PHN NI DUNG

Chng 1. KIN THC CHUN B

1. MT S NH NGHA
1.1.1 nh ngha. ChoGltpkhngrngcngviphptonhaingi..(G,.)c
gilnhmnuchngtho3tnhchtsau:
(i)Vimix,y,zthucGth(xy)z=x(yz).
(ii)TntiethucGsaochoex=xe=x, x G.
(iii)VimixthucGthtntiythucGsaochoxy=yx=e.Takhiuylx1.
chogntacthkhiunhm(G,.)lG.Nuphptonhaingitrongnhm
GctnhgiaohonthGcgilnhmAbel.

1.1.2 nh ngha. ChoGlnhmHltpconkhcrngcaG.NuHcngviphp

toncmsinhcaphptontrongGlpthnhmtnhmthHcgilnhm con
canhmG.TakhiuH G.

1.1.3 nh ngha. ChoGlnhm.Khicp ca nhmGchnhllclngcaG

khiul G .Nu G huhnthGcgilnhm hu hn.NgcliGcgi
lnhm v hn.

1.1.4 nh ngha. ChoGlnhmvHlnhmconcaG.Hcgilnhm con

chun tccaGnu x G, h Hthxhx-1 H.TakhiuH G.

1.1.5 nh ngha. ChoGlnhm.

(i) Nu G l nhm cp pn vi n l s tnhin, p l s nguyn t th G c gi l
p_nhm.
(ii)NuHlnhmconcaGvHlp_nhmthHcgilp_nhm concaG.
(iii)NuGlnhmcpm.pnv(m,p)=1vHlnhmconcppncaGthHcgi
lp_nhm con SylovcaG.
(iv)HainhmconH1,H2caGcgillin hp nhaunutntixthucGsao
choH1=xH2x-1vtavitH1~H2.

1.1.6 nh ngha. Chox,yl2phntthucnhmG.Phntxyx -1y -1cgil

mthon tcaGvkhiul[x,y].NhmconcaGsinhbitpttccchont
caGkhiul[G,G],cgilnhm con cc hon t.
Nhvy[G,G]=<S>viS={[x,y] x,y G}.

1.1.7 nh ngha. NhmGcgilnhm gii cnunhmGcmtdyhu

hnccnhmconG=G0 G1 Gn={e}thacciukinsau:
(i)Gi Gi-1,vimii=1,2,,n.
(ii)Gi-1/GilnhmAbel,vimii,n i 1.

1.1.8 nh ngha. NhmGcgilnhm nnuGchc2nhmconchuntc

l{e}vG.

1.1.9 nh ngha. ChoGlnhm.Hccnhmcon i(G)cnhnghabngqui

npnhsau 1(G)=G,

i+1(G)=[ i(G),G]vimii.

Ccnhm i(G)cxcnhnhtrncgilccnhm tm gimcaG.

1.1.10 nh ngha. NhmGcgi lnhm ly linhnutntistnhincsao

cho c 1 (G ) {e} .Scnhnhtthotnhchttrncgillp ca nhm lu linh
G.

1.1.11 nh ngha. Cho{Gi} iI lmthkhngrngccnhmviphntnvca

Gi l ei. t G= Gi ={(xi) iI xi Gi , i I }. Trong G ta xt php ton sau
iI

(xi) iI (yi) iI =(xiyi) iI .KhiGcngviphpton2nginylpthnhmtnhmv

cgiltch trc tipcamthccnhm{Gi} iI cho,ckhiul Gi .
iI

Tp con H={(xi) iI xi ei vi hu ht i thuc I, trrahuhn i thuc I} l nhm

con ca tch trc tip Gi v c gi l tng trc tip ngoi ca h cc nhm
iI

{Gi} iI chovckhiul Gi
iI

1.1.12 nh ngha. Cho(G,+)lnhm,HilhkhcrngccnhmconcaG.

 HH

iI

(i) H i = hi , hi H i cgiltng i scahccnhmcon{Hi} iI .

iI

(ii) Tng i s c gi l tng trc tip ( trong ) nu vi mi j thuc I ta c

H j H i ={e}vckhiu Hi.KhiI={1,2,,k}thtngtrnckhiuli
iI

i j

l HihayH1 ... Hk .cbitG= HithtanirngGltng trc tip ( trong )

i 1

iI

cahccnhmconcan.KhimiphntgthucGucbiudinduy
HH

nhtdidngg= hi , hi H i .
iI

1.1.13 nh ngha.nhxftnhmGvonhmGcgilng cu nhmnu

f(xx)=f(x)f(x);vimix,xthucG.

1.1.14 nh ngha.ChoflngcunhmftnhmGvonhmG.Khi:
(i)fcgiln cunuflnnh.
(ii)fcgilton cunufltonnh.
(iii)fcgilng cunuflsongnh.

2. MT S NH L V MNH

1.2.1 nh l Lagrange.
ChoGlnhm,H G.Khi G = H .[G:H],trong[G:H]llclnglpghp
trihocphi.cbitnuHlnhmconchuntccaGth G = H . G/H .

1.2.2 nh l Cauchy. NusnguyntplccacpcanhmGthtrongGtn

tiphntcpp.

1.2.3 Mnh . Nuaccphuhnldthan=ekhivchkhin d.

1.2.4 nh l Sylov. ChoGlnhmhuhn,snguyntplccacpG.Khi:

(i)TrongGtntip_nhmconSylov
(ii)Sccp_nhmconcaGchiapd1.
(iii)Mip_nhmconcaGunmtrongmtp_nhmconSylovnocaG
(iv)Mip_nhmconSylovcaGulinhpvinhau.

1.2.5 nh l. Cho f l ng cu nhm t nhm G v nhm G. Ta t

Imf={f(a) a G};Kerf={g G f(g)=e}.KhiImflnhmconcaG,Kerfl
nhmconchuntccaGvG/Kerf Imf.cbitfltoncuthG/Kerf G.

1.2.6 Mnh . MinhmAbelugiic.

1.2.7 nh l. Mip_nhmulylinh.

1.2.8 nh l. NuGlnhmlylinhkhc{e}thZ(G) {e}.

1.2.9 nh l.NhmGkhc{e}llulinhlp1khivchkhiGlnhmAbel.

1.2.10 nh l.NuGlnhmcngmtp_nhmconSylovHthHlnhmcon
chuntccanhmG.

CHNG 2. NHM HU HN SINH

1. NHM HU HN SINH
2.1.1 Mnh . ChoGlnhm,{Hi} iI lhkhngrngccnhmconcaG.Khi
H= H i lnhmconcaG.
iI

Chng minh.TacH khcrng vethuc H.Ly2phntx,ybt kthucH.

Khix,ythucHi,vimiithucI.Vthxy-1thucHivimiithucI(vHil
nhmconcanhmG).Dovyxy-1thucH.VyHlnhmconcaG.

2.1.2 H qu.ChoGlnhm,SltpconcaG.Khitntinhmconnhnht
caGchaS.
Chng minh.GiBltpttcccnhmconcaGchaS.ngnhinBkhc
rng vGthuc B.Nhvy giaottcccphntthucBchnhlnhmconnh
nhtcaGchaS.

2.1.3 nh ngha. ChoSltpconcanhmG.NhmconnhnhtcaGchaSgi

lnhm con sinh bi Svckhiul<S>.cbitS={a}thnhmcon<a>c
gilnhm con xycliccaGsinhbiavckhiul<a>.

2.1.4 nh ngha.ChonhmG=<S>thtpScgiltp sinhcaG.NuGc

tp sinh huhn {x1,x2,,xn} th G c gi l nhm hu hn sinh v ta k hiu l
<x1,x2,,xn>.NgcliGcgilnhm v hn sinh.NhmGcgilnhm
xyclicnutntimtphntathucGsaochoG=<a>.

2.1.5 V d. (i)TphpZ[i]={a+bi a,b Z}viphpcnglnhmsinhbi{1;i}.

(ii)TphpsnguynZviphpcnglnhmxyclicsinhbi{1}.

2.1.6 nh ngha.
(i)Cp ca phn tathucnhmG,khiu a ,l a .
(ii)NhmGcgilnhm xonnumiphnttrongGuccphuhn.
(iii)NhmGcgilnhm khng xonnutrongGchcduynhtphntnv
ccphuhn.

2.1.7 V d.(i)Nhm Znltphpcclpngdtheomodulen,n N* viphp

toncnglnhmxon.
(ii)TphpccshutQ*viphpnhnlnhmkhngxon.

2.1.9 Mnh . Cho G l nhm Abel. Ta gi Ann(G)={m Z, g m e, g G } v

Ann(g)={m Z g m e }.Khi:
(i)Ann(G),Ann(g)lnhmconcatpsnguynZ.
(ii)NugccphuhnthAnn(g)=< g >.
Chng minh. (i) Ly m,n thuc Ann(G). Khi vi mi g thuc G th
gm-n=gm.g-n=e,nnm-nthucAnn(G).VyAnn(G)lnhmconcaZ.
(ii)Gi g =n.VimimthucAnn(g)thgm =e.DotheoMnh1.2.3thnl
ccamhaym=nk.Vthmthuc< g >.VyAnn(g)=< g >.

2.1.10 V d. NhmnhnccshutQ*cAnn(Q*)={0}.NhmZpviphpton
cngcAnn(Zp)={kp,k Z}=pZ=<p>.

2.1.11 nh l. ChoGlnhm,S G.Khi:

(i)NuSbngrngth<S>={e}
(ii)NuSkhcrngth<S>={ x1n x 2n ...x kn x i S ;k,niZ;i= 1, k }.
1

Chng minh. (i)Hinnhin.

(ii)NuSkhcrng,tH={ x1n x 2n ...x kn x i S ;k,niZ;i=1 , k }.
1

TaschngminhH=<S>.Thtvy,lyhaiphntxvybtkthucH.Khi
x= x1n x 2n ...x kn ;y= y1m y 2m ...y lm vixi,yj S;ni,mj Z,i= 1, k ,j=1, l .
1

Suyraxy-1=( x1n x 2n ...x kn )( y1m y 2m ...y lm )-1=( x1n x 2n ...x kn )( y l m ... y 2 m y1 m ).

1

Hayxy-1= x1n x 2n ...x kn . y l m ... y 2 m y1 m .Doxy-1 H,nnH G.

1

HinnhintacS H.
GistntiHlnhmconcaGchaS.LyphntxbtkthucH.Khi
x= x1n x 2n ...x kn vixi S;k,ni Z;i= 1, k .Vxi S HvH Gnn xin H.Suyra
1

x1n1 x 2n2 ...x knk Hhayx H.DoH H.

TheonhnghacanhmconsinhbitphpthH=<S>.
2.1.12 H qu.
(i)NhmconcaGsinhbiathucGl<a>={ak,k Z}.
(ii)NuGlnhmsinhbi{x1,x2,,xn}thG={ x1n x 2n ...x kn
1

xi S;ni,k Z;i= 1, k }.

2.1.13 nh l. ChoGlnhm,AvBlhaitphpconcaG.Khi:
(i)NuA Bth<A> <B>
(ii)<A B>=<<A> B>=<A <B>>=<<A> <B>>
n

i 1

i 1

(iii)NuAi G,i=1, n th< Ai >=< Ai >.

Chng minh.(i)Lyxbtkthuc<A>.Khix= x1n x 2n ...x kn ,vixi A;ni,k Z;
1

i= 1, n .Hayx= x1n x 2n ...x kn ,vixi B;ni,k Z;i= 1, n .Dox <B>.Vy<A><B>.

1

(ii)Trctintachngminh<A B>=<<A> B>

TacA B <A> Bnn<A B> <<A> B>(2.1.13a)
Ly x bt k thuc <<A> B>. Khi x= x1n x 2n ...x kn , vi xi <A>B; ni,k Z;
1

i= 1, k .Nuxi B, i=1, k thx <A B>.

Nuxi <A>, i= 1, k thxi <A B>(do<A> <A B>).Dox <A B>.
Nu x1,x2,..,xl B; xl+1,,xk <A>; vi l<k. Khi xi <A B> vi i= 1, l ;
xj <A B>vij= l 1, k (v<A> <A B>vB <A B>).Suyrax <A B>.Do
<<A> B> <A B>(2.1.13b)
T(2.1.13a)v(2.1.13b)tasuyra<A B>=<<A> B>.
Tngttac<A B>=<A <B>>.Do<A B>=<<A> <B>>
Vy<A B>=<<A> B>=<A <B>>=<<A> <B>>.
n

i 1

i 1

(iii)Tachngminh< Ai >= Ai (*)bngphngphpquinptheon

Vin=2th(*)ngdochngminhtrn.
k

i 1

i 1

i 1

i 1

Gistalunc< Ai >= Ai (k>1).tA= Ai suyra<A>=< Ai >.

k

k 1

i 1

i 1

i 1

Hay<A>=< Ai >.Do< Ai >=< Ai Ak+1>=<A Ak+1>.Vth

k 1

k 1

i 1

i 1

i 1

i 1

< Ai >=<<A> <Ak+1>>=<< Ai > <Ak+1>>=< Ai <Ak+1>>=< Ai >

n

i 1

i 1

Vytheonguynlquinpth< Ai >= Ai .

