Professional Documents
Culture Documents
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
pmtkyftm;
MMCP Member
rustic rS
uGefysLwmpmpDpmdkuf wnf;jzwftacsmowfNyD;
Myanmar E-book
tjzpf
]2009-ckESp?f tmZmenfaeY}
tm; *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh wifqufonf/
3
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
rmwdum
- ed'gef;
10
1/ uav;b0
13
2/ ausmif;om;vli,fb0
22
3/ &efukefwuodkvf
28
4/ wuodkvfor*
34
5/ ocifatmifqef;
45
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
6/ vuf0Jtiftm;pk
58
7/ &JabmfoHk;usdyfa&SUajy;
65
8/ AdkvfawZESihf bD?tdkif?at
71
9/ bD?'D?at aoemywd
78
10/ vGyfvyfa&;ESifhcspfMunfa&;
86
11/ *syefawmfvSefa&;a&SUajy;
94
12/ *syefawmfvSefa&;qifETJyHk
101
108
14/ rdefYcGef;ESpfck
113
139
146
157
167
19/ yifvHkpnf;Hk;a&;
174
180
21/ vGyfvyfa&;odkY
195
- q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\av;csKd;BuD;
210
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJrsm;
u/ wdkYArmoDcsif;
213
c/ wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;OuX ocifvSabmf\rdefYcGef;
215
*/ ppfcsDoDcsif;rsm;/
240
C/ Adkvfatmifqef;
234
i/ z?q?y?v nDvmcHobifrdefYcGef;
240
p/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG? EkdifiHa&;orm;awG
284
q/ atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf
288
298
awmifolv,form;nDvmcHwGif >rufMum;onfhrdefYcGef;
ps/ 1947 ckESpf? rwfv 19-&ufaeYwGifusif;yaom
302
EdkifiHa&;&Sif;vif;yGJrdefYcGef;
n/ a&G;aumufyGJowday;csuf
307
#/ ESpfopful;rdefYcGef;
315
X/ jyifqifrInDvmcHrdefYcGef;
323
!/ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkjy|mef;csuf
354
/ aemufqHk;rdefYcGef;
382
- "mwfykHrsm;
389
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
ed'gef;
uRefawmf\ rdwfaqGrsm;u uRefawmhftm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
twKywda&;&ef tBudrfBudrf wdkufwGef;cJhMuygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
uRefawmf ra&;cJhyg/
ra&;cJhjcif;rSm uRefawmhfrSm aoG;om;jzpfaeonfhtwdkif; ]udk,fh
ig;csOf udk,fcsOf} &m a&mufaernf pdk;onfu waMumif;? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;vdk yk*dKvfrsKd;\ twKywdudk tpdk;&u Muyfrwfa&;om;
xkwfa0oifhonf[k ,lqonfu waMumif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; tm;vHk; odMuonfhtwdkif; ,aeYtxd tpdk;&xkwf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; twKywd r&Sdao;yg/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkY usqHk;NyD;pu
ocifEk? udkAaqG? udkausmfNidrf;wdkY acgif;aqmifaeaom z?q?y?v tpkd;&
onf AdkvfcsKyftwKywd a&;&eftwGuf uRefawmfyg yg0ifaom ]twKywd
aumfrDwDwck} zGJUpnf;vdkufonf[k owif;pmrsm;wGif zwfIvdkuf&
ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; xdkyk*dKvfrsm;om odrnfjzpfaom taMumif;rsm;
aMumifh xdktwKywdaumfrDwDonf tpnf;ta0;vnf; wcgrQrxdkifcJh/
AdkvfcsKyf twKywdudkvnf; ,aeYwkdif xGufay:rvmcJhay/
tcsKdUyk*dKvfrsm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom twKywdrsm; tenf;i,f
&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; xdktwKywdrsm;rSm jynhfpHkonf[k uRefawmf
rxifyg/ uRefawmfhoabmt& vGyfvyfa&;ydokumjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;vdk EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ twKywdudka&;vQif xdkyk*dKvf
10
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
11
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
12
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(1)
uav;b0
uRefawmf oHk;ESpf ajcmufv ig;&ufom;t&G,f a&mufaomtcg
nDuav;wa,muf&ygonf/
xdkaeYudk aumif;pGm rSwfrdygao;onf/ uRefawmfonf cgwdkif;n
rsm;wGif rdcifESifhtwl tdyf&mxJ ao; ygavh &Sdygonf/ xdknwGifum;
zcifESifhtwl tdyf& qD;oGm;vdkojzifh Edk;vmum ]azaz? ao;aygufcsif
w,f} [kajym&m? zcifu ]xayguf} [k jyefajymygonf/ xdknrSp
uRefawmfonf tdyf&mxJ ao;rygawmhyg/ qD;oGm;vdku Edk;vmygonf/
rdk;vif;aomtcg bef;BuD;xJ odyfxm;aom nDuav;udk jrif
udkifrnfjyK&m tpfudkBuD;(OD;b0if;)u ]a[h rudkifeJY? vufjywfwwfw,f}
[k ajymojzifh rudkifbJ uRefawmhfvufudk jyefqkwfvdkuyf gonf/ tpfudk
BuD;um; [uf[ufyufyuf &,fypfvdkufygonf/ odkYwapvnf; uRefawmf
onf nDuav;udk rudkif&JbJ ab;rS vSnfhywf MunhfHkom Munhf0hH
ygonf/
nDuav; wESpfausmft&G,fa&mufaomtcg emrnfay;&efpOf;pm;
Muygonf/ uRefawmfu ]usKyf atmifoef;qdk olu atmifqef;ayghAsm} [k
ajymvkduf&m tm;vHk;u vufcHMuygonf/ paeom; jzpfonfhtwdkif;
ZmwmxJ ]xdefvif;} [k aeYemrftvdkuf rSnfhxm;aomfvnf;? ]atmifqef;}
[kom wGifaeygawmhonf/ ]xdefvif;} onf ZmwmzGJUolay;aom emrnf
13
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyf \ Zmwm
14
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
15
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
16
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
17
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
18
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
19
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
20
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
21
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(2)
ausmif;om;vli,fb0
a&S;acwftcgu jrefrmausmif; (Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyf
jrefrmausmif; (Anglo-Vernacular School)? t*Fvdyfausmif;
(English School) [l ausmif;oHk;rsKd;&Sd&m ewfarmufausmif;onf
jrefrmausmif; jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfausmif;onf &efukef? rEav;wdkY
uJhodkYaom NrKdUBuD;rsm;om&Sd ]t*Fvdyf jrefrmausmif;} onf rauG;?
a&eHacsmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;wdkYuJhodkYaom NrKdUuav;rsm;om &Syd gonf/
NrKdUydkif Hk;pdkufaomfvnf; &GmBuD;rQomjzpfaom ewfarmuf ]jrefrmausmif;}
om &Sdygonf/
uRefawmfwdkYi,fpOfu ewfarmufonf ql;wyfrsm;um&Hxm;aom
&GmBuD;jzpf oabFmqdyfNrKdUjzpfaom rauG;ESihf 36rdkif a0;onf/ rD;&xm;
vrf;vnf; r&Sdao;yg/ um;vrf ;vnf; r&Sdao; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
BuD;vmaomtcg atmifqef;onf &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGrsm;tm; ]usKyf
*sif*vd0gvm;(awmom;)} [k *kPf,l &,farm ajymqdkavh &Sdygonf/
acwfynm(t*Fvdyfpm) oifvdkvQif ewfarmuf roifEdkifbJ
NrKdUwNrKdU oGm;&ygonf/ 13-ESpf 14-ESpf t&G,fa&mufNyDjzpfaom
atmifqef;onf jrefrmpm 6-wef;atmifjrifNyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfpm
oifvdk&um; tpfudkBuD;ESifh uRefawmfwdkY ynm&ifEdkY aomufpkdYcJhaom
a&eHacsmif; ae&Sife,fausmif;odkY olYudkydYk &ef rdbrsm;udk ylqmygawmhonf/
22
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
ewfarmufNrdKU
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aetdrfjywdkuf
23
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
24
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
25
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
26
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefu atmifqef;onf 16-ESpfausmf 17ESpfom; t&G,frQom &Sdygao;onf/ xdkt&G,fuyif olonf ausmif;jyef
aemufus&jcif; jyem\ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf jrifol
jzpfygonf/ aemufydkif; ol\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifjcif;onf
jyemw&yf \ taMumif;&if;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf xdk;xGif;odjrif
wwfaom t&nftcsif;aMumihf[kqdkvQif rSm;rnf rxifay/
27
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(3)
&efukefwuodkvf
1932-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf t*Fvdyfjrefrm q,fwef;udk
jrefrmpmESifhygVdbmomwdYk wGif *kPfxl;jzifhatmifjrif &efukefwuodkvfodkY
a&mufvmygonf/ xdkacwfu aumvdyfausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh txufwef;vTmESihf tvwfwef;vTmrsm;rS vmMuolrsm;
jzpf tvGef ]Id;} xkwfMuygonf/ 0wfpm;qif,if&m aumif;ayh? vSayh?
qef;ayh qdkonfh t0wfrsm;udkom *kPfwk *kPfNyKdif 0wfqifMuygonf/
xdkacwftcsdefwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;jzpfvmaom atmifqef;onf wrl
xl;jcm;aeygonf/
tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pwdkifxkwfoavmuf(0g)*dkufay;oavmuf
atmifqef;onf t0wfudkvnf; *krpdkuf? tpm;udkvnf; *krpdkuf?
taetxdkifudkvnf; *krpdkuf? jzpfovdkaeygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;
bdkauajymifaeatmif zD;vdrf;jyifqifoavmuf atmifqef;onf tNrJ
qHyifpkwfzGm;jzifh aewwfygonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf ydk;-zJ-uwD
yg-befaumuf paom taumif;pm;txnfrsm;udk 0wfqifaomfvnf;
atmifqef;um; rEav;vHkcsnfwywfEGrf;? yifeDwdkufyHktus? wcgw&H
ouvyftuswywfEGrf; ponfwdkYudkom 0wfqifavh&Sdygonf/ tjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tcef;rsm;udk vSyatmif rGrf;rH cs,fvS,f
xm;Muojzifh tcef;rsm; vSycefYnm;oavmuf atmifqef;\ tcef;onf
28
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
29
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
30
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
31
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
32
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
33
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(4)
wuodkvfor*
1934-ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf tdkifatpmar;yGJ atmifjrif
NyD;aemuf ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;udk pwifaqmif&Gufygonf/ xdkESpf
wuodkvfausmif;om;or*(wuo) trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJwGif 0if
a&muf ,SOfNyKdifta&G;cH&m atmifqef;ta&G;rcH&yg/ vlodenf;ao;
onhfjyif ausmifom;trsm;u olYudk vlY*Gpm[kom todtrSwfjyKxm;Muyg
ao;onf/
ta&G;rcH&aomfvnf; atmifqef;onf pdwfysufroGm;yg/ olYtm;
rJray;olrsm;udkvnf; pdwfckroGm;yg/ atmifqef;onf oabmxm;BuD;ol
aywnf;/ rnfrQ oabmxm;BuD;onfudk jrLeDpDy,frif;BuD;a[mif; OD;xGef;
tkef\ 1961-ck urmYuav;rsm;aeY 13-2-61 o0PfvTmudk zwfjI cif;
tm;jzifh odEdkifygonf/
OD;xGef;tkefu uav;rsm;xHydkYonfh ]OD;av;xGef;tkef\ pum;
vufaqmif} [laom o0PfvTm atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]yxrOD;qHk; OD;av;taeeJY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk owd&wm
uawmh 1934-ckESpfubJ/ &efukefwuodkvfrSm wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;
or*
trIaqmifa&G;aumufyGJvkyfw,f/ 'DtcgrSm OD;ausmfNidrf;?
