal qdkwmu wynfh uRefEdkifiHvdk oabmrsKd;bJ/
uRefqdkayr,fh Colony vJ r[kwfzl;/ olYzmomol olYrif;eJY olYcsif;eJY
olYtpdk;&bJ/ tjyifbrf;tm;jzifhawmh vGwfvyfw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiH
BuD;wEdkifiH&JU MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIcsKyfcs,frIudk txl;wvnfcHae&wJh EdkifiH
jzpfvdkY (Vassal State) vdkYac:w,f/ aemufNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiH
BuD;ESpfEdkifiHtMum;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;HkavmufjzpfwJh EdkifiHawmfrsKd;vnf;

363

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

&Sdygao;w,f/ (Buffer State) tJ'DvdkEdkifiHawmftrsKd;rsKd; vufawGUtm;


jzifh &Sdw,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkY awGU&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY vdkcsifwm
uawmh EdkifiHBuD;ESpfEdkifiHMum;rSm e,fedrdwfjcm;ay;HkavmufjzpfwJh (Buffer
State) rsKd;vdk e,fjcm;Edi
k fiHuav;rsKd;vJ rjzpfcsifbl;/ aemufNyD;awmh EdkifiH
BuD; wEdkifiH&JU MoZmvTrf;rdk;rI txl;wvnfcH&wJh (Vassal State)
rsKd;vnf; rjzpfcsifbl;/ uRefawmfwdkY jzpfapcsifwmuawmh qefr&Sd apmuf
pm;BuD;bJac:ac:?(&,farmoHrsm;) uRefawmfwdkYjzpfcsifwJh EdkifiHuawmh
vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifwJhEdkifiHawmf jzpfcsifw,f/(MobmoH
rsm;) tJ'DEdkifiHawmfjzpfwJhtcgrSmvnf; uRefawmfwdkYEdik fiHrSm orwpepf
tm;jzifh zGJUpnf;&r,f/ wjcm;pepft& zGJUpnf;wmudk uRefawmfwdkY rvdkvm;
bl;/ orwpepf qdkwm[m uRefawmfwdkY ,ckacwf 'DtcgusrSom
uRefawmfwdkYArmpmrSm ay:vmwJhpum;yg/ bmjzpfvdYk vJqdkvQif wwdkif;
wjynfvHk;udk wEdkifiHvHk;udk rif;vkyftkyfcsKyf&r,fh yk*dKvfudk 4-ESpfwBudrf
jzpfap? 5-ESpfwBudrfjzpfap? 10-ESpfwBudrfjzpfap ponftm;jzifh tJ'Dvdk
a&G;aumufwifajrmufw,fqdkwJh xHk;pH[m ,ck'DbufacwfawGusrS ay:
vmwJh pepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYtzdYk rSmawmh ]rif;} qdkvdkY
&Sd&if wdkif;oljynfom;vkyfwJhvlawGu t&rf;vTwfxm;tyfwJh vlawG
r[kwfzl;/ tcsKyftjc,f &Sdwefoavmuf &Sdoifhw,f/ trSefpifppf EdkifiH
awmf&,fvdkY zGJUpnf;vdkufwJhtcgrSm tJ'DEdik fiHawmfrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkifawGudk ydkifwJhvlawG[m b,folawGjzpf&rvJqdkvdkY&Sd&if uRef
awmfwdkY ,HkMunf,lqcsufuawmh EdkifiHawmfol EkdifiHawmfom;wdkY[m tJ'D
EdkifiHrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifqkdifwJhvlawGvdkY ,lqygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk
ydkifqdkifwJhvlawGuaeNyD; vTJay;vdkYom ]rif;} wdkY? ]tpdk;&} wdkYqdkwm ay:vm
&jcif; jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dvkd vTJay;wJhtwdkif; ]rif;} wdkY? ]tpdk;&} wdkYay:vmwJh
tcgrSm 'D ]rif;} wdkY? ]tpdk;&} wdkY[m tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk ydkifxm;wJh EdkifiH
ol EdkifiHom;awGu rvdkcsifwJhtcgrSm rvdkwJhtavsmuf wm;qD;EdkifwJh