2.1.14 nh l. ChoGlnhm.Khi:
(i)NuHlnhmconchuntccaGvKlnhmconcaGthKH=<K H>v
KH=HK.
n

(ii) Nu Hi G, i= 1, n v Hj G, j=1, n 1 th H1H2Hn= H i v HiHk=HkHi,

i 1

i k ;i,k= 1, n .
n

(iii)NuGlnhmAbelvHi G,i=1, n thH1H2Hn= H i .

i 1

Chng minh.
(i)TachngminhKH=<K H>.Thtvy,tacKHkhcrng(doKvHkhc
rng). Ly k1h1, k2h2 bt k thuc KH vi k1,k2 thuc K; h1,h2 thuc H. Khi
(k1h1)(k2h2)-1=k1h1h2-1k2-1=k1k2-1(k2h1h2-1k2-1).VK Gnn k1k2-1 K.VH Gnn
h1h2-1 Hvk2h1h2-1k2-1 H.Do(k1h1)(k2h2)-1 KH.VyKH G
Ly x bt k thuc KH. Khi x thuc K hoc x thuc H. Nu x K th
x=xe KH (v e H). Nu x H th x=ex KH (v e K). Suy ra x KH hay
K H KH.
Gi stn ti M l nhm con ca G chaK H . Ly kh bt k thuc KH vi
k K K H M
nnkh M(vM G).DoKH M.
h H K H M

k K,h H.Khi

VyKH=<K H>.
Ta chng minh KH =HK. Tht vy, ly kh bt k thuc KH vi k K, h H th
kh=khk-1k.VH Gnnkhk -1 Hdokh=khk -1k HK.SuyraKH HK.Tng
ttacHK KH.VyKH=HK.
n

(ii)TachngminhH1H2Hn=< H i >(*)bngphngphpquinptheon.
i 1

Vin=2th(*)ngvitheochngminhtrn.
k

GistaluncH1H2Hk=< H i >vik>1,trongHi G,i=1, k ,

i 1

10

k 1

Hj G,j=1, k 1 .TacnchngminhH1H2Hk+1=< H i >,trongHi G;i= 1, k 1 ;

i 1
k 1

Hj G, j=1, k . t H=H2H3Hk+1, S= H i . Theo gi thit qui np th H=<S>. V

i 2

H1 GvH Gnntheoktqucui)tacH1H=<H1 H>=<H1 <S>>=<H1 S>

k 1

i 1

i 1

(do nh l 2.1.13). V th H1H2..Hk+1=< H i >. Vy H1H2Hn= H i v

HiHk=HkHi i,k= 1, n .
(iii)VGlnhmAbelvHi G,i=1, n nnHi G,i= 1, n .Theoktqucu(ii)th
H1H2Hn=<H1 H2 Hn>.Vytaciuphichngminh.

2.1.15 nh l. Cho G l nhm hu hn sinh, G l nhm bt k v mi nh x

f:S G,trongSltpsinhcaG.KhitntiduynhtngcuF:G Gsao
choF S =f.Ngcli,nuGlnhmAbelv minhxf:S Gluntntiduy
nhtngcuF:G GsaochoF S =fthGlnhmsinhbitpS.
Chng minh. Tabitx Gthx= x1n x 2n ...x kn vixi S,ni Z,i= 1, k .
1

XydngtngngF:G G
x F(x)= f ( x1 ) n f ( x 2 ) n ... f ( x k ) n
1

Nux=e Gthx=x11x1-1vix1 S.KhiF(x)=(f(x1))1(f(x1))-1hayF(e)=e.

TachngminhFlnhx.Thtvy,vix GthF(x) G.Lya,bthucGtha
a=bthab-1=ennF(ab-1)=F(e)=e

( 2.1.15a ). V a,b G nn a = x1n x 2n ...x kn ,

1

b= y1n y 2n ... y ln vixi,yj S;ni,mj,k,l Z;i= 1, k ;j= 1, l .Vth

1

ab-1=( x1n x 2n ...x kn )( y1m y 2m ...y lm )-1=( x1n x 2n ...x kn )( y l m ... y 2 m y1 m ).Hay
1

ab-1= x1n x 2n ...x kn . y l m ... y 2 m y1 m .Suyra

1

F(ab-1)= [ f ( x1 )]n [ f ( x 2 )]n ...[ f ( x ) k ]n [ f ( y l )] m ...[ f ( y 2 )] m [ f ( y1 )] m (2.1.15b).T

1

(2.1.15a);(2.1.15b)suyra
[ f ( x1 )]n1 [ f ( x 2 )]n2 ...[ f ( x ) k ]nk [ f ( y l )] ml ...[ f ( y 2 )] m2 [ f ( y1 )] m1 =e.

Hay [ f ( x1 )] n [ f ( x 2 )] n ...[ f ( x) k ]n = [ f ( yl )]m [ f ( y 2 )] m ...[ f ( y1 )] m .VthF(a)=F(b).

1

Vix,ybtkthucGtha= x1n x 2n ...x kn ;b= y1n y 2n ... y ln vixi,yj S;k,l,ni,mj Z;

1

i= 1, n ,j=1, l .TathyF(ab)= [ f ( x1 )]n [ f ( x 2 )]n ...[ f ( x ) k ]n [ f ( y l )] m ...[ f ( y 2 )] m [ f ( y1 )] m

1

11

VthF(ab)=F(a)F(b).NnFlngcu.
LyxbtkthucGthx=x1nnF(x)=[f(x)]1=f(x).VyF

=f.

Gistntingcug:G Gthag(x)=f(x), x S.Lya Gtha= x1n x 2n ...x kn ,

1

xi S;k,ni Z,i= 1, k .Khi

F(a)= [ f ( x1 )] n [ f ( x 2 )] n ...[ f ( x) k ]n = [ g ( x1 )]n [ g ( x 2 )] n ...[ g ( x) k ] n .Vth
1

F(a)=g( x1n x 2n ...x kn )(vglngcu).NnF(a)=g(a),vimiathucG.

1

VyF=ghayFlduynht.
Ngc li.NuGlnhmAbelth<S> G.tG=G/<S>.Xtnhxf:S G
x x
Taxtngcu :G Gvtoncuchnhtc :G G
x e x x
Tathy v ulnhxmrngcaf.Dotnhduynhtcanhxmrngnn
= .Suyra (G)= (G).NnG= e .DoG/<S>= e .LygbtkthucGth
g = e hayg <S>.VyG=<S>.

2.1.16 Mnh .
(i)nhngcucanhmhuhnsinhlnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)Nhmthngcanhmhuhnsinhlnhmhuhnsinh.
Chng minh.
(i)ChoGlnhmhuhnsinhvitpsinhlS,Glnhmvf:G Glng
cu.Tachngminh<f(S)>=Imf.Thtvy:
Imfkhcrngve Imf.Lyy1,y2btkthucImf.Khi x1,x2 G:y1=f(x1);
y2=f(x2).Doy1y2-1=f(x1)[f(x2)]-1=f(x1x2-1) Imf.NnImf G.
Lyybtkthucf(S)th x S:y=f(x).Doy Imf,vthf(S) Imf.
GistntiH Gchaf(S).LyybtkthucImfthtntixthucGsao
cho y = f(x). V x G nn x = x1n x 2n ...x kn , vi xi S; k,ni Z; i= 1, k . Do
1

y=f(x)= [ f ( x1 )] n [ f ( x 2 )] n ...[ f ( x) k ]n H(vH Gvf(xi) f(S) H).NnImf H.

1

VthImf=<f(S)>.Vynhngcucanhmhuhnsinhlnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)ChoGlnhm,H G.Xttoncuchnhtc :G G/H
x x

12

TheochngminhtrnthG/H=Imf=< (S)>=< x1 , x 2 ,.., x n >

Vynhmthngcanhmhuhnsinhlnhmhuhnsinh
2.1.17 H qu: NuG=<S>vf:G GltoncunhmthG=<f(S)>.

2.1.18 Nhn xt. Nhm con ca nhm huhn sinh ni chung khng phi l nhm
1 2
;
0 1

hu hn sinh. Chng hn trong nhm Gl2(R), ta xt G = <A ,B> vi A=

1 0
n n
.GiC={A B n 0 ,n N}.KhiCltpclclngvhnmc.
2
1

B=

GiHlnhmconca GsinhbiCtcl H=<C>.Taschng minh A thucG

nhngAkhngthucH.Thtvy,lyDthucH.KhiD= A m B m A m B m ...A m B m ,
1

mi Z. chngminhBkhngthucHtaschngminh B D bngquinptheon.
1 2m1 m1 1
;B
1
2m1

Vi n=1, gi s m1>0 ta c A m
0
1

m1

A B

m1

1 4m12

2m1

2m1
m1 m1
.Gis A B B. Suyra2m1 =0v2m1=2.iunyvl.
1

V vy A m B m B vi mi m1 thuc Z, m1>0.
1

m1

A B

m1

(B

m1

0
. Do
1

m1

2m1
4m12 1

2m1

Gi s m1<0, ta c

4m 2 1 2m1
m1 m1
1
.Do A B B vim1
1
2m1

lsnguynvm1<0.Vy A m B m B vimim1lsnguynkhc0.
1

Gis A m B m A m B m ...A m B m
1

A m1 B m1 A m2 B m2 ...A

m n1

m n 1

A m1 B m1 A m2 B m2 ...A

m n1

m n 1

n 1

n 1

B, mi Z,i= 1, n 1 v

a b

.Numn=0th
c d

A m1 B m1 A m2 B m2 ...A

mn

mn

.Vthtaciuphichng

minhnhgithitquinp.Vimn>0,mnthucZth
a (1 4mn2 ) 2m n b
A m1 B m1 A m2 B m2 ...A mn 1 B mn 1 . A mn B mn
2
c(1 4mn ) 2mn1 d

2mn a b
.Gis
2mn c d

A m1 B m1 A m2 B m2 ...A mn B mn =B.Tngngvihphngtrnhsau:
a 4mn2 a 2mn b 1

2m c d 1
(I ) n
2mn a b 0
4m n2 c c 2m n d 2

(1)
( 2)
(3)

( 4)

13

Ly(3)nhnvi-2mnricngvi(1)taca=1.Thayktqunyvo(1)tac
a 1
d 1 2m c

n
hphngtrnh ( II )
b 2 m n
4mn2 c c 2mn d 2

(1' )
( 2' )
(3' )

( 4' )

Thay (3) vo (4) ta c b2c+c-bd = 2 hay b2c+ac-bd = 2 (v a = 1). Do

b2c+acbd=2(Vac-bd= A m B m A m B m ...A m B m
1

n1

n 1

=1).Vthb2c=1suyra

1
1
. iu ny v l v c l s nguyn v mn l s dng. Do

2
b
4m n2

A m1 B m1 A m2 B m2 ... A mn B mn B, mi Z, mn>0, i=1,2,,n, n N. Tng t mn<0 ta cng

ciuny.
VytheonguynlquinpthBkhngthucH.VvyHlnhmconthcsca
Gvlnhmvhnsinh.

2.1.19 Mnh . ChoHlnhmconchuntccaG.NuHvG/Hhuhnsinhth

Glnhmhuhnsinh.
Chng minh. Gi H=<x1,x2,,xn>; G/H=< y1 , y 2 ,..., y m >. Ta chng minh
G=<x1,x2,,xn,y1,y2,,ym>.tK=<x1,x2,,xn,y1,y2,,ym>.LygbtkthucG.
Nug Hthg K(vH K).
Nu g G\H th g e v g ( y1 ) m ( y 2 ) m ...( y l ) m vi yj G/H; mj,l Z; j=1,2,,l.
1

Vth g = y1m y 2m ... y lm .Dog( y1m y 2m ...y lm )-1 H.Nng( y1m y 2m ...y lm )-1= x1n x 2n ...x kn .
1

Suyrag= x1n x 2n ...x kn y1m y 2m ...y lm .Nng K.DoG=KhayGlnhmsinhbitp

1

hp{x1,x2,,xn,y1,y2,ym}.VyGlnhmhuhnsinh.