OD;odef;azjrihfwdkYu tzGJUwck zGJUpnf;NyD; a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifMuw,f/
udkatmifqef;udk rJxnfhyg? usKyfwdkYwm0ef,lygw,fwJh/ OD;av;u
34
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
35
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tdk;a0t,f'DwmtzGJU (1936)
36
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
37
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
38
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
39
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
40
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
41
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
42
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
43
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
44
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(5)
ocifatmifqef;
wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&&ef ausmif;om;avmuwGif aqmif&Gufae
kHjzifh rNyD;bJ? EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif udk,fxdvufa&muf 0ifa&muf
aqmif&GufrSjzpfrnf[k oabmaygufvmonfhtwdkif;? atmifqef;onf
xkdESpfrukefrD ausmif;rSxGuf xdktcsdefu twuf<uqHk;jzpfaom ]wdkYArm
tpnf;tHk;} odkY 0ifavonf/ odkYjzifh ausmifom;acgif;aqmif
udkatmifqef;onf ocifatmifqef; jzpfvmavonf/
1938-ckESpfavmufrSp ocifbaomif;? ocifApdef ponfh
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefaom vli,ftcsKdUonf rdrdwdkYemrnfukd
]ocif} wyfac:vsuf jrefrmrsm;\ trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfudk EId;qGay;
Muygonf/ xdktcsdefu tkyfpdk;ol t*Fvdyfrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk ocif[k
tac:cH jrefrmrsm;udk uReftjzpfoabmxm;um qufqHMuygonf/
ocifbaomif;wdkYvlpkonf vli,fydkif;udk pnf;Hk;um ]Armjynfonf
wdkYjynf? Armpmonf wdkYpm? Armpum;onf wdkYpum;? ocifrsKd;a[h
wdkYArm} ponfh aqmifyk'fwdkYudk a<u;aMumfvsuf ]wdYk ArmoDcsif;} udk
oDqdkMuNyD;vQif jrefrmvlrsKd;\ rD;cJjymzHk;jzpfonfh trsKd;om;a&;
pdwf"mwfudk azmfxkwfay;Muygonf/ wdkYArmoDcsif;udk aemufqufwGJ
u-wGif zwfyg/
45
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
wdkYArmtpnf;tkH; tvH
odkYaomfvnf; xdktcsdefu ocifrsm;rSm pepf wus pnf;kH;
zGJUpnfjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ 1934- ckESpfavmufwGifrS wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;
[laom emrnfjzifh EdkifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;wckudk wnfaxmifEdkifMuavonf/
tpnf;tHk;0ifwdkif; rdrdwdkY\emrnfa&SU armif? udk? OD; ponfwdkYudk
rwyfbJ? ]ocif} [k wyfMuygonf/ Oyrm ]udkuBuD;} qdkolonf tpnf;
tHk;0ifvdkufonfESihfwNyKdifeuf ]ocifuBuD;} jzpfvmygonf/ tvm;
wlpGm trsKd;orD;rsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkYemrnfa&SU r? a': ponfwdkY rwyf
bJ ]ocifr} [k wyfMuygonf/ xdktcsufudk tpGJjyK jynfolvlxk
ESifhwuG tpdk;&onf w&m;0ifemrnfjzpfaom ]wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;} udk
toHk;enf; wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;tpm; ]ocifygwD} [laom trnfudk
toHk;rsm;avonf/
1938-ck ukefcgeD;avmufwGif atmifqef;onf OD;Ek (,cif
ocifEk)? ocifoef;xGef; (,ck uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif) wdkYESihf waeYwnf;
]wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;} 0ifonf/ xdktcsdefwGif wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; rSm
q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; acgif;aqmifonfh tjcrf;ESihf ocifApdef
acgif;aqmifonfh tjcrf;[l ESpfjcrf;uGJaeygonf/ ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;wdkY
tjcrf;onf trsm;pkjzpf ocifatmifqef;wdkYonf xdktjcrf;0ifrsm;
jzpfvmMuavonf/
46
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
47
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
48
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
49
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
50
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
51
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
52
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
53
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
54
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
55
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
56
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
57
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(6)
vuf0Jtiftm;pk
ocifatmifqef;\ EkdifiHa&;&ifhusufrIonf jrefqefvSygonf/
wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;twGuf wdusjywfom;aom 0g'vrf;pOfrsm;udk olyif
'dkifcHa&;qGJcJhygonf/ ygwD0if &JabmftcsKdUonf rSDatmifrvdkufEdkifMuojzihf
ocifatmifqef;onf wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;udk tm;r& jzpfvmygonf/
wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&; &Hkjzifh rNyD;ao;bJ? vlrsm;pkjzpfonfh tvkyform;
v,form;rsm;\ b0vGwfajrmufa&;udk aqmif&Guv
f dkonfh vuf0J
tiftm;pkrsm;udk odrf;oGif; pnf;Hk;&rnf[k ocifatmifqef; aumif;pGm
oabmaygufayonf/
xdkodkY oabmaygufonfh twdkif; ocifodef;az (odef;azjrifh)?
ocifA[def; (uG,fvGefol)? ocifvSaz (Adkvfvusfm)? umvuwm;rS
a&mufvmaom ukvm;&Jabmfwa,mufwdkYESifhtwl ocifatmifqef;onf
]uGefjrLepfygwD} wnfaxmif&ef uvyfpnf;wck zGJUpnf;ygonf/
xdkuvyfpnf;wGif ocifatmifqef;u twGif;a&;r;tjzpf aqmif&Guf
ygonf/
]uGefjrLepftp atmifqef;u} [ka&;vQif rSm;rnfrxifyg/
odkYaomfvnf; t*Fvdyftpdk;&u uGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifcGihf rjyKonfu
waMumif;? trsKd;om; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf aZmufcs aqmif&Gufaeonfh
wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;twGuf tcsdefjynfh ay;ae&onfu waMumif;wkdY
58
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
59
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tenf;qHk;vkyfcudk
(*) uav;oli,frsm;tm;
zsufodrf;a&;/
tvkyfMurf;
Oya'jzifh
vkyfckdif;jcif;udk
EkdifiHydik f
pufrIvufrI
60
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
ajr,mtm;vHk;udk
ajymif;a&;/
(8) tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
avQmfypfa&;/
EdkifiHydkifodrf;NyD;
pufrIajr,m
awmifolv,form;rsm;\
pepfodkY
a<u;NrDrsm;udk
rQwpGm
atmufwef;
61
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
62
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
63
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
64
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(7)
&JabmfokH;usdyf a&SUajy;
ocifatmifqef;onf pdwful;,Oform;r[kwf/ vufawGUorm;
jzpfayonf/ rdkufl;&Jvkyfwwfolr[kwf/ tajctaet&yf&yfudk oHk;oyfNyD;
rS vrf;pOfcsol jzpfonf/
]olykefxw,fqdkwm tcgtcGifhaumif;&rS x&w,f/ t*FvdyfawG
'kua&mufaewJh tcdkufvJ jzpf&r,f/ udk,fhrSmvJ vltiftm;? vufeuf
tiftm; &Sd&r,f/ Armjynf[m wdkif;jynfi,fuav;jzpfvdkY tm;udk;&r,hf
wdkif;jynfBuD;wckeJYvJ qufoG,frdNyD; jzpf&r,f/ tJ'Dvkd taMumif; trsKd;
pHkwJhtcgusrS olykefx&r,f/ 'grSr[kwf&if rdkuf&m usawmhraygh} [k
ocifatmifqef;u olYrdwfaqGtcsKdUtm; pum;pjrnfajym&if; ajymjy
avonf/ ]tvif;odkY} pmtkyfrS aumufEkwfcsuf
ajrvQKd;NyD;aemuf ocifatmifqef;onf tdyfraebJ vGyfvyfa&;
&&ef tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfavonf/ ppfjzpfaeonfh tajctaeudk
csufaumif;,l EkdifiHjcm;ESifh qufoG,fum tultnD&,l&ef pDpOf
avonf/
xdktcsdefavmufwGif ]xGuf&yf*dkPf;} 0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom a'gufwm
barmf? a'gufwmodef;armif wdkYxHrS *syefEdkifiH\ tultnDvdkcsifvQif
&EkdifaMumif; Mum;od&avonf/ ocifatmifqef;ESihf &Jabmfrsm;onf
EdkifiHjcm;tultnD ,loifh? roifhudk pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;MuNyD;aemuf ,l&ef
65
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
66
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
67
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
68
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
69
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
70
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(8)
AdkvfawZESifh bD?tdkif?at
ocifatmifqef;onf *syef\ &nf&G,fcsufudk rsm;pGm r,HkMunf
vSay/ odkYaomfvnf; ppfjzpfaepOf tawmtwGif; ppfynmoifMum;&vQif?
vufeuf&EkdifvQif? wdkif;jynftwGuf tusKd;&Sdrnf[k ,lqonfhtwdkif;
vli,f&Jabmfrsm;udk ac:aqmif&ef jrefrmjynfodkY jyefvmavonf/
1941-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf oGm;wkwyf
wkyfoabFmom;uJhodkY kyfzsufum jrefrmjynfodkY jyefa&mufvmonf/
jrefrmjynf&Sd &Jabmfrsm;tm; tajctaet&yf&yfudk &Sif;jyNyD;aemuf
rwfvqef;avmufwGif ocifvSaz(Adkvfvusfm)? ocifA*srf;(Adkvfva&mif)?