364

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tajctaersKd; &Sd&r,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYtzdYk rSmqdkvdkY&Sd&if ArmEdkifiH


twGuf vdkvm;tyfwJhpepf[m tcsdeftcgtvdkuf a&G;aumufwifajrmufwJh
orwpepf udkomvQif uRefawmfwdkY vdkvm;wJhtwdkif; 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwf
awmfrSm 'Dtqdk oGif;wJhtcg orwEdkifiHqdkwJhpum;vHk;udk oGif;xm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh yxrtydk'fuqdk&if ]EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'onf jrefrmjynfaxmifpk EdkifiHawmf[k ac:wGifaom vGwfvyf
onfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif orwEdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccH
jzpfap&r,f/} 'Dt"dym,fuawmh uRefawmfwdkYwdkif;jynfudk vGwfvyfwJh
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif EdkifiHtjzpfeJY aMunmr,f/ tJ'DEdik fiH[mvJ orw
EdkifiHjzpf&r,f/ orwpepft& zGJUpnf;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmfjzpf&r,fqdkwJhrl
awGudk xnfhxm;ygw,f/ 'DEdkifiHawmf[mvJ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf
jzpf&r,f/ 'kwd,tydk'fjzpfwJh ]jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfwGif zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'u owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh woD;yk*v
jynfe,frsm; yg0ifap
vsuf} tJ'gu uRefawmfwdkY 'DjynfaxmifpkxJrSm b,fe,f b,fe,fawG
ygrvJqdkwmudk owfrSwf&r,f/ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOay' a&;qGJwJh
tcgrSm b,fe,f b,fe,fawG yg&r,fqdkwm owfrSwf&r,f/ tck
rowfrSwfao;bl;/ ygcsifwJhe,frS ygMuygqdkwm &Sif;ygw,f/ xdkodkY
owfrSwf azmfjyxm;wJh woD;yk*v
jynfe,frsm;onf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfESifhtrQ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;
tmPmrsm; &Sdap&r,f / xdkzGUJ pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSm aemuf uRef
awmfwdkYtcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;ndEdIif;wdkifyifqHk;jzwfNyD;wJhaemuf? owfrSwf
azmfjyxm;wJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmrsm;vJ &Sdvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'D
udpr Sm &Sif;&Sif;em;vnfapcsifwmu 'DjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfxJrSm woD;
yk*v
jynfe,frsm;[m b,fjynfe,fawGvJqdkwm 'DtqdkxJrSmrygao;bl;/
b,fe,fawGu ygcsifvdkY b,fe,fawGu rygcsifbl;qdkwm EdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya'wGif owfrSwfazmfjyxm;onfh jynfe,frsm;[m udk,fykdiftkyf

365

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

csKyfa&;tmPmrsm; &&Sdapr,fqdkwJhtwdkif; tJ'Dudk,fydkiftyk fcsKyfa&; tmPm


awGudk owfrSwfzdkY vdkao;w,f/ txl;ojzifh awmifwef;e,fy,f udk,f
pm;vS,fawGeJY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;NyD;vkyf&r,fhudp jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvdkvkyfNyD;
rS oabmwlonfjzpfap? aemufqHk; qHk;jzwfcsufusonfjzpfap? tJ'Dvdk
qHk;jzwfMuwJhtcgrSm owfrSwfazmfjyxm;wJh udk,fydik ftkycf sKyfa&; tmPm
rsm;udk oabmwlauseyfvdkY 0ifvmwJh jynfe,frsm;om ygvmygvdrfhr,f/
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHqdkNyD; tJ'Doabmavmufom xnfhxm;w,f/ b,fe,f
udkrS uRefawmfwdkY twif;qGJxnfhxm;wm r[kwfygbl;/ ](3)tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orwjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESihfwuG tygt0ifjzpf
onfh jynfe,frsm;ESihf tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tm;vHk;wdkY\ tcGifhtmPm
[lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ap&rnf/} 'guawmh
uRefawmf tckwifu ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; vGwfvyfwJhtcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif
EdkifiHawmfvdkY zGUJ pnf;vdkufwJhtcgrSm tJ'DEdkifiHawmfydkifwJh? tJ'DEdik fiHawmf
vufxJrSm&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtmPm[m b,folawG&JU vufxJrSm? b,fol
awGuomvQif ydkifqdkifoihfw,fqdkYwJhjyem oabmw&m;udk uRefawmf
wdkY ajz&r,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if wdkif;oljynfom;awGomvQif rlvblwtm;jzifh Edkif
iHawmf&JU tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk ydik fwJhvlawGjzpfw,fvdkY uRefawmfwdkY ,lq
w,f/ ,HkMunfw,f/ &mZ0ifaMumif;Munhfvdkuf? Armh&mZ0ifaMumif;udk
Munhfrvm;? urmY&mZ0ifaMumif;udkbJMunfhMunfh? b,fvdkbJMunfhMunfh?
EdkifiHawmf&JU tcsKyftjcmtmPmawGqdkwm rlvblwvdkufMunfh&if wdkif;ol
jynfom;awGvufxJrSm &Sdw,fqdkwmudk awGU&ygvdrfhr,f/ uRefawmfwdkY
t,ltqrSmqdk&if urmtp orwrif ;u qdkwJhtwdkif; orwrif ;udk
vlawGubJ wifajrmufcJhwmbJ/ tJ'Dtwdik f; a&SUa&SmufNyD; jzpf&rSmbJ/ tJ'D
twdkif; uRefawmfwdkY[m ]tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfaom orwjref
rmEdkifiHawmfESihfwuG tygt0ifjzpfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;
tm;vHk;wdkY\ tcGifhtmPm[lorQwdkYonf wdkif;oljynfom;wdkYxHrS ouf