2.1.20 Mnh . ChoXlnhmsinhbitpSviS={x1,x2,,xn},Ylnhmbtk

vf:X Y,g:X Ylccngcunhm.Khif=gkhi vch khif(xi) =g(xi),
vimii=1, n .
Chng minh.
iu kin cn.Nuf=gthf(x)=g(x), x X.Dof(xi)=g(xi),vimii= 1, n .
iu kin . Nuf(xi)=g(xi), i=1, n taphichngminhf=g.Thtvy,vimix
thucXtacx= x1n x 2n ...x kn ;k,ni Z; i=1,2,,k.Thth
1

14

f(x)=f( x1n x 2n ...x kn )= [ f ( x1 )] n [ f ( x 2 )] n ...[ f ( x) k ]n = [ g ( x1 )]n [ g ( x 2 )] n ...[ g ( x) k ] n

1

Nnf(x)=g( x1n x 2n ...x kn )=g(x),vimixthucX.Vyf=g.

1

2.1.21 Mnh . Cho X l nhm, Y l nhm sinh bi tp S={y1,y2,,ym} v ng

cunhmf:X Y.KhifltoncukhivchkhifltonnhlnS.
Chng minh.
iu kin . Nu f:X Y l ng cu v l ton nh ln tp S th vi mi
i=1,2,,mluntntixi Xchof(xi)=yi . LyylphntbtkthucY,taphi
chng minh tn ti x thuc X cho f(x)=y. V y Y nn y= y1m y 2m ... y km ; k,mi Z,
1

i=1,2,,k. Chnx= x1m x 2m ...x km vixithaf(xi)=yi;i=1,2,,k. Hinnhinx X.Khi

1

f(x) = f( x1m x 2m ...x km ) = [ f ( x1 )]m [ f ( x 2 )] m ...[ f ( x) k ]m = y1m y 2m ... y km = y. Vy f l

1

toncu.
iu kin cn. NufltoncuthhinnhinftonnhlntpS.

2.1.22 nh l.NuHlnhmconthcscaGthG=<G\H>.
Chng minh.TacG\H Gnn<G\H> G(2.1.22a)
LygbtkthucG.
Trnghpg G\Hthg <G\H>.
Trnghpg H.GistntixthucG\Hsaochogx H.Khi h H:gx=h.
Do x = g -1h H(do H G) (mu thun x G\H). Nn gx H, x G \ H . Hay
gx G\H. Do gx <G\H>. V th tn ti x thuc<G\H>sao cho gx =x. Do vy
g=xx-1 <G\H>.
SuyraG <G\H>(2.1.22b)
T(2.1.22a)v(2.1.22b)tasuyraG=<G\H>.VyG=<G\H>.

2.1.23 nh l. ChoGilnhm,i= 1, n .KhiG= Gi lnhmhuhnsinhkhiv

i 1

chkhiGilnhmhuhnsinh,i=1, n
Chng minh.
n

iu kin cn. ChoG= Gi lnhmhuhnsinh.Xtphpchiuchnhtcch

i 1

sipi:G Gi.VphpchiuchnhtcltoncunntheoMnh2.1.16thGil

15

nhmhuhnsinh.
iu kin . Cho Gi l nhm hu hn sinh, i=1, n . Gi Gi=<Si> vi
n

Si={xi1,xi2,,x imi },i=1, n .TachngminhG= Gi =<S>vi

i 1

S={(x11,e,e);;(x 1m ,e,,e);(e,x21,e,,e);;(e,x 2m2 ,e,,e);;(e,e,,e,x n1 );;

1

(e,e,,e,x nm )}
n

Tht vy, ly x=(x1,x2,,xn) Gi . Trong xi Gi=<Si>, i= 1, n , nn

i 1

k im i

xi= x ik1 x ik2 ... x im vi xij Si; mi,k im Z; j= 1, mi ; i= 1, n . Do

i1

i2

k 1 m1

x=( x 11k x 12k ... x 1 m

11

12

, x 2121 x 2222 ... x 2 m2 m22 ,, x mm11 x mm22 ... x nmnmnn ).Vth

k 11
x=[(x 11
,e,,e)(x 1km ,e,,e)][(e,x k21 ,e,,e)(e,x 22mm22 ,e,,e)]
21

1 m1
1

k n1

kn m

[(e,e,,x n1 )(e,e,,x n mnn )]

Dovyx=(x11,e,,e) k (x 1m ,e,,e)
11

k 1m 1

(e,x21,,e) k (e,x2m 2 ,,e)

21

2 m2

(e,,e,xn1) k (e,,e,x nm )
n1

Nnx <S>.DoG=<S>.Vy Gi S .
i 1

16

nmn

2. NHM ABEL HU HN SINH

Trongtonb2tasvitphptoncanhmlphpcng.
2.2.1 nh ngha. NhmAbelFcgilnhm Abel t donuFltngtrctip
caccnhmxyclicccpvhn.Nirhn,tntimttphpXltpconcaF
gmccphntccpvhnsaocho F x ;tpXtrncgilcs
xX

caF.
Nhn xt.NuFlnhmAbeltdothF

,viGi=Z, i I

iI

2.2.2 nh l. Cho G l nhm Abel bt k, F l nhm Abel t do c c s X v

f:X Glmtnhx.Khitntiduynhtmtngcu :F Gsaocho

=f

nghal (x)=f(x), x X .
HH

Chng minh. Nuu Fthucbiudinduynhtdidngu= m x x, x X .

HH

t (u)= m x f ( x ), x X .Ddngchngminh
: F G
HH

u (u ) = m x f ( x ), x X lngcutFvoGv (x)=f(x), x X.
Tnhduynhtca csuyrattnhchtngcu.

2.2.3 Mnh . NuHlnhmconchuntccaGvG/HlnhmAbeltdoth

tntiKlnhmconcaGsaochoG=H K.
Chng minh. tF=G/HvX={xi+H,i I}lcscaF.Xtnhxf:X G
xi+H xi
Theo nh l 2.2.2, tn ti duy nht ng cu :F G l m rng ca f. t
K=im G.RrngG=H+KvH K={0}.NnG=H K.

2.2.4 nh l. ChoFlnhmAbeltdoccshuhn,HlmtnhmconcaF
khc{0}.KhiHcnglmtnhmAbeltdoccshuhnvlclngcs
caHbhnhocbnglclngcscaF.

17

Chng minh. GilclngcscaFln,H F.Tachngminhlclngcs

caHbhnhocbnglclngcscaF(*)bngquinptheon.
Nun=1thFlnhmxycliccpvhn.VH FnnHcnglnhmxyclic.M
Hkhc{0}nnH Z. DoHlnhmAbeltdovlclngcscaHbnglc
lngcscaF.
Gi{x1,x2,,xk}lcscaF.Gisgithit(*)ngchoccnhmAbeltdo
ccsbhnk.tF=<S>viS={x1,x2,,xk-1}vH=H F F.Theogithit
qui np, H l nhm Abel t do c c s b hn hoc bng k-1. Hn na
H/H=H/(H F) (H+F)/F F/F Z. Do(theogithitquinp)H/H={0}hoc
H/H Z
NuH/H={0}thH=H.DoHlnhmAbeltdoclclngcsbhn
hocbngk-1.
Nu H/H Z th theo Mnh 2.2.3 suy ra tn ti h H vi <h> Z sao cho
H=H <h>.DoHlnhm Abeltdoclclngcsbnglclngcs
caH Z. McscaH ZnhiuhncscaHl1phnt.Nnlclng
cscaHbhnhocbnglclngcscaF.
Vytheoginguynlquinptaciuphichngminh.

2.2.5 nh l. ChoGlnhmAbelhuhnsinh,trongmiphntsinhcaGu
ccphuhn.KhiGlnhmhuhn.
Chng minh. TachngminhbngquinptheosphntsinhcaG.
Vin=1thG=<x1>,nn G x1 m1 .VyGlnhmhuhn.
ChoGlnhmAbelsinhbiS={x1,..,xk}(k>1)trong xi mi , i 1, k .Gi
sccnhmAbelsinhbitphpclclngbhnkvccphntsinhccp
huhnulnhmhuhn(*).Taschngminhgithit(*)ngchotrnghp
nhmAbelhuhnsinhclclngbngk.
Tht vy,G =<{x1,,xk}>=<{x1,..,xk-1} {xk}>.Theonhl2.1.13th
G=<<{x1,,xk-1}> <{xk}>>=<H H>,viH=<{x1,,xk-1}>vH=<xk>.V
G l nhm Abel v G = < H H >. Nn theo nh l 2.1.14 th G = HH. Do
G HH '

H H'
H H'

. Theo gi thit qui np th

18

H . Mt khc

H ' x k m k vH H Hdovy H H '

th G

H .Suyra H H ' n3 .V

n1n 2
.VyGccphuhn.
n3

2.2.6 nh l. NhmconcanhmAbelhuhnsinhlnhmhuhnsinh.
Chng minh. ChoGlnhm Abelsinhbi S vi S={y1,y2,...,yn},Hlnhmcon
ca G. Gi F l nhm Abel t do sinh bi S = {x1,x2,...,xn}. Xt nh x
f:S G
xi f(xi)=yi
Theo nh l 2.2.2 th tn ti duy nht ng cu :F G sao cho (xi)=f(xi)=yi,
i=1,2,...,n. V l ton nh ln h sinh ca G nn theo nh l 2.1.21 th l ton
cu.
Ta chng minh -1(H) l nhm con ca F. Tht vy, -1(H) khc rng v e
thuc -1(H).Lya1,a2 thuc -1(H)th (a1), (a2) H.V (a1a2-1)= (a1)[ (a2)]-1
nn (a1a2-1) H.Doa1a2-1 -1(H).Nn -1(H) F
VFlnhm Abeltdonntheonhl2.2.4th -1(H)lnhm Abeltdoc
lclngcsbhnhocbngn.Do -1(H)=<z1,...,zk>vik n.Vimih
thuc H, ta c

-1(h)=m1z1+...+mkzk vi mi Z,

i=1,2,,k. Suy ra

h= (m1z1+...+mkzk).Vthh=m1 (z1)+...+mk (zk).DoH=< (z1),..., (zk)>.

VyHlnhmhuhnsinh.

2.2.7 nh l. ChoGlnhmAbelhuhnsinhkhngxon.KhiGlnhmAbel
tdo.
Chng minh. GiG={x1,x2,...,xn}.TachngminhminhmAbelhuhnsinh
khngxonlnhmtdo(*)bngquinptheon.
Vin=1thGlnhmxycliccpvhn(doGkhngxon)nnG ZdoGl
nhmAbeltdo.
Gi s rng gi thit (*) ng cho mi nhm c s phn t sinh nh hn k. Ta
chngminhrng(*)ngvin=k.tH={g G mg <xn>, m Z}.
HkhcrngvethucH.

19

Lyh1,h2 thucH.Khitntim1,m2 thucZsaocho m1h1 <xn>, m2h2 <xn>.

Suyram1m2(h1-h2)=m2(m1h1)-m1(m2h2) <xn>.VthHlnhmconcaG.MGl
nhm Abel nn H G. Trong nhm thng G/H nu k(x+H)= e , k Z th kx H nn
tn ti m thuc Z sao cho m(kx) <xn>, hay (mk)x <xn>. Suy ra x H do
x+H=H.SuyraG/HlnhmkhngxonvG/Hcsinhbitphpthnnphn
t.KhngmttnhtngquttacthgisG/H=< x1 ,..., x n1 >.Dotheogithit
quinpthG/Hlnhm Abeltdo.TheoMnh2.2.3thtnti K Gsaocho
G=H K.Xtnhx :K G/H
k (k)= k
Khi lngcunnK G/H.MK=G/HlnhmAbeltdonntachcn
chngminhHlnhmAbeltdo.Thtvy,GlnhmAbelhuhnsinh.Nntheo
nh l 2.2.6 th H cng l nhm hu hn sinh. Gi H=<h1,...,hr>, hi 0; i=1,2,...,r ;
r n.Vimii,tntimi Z*saochomihi <xn>.tb=m1m2...mrthb 0.Suyra
bhi <xn>,i=1,2,...,r.DobH <xn>(2.2.7a).V x n nn<xn> Z(2.2.7b).
Xtnhxf:H bH
h f(h)=bh.KhiflngcuhayH bH(2.2.7c)
T(2.2.7a),(2.2.7b),(2.2.7c)tasuyraHngcuvimtnhmconcaZ. Do
HlnhmxycliccpvhnhayHlnhmAbeltdo.
VyGlnhmAbeltdo.
2.2.8 Mnh . MinhmAbelhuhnsinhulnhngcucaZn,n Z*.
Chng minh. Cho G=<S>, S={x1,x2,,xn}. Ta c Zn=<S>, S={e1,e2,,en} vi
ei=( )ij;i,j=1,2,,n(theonhl2.1.23).Xtnhxf:S G
ei xi,i=1,2,,n
Theo nh l 2.1.15 th tn ti duy nht ng cu F: Zn G sao cho F(ei) = xi,
i=1,2,,n.TheoMnh2.1.21thFltoncu.NnG=F(Zn).VyminhmAbel
huhnsinhulnhngcucaZn.