wuodkvfausmif;om; udkxGef;&Sdef(Adkvf&efEdkif)ponfh &Jabmfrsm;udk wyg
wnf;ac: *syefjynfodkY oabFmjzifyh if jyefavonf/ tjcm;vli,frsm;udk
vnf; tokwfvdkufydkY&ef pDpOfcJhavonf/
odkYjzifh ]&JabmfoHk;usdyf} [k &mZ0if wGifaeonfh atmufyg
&JabmfwdkYonf oabFmjzihfwwef? ,kd;',m; txd ukef;aMumifhjzihfwrsKd;
ponfjzifh *syefjynfodkY wdwfwqdwf cdk;xGufMuavonf/ taemuf
ppfrsufESmwGif tvkyfIyfaeonf NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf ocifatmifqef;
aysmufoGm;onfudkif;? acwjyefvmonfudkif;? tjcm; rsKd;cspfvli,frsm;
aysmufoGm;onfudkif; rodvdkuf&Smay/
71
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
&JabmfoHk;usdyf
1/ ocifatmifqef; - AdkvfawZ
2/ ocifvSaz - Adkvfvusfm
3/ ocifIarmif - Adkvfae0if;
4/ udkxGef;&Sdef - Adkvf&efEdkif
5/ udkvSarmif - AdkvfaZ,s
6/ ocifvSNrKdif - Adkvf&efatmif
7/ udka&T - AdkvfausmfaZm
8/ ocifpHvIdif - Adkvfatmif
9/ udkaqmif; - Adkvfxdef0if;(t*Fvdyft0ifaoqHk;oGm;onf/)
10/ ocifxGef;a&T - Adkvfvif;,kef
11/ ocifatmifodef; - Adkvf&JxG#f
12/ ocifA*srf; - Adkvfva&mif
13/ ocifwifat; - Adkvfbkef;jrihf
14/ ocifxGef;cif - AdkvfjrihfaqG
15/ ocifoef;wif(1) - Adkvfoef;wif(Zif;r,fwGifusqHk;onf/)
16/ ocifoef;wif(2) - Adkvfjr'if([dkifeHuRef;wGifusqHk;onf/)
17/ ocifatmifoef; - AdkvfpBuFm
18/ ocifpdk; - Adkvfjrihfatmif (t*Fvdyf jyeft0if udk,hfudk,fudk
owfaoonf/)
72
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
73
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
74
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
75
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
76
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
77
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(9)
bD?'D?at aoemywd
ocifatmifqef; (0g) AdkvfawZ (0g) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; onf
tajctaeudk rSefuefpGm oHk;wwfoljzpfygonf/ tajcmufwdkuf b0ifjrihf
wwfol r[kwfyg/ rdrdudk csD;usL;xm;aom oDcsif;rsm; oDqdkaeMuaomf
vnf; atmufajcvGwf roGm;ay/ aemufqufwGJ-C zwfyg/
1942-ck
atmifqef;u -
arv
19-&ufaeY
xrif;pm;yGJwckwGif
AdkvfcsKyf
78
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
79
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
80
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
81
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
82
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
83
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
84
AdkvfcsKyf \ Zmwm
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
85
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(10)
vGwfvyfa&;ESifhcspfMunfa&;
1943-ck Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk aMunmNyD;
aemuf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppf0efBuD; jzpfvmygonf/ ]ArmhumuG,f
a&; wyfrawmf} (bD?'Dat) onfvnf; ]Armh wyfrawmf} (Burma
National Army or B.N.A) jzpf vmygonf/ a'gufwmbarmfonf
EkdifiHawmf t"dywdESihf 0efBuD;csKyf? ocifjronf 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvm
ygonf/
a'gufwmbarmfonf EdkifiHawmf t"dywd jzpfvmHkru wdkYArm
tpnf;tHk;ESihf qif;&Jom;ygwDudk yl;aygif; zGJUpnf;vkdufaom aemufydkif;
]r[mArmygwD} jzpfvmonfh ]wdkYArm qif;&Jom;tpnf;tHk;} \ tBuD;
tuJ tmPm&Sifvnf; jzpfvmygonf/ xdkacwfu aqmifyk'fonf
]waoG;? woH? wrdefY} jzpfygonf/
oDcsif;a&;q&mrsm;uvnf; ]urmrSmvnf; tmPm&Sif? 'dkYvJ
tmPm&Sif} ponfjzifhif;? ]tcgcgyif pdwftm;wufzG,f? tmPm&Sif
rdefYMum;cJhw,f/ cg;awmif;BuKdufum? a[m'Dppfudk Edkifatmifom wdkuf&
r,fwJh} ponfjzihfif;? tmPm&Sif csD;usL;onfh aw;oDcsif;rsm;udk a&;pyf
oDqdkvmMuygonf/
xdkodkY t"dywdESifhwuG yk*dKvftawmfrsm;rsm;onf *syefjynfvkyf
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;udk om,maeMupOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *sLAvDa[m
86
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
87
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
88
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
89
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
90
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
91
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
apmpHbkd;oifuvnf;
92
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
93
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(11)
*syefawmfvSefa&; a&SUajy;
tcsdKUu *syefukd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ac:vmonf[k xifae
Muonf/ trSefrSm txufwGif a&;cJhonfh twdkif; AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;
toufpGefY EdkifiHjcm;odkY xGufoGm; onfrSm wkyfjynfoGm;&ef
jzpfygonf/ trGdKifwGif aomifwifaepOf jrefrmjynfwGif usef&pfcJhonfh
&Jabmfrsm;\ pDpOfcsuft& *syefESifh tquftoG,f& *syefjynfodkY
a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/
xdkpOfu urmYtajctaet& rnfoluac:ac:? rac:ac: *syef
onf jrefrmjynfukd wdkufawmhrnf jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m *syefa&mufvm
jcif;twGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: tjypfyHkcsvQif rw&m;ay/ pifppfrSm
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh bD?tdkif?at\ aus;Zl;aMumifh zufqpf*syefonf
jrefrmjynfwGif &rf;um;csifoavmuf r&rf;um;&Jonfudkum; rnfolrQ
jiif;qdEk dkifrnfr[kwfay/
txuf azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; *syefonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf
touftaocHum wdkufay;vdrfhrnf[k AdkvfcsKyf r,HkMunfcJhay/ i,fpOfu
p AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdudk,fukdom tm;udk;ol jzpfayonf/
olrsm; ESmacgif;jzifh toufrSLvdk/ SLvdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvGeftxifao;
avonf/
94
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
95
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
96
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
97
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
98
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
99
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
100
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(12)
*syefawmfveS fa&; qifETJyHk
1945-ck rwfv 17-&uf paeaeYwGif
Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;
onf
,ck
awmfvSefa&;yef;jcHjyKvkyfxm;aom
ae&m
wyfxGufyGJ tcrf; tem; usif;yMuavonf/
&efukefNrKdUolNrKdUom;
ESpfaomif;ausmfonf
wyfxGufyGJ tcrf;tem;odkY vma&muf tm;ay;
Muavonf/ xdktcrf;tem; ESihfywfouf
]wyfrawmfpmapmif (1960)} wGif atmufyg
twdkif; azmfjy xm;ayonf/
]]eHeuf 7 em&DcefYwGif t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf? *syeftBuHay;
t&m&SdcsKyf ar*sm*sife&,fquldkif;? ppf0efBuD;ESihfppfaoemywd AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;wdkY a&mufvmMuavonf/ EdkifiHawmf t"dywdBuD; a'gufwm
barmfESihf ar*sm*sife&,f quldkif;wdYk u t*Fvdyf? tar&duefwdkYtm; Armh
owdudkjy &J&ifhpGm acsrIef;Mu&ef ppfxGufrnhf Armhwyfrawmftm;
rSmBum;NyD;vQif ppfxGuf ArmhatmifvHawmfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vufokdY
tyfavonf/ xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufygtwdkif; rdefYcGef;
ajymMum;jyefonf/
101
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
&JabmfwdkY
tus,fcsJUNyD; &Snf&Snf rajymcsifbl;/ tck
ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/ qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/ tcuftcJ
awGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jyyg/ txuf
Adkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcHMuyg/ txuf AdkvfawGuvJ
omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh
twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfwdkYeJYtwl csDwuf r,f/
Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/ teD;uyfqHk; &efoludk
&SmNyD; wdkufMu/ 'gbJ/
AdkvfcsKyf rdefYcGef;ajymNyD;onfESihf wNyKdifeuf ab;rS&yfem;axmif
aeaom vlxky&dwfowfBuD;\ tm;&auseyfaom vufckyfwDoHrsm;ESihf
]ta&;awmfyHk atmifygap} [laom a<u;aMumfoHrsm;onf qlnHjrnf[D;
yJhwifxyfvsuf &Sdavonf/
rdefYcGef;ay;NyD;aemuf ppfxGufrnhf wyfrsm;onf a&Twd*HkapwDawmf
jrwfBuD;udk wywfywf csDwuftav;jyK&ef tpDtpOftwdkif; csDwufMu
onf/ yxrwGif ab;rS y&dwfowfBuD;onf 0rf;omjcif;? tHhtm;oihfjcif;?
tm;&wuf<ujcif;wdkYjzifh jynhfae toHrxGufEdkifbJ idkif Munhfae&mrS
kwfcsnf; touf0ifvmouJhodkY ]'dYk Arma[h? 'dkYArm} [laom a<u;aMumfoH
rsm;udk qlnHpGm atmf[pftm;ay;MuonfrSm [def; oGm;avonf/
csDwuf&m vrf;wavQmuf trsKd;orD;rsm;u atmifoajyyef;rsm;
udk &Jabmfrsm;\ tustdwfuyfrsm;wGifif;? OD;xkyfrsm;wGifif; pdkufay;
]ppfyGJudk Edkifatmif wdkufcJhyg} [k EIwfqufMuavonf/ tcsKdUuvnf;
102
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
103
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
104
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
105
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tjzpf todtrSwfjyK
jrefrmjynfrS *syefrsm;udk wdkufxkwfMu&mwGif vufwGJ aqmif&GufcJhonf/
(Patriotic Burmese Forces or P.B.F)
106
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
107
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(13)
z?q?y?v a&SUajy;
zufqpf*syefonf awmfvSefa&; NyD;qHk;aomtcg (1945-ck
Mo*kwfv) zufqpfqefYusifa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk ]zufqpfqefYusifa&;
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU (0g) z?q?y?v (The Anti Fascist People s
Freedom League or A.F.P.F.L) tjzpf pepfwus pnf;Hk;NyD;aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk OuXtjzpf wifajrmufMuavonf/
rSwfcsuf/ /apmapmydkif;u zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyf
a&;tzGJU(0g) z?w?y?v [k rSnfhac:cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;rS 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd
tBuHay;csuft& ]zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU} (0g)
z?q?y?v [k ac:wGifjcif;jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyf bmomjyefcsufudkum;
ajymif;vJ&ef rvdkonhftwdkif; rajymif;vJMuay?
