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Magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields. Earnshaw's theorm proves that using only static ferromagnetism it is impossible to stably levitate against gravity, but servomechanisms, the use of diamagnetic materials, super conduction, or systems involving eddy current permit this to occur.
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It is simply an object which produces a magnetic field North and South are the designations made to describe the two opposite poles North is attracted to South and repelled by North South is attracted to North and repelled by South There are three main types: - Permanent Magnets - Soft Magnets - Electromagnets
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The principle is that two similar poles (e.g., two north's) repel, and two different poles attract, with forces that are stronger when the poles are closer. There are four magnetic forces on the top: on its north pole, repulsion from the base's north and attraction from the base's south, and on its south pole, attraction from the base's north and repulsion from the base's south. Because of the way the forces depend on distance, the northnorth repulsion dominates, and the top is magnetically repelled. It hangs where this upward repulsion balances the downward force of gravity, that is, at the point of equilibrium where the total force is zero.

Mechanical constraint Direct diamagnetic levitation Superconductors Diamagneticallystabilized levitation Rotational stabilization Servo stabilization Rotating conductors beneath magnets High-frequency oscillating electromagnetic fields Translational Halbach arrays and Inductrack

Diamagnetic materials repel a magnetic field All materials have diamagnetic properties, but the effect is very weak, and usually overcome by the objects paramagnetic or ferromagnetic properties, which act in the opposite manner By surrounding a diamagnetic material with a magnetic field, it can be held in a stationary position (the magnetic force is strong enough to counteract gravity)

Two opposing neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets. original invention by Roy Harrigan and patented in 1983. He didnt known about Earnshaws theorem which many thought said such an invention was impossible. The rotation of a spinning objects axis of spin creates a toriod of genuine stability in a way that does not violate Earnshaws theorem, but that went completely unpredicted by physicists for more than a century. The top remain levitating in a central point in space above the base where the forces acting on the top- gravitational, magnetic, and gyroscopic- are in equilibrium Stops due to air resistance

The principle is that two similar poles (e.g., two north's) repel, and two different poles attract, with forces that are stronger when the poles are closer. There are four magnetic forces on the top: on its north pole, repulsion from the base's north and attraction from the base's south, and on its south pole, attraction from the base's north and repulsion from the base's south. Because of the way the forces depend on distance, the north-north repulsion dominates, and the top is magnetically repelled. It hangs where this upward repulsion balances the downward force of gravity, that is, at the point of equilibrium where the total force is zero.
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Correct magnetic strengths Mass of the top must be right within .5% Magnets are temperature dependent, weaker in warmer temperatures Correct spinning rate (not too fast or slow) Must be introduced onto a small stabile region only millimeters wide and high

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MagLev Trains- The magnetized coil running along the track, repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate Biomagnetism- in MRI and SQUID (measures slight magnetic fields) Particle accelerators to accelerate sub-atomic particles to nearly the speed of light Electric generators- made with superconducting wire: They have a 99% efficiency and have about half the size of conventional generators. Really fast computers- In "petaflop" computers. A petaflop is a thousand-trillion floating point operations per second. Today's fastest computing operations have only reached "teraflop" speeds.

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Stabilizing momentum wheel (gyroscope) for earth-orbiting satellites- can reduce friction to near zero Superconducting x-ray detectors and superconducting light detectors - able to detect extremely weak amounts of energy. Superconducting digital router- for highspeed data communications up to 160 Ghz Power plants use to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Advancements depend to a great degree on advancements in the field of cryogenic cooling or finding more hightemperature superconductors
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Advantages Used in bullet trains for high speed The highest recorded speed of a maglev train is 581 kilometres per hour Used in Aero dynamic ,electro static, optical levitation Used in magnetic bearings,fly wheelsetc Disadvantages
Many of the active suspension techniques have a fairly narrow region of stability Superconductors require very low temperatures to operate, often helium cooling is employed. The power requirements of electromagnets increase rapidly with load-bearing capacity, which also necessitates relative increases in conductor and cooling equipment mass and volume.
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http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/levitron/spinstab.pdf http://www.superconductors.org/uses.htm http://www.popsci.com/popsci/how20/be199aa138b84010vgnvcm 1000004eecbccdrcrd.html http://www.chem.yale.edu/~chem125/levitron/levitron.html http://science.howstuffworks.com/magnet3.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_levitation http://my.execpc.com/~rhoadley/maglev.htm http://www.hfml.science.ru.nl/hfml/froglev.html

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