Peterson-How To Know Wild Fruit

HOW TO
KN OWW LD FRUITS
MAUDE GRIDLEY PETERSON

-
Man
LOGY
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
BLACK ALDER
(Ilex verticillata)
HOW
A
TO
KNOW WILD
when Not
in
FRUITS
Gkiide to Plants
Flower
by Means of Fruit and Leaf
BY
MAUDE GRIDLEY PETERSON
ILLUSTRATED BY MARY ELISABETH HERBERT
gotk
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LONDON: MACMILLAN &
1914
All
ri.ohtf>
CO., LTD.
reserved
COPYRIGHT,
1905,
BY THE MACM1LLAN COMPANY.

Published May, Set up and electrotyped. December, 1908; August, 1914.
1905.
Reprinted
-forestry.
Mam j^^.
;.
'.
Nortoooti
J. S.
Berwick & Smith Co. Gushing Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
ttyt
SpansrttelD anfc rtie Cofoentri?

it0 inspiration
tljisf
from
totjicl)
came
31
tooulD
inscribe
boofe*
3434G3
"On
berries
the motionless branches of
some
trees,
autumn
hung
like clusters of coral-beads, as in those
fabled orchards where the fruits were jewels."
DICKENS,
in
Martin Chuzzlewit.
A wonderful thing
The one thing
is
a seed
; "
deathless forever
Forever old and forever new,

Utterly faithful and utterly true
Fickle and faithless never."
CONTENTS
PAGE
ILLUSTRATIONS
ix
xiii
INTRODUCTION
ADAPTATIONS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS FOR DISPERSAL
AND PROTECTION
DEFINITIONS
.........
.
:
xvii
xxv
xxvi
xxxii
GUIDE TO PLANT FAMILIES

FAMILIES AND SPECIES
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES
Red
or Reddish Purple
3 155
Black or Dark Purple

Blue
249 287
301
Yellow
Green
White
.307
GLOSSARY
ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
.... ....
.
325
329
331
337
vii
ILLUSTRATIONS
Black Alder.
Ilex verticillata
.
Frontispiece
PAGE
American Yew.
Taxus minor
Jack in-the- Pulpit.
Ariscema triphyllum
...... ....
.
.
4
6
Wild Spikenard.
Vagnera racemosa
12
False Lily-of-the-Valley.
n't
folium Canadense
15 17
Clasping-leaved Twisted Stalk.

Ill-scented
Streptopus amplexifolius
Wake-robin.
Trillium erectum
Laurel Magnolia.
Magnolia Virginiana
Actcea rubra
.
Red Baneberry.
Common
Barberry.
Berberis vulgaris
.... .....32 ....

.
22
27
35 39
Spice Bush.
Benzoin Benzoin
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Hawthorn Gooseberry.
Dwarf Raspberry.
Purple -flowering Raspberry.
Rubus odoratus
Rubus Americanus
Rosa humilis
....
.
... ...
41 46
51
Low
or Pasture Rose.
Sweetbrier.
Rosa rubiginosa
Aronia
American Mountain Ash.
Sorbus
...... ...
A mericana
.
60
63
Red Chokeberry.
Juneberry.
Scarlet Thorn.
arbutifolia
....
* .
.
65 67
Amelanchier Canadensis
Cratcegus coccinea
Wild Yellow or Red Plum.
Prunus Americana
Wild Red Cherry. Prunus Pennsylvania Dwarf Sumac. Rhus copallina

ix
..... .84 ......

76
.
.
.70
80
88
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Staghorn Sumac. American Holly.
Rhus
hirta
Ilex opaca
Burning Bush.
Euonymus atropurpureus Shrubby or Climbing Bittersweet. Celastrus scandens

Cornus Canadensis
Bunchberry.
...... .... .....

.
90 95
102
104
109
Flowering Dogwood.
Cornus florida
.111
115
122
.
Spring or Creeping Wintergreen.
Gaultheria procumbens
American Cranberry. Oxycoccus macrocarpus Nightshade. Solanum Dulcamara
Matrimony Vine.
Partridge Berry.
Lycium vulgare
Mitchella repens
Hobble Bush.
Viburnum alnifolium Tree. Viburnum Opulus Cranberry Indian Currant. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos
Smooth-leaved Honeysuckle.
Lonicera dioica
.
..... ..... ..... .....

.
126 128
131
136
138
143 147 149
Trumpet Honeysuckle.
Hairy Solomon's
Seal.
Seal.
Lonicera sempervirens
Smooth Solomon's
Carrion Flower.
Polygonatum bijlorum Polygonatum commutatum

.
158 160
Indian Cucumber Root.
Medeola Virginiana
Smilax herbacea
Red Mulberry.
Poke.
Morus rubra
Rubus
Phytolacca decendra
Black Raspberry.
occidentalis
..... ...... ....

.
.162
165
175
177 182
Wild Red Raspberry.
Rubus
strigosus
.182
.
Low Running Blackberry. Rubus villosus Running Swamp Blackberry. Rubus hispidus
High-bush. Blackberry.
186
187
190
Black Chokeberry. Wild Black Cherry.

Inkberry.
Rubus nigrobaccus Aronia nigra

Prunus
serotina
....
194
199
Ilex glabra
204
ILL US TR A TIONS
xi
PAGE
Buckthorn.
Rhamnus
caihartica
Riverside Grape.
Vitis vulpina
..... ......
.
206 213
Virginia Creeper.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
.
216 220 222
American Spikenard. Aralia racemosa Wild Sarsaparilla. Aralia nudicaulis

Bristly Sarsaparilla.
Aralia hispida
Tupelo. Nyssa sylvatica Black Nightshade. Solanum nigrum Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved Viburnum. Withe-rod. Viburnum cassinoides
Sweet Viburnum.
Low Jumper.
Red Cedar.
Blue Cohosh.
Silky Cornel.
Viburnum Lentago Juniperus nana

.
Juniperus Virginiana
Clintonia borealis
Yellow Clintonia.
..... ..... ..... .... ..... .....

.
.
....
225
227
235
238
241
245 250
253
256 259
Caulophyllum thalictroides
....
. .
. . . .
Cornus
Amonum
264
267
Alternate-leaved Cornel.
Cornus
alternifolia
High-bush Blueberry.
Vaccinium corymbosum
273
276
Dwarf Blueberry.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum
Vaccinium vacillans
Low
Blueberry.
Arrowwood.
Vibernum dentatum
.....
Lonicera ccerulea
.
....
.
276 281 283
Blue or Mountain Fly Honeysuckle.
Low Hairy Ground
Cherry.
Physalis pubescens
.
295
White Baneberry. Actcea alba Poison Ivy. Rhus radicans

Panicled Cornel.
Cornus candidissima
...... ....
.
.312
316 319
322
Snowberry.
Symphoricarpos racemosus
....
INTRODUCTION
IF in country drive or ramble we happen upon an unknown flower, it is a comparatively easy
matter, by means of the illustrations and the color guides of the modern field books of wild
The lack of similar identify it. reference books for identifjdng a plant by its fruit was forcibly brought to my notice during
flowers,
to
Our journeyings led a drive in early autumn. us along a wooded roadway where it was no
longer the brilliance of the flowers which demanded our attention, but rather the attractive
masses of fruits.
fruits
There was one shrub bearing

colors in
different
of varying
development which was very which I did not know. I naturally wished
stages of attractive and

to
make
its
acquaintance.
field
Here the aforesaid
books failed to give
their ready aid. Any system of analysis was of no avail, as the flower which preceded this
I was surprised special fruit was unobtainable. at the meagerness of the descriptions of the
fruits
which
I read,
hoping to find
my
specimen
XIV
INTRODUCTION
It
among them.
was
this difficulty of
approach
to the identification of
scarcity of material
fruited plant, and the relating to this aspect of
my
the plant's
that suggested the present book. I have attempted to deal with those plants only which bear attractively colored fruits.
life,
;
These fruits are the more noticeable ones they do not, in most cases, develop until the blossoms have entirely disappeared and they naturally
;
into a class by themselves, being adapted for the same method of seed dispersal. The
fall
list
will
trees.
naturally include herbs, shrubs, and guide based on the kind and struc-
ture of the fruit will aid in determining the
family to which a plant belongs, and under each family the species are grouped by colors.
The
illustrations
will
also
aid
in
identifying
specimens. If the acquaintance of approximately two hundred plants of our northeastern section in
their fruited stage is made more accessible ; if added attention is attracted to the result of the
work
of the flower,
the cycle of the plant's
making our knowledge of life more complete, the

it
work, fragmentary though

place.
be,
may have
The order
of
arrangement of the Plant Fami-
IN TR Ob UCTION
lies
XV
The and arrangement of species is nomenclature The essentially that of Britton and Brown. name is the term used in Gray's additional
follows that of Engler and Prantl.
sixth
edition.
In
the
classification
of
the
Blackberries I have followed the general plan of L. H. Bailey, who has made a recent and
careful study of them. I am indebted to many a work of reference " for aid Gray's Manual," Britton and Brown's
:
Flora of the United States and Emerson's " Report of the Trees and Canada," Shrubs of Massachusetts," Card's "Bush Fruits," " Evolution of our Native Fruits," KerBailey's
"Illustrated
ner and Oliver's
"The Natural History of
Plants,"
and
others.
To
the friends
I
specimens There have been

of a
who have kindly furnished would extend my sincere gratitude.
many who, by the expression need for help such as the present book
hopes to give, or by suggestion and encouragement, have strengthened my purpose to carry on the work to its fulfillment. I hold them all
in grateful
remembrance.
ADAPTATIONS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS FOR DISPERSAL AND PROTECTION

how it suggests both the perfected fruit backward and the forward look backward over
:
THE
forward
the stages of growth which have produced it, to the stages of growth which are
it.
potential within
"
awed within me when I think great miracle which still goes on In silence round me the perpetual work Of thy creation, finished, yet renewed
My
heart
is
Of the
Forever."
BRYANT.
Miracle, indeed, it is that inclosed within the seed is the power to burst its bonds, to utilize
its
from earth and
stored food material, to gather nutriment air, to grow and to produce again
life
a seed capable of continuing the from which it has sprung.
of the species
For the development of
this,
however, certain
conditions are necessary. The have room in earth and air for
new
its
plant must
best growth.
If the seeds of a plant all started life in

xvii
the
xviii
DISPERSAL AND PROTECTION

this
immediate vicinity of the parent, and
were
continued year after year, it is easy to see that there would soon be no room for new growths. The necessity of a means of dispersal seems to
be fundamental to the fruit or seed.
fruit after fruit or seed after seed,
Examine
and the varied and adequate structures for their dissemination are found to be most interesting. The winged fruit of the maple, the tufted seed of the milkweed, and the plumed fruit of the clematis are a few of numerous examples of fruits fitted for dispersal by means of the wind. Some fruits have mechanical devices which throw their seeds to a necessarily short distance.
Have you not
violated
the
command
of
the
touch-me-not, just to see the parts of the pod curl up and throw out the seeds ? This method
of dispersal
is
is
not especially advantageous, and
It is confined to comparatively few plants. to note that these, as a rule, grow in interesting
spots sheltered from the wind, where its agency would be unavailing in scattering their seeds. Water is an agent in transporting a relatively
small
number
of fruits.
rably adapted for this the existence of the cocoanut palm on widely
The cocoanut is admimeans of dispersal, and

is
separated coral connection.
islands
interesting
in
this

Doubtless your
xix
experience with burdocks, agrimony, sticktights, and beggar ticks has been sufficiently emphatic to render unnecessary
further mention of those fruits or seeds which, fastening themselves to men and animals, are
own
Plants by them hither and thither. bearing such fruits naturally grow most profusely by the side of the road or footpath. Animals and especially birds are instrumental
carried
in scattering seeds in still another way, using a part of the fruit for food and ejecting the seeds.
It
is
this class of fruits
with which this book
is
chiefly concerned.
That seed dispersal is accomplished by the means noted above has been a matter of dispute
among
botanists, but carefully conducted experi-
ments have proved, without a doubt, that many Interbirds eject the consumed seeds unharmed. esting accounts of these are given in Kerner and
" Natural History of Plants." It has been found that while some birds grind up and destroy even the hardest coated seeds,
Oliver's
others, like the ravens
and jackdaws, destroy the soft-coated seeds while thrushes and only unharmed a large majority of blackbirds eject the seeds eaten. The small seeds pass entirely
;
through the intestinal tract while the larger

ones are separated from the pulp in the crop,
XX
the pulp passing on into the gizzard and the seeds being thrown up.
plants whose seeds are scattered by birds grow along the fence rows. The significance of this is apparent, the seed being dropped by the
Many
bird as he rested
upon the
fence.
parallel between the interdependence of the flower and the insect and that of the fruit and the bird is striking. The flower sets forth
The
honey and sometimes a surplus of pollen
for its
guests, its color decorations are arranged most effectively, while often a subtle odor is a sign of
welcome or repulse to wandering
insects.
The
bee or other insect responds to these attractions and duly regales himself. In return for the
hospitalities extended,
he serves as the flower's
messenger, bringing to the pistil of the flowerhost pollen from a neighboring bloom, or bearing away with him freshly gathered pollen grains to
upon a near-by pistil. Cross fertilization, by means of which more vigorous seeds are prodeposit
duced %
thus accomplished. Turning to the fruit, we find similar attracis
tions offered to the birds.
pulp
is
usually
developed for food, an odor is sometimes present, as in the case of the strawberry, grape, and
pineapple, and the different color schemes are
fascinating.
XXI
In what setting will the red fruit appear to In a green one, surely, and greatest advantage ?
the plants whose fruit ripens while the surrounding foliage is still green, or whose foliage
it is
evergreen, which usually bear red fruits. Amidst the brightly colored leafage of autumn,
is
how
effective are the blue

!
and black drupes and

fruits are
berries
Sometimes the dark-colored
borne on red stems, producing a similar result. White fruits grow usually on plants which shed
their leaves early, the white being brought into
contrast with the bare branches, or, if low plants, The with the floor covering of fallen leaves.
fruits are
etc.,
often massed in close heads, spikes,

still
rendering them
more conspicuous.
bird recognizes the sign of his especial hostelry from afar, and comes to the feast spread for him. As we have seen, he renders his host
The
a mutual
various
service,
depositing
of
its
places,
some
which
offspring in will doubtless
prove auspicious for the seed's development. Bears are fond of berries and are said to scatter
of the berry of the wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens) serving as food in winter for the hungry deer.
their seed.
Mrs.
Dana speaks
Until the seeds are ripe, many features serve to protect them from destruction by the agent
afterward so useful in dispersing them.
The
xxii

sometimes even
is
fruit has a disagreeable taste, is
inconspicuous, poisonous. Some fruits, like being green, like the foliage. the chestnut, walnut, etc., have an especial protection in the surrounding involucre. Some ripe fruits have certain means of protection against foes that destroy the seed as well as
It has
no scent and
the pulp.
Mice are fond
of rose hips
and the
contained seeds, but do not venture along the thorny way by which they are reached. Fallen
cherries
are
eagerly eaten
by centipedes, but
hanging on their lengthened stalks they are comparatively safe from them.
Our knowledge
is
as yet not sufficiently detailed
to state definitely that all of the fruits described in this work are used as food by birds or animals
that scatter their seeds.
Such
fruits are included
as seem adapted for transmission in this way. do know that many of them are eaten by
We
birds and
know
also the kind or kinds of birds
Dr. C. F. Hodge, in his book, using them. " Nature Study and Life," has an interesting
table of birds
and their foods which includes a
number
Numerous investigations Birds from are being made. along various sections are sent to government experts, who, from an examination of the contents of
of these fruits.
line
this
their food tracts, are enabled to determine
many

of the foods eaten
xxiii
Observation of living birds and the foods they choose is urged. Full of meaning is the study of fruits and
their adaptations,
'
by them.
and includes
us
many
uninter-
preted problems, making that the more wood,
feel,
with Calderthe
we know,
more
impressive becomes the unknown."
DEFINITIONS
THE
with
fruit
is
the ripened ovary,
and any other parts that are

it.
contents, closely connected
its
berry is rather thin-skinned, and has its seeds loosely imbedded in soft pulpy or succuAn orange, a grape, a currant, lent material.
are illustrations.
drupe has for its distinguishing feature a The portion surroundstone inclosing the seed. it be fleshy, as in the peach fibrous, as may ing
;
in the cocoanut
or leathery, as in the walnut. has its seeds and their cartilaginous pome or bony surrounding membranes inclosed in a
;
fleshy mass,
which
is
times partly receptacle.

are examples.
thickened calyx or someApple, pear, and quince

..
Aggregate fruits are masses of several carpels of the same flower which, when ripe, may or may not remain fast to the receptacle on which they
are borne.
Raspberry and blackberry are familare

of
iar examples.
Multiple fruits
compact masses of the
many flowers. Pineapple ripened product and mulberry are the usual illustrations.
Accessory fruits are simple fruits which have incorporated with them, as part of their mass, the developed surroundings or supports of the Gaultheria has its capsule surrounded by pistil. thickened fleshy calyx.
XXV
GUIDE TO PLANT FAMILIES REPRESENTED

I.
, " Ovules .
GYMNOSPER1VUE
,.
,
naked upon a scale, bract, or disk. Globose, formed by coalescence of fleshy 1 to 6 bony seeds. PINACE.E
PAGE OF FAMILIES AND SPECIES

scales.
.....
seed.
xxxii
Cup-shaped fleshy disk nearly inclosing bony
TAXACE^:
....
II.
ANGIOSPERMJE
ovary containing the ovules
Pistil consists of closed
and becoming the

1.
fruit.
MONOCOTYLEDONES
Stem without central pith or annual layers, but with vascular bundles scattered through them.
Leaves are mostly parallel-veined. Parts of flowers usually arranged in threes. Embryo has but one cotyledon.
FRUIT A BERRY
Growing
in close heads on fleshy stalks.
ARACE.E
.....
....
. .
xxxii
Woody
or herbaceous vines.
SMILACE.E
All others.
xxvi
xxxiii
CONVALLARIACE.E
xxxii
XXvii
2.
DICOTYLEDONES
Stems have bark, wood, and pith. Leaves are net-veined.

Parts of flowers in fours or
fives.
Embryo
has two or more cotyledons.
(A) FRUIT A
I.
BERRY
PAGE OF FAMILIES AND
SPECIES
Calyx persistent.
(a) Berry
crowned with shriveled remains of calyx. GROSSULAKIACEÊ

.
xxxvi
(6)
Calyx teeth or top of tube crowning summit of fruit. Vaccinium,Oxycoccus, and Chiogenes in VACCINIACE.E
. .
xli ' xlii
Fruit in clusters on sterns from the axils"

of the leaves.
Symphoricarpos and Lonicera in CAPRIFOLIACE.E

.
(c)
Calyx persistent at base of fruit and sometimes

inclosing
it.
Plumlike fruit containing 4 to 8 hard seeds. Calyx thickened.
EBENACE.E
....
xlii
Many
the
centa,
seeds arranged around an axial plawhich sometimes extends far into
cells.
SOLANACEÊ
Berry
5- to 16-celled,
....
.
.
xlii
Kacemes.
each.
one seed in
PHYTOLACCACEÊ
xxxiv
II.
Calyx absent,
(a)
Several-seeded.
XXV111

heeds DlClOSed in
Arils pulpy. placenta in
A.TllS
Seeds covering large lateral
two rows.
Podophyllum in BERBERIDACE.E
Arils fleshy.
xxxv xxxv
ANONACEÊ
Seeds not in Arils
Fruit growing in racemes. Actaea in
....
RANUNCULACE.E
(6)
xxxv
xxxiv
One- to few-seeded.
Parasitic.
LORANTHACE.E
VITACEÊ
Berberis in
Climbing shrub.
xxxix
Sour berries in drooping racemes.
BERBERIDACEÊ
Others.
xxxv
xlii
Ligustrum OLEACEÊ
(B) FRUIT A
Berrylike
in
DRUPE
Drupe
I.
Calyx persistent.
(a)
Calyx teeth or top of tube crowning summit of drupe.
About 5 nutlets, flattened or somewhat three,
angled. Embryo small. Roots, bark, fruit aromatic. ARALIACE.E . .

.
xl
Ten small seedlike
nutlets.
Gaylussacia in
. .
VACCINIACEÊ
Double drupe with calyx teeth of 2 RUBIACE.E
Juicy drupes containing borne in cymes. Sambucus in
3
xli
flowers.
xlii
1
....
and
.
.
nutlets
CAPRIFOLIACEÊ
xxix
(6)
Calyx persistent at base.
SPECIES
Four to eight nutlets. ILICACE.E

Five to ten nutlets.
shrub.
....
.
. .
xxxviii
Trailing or depressed
Arctostaphylos in
ERICACEAE
xli
Low
evergreen shrub with leaves rolled backwards until the margins meet.
Empetrum in EMPETRACE.E
II.
xxxviii
Calyx absent.
THYMELEACE.E . Single nutlet. Two to four nutlets of cartilaginous texture.
xxxix
xxxix
RHAMNACE.E
Typical Drupes
I.
Calyx persistent.
(a) Calyx teeth or top of tube crowning the summit.
Small drupe with usually globose stone.

One-seeded, flattened or tumid, thin, crustaceous stone. Viburnum in
CAPRIFOLIACE.E
Dryish drupe with usually 3 nutlets. Triosteum in
CAPRIFOLIACE.E
(6)
xliii
Calyx persistent at base. Drupe borne on fleshy red pedicel.

Sassafras in
LAURACEÊ
Drupes
....
....
....
xxxv
in elongated racemes. Primus serotina in
DRUPACEÊ
Drupes
in loose panicles.
xxxviii
Chionanthus in
xlii
OLEACEJS
XXX

II.
Calyx absent.
Globose.
Embryo
curved.
ULMACEÊ
....
. .
xxxiv
Globular, with mark of stigma near base.
MENISPERMACE.E
Aromatic trees or shrubs.
xxxv
Oblong
or obovoid drupe.
Benzoin
Fleshy, globular drupe.
in
LAURACE.E
xxxv
Fleshy cotyledons.
Prunus, except P.
serotina in
DRUPACE.E
xxxviii
Dry Drupes
Exocarp covered with white wax.
MYRICACE.E
Small, 1-seeded.
....
. .
xxxiv
xxxviii
ANACARDIACE.E
(C) FRUIT A POME

Fleshy or berrylike. Two to five papery carpels, each 2-seeded.
POMACES
....
xxxvii
excepting Amelanchier
and Crataegus.
Small, 10-celled, 1 seed in each
cell.
Amelanchier in
POMACEÊ
Drupe-like, 1 to 5
XXXVii
bony
carpels.
Cratsegus in
POMACES
xxxvii
(D) AGGREGATE FRUITS Cone-shaped. The berrylike seeds hanging

by a thread from each
carpel,
which
. .
opens when ripe along the back.
MAGNOLIACE.E
xxxiv
xxxi
SPECIES
Ovoid head, of
2-seeded berries, each with a short curved beak at the tip.

1- to
Hydrastis in
RANUNCULACEÊ
receptacle.
xxxv
xxxvii
J
Head of small drupes on spongy or juicy 1 xxxvi,

Rubus
in
ROSACES
Dry achenes borne on surface of enlarged

pulpy receptacle.
Fragaria in ROSACEÊ
xxxvi
(E) MULTIPLE FRUITS

Achenes covered by the succulent calyx, the united spike forming a multiple fruit.
MORACE.E
....
xxxiv
(F) ACCESSORY FRUITS

Four -cleft calyx inclosing ovary and becoming berrylike in fruit.
Lepargyraea in
ELÂGNACEÊ
Five-toothed
xxxix
calyx
inclosing
capsule
.
in
berrylike fruit.
Gaultheria in
ERICACEAE
xl
(G) MISCELLANEOUS
Thick seed
stalks bearing 2 naked seeds resembling drupes in their fleshy blue
coverings.
Caulophyllum in
BERBERIDACEÊ
Rosa in ROSACES
xxxv
xxxvi
Bony achenes in rather fleshy calyx tube.

Somewhat
pod with
fleshy, dehiscent, 2- to 5-parted
ariled seeds.
CELASTRACE.E
xxxix

I.
GYMNOSPERMJE
PINE FAMILY
Blue
.
.
PINACEJE
Juniperus communis L. Juniperus nana Willd
Juniperus Virginiana L. Juniperus Sabina L
.
Common Juniper. Low Juniper.

Red Cedar. Shrubby Red Cedar.
TAXACEJE
Red
or Reddish Purple
.
YEW FAMILY
American Yew.
Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton
II.
ANGIOSPERMJE
(a)
MONOCOTYLEDONES
ARUM FAMILY
or Reddish Purple
Indian Turnip.
ARACEÊ
Red
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr. Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott.

Calla palustris
Green Dragon. Water-arum.
Green
PeltandraVirginica (L.) Kunth.
.Green Arrow-arum.
CONVALLARIACEJE
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY
or Reddish Purple
.
Red
Asparagus officinalis L. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong.

.
Asparagus.
Wild Spikenard.
FAMILIES
AND SPECIES
xxxiii
Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong. Unifolium Canadense (Desf.) Greene
Three-leavr ed Solomon's Seal.
False Lily-of -the-Valley.
Disporum lanuginosum (Michx.)

Nichols
Streptopus amplexifolius(L.)DC.
Hairy Disporum. Clasping-leaved

Stalk.
Twisted
Streptopus roseus Michx. Trillium sessile L
Sessile-leaved Twisted Stalk.
Sessile-flowered Wake-robin.
.
.
Trillium nivale Riddell

Salisb
Early Wake-robin.
Large-flowered Wake-robin.
Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.)
Trillium erectum
L
L
. .
Ill-scented Wake-robin.
Trillium cernuum
Nodding Wake-robin.
Painted Wake-robin.
Trillium undulaturn Willd.

Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.)
Torr
White
Clintonia.
Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.)

Ell
Star-flowered Solomon's Seal.
Hairy Solomon's
(R.
Seal.
Polygonatum commutatum
&
S.) Dietr
MedeolaVirginianaL
Smooth Solomon's Seal. Indian Cucumber Root.

Blue
Clintonia borealis
(Ait.)
Raf.
Yellow Clintonia.
SMILACEJE
SMILAX FAMILY
Red
Smilax Walter! Pursh
or Reddish Purple
Walter's Greenbrier.
....

Smilax herbacea L Smilax tamnifolia Michx. Smilax glauca Walt
Carrion Flower.
. .
Halberd-leaved Srnilax.
Glaucous-leaved Greenbrier.
XXXI v
Smilax Smilax Smilax Smilax
FAMILIES
rotundifolia L.
AND
SPECIES
...
. .
.
Greenbrier.
hispida
Muhl
Pseudo-China L. Bona-nox L
Hispid Greenbrier. Long-stalked Greenbrier.

Bristly Greenbrier.
(6)
DICOTYLEDONES
BAYBERRY FAMILY
White
.
MYRICACEJE
Myrica Carolinensis Mill
.
.
Waxberry.
ULMACEJE
Celtis occidentalis
ELM FAMILY
L
Sugarberry.
MORACEÊ
Morns rubra L
MULBERRY FAMILY
Red Mulberry.
White
Morus alba L
White Mulberry.
LORANTHACEJE
White
Razoumofskya pusilla (Peck) Kuntze Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt
MISTLETOE FAMILY
Small Mistletoe.
American
Mistletoe.
PHYTOLACCACEJE
POKEWEED FAMILY
Poke.
Phytolacca decendra L.
MAGNOLIACEÊ
MAGNOLIA FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
.
. .
Magnolia Virginian a L. Magnolia acuminata L.
Laurel Magnolia.
Cucumber
Tree.
FAMILIES
ANONACEJE
AND SPECIES
XXXV
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY
Yellow
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.
North American Papaw.
RANUNCULACEÊ
Red
CROWFOOT FAMILY
or Reddish Purple
.
.
Hydrastis Canadensis L. Actsea rubra (Ait.) Willd.
Orange Root.
Red Baneberry.
White
Actsea alba (L.) Mill
White Baneberry.
BERBERIDACEJE
BARBERRY FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
Berberis vulgaris
L
Blue
Common
Barberry.
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.)
Michx
Blue Cohosh.
Yellow
Podophyllum
peltatum L.
May
Apple.
MENISPERMACEJE
MOONSEED FAMILY
Blade or Dark Purple
Menispermum Canadense
L.
Canada Moonseed.
LAURACEJE
LAUREL FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
.
Benzoin Benzoin (L.) Coulter
Spice Bush.
Blue
Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst.
.
Sassafras.
xxxvi
FAMILIES
AND SPECIES
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY
GROSSULARIACEJE
Red
Ribes oxyacanthoides L.
or Reddish Purple
. . .
Hawthorn or Northern Gooseberry.
Ribes rotundifolium Michx.
Eastern Wild Gooseberry.
Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Ribes prostratum L'Her. Ribes rubrum L

.
Swamp
Gooseberry. Fetid Currant.
Red Currant.

Ribes Cynosbati L Ribes floridum L'Her
Wild Gooseberry. Wild Black Currant.
ROSACEJE
ROSE FAMILY
Red
Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus
odoratus
or Reddish Purple
Purple-flowering Raspberry.
.
. .
L
.
Chamsemorus L.
strigosus Michx.
Cloudberry.
neglectus Peck Americanus (Pers.) Brit-
....
.
Wild Red Raspberry. Purple Wild Raspberry.

Dwarf Raspberry.
Virginia or Scar let Strawberry.
ton
Fragaria Virginian a Duchesne Fragaria Canadensis Michx.

.
Fragaria vesca Fragaria

Britton
L
(Porter)
Northern Wild Strawberry. European Wood Strawberry.
Americana
Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa Rosa
blanda Ait
Carolina
American Wood Strawberry. Smooth or Meadow Rose.
humilis Marsh
nitida Willd
Swamp Rose. Low or Pasture

Dog
Rose.
Rose. Northeastern Rose.

Sweetbrier.
canina
L
L
rubiginosa
Rubus Rulms
occidentalis L.
villosus Ait
...
Black Raspberry.
Low
Blackberry.
FAMILIES
Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus Rubus
hispidus L cimeifolius Pursh
AND SPECIES
.
XXX vii
nigrobaccus
nigrobaccus, var. sativus Allegheniensis Porter
.
Running Swamp Blackberry. Sand Blackberry. High Bush Blackberry.

Short Cluster Blackberry. Mountain Blackberry.
argutus Link Canadensis L
Leafy Cluster Blackberry.

Thornless Blackberry.
POMACEJE
APPLE FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
.
Sorbus Americana Marsh. Sorbus sambucifolia (C.
American Mountain Ash.

Western Mountain Ash.
&
.
S.)
Roem
Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. Amelanchier Botryapium (L.
.
Red Chokeberry.
Shad Bush.
f .)
DC
Amelanchier Canadensis Medic
Cratsegus Crus-Galli L. Cratsegus punctata Jacq. Cratsegus coccinea L
.
(L.)
Juneberry.
.
.
Cratsegus macracantha Lodd. Cratsegus mollis (T. & G.) Scheele

Cratsegus tomentosa L.
.
.
Cockspur Thorn. Large-fruited Thorn. Scarlet Thorn. Long-spined Thorn. Red-fruited Thorn. Pear Thorn.

Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britton Amelanchier oligocarpa (Michx.)
.
Black Chokeberry.
Oblong-fruited Juneberry.
Roem
Yellow
Cratsegus uniflora
Muench.
Dwarf Thorn.
Green
Pyrus communis L
Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx.

.
Choke pear. American Crab Apple. Narrow -leaved Crab Apple.
XXXVlil
FAMILIES
AND
SPECIES
DRUPACEÊ
PLUM FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
. .
Primus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus
Americana Marsh.
nigra Ait niaritima
Wang.
Pennsylvanica L.
Virginiana
f.
Wild Yellow or Red Plum. Canada Plum. Beach Plum. Wild Red Cherry.
Chokecherry.

Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus
Allegheniensis Porter
spinosa
.
Porter's
Sloe.
Plum.
pumila
L L
Ehrh
serotina
Dwarf Cherry. Wild Black Cherry.
EMPETRACEJE
Empetrum nigrum L
CROWBERRY FAMILY
Black Crowberry.
ANACARDIACEJE
SUMAC FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
Rhus copallina L Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw Rhus glabra L Rhus aromatica Ait,
Dwarf Sumac.
Staghorn Sumac.
Smooth Sumac.
....
Fragrant or Sumac.
Poison Sumac.
Sweet-scented
White
Rhus Vernix L. Rhus radicans L
......
Poison, Climbing, or Threeleaved Ivy.
ILICACE^
HOLLY FAMILY
Red
Ilex opaca Ait Ilex monticola A.
or Reddish Purple
American Holly.
Gray
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray Ilex l8evigata(Pursh) A. Gray
Large-leaved Holly. Black Alder.
Ilicioides mucronata (L.) Brittou
Smooth Winter Berry. Wild or Mountain Holly.
FAMILIES
AND SPECIES
xxxix

Ilex glabra (L.) A.
Gray
Inkberry.
CELASTRACE^
Red
Euonymus Americanus L.
STAFF-TREE FAMILY
or Reddish Purple
.
Strawberry Bush.
Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq.

.
Running Strawberry Bush.

Burning Bush. Shrubby or Climbing
sweet.
Bitter-
Celastrus scandens L.
RHAMNACEJB
Rhamnus Rhamnus Rhamnus
cathartica L.
alnifolia L'Her.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY
...
. . . . .
lanceolata Pursh
Buckthorn. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. Alder-leaved Buckthorn.
VITACEJE
Vitis Labrusca
Vitis sestivalis
GRAPE FAMILY
L
Northern Fox Grape.
Vitis bicolor
Vitis vulpina
Michx LeConte
Summer
....
Grape.
or
Blue Grape.
Riverside
L
Michx
Sweet-scented
Vitis cordifolia
Grape. Frost or Chicken Grape.

Virginia Creeper.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.)
Planch
THYMELEACEJE
MEZEREON FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
Dirca palustris
L
Red
Leatherwood.
ELJEAGNACEJE
Canadensis
OLEASTER FAMILY
or Reddish Purple
(L.)
LepargyrsBa
Greene
Canadian Buffalo Berry.
xl
FAMILIES
AND
SPECIES
GINSENG FAMILY
ARALIACEÊ
Red
or Reddish Purple
.
.
Panax quinquefolium Lo
Ginseng.

Aralia spinosa L Aralia raeemosa L Aralia nudicaulis Lo
Hercules' Club.
American Spikenard. Wild or Virginian Sarsaparilla.
Aralia hispida Vent,
....
Bristly Sarsaparilla.
Yellow
Panax trifolium
Dwarf Ginseng.
CORNACEJE
Cornus Canadensis Cornus florida L
DOGWOOD FAMILY
Red L
or Reddish Purple
Low
or
Dwarf Cornel.
Flowering Dogwood.

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh
Tupelo.
Blue
Cornus circinata L'Her.
. .
.
Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.

Silky Cornel. Alternate-leaved
Cornus Amonum Mill. Cornus alternifolia L f.
....
.
.
.
Cornel
or
Dogwood.
White
Cornus stolonifera Michx.
. . .
Cornus candidissima Marsh.
Cornel or Dogwood. Panicled Cornel or Dogwood.

Red-osier
ERICACEJB
HEATH FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
.
Gaultheria procumbens L.
Spring or Creeping Wintergreen.

Arctostaphylos
xli
Uva-Ursi
(L.)
Spreng
Red Bearberry.
Mairania alpina (L.) Desv.
Alpine or Black Bearberry.
VACCINIACEJE
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
.
Vaccinium Vitis Idsea L.

Oxycoccus oxycoccus
(L.)
MacM.
(Ait.)
Small
Mountain Cranberry. or European Cranberry.
Oxycoccus macrocarpus
PerSc
Large
or
American Cran-
berry.

Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T.
&G
Gaylussacia
Black or High-bush Huckleberry.
dumosa (Andr.) T.
&G
Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray)
Heller
Dwarf
or
Bush Huckleberry.
Black Blueberry.
Brit-
Vaccinium nigrum (Wood)

ton
Low
Blue
Black Blueberry.
Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) T.
&
Blue Tangle.
G
Gaylussacia brachycera (Michx.) A. Gray
Box Huckleberry.
Great Bilberry.
Vaccinium uliginosum L. Vaccinium csespitosum Michx. Vaccinium coryrnbosum L. Vaccinium Pennsylvanieum Lam. Vaccinium Canadense Richards. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm.
.
Dwarf
Bilberry.
High-bush or Tall Blueberry.
Dwarf Blueberry. Canada Blueberry.
Low
Blueberry.
xlii
FAMILIES
AND
Yellow
SP.ECIES
Vaccinium stamineum L.
Deerberry.
White
Chiogenes hispidula (L.) T.
&
G.
Creeping Snowberry.
EBENACEJE
Yellow
Diospyros Virginiana L.
. . .
EBONY FAMILY
Persimmon.
OLEACEJE
Chionanthus Virginica L. Ligustrum vulgare L
. .
OLIVE FAMILY
Fringe Tree.
Privet.
SOLANACEJE
POTATO FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
Physalis Philadelphia
Lam.
.
Philadelphia Ground Cherry.
Solanum Dulcamara
L.
Nightshade.
Lycium vulgare
(Ait. f.) Dunal.
Matrimony Vine.
Slack or Dark Purple Solanum nigrum L Black or Garden Nightshade.

Yellow
Physalis pubescens L.
.
Low
Hairy Ground Cherry.
Physalis angulata
L
. .
Cut-leaved
Ground Cherry.
Cherry.
Physalis heterophylla Nees. Solanum Carolinense L.

.
Clammy Ground
Horse Nettle.
RUBIACE-ffi
MADDER FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
Partridge Berry.
Mitchella repens
CAPRIFOLIACE^
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
Red
or Reddish Purple
. . .
Sambucus pubens Michx.
Red-berried Elder.
Viburnum
alnifolium Marsh.
Hobble Bush,
FAMILIES
Viburnum Opulus L Viburnum pauciflorum
Trieste um
AND SPECIES
.
xliii
Pylaie perfoliatum L.
.
Cranberry Tree. Few-flowered Cranberry Tree.

Feverwort.
Coral Berry.
Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos
(L.)
MacM
. .
Lonicera Caprifolium L.
Italian or Perfoliate
suckle.
Honey-
Lonicera hirsuta Eaton

Lonicera dioica
L
.
Hairy Honeysuokler Smooth-leaved or Glaucous
Lonicera sempervirens L.
Trumpet
Honeysuckle. or Coral
Honey-
suckle.
Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie)
Hook
Lonicera ciliata
Swamp
Muhl
Fly Honeysuckle.
American Fly Honeysuckle.
Sambucus Canadensis L. Viburnum acerifolium L. Viburnum pubescens (Ait.) Pursh Viburnum cassinoides L. Viburnum nudum L Viburnum Lentago L Viburnum prunifolium L.
.
.
American Elder. Maple-leaved Arrowwood. Downy-leaved Arrowwood.

Withe-rod.
Larger Withe-rod.
Nannyberry. Black Haw.
Blue
Viburnum dentatum L. Viburnum molle Michx.

Lonicera coerulea
Arrowwood.
Soft-leaved Arrowwood.
Blue or Mountain Fly Honeysuckle.
White
Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx

Symphoricarpos pauciflorus (Robbins) Britton
Snowberry.
Low
Snowberry.
EED OR REDDISH PURPLE
RED OR REDDISH PURPLE

AMERICAN YEW
Taxus minor.
Fruit.
Taxus Canadensis
Yew
;
Family
is drupelike the hard, oval seed being nearly inbony, dark-colored, closed in a red, pulpy cup, which is the devel-
The
fruit
The drupe is solitary, oped fleshy flower disk. growing at the end or the side of the branches.
It is bracted at the base.
Leaves.
The
leaves are about half an inch

sides.
long, pointed,
and green on both
They
are arranged spirally around the branches.
Flowers.
The
flowers are mostly dioecious. fertile ones, are solitary, and the sterile ones
The
consist of a
few naked stamens.

shrub
April,
May.
crooked
This
branches.
low
It
has
in
spreading,
delights
a shaded situation,
of
especially
It is
favoring the
shelter
evergreens.
its
sometimes called Ground Hemlock from
resemblance to young hemlock growths.
The
AMERICAN
YBW
4
(Taxus minor)

wood
of the
Yew
is
tough and
elastic,
and was
used by the Indians in making their bows. It extends south to New Jersey and along the Alleghanies to Virginia. It also ranges
northward from Minnesota and Iowa.
INDIAN TURNIP.
Arisaema triphyllum
JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT
Arum Family
shining, scarlet
berries
Fruit.
Bright,'
are
crowded together in an ovoid head. Each fruit bears the tip of the stigma at the top. One or
two seeds are embedded

August.
Leaves.
in a scant, juicy pulp.
One
or
two
and
three-parted
fruit,
leaves
leaflets
usually overtop flower
The
are ovate and mostly entire.
-The leaves some-
times wither and
fall
before the fruit develops.
Flowers.
The
flowers are borne at the base
of a club-shaped spadix
which
is
nearly inclosed
in a sheathing spathe, the top portion of
which
The curves over, forming a sheltering roof. flowers are mostly dioecious, although one plant sometimes bears both staminate and pistillate
flowers.
They
are
fertilized
by small insects
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
which crawl around within the sheathing spathe and cover themselves with pollen.
JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT (Arissema triphyllum)
The plant has a
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, pepstarch.
pery corm, which contains much
The

Indians are said to have cooked
it
for food.
markings is sometimes light green with light very variable, markings, and sometimes dark with purple
stripes.
They also cooked and ate the The color of the hood and
berries.
its
was
interested, one spring, to see
if
the light green spathes really did inclose male flowers and the dark ones female, as some
authorities think probable.
I gathered,
about thirty-six specimens.

ones, fourteen were pistillate
one day, Of twenty dark

six staminate.
pistillate
and
were
Of sixteen
light ones, five
and
eleven staminate. The majority seem to bear out the supposition. Another interesting matter came to my attention from the examination
of the specimens.
leaves,
Sixteen plants each had two

fifteen
and of these
were mostly
pistillate
and the other one had about as many staminate as pistillate blossoms. Of twenty specimens
with one
leaf, sixteen
pistillate.
and four
were mainly staminate Later observations tend to
show that the two-leaved specimens usually have pistillate flowers, and the one-leaved staminate.
Jack-in-the-pulpit loves rich, we"t woods, and extends as far west as Minnesota and eastern
Kansas.
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
GREEN DRAGON.
Arisaema Dracontium
DRAGON ROOT
Arum Family
The orange-red berries grow in a large ovoid head. They are one- to few-seeded. The usually solitary compound leaf Leaves.
Fruit.
has nine to eleven radiating leaflets with the The leaflets two side ones somewhat lobed.
are pointed and oblong-lanceolate. Both staminate and Flowers.
flowers usually
pistillate
grow on the same spadix.

is
upper part of the spadix
The much prolonged and
extends considerably beyond the pointed spathe.
Both spathe and spadix are green.
The range is about that of Jack-in-the-pulpit. Around the main club-shaped bulb, cluster many
tiny bulblets, producing an effect which to a strong imagination might suggest the foot and
toes of a
monster and be responsible for the
common name
leaflets are
of Dragon Root. The radiating a bit suggestive of a dragon's claws. Leaves and flowers are both green, the only bit of
gay coloring that the plant
affords appearing
in the bright fruit cluster.
WATER ARUM
Calla palustris
Arum Family
The few red berries grow in an The seeds are few and inclosed oblong head. in jelly. The spa the is persistent in fruit.
Fruit.
July, August.
Leaves.
The
leaves
are
heart-shaped, and
borne on erect or spreading stems. Flowers. The flower stem is nearly as long as those of the leaves. The open, spreading
spathe has a white upper surface and is green beneath. The spadix is much shorter than the spathe, and is covered with flowers, the lower
of
which are perfect and the upper ones often

It is a
staminate.
low plant,
less
than a foot in height,

Calla.
it
and resembles the cultivated

in masses.
Spreading
often occurs
by a slender, creeping rootstock,
The rhizomes
are used by the LapIt flourishes
landers in
making a kind
of bread.
in cold bogs in Virginia, Wisconsin,
and Iowa,
and northward.
10
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
ASPARAGUS
Asparagus
officinalis
Lily-of-the-Valley Family
Fruit.
The red
berries are globose,
and about
are soli-
as large as a small huckleberry.
They
tary or in pairs, and grow on a slender, jointed stem from the axil of a scale, which is really a modified leaf. The berry is three-celled, with
two seeds
in each cell.
The calyx
leaves
lobes are at
the base of the berry. The true Leaves.
August, September.
appear as scales
From the axils, along the stem and branches. along the branches, grow three tiny threadlike branchlets which are often mistaken for leaves.
Flowers.
The
flowers are small, bell-shaped,
and greenish yellow.

jointed pedicels.
They grow on drooping,
June.
The Asparagus was introduced from Europe, and has become quite a frequent roadside escape.
very attractive in fruit, making one think of a miniature Christmas tree, with its gay
It is
decorations of
red balls.
The thick shoots

on the base
of
of
spring are edible,

large scales,
and bear the true leaves as

persist
which
the
plant until
fall.
RED OE REDDISH PURPLE
11
WILD SPIKENARD
Vagnera racemosa.
Smilacina racemosa
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family in a long racemose
Fruit.
The
berries
grow
cluster at the terminus of the leafy,
unbranched
fully ripe,
stem.
They
are globular, and
when
in late September, are
translucent
and a
dull
red in color.
iarly speckled
Before
they present a peculappearance, being whitish, with

this,
many
red dots and splashes.

is
The
flesh is thin.
three-celled, with two ovules in each, the developed berry contains but one or two large seeds. The fruits have an aromatic
flavor.
While the ovary
September.
Leaves.
stemless,
The
leaves
are
alternate,
nearly
and have tiny hairs along the entire wavy margins. Each is oval-lanceolate, with
a long, tapering point. They are so arranged the stem that the plane of the upper suralong face is nearly parallel with the drooping stem,
thus exposing
light.
it
most advantageously to the

small, white, six-parted flowers
Flowers.
The
grow
in terminal, pyramidal clusters.
May, July.
WILD SPIKENARD
Vagnera racemose)
12

Both
in flower
H
The stem
and
fruit this plant lends its
attractiveness to the woodside road.

is
zigzag and
somewhat
inclined.
The rootstock
is stout.
It extends south to
Georgia and west
to Missouri
and Arizona.
THREE-LEAVED SOLOMON'S SEAL

Vagnera
trifolia.
Smilacina
trifolia
The globular berries grow in a fewfruited raceme. They are red when ripe. Leaves. The leaves are usually three in number, although two or four occasionally
Fruit.
occur.
They
are oblong, and

base.
rowed sheathing
apex.
They
taper to a narare acute at the
Flowers.
The white,
six-parted flowers are
smaller than in V.
stellata.
a smaller plant than False Spikenard casual obor Star-flowered Solomon's Seal.
This
is
server might
dense, but it
confuse
it
with Unifolium Cana-
be distinguished from it by the narrowed sheathing base of its leaf and its
may
six-parted flowers.
It
grows in bogs and v
et
14
HOW
in
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
woods
New
England,
New
Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, and Michigan.
FALSE LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. TWOLEAVED SOLOMON'S SEAL

Unifolium Canadense.
Maianthemum Canadense
Family
Lily-of-the- Valley
whitish, thickly speckled with red until late in the season, when it becomes a dull red. The fruits grow in a termi-
Fruit.
The berry
is
nal cluster, and are

trifolia.
much
like those of
Vagnera
Leaves.
The
leaves are ovate to lanceolate,
There are usually with a heart-shaped base. three on the stem. two, sometimes They are
nearly so. The four-parted, small, Flowers. flowers grow in a simple raceme.
sessile or
white
The heart-shaped base

four-parted
species.
of
perianth are This is a tiny plant, growing profusely
the leaf and the " earmarks " of the
in woods,
sometimes in patches, sometimes alone.
It is quite
common throughout
southern Canada
and south to North Carolina, Iowa, and South

Dakota.
FALSE LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY (Unifolium Canadense)

15
16
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
HAIRY DISPORUM
Disporum lanuginosum
Fruit.
Lily-of-the- Valley
is
Family
The red berry
oblong or ovoid,
It is pulpy, threeIt is usually
and
is
pointed at the top.
celled,
and
three- to six-seeded.
single,
on a terminal stem.
Leaves.
pointed,
stemless.
The ovate-oblong leaves are tapersomewhat rounded at the base, and

lilylike,
They are downy beneath. Flowers. The greenish yellow,

flowers
drooping
stems.
grow on
terminal,
slender
May. The Disporum is a low, pubescent plant, with The rootstock erect, somewhat branched stems. is creeping. means " double seed," in Disporum reference to the two ovules in each cell of the
ovary.
It is
found in rich woods from Ontaria to
western
New
York, Tennessee, and Georgia.
CLASPING-LEAVED TWISTED STALK

Streptopus amplexifolius
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
Fruit.
three-celled,
The
red, globose, or oval berries are
with
many
seeds, arranged in
two
CLASPING-LEAVED TWISTED STALK (Streptopus amplexifolius)

17
18
HOW
in
TO
KNOW WILD
The
FRUITS
are
rows,
each
cell.
berries
usually
and grow on sharply bent peduncles which spring from the leaf axils. August.
solitary
Leaves.
The
ovate, light green
leaves
are
taper-pointed, heart-shaped, and clasping at the

base,
and are very smooth.
greenish white flowers almost hidden beneath the leaves. June.
Flowers.
The
are
The Twisted Stalks somewhat resemble the Solomon's Seal. They are, however, more branched.
Streptopus is Greek, meaning twisted foot or The stalk, in reference to the bent peduncles. plant is quite generally distributed over the
parts of
America north
of
North Carolina, Ohio,
Michigan, and
New
Mexico.
SESSILE-LEAVED TWISTED STALK

Streptopus roseus
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
Fruit.
The
fruit is a globose red berry, simi-
lar to that of the preceding.
This species
distinguished by Lack of bloom on the under leaf surfaces.

:
is
Hairy
leaf margins.
Purplish pink flowers.

Less abruptly bent flower stalks.
Earlier period of blooming.
19
Georgia, Michigan, and Oregon are ern limits.
its
south
SESSILE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN
Trillium sessile
Fruit.
The
red, sternless berry
is
globular
and about half an inch long. three-celled, and many-seeded.

Leaves.
It is six-angled,
The
three whorled leaves are likeare ovate, with acute tips,
wise
sessile.
They
The
and
are often spotted with lighter
and darker green.

a dull red,
Flowers.
sessile flowers are
occasionally greenish.
They have narrow sepals
and an agreeable odor. April, May. This plant of moist woods grows in Pennsylvania and southward to Florida. Minnesota
and
petals,
and Arkansas are
its
western limits.
EARLY WAKE-ROBIN
Trillium nivale
Fruit. The round, flattened berry is small, about a third of an inch in diameter. It is red
20
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FEUITS
This and
and has but three rounded

Trillium fruits.
Leaves.
divisions.
Trillium erythrocarpum are the only three-angled
The berry
is
short-stemmed.
The three
ovate,
whorled leaves
are blunt at the apex,
and have short stems. and white,
Flowers.
The
flowers are small
with erect, spreading petals. March, May. This is a dwarf species, only two to five inches
high.
It grows in woods from Pennsylvania and south to Tennessee and Iowa. Ohio,
LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN
Trillium grandiflorum
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
Fruit.
The red berry

to
is
slightly six-angled
in length.
and from one-half inch
an inch
The
sepals persist at the base as do also the
which remain green. The berry is The globular, three-celled, and many-seeded. peduncle is sometimes three inches long.
filaments,
Leaves.
Somewhat
four-sided,
but not
are
as
broad as
Trillium erectum.
in
They
the
pointed
and nearly stemless

three.
usual
whorl of
Flowers.
The
flowers are large, with erect
BED OR REDDISH PURPLE
21
and spreading white petals that later grow pink. They grow on long, erect stems.
This
to
is
a native of rich woods from
Vermont
North Carolina, with Minnesota and Missouri
as the western
boundary of
its
range.
ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN.
Trillium erectum
BIRTHROOT
Family
is
Lily-of-the- Valley
Fruit.
The dark
red,
round ovate berry

dry stigma
is
distinctly six-angled.
at the
junction of each two of these angles or ridges. The persistent dry sepals and remnants of the
petals are at the base.
The
fruit is
borne on a
somewhat about an inch

long,
reclined
long.
The berry is The brown seeds are

stem.
in each cell.
numerous and horizontal

Leaves.
August.
The
leaves are broadly four-sided,
with scarcely any stems. The apex is acute. The leaves grow in a whorl of three at the
the plant stem. At the time of fruiting they are apt to be torn, faded, and
summit
of
brown.
Flowers.
somewhat
reclined
The terminal, solitary flower is and varies much in color

;
22
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN (Trillium erectwri)
white, pink, dark red, yellow, and even greenish blossoms having been found. The odor is very
unpleasant.
April, June.
23
When
roadway,
driving in early spring along a wooded

I
have found great patches of this curiously colored blossom growing near streams
or in
swampy
grounds.
was quite content,
however, to admire them from a distance, objecting to the odor which a closer acquaintance
entails.
This odor and the color of the flower serve

the plant
a useful purpose in attracting the
flesh fly,
which Clarence M. Weed says
is
the
most useful
of this plant.
insect in disseminating the pollen
that
of
I
which
The color of the flower resembles raw meat, and the yellow specimens saw were quite the color of fat beef.
r
This species grows as far w est as Minnesota and Missouri, and south to North Carolina.
NODDING WAKE-ROBIN
Trillium
cernuum
is
Fruit.
The reddish ovate berry

is
somewhat
six-angled, and
borne on a short inclined or

It
is
recurved stem.
about three-quarters of
an inch long.
Leaves.
so.
The
three leaves are sessile or nearly
They
are very similar to Trillium erectum.
24
HOW
Flowers.
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
or pink flowers have
The white
wavy-margined petals that roll backwards. They grow on a curved stem and are often hidden
beneath the leaves.
April- June.
This Wake-robin favors rich woods, and ranges from Ontario to Georgia and Missouri and west
to Minnesota.
PAINTED WAKE-ROBIN
Trillium undulatum.
Trillium erythrocarpum
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
Fruit.
quarters of
The bright red berry is about three an inch long, and is borne terminally
is
is
on a nearly erect stem. It narrow end rather pointed,
ovate, with the
obscurely three-
angled, and crowned with the persistent stigmas. Its three angles instead of six, lack of wings,
and ovate shape distinguish

Trillium fruits.
it
from
all
the other
sepals are
The three spreading
persistent at the base as are also dry

of the petals.
remnants
and scanty, and arranged horizontally.

Leaves.
The skin is thin, the pulp white and the brown seeds numerous, ovate,
The
leaves are in a whorl of three.
Each
leaf is petioled.
The stems
unite,
forming
25
a triangular surface, from the center of which The leaves are broadsprings the flower stem.
ovate, with a long tapering point.
Flowers.
The recurved white

the
petals
are
marked with crimson

flowers of the genus.
stripes at the base.
This
Wake-robin bears one of
most beautiful
in profusion
in
is
The Painted Trillium grows
the Catskill and Adirondack mountains, and
found in damp woods as far west as Wisconsin and Missouri and south to Georgia.
WALTER'S GREENBRIER
Smilax Walteri
Fruit.
Smilax Family
coral-red, globose berries are in
The
umbels, growing on flattened stems which scarcely

equal the petioles in length. two- to three-seeded.
Leaves.
The
berries are
The ovate
or ovate-lanceolate leaves
sides.
are thick and green on both
They
are
somewhat heart-shaped at base, but are seldom lobed. The apex is bristle pointed. Flowers. The blossoms are brownish, and
grow
in umbels.
April- June.
26
HOW
This
is
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
the only Greenbrier in our section which bears red berries. Smilax Walteri has a
low stem, somewhat prickly below and unarmed It grows in swamps and moist places as above.
far north as
New
Jersey.
LAUREL MAGNOLIA
Magnolia Virginiana.
Magnolia glauca
Magnolia Family
Fruit.
The small
conelike fruit consists of
many coherent carpels, which are crowded upon the enlarged receptacle. When mature, the
conelike
its
mass
is
outer side.
red and each carpel splits along The one or two contained red
seeds escape, but, for a time, each remains hang-
The seeds are ing by a slender white thread. slightly bitter, but are used as food by the birds.
September, October.
Leaves.
The oval
or elliptical leaves have a
leathery appearance.
They
are light green
and
shining above and much whitened beneath. In the South, they usually remain on the tree
during the winter, falling in the spring to give

place to
new
growths.
The
petioles are short
and tapering.
LAUREL MAGNOLIA (Magnolia
Virginland)
27

Flowers.
or. three
29
flower,
Emerson says: " The

is
two
inches broad,
as beautiful
It
is
and almost
as fragrant as a water lily."

solitary,
creamy white,
the
glossy
and terminal.
soft
June.
The
white
flowers,
amidst
green foliage, yield one of the pleasures found
among
tion
the
swamp growths
.the coast.
especially along
of early summer, The gradual transi-
from one part of the flower to another is The sepals are much like the petals interesting.
and
the stamens retain a
fruit
petal-like character.
The
is
mass
flies
the red-seed banners to at-
tract the bird carriers.
a shrub
comes a
tree.
In our section the plant along the Gulf of Mexico it beIt has been found as far north as
is
Cape Ann.
The bark
is
usually brown, but on
young growths
light gray.
CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA

Magnolia acuminata Magnolia Family
Fruit.
The
structure of the fruit

it
is
similar
to that of the small Magnolia, but

larger.
is
much
is
It is pink with red seeds.
The resemthe
blance of the green fruit to a cucumber cause of one of its common names.
30
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FEUITS
and
The fragrant
flowers are greenish white
rather inconspicuous, being so nearly the color of the foliage.

It occurs This plant is rare in our section. It is a in western New York and southward.
tree sixty to ninety feet high,
with brown bark.
YELLOW PUCCOON. YELLOW ROOT YELLOW INDIAN PAINT. ORANGE ROOT. GOLDEN SEAL
Hydrastis Canadensis
Crowfoot Family
Fruit.
The
fruit
somewhat
resembles
raspberry.
It is a small
head of one- to twois
seeded crimson berries.

blunt, and the
The head
ovoid and
fleshy carpels are tipped with curved beaks. short, There is a single roundish root leaf Leaves. and near the top of the stem are two more
leaves.
rounded
These are
five- to seven-lobed,
doubly serrate, and heart-shaped at the base. Flowers. The blossoms are borne at the top of the stem. They are greenish white and
inconspicuous.
The
sepals fall
when
the flower
RED BANEBERRY
(Actsea rubra)
32

opens.
33
There are no
petals,
just
numerous
stamens and several

This
high.
is
pistils.
a low, hairy perennial about a foot Its rootstock is thick, knotted, and
yellow.
The plant grows

to
in rich
woods from
New York
Minnesota and southward.
RED BANEBERRY
Actaea rubra. Actaea spicata, Var. rubra
Crowfoot Family
Fruit.
The
cherry-colored, oval berries
grow
in terminal ovate clusters about three inches in
length.
white berry is occasionally found. Each fruit is borne on a slender stem, and has
a groove along one side extending from the stem to a black spot at the opposite end, the remnant
of the stigma.
and rather
The flesh of the berry is white thin. The seeds are smooth and
packed in two horizontal rows, with the points of attachment to the flesh on the grooved side.
This fruit
is
a good illustration of the developpistil.
ment
of
a simple
The
seeds differ
in
shape according to the position each occupies in the row. July, August.
34
Leaves.
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
This perennial bears two or three

leaves.
twice- or thrice-compound
The
leaflets
are often
lobed and sometimes the lower end
ones are compound. They are coarsely toothed. The small white flowers grow in Flowers. The sepals fall when terminal ovate clusters.
The stamens, protruding opens. the petals, give the raceme a feathery beyond The stigma, maturing before the appearance.
the
flower
anthers
shed
their
is
pollen,
effected
necessitates
cross
fertilization,
which
by
small bees.
This
is
with
its
a plant of the woods, and the fruit, beautiful rich coloring, brightens the
in
wooded roadside
Near by the July. are blackening, while in Sarsaparilla drupes
Wild more
open spaces the Red and the Black Raspberries

offer their delicious fruits.
Its
is
range
from Maine, south to
New
Jersey
and Pennsylvania, and westward.
COMMON BARBERRY
Berberis vulgaris
Barberry Family
scarlet berries
grow in Each clusters, which are usually drooping. has one seed, which is erect and berry commonly
Fruit.
The oblong
COMMON BARBERRY
35
(Berberis vulgaris)
36
is
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
The fruit is covered with a hard, brittle coat. It makes very acid but is eatable when cooked.
a delicious
jelly.
The
berries are eaten
by birds
tract.
and the seeds thrown up from the crop instead

of passing through the entire
digestive
September.
Leaves.
The
leaves seem to
from the
axils of the spines.
grow in rosettes They are oval to
obovate and bristly toothed. This spiny shrub generally grows in thickets and waste grounds in eastern New England,
having become thoroughly wild there. It varies in height from one to six feet. The wood and
inner bark are yellow. The spines, in groups of seven or three, are modified leaf structures and
protect, against destruction
from grazing animals,
the fresh
shoots, with their leaves or flowers,
which grow from their axils. The flowers show ingenious arrangements
protecting the pollen against
for
for
dew
or rain, and
securing
cross
fertilization.
The yellow
blossoms
grow in drooping, many-flowered racemes, and the concave petals of each bloom
thus act as a roof for the pollen borne by the
stamens which they cover. The lower third of each stamen
is
sensitive to
37
Both the hive bee and the the slightest touch. huinblebee come to the flower in quest of the
honey which is produced by the saffron-colored swellings on the petals and in getting it are
almost sure to touch the base of the stamens.
These spring up and cover the head and parts of the fore legs and proboscis of the bee with
pollen.
" All
down the loose-walled lanes in archin' bowers, The barb'ry droops its strings o' golden flowers, Whose shrinkin' hearts the school-girls love to try " With pins, they'll worry yourn so, boys, bimeby
!
LOWELL'S Sunthin'
in the Pastoral Line.
The peasants of Europe, long before science explained the phenomenon, declared that barberry bushes caused wheat to rust. The fungus causing wheat rust often lives but part of its life on
wheat.
There
is
one stage of
its
growth which
Its prestakes place on leaves of the barberry. ence there is manifested by groups of little " cluster cups," which orange-colored cups, called on the under surface of the leaf. grow
The
state legislature of Massachusetts, as early
as 1760, passed " An Act to
prevent
Damage
to English Grain
arising from Barberry Bushes."
38
HOW
summer
TO
ENOW
"
WILD FRUITS
There are certain grasses, however, upon which

the "
is
spore
" stage of the
wheat rust"
This stage does not need, in the spring, the intermediate host of the barberry leaf, but will grow directly on the
produced throughout the year.
young
Eradication of the barberry, therefore, while necessary, and of advantage, does not
grain.
always eradicate the trouble.
WILD ALLSPICE. BENJAMIN BUSH FEVER BUSH. SPICE BUSH

Benzoin Benzoin.
Liniera Banzoin
Laurel Family
The oval drupes are red and shining, with thin, yellow flesh and a large stone. They grow in small bunches, of from two to five, on
Fruit.
stout, short stalks.
September.
or
elliptical
Leaves.
The oval
leaves
are
short-pointed at the
base.
apex and narrowed at the

is
The under
is
surface
paler than the upper.
Yellow
the
fall color.
Flowers.
The
usually dioecious.
flowers are small, yellow, and They open before the leaves
appear in the spring. April, May. This is one of the early blooming spring
shrubs.
The
flowers
and
leaves,
especially
if
SPICE BUSH (Benzoin Benzoin)
39
40
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
bruised, have
is
an aromatic odor which, to some,
It belongs to a family very disagreeable. which includes such plants as the Camphor and Cinnamon. Its home is in damp woods. North
Carolina, Tennessee,
and Kansas
limit its south-
ern range.
HAWTHORN OR NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY

Ribes oxyacanthoides
Gooseberry Family
The reddish purple berry is round or round-ovoid, smooth, and covered with a bloom.
Fruit.
Like the other species,

at
it
keeps the dried calyx

July,
the
summit, and has similar seeds.
August.
Leaves.
The
leaves are deeply three- to five-
lobed, with the lobes toothed
and
cut.
The base
flowers
pedicels.
of the leaf is heart-shaped or wedge-shaped.
Flowers.
The greenish
or purplish
grow .in few-flowered

This
is
clusters,
on short
a low, usually smooth, shrub, with
crooked or reclined branches.

occur, they are scattered,
When
spines,
prickles
if
and the
any,
in
grow singly or in threes. wet woods as far south as
The plant grows
New
Jersey and west
HAWTHORN GOOSEBERRY
41
(Ribes oxijacanthoides)
42
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
from Newfoundland to Northwest Territory and It is also found in the Rocky British Columbia.
Mountains as far south as Utah and Colorado.
EASTERN WILD GOOSEBERRY

Ribes rotundifolium
Gooseberry Family
small, purplish, globose berry
is
Fruit.
free
The
from prickles and delicious in flavor. It is borne on a slender, smooth stem and bears the
mark
of the calyx at the tip.
The
gelatinous-
covered seeds are suspended in a pulpy mass. Leaves. The small, roundish leaves are
threevisions.
or
five-lobed,
with short and blunt

is
di-
The pubescence
is
slight
if
any, and
the leaf
shining above.
Flowers.
The
flowers are greenish, with the
lobes sometimes a dull purple.
They grow on a
short two- or three-flowered stern.
This
is
a shrub three or four feet high.

are
The
Emer-
branches
spreading,
with
short,
usually
single, spines.
The
steins are
smooth.
son says that this is the most promising of our native gooseberries for cultivation. This species prefers
mountainous
to
habitats,
and ranges
from Massachusetts
North Carolina.
43
SWAMP GOOSEBERRY
Ribes lacustre
Gooseberry Family
Fruit.
is
The berry
of the of
Swamp
Gooseberry
small, about one-sixth

is is
It It
an inch through. prickly, although the bristles are weak. reddish or dark purple, and often grows
clusters.
in raceme-like
sists
at
the summit.
The dried calyx perThe seeds have crusta-
ceous coats, surrounded by gelatinous ones, and are suspended by tiny threads. The flavor is
unpleasant. Leaves.
its
One
and
July, August. characteristic of the species
is
deeply cut, five-lobed leaves.

hairy.
The
is
petioles
are slender
The
leaf
thin,
and
in
hairy along the veins beneath. The greenish flowers Flowers.
grow
many-flowered racemes, differing in this respect
from the other gooseberries.