xdktcsdeftcgu z?q?y?v acgif;aqmifydkif;wGif jyemESpfck
ay:cJhavonf/
yxrjyemrSm rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk zGJUpnf;vwHhaom
NAdwdoQ ArmhwyfrawmfESihf tzGJUtpnf;vdkuf yl;aygif;oihfoavm/
odkYwnf;r[kwf awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;onf ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;odkY
wOD;csif; 0ifoifhoavm [laom jyem jzpfayonf/
108
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
109
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
110
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
111
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
112
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(14)
rdefYcGef;ESpfck
AdkvfcsKyf rdefYcGef;ajymaeykH
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;yHk(,m,D) pnf;rsOf;Oya'rSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfayonf/
tcef;1/ /A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU zGJUpnf;yHk
yk'fr(1)/ /vuf&Sdtac: A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUwGif atmufygtwdkif; zGJUpnf;&rnf/
(u) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 3-OD;pD/
113
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(c) EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif[k
todtrSwfjyKjcif;
woD;yk*vyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;rS trsm;qHk; 10-OD;/
cH&aom
tcef;2/ /tzGJUcsKyf\&nf&G,fcsuf
(u) zufqpf0g' wurmvHk;wGif vHk;0uG,faysmufonftxd wdkufckduf
acsrIef;&ef/
(c) twvefwdwfaMunmcsuf? wD[D&efaMunmcsuf paom aMumnm
csufrsm;twkdif; Armjynfoljynfom;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ uHMurmudk
rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkif&ef/
(*) ArmjynfBuD;udk jynfolwdkYqEtwdkif; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef/
(C) Armjynfudk Armjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;omvlrsKd; toD;oD;wdkY tm;vHk;
oabmwl vGwfvyfpGm zGJUpnf;aom wkdif;jynfBuD; xlaxmif&ef/
odkY wnfaxmif&m yg0ifaom vlrsKd;toD;oD;tm; rdrdwdkY
uHMurmudk rdrdwdkYzmom zefwD;Edkifaom tcGifhta&; ay;xm;&ef/
114
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(3) ppfrufvdkvm;aom0g'?
rvkdvm;/
ppf0g'orm;u
vTrf;rdk;aom
pHepfudk
&Sifbk&if
xif&mjyKvkyftkyfcsKyfonfh
pepf ukd
tzGJUcsKyfzGJUpnf;&mwGif vdkvm;rnfhtcsufrsm;
(1) wOD;csif; acgif;aqmifonfxuf 0dkif;0ef;pkHk; acgif;aqmif jcif;udk
vkdvm;onf/
(2)
115
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(5) jynfoltm;vHk;wdkYtm;
'Drdkua&pD
tcGihfta&;
ay;&rnf /
vkyfxHk;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD tpOftvmwdkYESihf jzpfap&rnf/
tcef;4/ /tzGJUcsKyftwGif;0if tzGJUrsm;tm;tkyfcsKyfa&;
yk'fr(1)/ / tzGJUcsKyfodkY
tpkvdkuf0ifaom
toif;om;rsm;onf
tzGJUcsKyf\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk waoGrwdrf; vdkufem&rnf/
yk'fr(2)/ / tzGJUcsKyf0if tzGJUcsif; tcsif;rsm;cJhvQif tzGJUcsKyf\ OD;pD;
tzGJUu qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
yk'fr(3)/ / ygwDudpr sm;?
ygwDtusKd;rsm;ESihf
EdkifiHa&;udpr sm;?
EdkifiHtusKd;rsm; xdyg;NidwG,fvmvQif EkdifiHtusKd; Edkifiu
H dp
omvQif t"dujzpf&rnf/
yk'fr(4)/ / tzGJUcsKyf\qHk;jzwfcsuft& EdkifiHudpr sm;udk aqmif&Guf &m
tzGJUcsKyf\trnfESihf aqmif&Guf&rnf/
yk'fr(5)/ / tzGJUcsKyf0iftcsif;csif; yk*dKvfpGJ ykwfcwfajymqdkjcif; r&Sd&/
yk'fr(6)/ / tzGJUcsKyf\ qHk;jzwfcsufrcsrD tzGJUwcku rdrd\ oabmxm;
udk vufcHvmatmif BuKd;pm;Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif qHk;jzwf
csufcsNyD;onfhtcg
xdktzGJU\
oabmxm;r[kwfbJ
tzGJUcsKyf\oabm
jzpfojzifh
if;qHk;jzwfcsufudk
rqefYusif&/ e,frsm;wGif tzGJUcGJrsm; zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
atmufygtwdkif; owfrSwfMuonf/
116
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tcef;5/ /e,frsm;wGif tzGJUcGJrsm;zGJUpnf;a&;
Adkvfvusfm
(3) Adkvfae0if;
(4) ocifoef;xGef;
(5) ocifjroGif
(6) ocifA[def;
(7) udkodef;az
(8) udkausmfNidrf;
(9) udkbaqG
(10) ocifcspf
(11) ocif0wif
(12) OD;bcsKd
117
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(13) OD;cspfarmif
(14) OD;jr([oFmw)
(15) OD;btkef;
(16) OD;at;
(17) OD;atmifZHa0
(18) OD;bdk;jr(uu)
(19) OD;ausmf&if
(20) OD;b*srf;
(21) apmbOD;BuD;
(22) OD;bckdif
(23) q&momxdk
(24) OD;baz
(25) OD;odef;armif
(26) OD;yk
(27) OD;quf
(28) OD;jr(aysmfbG,f)
(29) OD;b0if;
(30) OD;wif
(31) ocifav;armif
(32) ocifnD
118
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(33) rpwm&Sm&Spf
(34) rpwm&mref
(35) OD;MuifrSdef
(36) OD;rsKd;I
txufyg A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU0ifpm&if;udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh z?q?y?v
onf rnfrQus,fjyefYaom trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkBuD; jzpfonfudk odom
Edkifayonf/
A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUwGif EdkifiHa&;ygwD toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
omru vlrsKd;pktzGJUtpnf; toD;oD;\ ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf xif&Sm;aom
woD;yk*v EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;yg yg0ifonfudk txl;azmfjy&ef rvdk
ay/ xkdrQ us,fjyefYpGm zGJUpnf;Edkifjcif;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tjrif
us,frIaMumihf jzpfayonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rnfrQ tjrifus,fonfukd
atmufygrdefYcGef;rsm;u oufaocHayonf/
pwkwtBudrfajrmuf
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif
Ou|AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\rdefYcGef;
]]uaeY vlBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;ac:&jcif; taMumif;rSm EdkifiH
twGif; nDnGwfrIudk a&SUI ac:qdk&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ t&ifuvJ ac:
cJhw,f/ rlvuvJ &nf&G,fcJhw,f/ EdkifiHa&;nDnGwfrIqdkwJh t"dym,f[m
bmvJqdk&if tck uRefawmfwdkY zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGJUcsKyfudk wEdkifiHvHk;&JU enf;vrf;wus twnfjyKwJhtjzpfudk Formal
119
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
120
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
121
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
122
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
123
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
124
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
125
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
126
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
127
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
128
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
129
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
130
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
131
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
132
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
133
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
134
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
135
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
136
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
137
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
138
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(15)
z?q?y?v ESihf bk&ifcH
z?q?y?vonf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif rawGUbl; rBuHKbl;aom
EdkifiHa&;MoZmudk &cJhayonf/ a&S;0HomEkacwf(*sD?pD?bD?at acwf)wGif
jrefrmjynfolvlxk\ EdkifiHa&; Edk;Mum;wuf<urIonf jyif;xefoihf
oavmuf jyif;xefcJhonfrSm rSefygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; z?q?y?v acwf
wuf<urIudkum; rrSDay/ *sD?pD?bD?atacwfwGif jrefrmrsm;twGif; wGifom
EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rI&Sd &Srf;? ucsif? u&if? csif; ponfh wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwfr0ifpm;Muay/ pdwfr0ifpm;atmifvnf;
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;u zefwD;xm;avonf/ *sD?pD?bD?atacwfwGif vlBuD;
ESifh tpdk;&trIxrf; r[kwfolrsm;om EdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufMu
aomfvnf; z?q?y?v acwfwGifrl wdkif;&if;om; vlrsm;ESihfwuG vlBuD;?