2.2.9 Mnh . ChoGlnhmAbelxonhuhnsinh.Khitntia Z saocho

ngcufa:G G
g aglngcutmthng.

20

Chng minh. ChoG=<S>,S={x1,x2,,xn}.VGlnhmxonnntntiaithuc

Z*saochoaixi=e,i=1,2,,n.ta=a1a2antha Z*.Khiaxi=e,i=1,2,,n
Xtnhxfa:G G
g ag
Ly g1,g2 bt k thuc G, ta c fa(g1+g2)=a(g1+g2)=ag1+ag2 (v G l nhm Abel).
Nnfa(g1+g2)=fa(g1)+fa(g2).Dofalngcu.
LygbtkthucG.Khi r1,r2,,rn Zsaochog=r1x1+r2x2++rnxn.Do
fa(g)=fa(r1x1+r2x2++rnxn)=r1fa(x1)+r2fa(x2)++rnfa(xn).Vth
fa(g)=r1ax1+r2ax2++rnaxn=e(vaxi=e,i=1,2,,n).Vyfa=e.

2.2.10 nh l. NuGlnhmAbelhuhnsinhthG=H F,viHlnhmccphn

tccphuhn,FlnhmAbeltdo.
Chng minh. Gi G=<x1,x2,,xn> v H l tp hp cc phn t c cp hu hn.
KhiH GvGlnhmAbelnnH G.Xttoncuchnhtc :G G/H
x ( x) x
TathyG/H=< x1 , x 2 ,..., x m >vkhngxon(doHltpccphntccphuhn).
Theonhl2.2.7thG/HlnhmAbeltdo.NnG/H=< x1 > < x 2 > < x m >
(m n).GiF=<x1> <x2> <xm>.KhiFlnhmAbeltdo(v xi 0 nn
xi Hdoxiccpvhn).TaschngminhG=H F
( x) x 0
m

m
LyxbtkthucH Fth
.Do 0 x ai xi .Nn
ai xi
x
i 1

i 1

a1 x1 =a2 x 2 ++am x m < x1 > xi . Do a1 x1 = 0 nn a1=0(v x1 ).

i 2

Tngttaca2==am=0.Nnx=0.VyH F={0}
m

Ly x bt k thuc G th x G/H th tn ti k1,k2,,km Z sao cho x k i xi .

i 1

ty= k i x i thy F.Xt (xy)= (x)- (y)= k i xi - k i xi = 0 .Nn

i 1

i 1

i 1

x-y Ker =H.DotntihthucHsaochox=h+y H+F.NnG=H+F.

VyG=H F.

21

2.2.11 Mnh . ChoGlnhmAbelhuhnsinh.Khimidytngccnhm

concaGubdng.

Chng minh.GiG1 G2 ldytngccnhmconcaG.tG= Gi .

i 1

Lyx,xbtkthucG.Khitntii,jthucZsaochox Gi,x Gj .Suyra

x,x Gtvit=max{i,j}.DoGt Gnnvi m,m Ztaucmx+mx Gt.Hay
mx+mx GnnG G.
VGlnhmAbelhuhnsinhnntheonhl2.2.6thGcnghuhnsinh.
Do x1,x2,,xn G:G=<x1,x2,,xn>.Nntntik1,k2,,knthucZ saochoxi
G ki ;i=1,2,,n.Suyraxi Gk, i Zvik=max{k1,k2,,kn}.NnG Gkm

Gk G.DoG=Gk.HayGk=Gk+1=
Vydytrnbdng.

22

3. MI QUAN H CA NHM HU HN SINH VI NHM KHC

2.3.1 Mnh .
(i)Minhmhuhnuhuhnsinh
(ii)MinhmAbelhuhnsinhxonlnhmhuhn.
Chng minh. (i)ChoGlnhmhuhnthG=<G>.VyGlnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)ChoGlnhmAbelsinhbi{x1,x2,,xn}.VGlnhmxonnn xi ni ,
i= 1, n .Theonhl2.2.5thGlnhmhuhn.

2.3.2 Mnh .
(i)NhmAbelGccpvhn,cphntcpvhnvccphntnyuthuc
mtnhmconhuhnsinhcaGthGlnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)Nhmhuhnsinhcmtphntsinhccpvhnlnhmvhn.
Chng minh.
(i)ChoGlnhmAbelccpvhn.tH={x G

x }.KhiHlnhm

concaGchattcccphntccphuhn.
Trng hp H={e} th g G, g e th g c cp v hn. Nn theo gi thit th
G=K,viKlnhmconhuhnsinhcaG.VthGlnhmhuhnsinh.
TrnghpH {e}nuH=GthnhmGkhngchaccphntccpvhn
(muthungithit).VthHlnhmconthcscaGnntheonhl2.1.22th
G = < G\H >. V G\H l tp hp cc phn t c cp v hn nn theo gi thit th
<G\H>=<x1,x2,,xn>.VyGlnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)ChoG=<x1,x2,,xn>,trong x1 .Khi<x1> Gnn G .VyGl
nhmcpvhn.

2.3.3 Mnh .
(i)MinhmnAbellnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)Minhmxycliccpnguyntlnhmn.
Chng minh. (i) ChoGlnhmn Abel. NuG={e}th G=<e>.Ngclith
tntix G,x e.Khi<x> <e>v<x> G.VGlnhmAbelnn<x> G.Do
G=<x>.VyGlnhmxyclic.

23

(ii)Cho G l nhm xyclic cp nguyn t p. Gi H G th H G ( theo nh l

Lagrange).Nn H =1hoc H =p.Nu H =1thH={e}.Nu H =pthH=G.VyG
lnhmn.

Mnh 2.3.4
(i) Cho G l nhm gii c c dy chun tc G = G0 G1 Gn = {e} tha
Gi-1/Gi=< S i >,i=1,2,,nvi S i { x i1 ,..., xim } thGlnhmhuhnsinh.
i

(ii)MinhmGsinhbitphpSthaxixj=xjxi,vimixi,xjthucSulnhm
giic
Chng minh.
(i)TheogithitthGn-1/Gn=< S n >=< x n1 ,..., x nm >.VGn={e}nnGn-1=<Sn>.M
n

Gn-2/Gn-1=< S n 1 >=< x n 1 1 ,, x n 1 m >.TheoMnh2.1.19thGn-2huhnsinh.

n 1

BngphngphpquinptacG0/G1huhnsinhvG1huhnsinh.NnG0=G
lnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)ChoG =<S>, S ={x1,,xn}thaxixj =xjxi;i,j=1,2,,n.ThthGlnhm
Abel.TheoMnh1.2.6thGlnhmgiic.

2.3.5 Mnh .
(i) Mi nhm G khc {e} l nhm lu linh lp k (k>1) v G\Z(G) huhn th G l
nhmhuhnsinh.
(ii) Nhm Abel hu hn sinh tha mi phn t sinh c cp l ly tha ca mt s
nguyntchotrcllylinh.
Chng minh. (i)Cho G l nhm ly linh khc {e}. Theo nh l 1.2.8 th
Z(G) {e}.VGkhc{e}vlnhmlulinhlpk(k>1).Nntheonhl1.2.9th
GlnhmkhngAbel.VthZ(G)lnhmconthcscaG.Theonhl2.1.22
thG=<G\Z(G)>.MG\Z(G)huhn(githit).VyGlnhmhuhnsinh.
(ii)ChoG=<S>,S={x1,,xn}tha xi p k ,viplsnguyntchotrc.Theo
i

Mnh 2.2.5 th G l nhm hu hn. Theo nh l 2.1.14 th G = < H i > vi

i 1

Hi=<xi>,i=1,...,n.VthG=H1...Hn.TaschngminhGccpbngpr(*),rlst

24

nhin bng qui np theo n. Vi n=2th G H 1 H 2

p k1 p k 2
vi k = min{k1,k2}. V
pk

th (*) ng vi n = 2. Gi s ta lun c H 1 ...H k p t . t H = H1...Hs. Khi

H 1 ...H s H s 1 HH s 1

H . H s 1
( H , H s 1 )

p t p s k 1
=pr.VytheonguynlquinpthGl
sk 1
t
(p , p )

p_nhm.Theonhl1.2.7thGlnhmlulinh.Vyglnhmlulinh.

25

4. BI TP
Bi tp 2.4.1 Cho G l nhm, S l tp con khc rng ca G. Gi S -1={x -1 x S }.
Chngminhrng<S>={x1x2xn xi S S 1 , n N}.
Gii. GiH={x1x2xn xi S S 1 , n N}vS-1={x-1 x S }.
TaschngminhH=<S>bngnhngha.Thtvy,HkhcrngvSkhcrng.
Ly x,y bt k thuc H. Khi x = x1x2xn ; y = y1y2ym ; vi xi,yj S S-1;
i=1,,n; j=1,...,m. V th xy -1=(x1x2xn)(y1y2ym)-1=x1x2xnym-1y2-1y1-1. Nn
xy-1 Hdoxi,yj-1 S S-1.VyH G.
VimixthucSthx=x1 H
Gi s tn ti H l nhm con ca G tha S H. Khi S-1 H. Ly x bt k
thuc H th x=x1x2xn vi xi S S-1, n N*. Hay x=x1x2xn vi xi H, n N*.
Nnx H(vxi HvH G).VthHH.
DoH=<S>vy<S>={x1x2xn x S S 1 ,nN*}
i

Bi tp 2.4.2
Cho G l nhm Abel sinh bi 2 phn t u c cp 2. Chng minh rng G c mt
nhmconcchs2.
Gii. GiG=<a,b>, a b 2 .VimigthucG,tacg=ambn;vim,n Z. Khi
g=a2s+rb2s+rvi0 r,r<2.
Nur=r=0thg=e.
Nur=0vr=1thg=b.
Nur=1vr=0thg=a.
Nur=r=1thg=ab.
DoG={e,a,b,ab}.
GiH=<a>={e,a}.Khi[G:H]=2.VyHlnhmcntm.

Bi tp 2.4.3 Chngminhrng:
a)NuK G,K H G th[H,G] KkhivchkhiH/K Z(G/K)
b)NuH,K Gvf:GLlmtngcuthf([H,K])=[f(H),f(K)]

26

Gii.
a)iu kin cn.ChoK G,K H Gv[H,G] K
Khi H K H hayK H
Ly x bt k thuc H/K. Khi vi mi y thuc G/K th xyx -1y -1 [H,G].
Nn xyx -1y -1 K hay xy yx . Do x Z(G/K). Nn H/K Z(G/K). M H/K l
nhmnnH/K Z(G/K).
iu kin .ChoH/K Z(G/K).Tacvimihgh1g-1 [H,G]vih H,g G
Suy ra h, h 1 H/K Z(G/K).Do hgh 1 g 1 = h.g .h 1 .g 1 = h.h 1 .g .g 1 = hh 1 gg 1 = e
nnhgh-1g-1thucK.Suyra[H,G] K.M[H,G]lnhmnn[H,G] K
b)Dof([h,k])=[f(h),f(k)], h H ; k K .Nnf([H,K])=[f(H),f(K)]

Bi tp 2.4.4 ChoGlnhm.Chngminhrng:
a) [G , G ] G vG/[G,G]lnhmAbel
b)H GvG/Hgiaohonkhivchkhi[G,G]H
Gii.
a)Tathy(xyx-1y-1)-1=yxy-1x1 .Theobitp2.4.1th[G,G]ltpttccctch
ca mt s hu hn cc hon t trong G. Nh vy a thuc G khi v ch khi
a=x1y1x1-1y1-1x2y2x2-1y2-1xnynxn-1yn-1.
LygthucGtacgag -1=(gx1y1x1-1y1-1g -1)(gx2y2x2-1y2-1g -1)(gxnynxn-1yn-1g -1).Mt
khcgxiyixi-1yi-1g-1=gxig-1xi-1xigyixi-1yi-1g-1=gxig-1xi-1xi(gyi)xi-1(gyi)-1.Nn
gxiyixi-1yi-1g1=(gxig-1xi-1)[xi(gyi)xi-1(gyi)-1].Dogxiyixi-1yi-1g-1thuc[G,G].
Vy[G,G] G.
Lya,bbtktrongGkhi[a,b]=aba-1b-1[G,G].Hayab(ba)-1[G,G].Tng
ngab[G,G]=ba[G,G].VyG/[G,G]lnhmAbel.
b)TacH Gv G/H giaohon khi vch khiabH=baH.Hay[a,b]H.Tng
ngvi[G,G]H.VyH GvG/Hgiaohonkhivchkhi[G,G]H.

Bi tp 2.4.5
a)ChngminhrngnuGlnhmnhuhnkhngAbelth[G,G]=G.
b)GlnhmAbelkhivchkhi[G,G]={e}.
Gii.