Riles lacustre seems
to
be an intermediate
form between gooseberries and currants. The young steins are quite prickly, and the spines The older are weak and single or clustered.
branches are smooth, excepting a few axillary
spines.
The plant favors wet woods
or
swamps
44:
HOW
TO
SNOW
WILD FRUITS
from Pennsylvania north to Newfoundland, and west through British Columbia and our northern
boundary
states.
FETID CURRANT.
MOUNTAIN CURRANT PROSTRATE CURRANT

Gooseberry Family
Ribes prostratum
Fruit.
slender
The round, light red berries grow in The berries and their short racemes.
bristles.
stems are covered with glandular

bruised, they smell like
JJeaves.
When
Skunk Cabbage.
The
leaves are deeply five- to seven-
lobed.
The lobes are ovate, acutish, and doubly serrate. The leaf stems are slender. The greenish flowers grow in erect, Flowers.
slender, several-flowered racemes.
Prostrate stems, sometimes rooting, are characteristic
of this' species.
The branches have
The unpleasant prickles nor spines. odor, when bruised, of both plant and fruit is " Fetid Currant. " It responsible for the name
neither
favors cold,
wet woods, and extends south from
Labrador, especially along the Alleghanies, to North Carolina, along the Rockies to Colorado, and throughout southern Canada.
45
RED CURRANT
Ribes rubrum.
Ribes rubrum, Var. subglandulosum
Gooseberry Family
Fruit.
The smooth, round,
in
drooping racemes,
grow and in appearance and

is
red berries
taste are similar to the cultivated currant.
very similar to the garden one, although that is probably a cultivated form of a European species. The currant
The Wild Red Currant
The native to America, Europe, and Asia. Red Currant and the Fetid Currant are the only species with red berries, and the Fetid is easily
is
distinguished by agreeable odor.

is
its
glandular bristles and disThe range of our native fruit
woods, from Labrador to Alaska and south to New Jersey, Indiana, and Minnesota.
in cold
PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY
Rubus odoratus
Fruit.
Rose Family
The tiny red drupes

readily
are
closely
packed together into a

separates
flat, close head,
which
lobes
from
and
the
broad
receptacle.
Withered
stamens
recurved
calyx
46
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
PURPLE- FLOWERING RASPBERRY (Rubus odoratus)
surround the base.

ters
on bristly stems.
The fruits grow " The " berries
in clus-
are acid.

Leaves.
47
both surfaces.
The large leaves are pubescent on They are from three- to five-lobed
Large,
purple,
roselike
and
finely toothed.
Flowers.
blossoms
grow
It
in loose clusters.
is
for
the attractiveness
fruit
is
of
the
flowers
rather
than value of
Raspberry
that
the Purple-
Flowering
known.
The
large
peculiarly colored blossoms, so like the single rose in shape, appear advantageously against " the large, soft, green leaves. Grape leaves/'
Small Boy calls them, and they are quite similar. The shrub has no thorns, but recent growths stems, leaves, and calyx are densely clothed The plant occurs in with glandular hairs. rocky woods as far south as Georgia and Ten;
nessee and west to Michigan.
CLOUDBERRY.
Rubus chamaemorus
Fruit.
BAKED-APPLE BERRY MOUNTAIN RASPBERRY

Rose Family
fruit
The
consists
of
a few small
drupes borne on a
the ripened
flat,
broad receptacle, from

ripe.
which they separate when
The
flavor of
fruit is pleasant,
being sweet and
48
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
lobes support the
honeylike.
The ovate calyx
fruit at its base.
It is yellow or amber-colored
and usually tinged with red on the surface exposed to the sun. It is solitary and borne on
a terminal stem.
Two, simple, roundish, five- to ninelobed leaves, somewhat like geranium leaves, grow on the unb ranched stems. They are serLeaves.
rate
and
alternate.
Flowers.
The blossoms
are white.
Stami-
nate flowers grow on one plant; another.
pistillate,
on
This
is
low
herbaceous
plant
is
without
prickles, which, in
New
England,
found along
the coast of Maine and on the highest peaks of the White Mountains. It grows quite abun-
and
dantly in Nova Scotia, Labrador, Newfoundland, in the northern part of Quebec. It flourishes in greatest profusion
even farther to the
north, being an Arctic plant in Europe and Asia as well' as in America. The northern berries are
superior in size
and
in
quality.
The Indians
berries in
Quebec cook the a sugar made from birch juice, and the
northern
dwellers in the posts of the Hudson Bay make from them a jam of rare flavor.
Company
RED OE REDDISH PURPLE
49
WILD RED RASPBERRY

(For illustration,
see
page
182.)
Rubus
strigosus
Rose Family
so-called berry
is
Fruit.
fruit,
The
an aggregate
consisting of
many
small, united drupes,
the juicy pulp arising from the outer coat of the contained nutlet. The styles are persistent over the hemispherical surface of the fruit, and the When persistent stamens surround the base.
ripe, the fruit separates
from the white, spongy,
The fruits are oblong receptacle. borne in a loose cluster, either terminally or from a leaf axil. The fruit stems are thickly
or
conical
covered with recurved
bristles.
The
fruits are
red and delicious in taste and fragrance.
July-
September.
Leaves.
The compound
and the
of three or five leaflets.
leaves are composed These are coarsely and

lateral ones are ses-
irregularly serrate,
sile.
They are rounded at base and acute at The under surface is whitish and downy. apex. The white flowers grow in loose Flowers.
clusters.
Aside from
Raspberry
is
dissemination by seeds the Suckers run spread from the root.

its
50
HOW
all
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
out in
directions
from the central root ana
It is common send up new shoots in fresh soil. to find the Raspberry growing in patches by the
roadside, along fence rows, or in corners.
Our Wild Red Raspberry
is
the ancestor of
the various cultivated varieties.
Wild Raspberry, is an intermediate form between the Wild Red It is a Raspberry and the Black Raspberry.
or Purple
White Raspberry is Eubus neglectus,
The cultivated " considered a sport."
plant with comparatively few bristles or prickles.
The fruit is borne on upright stems, is dark red, and nearly hemispherical. In cultivation the
fruit is yellow.
DWARF RASPBERRY
Rubus Americanus.
Fruit.
Rubus
triflorus
Rose Family
This fruit resembles in appearance
that of the
Low
Blackberry.
ripe,
It differs in color,
being dark red
when
and
also in the sepa-
ration of the few,

it
two
to five, grains
which com-
from the receptacle, when the fruit is pose mature. Each grain is a juicy drupe inclosing
a single hard-coated seed.
a slender stem.
July.
The
fruit is
borne on
DWARF RASPBERRY
(Rubus Awericanus)
51
52
Leaves.
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
leaves
consist
of
The
compound
from three to
five thin, nearly
smooth
leaflets.
These are coarsely and doubly serrate. The flower cluster grows on a Flowers.
ish
slen-
der stem and consists of from one to three small-
white flowers.
six
The
sepals
and petals are
often
or
seven in number, while those of
the other species number but five. This vine is ascending or trailing,
slightly
woody and hairy, but has no prickles. The fruit is borne on upright stems. It favors moist
woods, and ranges from Labrador as far south as New Jersey and westward.
VIRGINIA OR SCARLET STRAWBERRY

Fragaria Virginiana
Rose Family
The receptacle of the ripened fruit has become much enlarged, pulpy, sweet, and
Fruit.
scarlet in color
its
;
and
bears,
sunken
in pits over
surface, several achenes.

fruit.
subtends the aggregate

species are
The lobed calyx The fruits of this
stems, in
They grow on drooping small clusters, and are overtopped by

globular.
the leaves.

Leaves.
53
The
radical leaves consist of three
leaflets which are thick and leathery. The leaflets are obtuse, bluntly The leaf stems are hairy, as toothed, and hairy.
broadly oval or obovate
are also the stipules at the base of the petioles. Flowers. The white flowers grow in small
racemes on naked, hairy stems.
They have
a
many
bright yellow stamens, which form pleasing contrast with the white petals.
This
section.
is
the
common
field
strawberry of our
The strawberries, aside from propagation by means of seeds, spread by runners, and
the plants are usually found growing in patches. Fence corners, sandy knolls, and around rocks
are
spots
which often reward our search
for
the berries.
The common
attractive color com-
bination of red and green is seen in the leaves as At the time of well as in the leaves and fruit.
fruiting
red.
some
of the leaflets are often a bright
a,
Nor do the fruits depend upon color alone as means of allurement, but send forth upon the
breezes a deliciously perfumed notice that they are ready for guests. Have you not encountered
it
and, following
its lead,
shared with the robins,

delicious
bluebirds,
and downy woodpeckers, the
54
feast
?
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
is
The wild
flavor of the berries
beyond
the power of cultivation to produce or retain.
strawberry bearing white fruits grows in
the Alps. F. Virginiana
grows from
New
Brunswick
southward and as far west as South Dakota.
Frag aria Canadensis

and Brown,
leaflets are
is
or Northern
Wild Strawby Britton
berry, described as a separate species
especially a northern plant.
The
oblong or narrowly obovate, and have comparatively few teeth. The fruit is oblong or
somewhat rounded
are sunken in pits.
at the summit.
The achenes
EUROPEAN WOOD STRAWBERRY

Fragaria vesca
Rose Family
are not sunken in pits
Fruit.
The achenes
but are borne on the nearly smooth surface of the conical or hemispherical fruit. The calyx lobes are sometimes spreading, sometimes reflexed.
The
fruit cluster rises
above the leaves.
Leaves.
leaves
The
thin, light green, three-parted
grow on stems that are shorter than the
flower stems.

This species belongs to
It is naturalized
fields
55
places.
and rocky
from Europe, and
is less
com-
mon
than Fragaria Virginiana.
Frag aria Americana, American Wood Strawberry, is by some considered a variety of Fragaria vesca, but is described by Brit ton and Brown as a distinct species. The leaflets are thinner and the fruit ovoid, or like a prolonged
cone.
The berry has a smooth, shining
surface,
looking almost as if varnished, and the achenes It is an inhabitant adhere but slightly to it.
of rocky woods,
and does not extend below PennJersey.
sylvania and
New
Oregon
is its
western
boundary.
THE ROSE
The
rose,
with
its
subtle fragrance, is blossom and in fruit

tures of structure.
dainty pink coloring, and its' a general favorite. Both in

presents interesting feaThis is one of the plants
it
that protects
its
pollen from rain
and dew by
You pitching a petal tent over the stamens. surely remember the overlapping, folded aspect of the petals in the early morning or on a
cloudy day.
The
rose produces
no honey for the
bee, but
56
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
The mass does offer a liberal supply of pollen. of carpels at the center of the flower affords a
convenient landing place for the insect and a substantial platform on which he may stand
gathering the pollen stores, which are yielded by the numerous stamens circled about.
while
During his harvesting the bee carries pollen from one blossom to the receptive stigmas of
another, and accomplishes the cross fertilization of the flower at the same time that he is gather" ing material for his bee bread." The fruit of the rose is peculiar to itself and
is
known
as a hip.
It is considered
by Gray
and by Britton and Brown
to be a fleshy calyx
cup with a contracted mouth which incloses the bony achenes. Kerner and Oliver consider the
hip as a hollow receptacle which contains carpels that are entirely distinct from the wall of the
receptacle.
at
The remnants of the styles remain the mouth of the hip, which may or may not
be surrounded by the calyx lobes. The fruits are eaten by birds and the seeds
scattered by them.
Mice, too, are fond of the
hips but
destroy the seeds instead of Some rose hips were aiding in their dispersal. from the bushes and scattered along gathered
gnaw and

the near-by path.
57
In the morning, these were
found to have been nibbled or eaten by the mice, while the hips on the bushes were left untouched,
having been protected by the sharp thorns and These also hinder snails and caterprickles.
pillars
from reaching and destroying the fresh

five native species quite
foliage.
There are
our section.
common
in
SMOOTH OR MEADOW ROSE

Rosa blanda
Fruit.
Rose Family
This globose, bright scarlet hip
is
generally smooth and retains the calyx lobes, which are erect on the fruit and somewhat hairy.
September.
Leaves.
The
leaflets
are
five
to seven
in
number, obtuse at the summit, narrowed at the base, and simply and sharply serrate. They
have short stems or are

are broad and dilated.
sessile.
The
stipules
Flowers.
The pink
is
flowers are solitary or in
corymbs. Rosa blanda

feet high.
a low bush not more than four
It occasionally bears a
few prickles
58
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
but entirely lacks spines, this feature being a The stems distinguishing mark of the species.
are a dark red.
It favors moist,
rocky places
Jersey and
from Newfoundland south to

west to
Illinois
New
and Ontario.
SWAMP ROSE
Rosa Carolina
Fruit.
Rose Family
The
hairs.
scarlet
pressed-globose.
hip is globose or deIt and the stem are set with
glandular
The spreading
or
;
reflexed
calyx lobes are deciduous. during the winter.

Leaves.
September
remains
The compound
usually seven.
leaves have five to
nine
leaflets,
They
at
are usually
either
narrowly oblong and
pointed
end.
They
are simply
and
finely serrate, dull green,
and pale or pubescent beneath. Even in midsummer they often become a dull reddish color,
which
js
the
regular
autumnal
shade.
The
stipules are dilated.
Flowers.
The bright pink

corymbs,
flowers usually
grow
in
seldom
solitary.
Juneborders
August. This rose of
swamps and
stream

suckers freely arid often grows in clumps.
is
59
It
from one to eight feet in height. The spines are stout and often recurved. Prickles fre-
The range quently occur along the stems. It throughout the Eastern United States.
one of the most
is
is
common
species.
LOW OR PASTURE ROSE

Rosa humilis
Fruit.
hips,
Rose Family
The depressed globular
or
globose
with their pedicels, are hairy and glandular. The calyx lobes are not persistent. September
persistent.
and
Leaves.
The
leaflets are
from
five to seven,
usually five. thin, acute at
They
are coarsely serrate, rather apex, short-stemmed or sessile.
The
stipules
are
narrow and
entire.
Bright
reds and orange are the autumnal colorings. The solitary or two- to threeFlowers.
clustered pink flowers have a glandular calyx
with lobed calyx lobes. May-July. The Pasture Rose is usually low, about three
feet high.
The
is
spines are slender
and
straight,
It is a
and the bush
more or
less prickly.
60
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
Low OR PASTURE ROSE

rose of dry soil
It
(Rosa humilis)
and spreads rapidly by suckers. extends south to Georgia and Louisiana, and
west to Wisconsin.
61
NORTHEASTERN ROSE
Rosa nitida
Fruit.
Rose Family
The hip is globular, scarlet, and The calyx lobes fall. glandular hairs.
is
bears Fruit
persistent.
are usually narrowly oblong and pointed at either end. They are
leaflets
Leaves.
The
The sharply serrate, bright green, and shining. are generally broad and somewhat glanstipules dular. Bright orange and red are the fall colors.
Flowers.
The
flowers are in small clusters.
June, July.
marked
sign of this species
is its
red shoots
with their prickles, which are nearly as stout as It is a plant of low stature, the slender spines.
Its range is quite about two feet in height. limited from Massachusetts north to New-
foundland.
DOG
Rosa canina
Fruit.
ROSE.
CANKER ROSE
Rose Family
The
reflexed calyx lobes fall
from the
long ovoid hip, which is usually smooth. fruit is red when mature. September.
The
62
Leaves.
HOW
TO
SNOW
WILD FRUITS
The stipules
seven
are glandular
and broad.
nearly
The
five to
leaflets are quite thick,
smooth above, somewhat pubescent below, and

sharply toothed. The flowers are often light pink or Flowers.
white.
They
are
usually
solitary,
sometimes
few-clustered.
It This species is sometimes ten feet high. It is similar to the has stout spines with hooks. It has following species, but is not fragrant. It frequents been naturalized from Europe.
roadsides
south
to
New
Jersey
and
eastern
Pennsylvania.
SWEETBRIER.
Rosa rubiginosa
Fruit.
EGLANTINE
Rose Family
The ovoid hip changes from yellowish
to red in ripening.
It is usually smooth, sometimes slightly prickly with a prickly pedicel.
The calyx
Leaves.
finely
lobes usually fall.
September.
The
leaflets are
toothed.
The
usually doubly and under surface is densely
The apex is generally hairy and resinous. obtuse and the base rounded. The leaf stems
are prickly
and the
stipules are
broad and glan-
SWEETBRIER (Rosa
63
rubifjinoso)
64
dular.
HOW
The
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
or bruised
is
foliage
when crushed
very fragrant. The blossoms are smallish but such Flowers. a wonderful
fragrance.
deep pink.
They strangely
lack
June, July. In this naturalized species,
we have
the Eglan-
tine of English fame.
The
delicious fragrance
It is very thorny, with unique. stout spines which curve downwards. Virginia and Tennessee mark its southern range.
of the leaves
is
AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH

Sorbus Americana.
Pyrus Americana
Apple Family
The bright red, berrylike fruits show externally their pome characteristics by the fiveFruit.
pointed, starlike calyx teeth at the summit.

cross section
shows the seeds

core.
in their five cells
around the
The
fruits
grow
in
large,
heavy
clusters.
September, October.
leaves consist of from
Leaves.
The compound
is
six to eight pairs of leaflets
with a terminal one.

leaflets are lanceo-
Their stem
late or
reddish.
The
at the tip.
oblong oval, sharply serrate, and pointed The under surface is paler than the
upper.
They
are yellow in the
fall.

Flowers.
flat
65
The small white
flowers
grow
in
compound cymes.
May, June.
AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH (Sorbus Americana)
The Mountain Ash Tree is gorgeous in fruit. The birds, however, do not seem to care for the
fruit,
neglecting
it
if
other food
closely
is
available.
The American
species
resembles
the
66
HOW
Our
TO
KNOW WILD
is
FRUITS
European, which
lawns.
the one usually grown on native tree has a darker bark,
smoother leaves and stem, more sharply toothed

leaves,
and darker, smaller

in its growth.
is
fruit.
The
tree is
more slender
The range
tains of
from Newfoundland to moun-
North Carolina, west to Michigan and

sambucifolia
Minnesota.
Sorbus
Gray)
is
much
like
(Pyrus sambucifolia of the preceding but with
It smaller cymes and larger fruit and flowers. is a more northern tree, northern New England
limiting
its
southern range.
It
occurs
near
Lake Superior and westward.
RED CHOKEBERRY. DOGBERRY

Aronia arbutifolia.
Pyrus arbutifolia
Apple Family
The fruit grows in an erect cymelike Each pome, small and berrylike though it be, shows its resemblance to an apple in the calyx teeth and the dried stamens which it bears at the apex. A vertical section shows the " and a cross section the five cells with core,"
Fruit.
-
cluster.
their normally
two
seeds.
The
flesh is reddish or
RED CHOKEBERRY
(Aronia arbutifolia)
67
68
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
dark in color and not very thick.

fruits
The separate
and
are reddish, globose or pear-shaped,

size of
about the
a large huckleberry.
sweet but rather dry and astringent. remain long on the bushes, as birds do not seem to care for them.
Leaves.
They are They often
The margins
have
;
of the oblanceolate or
oblong leaves
fine
rounded teeth.
is
The
petioles are short
the apex
obtuse or sharply
narrowed
midrib
leaf
is is
and the
base, narrowed.
The upper
glandular.
The under
surface of the
the leaves change they woolly. assume dark red and orange shades.
When
Flowers.
in
The
white,
rose-shaped
flowers
grow compound downy corymbs. The chokeberry is a shrub from one

feet
to three
high,
occasionally
reaching
twelve feet. It is largest in swamps thickets but often grows in dry places.
height of and moist

It is
common from Nova

to Minnesota.
Scotia south, and westward
JUNEBERRY (Amelanchier Canadensis)

70
71
SERVICE BERRY.
JUNEBERRY.
MAY
CHERRY
Amelanchier Canadensis
Apple Family
Fruit.
The
berrylike
pomes vary
in
color
from a red
to an almost violet-blue.
They
are
covered with a slight bloom. The calyx lobes ? at the summit, inclose several dried filaments.
The ovary is five-celled with two ovules to a cell, but as the fruit develops a false partition grows between the two ovules of each cell, making the
fruit ten-celled
with one seed in each,
if all
the
ovules develop.
The
fruits are generally globose,
racemes on rather long, slender stems. They are sweet and delicious in flavor. They ripen in June hence the name of June-
and grow
in
berry.
Leaves.
The ovate
or
ovate-oblong leaves
are sharply toothed, rounded or heart-shaped at When young the base, and acute at the tip.
they are hairy, but become smooth. The white flowers, with their strapFlowers. shaped petals, grow in loose, drooping racemes at
the ends of branchlets.
This species
is
a tree from ten to thirty feet in
72
height.
HOW
It
is
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
and
to be
said to fruit sparingly

its
soon robbed of
robins, cedar
fruit
by the birds,
bluebirds,
birds,
I
orioles,
downy and hairy

to
woodpeckers.
have been fortunate enough
know
it
in prolific seasons,
when
the trees stood
laden with red and purplish fruits for two or three weeks.
Amelanchier is a plant which is much influenced by climatic conditions. Two apparently different types exist east and west of the
Rockies.
On
the
Rocky Mountains the two

other
until they cannot
merge
into
each
be
distinguished.
The
fresh
and dried
fruits of
one variety are
said to have been used by the Indians. Dr. Hooker says they make a pudding which is nearly equal to plum pudding. Amelanchier Botryapium, or Shad Bush, is a lower plant, sometimes a shrub. The young leaves are more woolly, the racemes shorter and thicker, and the fruit smaller, on shorter It grows in low wet stems, and more juicy.
or in
swampy woods.
73
COCKSPUR THORN
Crataegus Crus-Galli
Apple Family
is
Fruit.
The external appearance
decidedly
that of a pome, with
sharply The seeds pointed calyx lobes at the summit. The are, however, bony, like those of a drupe.
fruit is red
its five, persistent,
and nearly globular.
September and
throughout the winter.

Leaves.
The
leaves are inversely egg-shaped,
with pointed or rounded apex. The leaf tapers toward the base, the margin of which is entire.
margin is toothed. The upper surface is smooth and shining and the lower one is paler. Yellow and red are the colors
of the
The remainder
of the fall foliage.
Flowers.
The fragrant white

tree.
flowers
grow
in irregular corymbs.
This Thorn becomes a small

slender, sharp thorns.
It
has long,
as
It is not
very
common
a native, but
is
well adapted for cultivation.
74
HOW
TO
SNOW
WILD FRUITS
LARGE-FRUITED THORN. DOTTEDFRUITED THORN

Crataegus punctata
Apple Family
Fruit.
The red
are dotted
yellow globular pomes with whitish dots. They grow on
or
dotted hairy peduncles in leafy corymbs. The bony nutlets are rounded and somewhat grooved.
The
The
flesh is
flavored.
dry and tough but rather pleasant The calyx lobes crown the summit.
abundant.
inversely
fruits are
September.
Leaves.
are acute
egg-shaped leaves or rounded at the apex and taper
The
toward the base, finally forming winged petioles. The margin above the middle is serrate. The
veins beneath are prominent and usually hairy. The leaves are rather thick and firm.
Flowers.
The white
clusters.
flowers
grow
in some-
what
downy.
This
leafy
The flower
stems
are
is
branches.
a thick spreading tree with horizontal It is not very tall. It frequently

thickets.
grows in
The bark
is
thorns are sharp and light brown.
The The Duke of

rough.

Argyle
is
75
said to
have introduced
this tree into
English gardens. The seeds of the Thorn
haws, are so hard that it requires a considerable time for In some parts of France their germination.
fruits, or
when a hawthorn hedge are fed to turkeys. The

somewhat
softened,
is
wanted, the haws
seeds are uninjured by the digestive process but the hard coats are
and germination
is
more
readily secured.
nies into Georgia
It extends
along the Allegha-
and Alabama;
Quebec and
Ontario are
its
northern limits.
SCARLET THORN
Crataegus coccinea
Apple Family
The globose or ovoid pomes grow in small clusters, two or three fruits in each. They are bright red, on slender stems, and bear The flesh is thin. The calyx lobes at the top.
Fruit.
three or four nutlets are deeply ridged along the The fruit is rather sweet and dry. Sepback.
tember, October.
Leaves.
The broad-ovate
leaves
grow
alter-
nately on slender stems which are grooved above.
SCARLET THORN
(Cratsegus coccinea)
76

The
leaves are
finely toothed
77
and deeply cut, almost lobed along the upper half. The outline somewhat resembles that of a White Birch leaf.
The
under
is
surface
fall
is
paler
than the upper.

white flowers
Yellow
the
color.
Flowers.
The rather
large
grow on slender stems,
in clusters.
They have
a strong, disagreeable odor. May. This is a low tree with crooked, spreading
branches, ashy gray or light brown bark, and stout thorns attaining maturity on third-year The plants like moist soil but will growths.
in pasture lands, where they form thickets, the thorns protecting them from destruction by grazing animals. In New England this thorn is
grow
generally larger than the other species.

Cratcegus macracantha has longer thorns, thicker leaves, stouter stems, and larger flowers
and
fruits.
The
mottis
leaves are sometimes doubly
serrate.
Cratcegus
varies
chiefly
from
Cratce-
gus coccinea in having hairy leaves, twigs, and leaf stems. It is about two weeks earlier.
Partridges are fond of the Thorn fruits, and when snaring the birds
little
in the good old days,
was not " prohibited by law," the bright
78
HOW
an
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
apples were used for bait.
boy," other day, the snow

;
said
elderly
man
"When to me
was a
only the
"we
set
used to dig narrow paths in up two sticks with a string
stretched across them, and a loop of horsehair
hanging from the string; scatter Thorn-apples Many a along the path and await results.
;
we found the next morning, unable to free himself from the horsehair loop, through which he endeavored to reach the
plump
bird have
edible fruits beyond."
PEAR THORN
Cratasgus tomentosa
Apple Family
Fruit.
like
The pear-shaped, seldom round, drupeis
pome
red or orange-red.
It is
crowned
erect calyx lobes. The flesh is thin and the seeds are bony. They are rounded, and have on the back two faint grooves. September,
by the
October, and persistent.