vli,f? trsKd;orD;? tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;ygrusef z?q?y?v tvHawmf
atmufwGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufMuavonf/
xdkodkY wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;toD;oD;? vlwef;pm;toD;oD;wdkYonf
z?q?y?v acgif;aqmifrIudk cH,lMuonfrSm Adkvfatmifqef;udk t<uif;rJh
,HkMunfMuaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/
ppfajy;bk&ifcH qma':refprpf (Sir Reginald Dorman Smit)
u tdEd,jynfESihf jrefrmjynfqdkif&m 0efBuD; yufopfavm&ihf (Baron
139
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
140
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
141
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
142
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
143
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(2)
(3)
awmif;qdkaomXmersm;teuf
z?q?y?v tm; ay;&ef/
144
txl;ojzifh
jynfxJa&;Xmeudk
atmifoef;
(4)
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
145
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(16)
z?q?y?v ESihf vlxk
bk&ifcH a':refprpfESihf aqG;aEG;a&; ysufoGm;NyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf z?q?y?v tif;tm; awmifhwif;onfhxuf awmifhwif;
vmap&ef pnf;Hk;a&;udk zdudkifavonf/ NAdwdoQvufatmuf Armh
wyfrawmfxJ r0ifvdkaom &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;udk tajccH ]jynfolY&Jabmf
tzGJU} udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifavonf/ AdkvfcsKyfudk ,HkMunfav;pm;
MunfndKMuonfhtwdkif; &Jabmfa[mif; r[kwfaom vli,frsm;yif jynfolY
&JabmftzGJUwGif 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufMuavonf/
jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;onf NrKdU&GmoefY&Sif;a&;? vlxkoufom acsmifcsd
a&;rsm;udk aqmif&GufMu tm;vyfaom tcsdefrsm;wGif ,leDazmif;0wfum
ppfavhusifha&;rsm; jyKvkyfMuavonf/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&u ppfavhusihfa&;
rvkyf&? ,leDazmif; r0wf&[k jynfolY&Jabmfrsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfyif
avonf/ xdkYaMumifh jynfolY&JabmfESihf NAdwdoQtpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf
rMumcP tjiif;yGm;Mu&avonf/
odkYjzifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESihf jynfolvlxk\ y#dyuonf waeY
wjcm; BuD;xGm;vmavonf/ y#d yuonf tif;pdefcdkif xef;wyifNrKdU
wGif txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufavonf/
1946-ck ZGefv 7-&ufaeYwGif xef;wyifNrKdUe,frS v,form;
rsm;onf NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ zdESyd fcsKyfcs,frIudk uefYuGufqEjyaomtm;jzifh
146
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
147
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyf \ vlxkpnf;Hk;a&;
'geJYbJ uRefawmfvJ &efukef vlxkpnf;Hk;a&;vkyfief;udk ocifcspf
\ tultnDjzifh tjyif;txef vkyf&ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefu &efukefrSm
vlOD;a& eJygao;w,f/ r[mrdwf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;uvnf; csKyfudkifxm;
w,f/ vrf;ay:rSm vloHk;a,mufavmufyif pkNyD;pum;rajym&? wm;jrpf
xm;wJhtcsdef jzpfaew,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
axmufcHwJh vlaetdrfrsm;rSm twGif;Budwf aqG;aEG;NyD; pnf;Hk;MuwmygbJ/
tJ'DtcsdefrSm &efukefvlxku NrKdUjyifbuf usKduqHESifh wdk;aMumifuav;&Gm
rSmtawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdawmh vlxkpnf;Hk;a&;udk if;&Gmrsm;txd vkyf&ygw,f/
&efukefudk (ume,f&if;epf) utkyfcsKyfygw,f/ if;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;Hk;u
tvHjybk&m;vrf; {&m0wD csefrm&D taqmuftODwckrSm &Sdygw,f/
148
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
149
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
150
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
151
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
152
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
153
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
154
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
155
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
156
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(17)
AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&ESihfpnf;Hk;a&;
1946-ck? pufwifbmv 27-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
acgif;aqmif tpdk;&tzGJUopfudk zGUJ onf/ tpdk;&tzGJU0if trsm;pkonf
z?q?y?v udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf useftzGJU0ifrsm;rSm OD;apm? ocifApdef?
qmarmifBuD;? apmbOD;BuD; wkdYjzpfMuonf/
Oya'oabmtm;jzifh ]puLjzLpmwrf;} wGif aMunmxm;onfh
twdkif; 1935-ck jrefrmjynftufOya'yk'fr 139 onf wnf&Sdaeayao;
onf/ xdkyk'frt& jrefrmjynfudk bk&ifcHwOD;wnf;\ oabmtwdkif;
tkyfcsKyf&ef jzpf trIaqmifaumifpDonf bk&ifcHudk tBuHay;&efom
jzpfonf/
odkYaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY &mxl;vufcHMuaomtcg
bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif 0ifa&muf rpGuf
zufawmhacs/ trIaqmifaumifpDonf 'dkrDeD,ef EdkifiHrsm;wGif&Sdaom
]uJbDeuf} (0efBuD;tzGJU) uJhodkY vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifavonf/ Oya'
oabmt& bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD\ obmywdjzpf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf 'kwd,obmywd jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGUwGif
um; bk&ifcHonf trIaqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rwufa&muf
awmhbJ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uomvQif obmywdtjzpf aqmif&Guf&av
onf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 'kdrDeD,efEdik fiHrsm;&Sd
157
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
158
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
159
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
160
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
161
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyf \ ucsifjynfe,fc&D;
xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif
awmifwef;a'orsm;yg yg0ifvmatmif aqmif&Guf&avonf/ tpdk;& zGJUNyD;
162
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
163
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tajccHOya'
164
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
165
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
166
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(18)
atmifqef;ESihf tufwvD
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tzdkY em;&onf r&Sdyg/ &Srf;jynfrS jyefa&muf
aomtcg bdvyfoGm;&ef jyifqif&avonf/
z?q?y?v tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0; qHk;jzwfcsuft&
AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&onf 1946-ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 8-&ufaeYwGif(tpdk;&zGJUNyD;
wvcGJyif r&Sdao;rD) aMunmcsuf wapmifudk xkwfjyefavonf/ aMunm
csuf\ oabmrSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&u jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ESihf ywfouf
aMunm&ef? raMunmvQif 1947-ck Zefe0g&Dv 31-&ufaeYwGif tpdk;&
tzGJU EkwfxGufrnfhtaMumif; jzpfavonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif
Zefe0g&Dv 31-&ufaeY rwdkifrD jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnf[k
NAdwdoQtpdk;&u aMunm&ef NAdwdoQtpdk;&xHodkY &mZoHay;vdkufjcif;
jzpfayonf/
xdk&mZoHt& 1946-ck 'DZifbmv 20-&ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQ
0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDonf jrefrmjynfudk NAdwdoQ "eo[m, twGif;wGif
jzpfap? tjyifwGifjzpfap? vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtjzpf todtrSwfjyKrnf[k
ygvDrefatmufvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif aMunmavonf/ xdkYaemuf
bdvyfodkY vma&mufaqG;aEG;&ef AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk zdwfac:avonf/
(rSwfcsuf/ /vGefcJhaomwESpfcefYu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYu
bdvyfodkYvm aqG;aEG;yg&ap[k urf;vSrf;cJhonfudk vufrcHaom
167
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
168
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
169
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
170
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
171
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
172
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
173
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(19)
yifvHkpnf;Hk;a&;
bdvyfrS jyefa&mufNyD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ t"du wm0ef
onf awmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf pnf;vHk;Edkifatmif xyfrHpnf;Hk;&jcif; jzpfay
onf/ e,fcsJUorm;uvnf; tavQmhray;/ awmifwef;a'orsm;udk jynfr
rS cGJxkwfxm;Ekdifatmif tpGrf;ukef BuKd;pm;vsufyif &Sdavonf/ txuf
wGifa&;cJhonfhtwdkif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;udk
qufvuftkyfcsKyfxm;EdkifvQif vGwfvyfcgp jrefrmEdkifiHudk rdrdwdkY pdwfwdkif;
us BuKd;udkifEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/
awmifwef;a'oom;rsm;\ qEudk pHkprf;avhvm&ef[kqdkum
NAdwdoQtpkd;&onf NAdwdoQ'dkrDeD,ef0efuav; abmhwGefrav; (Arthur
Bottomly MP.) udk jrefrmjynfodkY apvTwfvdkufavonf/
1947-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 8-&ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfonf &Srf;jynf
yifvHkNrKdUodkYoGm; jynfrESihfawmifwef;a'orsm; yl;aygif;a&;udk &Sif;jy
onf/ rdrda&;qGJxm;om ]rl} udk awmifwef;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; a0iS
avhvmaponf/
xdktcsdeftxd e,fcsJUorm;\ vufyg;aprsm;onf ajcxdk;vsufyif
&SdMuao;onf/ ]ArmawGu cifAsm;wdkYudk vdkufavsmvScsnfvm;? 'gavmuf
vG,fwm[m taMumif;wckawmh &Sdr,f/ t&rf;rvkyfbJ pOf;pOf;pm;pm;
vkyf&ifaumif;r,f} [kif;? ]AdkvfcsKyfudk Munhfygvm;? *syefpdwf raysmuf
174
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
175
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ yifvHkrdefYcGef;
]]yifvHktpnf;ta0;udk taMumif;ESpfrsKd;aMumifh vm&aMumif;/
yxrrS m jrefrmjynf&SdvlrsKd;rsm; nDnGwfa&;twGufjzpf tjcm;taMumif;
rSm vef'efaqG;aEG;yGJ awmifwef;a'oESihfywfouf rnfodkYaqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifcJhonfudk ajymqdk&Sif;vif;jy&ef jzpfaMumif;/
urmYEdkifiHa&;t& jrefrmjynf&SdvlrsKd;tm;vHk;rSm nDnGwf&ef vkdtyf
aMumif;/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkvQif jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;rSm &NyD[kqdkEdik f
aMumif;/ ,ck usef&Sdaeaom jyemrSm awmifwef;a'oudpy if jzpf
aMumif;/
bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJ jrefrmjynf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmifwef;
e,f vGwfvyfa&;udk wcsdefwnf; ray;cJhvQif wu,fhvGwfvyfa&;rjzpfEdik f
[k ajymqdkcJhaMumif;/ awmifwef;e,fudk NAdwdoQwdkY wdkuf dkuftkyfcsKyfjcif;
udk jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkYu rBuKdufaMumif;/ awmifwef;e,fudk awmifwef;vlrsKd;
rsm;om tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;jcif;udk jrefrmrsm;u BuKdufaMumif;/
NAdwdoQwdkYu awmifwef;e,fvlrsKd;rsm;onf atmufusaemufus
jzpfaeao;ojzifh vGwfvyfa&;ESifh rwef[k xifaeMuaMumif;/ xdkodkY
wifjycsufudk jrefrmrsm;u oabmrwlaMumif;/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;
&onfESihf wNyKdifeuf awmifwef;e,f vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k jrefrmrsm;u
xifjrifaMumif;/ jrefrmrsm;onf awmifwef;a'orsm;twGuf ajymqdkjcif;
rSm tkyfcsKyfpdk;rdk;vdk r[kwf/ odkY&mwGif awmifwef;e,frsm;onf jrefrm