366

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

qif;ap&rnf/} vdkY qdkjcif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'Doabmudk uRefawmfwdkY


u csxm;vdkufwJhtcg jrefrmEdik fiHawmf&JU zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJwJhtcgrSm wdkif;oljynfom;awGqDu tcGihftmPm&w,fqdkwJh rl
twdkif;omqdk&if tcsuftvufawG yg&vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Drludk qefYusifwJh
tcsuftvufqdkvdkY&Sd&if ryg&bl;qdkwJh t"dym,fbJ/ b,ftcsuf[mjzifh
'DrleJY qefYusifaer,f? rqefYusifbl;qdkwm tao;pdwfusrSbJ aqG;aEG;
MunfhEdik fr,f/ trSwf(3)rSm tcsKyftjcmtmPm[m wkdif;oljynfom;awG
vufxJrSm &Sdw,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;udk tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ ](4)
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf\ wdkif;oljynfom;rSeforQonf vlrIa&;&mif;?
pD;yGm;a&;&mif;? EdkifiHa&;if;? w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf} 'DuRefawmfwdkY
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJbdkY pDpOfwJhtcgrSm vlrIa&;&mif;?
pD;yGm;a&;&mif;? EdkifiHa&;&mif;? w&m;rQwrI&Sdatmif zefwD;xm;&w,f/
t"dym,fu uRefawmfwdkY tvkyform;eJY tvkyf&Sifupd r sKd;awG? aemufNyD;
vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; aygif;oif;qufqHwJh udpr sKd;awG? wa,mufeJYwa,muf
wef;wltcGihfta&;&atmif pDrHzefwD;ay;xm;bdkY vdkw,fqdkwJhoabmygbJ/
pD;yGm;a&;rSm qdkvdkY&Sd&if wzufpD;eif;tm;jzifh vkyfEdkifwJhtajctaeawGudk
z,f&Sif;NyD;awmh pD;yGm;a&; tvkyfwlvQif tJ'Dtwdkif; tcGihfta&;twlwl
jzpfEdkiforQjzpfatmifqdkwJhoabmudk pDrHzefwD;ay;xm;&ef jzpfygw,f/
EdkifiHa&;rSmvJ w&m;rQwbdkYvdkw,f/ EdkifiHa&;rSmqdk&if b,foluawmhjzifh
rJr&xdkufzl;/ b,foluawmhjzifh rJ&xdkufw,f ponfjzifh EdkifiHa&; nOf;
qJrIawG? csKyfcs,frIawG r&Sdap&bl;/ aemufNyD;awmh b,fol[m b,fvkd
&mxl;rsKd;udk r&ap&bl;/ b,folomvQif &ap&r,fqdkwJh tJ'DvdkcsKyfcs,frI
awG[m EdkifiHa&;w&m;rQwrIudk xdcdkufw,f/ tJ'Dawmh Edkiif Ha&;rSm EdkifiHol
EdkifiHom;jzpfwJhtwdkif; rdrdt&nftcsif;aMumifh tcGifhta&;&oGm;EdkifbdkYyg
bJ/ tm;vHk;&vQifvnf; tm;vHk;&bdkY/ 'DoabmrsKd;eJY w&m;rQwrI &Sd&r,f/
aemuf tqifhtwef; (Equality of Status) rSmvnf; wlnD&r,f/