Leaves.
The
leaves are firm

petioles
and leathery,
and are borne on

to the base
is
which are margined
by the tapering leaves.
The margin
doubly serrate, and sometimes so deeply cut

near the apex as to form lobes. surface is downy along the veins.
Flowers.
in leafy
79
The under
The
ill-scented
white flowers grow
corymbs on downy flower stems. The calyx lobes are likewise covered with down. This small tree has dark brown to gray bark
and sharp axillary thorns.
so
It
is
quite widely
is
distributed throughout the country, but
not
common
in the
Northern
states.
Central
it.
New
The
York contains
flourishing growths of
fruits cling to the tree until spring.
WILD YELLOW. OR RED PLUM

Prunus Americana
Plum Family
fleshy drupe
is
yellow or reddish, somewhat whitened with a bloom. It is globose,
Fruit.
The
with a slight depression at the tip. It grows The laterally on a stout, rather short, stem.
thick and tough, the flesh quite thick, and the stone rather smooth, with quite sharp
skin
is
edges.
August, September.
Leaves.
The ovate
leaves
are
doubly serrate.
They are nearly somewhat hairy along the veins on the lower The apex terminates in a long tip. surface.
coarsely or smooth, or
WILD YELLOW OR RED PLUM (Primus Americana)

SO

Flowers.
leaves,
81
The white
grow
in
flowers
and
lateral
precede the sessile umbels.
April,
May.
Authorities differ
much
as to its range.
have known the tree along Connecticut roadsides,
especially in
state.
The
the eastern portion of the tree is small and thorny, and is
quite prolific,
CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM

Prunus nigra
fruit.
Plum Family
in being oblong-oval.
This plum differs from the preceding It is from an inch to one
The red or orangeand a half inches long. colored skin is tough, and the flesh clings to the
flat stone.
It is of pleasant flavor.
August.
Leaves.
The ovate
or obovate leaves are not
so sharply serrate as those of
Prunus Americana,
The apex is long-pointed nor bristle-tipped. and the base wedge-shaped or somewhat heartshaped. Flowers.
The white
in the preceding after
flowers are larger than species, and change to pink

in two- to three-
opening. flowered umbels.
They grow May.
82
HOW
This
is
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
a species of more northern range than In Canada the fruits are Primus Americana.
extensively
preserving.
marketed, being used raw or for The plant occurs in northern New
England, but has not been reported in Connecticut, and is but occasional in Massachusetts.
It flourishes in the St.
Lawrence valley and as

It follows streams,
far west as
Lake Manitoba.
grows along fences, and springs up
in thickets.
BEACH PLUM
Primus maritima
Plum Family
or
Fruit.
The purplish
red bloom-covered
drupe is globular and from one-half to one It hangs by a slender stem. inch in diameter. The stone is thin and sharp on one edge and
rounded on the other.

each end.
Leaves.
It is usually pointed at
August, September.
The ovate
or oval leaf has a rounded
base and- an acute apex. It is finely serrate. The leaves are arranged alternately. They often
have one or two glands at the base. and orange are the autumnal colors.
Flowers.
in umbels
Dark red
The white
along the
flowers
of
grow profusely
the
branches-
sides
83
They open May.
before
the
leaves
appear.
April,
This rather low shrub
is
a habitant of sandy
or stony beaches, and sometimes grows in waste It grows in places twenty miles or so inland.
clumps and often

are sweet
fruits
ripe,
abundantly.
when
and
in
The plums some places are
gathered and sold for preserving.
WILD RED CHERRY. BIRD CHERRY. PIN OR PIGEON CHERRY

Prunus Pennsylvanica
Plum Family
light red drupes
to
five.
Fruit.
clusters of
The small from two

leaf
grow
in
These
clusters
grow from the

of
axils
or take
the place
previous year's often occupy a leafless space of They six or more inches along the branches, with
shoots.
leaves
at
the end
of
the
leaves
fruit
above and below them.
The
slender
stem
is
in length.
from three-quarters to an inch Each cherry is globular, about the
size of a pea,
and retains at the
tip a
remnant
of the style.
The
in
flesh is thin
and
sour.
The
stone
is
large
comparison with the whole
WILD RED CHERRY (Prunus

84
Pennsylvanica)

fruit,
is
85
noticeable
July.
nearly
globular,
and
are
has
side.
grooves and ridges along one

Leaves.
The
leaves
oblong-lanceolate,
with pointed apex and rounded base.

are finely serrate,
They
shining
and
in
arrangement are alterare a
nate or in pairs.
They
green above and lighter beneath.

they change to a bright yellow.
are slender and grooved.
bright In
autumn
petioles
The
Flowers.
The white
cherrylike flowers
grow
in umbels of from five to eight blossoms
The Wild Red Cherry
is
a small tree from
twenty to thirty feet high. It is especially a tree of the Northern forests, but extends south-
wards along the mountains, attaining est size in the mountains of Tennessee.
found along ravines.
its
great-
It often
is
springs up abundantly over cleared lands and
George Emerson
of
hill
tells of
using the dry beds
streams as a footpath and of finding there numerous stones of the Wild Red Cherry, although there were no trees of the kind within
a considerable distance.
Water, as well as
is
birds,
seems in this case to act
in scattering the seeds.
The bark
of the tree
reddish brown with
raised, rusty-looking dots,
and has the common
86
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
cherry characteristic of peeling off in horizontal

strips.
CHOKE CHERRY
Prunua Virginiana Fruit.
size
Plum Family
of
The drupes, which are ahout the peas, grow in long drooping clusters
Each cherry
it
at the ends of leafy branches of the season's
growth.
is
borne on a short stem
It is globular or nearly equal to oval, with a thin, shiny, dark red or nearly black skin. Yellow fruits have been found. The pulp
in length.
is
yellow, juicy, and rather sweet.
The
cherries
vary much
Leaves.
in flavor, but in all cases are
more or
grow
less astringent.
July, August.
The oval or obovate
leaves
from rounded stems which are grooved on the
Two or four glands are borne upper surface. on the margins of these grooves. The leaves
are rounded or wedge-shaped at the base and The margins are sharply pointed at the apex.
sharply serrate.
is
The upper
surface of the leaf
bright green and the lower one is lighter. Flowers. The small, white, cherrylike flow-
ers
grow
in loosely flowered, erect, or spreading

racemes.
87
those of the
The petals are more rounded than Wild Black Cherry. April, May.
tree.
This shrub sometimes becomes a small
The
growths are found in Nebraska, Indian Territory, and Texas. The trunk rarely has a diameter of more than two or three inches.
largest
The plant
ters of
is
decorative in fruit, with

spheres.
its clus-
shining, jewel-like
is
The
fruit
of
some shrubs
quite
pleasant to the taste,
while one cherry from another will "pucker"

tongue, and roof of mouth, and set one's The skin seems to possess more teeth on edge.
lips,
of the astringent quality than the flesh.
Bluebirds, robins,
birds,
cedar birds,
crows,
king-
hairy woodpeckers, and
flickers are
fond
of the fruit.
Bears are said to aid in scatter-
As for children, how they will ing the seed. fur their tongues with bunch after bunch of the
cherries
!
It is
almost impossible to remove the
stain of this fruit
from clothing.
The Choke Cherry has an extended range from

within the Arctic Circle to the Gulf of Mexico
and across the continent. It is a familiar feature of roadside and fence-row growth and often
grows near streams.
88
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
DWARF SUMAC
(Rhus copallind)
DWARF SUMAC
Rhus
copallina
Sumac Family
Fruit.
quite
The panicle of bright red fruit is Each drupe is compressed and open.

rather
short,
89
bearing the stigmas at the top. Gray dots are scattered over the fruits. The
is
berry
acid.
Persistent.
Leaves.
leaflets,
There are from nine to twenty-one
with noticeable wings along either side of the stem between them. This is a distinguishing feature of
the
species.
The
if
leaflets
are often entire and shine above as
polished.
The under surface is lighter and downy. In autumn the leaves become a rich' purple. Flowers. The fertile and sterile flowers are
in separate clusters, the pistillate in
much
smaller
ones than the staminate.
This sumac, like Rhus hirta, may be readily distinguished
is
pubescent, but
seemingly jointed, petioles.

is
by its winged, " The term " Dwarf

It
somewhat misleading,
as the plant sometimes
reaches a height of eighteen or twenty feet. is a beautiful shrub, growing on rocky hills.
STAGHORN SUMAC
Rhus
hirta.
Rhus typhina
Sumac Family
The small dry drupes are borne in a terminal, compound, compact cluster. Each fruit is one-seeded, has a very thin coat, and is thickly
Fruit.
90
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
STAGHORN SUMAC (Rhushirta)
covered with silky hairs.

the base.
The calyx
acid.
persists at
The
fruits
are
August, and
persistent through the winter.

Leaves.
91
The
leaves are
compound and odd-
pinnate, with from eleven to thirty-one leaflets. The petioles are red above and green below and The leaves are densely covered with hairs.
alternate.
sessile,
The
leaflets
are
oblong-lanceolate,
at the tip and sharply serrate, rounded at the base. They are paler beneath and The autumnal colors are brilliant; red, hairy.
acute
yellow, and orange.
Flowers.
The
sterile
and
fertile flower pani-
cles are usually
are
on different plants, although they occasionally on the same one. They are
June, July.
hirta
is
greenish yellow.
sometimes called Velvet Sumac, and appropriately so, for branches and stalks
are
so
Rhus
densely
coated
with soft
hairs
as
to
resemble, both to the sight and touch, a velvet
This hairy appearance, together with covering. the irregularly forked branches, somewhat re-
sembling the horns of a young stag, has given rise to its other popular name, Staghorn Sumac.
It
tree.
sometimes reaches the stature of a small
autumnal foliage is a great addition to the hills which it frequents. Sometimes a whole pasture is aglow with it.
brilliancy of its
The
For two successive springs
have seen
my
first
92
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
fruits
robin on the
sumac bushes, dining on the

it
which have been preserved for

winter.
through the
in
The
catbird includes
sumac drupes
is
his spring diet.
The
fall.
taste of the berries after
their exposure to the cold of winter
much
less
acid than
in
the
The bark and
leaves,
because of their astringent qualities, are useful

in tanning.
SMOOTH SUMAC
Rims glabra
Fruit.
Sumac Family
The dry drupes grow in a more open, compound cluster than those of Rhus liirta. The
nate in
smaller clusters composing the fruit panicle altermuch the same fashion as the leaves.
The calyx
which
is is
persists at the base
of each
drupe,
fruit
covered with fine red hairs.

sides.
The
rounded and flattened on two

persistent.
September,
and
Leaves.
terminal
oles.
The compound pinnate leaves, with leaflets, grow on smooth, reddish petiAuthorities differ as to the number of They
are oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
the
leaflets.
toothed, and have a long point at the apex and
rounded base.
They
are whitened beneath and
11ED OR
REDDISH PURPLE
is
98
smooth.
The
foliage
gorgeous in crimsons
flowers
in termi-
and gold
nal,
in the fall.
Flowers.
The greenish
grow
much-branched heads.
is
This
June, July. a smooth sumac which does not at-
tain the size often reached
by
its
velvet-coated
to-
brother.
The two sumacs frequently grow
Their deep roots rengether and form clumps. der them difficult of extermination. The berries
are sometimes used in dyeing reds.
FRAGRANT OR SWEET-SCENTED SUMAC

Rhiis aromatica.
Rhus Canadensis
globose, red,
Sumac Family
Fruit.
The
downy drupes
are
in short clustered spikes.
Leaves.
The compound
leaf is
a terminal, short-stalked leaflet The terminal one sessile ones.

three-cleft.
composed of and two lateral

is
sometimes
grant.
red.
The bruised leaves In autumn the leaves
are rather fraare orange and
yellowish green blossoms appear before the leaves and are borne in short
Flowers.
The
spikes.
94
HOW
This
is
TO
ENOW WILD
FRUITS
a low, straggling shrub, growing in It occurs in patches on sandy or rocky banks. and thence west to Minnesota. western Vermont
It is not poisonous.
AMERICAN HOLLY
Ilex opaca
Holly Family
Fruit.
The globular red drupes

stalks along the recent
are borne
on short
growths or from
the leaf axils, looking like big red-headed pins The remnant partly stuck into the branches.
of the stigma at the
spot.
summit appears
as a black
at
The usually four-parted calyx lobes Each drupe contains four to the base.
are
six
small nutlets, which are ribbed, veiny, or onegrooved on the back. They are somewhat tri-
angular in shape.
thin.
The
flesh is
yellow and rather
Persistent.
The thick, leathery, evergreen leaves Leaves. are shining above and paler beneath. They have large teeth which terminate in spines. They are
oval in outline, with pointed apex and pointed or
angular base. Flowers. These are usually dioecious. The small white or greenish blossoms appear in June.
95
The
sterile or partly sterile
usually
solitary.
in
the
axils.
The
ones grow in clusters, fertile ones are
AMERICAN HOLLY
(Ilex opacd)
a small tree with light gray bark, lighter than that of the beech, which it some-
This
is
what resembles.
Its evergreen leaves
and bright
96
HOW
In
TO
KNOW
WILD FEUITS
persistent berries
make
the fertile tree very ornait
mental.
its
native wilds,
often presents a
is
it
weird appearance, so overhung

grayish lichens.
with
soft,
The
leaves of the lower branches have the
sharpest spines, preventing the tree's destruction by grazing animals. On the upper branches,
beyond the reach of such enemies, the spines are less prominent, and at the tip of the tree they
nearly disappear.
"
reader
!
hast thou ever stood to see

holly-tree ?
it
The The eye
that contemplates Its glossy leaves
well perceives
Ordered by an intelligence so wise
As might confound
"
the atheist's sophistries.

its
Below, a circling fence,
leaves are seen

;
Wrinkled and keen
No
grazing cattle through their prickly round Can reach to wound

;
But as they grow where nothing is to fear, Smopth and unarmed the pointless leaves appear."
.
SOUTHEY'S The Holly-Tree.
The
glossy leaves
and showy
berries
have long
been associated with the Christmas season.
The
wood
It
is
is
hard and capable of a beautiful polish. used for cabinet making, whip handles,
97
Our species closely resembles engraving, etc. the European Holly, differing from it in having
less glossy leaves
and duller
fruit.
Holly occurs
more or
York.
less frequently in
It is
abundant
New England and New from New Jersey along
the coast to the south, and in the Gulf States.
dependent upon sea air, and will not grow much more than a hundred miles inland.
Holly
is
Ilex monticola, or Large-leaved Holly, grows

in the Catskills
and along the Alleghanies
to
Alabama.
usually a shrub, rarely becoming a tree. It bears a reddish drupe containing ribbed The leaves are thin, deciduous, ovate, nutlets.
It
is
and sharply toothed. The fertile flowers grow on very short stems and are solitary. The sterile
ones are clustered.
f
BLACK ALDER. VIRGINIA WINTER BERRY

(For illustration, see Frontispiece.')
Hex
verticillata
Holly Family
Fruit.
The
bright, scarlet, glossy drupes are
about a quarter of an inch in diameter. The dark stigma is at the top and the persistent The pulp is yellowish, and calyx is at the base.
98
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
contains three to eight- lunate smooth nutlets. The fruits grow on short stems and are solitary
or
in
clusters.
They appear
as
if
arranged
spirally around the branches.
said to eat the berries.
The flicker is September, and clinging
long after the leaves

Leaves.
fall.
The
leaves turn black in autumn.
They
are oval or wedge-lanceolate, acute at the
apex, toothed, smooth above and hairy below, along the depressed veins.
Flowers.
flowers
The
small,
are solitary or
clustered in
polygamo-dioecious the axils.
May, June. The fence and stone-wall growth is brightened in the fall by the Black Alder with its scarlet
berries.
and
its
These are said to be eaten by flickers, growth along fence rows would suggest The bushes with the dispersal by birds.
its
berries snow-laden are a beautiful sight.
was
in
recognize these bright glad the windows of New York

to
wild fruits City
florists,
placed amidst fantastic orchids and customary The plant ranges Christmas decorations. the eastern part of the United throughout
States as far west as Missouri.
in
It also occurs
Nova
Scotia.
99
SMOOTH WINTER BERRY

Ilex leevigata
Holly Family
Fruit."
The
rich orange-red drupes are larger
than the preceding and ripen earlier. They on peduncles in length equaling their grow
diameter.
Leaves.
September.
The
thin, light green, oval or
oblong
leaves have a glossy luster on either side.
The
apex
base
is
is
acute and often has a twisted point ; the The leaves are obscurely also acute.
toothed.
They are bright yellow in the fall. The small white flowers are perFlowers. fect or dioecious, and grow in the leaf axils on
slender stems.
The extent
of this species
is
from Maine
to
Its range is much the mountains of Virginia. more limited than that of the preceding plant. Its yellow
autumnal coloring
is
one distinguish-
ing feature.
100
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
WILD OR MOUNTAIN HOLLY

Ilicioides mucronata.
Nemopanthes
fascicularis
Holly Family
crimson, nearly globular, berrylike drupe grows from the leaf axil, on a The flesh red stalk, an inch or more in length.
pale
Fruit.
The
yellowish and incloses four or five faintly ribbed stony nutlets. September.
is
Leaves.
on slender stems.
The oblong deciduous leaves grow They are entire or faintly
toothed and acute or bristle-tipped at the apex. Flowers. The flowers are small, white, and
polygamo-dicecious. May, June. The long, threadlike peduncles are distinctive
features of this much-branched shrub.
It
has
an ash-gray bark. Its habitat is in damp woods along the mountains in Virginia, and northwards.
consin.
It is
found west to Indiana and Wis-
STRAWBERRY BUSH
Euonymus Americanus
Fruit.
Staff-tree
Family
opens
its
The rough, warty, crimson capsule usually five pods and discloses the

scarlet arils of the seeds.
101
There are one to four

to
seeds in each
Leaves.
cell.
The
ovate
are
oblong-lanceolate,
nearly sessile, leaves

pointed apex. Flowers.
bright
green with a
in loose
The small
flowers
grow
June. cymes from the leaf axils. This is an erect shrub, sometimes six feet high. It grows along the wooded banks of streams
from
New York
is
and
Illinois,
southward.
Euonymus
obovatus,
Running
Strawberry
low and straggling. The leaves are inBush, verse egg-shaped, and grow on short stems. The
flowers are smaller
ceding species. It has a more limited range than Strawberry Bush, its southern boundaries being Pennsylvania, Indiana,
and earlier than in the preThe fruit is usually three-celled.
and Kentucky.
BURNING BUSH. WAHOO. SPINDLE TREE

Euonymus atropurpureus
Fruit.
Staff-tree
Family
The smooth fleshy pod or capsule is The three- or four-lobed and purple in color. disclose the pods open, when mature, enough to
\*
BURNING BUSH (Eiionymus atropurpureus)

102

bright red ariled seed.
103
long,
The
fruits
grow on
drooping stems and hang late on the branches. The fruit is said to be poisonous. October.
leaves are ovate or elliptical, pointed at the apex and pointed or blunt
Leaves.
The thin
at base.
They are finely toothed. The dark purple flowers grow Flowers.
in
few-flowered clusters on drooping stems. In New England this plant appears only as a
cultivated shrub.
York, west to Wisconsin and Nebraska, and southward, it is found In Arkansas and along the wood borders. Indian Territory it reaches tree size.
In
New
WAXWORK. SHRUBBY OR CLIMBING

BITTERSWEET
Celastrus scandens
Staff-tree
Family
The yellow or orange berrylike capsule opens and bends backward its two to
Fruit.
three valves, disclosing the scarlet arils which surround the seeds. There are three cells, with
one or two brownish oblong seeds in each. fruits grow in a loose, spikelike cluster.
tember.
The
Sep-
104
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD FEUITS
SHRUBBY OR CLIMBING BITTERSWEET
(Celastrus scandens)
Leaves.
The ovate-oblong
leaves are usually
They are pointed at the apex and at the base. in arrangement. slightly toothed and alternate

Flowers.
flowers often
105
pistillate
The
staminate
different
and
grow on
plants.
They
form long, loose spikes. June. The fruit of this plant is highly decorative, and
gathered before the capsule opens will develop in the house and remain in good condition
if
throughout the winter.
The woody vine
coils
upon
shall
itself,
and climbs over fences and
trees.
never forget the glory which a roadside The nook revealed one bright autumnal day.
dark Pine and White Birch were growing together, and winding in and out and over both
gleamed the bright berries of the Bittersweet. It was too beautiful to spoil/ and we left it
undisturbed.
It
is
grows from North Carolina

said to be rare in the
northward, but
White
Mountain country.
LEATHERWOOD. MOOSEWOOD
Dirca palustris
Mezereon Family
oval, shining, reddish drupes are
Fruit.
solitary or
fruit
flesh
The
from two to three
in a cluster.
contains a
is
thin
and tough.
compressed ovate seed. The fruit matures
Each The
rapidly and falls early.
106
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
The leaves are oval or inverse eggThe under surface is much lighter than shaped. The petiole is short. the other. The light yellow flowers appear Flowers. before the leaves. Usually three come out of
Leaves.
the same bud, with their short stalks cohering.

April.
from the toughness of its bark that this The shrub receives its name, Leatherwood.
It is
wood
is
quite brittle, but
it
is
almost impossible
to break the bark.
making with good effect. The plant grows in moist places in woods from New Brunswick to Minnesota, and south.
quality and utilized are used in basket
The Indians knew of this it for The twigs thongs.
CANADIAN BUFFALO BERRY

Lepargyraea Canadensis.
>
Shepherdia Canadensis
Oleaster Family
Fruit.
berry.
The fruit externally resembles a The fleshy, four-cleft calyx, however,

smooth nut or an achene, making the
It is yellowish
red,
insipid.
incloses a
accessory fruit drupelike.

oval,
small, and
July, August.
RED OH REDDISH PURPLE

Leaves.
107
On
short, hairy stems are borne the
ovate or .oval opposite leaves. These are entire, obtuse at apex, narrowed toward the base,
densely silvery scurfy beneath, and smoother and greener above. The scurf is often brownish.
Flowers.
cious.
The small yellow

pistillate
flowers are dioe-
The
have the ovaries inclosed
in a four-parted, urn-shaped calyx tube, closed
at the
mouth by an
It
eight-lobed disk.
is
low, thornless shrub
the Canadian Buf-
falo Berry.
rocky banks.
has scurfy young shoots. It likes It is a northern plant, extending
down
into
Vermont and New York.
GINSENG
Panax quinquefolium.
A r alia quinquefolia
Ginseng Family
grows in a simple umbel. The berries are bright red, and sometimes in
Fruit.
fruit
The
joined
pairs.
They
are
somewhat
flattened,
drupelike, and have two or three
seeds.
The compound leaves grow in a whorl of three. Each leaf has five leaflets, and its appearance is somewhat seldom more,
Leaves.
108
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
leaf.
like that of a
is
Horse-chestnut
Each
leaflet
ovate or obovate, thin, and sharply toothed, with a pointed apex and narrowed or rounded
base.
Flowers.
flowers
The greenish yellow, polygamous

in
grow
small,
simple umbels.
in such
July,
August.
The
for
its
root of the Ginseng
is
demand
supposed medicinal value that the plant
has become quite rare. Recently Ginseng plantations have been started to supply the demand
The Chinese, especially, prize it as a remedy for fatigue and a preventive against old The Chinese name for it is JincJien, meanage.
for the root.
ing manlike, from its fancied two-legged shape. Its range is south to Alabama and west to Minnesota, Nebraska,
and Missouri.
LOW OR DWARF CORNEL. BUNCHBERRY

Cornus Canadensis
Dogwood Family
The bright red drupes grow in a comThey pact bunch at the summit of the stem.
Fruit.
are globose and bear the calyx teeth at the tip The solitary stone is smooth and nearly globular.
109
BUNCHBERRY (Cornus
Canadensis)
Leaves.
The upper
or
leaves are nearly stem-
less, in a whorl of four or six at the top of the
stem.
One
two
pairs
of
scalelike
leaves
110
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
sometimes occur along the stem. The leaves are or oval. entire, acute at each end, and ovate
Flowers. -
The small greenish
flowers are in
a close cluster, and surrounded by four white

bracts.
May-July.
is
The Bunchberry
fusely
among
the
It
is
reported as growing proWhite Mountains and the
Adirondacks.
"
very attractive
live
in
fruit.
But," said a
woman who was

their
exclaiming over
all
" them, the people
time don't
notice
who even know
among them
the
names and hardly
Truly, many there are who, having eyes, see not the beauties of their com-
them."
mon
environment.
Jersey, Indiana,
New
and Minnesota are the

It extends far north-
limits of southern range.
ward and westward.
FLOWERING DOGWOOD
Cornus
florida
Dogwood Family
are bright
The small ovoid drupes red and grow in small bunches.

Fruit.
They
are
ovoid and bear at the tip the calyx and the remnant of the style. The flesh is bitter and
FLOWERING DOGWOOD (Cornus
florida)
111

unpleasant.
neled.
113
The stone
is
smooth and chan-
September.
Leaves.
The
leaves
They The upper surface is shining and The the lower one lighter and often downy.
longed apex.
entire.
oval with a proare narrowed at the base

are
and
autumnal
crimsons.
colorings
are
rich
in
scarlets
and
Flowers.
grow
petals.
in
The inconspicuous greenish flowers heads, surrounded by a showy white
involucre of four parts, often mistaken for the
This shrub or small tree grows readily in the shade of other trees. It is showy in springtime,
with
its large white bracts surrounding the flower clusters and acting as signals to the insects that assist in the fertilization of the incon-
spicuous blossoms.
These bracts
are, in reality,
developed bud plant thrown
scales,
off
which are not
in
this
when
their protective offices
against the cold and storms of winter have been " The blossom is the " corn sign performed.
of the
New England
fall,
farmer.
In the
the red fruit clusters amidst the au-
tumnal
foliage present a fine showing.

fall,
The
fruit
lingers throughout the
and after the frosts
114
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
have somewhat changed its taste is eaten by The bitter bark is somewhat similar robins.
in its action to
Peruvian bark and

it.
is
sometimes
substituted for
The plant grows in dry woods from southern New England west to Ontario and Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas.
SPRING
OR CREEPING WINTERGREEN CHECKERBERRY. BOXBERRY
TEABERRY
Gaultheria procumbens
Heath Family
Fruit.
The
with
many
actual fruit capsule is five-celled, seeds in each cell. It is like a
flattened sphere in shape,

thin.
and
is
its flesh
is
very
to
deis
This capsule, however,
nearly inclosed
in a thickened, fleshy, red calyx,
which gives
the whole the appearance of a berry.
The
veloped calyx plainly shows its five lobes. subtended- at the base by two small bracts.
It
grow on short, drooping stems from the leaf axils. They are usually The berry is dry and mealy, but has a solitary.
so-called berries
The
delightful aromatic flavor similar to the sweet

birch.
116
Leaves.
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
thick, evergreen
The usually few,
leaves are borne at the ends of
the branches.
They
are alternate, ovate
and glossy above with
a whitened under surface.
toothed with bristle-like

short and reddish.
They are sparsely The petioles are teeth.

leaves are tender
The young
and delicious in
Flowers.
flavor.
The usually
solitary, white, nod-
ding flowers are
waxy and
vaselike.
"
When we
June
search woods and moist banks in
for the "
Young Wintergreen
still
we
are apt
to find last year's berries
lingering.
The
new
fruits ripen in the fall,
and serve during the
winter as food for the birds.
This plant is one example of red fruits contrasted with evergreen leaves. The branches grow from a creeping or
underground stem.
ous
localities.
The plant
range
is
is
found in vari-
Its
southward from
Maine and west
to Michigan.
RED BEARBERRY
Arctostaphylos Uva-TJrsi
Heath Family
in
Fruit.
The drupes grow
short clusters
fruit.
and retain the calyx at the base of each They are red, and the flesh is mealy and
taste-

less.
117
The
five nutlets
become inseparably united.

its
Each shows a
Leaves.
line along
back.
The
fruits
remain on the plant during the year.
The thick evergreen leaves are inThe apex is obtuse and the versely egg-shaped. base narrows to a short, downy stem. The upper leaf surface is shining and the lower one paler both are smooth. The margin is entire or hairy. The leaves are somewhat crowded towards the
;
ends of the branches.

face becomes
In winter, the upper sur-
somewhat brown and the under
one reddish.
Flowers.
pitcher-shaped
cluster.
five
len.
filled
The
drooping, flowers grow
white
in
or
pink,
short
end
to
The stigma matures from two
hours before the anthers shed their polThe opening of the flower is bearded or
with a "woolly thicket"

insects.
to
keep
out
winged
This evergreen
It
shrub
trails
over rocks and
abounds Alps and in sandy wastes. other mountainous sections of Europe, as well as in the northern countries of Europe and Asia.
in the
It prevails
throughout Canada and south to

Illinois,
New
Ne-
Jersey,
Pennsylvania,
Michigan,
braska, Colorado, and California.
118
Its
HOW
TO
KNOW
is
WILD
nomenclature
as Foxberry,
etc.
varied, the plant being
known
Bear's
Barren Myrtle, for grouse and partridges.
The
fruits
Grape, Mealberry, serve as food

is
The plant
used in
tanning, especially in parts of Europe, and is The Indians smoke the also used for dyeing.
leaves as a preventive against malarial disorders. It is known among them as Kinnikinic.
COWBERRY. MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY FOXBERRY

Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea
Fruit.
is
Huckleberry Family
many-seeded dark red, acid, and often bitter. It is berry less than half an inch in diameter. The fruits
The
four- to five-celled,
grow
in short terminal clusters.

persistent.
August, Sep-
tember, and
Leaves.
leathery,
The evergreen leaves are thick and with somewhat shining upper faces
bristly
and paler under ones that are dotted with

black points. They are box leaves but darker.
oval and short-stemmed.
somewhat
similar
to
They
are obovate or
Flowers.
The nodding, white
or pink, bellclusters.
shaped flowers are in short terminal June.
RED
This
is
0/
'
REDDISH PURPLE
119
essentially a northern plant, extending
and appearing in our range in the mountains and along the coast of New England and west to the northern shore of Lake
far to the north,
Superior.
It
also occurs in
In northern Europe it is there used in making a jelly which is served with roast beef and deer flesh. It is also used
for colds
fruit
Europe and Asia. nourishes profusely, and
and
sore throats.
The
flavor of the
seems to improve towards the north, much
of
the bitterness being lost. Birds feed upon large quantities of the berries during their
migrations.
Bears,
too,
are
fond
of
them.
They uproot the bushes to get the hidden fruit near the ground. The shrub is low, only about
a foot high, with the upright branches growing from creeping stems.
SMALL OR EUROPEAN CRANBERRY

Oxycoccus Oxycoccus.
Vaccinium Oxycoccus
Huckleberry Family
Fruit.
The globose berry

often
spotted.
It
is is
red and
rather
when
young
is
smaller
than the American Cranberry,
is
acid,
and not
120
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
is
often
celled
marketed.
The berry
four- or
five-
and many-seeded.
August, September.
Leaves.
are
The
The
is
small, thick, evergreen leaves
whitened
beneath.
They
are
ovate and
entire.
The apex
margins are rolled backwards. pointed and the base rounded or
heart-shaped. Flowers.
The
pale
rose-colored,
nodding
blossoms have the corolla nearly divided into The anthers converge to four or five parts. form a cone. May- July.
The ascending branches

from
six inches to a foot
rise
to a height of
and a half from a
creeping stem which sends out roots at the nodes. Patches of cranberries are thus formed,
usually in peat bogs.
as
They grow
west
to
as far south
In Michigan. Canada they extend from Labrador to Alaska and British Columbia. They also grow in
New
Jersey and
Europe and Asia.
121
LARGE OR AMERICAN CRANBERRY

Oxycoccus macrocarpus.
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Huckleberry Family
Fruit.
The berry
varies in shape
It
is
nearly
globular, ovate, or oblong. sides of the branches. It
grows from the larger than the
European Cranberry, and

has been cultivated.
four- or five-celled,
ber, October.
It is
is
the species which red when ripe, acid,
and
several-seeded.
Septem-
Leaves.
The
leaves are similar to those of
the preceding species, but are oblong and obtuse at the apex.
Flowers.
clusters.
The nodding pink

is
flowers
grow
in
June August.
larger
it,
This variety
and stronger than the

in
It peat bogs. grows throughout the north and in the states as far south as North Carolina and west to
preceding and, like
grows
Minnesota.
It
was
still
first
region
cultivated in Cape Cod, which holds the highest reputation as a cran-
berry section.
Cranberry plantations have been
also established in
New
Jersey and Wisconsin.
122
123
Eight hundred thousand bushels are estimated to represent a year's production of cultivated The wild Cranberries are also Cranberries.
marketed.
One plantation employs a thousand
pickers,
who camp
ing.
:
in tents or cabins during the harvest-
Bailey thus describes the pleasures of the workers " This picking time is a sort of a long and happy picnic all the happier for being a
busy one.
The
year to year. change and the novelty, and they must come near to nature in the sweet and mellow October
days.
lot
pickers look forward to it from They are invigorated by the
Those of our readers who have cast their
with hop-pickers, or
in
clearings
who have camped in the blackberry time, or who have

swamps,
joined in the excursions to huckleberry
can know something of the cranberry picker's Yet I fancy that one must actually experiences.
pick the cranberries in the drowsy Indian sum-
mer
to
know
fully
what cranberry picking
is
like."
Evolution of our Native Fruits.
124
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
PHILADELPHIA GROUND CHERRY

Physalis Philadelphia
Potato Family
all
is
Fruit.
Like
berry
the
other fruits of
in
fills
this
genus the
calyx.
inclosed
the
When
it
even opens
fruit calyx
ripe, the berry at the mouth.

its
enlarged the calyx or
The undeveloped
ten angles and is depressed about the stem. The berry is reddish or purple, It grows on a slender quite large, and pulpy.
shows
stem from the leaf

are flattened.
axil.
The numerous
seeds
Leaves.
The ovate
to ovate-lanceolate leaves
usually slant toward the base. They are entire or slightly wavy. are smooth or a trifle They
hairy above. Flowers.
The
flowers are yellowish
brown
with purplish centers. July-September. This annual is nearly smooth and is tall and upIt ranges from Rhode Island to Georgia right.
and Texas and west to Minnesota and Nebraska.
125
NIGHTSHADE.
Solanum Dulcamara
Fruit.
BITTERSWEET
Potato Family
The oval
sides of
berries
grow
in
clusters
from the
In ripening, the berries change from green through yellow and

the stem.
orange to a bright red, often making a brilliant

array of colors in the cluster.
The
berries are
translucent with a thin skin, red pulp, and seeds arranged around an axial placenta.
five-pointed, starlike calyx
is
many
The
at the base of the
berry, which
itself.
borne on a stem about as long as The general consensus of opinion seems

is
to be that the berry
is
poisonous, especially
It
if
eaten in any quantity.
begins to ripen in
vines.
July and hangs long upon the

Thoreau, in describing this
fruit,
Solanum Dulcamara
which grow
in
berries
are
says another
:
"
The
kind
drooping clusters.
do not
know any
clusters
more graceful and beautiful

.
than these drooping cymes of scented or translucent, cherry-colored, elliptical berries.