jynfESihfwef;wl tqifhtwef; tcGifhta&; &apvdkaomaMumifhyif jzpf
aMumif;/
176
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
177
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
yifvkHpmcsKyfwGif vufrSwfxdk;aeykH
1947-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 12-&ufaeY eHeuf 10-em&DtcsdefwGif
&mZ0ifwGifonfh ]yifvHkpmcsKyf} udk atmufygacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u
vufrSwf a&;xdk;Muavonf/
1/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; = Armjynfacgif;aqmif
2/ apmcGefyef;qdkif = awmifydkifapmfbGm;
3/ apma&Todkuf = anmifa&TapmfbGm;
4/ apm[Hkz = ajrmufydkif;odef;eDapmfbGm;
5/ apmeef; = vJcsm;apmfbGm;
6/ apmxGef;at; = omcref ;apmfbGm;
7/ cGefyef; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? ajrmufydkif;odef;eD
8/ OD;wifat; = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? awmifBuD;
9/ OD;Mumyk = vlxkudk,fpm;vS,f? oDayg
178
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
179
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(20)
v,form;? tvkyform;ESihf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf
awmifwef;a'orsm;udk atmifjrifpGm pnf;Hk;NyD;onfhaemuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tpdk;&tzGJUacgif;aqmifyDyD? wdki;f jynfwGifjzpfay:
aeaom jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&avonf/ ]jynfxJta&; aygufeJYaus;}
[louJhodkY AdkvfcsKyf &ifqdkif&aom jyemrsm;onf IyfaxG;rsm;jym;vSay
onf/
Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? v,form;ta&;? tvkyf
orm;ta&; ponfjzifh jyemaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifudk aeYrtm;
nrtm; ajz&Sif;ae&ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfonf tcsdefrSef rpm;&? tcsdefrSef rtdyf
&acs/ waeY olYtdrfwGif wnf;cdkae&if; uRefawmfonf olYjzpftifudk
rMunhf&ufojzifh rSefrSefpm;? rSefrSeftdyf&ef ajymrdygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfurl
]b,fESyfvkyfrvJ? vlxkacgif;aqmifqdkwm 'DvdkbJ vkyf&rSmbJ/ vGwfvyf
a&; &NyD;&ifawmh EdkifiHa&;uxGufawmhr,f} [k jyefajymygonf/
AdkvfcsKyfonf xrif;pm;ae&if;vnf; EdkifiHa&;udkom pdwfapmae
wwfygonf/ waeYwGif olwdkYZeD;armifESHESihf uRefawmfwdkY xrif;pm;aeMu
pOf ol\ &ifESpfonf;csmrsm;jzpfaom atmifqef;OD;? atmifqef;vif;wdkY
onf xrif;pm;yGJem;odkY vmMuygonf/ uRefawmfu 0uftlacsmif;uav;
rsm; auR;vdkufygonf/ uav;rsm;vnf; tBudrfBudrfvm uRefawmfu
vnf; vmwdkif; auR;ygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfu olYom;uav;rsm;udkMunhfNyD;
180
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
181
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
182
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
183
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
184
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
185
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
186
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
187
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
188
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
189
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyf \ c&D;pOfwck
]]AdkvfcsKyfonf EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJ usif;y&m ZmcsJUum tcsdefNzHK;wD;
rIrsKd;udk rBuKdufacs/ Oyrm rdrda&mufonfESihfwNyKdifeuf w&m;a[mpifay:
odkY wufa[mNyD;onfhESihfwNyKdifeuf a&SUodkYqufxGufNyD; csdef;xm;aom tpD
tpOftwdkif; trSDa&mufatmif oGm;NyD; a[mavh&Sd\/ vGefavNyD;aom
acwfa[mif;uuJhodkY tNidrfh? pnfawmfwdkYjzifh tcsdefukefaprIrsm;udk tvdk
r&Sd/ armfawmfum;armif;&mwGifvnf; wem&DvQif rdkif 25-30 avmuf
armif;onfudk rBuKduf/ rdkif 40-50 avmufarmif;rS auseyf\/}}
OD;ykuav;a&;om;csufudk uRefawmfhudk,fawGUjzifh axmufcHvdkyg
onf/ waeYwnf;wGif AdkvfcsKyfonf ewfarmufrS rauG;? xdkrSwqifh
awmifwGif;BuD;odkY a&mufvm w&m;a[mNyD;aemuf tmvH(,ck atmifvH)
190
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
191
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
192
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
193
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
194
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
(21)
vGwfvyfa&;odkY
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;
aemuf(1947-ck arv 19-&ufaeYwGif) ,ck ,Ofaus;rIjywdkufjzpfaeaom
*sLAvDa[m z?q?y?v trwfrsm;ESihf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;omygaom z?q?
y?v yPmr jyifqifrInDvmcHudk pwifusif;ycJhavonf/
xdknDvmcHonf wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfvkyfief;udk tpm;xdk;&ef
r[kwfbJ jznfhpGuf&ef jzpfaMumif; tpcsDum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
rdrdvkdvm;onfh ]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH} \yHkpHudk tao;pdwf &Sif;jy
avonf/ jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfNyD;aomtcg orwEdkiif H xlaxmifrnfh
taMumif;/ &Sifbk&ifpepfESihf orwpepfjcm;em;yHktaMumif;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tppfESihf 'Drdkua&pDtwk jcm;em;yHktaMumif;/ vGwfvyfaom orw
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif tvkyform;rsm;ESihf v,form;rsm;\ tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk rnfodkY umuG,frnfjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh tao;pdwf
>rufMum;avonf/ xdkYjyif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta&;? awmfvSefa&;
wdkY\ t"dyg,fESihfywfouf vDeif? pwmvif? armfpDwHk; paom
uGefjrLepf acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk zwfMum;udk;um;um
tao;pdwf &Sif;jyavonf/
twdkcsKyfrSm xdkrdefYcGef;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ EdkifiHa&;
tbd"rmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; azmfjyxm;ojzifh vlwdkif; avhvm
195
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
196
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
197
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
198
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
199
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
200
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf wuf&efvmpOf
AdkvfcsKyf\ tqdkudk z?q?y?v trwfrsm;tjyif &Srf;jynfe,f
trwfrsm;jzpfMuaom anmifa&TapmfbGm;BuD;(orwa[mif;)ESihf OD;xGef;jrifh
wdkYuif;? t*Fvdyf jrefrm ujym;trwf rpwmat&pfAm;pfuif;? u&if
trsKd;om;trwfrsm;jzpfMuaom ref;bcdkif? apmpHbdkoif;? apm0D&Dausmf
wdkYuif;? ucsiftrwfrsm;jzpfMuaom qrm;'l;0g;qif0g;aemif? 'l;0g;
aZmfvGrf;wdkYuif;? csif;trsKd;om;trwf OD;0rfudka[muif;? rGeftrsKd;om;
201
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
202
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
203
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
204
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
usqHk;&jcif;
205
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
206
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
207
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
208
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
EdkifiHawmf psmye
209
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
210
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
211
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
212
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJrsm;
aemufqufwGJ-u
wdkYArmoDcsif;
1/
/waumif;tbd&mZm? wdkYArm omuDrsKd;[mrdkY rnKd;*kPf
awZm? ,dk;',m;ESifh ukvm;udkyg wdkufcdkufum atmifcJhwm-wdkYArm?
pdefrSefuif;ppf? tjzpfBuD;jzpfvsuf xif;wvSJYBuHK&wkef;ESifh raoGavmu
"rwmay? igwdkYuHac? jzpf&jyefoav? odkYaomf t&if;udkppfvQif Armjynf
igwdkY-igwdkYjynf/
aemifO'gef;b,frausp&m? &mZ0ifwifxm;? rsKd;dk;EG,fvm? urm
wcGifrSmjzifh? Armtxift&Sm;? wdkYacwfwGifrS nHhMuawmhrSmvm;? wdkYArmwdkYArm r[kwfavovm; wdkYArm? igwdkYArm-wdkYArm? igwdkYArm 'g igwdkY
Arm- 'g igwdkYArm? tm;vHk;nDnD- a,musfm;bom; aumif;pm;bdkY&m? wdkY
udk,fusKd;vHk;vHk;ryg? &J&JarmyDyD-Armajy wdkYArmbdkYyg? ocifusifhudk usifh
Muyg? ocifrsKd;a[h wdkYArm? rdk;atmufajrjyifrSm? txufwef;pdwfeJY pmr&D
aoG; wdkYArm/
2/
/(oHNyKdifqdk)urmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g
igwdkYajy/ urmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ 'gwdkYajy?
'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ wdkYArm-wdkYArmajyudk? wdkif;&if;om;tukeftpOf?
wdkYajyvdkYrSwfxif? wdkY0w&m;yif? wdkYArmcif/
213
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
3/
/aMomf? trsKd;om;a&;BuKd;yrf;Muyg? wdkYArma[h-wkdYArm?
aMomf? trsKd;om;a&;BuKd;yrf;Muyg? wdkYArma[h-wdkYArm? ta&SUu ae0ef;
xGufonfhyrm? wdkYacwfudkawmh a&muf&rnfrSm rvGJyg? wdYk Arma[h-wdkY
Arm? Armajyw0Srf;vHk;tukef wdkYtdrfrSwfyg? wdkY,mrSwfyg? tJ'g-wdkYArm/
4/
/(oHNyKdif) urmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g
igwdkYajy/ urmraMu? ArmawG? 'gwdkYajy? 'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ 'gwdkYajy?
'gwdkYajr? 'g igwdkYajy/ wdkYArm-wdkYArmajyudk? wdik f;&if;om;tukeftpOf?
wdkYajyvdkYrSwfxif? wdkY0w&m;yif? wdkYArmcif/
214
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-c
ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;
Ou| ocifvSabmf\ rdefYcGef;
215
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
216
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
217
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
218
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
219
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
wdkYArmqif;&Jom;rsm;'ku
220
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
221
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
222
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
223
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
224
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
225
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
226
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
227
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
228
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
229
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
230
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
231
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ - *
ppfoDcsif;rsm;
&J&Jawmuf
232
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
233
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
234
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
Armjynf umuG,frnf
235
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
wyfrawmftiftm;&SdrS wdkif;jynftiftm;&Sdr,f
236
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
EdkifiHawmfudkcspfwJh om;aumif;ppfonfawmf
237
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ - C
Adkvfatmifqef;
238
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tzEdkifiH*kPfudku,fwifcJhwJh atmifqef;aemf
csDwufMupdkY 'dkYArmwyfrawmf ppfqdk&if &JpdwfawG0if? Armwdkif;
aysmf? urmwGif &mZ0ifwifavmufoaemf? (yGJwdkif;ausmf vGwfvyfa&;ac:
'dkYwyfrawmf? wHcGefpdkufoaemf)2/
tzEdkifiH*kPfudk u,fwifcJhwJh atmifqef;aemf? AdkvfcsKyfaemf? awZ
aemf/ 'kdYppfonfaoG;wpuf &mjynfaxmif toufeJYvJvdkY zufrwefaygif
aemf? zkef;wefcdk; tmEkabmf? vTrf;rdk;vdkY urmvHk;ausmf? NyKdifbufuif;wJh
aumvDtwGif;0,f wOD;wnf; rif;ra[mf? &Snfygap- &Snfygap- &Snfyg
ap- touf&mausmf/ e,fcsJUwJh*kwfaoG;pkyf? trsKd;,kwfaumifawGudk?