367

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

tqifhtwef;rSm wlnD&r,fqdkwJhoabmuawmh olaX;&,f? qif;&Jom;


&,f bm&,f tp&Sdonfjzifh 'DvkduGJjym;xm;wm r&SdbJeJY olaX;&,f/
qif;&Jom;&,fqdkwmu ypnf;tajctaetavsmuf &Sdwefoavmuf &Sdae
ayr,fh tqifhtwef;rSm qdkvdkY&Sd&if wlnDap&r,f/ tqifhtwef;rSm wlnD
ap&r,f qdkwJhoabm[m uRefawmfwdkY b,fae&mrSmbJjzpfjzpf olaX;qdk&if
awmh b,fvdkykdNyD;awmh tcGifhta&; &r,f? qif;&Jom;qdk&ifawmh b,fvkd
r&bl; ponfjzifh 'Dvdkr&Sdap&bJeJY tqifhtwef;wGif tm;vHk;qlBuKHedrfhjrifh
r&Sd yuwdwlnDap&r,fqdkwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/ aemuf tcGifhta&;
(Equalibity of Opportunity) rSmvnf; wef;wl&r,fqdkwJh t"dym,fu
ynmoifMum;wJhae&mrSm Oyrmqdk&&if Pft&nftcsif;csif; twlwljzpf
vdkY&Sd&if Pf&Sdoavmuf olYynmtvdkuf&bdkY tcGifhta&;[mvJ &Sdoifh
w,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd;bJ/ qif;&JwJhvlawmh qif;&Jw,fqdkvdkY tcGifhta&;
r&bl;/ csrf;omwJhvlomvQif tcGihfta&; &r,fqdkwJh 'DvkdoabmrsKd;
r[kwfbJESihf tm;vHk; tcGifhta&;rSm (Opportunity) tcGihfta&;ay;wJh
ae&mrSm r,lwwf&if ,lwwfwJhvlrSeforQ tcsKyftcs,fr&SdbJeJY ,lEdkifwhJ
tcGifhta&; &&Sd&r,fqdkwJh oabmw&m;om jzpfygw,f/ aemuf Oya'
oufa&mufrI (Before the Law) Oya'oufa&mufrIrSm wlnD&r,fqdkwJh
oabmuawmh Oya'a&S UarSmuf b,folrqdk orwbJjzpfjzpf? awm
om;bJjzpfjzpf? b,folbJjzpfjzpf Oya'pnf;urf;udk azmufzsufusL;vGefvdkY
&Sd&if azmufzsufwJhtavsmuf Oya'&JU csD;jrihfjcif;udk cH&r,f/ tJ'Dvdk
Oya'a&SUarSmufrSmqdk&if b,folrqdk rif; jzpfjzpf? qif;&Jom;jzpfjzpf?
olaX;jzpfjzpf tm;vHk;[m wef;wljzpf&r,fqdkwJh oabmbJ/ tJ'Dvdk vlrI
a&;&mif;? pD;yGm;a&;&mif;? Edik fiHa&;if; w&m;rQwrI&Sdapvsuf tcGifh
ta&; Oya'ouf a&mufrIwdkYwGif qlBuKHedrfhjrifhr&Sd yuwdwlnDap&r,fh
tjyif w&m;Oya'ESifhaomfif;? trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf;tyfaom
tusifhodumeJYaomfif; rqefYusiforQ vGwfvyfpGm BuHpnfydkifcGihf? xkwf

368

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

azmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? bmomw&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh? 0wfjyK