27

a) Cho G l nhm n hu hn khng Abel.V [G,G] G (theo bi tp 2.4.4) nn

[G,G]={e}hoc[G,G]=G.Gis[G,G]={e}.Lyx,ybtktrongGthxyx-1y-1=e.
Doxy=yx.HayGlnhmAbel(muthungithitGlnhmkhngAbel).Vy
[G,G]=G
b)iu kin cn.ChoGlnhmAbel.Vimix,ythucGth[x,y]thuc[G,G]ta
c[x,y]=edoxy=yx.Vy[G,G]={e}.
iu kin .Cho[G,G]={e}.Vimix,ythucGtacxyx-1y-1=ennxy=yx.
VyGlnhmAbel.

Bi tp 2.4.6 ChoGlnhmAbelhuhnsinh,xon.ChngminhrngAnn(G){0}
Gii. ChoG=<S>,S={x1,x2,,xn}.VGlnhmxonnntntiai thucZ*saocho
*

xiai = e. t a = a1a2an th a thuc Z v xi

= e, i=1,2,,n. Ta chng minh

aAnn(G). Tht vy, vi mi g thuc G th tn ti r1,r2,,rn thuc Z sao cho

g= x1r x 2r ...x nr .Suyraga = x1ar x 2ar ...x nar =e(vxia=e,i=1,2,,n).DoaAnn(G).
1

VyAnn(G){0}.

Bi tp 2.4.7 ChoGlnhmAbelhuhnsinh,xonvplsnguyntchotrc.
ChngminhrngAnn(G)=<pl>,lN*khivchkhimiphntthucGccply
thacap.
l

Gii. iu kin cn.VimigthucGtacg p =e.Vgccphuhnnn g

pl.

Vplsnguyntnn g =pfvifl.
iu kin . Gi G=<S>, S={x1,x2,,xn}. Theo gi thit th tn ti r1,r2,,rn
thucZ*saocho xi p r ;i=1,2,,n.tr=max{r1;r2;;rn}thrZ, r>0.Khi
i

pr
i

p max{ r1 ;r2 ;...;rn }

=x i

=e;i=1,2,,n.

LygbtkthucG.KhitntimithucZ,i=1,2,,nsaochog= x1m x 2m ...x nm .

1

Dog p =( x1m x 2m ...x nm ) p = ( x1m ) p ( x 2m ) p ...( x nm ) p = ( x1p ) m ( x 2p ) m ...( xnp ) m =e.Nn

1

prAnn(G).
LymbtkthucAnn(G).Khixim=e,i=1, n .Dovy xi mhayp r

Vr=max{r1;r2;;rn}nnprm.Vthm=kpr.VyAnn(G)=<pr>.

28

m,i= 1, n

Bi tp 2.4.8 ChoGlnhm.Chngminhrng:
a)NuH,KGvH=<S>,K=<T>th<HK>=<ST>
n

b)NuHiG,Hi=<Si>,i=1,2,,nth H i S i
i 1

Gii. a)VH=<S>vK=<T>nn<HK>=<<S><T>>=<ST>(donhl
2.1.13).Vy<HK>=<ST>.
n

i 1

i 1

b)GiHi=<Si >;i=1,2,,n.Tachngminh H i S i (*)bngphngphp

quinptheon.
Vin=2th(*)ng(chngminhtrn)
k

i 1

i 1

i 1

i 1

Gi s H i S i vi k>1. t H=< H i >, S= S i th H=<S>. Do

k 1

< H i >=<HHk+1>=<<S> <Sk+1>>=<S Sk+1>(do nhl2.1.14).Hay

i 1
k 1

k 1

i 1

i 1

< H i >=< S i >.Theonguynlquinpth(*)ngvimistnhinn,n>1

n

i 1

i 1

Vy H i S i .

Bi tp 2.4.9 Chngminhrng:
a)Nhm i xng bc n c sinh bi tp tt c cc chuyn tr dng (k k+1) vi
0<k<n
b)Nhmthayphinbcn(nhmAn)csinhbiccvngxchcdi3dng(1
23),(124),,(12n).
Gii.
a)Ta c mi php th bc n u phn tch c thnh tch cc chuyn tr dng
(ij).Mmichuyntrdng(ij)uphntchcthnh(ij)=(1i)(1j)(1i).Tas
chngminh(1n)ltchccchuyntrdng(kk+1)(*)bngquinp.
Vin=2thhinnhin(*)ng
Gi s (1 m-1) (m<n) c phn tch thnh tch cc chuyn tr dng
k+1)
vi1 k<m-1.Tac(1m)=(1m-1)(m-1m)(1m-1).
Theonguynlquinptaciuphichngminh.
b)Vmiphpthbcchncphntchthnhmtschnccphpchuyntr

29

(k

m(ij)(ik)=(ijk)v(ij)(km)=(ikm)(imj).Bivyccphpthchnl
tchccvngxchcdi3.GiBlnhmconcaAnsinhbiccvngxchc
di3dng(123),(124),,(12n).
V(12i)Bnn(i2m)=(12i)-1B.Do(1ij)=(12j)(12i)(j2l)B.Suyra
(ijk)=(12k)(1ij)(k2m) B.NnBchattcccvngxchcdi3.
VyB=An.

Bi tp 2.4.10 ChoGlnhmAbelthatrongmthccnhmconhuhnsinhu
cphnttii(theoquanhbaohm).ChngminhrngminhmconcaGu
huhnsinh
Gii. LyHlnhmconbtkcaGtachngminhHlnhmhuhnsinh.Gi
AltpttcccnhmconhuhnsinhcaH.SuyraAkhcrngv{e}thucA.
Theo gi thit th trong A tn ti phn t ti i H no . V H A nn
H=<S>,S={x1,x2,,xn}. Gi s H H th x H\H nn x e. Gi H=<S>,
S={x1,x2,,xn,x}. Khi H A v H H, H H. iu ny tri vi gi thit
tnhtiicaH.DoH=H.VyHlnhmhuhnsinh.

Bi tp 2.4.11
0 1
0 i
vB=
.
1 0
i 0

ChoGlnhmconcaGl2(C)sinhbiccphntA=
a)ChngminhrngGlnhmkhnggiaohoncp8.

b)ChngminhrngGchcduynhtmtnhmconcp2.
Gii.
a)Tac A B 4 vA2=B2
NnAB2=A3=B2A;A2B2=I;A2B3=B;A3B=AB3;A3B2=A;A3B3=AB
VyG={I,A,A2,A3,B,B3,AB,AB3}
b)BngcchkimtratrctiptathyA2lphntduynhtccp2
VyH=<A2>lnhmconduynhtccp2(vnhmccp2lnhmxyclic)

Bi tp 2.4.12 ChoG=<S>,S={a1,a2,a3,a4}thaaiaj=ajai;i,j= 1,4 .ChngminhrngG

ltchca4nhmconxycliccaG.

30

Gii. VG=<{a1,a2,a3,a4}>vaiaj=ajai;i,j= 1,4 .NntheoMnh2.3.3thGlnhm

Abel. M G=< {a1,a2,a3,a4} > =< {a1} {a2} {a3} {a4} >. Hay
G=<<a1> <a2> <a3> <a4>>=<a1>.<a2>.<a3>.<a4>(donhl2.1.14).

Bi tp 2.4.13ChoGlnhmsinhbi{x,y}thax2=y2.Tmnhngphntnosao
ytrngnhau:
u1=(xy)3;u2=yxyxy2;u3=x3y3;u4=xy2x3;u5=x2y-1x3yx;u6=x-1yx6.
Gii.
Tabitnuui=ujthuiuj-1=e.
Tacu2u5-1=yxyxy2x-1y-1x-3yx-2=yxyxx2x-1y-1x-3yx-2=yxyx2y-1x-3yy-2
hayu2u5-1=yxyx2y-1x-3y-1=yxyy2y-1x-3y-1=yxy2x-2x-1y-1=yxx-1y-1=e
Nnu2=u5.Tngttacu3=u6.

Bi tp 2.4.14 ChoG=<a,b>thaa3=e;b7=e;a-1ba=b3.ChngminhGlnhmxyclic
cp3.
Gii. Gisa=ethb2=e.Dob6=ehayb6=b7vthb=e(muthuna b).Doa
enn a =3.Va-1ba=b3nn(a-1ba)2=(b3)2.Doa-1b2a=b6 suyraa-1b2ab=b7.Ko

theoa-1b2ab=ehay(b2ab)3=a3.Vthb2ab3ab3ab=ennb2a(a-1ba)a(a-1ba)ab=esuyra
b3aba2b=e ( do a-1b3a=b9). Nn ab10a2b=e do ab3a2b=e (do a7=e). V th a(a1

ba)a2b=esuyraba3b=e.Kotheob2=ennb6=e.Tb6=b7=ehayb=e

VyG=<a>v G a 3 .

31

Chng III NHM XYCLIC

1. MT S TNH CHT
3.1.1 nh ngha. ChoGlnhm,H=<{a}>cgilnhmconxycliccaGsinh
biavckhiul<a>.
NuG=<a>thGcgilnhmxyclic.Nhmxycliccmitnhchtcanhm
huhnsinhngthicthmcctnhchtsauy:

3.1.2 Mnh . Minhmxyclicugiaohon.

Chng minh. Cho G=<a>. Vi x, y G th tn ti k,l thuc Z sao cho x = ak,
y=al. Khixy=akal =ak+l =alak=yx.VyGlnhmAbel.

3.1.3 H qu.
(i)Minhmconcanhmxycliculnhmconchuntcvminhmxyclicu
lnhmgiic.
(ii) Nhm xyclic c mi tnh cht ca nhm Abel hu hn sinh.

3.1.4 Mnh . TpccsnguynZviphpcnglnhmxyclic,minhmconc

dngmZvnhmthngZ/mZ=Zm.
Chng minh. Vin Zthn=n.1nnn <1>.DoZ <1>.VyZ=<1>.
Gi H l nhm con ca Z. Nu H={0} th H=0Z. Ngc li th tn ti n thuc
H\{0}.Khin H(vH Z).NnHschaccsnguyndng.Gimls
nguyndngnhnht.Vi h Hthtntip,rthucZ saochoh=mp+r(0 r<m).
Suy ra r=h-mp H. Nu r 0 th r H, r<m (mu thun gi thit m). Nn r=0. Do
h=mp mZ. HayH mZ.
V x mZth k Z:x=mk.Hayx=m+m++m H.NnmZ H.
VyH=mZ
VZlnhmAbelvH ZnnH ZhaymZ Z. XtnhmthngZ/mZ={x+mZ,
x Z}.Gisx+mZ=y+mZtngngx-y mZ.Hay(x-y) mtngngx
y ( mod m ). Nn Z/mZ = {0+mZ, 1+mZ, , m-1+mZ}. V th Z/mZ =
{ 0,1,..., m 1 }=Zm.
Nhn xt.TMnhtrntathyZlnhmxyclicvminhmconcaZc

32

dngmZ=<m>lnhmxyclicsinhbim.Vynhmconcanhmxyclicclnhm
xyclickhng?CutrlickhngnhtrongMnhsau:
3.1.5 Mnh . Minhmconcanhmxycliculnhmxyclic.
Chng minh. ChoGlnhmxyclicsinhbia,HlnhmconcaG.NuH={e}
thH=<e>.Ngcli,gimlsnguyndngnhnhtsaochoam H.Taschng
minhH=<am>
Vam Hnn<am> <H>hay<am> H(3.1.5a)
LyxbtkthucH.Khix G=<a>nn n Z:x=an.Lynchiachomc
n=mq+r(0 r m) .Suyraar =ana-mq H.Dogithitcamnnr=0.Dox=an
=amq <am>.NnH <am>

(3.1.5b)

T(3.1.5a)v(3.1.5b)suyraH=<am>.

3.1.6 Mnh . MinhmxyclicungcuviZhocZn.

Chng minh. ChoG=<a>.KhiG={ak,k Z}.Xtnhxf:Z G
m f(m)=am
VimixthucGthtntikthucZ saochox=ak.Hayx=f(k)nnflton
nh.Lym,nbtkthucZtacf(m+n)=am+n =aman =f(m)f(n).Nnflngcu.
Suy ra f l ton cu. Theo nh l ng cu nhm th Z/Kerf G. Nu Kerf={0}th
Z/kerf =Z. DoZ G.Ngcli,vKerf Z nntheoMnh3.1.4thKerf=
nZ. DoZ/kerf=Z/nZ=Zn(theoMnh3.1.4).NnZn G.
VyminhmxyclicungcuviZhocZn.

3.1.7 Mnh . Mi nhm cp nguyn t u l nhm xyclic v mi phn t khc

phntnvulphntsinh.
Chng minh. Gi G =p,plsnguynt(3.1.7a).
Ly a G, a e. Khi a >1. V <a> G nn theo nh l Lagrange th a G
hay a p(3.1.7b).
T (3.1.7 a) v (3.1.7 b) ta c a p G . Vy G l nhm xyclic v mi phn t
khcphntnvulphntsinh.