wefcdk;Ekwfatmif trsKd;jyKwfatmif? usLyifckwf usLikwfrusefaqmf/
tzEdkifiH*kPfudk u,fwifcJhwJh atmifqef;aemf? AdkvfcsKyfaemf? awZ
aemf/ 'kdYppfonfaoG;wpuf &mjynfaxmif toufeJYvJvdkY zufrwefaygif
aemf? zkef;wefcdk; tmEkabmf? vTrf;rdk;vdkY urmvHk;ausmf? NyKdifbufuif;wJh
aumvDtwGif;0,f wOD;wnf; rif;ra[mf? &Snfygap- &Snfygap- &Snfyg
ap- touf&mausmf/
239
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-i
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
nDvmcHobif OuX rdefYcGef;
&JabmfwdkY
&mZ0if pmwif&rnfh jynfolY nDvmcHobifBuD;odkY
uREkfyfwdkYonf jynfolYudk,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf vma&mufcJMh uayonf/
odkYpka0;&jcif;rSm urmolurmom;wdkY a&S;dk;pOfvm Pfrsufaph us,fpGm
jzifh jyKvkyfaqmif&GufcJhMuaom enf;emedoQrsm;twdkif;jzpf&um; avsmfuef
oifhjrwfajzmifhrwfaom pka0;jcif;aywnf;/ a&S;ya0oPDup urmol
urmom;wdkYonf jyemwckudk awGUBuKH&vQif uJhodkYyif pka0;aqG;aEG;
ajz&Sif;cJhMuayonf/ uREkfyfwdkY pnf;a0;&ma'oonfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY
&mZ0ifwGif usufoa&a&mif wajymifajymifjzifh aumif;jrwfaom r*Fvm
taygif;ESihf jynfhpHkaomaMumifh? uREfkyfwdkY r*Fvmobifonfvnf;
usufoa& r*Fvm tjzmjzmESifh jynfhpHyk gay\/ od*Fkw&ukef;onfum;
av;ql"mwfyHka&Twd*kef apwDawmfjrwfBuD; wnf&Sd&mjzpf\/ apwDawmf
jrwfBuD;onf uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;\ a0jzmaom apwemtavsmuf uREfkyfwdkY\
rGefjrwfqHk;aom qEudk ay:vGifapjcif;iSm wnfaqmufcJhonfjzpf&m a&T
a&mifwzdwfzdwfESihf uREfkyfwdkYajrmfrSef;&m txGwftxdyfjzpfaom edAmef
tocFwodkY nTefjyawmfrl&mjzpfonfh qDrD;wefaqmifBuD; jzpfayawmh\/
uREfkyfwdkYywf0ef;usifudk Munfhjyefaomf vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;
wGif uREfkfyfwdkYwdkif;jynfESihfvlrsKd;\ uHMurmudk zefwD;cJhaom ta&;awmfyHk
rsm;udk jzpfay:&mXmejzpf&um; a'oonf uREfkyfwdkYtrsKd;om;twGuf
tvGefxl;jcm;pGm av;eufMunfnKd&mjzpfaom uREfkyfwdkYvlrsKd;\ a&SUaqmif
240
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
241
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
242
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
243
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
244
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
245
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
246
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
247
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
248
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
249
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
250
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
251
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
252
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
253
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
254
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
255
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
256
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
257
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
258
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
259
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
260
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
261
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
262
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
263
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
264
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
265
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
266
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
267
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
268
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
269
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
270
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
271
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
272
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
273
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
274
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
275
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
276
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
277
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
278
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
279
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
280
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
281
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
282
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
283
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-p
EdkifiHa&;orm;awG? EkdifiHa&;orm;awG
ocifwifarmif(usKHrai;) a&;onf/
AsKdU aMu;rHk/
tckwavm b,fae&moGm;oGm;? EdkifiHa&;orm;awGaMumifh wdkif;
jynfBuD; ig;yg;arSmuf&yHk? jyemaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmif ay:ayguf
&yHk? wdkif;jynfrSm a<u;awGvnfyif;a&muf wifaeyHk? udk,fusKd;&SmyHkawGudk
ajymMuNyD; EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk atmhESvHk;emaeMuyHkawGudk Mum; Mum;ae&
w,f/ bk&m;zl;&if;vJ Mum;&w,f/ oabFmay:rSmvJ Mum;&w,f/ vzuf
&nfqdkifrSmvJ Mum;&w,f/ bwfpfum;ay:rSmvJ Mum;&w,f/ &xm;ay:
rSmvJ Mum;&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh udk,fwdkifuvJ EdkifiHa&;orm;jzpfaeavawmh
awmfawmfudk tcH&cufw,f/
tJ'Dvdk wdkif;jynfig;yg;arSmufatmif vkyfwJhtxJrSm? udk,fusKd;&Sm
MuwJhtxJrSm? udk,fvJrygbl;/ udk,fvdkbJ rygrdwJhEdkiif Ha&;orm;awGvJ
trsm;BuD; &SdaeMuao;w,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dudpukd at;at;aq;aq; raeEdkif
bJ tav;teuf awG;Munfhrdw,f/ wcsKdUrsm; EdkifiHa&;pvkyfuxJu 'DaeY
txd qif;&JaeMuw,f/ &SdorQypnf;awG jzLcgjymcgusukefMuw,f/
toufaowJhvlawGvJ aoukefMuw,f/ vlpOfrrSDatmif 'Pf&m &olawG
vJ &SdMuw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tepfemcHNyD; Edik fiHa&;rSm a&qefudkvdkufNyD; a&pHk
rvdkufzl;wJhvlawGvJ 'keJYa'; &SdaeMuygao;w,f/
olwdkYajymovdk wdkif;jynfBuD;udk arSmufatmifvkyfolawGuawmh
tmPm&bl;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG? wdkif;jynfudk cs,fv,
S fcsifovdk cs,f
vS,fEdkifwJhae&mudk a&mufzl;wJholawGom jzpfw,f/ tmPmr&bl;wJh? ck
284
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
285
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
the scoundrels.)
286
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
287
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-q
atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyf
bk&ifrif;jrwf tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\
trIaqmifaumifpDrS udk,fpm;vS,fawmfwdkY
aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&mrS a&muf&SdcJhaom tqHk;owfcsufrsm;/
288
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
2/acwfajymif;csdeftpdk;& trsKd;tpm;
289
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
290
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
291
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
292
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
293
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
294
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
295
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
296
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
10/ tjcm;udprsm;
atmifqef;
10 a'gif;eif;vrf;/
Zefe0g&Dv 27-&uf? 1947ck/
(0efBuD;ocifApdefESifh 0efBuD;OD;apmwdkYonf
rsm;wGif bufpyf&ef rwwfEdkifawmhacs/)
297
qHk;jzwfcsuf
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-Z
1947-ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeY?
awmifolv,form;nDvmcHwGif
>rufMum;onfh rdefYcGef;
298
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vGwfvyfa&;&aomtcg
299
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
300
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
301
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-ps
1947-ckESpf? rwfv 19-&ufaeYwGif usif;yaom
EdkifiHa&;&Sif;vif;yGJ rdefYcGef;
302
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
303
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
Armjynf ta&;BuD;w,f
304
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
pm&GufxJu vGwfvyfa&;
305
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
EdkifiHa&;orm;topf
306
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-n
a&G;aumufyGJ owday;csuf
307
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
pmcsKyf csKyfwJhtcg
308
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
EdkifiHa&;pm;zm;awG
309
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
310
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
e,futrwfavmif;rsm;
311
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
312
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
rrdkufMueJY
313
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
314
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-#
ESpfopful;rdefYcGef;
(1947-ckESpf {NyDv 18-&ufaeYwGif
>rufMum;onfh ESpfopful;rdefYcGef;)
,ck qef;vmwJhESpfopf[m vGwfvyfwJh ArmjynfopfzefwD;bdkY
,HkMunf,lqw,f/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJ acsmacsmarm
armNyD;oGm;NyD/ NyD;cJhwJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJudk Munfhjcif;
tm;jzifh wdkif;jynfu z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfudk pdwfa&mudk,fyg axmufcHtm;
ay;wm txift&Sm; awGU&w,f/ wwdkif; wjynfvHk; ta&G;cH&wJh wdkif;jyK
jynfjyKvTwfawmf trwfpm&if; twdtus rod&ao;ayr,fh trwfOD;a&rSm
z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfu trsm;qHk;&w,fqdkwm tm;vHk;todbJ jzpfw,f/
wdkif;jynfvlxkeJY z?q?y?v
trSefpifppf ,cka&G;aumufyGrJ Sm z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf&JU pnf;Hk;a&;
vkyfief;awG[m aumif;oifhoavmuf raumif;ao;bl;/ cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;
&Sdw,f/ 'Dxuf pnf;Hk;rI tawmftwef aumif;aumif;vkyfEdkif&if trwf
pm&if; 210-pvHk; &Edik fw,f/ wdkif;jynfvlxku z?q?y?v udk axmufcHae
wm[m tckvdk b,fwkef;tcsdeftcgurS r&SdcJhbl;/
315
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
wESpftwGif; vdkcsifvdkY
316
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
317
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
tmPm&atmif ,lr,f
318
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
319
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
320
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
321
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
322
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-X
z?q?y?v yPmrjyifqifrInDvmcHwGif
rdefYMum;aomrdefYcGef;
&JabmfwdkY
,ckvdk wdkif;jynf&JU ta&;BuD;wJhjyemawG? txl;ojzifh
uRefb0uaeNyD; ocifEdkifiHb0odkY vufiif; wufvSrf;Edik fatmif pDpOf&