ydkifcGifh? y&da,oe &SdrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;Hk;ydik fcGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhwdkY &&Sd
wnfNrJap&eftwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif tckdiftvHk
owfrSwfxm;&Sdap&r,f/ 'guawmh uRefawmfwdkY jynfolYvGwfvyfa&; yg&
r,fqdkwJh t"dym,fygbJ/ 'DtxJrSm tusOf;Hk;NyD; vGwfvyfpGm BuHpnfydkif
cGifh? xkwfazmfajymqdkydkifcGifh? ,HkMunfydkifcGifh? bmomw&m; udk;uG,fydkifcGifh?
0wfjyKydkifcGifh? y&da,oe &SmrSD;ydkifcGifh? pnf;Hk;ydkifcGifh? jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh
vdkY qdkxm;ygw,f/ aemuf uRefawmfwdkY zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'
a&;qGJwJhtcgus&if 'DhxufydkNyD;awmh ususeeeJY &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
uRefawmfwdkY a&;&ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DtcgusrS Oya'oabmt& a&;qGJ&yg
vdrfhr,f/ 'DrSmawmh tusOf;rQeJYbJ 'DvkdtcGifhta&;rsKd;awGvJ ay;xm;&r,f
qdkNyD;awmh nTefMum;jcif;rQ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd nTefMum;wJhae&mrSm 'Dvdk
vGwfvyfrIawGudk ay;wJhae&mrSm (Subject to law and public
morality) w&m;Oya'eJ Yaomfif;? trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf ;tyfaom
tusifhodumeJYaomfif; rqefYusiforQ uRefawmfwdkY aemufusvdkY&Sd&if
wdkif;jynfuvlawGu wifajrmufvdkufwJh vTwfawmfwdkY? tJ'DvTwfawmfwdkY
u wifajrmufvdkufwJh vTwfawmfwdkY? tJ'D vTwfawmfwdkYu vkyfxm;wJh
Oya'? aemufNyD;awmh Oya'rvkyfayr,fh uRefawmfwdkYxH;k pHrSm rvkyfoifh
rvkyftyfwJh oabmw&m;awG &Sdao;w,f/ trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf;
tyfaom tusifhodumeJYaomfif; rqefYusiforQ? OyrmqdkvdkY&Sd&if vGwf
vyfa&;&NyD qdkNyD;awmhum vGwfvyfpGmjyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh &Sdw,fqdkNyD;
awmh vla,mufuaeNyD; udk,fwHk;vHk;eJY vrf;rrSm ola&SmufNyD;awmh ajy;csif
wdkif; ajy;vdkY rjzpfzl;/ 'g[m trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifhpnf;tyfwJh tusifh
odumeJY qefYusifaew,f/ trSefuawmh 'Dvdk owfrSwx
f m;wm r&Sdbl;
qdk&if jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifh&SdwJhtwdkif;qdk&if uRefawmfwdkY Munfhae&r,f/
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh ol b,folYrSvnf; oGm;rxdcdkufbl;/ olY[mol vGwf

369

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vGwfvyfvyfeJY jyKrlaqmif&GufydkifcGifhtwdkif; vkyfwmjzpfaew,f/ 'Dvkd[m


rsKd;rSm tJ'Dvdk w&m;vGefvmwJh udpr sKd;awGusawmh trsm;jynfolwdkY apmifh
pnf;tyfwJh tusifhodumeJY qefYusifw,fqdkvdkY&Sd&if 'Dvdkae&mrsKd;rSm vGwf
vyfrIqdkwdkif; wu,fhvGwfvyfrI rac:Edkifbl;/ vGwfvyfrI[m trSefpifppf
pnf;urf;&SdrS vGwfvyfrIjzpfEdkifw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lqw,f/ tJ'Dvdk pnf;
urf;owfrSwfNyD;awmh vlwdkif;vlwdkif; vGwfvyfrIawGudk owfrSwfay;yg
qdkNyD;awmh 'DtqdkrSm nTefMum;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvdkNyD;wJhaemuf
trSwf(5) ]zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rSm vlenf;pkrsm;tzdkY vHkavmuf
aomumuG,fjcif;rsm; xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&Sdap&rnf/} tJ'DrSmvJ uRef
awmfwdkY vlrsKd;a&;twGuf vlenf;pkqdkwm &Sdygao;w,f/ 'Dawmh olwdkY
wawGtwGuf vHkavmufwJh umuG,fcsufrsm; xnhfoGif;jyXmef;bdkY vkdyg
w,f/ b,fvdk xnfh&ifawmh vHkavmufr,f/ b,fvdk xnfh&ifawmh rvHk
avmufzl;qdkwJh udpt
&yf&yfudk uRefawmfwdkY aemufaumfrDwDawG zGJUpnf;
NyD;awmh aqG;aEG;wJhtcgusawmh tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;bdkY jzpfygw,f/ 'DrSm
awmh rltm;jzifh uRefawmfwdkYvlenf;pktwGufvnf; pOf;pm;NyD;awmh vlenf;
pkawG umuG,fbdkY tcsufawGvJ xnfhNyD;pOf;pm;cJhygvdkY rSmwJhoabmygbJ/
trSefuawmh 'Dtqdk[m aemufzGJUpnf;r,fh aumfrDwDawGudkrSmwJh pum;
awGom jzpfygw,f/ bmawG bmawG vkyfvmcJhygqdkwJh oabmawGUgbJ/
eHywf(6)uawmh ]vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif orw
jrefrmEdik fiHawmf\ e,fajrudk waygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwefYcdkifNrJa&;udk
vnf;aumif;? EdkifiHawmf\ Munf;?a&?av wdkudk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf
ydkifcGifhudkvnf;aumif; w&m;"reJYwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't&
xdef;apmifh xm;&Sdap&rnf/ xdkYjyif} 'guawmh? vkdawmhvdkw,f/ odkYaomfvJ
uRefawmf yk*dKvfoabmt& ajym&r,fqdk&if 'grsKd;uawmh BuD;BuD;us,f
us,f a&;wmrsKd;ygbJ/ trSefuawmh Oya'wwfwJh OD;csefxGef;wdkYvdk yk*dKvf
BuD;awGu BuD;us,fonfxuf BuD;us,fatmif? crf;em;onfxuf crf;em;