3.1.8 nh l. ChoGlnhmxycliccpnvG=<a>.Khi:

33

(i)Cpcaambng

n
trongd=(m,n).
d

(ii)G=<am>khivchkhi(m,n)=1.
Chng minh. i)Ta c G =n v G=<a> nn a =n. V d=(m,n) nn tn ti m1,n1
thuc Z sao cho m=m1d, n=n1d v (m1,n1)=1. t k= a m th (am)k=e hay amk=e. M
a =n nn n (mk) hay (n1d) (m1dk). Do n1 (m1k). V (m1,n1)=1 nn n1 k .
m

n
d

Mt khc ta c (a ) a
k=n1=

mn
d

m
d

n
hay k
d

e e . V a m =k nn k

n1. Do

n
n
.Vy a m = ,vid=(m,n).
d
d

(ii)TacG=<am>tngng G a m .Vthn= a m .Suyran=

n
(docu(i)).Do
d

d=1hay(m,n)=1.

3.1.9 nh l. Nu G l nhm xyclic cp n v d l mt c ca G. Khi G c ng

1 nhm con cp d v nhm con ny l xyclic .
n
d

Chng minh. GiG=<a>, a =nvd n.Tac a =

n
d

n
(donhl3.1.8).
n
(n; )
d

n
d

Nn a =d.Do<a >lnhmconxycliccpdcaG.
GisGcnhmconHcpdkhc.TheoMnh3.1.5tacH=<ak>v a k =d.
M a k =

n
n
n
(theonhl3.1.8).Nn
=dvth(k,n)= .Dotntix,y
d
( k , n)
( k , n)
n

thucZsaochonx+ky=

n
.Bivya d =anxaky=aky H.Hay<a d > H.M a d = H
d

n
d

nnH=<a >.
n
d

Vy<a >lnhmconduynhtcpdcaGvlnhmxyclic.

3.1.10 Nhn xt. Tnhl3.1.8v3.1.9chophptatmttcccnhmconca

nhmGviG=<a>v a =n.

34

NunlsnguyntthGchc2nhmconl{e}vG(theoMnh3.1.7)
Nunckclm1=1,m2,...,mk-1,mk=nthGcknhmconcplnltlm1=1,
m2,...,mk-1,mk=ncsinhbiccphnte,a

n
m2

,...,a

n
m k 1

,a.

3.1.11 nh l. ChoG1,G2,...,Gklnhmxycliccpn1,n2,...,nkvGi Gjvii j.Khi

:
(i)GixGjlnhmxyclickhivchkhi(ni,nj)=1vii j;i,j=1, n
k

(ii) G i lnhmxyclickhivchkhi(nj,nl)=1vij l;j,l=1, n

i 1

Chng minh. Cho Gi=<ai>, a i =ni, i=1,2,...,k. V lc lng ca Gi l ni nn lc

k

lngca G i ln1n2...nk.Do Gi =n1n2...nk.

i 1

i 1

(i) iu kin cn. Nu (ni,nj)>1 th k=[ni,nj]=

GixGj ta c (xi,xj)k=(xik,xjk)=(ei,ej). Nn (xi,xj)

ni n j
( ni , n j )

<ninj . Vi mi (xi,xj) thuc

k. Do mi phn t ca GixGj

uccpnhhnhocbngk.SuyracpcamiphntGixGjunhhnninj.
M

GixGj =ninj. Nn GixGj khng l nhm xyclic (mu thun gi thit). Vy

(ni,nj)=1vimiikhcj.
iu kin . Nu (ni,nj)=1 th vi mi (xi,xj) thuc GixGj ta c
(xi,xj)n i n j =(xin i n j ,xjn i n j )=(ei,ej). Gi s (xi,xj)k=(ei,ej) khi (xik,xjk)=(ei,ej). Suy ra
xik=ei;xjk=ejkotheok ni;k njhayk ninj.Nn (xi,xj) =ninj.
VyGixGj=<(xi,xj)>.
k

(ii) iu kin cn.Gis G i =<(x1,x2,,xn)>.Xtnhxf: G i GjxGl

i 1

i 1

(a1,a2,...,an) (aj,al)
Khifltoncu.TheoHqu2.1.17thGjxGl=<f(x)>,vix=(x1,x2,...,xn).
VyGjxGl=<(xj,xl)>.
iu kin .Gis(ni,nj)=1vii j.KhiG1xG2lnhmxycliccpn1n2.V
(n2,n3)=1v(n1,n3)=1nn(n1n2,n3)=1.Do(G1xG2)xG3lnhmxyclic.
Xtnhxf:(G1xG2)xG3 G1xG2xG3
((x1,x2),x3) (x1,x2,x3)

35

Khifltoncu.TheoHqu2.1.17thG1xG2xG3lnhmxyclic.Bng
k

phngphpquinptac G i lnhmxyclic.
i 1

3.1.12 nh l.
(i)Hainhmxycliccpvhnungcuvinhau.
(ii)Hainhmxycliccphuhnngcuvinhaukhivchkhichngcngcp.
Chng minh.
(i)GisG=<a>,G=<b>lnhmxycliccpvhn.Xtnhxf:GG
ak bk
Lyx,xthucGsuyratntim,nthucZsaochox=am,x=an.Khif(xx)=
f(aman)=f(am+n)=bm+n=bmbn=f(x)f(x).Vvyflngcunhm.
Lyx,xthucGsaochox x.Khitntim,nthucZ(gism>n)saochox
=am,x=an.Gisbn =bmsuyrabm-n=e.Nnbccphuhn(trigithit).Vth
bn bmkotheof(an) f(am)hayf(x) f(x)vix x.Nnflnnh.
Lyy GkhitntimthucZsaochoy=bmhayy=f(am).Nnfltonnh.
Vyflngcu.
(ii)iu kin cn.Hainhmhuhnngcuvinhauthhinnhincngcp.
iu kin . GisG=<a>,G=<b>lnhmxycliccpn.Xttngngf:G G
ak bk
Tacak=altngngak-l =ehay(k-l) n.Tngngbk-l =evthbk=blhay
f(ak)=f(al).Nnflnhxvlnnh.
Lyy G.KhitntinthucZsaochoy=bn=f(an).Nnfltonnh.
Ly x, x thuc G. Khi tn ti m, n thuc Z sao cho x = an, y = am. Ta c
f(xx)=f(aman)=f(am+n)=bn+m=bmbn=f(an)f(am)=f(x)f(x).Vthflngcu.
Vyflngcu.

3.1.13 Mnh . ChoXlnhmxyclicsinhbiacpn,flngcunhmtXvo

nhmY.KhifltoncukhivchkhiYlnhmxyclicv Y X .
Chng minh. iu kin cn. ChoX=<a>, X =nvf:X Yltoncu.TheoMnh
2.1.16thImf=<f(a)>hayY=<f(a)>.Tac(f(a))n=f(an)=f(e)=e.Nn
f (a ) nhay Y X .

36

iu kin . ChoYlnhmxyclicsinhbibv b n .Xtnhxg:X Y

at bt
Vimiat,arthucXtacg(atar)=g(at+r)=g(at)g(ar).Nnglngcu.
LyybtktrongYthy=bt,tZ. Chnx=at,khig(x)=y.Nngltonnh
Vygltoncu.

3.3.14 H qu.ChoXlnhmxyclic.Khi:
ngcuf:X YlngcukhivchkhiYlnhmxyclicv Y X .

3.1.15 B . Gi s A l nhm Abel hu hn vi cp A = p11 p22 ...pkk , trong

p1,p2,,pk l cc s nguyn t i mt khc nhau. Khi A=A(p1) ... A(pk),
A( p i ) p iti , i 1, k viA(p)={x A, x p m ,plsnguynt}.

Chng minh. tn= A nhthnA={0}.Gisn=mmtrong(m,m)=1v

m,m>1.(Nu khngcsphntchnonhvyth A=A(p),viplsnguynt
duynhtchiaht A ).TaschngminhA=B CtrongB,Clccnhmconc
cptngnglmvm.
V ( m, m ) = 1 nn tn ti r, s thuc Z sao cho rm + sm = 1. Khi
A = rmA+smA mA+mA A. Hay A = mA + mA (3.1.15 a). Ly x thuc
mA mA.Khix=my,y A.Domx=mmy=ny=0.Tngttacmx
=0.Tx=(rm+sm)x=rmx+smx=0(3.1.15b).T(3.1.15a)v(3.1.15b)tac
A=mA mA(3.1.15c)
t Ak = {x A, kx = 0}. Vi x mA th mx = 0. Do x Am. Nn
mA Am(3.1.15d).Nux Amthx=rmx+smx=m(rx) mA.DoAm mA
(3.1.15e).T(3.1.15d) v(3.1.15e)tac mA= Am.Tngttac Am=mA.
Kthp(3.1.15c)tacA=Am Am.Nn A Am Am ' =mm(3.1.15f)
Tip theo ta s chng minh Am m' ; Am ' m . Do (m,m) =1; n = mm nn nu
t

cn ta nh s li cc s nguyn t p1,,pk. Ta c th gi s m= p11 ... p l l ,

t

m= p l l 11 ... p kk .Gis Am chiahtchopiviino.GoiSlpi_nhmconSylov

37

caAm,tacS {0}(theonhlSylov).V(m,pi) 1nnmS {0}.MtkhcmS

mAm={0}(vl).Do( Am ,m)=( Am ' ,m)=1(3.1.15g).

T(3.1.15f)v(3.1.15g)tac Am =m; Am ' =m.

BngquinptanhncA=A(p1) A(pk)
DoA(pi)lpi_nhm, A = A( p1 ) ... A( p k ) vdotnhduynhtcasphntch A ra
thasnguynt,tac A( p i ) p it (i=1,2,,k).
i

3.3.16 nh l. ChoAlnhmAbelvicp A =p1p2pk,trongp1,p2,,pklcc

snguyntimtkhcnhau.KhiAlmtnhmxyclicngcuviZ p1...pk v
Z p Z pk .
1

Chng minh. p dng B 3.1.15 ta c A = A(p1) A(pk). Trong

A( pi ) pi nn A(pi) l nhm xyclic. V th A l nhm xyclic (nh l 3.1.11). M

Z p1...pk v Z p Z pk l nhm xyclic cp p1pk. Theo nh l 3.1.12 th

1

A Z p1...pk Z p Z pk .
1

3.1.17 B . Cho A l p_nhm Abel, a1 l phn t c cp cc i, chng hn p r ,

1

trong A. Gi A1 l nhm xyclic sinh bi a1 v b l mt phn tca A/A1 c cp pr.

Khitntimtidincalp b trongAcngccppr
Chng minh. V b p r nn prb A1, do prb = na1 vi n Z. V th
p r b na1

a1
( a1 , n)

.Do( a1 ,n)=

a1
r

p b

.Mprb Alp_nhm Abel v a1 =pr.

Nnn=mpkvi(m,p)=1.Khi ma1 a1 p r .Cthgisn p r nnk r1. Do

1

p k ma1 na1 p r k . M prb=na1 v b b p r . Ta suy ra b =p r r k . Do a1 l

1

phntccpcci,lp r ,nnr+r1-k r1,hayr k.

1

tc=pk-rma1 A1,tacprb=na1 =prc.Khia=b-c b+A1cngl mti

dinca b vpra=pr(b-c)=0.M a b p r .Nn a =pr.
3.1.18 nh l. Mip_nhmAbelucphntchthnhtngtrctip(trong)cc
p_nhmxyclic.Haisphntchnhthchkhcnhauthtccnhnt.

38

Chng minh.
Bc 1. Chng minh s tn ti ca phn tch bng qui np theo cp ca A.
Gisa1lphntccpcci,lp r ,trongA.tA1=<a1>.Theogithitqui
1

np ta tha nhn phn tch A/A1= A2 ... As (3.1.18 a). Trong

Ai a i , ai p si .Tac Ai ai theoB3.1.17thtntiidinaicalp
ai trongAccngcpvi ai ,tcl ai p si .TaschngminhA=A1 As

Vimix Ath x A/A1.T(3.1.18a)tasuyra x m2 a 2 ... m s a s .Doxm2a2--msas A1.Nntntisnguynm1saochox=m1a1+m2a2++msas

NghalA=A1+A2++As(3.1.18b).Tiptheogism1,m2,,mslccsnguyn
khngmthamnhthcm1a1+m2a2++msas=0(3.1.18c).V ai p r nncth
i

gismi<pr i (i=1,2,,s).T(3.1.18c)tac m2 a 2 ... ms a s 0 .Dom2=ms=0.