.
.
Yet
look
they
are
considered
. .
.
poisonous
not
to
at surely.
But why should they not be

it
poisonous
Would
not be bad taste to eat
NIGHTSHADE (Solanum Dulcamara)
126

these berries which are ready to sense
"
?
127
feed
another
Leaves.
The lower leaves
are heart-shaped
and the upper ones have two lateral lobes at the These lobes are sometimes separated from base.
the leaf, forming two lateral are entire and alternate.
leaflets.
The
leaves
Flowers.
The
blue, five-parted, wheel-shaped
flowers are rendered attractive by the contrast of
the blue corolla with the yellow conical group of stamens in the center.
The Nightshade
from
lection of
it
is,
is
a climbing vine, sometimes
five to six feet long.
My
most vivid
recol-
as seen
from a bridge, growing
over a small tree by the side of the river. The tree seemed hung with the graceful, decorative It is a member of the family which clusters.
includes such cultivated plants as the potato and
egg plant.
It
was introduced from Europe.
It
grows by
the side of
streams, around houses, and some-
times trails over the stone walls by the roadsides.
MATRIMONY VINE (Lycium

128
vulgare)
129
MATRIMONY VINE
Lycium vulgare
Fruit.
Potato Family
berries are soli-
The oval orange-red
tary or few in the leaf axils. They are small, with the calyx persistent at the base.
Leaves.
ceolate
The small
leaves are oblong or lan-
and taper into a short stem.
The mar-
gins are entire.
Flowers.
are solitary or
The purplish two to five in
or greenish flowers
the leaf axils.
In cultivation, this woody shrub is trained over trellises. When growing wild, it trails in masses over any handy support.
are
Its
is
branches
usually
long and drooping.

It
The vine
as
smooth.
often occurs
an escape from
cultivation.
PARTRIDGE BERRY
Mitchella repens
Madder Family
scarlet berrylike fruit is really a
Fruit.
The
double drupe, bearing at the summit the teeth of Each ovary is four-celled the two flower calices.
with one ovule
to a cell,
and some fruits have four
130
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
;
FRUITS
but often some of
hard nutlets to each flower

the ovules do not develop.
The
fruit is edible
The pulp is white and tasteless. The berries remain on the vines for a mealy. long time, and it is quite common to find flowers, fruit, and even tiny green fruits at the same
but rather
time.
Leaves.
The round-ovate
or
heart-shaped,
shiny
leaves
vary from light to dark green.

veinings.
Some have prominent white

grow
in pairs on short stems
They
Flowers.
and are evergreen. The flowers grow in pairs and are
united by their ovaries.
They
are very dainty
with their white linings of soft fine hairs at the throat and an outside coloring of pink. They
also
have a delicate fragrance. This vine and its near relative, the Quaker
Ladies, are our northern representatives of the family which includes such tropical plants as
coffee
and cinchona, the
latter yielding quinine.
Mitchella repens, besides belonging to our range, grows in the forests of Mexico and Japan. It
frequents dry woods, especially pine forests, and trails its vines in masses around the foot of trees,
the base of rocks, and over

carpeted space.
a pine needle The contrast of the green vine
many

and
its
133
bright berries with the brown of the needles is so charming that one wonders that it
has not been copied for our indoor carpetings. A low glass dish filled with wood earth and containing a root or two of Ebony Fern, a little Rattlesnake Plantain, and a few vines of the Partridge Berry will serve all winter to shut-ins as
a most delightful reminder of the woods. The plant is named for Dr. John Mitchell, an
early Virginian botanist.
RED-BERRIED ELDER
Sambucus pubens. Sambucus racemosa
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit
The red
berrylike
drupes grow in
compact pyramidal clusters. Each fruit is globular and crowned with remnants of calyx and
style.
The
inclosed
five.
seedlike
nutlets
number
from three to
Leaves.
June.
leaves are
The opposite
and
compound
These
with
five to
seven ovate-lanceolate
acute.
leaflets.
are finely toothed
Flowers.
The
small
cream- white
flowers,
with their pale yellow stamens, grow in com-
pound pyramidal cymes.
April,
May.
134
HOW
TO
KNOW
I
WILD FRUITS
For two weeks

Elder bears.
success, for the bright
had been looking, without red berries which this
almost in despair over securing a specimen, I chanced to be trolleying in the vicinity of Mt. Tom, when my eye suddenly caught a gleam of red against a rocky background. I knew at once that it was my
coveted prize. Fortunately a switch was near, car waited there I was able to and while the
When
hurry back, get my specimen, and resume my This especial plant w as growing out journey. In general, it is found in of a wall of rock.
r
rocky woodlands and has a wide rang'e from New Brunswick south to Georgia and westward A variety with white across the continent.
berries
is
said to
have been found in the Catskill
Mountains.
The shrub grows from two to twelve feet The older stems are brown and warty. high.
In blossom and in fruit the plant may be readily distinguished from the Common Elder, and at other times the brown pith in the young shoots
serves as a determining
feature.
The
fruited
shrub,
at a
distance,
looks something like
sumac.
135
HOBBLE BUSH. WAYFARING TREE

Viburnum
alnifolium.
Viburnum lantanoides
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit.
The
large ovate drupes are coral-red,
turning later almost black.

oblong-oval nut, which is grooved on both sides.
Each contains an obtusely pointed and The drupes grow in

green,
scanty clusters.
Leaves.
The leaves
are large, light
heart-shaped, abruptly pointed, sharply toothed, and have rusty wool on the veins beneath.
In the
shades.
fall
the leaves turn to red and orange
Flowers.
The
flowers are in broad,
showy
cymes with larger, showy, usually around the margin. May.
sterile flowers
The
reclining
branches of this shrub often
take root, making loops which "trip the way" Hobble Bush " is a name which is farer."
suggested by the appearance of the plant with its looping branches. It grows in low, moist
woods from
New Brunswick
to
Ontario
and
south to Pennsylvania and in the mountains to
North Carolina.
\
HOBBLE BUSH (Viburnum
alnifolium)
136
CRANBERRY TREE (Viburnum
Opidus)
138
BED OR EEDDISH PURPLE
139
CRANBERRY TREE.
Viburnum Opulus
Fruit.
GUELDER ROSE
Honeysuckle Family
beautiful globose drupes grow in terminal cymes. They are bright red when ripe,
The
having changed from green to greenish yellow and yellowish red. The separate fruits are
about the
size of
Choke
Cherries.
the calyx teeth. are fleshy and inclose a flat stone with a thin crustaceous coat. The stone is without furrows or
are traces of
At the The fruits
tip
The fruit is acid and a trifle bitter. August, and persistent. The leaves are opposite. They are Leaves.
grooves.
strongly three-nerved and three-lobed.
They
are
sparingly toothed, being usually entire along the margins of the sinuses. The developed leaves
are dark green above and paler beneath. red or purple are the autumn colors.
Dull
Flowers.
The white
flowers
grow
in a flat
cyme.
tral,
The marginal ones are larger and neuthe central ones smaller and perfect. June,
is
July.
This
In the spring,
an interesting and attractive shrub. it bears its showy white flower
140
clusters,
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
with their margins of large flowers,

blooms.
"just for show," to attract the roving insect to

the
encircled
By
cultivation
of
the
European form, the central flowers have been

changed
to large neutral ones like those at the
margin, the flower head has become spherical, and the Snowball Tree of the garden is the reThe wild shrub not only yields a graceful sult.
bloom, but
erect
is
most attractive
of
brilliantly
in fruit,
with
its
clusters
lose
colored
drupes.
These
frost,
somewhat
of
their
brilliancy after
The
fruits
but are conspicuous throughout the winter. make a good jelly and an agreeable
sauce.
The plant extends north from Pennsylvania to New Brunswick and west to Michigan, South Dakota, and Oregon.
FEW-FLOWERED CRANBERRY TREE

Viburnum pauciflorum
Honeysuckle Family
This species
is
fewer flowered than the precedflowers.
ing and lacks the marginal neutral

fruit clusters are small.
The
The drupes
are light
red and contain
flat,
scarcely grooved stones.

It
141
grows in cold mountainous woods nearly throughout Canada, in New England, and Pennsylvania,
and in the Rockies
in
Colorado and
Washington.
WILD OR WOOD TINKER'S WEED. IPECAC. WILD COFFEE. HORSE GINSENG. FEVERWORT
Trioateum perfoliatum
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit.
The
rather
dry orange
or
scarlet
drupes are borne at the junction of leaf and The long lobed calyx remains plant stems.
attached to the fruit summit.
The drupes are covered with fine hairs and inclose three bony
nutlets.
Leaves.
The
leaves
are
ovate to
broadly
oval, acute at the apex, abruptly or gradually
narrowed at the base, and stemless or united

about
They are soft pubescent beneath and somewhat hairy above. The purplish brown flowers are Flowers.
June. usually clustered. This is a coarse hairy
the
stem.
Canada and New and Alabama.
growing from England southward to Iowa

herb,
142
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
INDIAN CURRANT.
CORAL BERRY
Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos. Symphoricarpos vulgaiis
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit.
The
fruit
varies
in
ripening from
at the
coral-red to reddish purple.
It is small, ovoid-
globose,
mit.
and bears the calyx teeth

is
sum-
is dry, mealy, there are four cells, and, although the seeds are but two in number, two ovules
;
The skin
;
thin
the flesh
and insipid
being abortive.
The
seeds are white
and hard.
axils of
The
berries
grow
in clusters
from the
most of the
the winter.
Leaves.
leaves.
The
fruits persist
during
The
entire oval or ovate leaves are
on short stems and opposite. They are a dull green and somewhat hairy beneath. They are
usually obtuse both at apex and base.
Flowers.
are
The pinkish
hairy
at
bell-shaped
flowers
somewhat
is
the
throat.
They
grow
in clusters in the leaf axils.
July.
This plant
sists after
most
prolific in fruit,
which per-
the leaves have dried and fallen.
The
clusters extend nearly the
length of
the stem
and bend
it
with their weight.
INDIAN CURRANT (Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos)

143
144
no w TO KSO\V WILD FRUITS

in
Jersey and Pennsylvania, along the banks of the Delaware
The plant grows wild
New
York, and west to Dakota. It reaches Georgia and Texas on the south. often cultivated and sometimes escapes.
River, in
New
It
is
AMERICAN WOODBINE. ITALIAN PERFOLIATE HONEYSUCKLE

Louie era Caprifolium.
OR
Louie era grata
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit.
The red
berries are in a sessile termi-
nal cluster, subtended by a united pair of leaves. The calyx teeth crown the summit of the several-
seeded fruit.
Leaves.
The two
their
or three upper pairs are
united
by
bases.
The lower ones
are
without stems or have very short stems. are obovate or oval and entire.
Flowers.
They
The fragrant flowers are whitish with purple tubes. They are strongly twolipped.
New Jersey and Pennsylvania are the northern limits of this climbing vine in its wild state.
It is often cultivated,
and sometimes
escapes.
EED OR REDDISH PURPLE
145
HAIRY HONEYSUCKLE
Louie era hirsuta
Honeysuckle Family
in short termi-
Fruit.
nal spikes. arid the berry

Leaves.
The red berries grow The calyx teeth are

is
at the
summit
several-seeded.
The leaves are large and have hairy and under leaf surfaces. The base is margins rounded or narrowed and the apex obtuse. One or two upper pairs have united bases, the others
are stemless or have very short stems.
Flowers.
in short
The orange-yellow blossoms grow interrupted spikes. They are two-lobed
and the tube

leaves
It
is clammy-pubescent. July. This twining shrub is a coarse species, with
large
flowers.
and hairy branches, leaves, and grows from Maine to Pennsylvania,

Michigan and Minnesota.
and west
to
SMOOTH-LEAVED OR GLAUCOUS HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera dioica. Lonicera glauca
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit.
The
of
berries
form a compact
cluster,
composed
a series of usually three whorls.
146
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
owing to
The whorls are more
or less imperfect,
the nondevelopment of some of the berries. The cluster is borne on a short terminal stem.
Each
fruit
is
several-seeded and has persistent
calyx teeth
at
the
summit.
The
berries
are
without stems.
They vary
in color
from orange
to red, the red ones being the ripest.
They
are
covered with a bloom.

color to
the
skin.
The pulp is similar in The berry is translucent.
July, August.
Leaves.
from two
of
leaves are mostly oblong and to three inches in length. The bases
to
The
the
one
four upper
pairs
are
united.
The leaves not united by their bases are stemless. The terminal pair varies in shape from oblong
to oval,
and with
its
rich green coloring forms a
most attractive setting for cluster which it surrounds.

are entire
the bright
berry
The
is
leaf
margins
terminal
and the under surface
whitened.
in
Flowers.
clusters.
*
The
flowers
grow
They
are greenish yellow, sometimes
The tube expands into two tinged with red. lips, the lower one narrowed and the upper one broader and four-lobed. The inside of the tube,
the style, and the bases
hairy.
of
the
filaments
are
SMOOTH-LEAVED HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera
dioica)
H7
148
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
This twining vine is from three to five feet in length, and is a most attractive feature of the
wooded roadside
ries
in July,
when
the brilliant ber-
The gleam from their green background. from New England plant has a northern range
and Pennsylvania.
TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. CORAL HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicei a sempei virens
Honeysuckle Family
bright,
Fruit.
The
translucent,
shining,
coral-red berries bear the tiny calyx teeth at
the
summits.
They
in
are
ovoid
and
severalless
seeded
fully
and grow
a spike of more or
developed whorls, somewhat separated from
There are usually three or four of these whorls with sometimes a solitary berry at
each other.
the top. August-October. Leaves. The entire leaves are smooth and
are whitened on the under surface.
in pairs, with the bases of the
They
from
are
upper pairs joined.

this
The flower and
fruit clusters proceed
united pair of leaves. They are evergreen at the south and deciduous at the north.
TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE
(Lonicera sempervirens)
149
150
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
The long trumpet-shaped flowers They are red or grow in interrupted spikes. The humming bird is one of the yellowish.
Flowers.
principal agents in securing the cross fertiliza-
tion of the flowers.
Here
that
is
April-October. another of our wild climbing vines Flowers and beautiful in cultivation.
is
fruit often occur together well into the fall.
It
grows in copses in Massachusetts
and Connecticut,
southward and west to Nebraska.
SWAMP FLY HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera oblongifolia
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit.
The reddish
or purple ovoid berries
on long slender stems. They are usually distinct, but occasionally become some-
grow
in pairs
what
united.
The oval-oblong leaves do not have hairy margins. They are nearly smooth on both
Leaves.
sides
when
the leaves are mature.
Flowers.
is
The greenish yellow

a bog or
pair of flowers
axils.
borne on a slender stem from the leaf
This
is
swamp
shrub growing in

northern
151
New England and New
York, and
west to Minnesota.
AMERICAN FLY HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera ciliata
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit.
Two
globular or ovoid
red
berries
are borne on the
the leaf angles. the base, and each bears at the
same stem, which grows from The berries are not united at
summit minute
several-seeded.
calyx
teeth.
The
berries
are
The
bracts at their bases are minute.
June.
The thin, light green leaves are oblong-ovate, somewhat rounded or heart-shaped at the base and acutish at the apex. They are
Leaves.
opposite and have hairy margins.
yellowish green, five-lobed flowers grow in pairs on a slender stem. This is a straggling shrub from three to five
feet high.
Flowers.
The
The stems
are brownish.
in rocky
woods from
New
It grows Brunswick to Penn-
sylvania and west to Minnesota.
BLACK OR DARK PURPLE

WHITE CLINTONIA
Clintonia umbellulata
Fruit.
The berry
seeds.
of the
White Clintonia
is
black, not quite so large as that of the Yellow,
and has few
at the top of
grow in umbels the hairy stem, which sometimes

fruits
The
bears also a single small leaf. Leaves. The leaves are oval or oblong, with The stalks of the two to four hairy margins.
leaves sheathe the base of the flower stem.
Flowers.
The
is
flowers are white, often speck-
led with green or purple.
They
are fragrant.
rich
This
species
confined to
woods in
to
the Alleghany Mountains from

Georgia.
New York
155
156
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
STAR-FLOWERED SOLOMON'S SEAL

Vagnera
stellata.
Smilacina stellata
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
Fruit.
cluster.
The few
berries
grow
in a terminal
They
are,
according
later
to
Mathews,
becoming dull red. Gray says they are blackish, and Britton and
spotted at first
and
Brown
that
they are
green
with
six
black
stripes, or black.
the fruits of
They are rather larger than Wild Spikenard, quite hard and
opaque.
Leaves.
slightly
The oblong-lanceolate leaves are The apex is acute or blunt. clasping. The white
starlike flowers
The
leaf is flat or a trifle concave.
Flowers.
grow
in a small terminal raceme.
a smaller species than V. racemosa, seldom growing over a foot high. Its rootstock
is is
This
rather- slender.
It favors
It
banks of streams
and moist meadows.
extends south to
New
Jersey and west to Kansas, and, according to Britton and Brown, to California.
157
HAIRY SOLOMON'S SEAL

Polygonatum biflorum
Fruit.
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
The berry
It is
is
nearly black, with a
bloom.
pulpy, three-celled, with

cell.
one or
two seeds
The stigma is at the summit. The berries grow on slender, drooping stems from the axils, and are solitary, or two in
in each
a cluster, rarely three.

Leaves.
August, September.
The
light green leaves are oblong-
ovate, alternate,
and
sessile.
They
are parallel-
The under ridged and acute at the apex. surface is whiter and hairy. The pale green flowers look like Flowers.
hanging in drooping clusters of from one to three flowers from the leaf axils. May. The scars left on the thick horizontal roottassels
where the stalks of preceding years grew, give rise to this plant's common name, Solomon's Seal. These marks, which are indicative
stocks,
of the age of
the root, are somewhat like the
impression of a
low,
wax
seal.
This
is
a graceful,
wood
plant, with a curving
stem and droop-
ing flower and fruit clusters.
HAIRY SOLOMON'S SEAL (Polygonatum

158
biflorum)
159
SMOOTH SOLOMON'S SEAL

Polygonatum commutatum.
Polygonatum giganteum
This globular berry is also nearly black with a bloom. It is larger than the preFruit.
ceding, in keeping with the larger proportions of the species. The clusters vary in the number of
their fruits
from one to
six.
These grow on
leaf axils.
cell
long, stout, drooping stems
from the
one
The berry
Leaves.
is
three-celled,
sometimes
containing six seeds.
The
August, September. large leaves are ovate and
They are smooth throughout, partly clasping. rather darker green than the smaller species and
somewhat paler beneath.
The yellow
fall leaves
contrast well with the dark berries.
Flowers. The drooping jointed peduncles bear two to eight large, greenish, bell-shaped flowers. June.
The
high,
tall,
stout stalks, sometimes seven feet

their
large,
with
spreading,
gracefully
curved leaves and the numerous nodding clusters of black balls are imposing additions to the flora
of
moist roadsides.
They
also
abound along
SMOOTH SOLOMON'S SEAL (JPolygonatum commutatum)

160

streams.
161
The
species
grows as far west as the
Rocky Mountains.
INDIAN CUCUMBER ROOT

Medeola Virginian
Fruit.
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
The dark purple

of
berries are borne at
the summit
plant on upright stems. They are globular, usually three or four in numThe mark of ber, three-celled, and few-seeded.
the
the style is at the tip. September. The leaves are in two whorls. Leaves.
The
stem
lower whorl
is
borne about
midway
of the
and
consists of
from
five to nine obovate-lanceo-
late leaflets,
which are stemless,

is
parallel-ribbed,
and netted-veined.
of
The upper whorl,
at the top
usually of three, occasionally more, smaller ovate leaflets.
the
stem,
Flowers.
The greenish yellow
flowers are
borne on drooping stems and are often nearly hidden beneath the upper whorl of leaflets. They are like small lilies and have recurved
perianths,
six
recurved
reddish
stamens, and
three recurved stigmas.
June.
The flowers on their drooping stems are often tucked under the upper leaflets, which serve as
INDIAN CUCUMBER ROOT (Medeola Virginiana) 162

umbrellas for them.
163
the plant is fruiting the stems become erect, and, in the fall, when the
When
crowning leaflets and fruit with dull reds, serve as signals to stems, tinged the birds that harvest time has come.
berries are ripe, the
The horizontal tuberous rootstock is a characteristic feature. It is white, and similar in taste
to a cucumber.
u Its white tuberous root
is
crisp
and tender,
and leaves
cucumber.
in the
mouth distinctly the taste of Whether or not the Indians used it

know."
as a relish I do not
BURROUGHS.
CARRION FLOWER
Smilax herbacea
Smilax Family
flattened globose berries
Fruit.
The
grow
in
more or
less full
rounded
clusters.
They
are
borne on long peduncles, sometimes six or even These stems grow from the eight inches long.
axils of single leaves or
from the
axils of leafy
branches, which themselves spring from the leaf axils. The berries are black with a bloom w^hich
is
The flesh is thin, and often decidedly blue. the berry variable in the number of its seeds,
164:
HOW
to
six.
TO
It
KNOW
is
WILD FRUITS
two
normally three-celled, with

August, September.
alternate leaves are seven
two seeds
Leaves.
in each cell.
The simple
to nine ribbed
and are netted veined.
usually round-ovate. times bristle-pointed,
shaped or obtuse.
pair
of
They are The apex is acute, someand the base is heartThe leaves are entire. A
the leaf
stem.
lighter than the upper.
tendrils
proceed from
is
The under
Flowers.
in
surface
The
dioecious greenish flowers
grow
from twenty- to forty-flowered clusters. They are ill-scented, like " a dead rat in the wall," as
Thoreau describes
it.
They are
fertilized
by
insects, especially carrion-loving ones.

is neither woody nor thorny. means of the numerous tendrils it climbs By over any and every support it may encounter. The spherical clusters of bluish black fruits are
The main stem
very attractive about the middle of August. They are a frequent sight amidst the roadside
flower tangles, and flourish along streams and
in moist places.
sota,
They range east from Minneand Texas to the Atlantic. Missouri,
CARRION FLOWER (Smilax herbacea)
165
167
HALBERD-LEAVED SMILAX
Smilax tamnifolia Smilax Family
fruit is a berry similar to that
Fruit.
The
of the Carrion Flower, but smaller.
The
clusters
are rather small and the peduncles shorter than

in preceding species.
The berry
is
from one- to
three-seeded.
Leaves.
The
leaves are broad at the base
and
leaf,
narrow decidedly about the middle of the
making the base almost

leathery,
lobed.
They
are thick,
and green on both
sides.
its
This, like several other smilax species, has
northern range in dry or sandy portions of New It extends south to South Carolina and Jersey.
Tennessee.
lar stems
It is
unarmed, and usually has
circu-
and branches.
GLAUCOUS-LEAVED GREENBRIER
FALSE SARSAPARILLA
Smilax glauca
Smilax Family
Fruit.
bels
The globose black
berries
grow
in
um-
on flattened peduncles, which are rarely twice the length of the petioles. The umbels spring
168
HOW
leaf
TO
ENOW WILD
The
FRUITS
is
from the
incloses
axils.
flesh
thin and
from one to three large
seeds.
Sep-
tember.
vary in width. They are conspicuously whitened beneath. The apex is rather obtuse but ends in a sharp point.
Leaves.
The oval
leaves
The
near
petioles are rather short
and bear
are
tendrils
their
bases.
The
leaves
somewhat
flowers
persistent.
Flowers.
are
dioecious.
The small greenish yellow

is
There are from six to twelve

borne on
blossoms in the flower umbel, which a flattened stem.
This woody vine sometimes bears scattered The stem is circular. prickles, sometimes none.
It
grows in thickets from Massachusetts to Florida and extends west to Texas, Missouri,
*
and Indiana.
GREENBRIER.
Smilax rotundifolia
CATBRIER.
HORSEBRIER
Smilax Family
berries are
The globular blue-black covered with a bloom. They grow

Fruit.
in
umbels
in
on a flattened stem, which seldom exceeds

length ,that of the petiole.
three-seeded.
169
one- to
They are
September and often
persistent.
Leaves.
The
leaves are ovate or round-ovate,
somewhat heart-shaped or rounded at the base, and abruptly pointed at the apex. They are leathery, shining when mature, green on both
Tendrils grow from the leaf stems and are modified forms of stipules.
sides, entire,
and smooth.
yellowish green, dioecious flowers grow in rather small clusters on short cluster-stems. April-Jane.
Small,
Flowers.
This Greenbrier
ish
is
green stem
as
is
common. Its yellowround and the branches are

quite
It
somewhat four-angled.
long
forty
feet,
sometimes grows as
is
and
generally
armed
throughout with stout prickles. It grows in moist places from New England to Georgia
and as
far west as Minnesota.
HISPID GREENBRIER
Smilax hispida
Smilax Family
Fruit:
The
bluish black berries are in umbels,
borne on stems that are over twice as long as the

leaf stems.
They
are one- to three-seeded.
170
Leaves.
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
leaves are thin, green
The egg-shaped
on both
sides,
rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
the base, and pointed at the apex. The umbels are composed of flowers Flowers.
somewhat
larger than those of the Catbrier.

is
distinguished by the long black bristles which densely cover the lower portion of
This vine
the stem.
The upper portion

is
is
generally un-
armed.
It
Connecticut
its
northern boundary.
grows
in moist thickets.
LONG-STALKED GREENBRIER
Smilax Pseudo-China
Smilax Family
Fruit.
The umbels
of black berries
leaf axils.
flattened stems
from the
grow on They are
quite full, bearing eight to sixteen berries in a

cluster.
The peduncles
petioles,
are considerably longer
than the
long.
being from one to three inches

firm, almost leathery leaves are
Leaves.
The
green on both sides. They are ovate or sometimes nearly lobed at the base. The apex is acute or bristle-pointed, and the edge is sometimes roughened with fine bristle-like teeth.
171
Flowers. -- The flowers are dioecious and grow

in full-flowered clusters
on long flattened stems.
July.
Long-stalked Greenbrier, as the

bears
its
name
indicates,
flowers and fruits on long stems.
These
are
more than twice as long as the petioles. The main stem is circular and sometimes armed with
straight prickles along
its
lower part.
Most
of
the plant
section
is
unarmed.
It belongs to our southern
Jersey to Florida and west to Indiana and Missouri. It favors dry sandy soil.
from
New
BRISTLY GREENBRIER.
Smilax Bona-nox
STRETCH BERRY
Smilax Family
Fruit.
These berries are black with a bloom.

are borne on a flattened stern about
The umbels
twice the length of the leaf stem. The berry Its pulp is usually has but one large seed.
elastic,
hence the name Stretch Berry.
Leaves. or often
The
much broadened
leaves are round, heart-shaped, at the base and nar-
rowed midway of their length, giving a someThe what two-lobed appearance to the base.
apex
is
bristle tipped,
and the margin and mid-
1Y2
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
rib are often spiny.
The upper and lower surThe stems faces are both green and shining. The leaves cling long to are tendril-bearing.
the vines.
Flowers.
quite full
The
umbels.
dioecious
flowers
grow
in
April-July.
The prickles on this vine are few, short, stiff, The circular stem and the and scattered.
angular branchlets are both green. It has been reported in Massachusetts, and extends from
New
Jersey to Florida, Texas, and Missouri.
and west to
Illinois,
HACKBERRY. SUGARBERRY
Celtis occidentalis
Elm Family
solitary drupe
is
Fruit.
The
as a pea.
about as large It grows from the leaf axil on a

at
drooping stem.
the stigma
purple.
is
The calyx is persistent, and the tip. The ripe fruit is dark
large.
The
flesh is rather thin

is
and the stone

persistent.
and very sweet, September, October, and
Leaves.
The two
sides of the leaf are quite
unlike, one being
much broader
at the base than

the other, which looks as
if
173
it
a piece of
is
had
cut off obliquely. The apex The margin is toothed except at Autumnal coloring is yellow.
been
pointed. the base.
This tree
Its fruit is
is
similar to
an elm
in appearance.
much
The
trees
appreciated by the winter birds. which I have seen have been much
disfigured
leaves.
by numerous
range
is
insect
galls
upon the
river
Its
in
woods and along
banks, in
New England
southward and west to
Minnesota.
RED MULBERRY
Morus rubra
Mulberry Family
Fruit. The fruit seems at first glance to resemble a Blackberry in structure. It differs, however, in being the product of a spike of several flowers instead of the development of
several carpels of the

rate
fruit
same
flower.
Each
sepasur-
consists
of
an achene or nut
rounded by the calyx lobes which have become Each achene bears at the summit the juicy.
tips of the
two
styles.
Only one
of the
two
or
ovaries of the flower develops.

collective fruit
The multiple
formed by the crowding together
174
of-
HOW
TO
KNOW
is
WILD FRUITS
about an inch long, is It grows on a short sweet, juicy, and edible. The stem, usually from the axil of the leaf.
the separate fruits
fruit in ripening
changes from green to red to

leaves are variable in shape but
dark purple.
Leaves.
July.
The
are usually heart-ovate.

are
often
lobed.
On young shoots they The margins are coarsely

surface
is
toothed.
The upper
be
smooth or
Flowers.
lighter.
The rough. Yellow is the autumnal color.
shining and may lower surface is
A tree
sometimes bears both stami-
nate and pistillate clusters of flowers, and sometimes but one kind. few pistillate flowers
are occasionally found in the staminate flower

spikes.
The Red Mulberry is the only species native to America. The tree does not usually attain a
great
size,
but sometimes reaches a height of

feet.
from sixty to seventy

sippi rivers.
The
finest trees are
to be foun'd along the lower Ohio
and the
Missis-
Florida and west to Kansas and Nebraska.
They range from Massachusetts to The
leaves do not serve successfully as food for silk-
worms.
These flourish best on the White Mul-
berry leaves.
An
interesting feature occurs in
RED MULBERRY (Morus
rubrd)
175
176
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
connection with the pollination of the flowers. At the precise time that the anthers are ready
to open, the filaments uncoil like a spring
and
throw the pollen upon the breezes.
POKE. SCOKE. GARGET. PIGEON BERRY

Phytolacca decendra
Pokeweed Family
berries
grow in long The berries lateral racemes opposite the leaves. are like a sphere flattened vertically and are
Fruit.
The dark purple
from
five- to twelve-celled.
one vertical seed.
Each The berry is
cell
contains
filled
with a
crimson
juice.
The calyx
persists at the base.
September.
Leaves.
The
large coarse leaves are often
veined with purple. Flowers. The five sepals are white or pinkish and surround the conspicuous green ovary.^
The
corolla
is
This
lacking. a large rank
is
roots are poisonous but
cooked in early summer considered almost equal
large the young plants are " for Greens," and are
perennial.
to
The
Asparagus.
The
sturdy plants often occur along the roadside, and I have seen a rocky hillside pasture overgrown

with them.
the berries.
177
Birds of several different kinds eat
POKE (Phytolacca
decendra)
"Pokeweed
is
a native American, and

"
!
what a
lusty, royal plant it is
BURROUGHS.
178
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
CANADA MOONSEED
Menispermum Canadense
Fruit.
Moonseed Family
is
nearly straight, and has In the development of the stigma at the apex. the fruit an incurving takes place, bringing
the
The ovary
stigma
mark near
the base
of
the fruit.
This gives the stone the form of a crescent or ring; hence the name Moonseed, because of
its
crescent shape.
The stone
is
flattened later-
ally,
and
is
wrinkled and grooved.

one-seeded,
in
The drupes
black with
a
re-
are
globose-oblong,
bloom.
They grow
Frost
loose
in
clusters
and
semble
clusters,
Grapes
however, grow from
appearance. the leaf
The
axils
instead of opposite them. Leaves.
The
leaves
are
September. broad-ovate with
usually three to seven lobes. They are heartshaped at the base, and have a pale under surface. The leaf stem is slender and usually
attached within the edge of the leaf. Flowers. The small, greenish white, dioecious
flowers
grow
in loose clusters
from the
leaf axils.
June, July. This woody
climber, sometimes
twelve
feefc

long,
is
179
readily distinguished from a grapevine,
which
it
position
somewhat resembles, by the of flower and fruit cluster.
axillary
It
is
common
Arkansas.
along streams south to Georgia and
WILD GOOSEBERRY
Ribes Cynosbati
Gooseberry Family
Fruit.
The
brownish
red
berry
usually
smooth, grows singly. and has numerous seeds with crustaceous coats
inclosed in gelatinous ones.
It is prickly, occasionally
The
seeds are sus-
pended by tiny threads
in a
pulpy mass.
The
berry bears at the summit the shriveled remains The flavor is good, but the sharp, of the calyx.
awl-shaped prickles are objectionable.