370

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

atmif xnfhxm;wmyg/ 'gawGuawmh odyf&Sif;aep&m rvdkygbl;/ Munf;?


a&?av 'DtxJrSmygwJh tcGifhta&;awG ydkifqdkif&r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh
(According to justice and International Law) jynfaxmif
csif;csif; Oya't& w&m;"reJYwuG xdef;apmifh xm;&Sd&r,f/ uRefawmfwdkY
u wdkif;jynfwnfaeMuwmudk;/ cefYcefYnm;nm; wdkif;jynfwnfaxmif&rSm
udk;/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY[m Munf;?a&?av wdkYudk tcsKyftjcm pdk;rdk;tkyf
csKyfydkifcGifhudk if;w&m;"rESihfwuG jynfaxmifcsif;csif; Oya't& xdef;
apmifh xm;&Sd&r,f/ 'grsKd;uawmh Oya'a&;qGJwJhtcgrSm wcrf;wem; a&;&
r,fhtcsuftvufawGygbJ/ ta&;vnf; BuD;ygw,f/ crf;crf;em;em;vJ
a&;bdkYvkdygw,f/
aemuf eHygwf(7)u ]&mZ0ifwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom jrefrmEdik fiHawmf
onf urmwGif rdrd\*kPfusufoa&eJY avsmfnDpGm &oifh&xdkufaom
tqifhtwef;odkY a&muf&Sdap&rnfhjyif? vlow0gwdkY\ wdk;wufa&;ESifh
aumif;usKd;csrf;om jynfh0a&;wdkYudk wm0eftavsmuf apwemjzifh tpGrf;
ukef jznhfpGrf;xrf;&Gufum jynfaxmif tcsif;csif;qdkif&m w&m;"rESifh usifh
0wfodumwdkYudk tajcjyK urmYNidrf;csrf;a&; a&SUIvsuf Edik fiHwumwdkYESifh
rdwf0wfrysuf wGJzufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk cdkifNrJaomt"d|mefjzifh apmifh
xdef;awmhthH/} 'guawmh O'gef;usL;&ifhwJh oabmrsKd;ygbJ/ igwdkY EdkifiH
awmfBuD;[m urmBuD;&JUtv,frSm vlow0gwdkY\ aumif;usKd;csrf;omwdkY
udk vkyfa&m? urmYNidrf;csrf;a&;wdkYudk wnfaxmifNyD; tNrJwrf; apmihfxdef;
rnfqdkwJh[mygbJ/ 'guawmh EdkifiHwumwdkif; BuD;BuD;us,fus,f ajymwJh
pum;awGbJ/ wu,fvkyfovm;qdkawmh odyfrvkyfMuygbl;/(&,farmMu
onf/)
'guawmh uRefawmfwdkY vlrsm; Munfhaumif;atmif? urmu
Munhfaumif;atmif xnfh&r,f/ zwfvdkuf&vdkY&S&d if yg;pyfxJrSm jynfh jynfh
oGm;atmif vkyfxm;wmbJ/ awmuvlawG zwfvdkuf&ifawmh bmrS

371

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

em;vnfrSm r[kwfzl;/ (&,farmMuonf/) ta&;BuD;wmuawmh eHygwf 1?