Nh

th

m1a1=0

do

m1=0

(v

m1< a1 ).

qu

A=A1 A2 As.
Bc 2. S duy nht ca phn tch.Gistachaisphntchcap_nhmAbel
hu hn A l A=A1 A2 As=B1 B2 Bt. Trong Ai,Bj l cc
p_nhm xyclic v A1 A2 ... As , B1 B2 ... Bt . Ta s chng minh rng s=t
v Ai Bi .Chngminhcthchinbngquinptheo A .
TacpAcnglmtp_nhmAbelv pA

A
p

GischaisphntchcaAl

pA=(pA1) (pA2) (pAs)=(pB1) (pB2) (pBt). Gi s v t l cc s

nguynccctnhchtsau:
A1 A2 ... As ' >p; As '1 ... As p
B1 B2 ... Bt ' >p; Bt ' 1 ... Bt p

KhipAs+1 ==pAs =pBt+1 ==pBt ={0}.HqultachaiphntchpA

thnhccp_nhmxycliclpA=(pA1) (pAs)=(pB1) (pBt).Theogithit
quinpv Ap A nns=tv pAi pBi nghal Ai Bi ,i=1,2,,s.
Tnh A datrnhaicchphntchcaAtac A A1 ... As ' . p s s ' B1 ... Bs ' p t s ' .T
suyrat=sv Ai Bi p (i=s+1,,s).

39

2. MT VI NG DNG CA NHM XYCLIC

3.2.1 nh l Euler. Chonlsnguyndng,alsnguyntcngnhau vin.
Khin (a ( n) 1) vi lhmEuler.
Chng minh. GiUnltpccstnhinksaocho0<k<nv(n,k)=1.TrongUnta
nhnghaphpton.nhsaua.b=rvirlsdcaabchiachon.KhiUnl
nhmAbelviphptontrnv U n = (n) .
VimiathucUntaca (n) =1tcln (a ( n) 1) .
Via>nv(a,n)=1.Khia=nk+bvi0<b<n.V(a,n)=1nn(b,n)=1.Hayb Un
do b (n) =1. Nn a (n) =(nk+b)

(n)

=nl+b (n) =nl+1. Suy ra a (n) 1(mod n) hay

n (a ( n) 1) .Vyn (a ( n) 1) khi(a,n)=1.

3.2.2 nh l Fermat. Choplsnguyntvalsnguynbtkkhcp.Khi

p (a p a ) .
Chng minh. Vplsnguyntnn (p)=p-1( lhmEuler)v(a,p)=1.p
dngnhlEulertacp (a p1 1) hayp (a p a ) .

3.2.3 nh l Wilson. Choplsnguyntth(p-1)!+10(modp).

Chng minh. Vip=2th(2-1)!+10(mod2).
Vi p>2. Xt nhm Zp. Vi a=1,2,...,p-1 th a p 1 1 (theo nh l Fermat). Hay
a. a p 2 1 .t a p 2 b th ab 1 .
Taschngminhvimi a Zp\{ 0,1, p 1 }thtntiduynht b Zp\{ 0,1, p 1 },
b a saocho ab 1 (*).Thtvy:

Vimi a Zp\{ 0,1, p 1 }thtachn b a p 2 ,khi ab 1 .Gis a b ,tcl

a a p 2 . Do a 2 a p 1 1 suy ra a 2 1 0 . V th (a 1)(a 1) 0 ko

a 1 0

theo

a 1 0

(vplsnguyntv (a 1)(a 1) (a 1)a 1 (a 1)a 1 0 ).Nn

a 1 hoc a p 1 (muthun a Zp\{ 0,1, p 1 }).Do a b .

40

Chng minh tnh duy nht ca b . Gi s c 0 : ac 1 Khi ac ab nn

a. b c 0 .Vth b c 0 (vplsnguyntv a 0 ).Do b c .

Nhnxtrng ab 1 khi vch khiab 1 1 .Dovy(*)tngng vi vi mis

nguyn a tho 1<a<p-1 th tn ti duy nht s nguyn b khc a, 1<b<p-1 sao cho
ab 1 1 .Vth ( p 1)! 2.3...( p 1)1 ( p 1)1 p 1 1 .Do ( p 1)!1 0
Vy(p-1)!+10(modp).

3.2.4 Bi ton.Cho(a,b)=1.Chngminhrng(ab,a+b)=1.
Gii. V (a,b) = 1 nn ZaxZb l nhm xyclic (nh l 3.1.11). M Zab l nhm
xyclic cp ab. Theo nh l 3.1.12 th ZaxZb Zab . Do tn ti ng cu
f:ZaxZb Zab.Xttngng :(ZaxZb)xZa+b ZabxZa+b
(m, n) f (m, n) ((m, n), k ) ( f (m, n), k )
Khi l ng cu. Nn (ZaxZb)xZa+b ZabxZa+b . Mt khc
(ZaxZb)xZa+b ZaxZbxZa+b. V th ZaxZbxZa+b ZabxZa+b. V (a,b) = 1 nn
(a,a+b)=(b,a+b)=1.Theonhl3.1.11thZaxZbxZa+blnhmxyclic.TheoHqu
3.1.14 th ZabxZa+b l nhm xyclic. Theo nh l 3.1.11 th (a+b,ab)=1. Vy
(ab,a+b)=1.

3.2.5 Bi ton. Cho

a
ab
lphnstigin.Chngminhrng 2
lphns
b
a ab b 2

tigin.
a
b

Gii. V lphnstiginnn(a,b)=1.Do(a,a2+ab+b2)=1;(b,a2+ab+b2)
=1.Theonhl3.1.11thZaxZbxZ a

ab b 2

lnhmxyclic.TalicZaxZbxZ a

ab b 2

ZabxZ a 2 ab b 2 ( cng ng cu vi (ZaxZb)xZ a 2 ab b2 ). Theo H qu 3.1.14 th

ZabxZ a

ab b 2

l nhm xyclic. Theo nh l 3.1.11 th (ab,a2+ab+b2)=1. Vy

ab
lphnstigin.
a ab b 2
2

3.2.6 Bi ton. Choa,b Z.Chngminhrng(a2+b2) 3khivchkhia 3vb 3.

Gii. Via,bZtalunca=3p+r;b=3q+r'(0<r,r'<3).TrongnhmZ3th

41

 a r ; b r ' .
Theo gi thit ta c (a2+b2) 3 a 2 b 2 0 a 2 b 2 0 a a b b 0 . Tng
ng a r br ' 0 r a r ' b 0 r r r ' r ' 0 r 2 r ' 2 0 (*)vi 0<r,r'<3. Do
(*)tngngr=r'=0haya 3 vb 3 .
3.2.7 Bi ton. Chngminhrngnup,qlsnguyntlnhn3th(p2-q2) 6.
Gii. p dng nh l Fermat cho 3 v p ta c p2 1 (mod 3). Xt nhm Z3 th
p 2 1 . Tng t ta c q 2 1 . Nn

p 2 q 2 p 2 q 2 1 1 0 . Do

(p2-q2) 3.
TrongnhmZ2th p 2 p (theonhlFermat).M p 1 (doplsnguynt
lnhn3).Do p 2 1 .Tngt q 2 1 .Nn p 2 q 2 0 .Do(p2-q2) 2.
Vy(p2-q2) 6.

3.2.8 Bi ton. Chng minh rng a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 0 ( mod 5 ) th

a12+a22+a32+a42+a52 0(mod5)
Gii. XtnhmZ5.V5lsnguyntnntheonhlFermatth a 5i a i .Do

a 15 a 52 a 53 a 54 a 55 a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 .
Suyra a 15 a 52 a 53 a 54 a 55 0 (do a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 0 ).
Vya1+a2+a3+a4+a5 0(mod5).

n 5 n 3 7n
Z.
3.2.9 Bi ton. Chngminhrng n Zth
3 15
5
Gii. XtnhmZ3. V3lsnguyntnntheonhlFermatth n 3 n do

5n 3 5n .Do 5n 3 3n 5 7 n 5n 3 3n 5 7 n 5n 0 7 n 0 .Suyra5n3+3n5+7n

3(3.2.9a).
TngtxtnhmZ5tac(5n3+3n5+7n) 5(3.2.9b)
T(3.2.9a)v(3.2.9b)suyra(5n3+3n5+7n) 15(3.2.9c)

n 5 n 3 7 n 3n 5 5n 3 7 n

Mtkhc
(3.2.9d)
5
3 15
15

n 5 n 3 7n
Z.
T(3.2.9c)v(3.2.9d)tasuyra
5
3
15

42

3. BI TP
Bi tp 3.3.1 Chng minh rng nhm cng cc s nguyn Z v nhm cng cc lp
ngdtheomunpm,plsnguyntchotrc,m Z,ulnhngnhmkhng
phntchcthnhtngtrctipcahainhmconchuntckhngtmthng.
Gii. GisZcphntchthnhtngtrctip2nhmconchuntclmZv
nZ,nghalZ=mZ nZ. Tathymn mZ nZnnmZ nZ {0}(vmn 0)(mu
thungithit).VyZkhngphntchcthnhtngtrctip2nhmconchun
tc.
GisZ p phntchcthnhtngtrctipcahainhmconchuntckhng
m

tmthnglAvBvi A p r , B p s ;A=< a >,B=< b >.Suyrapr a =ps b .Nu

r<sth a =pr-s b .Do a A BhayA B { 0 }.Nur>stacngcA B { 0 }.
VyZ p khngphntchcthnhtngtrctipcahainhmconchuntckhng
m

tmthng.

Bi tp 3.3.2 Chngminhrngnun=st;(s,t)=1thZn Zt Zs.

Gii. V t s; s t nn < t > = { 0, t ,..., (s 1) t } ; < s > = { 0, s,..., ( t 1)s }. t
x kt

A = < t >, B = < s >. Vi x A B hay

x ls

do kt ls . Nn s kt sls v th

ls 2 0 .Dovyls tsuyral tnnl=kt.Do x l s kt s k ts 0 .NnA B={ 0 }.

V (s,t)=1 nn tn ti p,q thuc Z sao cho pt+qs=1. Vi h Z th

h=h.1=h(pt+qs)=hpt+hqs A+B. Nn Zn=A B. M A B Zs Zt (theo nh l
3.1.12).VyZn Zs Zt
Ngoi ra ta cng c th chng minh bi ton trn theo cch sau:
V (s,t)=1 nn Zs Zt l nhm xyclic cp n
Theo nh l 3.1.12 th Zn Zt Zs
Bi tp 3.3.3Chngminhnun= p1m p 2m ... p rm ,(pi,pj)=1thZn Z p ... Z p
1

m1
1

mr
r

Gii. TachngminhZn Z p ... Z p (*)bngphngphpquinptheor.

m1
1

mr
r

43

Nu r=1 th n=p 1m . Do Zn Z p .Gi s (*) ng vi r=k. Ngha l

1

m1
1

Zn Z p ... Z p
m1
1

vi

mk
k

n= p1m p 2m ... p km .
1

Vi

m= p1m p 2m ... p km p km1 .

1

k 1

s= p1m p 2m ... p km , t=p mk1 . Ta c (s,t)=1 theo bi tp 3.3.2 th Zst Zs Zt. Hay
1

k 1

Zm Z p ... Z p Z p
m1
1

mk
k

m k 1
k 1

.TheonguynlquinpthZn Z p ... Z p .
m1
1

mr
r

Bi tp 3.3.4ChngminhrngnunhmXchcccnhmcontmthngl{e},X
thXlnhmXyclichuhncpnguyntvtngcubtkcaXulng
cutmthnghoclngcu.
Gii. Lya X,a e.V<a> {e}v<a>lnhmconcaXnnX=<a>Do
Xlnhmxyclic.Nuaccpvhntham a2r .Vgisam =a2r(vim 2r).
Khi a m 2 r =eNnaccphuhn(trigithit).Dovyam a2rvim,rthucZ.
Nn <a2> <a>=X v <a2> {e}. Hay <a2>l nhm con thcsca X (tri gi
thit).Vyaccphuhnln.
Nunkhnglsnguynt,n=n1n2(1<n1,n2<n).
Xt <an 1 > =

n
n
= =n2.Do<an 1 >lnhmconthcscaX(trivi
(n1 , n) n1

githit).Nnnlsnguynt.
VyXlnhmxyclichuhncpnguynt.
Xtngcuf:X X
Trnghpf(x) evi x X tacKerfvImflccnhmconcaG.
MKerf GvImf {e}nnKerf={e}vImf=G.
Vyflngcuhoclngcutmthng.