Leaves.
August.
The
three- to
five-lobed leaves are

is
alternate or clustered.
The base
and the lobes are incised or
serrate.
heart-shaped, One or
of the
more spines are usually found at the base

petioles.
greenish flowers grow singly or in a few-flowered raceme. This is a low shrub of rocky woods from New
bell-shaped
Flowers.
The
Brunswick south, especially along the mountains,
180
to
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
It extends
FRUITS
west to Manitoba
North Carolina.
and Missouri.
WILD BLACK CURRANT

Ribes floridum
Gooseberry Family
The drooping racemes bear smooth, round-ovoid berries with a linear bract at black,
Fruit.
The dried calyx is at the base of each pedicel. the top of each fruit. Each berry is manywith the seeds attached by tiny threads seeded,
to
two opposite lateral placentae. The watery and insipid. July, August.
Leaves.
are characteristic.
fruit is
Tiny resinous dots on the leaves
The
five to
seven lobes of
each leaf are doubly toothed. The large whitish flowers grow in Flowers.
drooping, loosely-flowered, bracted, and racemes.
downy
This shrub
is erect,
from three to
five
and reaches a height of feet. It is found in woods
from Nova Scotia south to Virginia and west to Kentucky, Iowa, and Nebraska.
182
SLACK OR DARK PURPLE
188
BLACK RASPBERRY.
Rubus
occidentalis
THIMBLE BERRY
Rose Family
drupes are packed in diminishing circles about the elongated receptacle, forming a flattened hemispherical,
small,
Fruit.
The
black,
juicy
aggregate fruit. This separates when ripe from the receptacle and the reflexed calyx lobes at the
base.
Each drupelet
is
woolly near
its
points of
its
The remainder of contact with other drupelets. The fruits surface is smooth and shining.
grow
in small terminal clusters.
set
are
with recurved prickles.

flavor.
The peduncles The fruit is

leaflets to
sweet and delicious in

Leaves.
July.
There are usually three
each compound leaf. The two lateral ones have short stems. Scattered prickles are on the leaf
stems.
The
leaflets are
much whitened
beneath,
coarsely doubly toothed, and acutely pointed. Flowers. The white blossoms grow in ter-
minal corymbs. Pull off one of the fruits from the receptacle, slip it over the tip of the little finger, and see if
not a veritable " finger cap," worthy of its name Thimble Berry. The plant yields, each
it
is
184
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FEUITS
year, beside the fruiting stems, gracefully curved leafy shoots, which will be the fruit-bearing portion of next year's growth.
The Kaspberry has
been generally cultivated. In its native haunts it is found drooping over rocks, growing in clumps about decaying stumps
or trees
and in fence rows.
BLACKBERRIES
The Blackberry group seems

difficult of exact classification.
to be especially
L. H. Bailey, in " The Evolution of our Native his book on
which are recognizable even by a non-expert, and I have departed somewhat from Britton and Brown's classification to adopt Bailey's more recent
Fruits/'
names
certain varieties
nomenclature and divisions.
He
separates,
first,
the Blackberries from the
Trailing Blackberries, or Dewberries. The Dewberries are distinguished by their trailing habit of growth, their custom of rooting
and by the few scattered flowers in the flower cluster, the central one of which
from the
blossoms
tips,
first.
The Blackberry
fruit,
in general, is a collec-

tion
185
of
small
drupes, which remains attached
when ripe
it is
to the juicy white receptacle
on which
borne.
principal Dewberries are
Our
two
in
number
Low Running
Blackberry.
Blackberry and Running Swamp
LOW RUNNING BLACKBERRY

Rubus
villosus.
Rubus Canadensis
fruit
Rose Family
clusters.
Fruit.
It
is
The
grows in small
The usually hemispherical drupelets are large, juicy, and rather sour until
or ovoid.
fully ripe,
when they
is
are quite sweet.
At
the
base of each fruit
the calyx, from which the

it falls,
berry separates
when
leaving
many
dried
stamens visible in the calyx cup. The leaves have three to seven Leaves.
oval or ovate leaflets, which are sharply doubly toothed. They are quite thick and large. Leaflike
bracts
grow on the flower and the
fruit
clusters.
This
is
the
common Dewberry
of the north,
and
is
a frequent roadside trailing vine.

is
The
species
very variable. The rich dark reds of its
fall leaves,
spreading
186
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
over stone walls, rocks, roadsides, and pasture lands, and contrasting with the yellow of the
Golden-rod and the blue of the Aster, are important factors in the autumnal color scheme.
The Rubus
villosus,
that
was
named and
described in 1789, has long been taken by bot-
Low RUNNING BLACKBERRY

anists
(Rubus
viilosus)
to
be the
High-bush
personally
Blackberry.
In
1898,
Bailey,
after
examining the
villo-
specimens described
by Aiton as Rubus
sus, decided that they were specimens, not of the High Blackberry but of the northern Low
Blackberry or Dewberry. To this plant, then, the name Rubus viilosus rightfully belongs.
"
For my taste the blackberry-cone, Purpled over hill and stone."

WHITTIER'S Barefoot Boy.
187
RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY

Rubus hispidus
Fruit.
black.
It
Rose Family
fully
The
is
ripened
fruit
is
nearly
small, consisting of but few grains.
RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY (Rubus
hispidus)
The
berries
are borne on leafless stems which
are often bristly. Leaves.

leaflets
August.
small, usually three, obovate
The
at
are smooth, coarsely toothed, and blunt the tip. They are shining and firm and
appear evergreen.
188
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
and white,
grows not
Flowers.
The
flowers are small

cluster.
is
with few in the
The
fall
foliage
brilliant.
It
only in swamps, but in sandy places as well.
The
Blackberries, aside from their
more
erect
growth, are distinguished by their denser flower clusters, the lower or outer flowers of which are
the
first to develop and also by their habit of " " " sucker " spreading instead of tip spreading.
;
SAND BLACKBERRY
Rubus
cuneifolius
Rose Family
fruit is rather small
Fruit.
The
It
but sweet
and
solid.
grows
in small short clusters

berries.
with
July,
leaves often growing below the
August.
Leaves.
The compound
five
leaflets,
leaves
consist
of
from three to
which are obovate,
obtuse, toothed, and quite thick. They are dull green above, whitened and woolly beneath.
Flowers.
The white
or pinkish flowers
grow
in short, usually terminal clusters of
few
flowers.
This
is
a low variety, from one to three feet

high.
It is stiff
189
prickles.
and armed with stout

soil.
It favors
sandy
Of the High-bush Blackberries, Bailey makes Rubus nigrobaccus, Rubus arthree divisions
:
Professor Porter gutus, and Rubus Canadensis. also describes another form which Bailey is inclined to accept as a separate one,
gheniensis, or
Rubus
Alle-
Mountain Blackberry.
COMMON OR HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY

Rubus nigrobaccus.
Fruit.
Rubus
villosus
Rose Family
These so-called berries are oblong,
seedy, firm,
and sweet.
five
They grow
in
long
loose clusters, the lower berries usually ripening

first.
The
long,
narrow calyx lobes are

July, August.
reflexed at the base.
The leaflets are three or five in number. Each has a distinct stem, the terminal The leaflets are one having the longest stalk. and coarsely serrate. The underovate, pointed, leaf surface is hairy and glandular. The large white flowers are borne Flowers. in long clusters. Each pedicel is long and forms
Leaves.
HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY (Rubus nigrobaccus)

190

a broad angle with the axial stem. steins are hairy and glandular.
191
The
flower
High Blackberry are furrowed, often recurved, and bear stout, hooked
prickles.
The stems
of the
They
the
are
This
is
common
sometimes ten feet high. High Blackberry, and is
found in woods and along country roads and fence rows. Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas are its
western limits and the North Carolinian Mountains its southern.
Through a confusion
in the identification of
early specimens, the name Eubus villosus has been applied to the High-bush Blackberry instead of to the Low Blackberry, which Gray
calls
Rubus Canadensis.
This latter term, how-
ever, belongs to the Thornless Blackberry.
The
title,
Low
Blackberry must bear

villosus ,
its
rightful
Rubus
and
this leaves the
High Blackit
berry without a name.
Bailey has christened
Eubus nigrobaccus. The variety sativus, Short Cluster Blackberry, has rounder fruits, that grow in short clusters. The drupelets are loose and large. The leaflets are broader and the apex blunter.
This
is
the
common High
It
is
Blackberry of the
the type.
open
fields.
not
so tall as
192
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
MOUNTAIN BLACKBERRY
Rubus
Allegheiiiensis
Rose Family
dry,
Fruit.
The drupelets are small and

fruit,
is
and
form a long, narrow
with tapering top.
The
flavor
spicy.
teeth and long drawnout apex are distinctive features. This species has reddish branches and leaf
Leaves.
The smaller
stems.
tain
It is considered
by some
to be a
moun-
form
of
Rubus
nigrobaccus.
LEAFY CLUSTER BLACKBERRY

Rubus argutus
Fruit.
Rose Family
This species
is
distinguished
by a
shorter, leafy fruit cluster.
The leaflets are smaller and narsomewhat rigid, nearly smooth, and rower,
Leaves.
coarsely serrate.
It is a
lower species than R. nigrobaccus,
stiff,
straight,
and nearly smooth or quite
so.
It is
distinctly a southern species, taking the place there which is occupied in the north by R.
nigrobaccus.
It has a
wide range.
BLACK OR DARE PURPLE
193
THORNLESS BLACKBERRY
Rubus Canadensis
Fruit.
Rose Family
fruit ripens late
The
and
is
sweeter
than the other blackberries.

This species is distinguished by smooth leaves and stems and its usual lack of thorns. The
leaves are long, narrow,
nation.
The
leaf
and have a long acumistems are long and slender
and the
It
stipules are long.
grows as far south as North Carolina.
BLACK CHOKEBERRY
Aroma
nigra.
Pyrus
arbutifolia, Var.
melanocarpa
Apple Family
This plant is smoother than Aronia arbutifolia, but the chief difference is in the fruit,
this
pome being
larger,
more
in
juicy,
and black
in color.
The shrub often grows
the vicinity of
Huckleberry Bushes, and the two fruits someI well remember what resemble each other.
the cautions which as a child I received against mixing the two, the Chokeberry being con-
BLACK CHOKEBERRY (Aronia

194
nigra)

sidered
195
them
I distinguished between poisonous. " by the red juice or flesh of the Dogas
berry/'
we
in
called
its
it.
So strong was
"
qualities,
my
that,
its
early
belief
"
killing
despite the testimony of several books as to
sweetness, pleasant flavor,
etc., I
confess I test
is
them rather same as that
gingerly.
of the
The range
nearly the
Red Chokeberry.
OBLONG-FRUITED JUNEBERRY
Amelanchier oligocarpa
Apple Family
is
Fruit.
The pear-shaped pome
dark purple,
and covered with a thick bloom.

Leaves.
at
The thin oblong leaves are narrowed each end and often acute. They are sharply
There are few, one to four,
blos-
toothed.
Flowers.
soms
in a raceme.
The
pedicels are rather long
and
slender.
is
a low, nearly smooth shrub, growing in wet places in Ontario, New England, and
This
along the shores of Lake Superior.
196
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
PORTER'S PLUM
Prunus Allegheniensis
Plum Family
is
Fruit.
The dark purple globose drupe

an inch
in diameter.
small, only about half
It
has a bloom.
The flavor is pleasantly acid. stone has a groove on one side and a slight elevation on the other. August.
The
Leaves.
leaves
The
finely
lanceolate
or
ovate-oblong
are
toothed,
and often have a
long pointed apex. The flowers resemble those of Prunus Americana.
a low tree or straggling shrub of the Alleghany Bluffs. It seldom bears thorns.
This
is
SLOE.
Prunus spinosa
Fruit.
BLACKTHORN
Plum Family
is
The globose drupe

It
is
about half an
inch in diameter.
black, with a bloorn,
and grows singly or in pairs from the sides of the branches. The stone has one sharp edge. Leaves. The ovate or oblong leaves are
obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base.

They
are
197
sharply
toothed
and smooth when
mature.
Flowers.
The white
April,
flowers are solitary or
two
in a cluster.
May.
This thorny shrub was introduced from Europe,

sides
and often occurs
an escape along roadfrom Massachusetts to New Jersey and

as
Pennsylvania.
Plum, is thorny, and has hairy leaves and stems.

variety,
imititia,
Bullace
less
SAND CHERRY. DWARF CHERRY

Primus pumila
Plum Family
are about half an inch
Fruit.
The drupes
long and are dark red or, when fully ripe, black. The flesh is rather They are without bloorn.
thin
and the stone
is
large
and ovoid.
cherries are solitary or in small clusters.
The The
shrub usually fruits abundantly. are sweet and edible. August.

Leaves.
The
cherries
The leaves
are obovate-lanceolate,
with a narrowed base.
They
are deep green
above
and
paler
beneath.
The
margin
is
toothed with the exception of a short distance
198
HOW
TO
KNOW
is
WILD FRUITS
at the base,
which
entire.
The
leaves change
to a deep red in
autumn.
in few-
Flowers.
The white blossoms grow
flowered clusters.
This trailing or prostrate shrub sends up erect branches which are sometimes four feet high.
The plant sends out suckers
freely, arid spread-
It grows in sandy ing thus soon forms clumps. the eastern coast south to New places along
Jersey.
It also occurs
along the shores of the
Great Lakes.
WILD BLACK CHERRY. RUM CHERRY

Prunus serotina
Plum Family
black
Fruit.
clusters at
The
drupes grow
in
loose
the ends of leafy branches. Many of the flowers do not develop, and the cluster
often has a scraggly appearance. In ripening the fruits change from green through yellowish The separate red, red, and dark red to black.
cherries are
spherical
is
tiny depression
is
and flattened vertically. at the summit and the

the base.
pedicels or reddish and yellow
persistent calyx
at
The
are short.
The
flesh is
rather thin.
It is sweet,
and although some-
WILD BLACK CHERRY (Prunus

199
serotina)

what
bitter
201
has a
pleasant
flavor.
August,
September.
Leaves.
their
The dark green
glossy leaves, with
whitened
under surfaces, are alternate,
and usually ovate or oval-lanceolate. The apex is pointed and the base rounded or narrowed.
The teeth The upper
are so incurved as to appear blunt. surface of the leaf stem is grooved
and bears two or more small glands near the base of the leaf. Yellow is the autumnal color.
Flowers.
The small white
flowers
grow
in
long, loose racemes.
May. June.
sometimes grows to a height of The branches and bark eighty or ninety feet. of the young trees are reddish brown. The
tree
The
trunks of the older trees are almost black and

the bark
is
scaly.
The wood
It
is
is
hard and has a
beautiful close
grain.
red and darkens
with age, does not shrink nor warp, and is used for cabinet work and the inside finishings
of houses.
It is
becoming
scarce.
The
cherries
are used in flavoring brandies and other intoxiBoth bark and fruit are ingredients in cants.
certain medicines.
The
tree
is
common
through-
out the eastern part of the
United States and
extends west to Dakota, Kansas, and Texas.
202
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
BLACK CROWBERRY
Empetrum nigrum
Fruit.
lar,
Crowberry Family
is
The black drupe
berrylike, globu-
and
incloses six to nine seedlike nutlets with
a seed in each.
the stigma
is
The calyx
at
is
at the base
and
the
apex.
solitary in the leaf axils.

edible,
The drupes are They are juicy, acid,
and serve
as food for the Arctic birds.
The edges backward

Leaves.
linear-oblong leaves roll their

until
they meet.
They
are
dark green, thick, obtuse, and crowded along the branches. Evergreen.
Flowers.
small
The purplish
solitary in
dioecious flowers are
and
stamens are
much
the upper axils. exserted.
The
to the
The Black Crowberry appears south

England, in northern
California.
It
coast of Maine, the higher mountains of
New
New
York, Michigan, and
Asia.
leafy,
It is a
is a native also of Europe and much-branched shrub, low, densely
and grows
in thick beds.
208
INKBERRY.
Ilex glabra
EVERGREEN WINTER BERRY

Holly Family
berrylike black drupe is about a It is usually quarter of an inch in diameter. solitary in the leaf axils, with the calyx at the
Fruit.
The
base and the
mark
of the stigma at the summit.
The
six seedlets are smooth.
The leathery evergreen leaves are The apex is obtuse wedge-lanceolate or oblong. or acute and sometimes few-toothed. The remainder of the margin is entire. The upper surface is dark green and shining and the lower
Leaves.
one paler and dotted with black.

Flowers.
flowers
The
small
dioecious
or
perfect
grow
in the leaf axils.
They
are borne
on slender stems.
June.
This slender evergreen shrub is from two to It has long been cultivated in six feet high.
England, but with us occurs mainly in a wild It grows near the coast from Nova Scotia state.
to Louisiana.
INKBERRY
(Ilex gldbra)
204
SLACK OR DARK PURPLE
2Qh
BUCKTHORN
Rhamnus
cathartica
Buckthorn Family
The berrylike drupes grow in clusters. They are globose, somewhat flattened, black, and The pulp and juice of the fruits are a shining. The three or four inclosed nutpeculiar green. lets are grooved. The drupes are bitter and
Fruit.
nauseating. Leaves.
August.
The
leaves are broadly ovate with

veins,
prominent,
They
sometimes hairy, are finely toothed.
beneath.
The small greenish flowers are dioacious. They appear a little later than the leaves. May, June.
Flowers.
This
is
a shrub or small tree ten or fifteen
feet high.
The lower branches, while
leafy, are
stiff and end in sharp points, really the purposes of thorns. serving The berries were formerly used in medicines
short
and
as a purgative, but are so severe in their action
that their use in this direction

to veterinary practice.
is
now
is
confined
yielded green dye the ripe berries, a purple dye by the over-ripe by fruit, a yellow dye by the fresh bark, and a
brown one by the dried bark.
206
HO W TO KNOW WILD FRUITS
BUCKTHORN. (Rhamnus
cathartica)
The plant is an escape from hedges in New England and the Middle States, and was intro-

duced originally .from Europe. of northern Asia.
207
It is also a native
LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN
Rhamnus
lanceolata
Buckthorn Family
fruit.
nutlets.
It
This berrylike drupe has two grooved is black and shining. The fruits
are in the leaf axils, sometimes in clusters of
two or
three.
Leaves.
The
leaves
are
oblong-lanceolate.
On
the flowering shoots the leaf apex is often The leaves are finely toothed and someobtuse.
what hairy on the veins beneath. Flowers. The yellowish green blossoms are
solitary or clustered in the leaf axils.
May.
The
Lance-leaved
Buckthorn
hills
banks of streams and on

vania southward.
grows along from Pennsyl-
It is a tall, thornless shrub.
ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN
Rhamnus
alnifolia
Buckthorn Family
Fruit.
The black
berrylike drupes are some-
what pear-shaped.
They
are fleshy and inclose
208
three
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
grooved nutlets. They grow from the axils of the lower leaves on shoots of new
growth.
The broadly ovate leaves are dark green when fully grown. They are acute at the apex and the margin is bluntly toothed. The veins on the lower surface are very promiLeaves.
nent.
The greenish flowers dioecious and grow on short stems axils. May, June.
Flowers.
are
mostly
leaf
in the
a low thornless shrub which grows in swamps, with New Jersey for its southern limit in our section.
This
is
NORTHERN FOX GRAPE

Vitis
Labmsca
Grape Family
fruit is
Fruit.
in size of
The
very variable in color,
and
in flavor.
separate berries and of the cluster, Purplish black is the common
color but ripe reddish
and greenish
is
fruits
are
found.
usually rather small. The berries are large, with a thick skin, tough They drop readily pulp, and large, thick seeds.
cluster
The
209
when
"
ripe.
They are
taste
sweet, with a
somewhat
variable
"
musky
Leaves.
and odor.
leaves are
September.
likewise
;
The
sometimes nearly entire in outline and broadly heart-shaped, sometimes three-lobed near the top,
and sometimes
five-lobed.
sharply tipped teeth.

large,
The
leaves are thick
The margins have and
with a green, nearly smooth upper surface and an under surface thickly covered with whitish or
brownish wool.
Flowers.
The inconspicuous
flowers are somepistillate.
times perfect, sometimes staminate or The fertile racemes are compact.
This luxuriant vine climbs by means of its tendrils, which are modified flower peduncles,
over rocks and walls, and from tree top to tree It is our most common grape top in the forest.
and the one from which many cultivated forms, such as the Catawba, Concord, and Worden have
sprung.
jellies
Its berries are considered the best for
and are
delicious
also
valuable for grape juice.

is
This
favor.
beverage
justly
growing in
nutriment, containing as much nitrogenous matter as milk. The scurfy covering of the branches, stalks,
It is rich in
and
tendrils, together
with the presence of ten-
210
dril
HOW
or flower
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
each
leaf,
cluster
features.
opposite
are
distinguishing
shreds.
It occurs in
The bark
peels off in
New England and
along the Alle-
ghanies to central Georgia.
SUMMER GRAPE
Vitis aestivalis
Grape Family
berries are
medium-sized, onethird to one-half inch in diameter. They are

Fruit.
The
dark blue or black with a bloom.

the flesh tough sometimes sweet and
;
The skin is sometimes dry and puckery,

juicy,
always lacking the

;
musky
flavor of
Vitis Idbrusca
and the seeds
are small.
The
clusters
are rather long, with
long stems.
Leaves.
September.
The
large
leaves,
thickish
mature, are angled or three- to five-lobed.
when The
openings between the lobes are deep or broad
and open.. The base

leaves are
is
heart-shaped.
The young
shining above and have tufts of brown down on the lower surfaces. The older
leaves are dull green above and with the distinguishing brown woolly tufts along the veins.
Flowers.
The
flower cluster
is
long and loose.
211
This vine, like the preceding, is one of vigorous growth, and has given rise to several cultivated
varieties.
distinguished by its brown woolly masses on the leaves and by the absence of tenIt
is
dril or inflorescence opposite
each third leaf. " Evolution of our Native Fruits," Bailey, in his
its
York, and Long Island to central Florida and west

gives
range as Chenung County,
New
through southern Pennsylvania to the Mississippi
and Missouri.
It
is
especially a southern grape,

is
whose place
in
the north
represented by the next plant, Vitis bicolor, which is considered by Gray a variety of Vitis cestivalis but as a separate species by Bailey
and by Britton and Brown.
BLUE GRAPE
Vitis bicolor
Grape Family
Fruit.
The
clusters are usually long, with a
long peduncle. The berries are purple, with a dense bloom, medium in size, and sour in taste.
The
seeds are small.
September.
Leaves.
The
large, usually three- to five-lobed
leaves have not as deeply notched teeth as those
212
of
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
distinguishing feature is the thick blue bloom on the under surface of the
Vitis cestivalis.
leaf.
It loses this
toward
fall,
but does not have
the brown woolly masses of the
Summer
Grape.
The petioles and tendrils are The young growths, as well
long.
as the under leaf
surface, are usually covered with the distinguishThe vine grows along streams ing blue bloom.
and on banks from
New York
to .Illinois
and
to
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
RIVERSIDE OR SWEET-SCENTED GRAPE

Vitis vulpina.
Vitis riparia
Grape Family
This
(the
species
differs
from
Vitis
cordifolia
following species)
:
chiefly in the following
particulars
The berries are thickly covered with The seeds are small. The fruit blue bloom. clusters are much-branched and often compound. These show deeper and more frequent Leaves. lobes. The veins and angles are often hairy. The blossoms are very fragrant. Flowers.
Fruit.
They grow
in smaller, denser clusters.
This has a range from
New
Brunswick
to
213
RIVERSIDE GRAPE
Vitis vulpina)
North Dakota, Kansas, and Colorado, south to West Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas. It is the
source of
some cultivated
species
Elvira, Clinton,
and
others.
214
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
FROST OR CHICKEN GRAPE

Vitis cordifolia
Grape Family
berries are
cluster.
Fruit.
The small round

the loose-branched
numerare
ous
in
They
black with a slight bloom, have a thick skin, or two medium-sized scant pulp, and one
seeds.
They
are
sour,
but improve in flavor

are usually undivided,
after being frosted.
October, November.
Leaves.
The
leaves
but sometimes are

or
angles.
They
teeth.
suggestive of three lobes are coarsely toothed with
sharp-pointed
The
and
apex
the
is
generally
is
long
and
pointed,
base
heart-
and shaped. the lower one green and usually smooth, with occasionally fine hairs along the veins.
leaf surface is shiny
The upper
Flowers.
The flower cluster
is
long, branched,
and many-flowered.
the true Frost Grape, and is a vine of luxuriant growth, the trunk sometimes be-
This
is
coming a foot or two in diameter. It grows in moist thickets and along streams from New
England to central and southward.
Illinois,
Missouri, Nebraska,
VIRGINIA CREEPER (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)
216

\
217
VIRGINIA CREEPER.
WOODBINE
AMERICAN IVY
Parthenocissus quinquefolia.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia
Grape Family
Fruit.
The globular berry
is
slightly
de-
It is dark blue or nearly pressed at the tip. black when mature, is two-celled, with one or
two largish seeds thin and inedible.

Leaves.
in
each
cell.
The
grow
flesh
is
The
berries
in loose
red-stalked clusters.
October.
leaves are borne on
The compound
The five to seven long channeled red stems. leaflets are in a whorl at the apex of the leaf
stalk.
They
are
variable
in
shape,
oval
or
and are coarsely toothed along the The stems are short apex half of the margin. and the apex is long and acute. The leaves early assume their red, crimson, and purplish
elliptical,
fall colorings.
Flowers.
flowers
The
in
reddish
or
greenish
their
small
inconof
grow
cymes.
Despite
spicuous
appearance
is
and
apparent
lack
odor, they are visited
Virginia Creeper
by many bees. a vine which has been
218
HO W TO KNOW WILD FEUITS

cultivated.
It
much
grows rapidly, and covers

supports offered it. climbs tree trunks
It
house yalls and
various
When growing wild, it and covers stone walls, fences, and rocks.
supports itself by means of the small disks at the ends of the tendrils. The fall coloring is brilliant. Its five leaflets are a feature distinguishing
it
from the Poison Ivy, which has

habits
of
somewhat
similar
growth.
The
latter's leaflets are
but three in number.
ANGELICA TREE.
Aralia spinosa
HERCULES' CLUB
Ginseng Family
berrylike drupes are fiveThe lobed and bear the styles at the summit.
Fruit.
fruits
is
The black
grow in large terminal clusters. The flesh thin. The fruits hang on the trees during the
Leaves.
winter.
The
leaves
are
doubly or
triply
The leaflets are compound and very large. ovate, thick, and serrate. They are dark green
above
prickly.
fall
and
paler
beneath.
The
petioles
is
are
Dark red with
traces of yellow
the
coloring.

Flowers.
219
The small white
flowers
grow
in
umbels, some of which form a large panicle. In the south, this plant is said to become tree of fifty feet in height. In our section, a
a small tree or large shrub. The branchless stems often grow in groups, bearing
however,
their
it is
compound leaves in clusters at the The general effect is somewhat like a top. palm. The stems and leaves are thorny. The
large
flowers, like those of the Spikenard, are late in ap-
Southern pearing and the fruit matures rapidly. New York is the northern limit, although it is
often cultivated
escapes.
farther
north and sometimes
AMERICAN SPIKENARD.
Aralia racemosa
INDIAN ROOT
Ginseng Family
Fruit.
fruits is
The
grow
large
of
raceme-like
cluster
of
composed
numerous umbels.
Smaller
The berry is dark purple or reddish brown, small, gobular, five-seeded, and crowned with tiny calyx teeth,
clusters
in the leaf axils.
through which the styles project.

like the roots, are aromatic.
The
berries,
September.
Leaves.
The
leaves are large
and compound,
220
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
AMERICAN SPIKENARD
(Aralia racemosa)
Each has a main stem and two opposite

branches.
lateral
Three to
five leaflets,
a terminal one
BLACK OE DARK PURPLE

and the others
stems.
in pairs,
221
of the
grow on each
The
leaflets are
sometimes lobed.
They
are usually heart-shaped and sharply and doubly toothed. The point is long and sharp, and the base is heart-shaped. The veins on the lower
surface are hairy.
Flowers.
flowers form
The
small,
greenish,
umbelled
or
long terminal spikes
smaller
spikes in the leaf axils.
July, August.
Along
the
wooded
roadsides,
the greenish
white flowers appear about the time that the Golden-rod begins to blossom. The fruit follows
in
haste;
is
and the
plant, with its tiny glassy

of
spheres,
bloom.
Its
more noticeable than in its period The berries are used as food by birds.
range is from New Brunswick to Georgia and west to Minnesota.
WILD OR VIRGINIAN SARSAPARILLA

Aralia nudicaulis
Ginseng Family
fruit is
Fruit.
which
is
borne on a naked scape, shorter than the leaf stalks. There is
The
usually one large cluster of fruits at the top of the scape. This cluster is often composed of
222
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
WILD SARSAPARILLA
(Aralia nudicaulis)
two small
clusters borne
on short stems.
From
this central cluster radiate,
on longer stems, one
BLACK OE DARK PURPLE

or more smaller clusters of fruits.
223
clusters
The
The them are berrylike drupes composing At the top globular and about the size of peas.
black
of each
is
are compact and globular in appearance.
with
its
visible the opening of the calyx tube, minute teeth. Projecting through and
beyond
this are the five styles.
five-celled,
with one nutlet in
The drupe is each cell. The

five-celled
green fruits are ridged,

structure externally
;
showing the
but
when
ripe the drupes
are
nearly smooth. July, August. Leaves. There is usually one, sometimes there
are two, long stalked,

leaf
compound
leaves.
Each
leaflets
has three divisions of five to seven
each.
These are finely toothed and acute at the
apex. Flowers.
The
in
flowers
are
greenish white,
and are borne
umbels composed of from three

root serves as a substitute for
to seven clusters of bloom.
The aromatic
the South American Sarsaparilla. Bluebirds are recorded as eating the fruit. It favors damp
to
woods, and extends south from Newfoundland North Carolina and west to the Dakotas.
224
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA.
Aralia hispida
WILD ELDER
Ginseng Family
Fruit.
like
fruit
The dark
blue, almost black, berry-
When the drupes are usually five-seeded. is green, or the berry somewhat dry, it
its
The five parts very distinctly. styles protrude through the persistent calyx tube Several umbels on very at the top of the fruit.
shows
five
slender smooth pedicels grow at the the plant stem. August.
summit
of
The leaves are twice pinnate, with ovate leaflets. These are finely toothed, long sharply acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, and hairy on the veins beneath.
Leaves.
Flowers.
The tiny white

clusters.
is
flowers
grow
in
nearly hemispherical This Sarsaparilla
distinguished by the bristles which are scattered along the stem. It
grows from one to two feet high, and frequents rocky and sandy places. It extends south to North Carolina.
BRISTLY SARSAPARILLA (Aralia hispida)
225
226
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
TUPELO.
Nyssa sylvatica
Fruit.
SOUR GUM.
PEPPERIDGE
Dogwood Family
The
fruit
clusters
slender stems from the leaf
grow on long axils. They rarely

the bluish
contain more than two or three of
The flesh is thin and acid, black ovoid drupes. and the bony stone grooved. The drupes serve as food for birds. October.
Leaves.
The
leaves are a soft glossy green
above, with a paler, somewhat hairy under surface. They vary in shape from lanceolate to
oval and obovate.
They
are often entire, some-
times notched, with large teeth near the apex. Flowers. Sterile and fertile flowers usually
grow on different trees, but sometimes on the same tree. They are yellowish green. The sterile flowers grow in several-flowered clusters, and the fertile ones are solitary, or in a close
whorl of a few blossoms.
stalks
They grow on
tree,
short
which elongate in fruit. This is an ornamental, rather small

foliage.
with
an attractive
Its
branches are rather
The wood splits low, horizontal, and quite close. with difficulty on account of its twisted fibers.
TUPELO (Nyssa
227
sylvatica)
228
HOW
is
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
for the tree.
Tupelo
still
the
Indian
name
An
interesting tradition in connection with the tree
around slavery days. It was customary to use a log of the Sour Gum as the back log for the rousing Christmas fire. As
clings
long as the
fire lasted,
was suspended.
slaves
work on the plantation Prompted by the characteristic

by the colored
race, the
it
love of leisure possessed
would cut a large log
in the fall, sink
under water, and leave it there until near Christmas, when they would raise it and carry it in
with the other Christmas
fuel.
Full of water,
it
burnt a long time, and the slaves enjoyed a cor-
The tree ranges respondingly long vacation. from New England west to Michigan, and south
to Florida
and Texas.
ALPINE OR BLACK BEARBERRY

Mairania alpina
Arctostaphylos alpina
Heath Family
Fruit.
juicy.
lets,
The globose drupes are black and They inclose four or five separate nutone-seeded.
each
They grow
in
small
clusters.