2?3?4?5/ uRefawmfwdkY eHygwf 1-u 5-txd uRefawmfjrifoavmuf (The
most practical points.) 'gu wu,fhtoHk;t0if qHk; tcsuftvuf
awG jzpfaew,f/ 'DtoHk;0ifwJh tcsufawG[m 'DtqdkxJrSm ygw,f/ 6-eJY
7-uawmh trSefpifppf pum;awGMunfhaumif;atmif cefYcefYnm;nm; oHk;
xm;jcif;bJvdkY wenf;qdkEdkifygw,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY 'Dwdkif;jyKjynfjyK
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373

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374

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wifoGif;wJhtcgrSm tckjzpfaewJh ArmjynfrSm vufiif;tajctaeudk
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tcsKyftjcm tmPmjynfhpHkwJh vTwfawmfvdkY ,lqw,f/ 'Dtwdkif;vJ aqmif
&Gufaew,f/ 'Dvkd aqmif&GufaewJhtcgrSm 'Dwkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfuaeNyD;
awmhum Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;udk qHk;jzwfNyD;wJhaemuf vGwfvyfwJh
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usawmh tmPm[m 'Dwdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf vufxJrSm r&Sdao;bl;/ bm
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tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifwJh oabmrsKd;tjzpfeJY pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif; cHae&awmh
bdvyfygvDrefu tkyfcsKyfaejcif; &yfpJypf&r,f/ &yfpJNyD;wJhaemufrS uRef
awmfwdkYwdkif;jynf[m tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkif EdkifiHawmftjzpf a&mufr,f/
tck uRefawmfwdkY The Status of the Constituent Assembly is that
of a Sovereign body. tqifhtwef;tm;jzifh 'Dwdkif;jynf jyKvT wfawmf
[m tcsKyftjcmtmPmeJY jynfph HkwJh vTwfawmfvdkY ,lqw,f/ odkYaomfvJ
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wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfxJrSm ajymwJhpum;awG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajym
qdkEdkifw,fvdkY uRefawmf,lqw,f/ ,lqxm;yif ,lqjim;aomfvJ Legal
Sanction ac:wJh Oya'tcGifhta&;tmPm &Sdovm;qdkawmh tJ'Dvdk
awmhjzifh r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dtwdkif;bJ uRefawmfwdkY wifoGif;qHk;jzwfwJh udpa wG
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375

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qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; 'Dtwdkif;jzpfatmifqdkwJh udpu
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376

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377

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&? 'DvlvmvJ rsufESmcsKdaoG;&eJY ]zmo,f} EdkifiHjzpfrSmbJ/
vuf0Jorm;tcsif;csif;
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yef;wdkifodkY r0if&ao;cif avSwufudk ajrmufovdk? Armhpdwf"mwf[m
atmifjrifjcif;odkY ra&mufcif pdwfavsmhayghwwfrI&Sdw,f/ 'DvkdpdwfrsKd;
rxm;bJ HI;HI;EdkifEdkif ravQmhwrf;vkyfzdkY wnfhwnfhvif;vif; owday;cJh
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orm;tcsif;csif; ruGJbdkY owday;vdkygw,f/

387

atmifoef;

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r&&if &wJhenf;eJY vkyf&r,fvdkY ajymcJhNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;vdkcsif&if vGwfvyf
a&;&wJh pnf;urf;nDnGwfrIawGudk xdef;xm;yg/ xlaxmifrIudk vkyfMuyg/
tJ'Dvdk vkyfNyD;wJhaemuf a&SUudk vGwfvyfa&;t&om udptwGuf tvkyf
vkyfwJhae&mrSm pnf;urf;&SdbdkY jyifqifoifhwmawG jyifqifbdkY cifAsm;wdkY
apmufusifhawG jyifbdkYvdkaeNyDvdYk uRefawmfajymcJhr,f/

388

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trsdK;om;0wfpkHjzifh

389

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vef'ef (1947 Zefe0g&D)

390

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rdom;pk

rdcifa':pk ESifh AdkvfcsKyfro


d m;pk (1947)

391

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

AdkvfcsKyfpdwfxm;udk ajymjyaeonfh pmwapmif

392

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

yifvkHausmufwdkif

yifvkHpmcsKyf csKyfqdkaeykH yef;csDum;


393

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ wckwGif

ppfa&,mOf ar,kwGif

394

atmifoef;

atmifoef;\atmifqef;

AdkvfcsKyfaMu;kyf (uefawmfBuD;? &efukef)

395

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