Bi tp 3.3.5Chng minhrngGlnhm cng3nhmcon khi vch khiGl

nhmxycliccpbngbnhphngcamtsnguynt
Gii.
iu kin cn. GisGcng3nhmcon.Gi3nhmconcaGl{e},H,G,
trongH {e},H G.Gis G =n,n>1.LyathucG\H.Khia e.Tac

a {e}

a H .NnG=<a>.VyGlnhmxyclic
a G

44

Nunkhnglschnhphng.Khitnticcsnguyntk1,k2,,krviki
khcnhaui mt v khc 1;nsaochon =k1k2kr.TheonhlCsithGc k
nhmconthcscpk1,k2,,kr(muthunvigithit).Suyranlschnh
phnghayn=a2,via Z.
Nuakhnglsnguyntthtntia1,a2saochoa=a1.a2.Via1,a2lsnguyn
tkhcnhau.Khi G =n=a12a22..TheonhlCsithGc2nhmconthc
sG1,G2 c cp ln lt l a12,a22. iu nymu thun gi thit G c ng 3 nhm
con.Nnalsnguynt.Vth G =a2,alsnguynt.
VyGlnhmxycliccpbnhphngcamtsnguynt
iu kin . Gis G =p2,plsnguynt.Tathyp2cng3cdng
l1,pvp2.Theonhl3.1.9thGcng3nhmconccpl1,p,p2.

Bi tp 3.3.6 Chngminhrngminhmcpvhnucvhnnhmcon.
Gii. Trng hp X=<x>l nhm xyclic cp v hn. Vi mi s nguyn n ta c
<xn>lnhmconxycliccaX.Tacm,n Z,m nth<xm> <xn>.Thtvy,
gistntim,nthucZ; m nsaochoxm=xn.Khixm <xn>nntntikthuc
Z saochoxm=(xn)k=xnk.Nnx m nk =eDom=nkhayn m.Tngttacm
n.Dom=n(muthunvim n).NhvyXcvhnnhmcon.
TrnghpXlnhmbtkccpvhn.NuXcphntxccpvhnth
A=<x>lnhmconxycliccpvhncaX.TheochngminhtrnthAcvhn
nhmcon{Bi}i N. VBi AvA XnnBi X i NvthXcvhnnhm
con.NumiphntcaXuccphuhn.TathyX= x . VXltp
x X

vhnv<x>ltphuhn. NnXgmvsnhmconxyclic<x>,x X.VyX

cvhnnhmcon.

Bi tp 3.3.7ChoHlnhmconchuntccanhmGvHlnhmxycliccphu
hn,KlnhmconthcscaH.chngminhrngKlnhmconchuntccaG.
Gii.GiK=<y>ccpm.taschngminhg-1ygcngccpm,vimigthuc
G.Thtvy,tac(g -1yg)m=g -1ymg=e.Gis(g -1yg)k =e.Khig-1ykg=e.Suyra
ykg=ghayyk=e.Dodmlccak.Vvyg-1ygccplm.VHl

45

nhmconchuntccaGnng-1ygthucH.Do<g -1yg>lnhmconcaHc
cp m. Theo nh l 3.1.12 th K=<g-1hg>. V th g-1kg thuc K vi mi k thuc K.
VyKlnhmconchuntccaG.

Bi tp 3.3.8TmttcccnhmconcanhmXyclic:
a)Cp12
b)Cp24
Gii. a)GiX=<a>, a =12.S12ccccl1,2,3,4,6,12.Theonhl3.1.9th
Xcngmtnhmconccpl1,2,3,4,6,12.Talic an =

12
(theonh
(12, n)

l3.1.8).anccpl1,2,3,4,6,12thgitrcanlnltl12,6,4,3,2,1.VyXc
ccnhmconsauy{e},<a6>,<a4>,<a3>,<a2>,X
b)GiX=<a>, a =12.S24ccccl1,2,3,4,6,12,24.Theobitp2.4.2th
Xcng mtnhm conccpl1,2,3,4,6,12,24.Talic an =

24
(theo
(24, n)

nh l 3.1.8 ). an c cp l 1,2,3,4,6,12,24 th gi tr ca n ln lt l
24,12,6,4,3,2,1.VyXcccnhmconsauy:{e},<a12>,<a6>,<a4>,<a3>,<a2>,X
Bi tp 3.3.9 ChoG,Glhainhm xyclic cptngngls vt viccphnt
sinhlavb.Chngminhrng:
(i)Quitcfchotngngmiphntan Gviphnt(bk)nthucGvikls
tnhinkhc0chotrc,lngcunhmkhivchkhisklbicat
(ii)Nuflngcuth(s,k)=1
Gii. Xttngngf:G G
an bkn
a)iu kin cn. Nu f l ng cu th eG = f(eG) = f(as) (v a = s) . Nn
eG=[f(a)]s=(bk)s=bkshayks t.
iu kin .Gisks=ty.Gisan=am.Khian-m =enn(n-m) svthk(nm) ks=ty.Dobk(n-m)=bty=eGhaybkn=bkmnnf(an)=f(am).Vyflnhx.
Ly x, x thuc G . Khi tn ti m, n thuc Z sao cho x = am, x = an .
f(xx)=f(aman)=f(am+n)=bk(m+n)=bkn+km=bknbkm=f(an)f(am)=f(x)f(x).Vyflngcu.
b)Nuflngcuth G = G hays=t.Theocua)thsk t.Nntntim
thucZ saochosk=mt.Dok=m.Vf:G GlngcuvG=<a>.Nn

46

theoMnh2.1.8thImf=<f(a)>=<bk>.MflngcunnG=Imf=<bk>
VG=<b>nn(s,k)=1(theonhl3.1.8).Vyflngcuth(s,k)=1

Bi tp 3.3.10Tmttcccngcut:
a)Nhmxycliccp6nnhmxycliccp18
b)Nhmxycliccpnnchnhn
c)Nhmxycliccpnnnhmxycliccpvhn
Gii. Xtnhxf:Zn Zm
x k x
Theobitp3.3.9thflngcukhivchkhikn m.
a)Xtnhxf:Z6 Z18
x k x viklmtstnhinchotrc0 k<18
Vflngcu nn6k 18tngng k 3 .Do k=0,3,6,9,12,15.Nnc6
ng cu f:Z6 Z18 l . f( x )=0, f( x )= 3 x , f( x )= 6 x , f( x )= 9 x , f( x )=12 x ,
f( x )= 15 x .
b)Xtnhxf:Zn Zn
x k x viklmtstnhinchotrc0 k<n.
Vflngcunn(nk) n.Dok=0,1,2,...,n-1.Nncnngcuf:Zn Znl
f( x )= 0 ,f( x )= x ,f( x )= 2 x ,...,f( x )= nx .
c)Xtnhxf:<a> <b>, a =n.Gisf(a)=bk..Khie<b>=f(e<a>)=f(an)(v
n

k n

kn.

a =n).Haye<b>=(f(a)) =(b ) =b

Nne<b>=bkn.Mbccpvhnnnkn=0

Dof(a)=e.Lyx <a>,th k Z:x=ak. Dof(x)=f(ak)=[f(a)]k=ek=e.Vyc

duy nht mt ng cu t nhm xyclic hu hn vo nhm xyclic cp v hn l
ngcutmthng.

Bi tp 3.3.11 Chng minh rng (Q,+) khng l nhm xyclic, cng khng l nhm
huhnsinh.
Gii. Gi s (Q,+) l nhm xyclic. Khi tn ti
Q =<

m
m
>={k
n
n

k Z}.ChnM ZsaochoM>n.Tac

47

m
thuc Q sao cho
n
1
Q.Nn k Z
M

sao cho

1
m
=k. . Do n=M.k.m. Hay n M (mu thun gi thit M). Vy (Q,+)
M
n

khnglnhmxyclic.
Gis(Q,+)=<x1,x2,...,xn>,xikhc0vimii=1,2,,n.Nhnxtrngtnticc
snguyna1,a2,...,an.choa1x1=a2x2=...=anxn.Tachcnchng minhiunycho
trnghp2phntx1,x2.Tac

x1
p
Q, trongp,qZ;q>0.Khi
x2 q

qx1=px2.Gix=a1x1=a2x2=...=anxnQ;a=[a1,a2,...,an], y

1
1
x .Tathyxi= x<y>.
a
ai

Do Q=<y> (mu thun (Q,+) khng l nhm xyclic). Vy (Q,+) khng l nhm
huhnsinh.

Bi tp 3.3.12 Gi X l nhm nhn cc ma trn vung cp n khng suy bin trn

trng s thc.Chng minh nhm thng ca X trn nhm con cc ma trn c nh
thcdnglmtnhmxycliccp2.
Gii. Y=<1>={1;-1}lnhmxycliciviphpnhnthngthng.
X={A X A >0}.Xtnhxf:X Y
1 khi

1 khi

A f(A)=

A 0
A 0

LyA,B X.Tac AB = A . B .
Nu A <0v B <0th AB >0.Nnf(AB)=1,f(A)=-1,f(B)=-1.Do
f(AB)=f(A)f(B)
Nu A >0 v B <0th AB <0.Nnf(AB)=-1,f(A)=1,f(B)=-1.Do
f(AB)=f(A)f(B)
Nu A >0v B >0th AB >0.Nnf(AB)=1,f(A)=1,f(B)=1.Do
f(AB)=f(A)f(B).
V th f l ng cu. Hin nhin f l ton nh . Nn X/kerf Y vi
Kerf={A X f(A)=1}={A X

A 0 }=X.DoX/X Y

Bi tp 3.3.13ChngminhrngGlnhmkhngAbelthG/Z(G)lnhmkhng
xyclic.TrongZ(G)={g G ga=ag a G}.

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Gii. Ta c Z(G) khc rng v e Z(G). Ly x,y Z(G), a G. Khi

xy -1a = x(y-1a)=(y-1a)x ( v x Z(G)). Nn xy -1a = y -1(ay)y -1x=y -1(ya)y -1x
(v y Z(G)). Do xy -1a =ay-1x=axy-1(v x Z(G). Suy ra xy -1 Z(G). V th
Z(G)lnhmconcaG.
Lyg G,x Z(G).Tacgxg -1=xgg -1 ( vx Z(G)).Nngxg -1=x Z(G).
VyZ(G) G.
XtnhmthngG/Z(G).TaschngminhG/Z(G)khnglnhmxyclic.Phn
chng gi s G/Z(G) = < x >, x G. Ly x,y G. Khi x , y G/Z(G). V

-n
y G / Z (G ) nntntinthucZsaocho y x .Doyx thucZ(G).Vthtn

titthucZ(G)saochoy=txn.TngttntinthucZ,hthucZ(G)saochoh=xm
. V t,h thuc Z(G) nn yz=(txn)(hxm)=txm+nh=(xmh)(xnt)=(hxm)(txn)=zy. Do G l
nhmAbel(muthungithit).VyG/Z(G)lnhmkhngxyclic.

Bi tp 3.3.14 Mi nhm Abel cp pq, vi p,q l s nguyn t, p q u l nhm

xyclic.
Gii.Tacp,qlccapqnntheonhlCauchythtntia,bthucGsaocho
a p; b q . Ta s chng minh ab = pq. Ta c (ab)

pq

= apqbpq = (ap)q(bq)p = e
(ab) pk e

(v a p; b q ).Gistntisnguynksaocho(ab)k=e.Khi

(ab)

qk

.V

b pk e
pk q
th qk
.Kotheo
.M(p,q)=1nnk pvk qhayk pq.Do ab =
qk p
a e

pq= G .VyG=<ab>,lnhmxyclicsinhbiab.
Ngoi ra ta cng c th p dng nh l 3.1.16 suy ra ngay bi tp ny.
Bi tp 3.3.15ChoG=<x>, x m ;(m,s)=1.Chngminhrngnutacas=bstha=
b.
Gii. V G l nhm Abel nn as = bs tng ng vi asb-s = e, hay
(ab-1)s=e.MG=<x>, x m nn(ab-1)=xrvi(xr)s=e.Dorschiahtchom.V
vyrchiahtchom(do(m,s)=1).Vthr=mq,suyraab-1=xmq=1.Vya=b.

Bi tp 3.3.16 ChoHlnhmconcaG,glphntthucG.Chngminhrng:

49

a)TphpS={g-1hghH}lnhmconcaG.
b)nhxf:HG
h g-1hglngcu.
c)NuKlnhmconxyclichuhncaGchaHvSthH=S.
Gii.a)SkhcrngvethucS.Lyg -1h1g,g -1h2 gthucS.NnSlnhmcon
caG.
b) Ta c H v S l nhm v f l nh x. Vi mi h1, h2 thuc H ta c
f(h1h2)=(g-1h1g)(g-1h2g)=(g-1h1g)(g-1h2g)=f(h1)f(h2).Nnflngcu.Mtkhcf
lsongnh.Vyflngcu.
c)NuKlnhmconxycliccaGchaHvS.TheonhlLagrangethcpca
nhmHvnhmSulccan.MHS.NnHvSccpbngnhauv
bngm.Theonhl3.1.12thKcng1nhmconcpm.VyH=S.

50