Leaves.
229
The leaves
are deciduous, toothed,
and
inversely
egg-shaped,
with
conspicuous
veinings.
Flowers.
The white
is
ovoid flowers have a

in terminal racemes.
narrow
throat.
They grow
This Bearberry
tains of
an Arctic mountainous shrub

It also occurs in the
around the world.
moun-
New England
and Canada.
It is de-
pressed, not half a foot high.
BLACK OR HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY

Gaylussacia resinosa
Huckleberry Family
Fruit.
The
short
black, shining, berrylike drupes
grow
in
racemose
clusters.
The calyx
teeth are plainly visible. cross section of the fruit near the base shows the circular arrange-
ment
of the ten nutlets around the core.
This
core tapers toward the summit, being somewhat
cone-shaped.
Leaves.
July, August.
thick green leaves are covered with resinous dots. They are entire and have
short petioles. They vary from oblong to oval, and are obtuse or acutish. purplish red is one of the most noticeable of its fall colorings.
The
230
P1OW TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
or pink bells
Flowers.
The reddish
grow
in
short one-sided racemes.
There are several varieties with berries

ing from the type
; ;
differ-
some, pear-shaped some, and some, black with a bloom. bluish Gaylussacia resinosa is the Huckleberry com;
monly what
for sale.
The
flesh is
harder than that
of the Blueberries, but the
hard nutlets are some-
objectionable.
!
Huckleberries and milk
What
recollections
!
of childhood the combination recalls

robins, cedar birds, crows,
Bluebirds,
and blue jays share
with mortals a liking for the berries. The Huckleberries contribute an important
share to the beauty of the autumnal display of
colors.
Great purplish patches on pasture
hill-
sides are visible for a considerable distance.
The species extends as and west to Minnesota.
far south as Georgia,
DWARF OR BUSH HUCKLEBERRY

Gaylussacia dumosa
Huckleberry Family
berrylike drupes, with their ten seedlike nutlets, are small, watery, and insipid.
Fruit.
The
231
They are black and shining, without bloom, and grow in an open bracted cluster. July, August. The thick leaves are green on both Leaves. sides, shining when old, and resinous. They
are nearly or quite stemless, and often slightly downy. The apex is obtuse or acute, and ends
in a sharp point.
Flowers.
The racemes
of
white,
in loose
red bell-shaped flowers racemes. June.
grow
pink, or bracted
The
of
fruit
of
this
account.
The plant
is
variety is not of much the principal member

It
grows in sandy swamps along the coast from Newfoundland to Florida and Louisiana.
the genus
southward.
LOW BLACK BLUEBERRY

Vaccinium nigrum
Fruit.
Huckleberry Family
is
The berry The
black and has no bloom.
July.
Leaves.
oblanceolate.
leaves are oblong, obovate, or

are nearly sessile
is
They
and
finely
toothed.
The apex
acute and the base narsurface

is
rowed or rounded.
The under
pale
and whitened.
232
BOW
The
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
white and
bell-
Flowers.
shaped.
of
.
The
flowers are
bell is
rounder than the blossom
F. Pennsylvanicum.
Only a few flowers ap-
pear in the cluster. This is sometimes considered as a variety of F. Pennsylvanicum, and often grows with it. It
differs
from
it
in
having a rounder,
is
bell-like blos-
som and
in the black bloomless fruit.
Vaccinium atrococcum
as a variety of
F.
sometimes considered
corymbosum, which is described in the blue section. The stems and under leaf surfaces are downy. black and lack bloom.
The
berries are
FRINGE TREE
Chionanthus Virginica
Olive Family
The purple oval drupes grow in loose They are covered with a bloom. The four-parted calyx is persistent at the base and the style is at the tip. The dry flesh contains one stony seed. The skin is thick. Leaves. The ovate or obovate-lanceolate
Fruit.
clusters.
leaves have stout, hairy stems. They are entire, and sharp or rounded at the apex. The under

hairy along the veins. turn yellow in the fall.
surface
is
233
The
leaves
Flowers.
rative
The white
hanging
flower clusters are deco-
among
the green foliage.
The four
nar-
row
petals,
like fringes, give the
common
name
to the plant.
The Greek, Chionanthus, meaning snow and

blossom, refers to the white flowers.
or small tree,
is
This shrub,
native as far north as
New
Jer-
sey and
southern
Pennsylvania,
and
extends
southward to Florida and west to Texas, ArIt grows along the banks kansas, and Kansas.
of streams.
It is often cultivated at the north.
PRIVET
Ligustrum vulgare
Olive Family
Fruit.
one- to
panicles.
The shining black berries are from two-seeded. They grow in terminal
Leaves.
The
leaves are deciduous with us,
but in the south of Europe are evergreen. are entire and very smooth.
Flowers.
They
are
in
The small white

and
bark
are
flowers
terminal panicles.
The
leaves
astringent.
In
234
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FEUITS
Belgium and
in other parts of Europe, the small
twigs are powdered and used for tanning leather. The juice of the berries is used in dyeing. This
It a hardy shrub from six to eight feet high. has been naturalized from Europe. It is often
is
used for hedges.

Privet
Some
of its old English
names
are Primwort, Skedge,

is
and Skedgwith. reported growing on the walls of
Cologne Cathedral, the seeds obviously having been deposited there by bird agencies.
BLACK OR GARDEN NIGHTSHADE

Solanum
iiigrum
Potato Family
Fruit.
in
Smallish, black, globular berries
grow
drooping clusters
from the
side of the stems.
Their pedicels are slender, and the five-parted The berries are smooth calyx is at the base.
and contain many thin, flat seeds. Leaves. The ovate leaves usually have one side which is slightly longer than the other.
They are wavy-toothed,

stems.
thin,
and have thin
Flowers.
The
five-lobed white flowers
grow
in lateral clusters.
July-September.
BLACK NIGHTSHADE
(Solatium nigrum)
286
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
the roadside and in waste places, the Black Nightshade occasionally appears. It is a rather
By
low spreading annual.
AMERICAN ELDER.
Sambucus Canadensis
Fruit.
SWEET ELDER
Honeysuckle Family
Large, full, flat, drooping clusters of purplish or almost black drupes grow at the ends of the branches. Usually, five small nutlets and
purplish juice are the contents of each fruit. The calyx teeth and stigma are visible at the
summit.
Leaves.
August, September.
The compound
leaves are opposite.

are coarsely and
Their five to eleven leaflets grow on short stems,
and are oblong or ovate.
They
sharply toothed, the teeth sometimes hooked. The under surface is lighter than the upper, and The tip is acute and the base rounded, hairy.
acute, or heart-shaped.
Flowers.
The
small, whitish, fragrant flowers
compound cyme. In July, this blossoming shrub delights both the sense of sight and that of smell as one passes
along the roadway bordered by
it.
grow
in a flat
In the
fall,
tiLACK OR
DARK PURPLE
237
at school-opening season, the drooping clusters

of fruit are a feast for the eye
;
are sometimes
;
used for pies and homemade wine and furnish material for the country boy's ink bottle, much to
the distress of his school ma'am.
is
Professor
Budd
responsible for the statement, that

acid,
with the
addition of an
Elderberries
berries.
make
vinegar or lemon juice, as good a pie as Huckle-
The new growths are smooth and green, and

the older stems are grayish, with raised dots. The pith is white, distinguishing this Elder from the Red-berried, which has a brown pith. It is a common plant of the United States and Canada.
MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM OR ARROWWOOD. DOCKMACKIE

Viburnum aceriiolium
Fruit.
Honeysuckle Family
oval in
The smallish drupes are somewhat shape, with two opposite sides flattened.
tip.
They
black
stone
are pointed at the
They
is
when
is
ripe.
The
flesh
are nearly thin and the
doubly convex, with one ridged surface The and the other one slightly two-grooved.
238
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM (Viburnum

fruits are
acerifolium)
borne in a terminal
stems.
flat
cluster,
on
reddish
downy
Late August, September,
and
persistent through the winter.

Leaves.
239
The
leaves are in pairs, with tiny
stipules at the base of the stems.
surface of the leaf

is soft,
is
lighter
The under than the upper, and
to
The shape varies from oval The leaves are unsomewhat three-lobed.
with down.
flower
cluster
consists
of
evenly toothed. The Flowers.
perfect, small, white, or cream-colored blossoms.
May, June.
This
is
a low shrub, seldom exceeding six

It is quite readily distinguished
feet in height.
by the resemblance
of its leaves to those of the
Red Maple.
grows on the border of woods south to North Carolina and west to Michigan and Minnesota.
It
DOWNY-LEAVED ARROWWOOD
Viburnum pubescens
Fruit.
clustered.
Honeysuckle Family
The dark purple oval drupes are The flesh is thin and the stone is
two-grooved on each surface. August. The ovate leaves are stemless or Leaves.
nearly
so.
They
are coarsely toothed

is
and acute
at apex, or sometimes the point
long drawn
240
out.
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
is
The under
surface
soft
with down.
Purple and red are the foliage colors of autumn, which contrast with the dark berries.
Flowers.
in an
The abundant white
flowers
grow
open cyme.
or nearly sessile, leaves and their pubescence are characteristics of this low
sessile,
The
soft
It extends branching shrub of rocky woods. It south along the Alleghanies to Georgia. ranges west to Minnesota and Iowa.
WITHE-ROD
Viburnum cassinoides
Fruit.
Honeysuckle Family
The
borne on red
globose or ovoid drupes are stems. The cluster presents a
most attractive appearance with light green, pink, and blue-black fruits in various stages of
ripening.
The dark drupes are covered with a The minute calyx and stigma soft blue bloom. The flesh is quite abundant persist at the tip. and sweet. The stone is flat, with a slight hollow on one side and a convex surface on the
other.
Late August, September.
Leaves.
on flattened
The thickish opposite leaves grow petioles, which nearly encircle the
WITHE-ROD (Viburnum
cassinoides)
241

smaller branches.
243
Brown
circular
dots appear
on the upper surface of the leaf along the midvein, and are scattered about on the under
surface.
tip.
The
leaf
is
usually ovate, with a blunt
The
teeth are fine

is
and somewhat rounded,

entire.
or the margin
sometimes
Flowers.
and and
full.
The flower cluster is quite large The whitish flowers are small, perfect,
June.
rather straggling, and has an The twigs are somewhat bark.
is
five-parted.
The shrub
ash-colored
scurfy
and
is
dotted.
The
slender
last
year's
sometimes used in binding sheaves. growth It is a swamp plant, and extends south to New
Jersey and west to Minnesota.
LARGER WITHE-ROD
Viburnum nudum
Honeysuckle Family
usually a larger species than Viburnum cassinoides, and has a southern range extending
This
is
from
The leaves Jersey south to Florida. are more prominently veined than in the precedand sometimes scurfy above.
New
ing,
is
The margin
generally entire.
244
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEPBERRY NANNY BERRY

Viburnum Lentago
Fruit.
Honeysuckle Family
are crimson, before ripen-
The drupes
ing to a dark blue or black, and the two colors The fruits often mingle in the fruit cluster.
are covered with bloom, are drooping,
clusters
have slender red
stalks.
is
and the The calyx tube,
with the projecting stigma,
at the summit.
The
is
fruit is rather large
and
edible.
is
The stone
grooved on
flattened, has a blunt point, and both sides. September, October.
Leaves.
pointed,
The broad oval leaves are sharpclosely toothed.
and are sharply and

stem
is
The
leaf
In the
fall
usually winged or margined. the leaves are deep red or marked
with orange.
Flowers.
The small white
flowers
grow
in
terminal cymes. The numerous yellow anthers give the 'flower a yellowish appearance, May, June.
This small tree has rusty, scurfy, scale-like bark, especially on the young shoots. Its foliage
is
good, and the flower clusters large and showy.
SWEET VIBURNUM (Viburnum

245
Lentago)
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FftUlTS
It occurs quite frequently in
streams from Canada to
woods and along Georgia, and west to
Minnesota and Missouri.
BLACK HAW.
Viburnum prunifolium
Fruit.
STAG BUSH
Honeysuckle Family
-The dark blue, nearly black, oval
The drupes are borne in a few-fruited .cluster. The oval fruits are whitened with a bloom.
stone
is
flat
on one
side
and a
trifle
is
curved on
the other.
after
The
flavor of the fruit
improved
having been frosted.
September.
Leaves.
at
The oval the apex and finely
leaves are usually obtuse
toothed.
green above and lighter on short stems which are sometimes winged. The cream-white flowers grow in a Flowers.
flat-topped cluster.
They are dark beneath. They grow
May.
This ^Viburnum, like the Sweet Viburnum, sometimes reaches the stature of a tree. It is
found from Connecticut to Florida, and extends west to Michigan, Kansas, and Texas.
BLUE
BLUE
COMMON JUNIPER
Juniperus communis
Pine Family
Fruit.
The
until the second year,
berrylike cones do not develop and often remain on the
branches some time after ripening. When fully ripe, in the fall of the second year, the fruits
are dark blue with a bloom.
They
berry
are usually
is
three-seeded.
The
flesh of the
dry and
mealy.
The
seeds are slow in germinating, re-
The fruit develops from quiring two years. three fleshy scales, united from their bases nearly
to the tips,
and inclosing three ovules.

in a
When
with
center.
ripe, the tips of the scales are still visible,
lines
from each joining

is
common
The berry
is
much
It nearly stemless and axillary. used in making gin, an infusion of the
berries being
added to
distilled grain.
Leaves.
The
short, stemless,
sharp-pointed
leaves are arranged in whorls of three.

are bright green
They
sur-
and shining on the lower

249
Low JUNIPER
(Juniperus nana)
250
BLUE
face,
251
and channeled and whitened on the upper one. The whitened appearance of the upper surface
is
due to a thin layer of wax, which covers
and
protects,
from dew and
rain, the stomata,
or openings, of the air passages.
Flowers.
ers
The
st animate
and
pistillate flow-
grow May.
in
aments on separate
plants.
April,
Juniperus communis is an erect shrub or small tree, common to the northern portions of Europe, In the latter continent it Asia, and America.
extends as far south as
New
Jersey,
Pennsyl-
vania, Nebraska, Michigan, and along the Kockies to New Mexico.
Juniperus nana (Juniperus communis, var. alpina of Gray) is distinguished from the preceding by a growth in low circular patches. These spread over waste rocky hillsides and are eradicated with difficulty. The leaves are
somewhat
stouter and less spreading than those
of Juniperus
communis.
252
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
RED CEDAR
Juiiiperus Virginiana
Pine Family
Fruit.
and wider
triangular
fruits are globular or flattened " " a at the top, giving the berry " " The so-called is outline. berry
The
formed by the coalescence of fleshy scales, the tips of which are indicated by tiny projections on the fruit. It grows on a straight peduncle
and
flesh
contains
are
one or two seeds.
Seeds
and
aromatic.
October, November, and
persistent.
Leaves.
The
leaves are of
r the younger trees they are arranged loosely along the branches.
two kinds. On often aw l-shaped and

These
together with short, scale-like, overlapping leaves crowded closely

also appear
trees,
on older
together.
Flowers.
usually 'on
The
The
sterile
and
fertile flowers are
different
trees,
sometimes on the
same
tree.
flowers are small
and grow
in
terminal aments.
April, May. The Red Cedar is a shrub or tree with reddish brown bark, which peels off in shreds on the older growths. The wood is whitish or red, and
BLUE
253
RED CEDAR
(Juniperus Virginiana)
has a pleasant, persistent odor.
It is
used for
pencils, small boxes, fence posts, and sometimes
254
pails.
HOW
It is
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
very durable, but has been used so

it is
extravagantly that
now
expensive.
The
Cedar seeds are scattered by birds, and the
trees often
grow along fence rows.

magnitude in
their greatest
They reach swamps and low
grounds of the south, but are common throughout the United States. In the north, they grow
on dry
hills as well as
near swamps.
SHRUBBY RED CEDAR

Juniperus Sabina
Pine Family
Fruit.
The
fruit
differs
from that
of
the
Red Cedar in being borne on recurved stemlike branches instead of on erect ones.
The
leaves are of
two kinds,
is
similar to those
of the preceding species.
a prostrate, sometimes creeping shrub, seldom more than four feet high; It grows on the borders of swamps or on
The Shrubby Red Cedar
rocky banks in northward.
New England
to Minnesota,
and
YELLOW CLINTONIA
(Clintonia borealis)
256
BLUE
257
YELLOW CLINTONIA
Clintonia borealis
Lily-of-the- Valley
Family
Fruit.
in
color.
The ovoid berry is almost a pure blue It is many-seeded. The umbel of
fruit
grows at the top of an erect stem. August. There are two to four shiny, oval or Leaves.
oblong, light green leaves, with their stalks acting as a sheath for the base of the scape.
Flowers.
The
ing flowers grow May, June.
three to six, greenish, droopat the summit of the scape.

in honor
The plant
Clinton,
is
named
It
of
De Witt
State
who was
a governor of
New York
and a
naturalist.
a foot in height.
creeping.
It is
grows from six inches to The rootstock is slender and
found in woods from Labrador to North

Its
Carolina.
western limit
is
Minnesota.
BLUE COHOSH.
Caulophyllum tbalictroides
Fruit.
PAPOOSE ROOT
Barberry Family
is
The
fruit resembles a drupe, but

fleshy.
naked seed with the outer coat
There
258
HOW
these
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
are originally
two seeds
in the developing ovary.
grow they burst their membranous and continue growth as pairs of naked covering The fruit is blue with a bloom, globular, seeds.
As
and borne on short stout

in raceme-like clusters.
stalks.
The
fruits
grow
one large leaf at the top of the stem and sometimes a smaller one near the
Leaves.
There
is
base of the flower.
parted and the
leaflets
The compound leaf is thricehave two or three lobes.
They
small,
are coarsely toothed.
Flowers.
The
flowers are yellowish green,

April,
and in racemes.
May.
is
This herb of early growth appears, in rich
woods, in April. bloom-covered.
When
It
is
young, the whole plant
more common
far south as
to the west-
ward, and extends as
South Carolina.
SASSAFRAS
Sassafras sassafras
Sassafras officinale
Laurel Family
Fruit.
The
fruit
is
an oval dark blue drupe.
This
fits
into a red hollow cup,
which
is
thick-
ened calyx and fleshy stem.
The calyx
teeth
BLUE COHOSH (Caulophyllwn

259
thalictroides)
BLUE
scallop the edge of the cup.
is
261
The
flesh of the
rather thin and the stone large. drupe cotyledons are large and fleshy. The fruits
The
grow
singly or in small clusters from the base of the season's shoots. The fruit is eaten by birds, but
is
unpleasantly spicy. August. Leaves. On the mature trees, oval leaves
predominate.
;
The young
shoots
bear
oval
leaves leaves with a lobe at one side, looking like the thumb of a mitten or three-lobed
;
leaves, with two lateral lobes and a terminal one. The hollows of the lobed leaves are
rounded.
The
young leaves are reddish but
become dark green above with a lighter lower surface. The leaves and twigs are mucilaginous.
Yellow and orange are the
Flowers.
ers
fall colors.
The greenish yellow
dioecious flow-
many-flowered racemes. Sassafras and Spice Bush are our only repre-
grow
in drooping
sentatives of a large family that, in the tropics,
include
plants that
yield
and
several
differently
scented
cinnamon, camphor, The woods.
Laurel or
Bay
Tree, whose leaves were used by
the ancients in
making wreaths with which
to
crown
family.
their heroes, is also a
member
of
this
262
HOW
TO
SNOW
is
WILD FRUITS
Aromatic bark
common
characteristic.
The bark and roots are ingredients in root beer, and from the bark of the roots oil of sassafras is made. The bark of the Sassafras is much cracked and roughened. Emerson says that, in the southwestern parts of the country, the dried leaves of the Sassafras are much used for flavoring
soups.
Columbus
of
is
said to
have increased his
own hope
being near land, and to have quieted the mutinies of his crew, from catching whiffs of the strong fragrance of the Sassafras.
Sassafras roots were a part of the
first
cargo to
from Massachusetts to England. At that time they were much prized for supposed
be
sent
medicinal properties. The wood is when seasoned is tough and light.
brittle,
but
The
trees
grow rapidly and spread by suckers, often formThe range is through the Missising thickets. sippi valley and eastward.
ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL OR DOGWOOD

Cormis circinata
Dogwood Family
Fruit.
or white.
The small drupe is very light blue The fruit develops sparingly and the
BLUE
263
The stone is nearly cymes are not very full. It is aromatic globose and somewhat ridged. and bitter. September.
Leaves.
The
leaves are nearly round, some-
times even broader than long. The apex is acute and the base rounded or heart-shaped. The under
surface
densely hairy and has prominent veins. The white blossoms are rather Flowers.
is
large and in full-blossomed cymes.

cels are
The
pedi-
somewhat
is
hairy.
its
This shrub
quite spreading in
Its
habit,
and
from three
broad.
rocks.
to ten feet high.
branches are
green and warty.

It
The
leaves are distinctively
grows
in the shade
and often among

to Virginia.
It extends
from Nova Scotia
SILKY CORNEL.
Cornus
KINNIKINNIK
Cornus sericea
Amonum
Dogwood Family
Fruit.
green to the calyx teeth persistent in a depression at the The flesh is whitish and the stone summit.
noticeably
ridged.
The drupes vary in ripening from They are globular, with pale blue.
The
fruits
grow
in a flat
SILKY CORNEL (Cornus Amonum) 264
BLUE
265
terminal cluster. The peduncles and pedicels are reddish and clothed with soft down. Late
August, September.
Leaves.
The
simple,
opposite
is
leaves
are
ovate or
base
is
elliptical.
The
tip
pointed and the
rounded or often uneven, one side being The stems and under longer than the other. leaf surfaces are downy, sometimes rusty.
flowers.
flat
The small white

June.
is
flowers
grow
in
compact cymes.
This shrub
Its
erect
and somewhat spreading.
green bark has a reddish tinge and in winter the branches become purplish. The branchlets,
stems, and lower leaf surfaces are finely woolly. It is one of the latest of the family to blossom
but fruits
in
company with the Panicled
Cornel,
the two often forming hedges along the fence rows and highways. It is very decorative in
fruit,
and
is
being more
It
and more used
by
landscape
sively as
gardeners.
far west as
the
grows quite Dakotas and south
exten-
to the gulf.
266
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL OR
DOGWOOD
Cormis
alternifolia
Dogwood Family
in
Fruit.
The small deep blue drupes grow
an irregularly branched drooping cyme. PedunThe flesh of cles and pedicels are a deep red.
the
drupe
is
scanty,
a pithy texture.
is
white or pinkish, and of There is but one stone, which
The style usually two-seeded. projects through the minute calyx tube, at the summit of the fruit. The drupe is tenaciously
globose and
bitter.
It ripens in early
August, being one of
the
Dogwoods to fruit. Leaves. The alternate leaves usually grow in clusters at the ends of the branches. They are entire or minutely toothed, and ovate or oval. The pointed apex is long drawn out and the base is rounded or acute. The upper surface is shining and dark green the lower one, whitfirst
;
ened and covered with fine hairs, especially along

the
veins.
The veins
are
prominent on the
under surface, looking like tiny cords running The petiole has a grooved through the leaf. upper surface. Yellow or yellow and scarlet are
the fall colors.
ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL (Cornus
alternifolid)
267
BLUE
Flowers.
flowers
269
white,
four-parted
The
small,
grow
is
in broad loose cymes.
June.
a pretty shrub or small tree, distinguished from the other Dogwoods by its alternate This
leaves.
Its flower clusters, too, differ, the second-
ary stalks growing alternately instead of starting from the same point. The leaf clusters are
broad and
flat,
and
so arranged as to
form a green
of the fruit
background for the red and black

cluster.
is,
This
Dogwood
fruit, bitter
though
it
serves as food for the birds.
It is
common
from
New
Brunswick to Minnesota and as far
south as Georgia.
BLUE TANGLE. TANGLEBERRY. DANGLEBERRY

Gaylussacia frondosa
Huckleberry Family
loose clusters of berrylike
Fruit.
The long
The drupes are characteristic of this species. separate fruits are rather large, dark blue with a
white bloom, globose, and sweet with a slight The calyx teeth crown the summit. acidity.
The
fruits
ripen
late
and are rather
scarce.
July, August.
270
Leaves.
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
The
short-petioled leaves are thin,
large, pale green,
whitened and resinous on the
under surface, and oval to inversely egg-shaped.

Flowers.
son says,
"
The greenish pink bells, as Emerhang dangling on slender strings,
from one to three inches long." These stems are bracted, and the raceme-like flower cluster is long
and
loose.
May, June.
England,
the
In
New
Dangleberry grows
mostly along the coast. It extends south to Florida and Louisiana and west to Ohio. It
prefers
moist
ground,
is
and
the fruit
in
the
warmer
locations
of
improved quality.
BOX HUCKLEBERRY
Gaylussacia brachycera
Huckleberry Family
Fruit. The light blue, berry like drupes grow in short clusters. They have ten seedlike nutlets.
The evergreen leaves are thick and and lack the resinous dots common to leathery, the rest of the genus. They are oval, and the margins have rounded teeth and are somewhat
Leaves.
rolled
backwards.
The
leaf
stems are very short.
SLUE
Flowers.
flowers
271
or
pink bell-shaped on very short pedicels, in short grow
The white
racemes.
May.
This low shrub, scarcely exceeding a foot in height, has a limited range, occurring in dry
woods from Delaware and Pennsylvania

ginia.
to Vir-
GREAT BILBERRY
Vaccinium uliginosum
Fruit.
Huckleberry Family
bloom-covered, globular usually grow singly or in clusters of from two to four. They are four- or five-celled,
blue,
The
berries
sweet, and not very abundant.
July, August.
Leaves.
fully
The oblong
or obovate leaves,
when
grown, are thick, bright green above and

beneath.
paler
They
are
entire
and nearly
stemless.
Flowers.
The
a
solitary or few-clustered pink
flowers have their parts mostly in fours.
This
is
low
tufted
shrub
with
many
branches.
It inhabits the
New England and New
mountain heights of York, the shore of Lake

It is
Superior, and thence northward to Alaska.
272
also
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
of
found in the northern countries
the
Eastern Hemisphere.
DWARF BILBERRY
Vaccinium caespitosum
Fruit.
Huckleberry Family
is
The berry
It
globular and blue, with

It is five-celled.
a bloom.
has a sweet flavor.
The
fruits usually
grow
singly in the leaf axils.
August.
Leaves.
ovate,
The smooth shining leaves are with small blunt teeth. The petioles The white or pink
ob-
are
very short.
Flowers.
shaped.
is mainly a mountain or cold country and grows to a height of from four shrub, inches to two feet.
flowers are bell-
This
HIGH-BUSH OR TALL BLUEBERRY

Vaccinium corymbosum
Fruit.
Huckleberry Family
differ
--The
berries
much
some
in
color,
some
varieties bearing shiny black berries,
black with a blue bloom, and
blue.
some The
BLUE
273
HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium corymboswri)
size
of the berry
is
alsc variable.
The
berries
grow
in a cluster at the end of a short, nearly
274
leafless
BOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
growth.
branch of
last year's
The calyx
teeth are noticeable at the
Some
acid.
berries
summit of the berry. are very sweet and others rather
Leaves.
entire.
July, August. In the typical form the margins are
After the time of flowering, the leaves broaden without increasing in length. They are
oval or elliptical-lanceolate. The under surface short.
The
is
petioles
are
paler
than the
upper and Flowers.

ish,
be smooth or hairy. The blossoms are white or pinkcylindrical, and somewhat narrowed at the
may
throat.
They grow in short racemes. The High Blueberry grows to a height

four
to
of
from
shrub.
ten
feet.
It
forms a bushy
the older branches the bark roughens and comes off in shreads. The leaves add their
scarlet
On
and orange colorings
to the brilliancy of
the
autumnal swamp
as far north as
foliage.
These
berries
Newfoundland, west to While reachMinnesota, and south to Virginia. their most luxuriant growth in swamps, ing
grow
they are also abundantly found in old pastures.
276
BLUE
277
DWARF BLUEBERRY
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum
Fruit.
Huckleberry Family
The globular blue berries are covered They grow in clusters at the ends The five calyx teeth are very of the branches. Each berry contains many small prominent. seeds and is usually ten-celled. June, July. Leaves. The oval-lanceolate leaves are stemless and acute at both ends. The teeth are minute and bristle-like. Each surface is shining,
with bloom.
but the lower one
is lighter green than the upper. In autumn are alternate in arrangement. They they change to red colorings and fall early.
Flowers.
The white
a dwarf
bell-shaped flowers
grow
in few-flowered racemes.
rough green branches, which are thickly covered with tiny It is the earliest of the white, raised dots.
shrub,
This
is
with
Blueberries to ripen, growing usually in rather exposed positions. It favors a thin, sandy soil,
and especially frequents dry pine woods. It has a sweet and delicious flavor and such tiny seeds
that
it is
much more
It
pleasant berry to eat than
the Huckleberry.
is soft,
however, and easily
278
bruised,
now
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
which prevents its being largely marketed. George Emerson says it is suitable for drying, and then forms a good substitute for
currants, for use in cakes, etc.
The
cluster of
ripening fruit presents an attractive color combination, with its green, pink, red, and blue berries.
is
Vaccinium Canadense, or Canadian Blueberry, similar to the preceding, but has leaves
which are
have entire margins.
downy.
August.
downy on both sides and which The branchlets are also The fruit ripens later in July or
It
has a more northern range, being most abundant in Canada. It is also found
along the mountains, south to likes moist woods and swamps.
Virginia.
It
LOW BLUEBERRY
Vaccinium vacillans
Fruit.
Huckleberry Family
berries of this shrub are borne
The
in raceme-like clusters at the

leafless twig.
end of a nearly
ble
at
The calyx teeth are plainly visithe summit. The fruit when ripe is
It is
blue,
with a bloom.
slightly
more acid
good
than
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum but of
BLUE
flavor.
279
later
The
berries ripen
than the pre-
ceding.
July, September.
The leaves are oval or obovate, dull green above and glaucous beneath. They are
Leaves.
narrowed or rounded at the base, and have The apex is acute and ends in short stems.
a short bristle.
so,
The margin is entire or nearly In the fall and the leaves are alternate.
the foliage changes to deep reds. The pink or greenish bell-shaped Flowers. blossoms are somewhat contracted at the mouth.
They grow
height.
soil
in clusters.
This shrub varies from one to four feet .in