r,fh jyemawGudk aqG;aEG;wdkifyifESD;aESm&atmifqdkNyD; uRefawmfwdkY wcg
awGUqHkpnf;a0;Mu&w,fqdkwm tifrwefaumif;wmbJ/ cifAsm;wdkY 'D
a&mufvmwm odwJhtwdkif; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf a&SUajy;yPmr jyif
qifrInDvmcHudk vmwufwJh udk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpfeJY a&mufvmMuwm
bJ/ 'DnDvmcHrsKd;[m 'DArmjynfrSm 'DwcgbJ vkyfzl;ao;w,f/ 'Dvdk nDvm
cH&JU ukd,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpf cifAsm;wdkY&JUwm0efawG[m tifrwef BuD;rm;
vSayw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYvkyfief;aqmifwmawG[mvJ awmfawmfbJ us,f0ef;
vdrfhr,f/ cifAsm;wdkY aemufqHk;tvkyfu xGufay:r,fh tusKd;w&m;awG[m
vJ &mZ0ifwGifusef&pfEdkifw,f/ 'gaMumifh tck cifAsm;wdkY 'DnDvmcHudk
vmwufwJhtwGuf cifAsm;wdkYudk 0rf;yef;wom c&D;OD;BuKdjyKw,fqdkwm
avmufbJ avmuGwfpum;ajymNyD; ajymoifhajymp&m&SdwJh tcsufawGudk
wef;NyD; ajymjycsifw,f/
323
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;om vkdcsifw,f
324
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
325
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
326
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
om;pOfajr;quf
qufcHoGm;wJh
'Drkdua&pD0g'tppfudkom zefwD;r,f
tJ'Dawmh orwpepfudk vdkcsifw,f/ orwpepfom wdki;f oljynf
om;awGomvQif t&if;cHrlvblw jzpfw,fqdkwJh obm0udk jyefazmfw,f/
vlvlcsif; twlwlbJqdkwJh obm0udk jyefazmfw,f/ 'gayr,fh wckowdjyK
&r,f/ ]tpdk;&} qdkwJhtmPm[m tifrweftzdk;wef toHk;0ifw,f/ tJ'D
tmPmudkvJ ypnf;tiftm;aumif;wJhvlawG tcsif;csif; vkMuw,f/ &&if
vJ vufrvTwfcsifbl;/ wdkif;oljynfom;awG qdkwmuawmh tJ'DxJrSm
wkwfvkyftdkufcH&r,fhtcgusrS yg&wmbJ/ 'DvdktmPmvkMuwJhtcg ]'Drdk
ua&pD} qdkNyD;? ]jynfolYqE jynfolYtmPm} vdkY a<u;aMumf[pfatmfNyD; nm
wJhpepfawGvJ &Sdw,f/ vlawGu? wdkif;oljynfom;awGu ]tpdk;&} tmPm
tyfvdkufwkef;u usKyfwdkYtwGuf aumif;atmifvkyfay;yg qdkNyD; tmPm
tyfvdkufwmbJ/ 'gayr,fh usKyfwdkYudk cifAsm;wdkY tkyfpdk;wJhvlawGtwGuf
ESdyfuGuftkyfcsKyfyg qdkwJhtcsufom jzpfaewmbJ/ vlawGu wifajrmufNyD;
vlawG&JUtusKd;udkvkyfwJh vlawG&JUtpdk;&omvQif 'Drdkua&pD jzpfEdkifr,f/
tjcm;[mawG 'Drdkua&pDtppf rjzpfEdkifbl;/ twkawGomjzpfw,f/
'Drdkua&pDqdkwm bmvJ
tJ'DvdkpepfrsKd;eJY orwtpdk;&rsKd;rSom usKyfwdkYwdkif;oljynfom;
awGudk tusKd;xda&mufpGm aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrSmbJ/ 'Drdkua&pDwdkif; 'Drdk
ua&pDwm r[kwfzl;/ 'Drdkua&pD acwfpm;vmwJhtcgrdkY a&ma,mifNyD;
oHzrf;ajymMuwmawGvJ trsm;BuD;bJ/ 'gjzifh 'Drdkua&pD qdkwmbmvJ/ vl
327
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
328
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
329
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
'Drdkua&pD tajccHrsm;
330
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
331
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
332
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
333
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vltrsm;qHk;tusKd;&SdrI a&SUIw,f
334
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
335
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
wdkif;jynfumuG,fa&; tpdk;&wm0ef
336
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm
vlrsKd;BuD;qdkwm &mZ0ift& jzpfyGm;vmNyD; wnfwnfwefYwefY ae
vmwJh olYbmompum;eJY olYe,fajreJY olYpD;yGm;a&;eJY olY,Ofaus;rIynm
337
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
338
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
EdkifiHawmf
339
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
uGJjym;csufawG
340
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
341
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
342
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
343
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
344
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
345
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
346
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
awmfvSefa&;qdkwm
awmfvSefa&;qdkwm vlxku vlxk&JUuHMurmudk tajccHuaeNyD;
zefwD;&mrSm b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpfqdkNyD; vlxkudk,fwdkif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfw,f/ &mZ0ifaMumif;t& rvTJra&SmifomvdkYvJ vdkw,f/ jzpfysufay:
aygufaewJh &mZ0iftajctae tcsuftvufawGeJY tjcm;wvrf;jzpfwhJ
tacsmufwdkuf pdwful;pDrHudef;rsKd;eJYawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;/ NyD;awmh rsufaph
pHkrSdwfNyD; tuef;vdk &rf;vdkYrjzpfbl;/ wzufwGifom vkyfwJhtvkyf? tvkd
tavQmuf vlxkx<urI zsufqD;HktvkyfudkvJ vufrcHEdkifbl;/ tJ'gawG
aMumifh awmfvSefa&;qdkwm tBuD;tus,fqHk; jyKjyifzefw;D wwfwJhowd &Sd
ygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;&JU tajccH &nf&G,fcsufBuD;uawmh vkyfpm;udkifpm;
vlxkBuD; vGwfvyfrIjzpfygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;&JU tajccHtkwfjrpfuawmh
vlxkyg0ifatmif aqmif&Gufa&; jzpfygw,f/ awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifbdkY
tajccHuawmh vlxkBuD;&JU Edk;Mum;x<urI wenf;tm;jzifh vlxkBuD;[m
b,ftxd zGJUzGJUpnf;pnf;&SdvdkY b,ftxd rdrd&JUwm0efeJY wefcdk;tmPmudk
od&Sdem;vnf Edk;Mum;ovJqdkwJhtay:rSm wnfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd uRefawmf
ajzcJhw,f/
'DaeYvJ 'DvdkbJ ajz&rSmbJ/ usKyfwdkY tckvkyfaewm tm;vHk;awG
[m bmudk vkyfaewmvJ/ usKyfwdkYwdkif;jynfBuD;udk awmfvSefajymif;vJae
MuwmbJ r[kwfvm;/ tJ'Dvkd awmfvSefajymif;vJaewJhtcg Murf;oifhwJh
tcgvJ Murf;cJhw,f/ Murf;p&m vdkao;&ifvJ Murf;&tHk;rSmbJ/ odkYaomfvJ
Murf;&r,fqdkwmawmh uRefawmfem;vnfoavmuf wu,fhawmfvSefa&;
347
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
348
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
olYenf;ESifhol udk,fhenf;ESihfudk,f
tJovdk wkwfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif armfpDwkef;u ajymcJhw,f
r[kwfvm;/ aemufNyD; pwmvifu rwf0g'orm;awG[m t&if;&Sifpepfudk
awmfvSefajymif;vTJNyD; qdk&S,fvpf0g' xlaxmifwJhae&mrSm wvrf;wenf;
wnf;om &SdwmvdkY r,lqbl;/ k&Sm;jynf&JUenf;[m k&Sm;jynf&JU tajc
taet&jzpfw,f/ t*FvefjynfrSm t*Fvefjynf&JU tajctaet& t*Fvdyf
enf;t& jzpfw,f/ k&Sm;enf;u ydkMurf;w,f/ t*Fvdyfenf;u ydkc&D;&Snf
w,f tp&Sdonftm;jzifh ajymcJhw,f/ aemufNyD; pwmvifubJ
(Revolution does not come of itself. It must be prepared for
and won.) awmfvSefrIqdkwm tvdktavQmuf rjzpfzl;/ jyif qifNyD;vkyfrS
atmifjrifEdkifr,fvdkY qdkcJhw,f/
349
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vGwfvyfa&;pcef ;udk b,fvdkvSrf;rvJ
350
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
351
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vGwfvyfa&;onf vrf;qHk;r[kwf
352
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
353
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-!
vGwfvyfonfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGuf
a&;qGJ&rnfh zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'ESifh
ywfoufonfh vrf;nTefjyXmef;csuf
Ou|/ /
OD;atmifqef;emrnfESihf
OD;atmifqef;u wifoGif;ygvdrfhr,f/
wifoGif;xm;wJhtqdkudk
354
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
355
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
356
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
357
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
358
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
359
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
360
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
361
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
362
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
363
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
364
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
365
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
366
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
367
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
368
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
369
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
370
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
371
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
372
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
373
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
374
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
375
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
376
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
377
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
378
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
379
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
380
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
381
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
aemufqufwGJ-
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ aemufqHk;rdefYcGe;f
(1947-ck? Zlvdkifv 13-&ufaeY &efukef NrKdUawmfcef;r
>rufMum;aom &efukefe,fvHk;qdkif&m EdkifiHa&; &Sif;vif;yGJBuD;wGif
ajymMum;csuf)
e,ftoD;oD;rSm
tpwkef;u wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftrwfawGudk ukd,fhe,fqdkif
&m udk,fhy&dowfudk wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwm
tpD&ifcHbdkY pDpOfcJhw,f/ tjcm;wdkif;jynfawGrSm vTwfawmftrwfawGudk
wifajrmufvdkufwJhtcg vTwfawmftrwfawG[m tpnf;ta0;r&SdwJhtcsdef
tcgrSm udk,fhe,fudk udk,fjyefNyD; vTwfawmfrSm bmawGvkyfw,fqdkwmudk
tajctaet&yf&yf tpD&ifcH&NrJ xHk;pH&SdcJhw,f/ tJ'DxHk;pHrsKd;twdkif; Arm
jynfrSmvJ jzpfapcsifwJhtwGuf z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyfu &efukef-e,ftoD;
oD;udk vTwfawmftrwfawG jyefNyD;tpD&ifcHwJhtpnf;ta0;awG vkyfygvdkY
ajymwJhtcg wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmftrwfawG[m udk,fhe,fwdkif;rSm jyef
NyD; tpD&ifcHMuwJh EdkifiHa&;&Sif;vif;yGJrsm; vkyfcJhMuw,f/
&efukeftwGuf
,aeYvJ &efukefwNrKdUvHk;twGuf jzpfw,f/ uRefawmf e*dkuajymcJh
wJhtwdkif; ,aeY uRefawmfhEdkifiHa&;&Sif;wrf;[m z?q?y?v tzGJUcsKyf Ou|
382
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
383
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
384
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
bmtjypf&SdvdkYvJ
385
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
386
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
387
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
&wJhenf;eJYvkyfr,f
388
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; trsdK;om;0wfpkHjzifh
389
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
390
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rdom;pk
391
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
392
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
yifvkHausmufwdkif
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ wckwGif
ppfa&,mOf ar,kwGif
394
atmifoef;
atmifoef;\atmifqef;
395