It is stiff
and
erect.
It grows, in light
along the wood borders and shaded roadfrom New Hampshire west to Michigan, and south to Carolina and Missouri. The plant
sides
is prolific,
and when
all
the berries in the cluster
have
ripened the fruit
may
be stripped
off
by
handfuls.
ARROWWOOD
Viburnum dentatum
Fruit.
Honeysuckle Family
fruits
The
calls
are
blue,
dark
lead,
Emerson
them,
but when gathered or
280
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
They are oval, overripe become bluish black. with calyx teeth and stigmas at the pointed tip.
The
flesh
one side
other,
and the stone rounded on and with a rather deep groove on the
is
thin,
making a
cross section resemble a horse-
shoe that has been flattened at the toe.

fruits
The
grow in a flat-topped, erect cluster. They are dry and puckery, but are eaten by birds.
August, September.
Leaves.
The
leaves
are
opposite,
coarsely
and prominently toothed, ovate, pointed at the or heart-shaped at the base. tip, and rounded
The
petioles are short.
Little tufts of hair are
often in the axils of the midrib
veins
on the lower
green.
surface.
is
and branching The leaves are

the autumnal
yellowish
color.
Dark red
from
This shrub
is
five to fifteen feet high,
and has smooth gray bark.

axils."
The under
leaf
surface has the little clusters of
down
is
in the
The name Arrowwood the shrub from the use made

shoots for arrows
applied to of the young

It inhabits
by the Indians.
moist places and borders streams. It extends south, along the mountains, to Georgia and west
to Minnesota.
ABROWWOOD (Viburnum
281
dentatuni)
282
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
SOFT-LEAVED ARROWWOOD
Viburnum molle
Fruit.
Honeysuckle Family
The
and
blue drupe
is
similar to the fruit

is
of the preceding species.
It
larger, sharply
pointed,
is
oily.
not so deep as
Leaves.
The depression of the stone in Viburnum dentatum.

leaves
are
The
somewhat
larger
than those of the Arrowwood, but differ principally in being covered with soft hairs on the
under surface.
Viburnum molle
is
principally distinguished
from Viburnum dentatum by the pubescence on twigs, leaf, and flower stems, and lower leaf surfaces.
grows along the coast from eastern Massachusetts to Florida, and Texas.
It
BLUE OR MOUNTAIN FLY HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera ccerulea
Honeysuckle Family
Fruit. The berry is formed by the coalescence of two maturing ovaries. The exterior of the fruit shows its double structure by the two " " at the apex, each tiny eyes marking the rem-
\
BLUE OR MOUNTAIN FLY HONEYSUCKLE
283.
(Lonicera cosmled)
284
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
nant of a slightly five-toothed calyx. A cross sec tion of the berry shows a clearly marked partition
between the two ovaries.

short peduncles.
The
berries
grow on
They
are round or ovate and
dark blue, with a bloom. The berry is quite June. juicy, but the flavor is unpleasant.
Leaves.
The
thickish, opposite, ovate leaves
are rounded or narrowed at the base and obtuse

at the apex.
The upper and the under

is
surfaces
of the leaf are slightly hairy, as
the margin.
The pale yellow blossoms grow on short stems in the axils of the leaves. The
Flowers.
ovaries are almost united.
May.
a low upright shrub, from one to two feet high. It is quite common in mountain
This
is
woods and bogs.
The plant presents an
inter-
esting example of reserve buds.
Three almost
equal buds are formed, one above another, in each axil. The following year one bud develops into a shoot and the other two remain as they
are, unless
the
first
shoot
is
destroyed,
when
another bud develops to take its place. These reserve buds are said to keep their vitality for
several years.
YELLOW
YELLOW
NORTH AMERICAN PAPAW
Asimina triloba
Custard-Apple Family
Several large fleshy berries are borne These fruit together on a thickened peduncle. stems grow laterally from the axils of last year's
Fruit.
Each berry is from two to six inches long and somewhat resembles a green banana. Its color, when ripe, is a yellowish green, and it is covered with a whitish bloom. The pulp is light yellow and of a fine grain, is soft and sweet.
leaves.
Two
rows of
flat
horizontally
and
the
beanlike seeds are arranged each other alternate with

of
throughout
seeds
large,
length
in
the
berry.
The
are
inclosed
fleshy
arils.
They are
and form an obstacle

;
to the pleasure of
is
eating the fruit

Leaves.
the flavor
also too aromatic
to be greatly relished.
October.
The
leaves are large,
from ten
to
twelve inches long and four to

are entire, alternate,
five broad.
and
287
short-petioled.
They They
288
are
HOW
reverse
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
egg-shaped with acute apex, and
pointed or slightly rounded base. of the fall leaf is dirty yellow.
The
color
Flowers.
The
solitary flowers are green at
opening, changing through browns and }êllows to a deep red. They have two rows of petals ;
the outer three
erect,
spreading, and the inner three
forming a sort of cup. April. This is a low tree or shrub, forming a thick
undergrowth in
throughout the Mississippi valley. The foliage is dense and gives to the plant a tropical aspect. It is our one representative of a family which includes
many
forests, especially
many
spots
Rich, moist, woodland tropical species. and banks of streams are the localities
which it prefers. Its northern limit is Ontario and western New York. It extends west to
Michigan and S9uthward.
MAY
APPLE. MANDRAKE. UMBRELLA LEAF. WILD LEMON

Barberry Family
Podophyllum peltatum
Fruit. The large ovoid or lemon-shaped yellowish berry usually grows from the fork of two
YELLOW
leaves.
289
incloses. numerous
The
fruit is fleshy
is
and
seeds, each of which
surrounded by a pulpy aril. These seeds are arranged in rows along a large
lateral placenta.
It retains
The
fruit is sweet
and
edible.
the thickened
stigma at
the apex.
July.
Leaves.
The
leaves are five- to nine-lobed.
The The
lobes are two-cleft

flowerless
and pointed at the apex.

single leaves
stalks bear
with
the stems terminating near the center, giving the leaves a truly umbrella-like appearance. The
leaves of the flowering stalks are in pairs, and their stems join the leaves nearer their inner
edges.
The upper
surface
is
darker than the
lower.
Flowers.
with
its six to
peduncle
large, white, drooping blossom, nine petals, is borne on a stout in the fork of the leaves. It is
The
cross fertilized
by
bees, that visit the flowers
for their pollen.
They bear no
nectar.
April,
May.
The
leaves
and the horizontal creeping

if
root-
stocks are poisonous
eaten, but possess certain
medicinal
properties.
The plant spreads by

and forms large
fulfills
means
of its creeping rhizome
patches.
The
umbrella-like leaf
the mis-
i2l)0
I10W TO
KNOW
its
WILD FRUITS
for the pollen of the
of the flower
sion suggested
by
name
flower which
itself is
it
covers.
The shape
evidently protective in a similar way. The manner in which the leaf forces its way
is
through the ground

of the
interesting.
The
lobes
underground leaf are folded close to the At the point stem, in closed umbrella fashion.
corresponding to the tip of the umbrella, the leaf cells are white and toughened, forming a hard knob. This, as the stem grows, bores its way
through the earth to the surface. Above ground the group of cells softens, but remains as a white
spot on the leaf.
grows in low woods, and is more prevalent in the Middle States than in
It
New
England.
DWARF THORN
Crataegus uniflora.
Cratasgus parvifolia
is
Apple Family
Fruit.
The yellowish pome

It is
globular or
pear-shaped. usually solitary and borne on a short peduncle. The glandular, deeply cut calyx lobes are persistent.
Leaves.
shaped.
The thick leaves are inversely eggThey are nearly stemless, and the
YELLOW
291
upper portion of the margin has rounded teeth. The upper surface is shining and the lower one
hairy.
Flowers.
The white
flowers
grow on short
stems, usually alone, sometimes in pairs. This low downy shrub favors sandy soil, and
grows from southern New York south to Florida, where it reaches tree stature. It extends west
to
West Virginia and Louisiana.

fruit usually occur alone.
Both flower
and
DWARF
Panax
trifolium.
GINSENG.
Aralia trifolia
GROUNDNUT
Ginseng Family
Fruit.
The
berries are yellow, usually three-
They are angled, but sometimes in united pairs. two- to three-seeded. They grow in a simple
umbel.
Leaves.
The
three
compound
leaves
grow
in
a circle about the stem.

leaflets in each.
There are three to

the
five
The
leaflets are sessile, the
apex
obtuse,
the
base
narrowed, and
margin
in a
toothed.
Flowers.
The tiny white
flowers
April,
grow May.
small, fluffy, terminal cluster.
292
now
is
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
flower of our rich
This
quite a
common
woods.
high.
It is
seldom more than eight inches

is
Its tuher
is
globular,
edible,
and
aro-
matic, but
so
deep in southern limit.
rather difficult to procure, being the ground. Georgia marks the
DEERBERRY.
Vaccinium stamineum
SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY
Huckleberry Family
Fruit. This berry is globose or pear-shaped, It is rather large, and greenish or yellowish. scarcely edible, falsely ten-celled, and few-seeded.
The
fruits
grow in leafy-bracted racemes.
Sep-
tember.
Leaves.
leaves
The oval
have short, whitened or slightly pubescent beneath, and the margins are slightly rolled backwards.
Flowers.
their
or slightly heart-shaped downy petioles. They are
The
flowers are distinguished
by
long stamens, which project far beyond the short white corollas. The flowers grow in
graceful clusters, with leaf bracts smaller than
the regular leaves. This is a much-branched shrub, from
two
to
YELLOW
five
293
feet
high.
Maine and
Louisiana.
It grows in dry woods from Minnesota south to Florida and
PERSIMMON.
Diospyros Virginiana
DATE PLUM
Ebony Family
Fruit.
The
fruit is
is
but botanically
plumlike in appearance, a berry, with sometimes as
many
is
as eight large flat seeds.
When
green,
it
action of the frost to

cious.
very astringent, and in the north needs the make it sweet and deliIt then
changes from a yellowish color to a yellowish brown. The style is at the

at the base.
summit, and the thick, four- to six-lobed calyx, September, November.

thickish leaves are dark green above and paler beneath. They are nearly at the apex, and narsmooth, ovate, pointed
Leaves.
The
rowed or rounded at the

Flowers.
base.
The
ones
flowers are usually dioecious.
The
fertile
are solitary
and grow
in the
axils, while the smaller sterile ones are in small
clusters.
This tree
is
essentially southern, although
it
294
HOW
New
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
occurs occasionally as far north as
Rhode Island
in color
and
York.
brandies.
is
The The wood

it.
fruit is
is
used in beers and
blackish
and
lasts
well adapted for use in carving.
Shoe
are
of Argyle is Tree to King said to have given a Persimmon
made from
III.
The Duke
George
LOW HAIRY GROUND CHERRY

Physalis pubesceiis
Potato Family
fill
Fruit.
This yellowish berry does not
the
is
small, short,
sticky.
axils.
membranous
calyx.
The berry
The
solitary fruits
grow from the
leaf
Leaves.
The
leaves are entire or
somewhat
wavy and angled. They are rather small, from one inch to an inch and a half in length. They
are pubescent or nearly
smooth with hairy
veins.
Flowers.
centers
The
flowers are yellow, with dark
and purplish anthers. This is an annual which is much-branched, and has pubescent stems and leaves. It favors
sandy
soil
from
New York
to Minnesota,
and
south to Florida and Texas.
295
296
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
CUT-LEAVED GROUND CHERRY

Physalis angulata
Potato Family
Fruit.
The
fruit-enveloping calyx
base.
It
is
ovoid
and has a sunken
sometimes shows
The greenish yellow berry purplish veinings. The fruit is pulpy nearly fills it when mature. The berries are solitary, and many-seeded. hanging on slender peduncles from the axils
of the leaves.
Leaves.
The
leaves
are
ovate
and often
Many are cut into wedge-shaped at the base. narrow lobes. The leaves are long, thin, sharp,
and smooth.
The greenish yellow flowers are small and unspotted. The anthers are somewhat tinged with purple. July-September.
Flowers.
This smooth annual

feet tall,
is
erect,
sometimes three
and much-branched.
Pennsylvania to
Gray
defines its
range 'from southward.
Minnesota,
and
YELLOW
297
CLAMMY GROUND CHERRY

Physalis heterophylla
Physalis Virginiana
Potato Family
The yellow berry is loosely inclosed in the membranous calyx, which is much sunken at the stem. The fruit stem and calyx are The solitary fruits hang along the pubescent.
Fruit.
branches from the leaf

Leaves.
axils.
The leaves are broad, thick, and somewhat heart-shaped. They and the petioles are hairy. The apex is generally acute and the
margin wavy, often having
lobes.
irregular, tooth -like
Flowers.
The
yellow,
five-lobed
flowers
have brown centers and yellow anthers. This is the most common species and
variable.
It is a viscid, hairy,
It
is
very
much-branched,
Ontario
spreading perennial.
Var. ambigua
extends from
and Minnesota to Texas and Florida.

is
coarser,
and coarsely covered

are violet.
with long soft
hairs.
The anthers
298
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FBUITS
HORSE NETTLE
Solanum Carolinense
Fruit.
Potato Family
The smooth globular berries are orange-yellow and nearly three-quarters of an

inch
through.
clusters,
They grow
in
small,
usually
lateral
on prickly stems.
lobes are at the base of each berry.
The calyx They are
many-seeded.
oblong leaves have wavy margins or are lobed with acute or obtuse
Leaves.
or
lobes.
The ovate
The veins
of
the
leaves
are
often
prickly.
Flowers.
The
violet flowers
grow
in
ter-
minal racemes, which become lateral in fruit. This perennial of sandy waste places is hairy and has branches, stems, and parts of leaves
It extends thickly set with yellowish prickles. from Connecticut west to Iowa and south.
GREEN
GREEN
GREEN ARROW-ARUM
Peltandra Virgiiiica
Peltandra undulata
Arum Family
Fruit.
The
berries
grow
in a
head similar
to the fruits of Indian Turnip
and Dragon Root.
however, are green and nearly inclosed in the lower portion

berries,
The Green Arrow-arum
of
the
the sheathing spathe. The upper part of breaks off before fruit develops. spathe
to
The one
stem
water.
is
three
large seeds are
inclosed
in
a colorless, jelly-like
recurved, and
mass.
The
fruit-bearing
the fruit bends to the
The leaves are shaped like long arrow heads. One prominent vein extends from base toward tip and one from base into each
Leaves.
basal lobe.
Flowers.
The
tapering spadix
is
covered
with flowers throughout its length. It bears both staminate and pistillate flowers, the latter
301
302
at
its
HOW
base.
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
incloses
The spathe
the
entire
length of the spadix, with the exception of an oval opening in front, about midway of its
length.
Clusters of Green
Arrow-arum grow
in shal-
It is about a low water along river borders. foot and a half high. The sheathed fruit looks
much
a pond lily bud and bends on its recurved stem to the surface of the water. It is
like
quite possible that the fruit heads are broken
by
the force of the water and carried

to
down stream
of
originate
new
colonies.
Lack
bright
coloring in the fruit is suggestive of

of seed dispersal other than
some means
The plant extends west

siana.
to
by agency of birds. Michigan and Loui-
CHOKEPEAR
Pyrus communis
Apple Family
its
The Ghokepear Tree, with
green, puckery
I
pear, hardly needs description.
trust
many
another like myself holds it in grateful remembrance for the childhood joys it has furnished.
addition the fruit was, on chestnutting expeditions, to the ginger cookies, which always
What an
GREEN
303
started out in the pail with us never to return.

If
you have never eaten
it
cooked as a sauce and

taste a
flavored with molasses,
you have yet to
very delectable sirup.
AMERICAN CRAB APPLE

Mains coronaria
Apple Family
Pyrus coronaria
The apple is yellowish green and flatFruit. The small, smooth calyx lobes tened lengthwise. are in the deep, broad depression at the summit.
The fruit stem is slender. brown seeds are in each
One
cell.
or
two dark
fruit
is
The
It hangs long on the trees, fragrant but sour. and does not usually decay until the following
spring.
Leaves.
The
leaves are ovate or triangular-
ovate, they grow on short, slender, hard petioles. The margins are serrate. Sometimes the leaf is
three-lobed.
It is
yellow in autumn.
flowers are
Flowers.
The
much
like those of
the cultivated apple, but very fragrant and of a beautiful pink color.
This tree
is
often planted near homes, because
304
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
of
of the fragrance
and beauty
the
blossoms.
The
is
fruit is
sometimes used for
cider.
The
tree
not
is
very high, spreading, and often thorny.

particularly a northern species.
tree,
This
similar
Mains
angustifolia,
is
the
southern species, although the two overlap in range. Bailey says that the best mark of distinction between the two " is the thick, half-
evergreen shining leaves of Mains angustifolia." The flowers are smaller than in preceding
species.
WHITE
WHITE
BAYBERRY. WAXBERRY
Myrica Carolinensis
Bayberry Family
Myrica
cerifera
aments develop into clusters of dry drupes, with from four to nine sepaThese clusters are rate fruits in the cluster.
Fruit.
fertile
The
fastened
.to
the branches by short stalks.
Each
drupe
finally
is
covered with
many tiny grains, which

The
become coated with white wax.

is first
covering
white.
for
The
green, then blackish, and finally The fruits persist stone is hard.
years.
two or three
Leaves.
The obovate
or oblanceolate leaves
on both
are nearly stemless. They have resinous dots are leathery, shining, bright green, sides,
and aromatic.
The margin
is
slightly toothed
toward the apex, otherwise entire. The base and the apex obtuse, sometimes is narrowed or often ends abruptly in a sharp point. acute,
307
308
HOW
and
TO
KNOW
fertile
WILD FRUITS
catkins are small and
Flowers.
erect,
The
consist of several ovaries,

scales.
which are
sheltered
by
April-June.
The
fruits in the earlier

-
days of our country's
history were
much
This
prized for the

is
wax which
they yield.
obtained by boiling the drupes and skimming the wax from the surface It was used for making candles, of the water.
either alone or
mixed with tallow or beeswax.

odor, but
The Bayberry candles emit a pleasant

their light
is
not so bright as the flame of the
tallow
candles.
soil.
The Bayberry
will
grow in
Great
almost any
coast,
It extends along the eastern
and occurs somewhat near the
Lakes.
WHITE MULBERRY
Moms alba
Fry.it.
Mulberry Family
The
structure
of
the fruit
is
the
same
as that of the
alba,
Red Mulberry.
is
The
fruit of
Morus
however,
white, shorter, and not
as juicy.
July.
Leaves.
The shining dark green

and shining.
leaves are
variable in shape, serrate,
WHITE
The White
Mulberry Tree
309
grows
rapidly,
It
reaching a height of thirty or forty feet. is a native of China, and its leaves are
tensively used as food for silkworms.
extree
The
was introduced
raising
into
America when silkworm
was being
occurs
in
now
in this country, and near houses, especially spontaneously

tried
the
vicinity of
long-established
silk
manu-
facturing plants.
SMALL MISTLETOE
Razoumofskya
pusilla
Arceuthobium pusillum
Mistletoe Family
Fruit.
The ovoid-oblong
berries are solitary
and grow on short recurved stems.

fleshy,
They
are
with seeds inclosed in a sticky mucus. They develop in the autumn, a year or more
This
is
after flowering.
an inconspicuous parasite, drawing- its It is nourishment from branches of the fir.

olive green
to
brown
in color,
and the leaves
are obtuse
and
scale-like.
310
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
AMERICAN MISTLETOE
Phoradendron flavescens
Fruit.
Mistletoe Family
The white
berries are globose, pulpy,
and one-seeded.
short foot stalk.
They grow
in
clusters
on a
Leaves.
The
leaves are thick, leathery, yel-
lowish green, oval or obovate, entire, obtuse at apex and narrowed into a short petiole at the
base.
They are persistent throughout the season. The dioecious flowers grow in catFlowers.
kinlike spikes.
May
July.
This
parasite flourishes
on deciduous
Its
trees,
notably the
Red Maple and Tupelo.
wood
is yellowish green, and the thick, firm leaves and white berries persist during the winter. The
Mistletoe has a place in Christmas decorations, and may often be seen at that time exposed for
sale.
Phoradendron means
life.
tree-thief, referring
to its -parasitic
it
While
essentially southern,
occurs in southern
New
Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois*
WHITE BANEBERRY
(Actsea alba)
312
WHITE
313
WHITE BANEBERRY
Actaea alba
Crowfoot Family
Fruit.
The terminal
fruit
clusters
of
the
White Baneberry are oblong and usually more open than those of the Red. The white berries
are almost globular, have a black mark at the tip and a crease on one side, extending from the
apex to the and usually
pedicel.
red.
The
pedicel
is
thickened
The lower
pedicels are
much
longer than the

large
upper ones.
The numerous
horizontally.
brown seeds are packed
plant with red berries on thickened red stalks sometimes occurs. The fruit develops in August, about a month later than the Red Baneberry,
and
persists into September.
Leaves.
The leaves
are twice or thrice com-
'
pound, with deeply cut, acute lobes and sharp

teeth.
Flowers.
to
The
petals are so like stamens as
seem to be transformed stamens.

no honey, simply
The
flowers
yield
pollen, to the bees,
which
secure their cross fertilization.
This herb grows in woods as far south as
Pennsylvania and
New
Jersey.
314
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
POISON SUMAC
Rhus Vernix.
Fruit.
is
Rhus venenata
Sumac Family
grayish.
The smooth, somewhat glossy drupe It is dry and slightly pear-shaped,
It grows in open with the sides unequal. It closely loose clusters from the leaf axils. resembles the fruit of the Poison Ivy. August,
September.
Leaves.
The
stalks of the
compound
leaves
are usually purplish.
There are from three to
thirteen nearly stemless leaflets,
which are un-
equal at the base.

green,
They
are a bright shining
acute
at
or
oval.
The
the apex, entire, and obovate autumnal colorings are most
brilliant.
Flowers.
cious flowers
The
grow
small, greenish yellow, dioein
open loose panicles from
the leaf axils.

It
is-
not strange that

to prolong his
many an
into
unfortunate,
hoping
foliage,
enjoyment
of the brilliant
should
be
lured
gathering
its
autumnal leaves for home
decorations.
Im-
mune, he
true, but doubtless a long may be, period of suffering will follow his rash act.
it is
WHITE
315
persons are poisoned by even passing near the plant, contact not being necessary. If in fruit, the whitish color of the drupes and
Some
marks by which this Sumac may be distinguished from the other The entire leaves and lack of winged species.
their drooping clusters are sure
petioles
tinction.
and pubescence are
also
marks
of dis-
POISON, CLIMBING,
OR THREE-LEAVED
Rhus Toxicodendroii
IVY
Rhus radicans
Sumac Family
Fruit.
The
fruit closely resembles
that of
Poison Sumac.
Leaves.
September and persistent. The compound leaves have
three
pale green leaflets, which are sharply toothed and entire or sometimes lobed.
This plant
feet high,
is
sometimes erect and one to three

trailing,
sometimes prostrate and
and
It supports itself by nusometimes climbing. merous rootlets, which penetrate and hold tena-
ciously to
various
supports.
Its
three-parted
leaves
and white
fruit distinguish this poisonous
POISON IVY (Rhus radicans) 316
WHITE
317
plant from the harmless Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia,

lar in its
which
is
manner
of growth.
somewhat simiThe dryish fruits

For crows
are used as food
by the winter
birds.
especially they serve as an important article of
Poison Ivy seeds are said to have been found in the stomach
diet.
One hundred and
fifty-three
of one of these birds.
The dry outer husks
are
removed by action of stomach and thrown out again in small masses through the mouth.
RED-OSIER CORNEL OR
Cornus stolonifera
DOGWOOD
Dogwood Family
Fruit.
globose.
The drupe is white, or whitish, and The stone is very variable in shape.
grow
in flat-topped, rather smallish
The
fruits
cymes.
Leaves.
The ovate
or ovate-lanceolate
leaf
has an abrupt, short, tapering apex and a rounded

base.
The upper surface is finely pubescent and the lower whitish and somewhat downy. The smallish flat cymes are rather Flowers.
few-flowered.
June, July.
Reddish branches are a characteristic feature
318
of this
HOW
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
dogwood. They are especially brilliant The main stem in late winter and early spring. is usually prostrate, often unnoticed because of a
This sends down rootlets covering of leaves. and sends up slender branches, soon forming broad clumps. The main shoot is sometimes
underground.
The range
of the shrub
is
from ocean to ocean,
extending south to Virginia, Kentucky, Nebraska,

Arizona, and California.
in Siberia.
A similar species occurs
PANICLED CORNEL
Cornus candidissima
Cornus paniculata
Dogwood Family
Fruit.
The
in
small, white, flattened, globose
convex clusters. The peduncle drupes grow and pedicels are red. The plant often fruits sparingly, and the clusters are consequently
Each fruit is crowned ragged ,and irregular. with minute calyx teeth, through which the
style protrudes.
The
flesh
is
thin and white,

stone.
inclosing a two-celled, two-seeded

gust, September.
fruited
Au-
This
is
one of
the earliest
Dogwoods.
PANICLED CORNEL (Cornus candidissima)

319
320
Leaves.
HOW
TO
KNOW WILD
FRUITS
leaves
The
ovate-lanceolate
are
The petioles are short, the opposite and entire. The under tip pointed, and the base acute.
surface
is
whitish but smooth.
Flowers.
The
perfect white blossoms
grow
in loosely flowered cymes.
May, June.
distinguished from our
Cornus candidissima
other white-fruited
is
Dogwood, Cornus stolonifera, by its gray branches and its imperfectly convex It is a much-branched flower and fruit cluster. shrub, growing in thickets and along streams. It extends south to North Carolina and west to
Minnesota.
CREEPING SNOWBERRY
Chiogenes hispidula
Chiogenes
serpyllifolia
Huckleberry Family
Fruit.
The
shining, white, globose or oval
The calyx berry is solitary in the leaf axil. teeth are present near the apex, and the berry is often It is small, four-celled, manybristly.
seeded, mealy,
flavor of
and aromatic, having much the

August, September. leaves are a dark
bristles
Sweet Birch.
Leaves.
The evergreen
olive green, with stiff
brownish
on the
SNOWBERRY
(Sijmphoricarpos racemosus)
322
WHITE
under surface.
323
They
are small, on short stems,
and have backward

flowers.
are single,
axil.
rolled margins.
The tiny white nodding flowers growing on short stems from the leaf
bracts are beneath the calyx.
of this creeping
Two
May.
trailing shrub It is a are scarcely woody, slender, and bristly. native of Japan, and in our country extends from
The stems
and
Newfoundland
Michigan,
to British
Columbia and south
to
New
Jersey,
and Pennsylvania, con-
tinuing along the Alleghanies to North Carolina. " snow Chiogenes means offering," referring most appropriately to the snow-white fruit.
SNOWBERRY
Symphoricarpos racemosus
Honeysuckle Family
fruit spike usually
Fruit.
The terminal
has
a pair of leaves at its base. Solitary berries sometimes grow from the axils of the next
lower pair of leaves.
The
ripe berries are quite
The persistent calyx large, waxy, and white. teeth are at the top and two tiny bracts are at the base. The berries are nearly stemless.
They have two
large cells, each containing
?.
324
seed
HOW
;
TO
KNOW
WILD FRUITS
and two smaller empty cells. The seed The berries begin to ripen in coats are hard. and the spikes show fruit in various stages July,
of
development, with buds and flowers at the

into September.
summit well
Leaves.
The
ovate,
The grow in pairs. The leaves are dark green above and
beneath.
usually entire leaves stems are quite short.

lighter
Flowers.
The small
bell-shaped pink
It
is
blos-
som
is
four- or five-toothed.
hairy at the
throat.
This
is
common
inhabitant of old-fashioned
gardens, and
lingers
about abandoned
It
farm-
houses or even the cellars.
strays beyond the garden bounds and often occurs along the
roadsides.
New
It
is
grows also along rocky banks in England to Pennsylvania and westward. most attractive in September, when the
It
is
spike
nearly full of matured fruits.
Symphoricarpos pauciflorus appears in the mountains of Vermont and Pennsylvania and

westward.
The
leaves
berries
are
smaller
than
the
preceding, and the

in the
grow
singly or in pairs
uppermost
leaf axils.
GLOSSARY
Achene.
ally
small, dry, indehiscent, one-seeded fruit with usu-
a thin pericarp.
Sharp-pointed.
Acute.
Alternate.
Ament.
spike consisting of imperfect flowers with a scale-like bract at the base of each. Annual. Of but one season's growth.
Anther.
Aril.
As opposed to opposite. Synonymous with catkin.
The
fleshy
part of the stamen which yields the pollen. seed covering growing from the cord which
attaches the seed to the seed vessel.

Axil.
The angle which
the stem forms with a leaf or branch.
Bloom.
Bract.
Bristle.
A secretion of wax covering the surface of leaf or fruit. A modified leaf at the base of flower or fruit. A stiff, hairlike growth.
The outer and
protective floral whorl. dry, dehiscent fruit of two or more carpels. This is the seed-bearing part of the flower. It
Calyx.
Capsule.
Carpel.
may
be
a simple pistil or one of the parts of a

Catkin.
Cell.
compound
pistil.
Same
as ament.
structure inclosing a cavity.
With hairy margin. A whole made up of two or more similar parts. Connate. The joining of similar organs. Opposite leaves whose
Ciliate.
Compound.
Conn.
bases join. Like a solid bulb.
Corolla.
The inner
floral
whorl.
Corymb.
flat-topped or rounded flower cluster with the marginal flowers opening first.
325
326
GLOSSARY
A
seed leaf or leaves. Cotyledon. The action resulting Cross Fertilization.
from the deposit of the pollen of one flower on the stigma of another. flattish flower cluster with the blossoms unfolding Cyme.
from the center outwards.

Deciduous.
Not
persistent.
Dicotyledonous.
Dioecious.
With two
same
cotyledons.
pistillate flowers
Staminate and
borne on different
about the base of
plants of the
Disk.
species. thickened circle of cellular tissue
the stamens and around the ovary.

Fertile.
Productive.
Gland.
secreting surface or structure.
Glaucous.
Covered with a bloom.

the above-ground stems living but one season.
Herb.
With
Involucre.
Bracts surrounding a single flower or a flower clus-
ter or head.
Lanceolate.
Much longer than broad. The widest portion is below the middle, and the leaf tapers towards either end.
With but one cotyledon. Separate staminate and pistillate flowers on the
Monocotyledonous.
Monoecious.
same
Node.
plant.
The joints on the stem where a would naturally grow.
leaf or
whorl of leaves
Oblanceolate.
The broadest portion
of the long leaf nearest the
apex and tapering to either end. Oblong. Longer than broad, and with sides nearly parallel. Obovate. Egg-shaped, with broader portion nearest apex.
GLOSSARY
Obtuse.
827
Ovary.
Ovule.
With a rounded or blunt end. The part of the pistil containing the ovules. The body which, when fertilized, is meant to become
seed.
Panicle.
Parasitic.
Pedicel.
loose, irregular cluster with branching flower sterns. Gaining nourishment from a host plant. The stem of one of the component flowers or fruits of
a cluster.
Peduncle.
Perennial.
stem of a single flower or of a flower
cluster.
Continuing year after year. Perfect (flower). Having both stamens and
Perianth.
pistils.
if
The floral envelope
consisting of calyx and corolla
both are present. Petal. One unit of the corolla.

Petiole.
Pinnate.
The leaf stalk. With the leaflets

The
of a
compound
of
leaf
on either
side of
the leaf stalk.

Placenta.
interior portion
the
ovary on which the
ovules are borne.

Pollen.
Polygamous.
Prickles.
grains which fertilize the ovules. Plants bearing staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers on the same plant.
The anther-borne
slender, sharp
growth from bark or
rind.
Pubescent.
Finely hairy.
Raceme.
Spike bearing stemmed flowers.
The modified portion of an axis Receptacle. flowers or portion of a flower is borne.

Rhizome.
Root.
upon which the
An underground
stem.
The underground
part of the plant which obtains nour-
ishment there.
Scape. Seed.
naked flower stem springing from the ground.
The ripened ovule. Sepal. One unit of the calyx. Serrate. With forward-pointing
teeth.
328
Sessile.
GLOSSARY
Stemless.
woody structure and with several stems from the ground or near it, or whose stems are springing much-branched. Usually smaller than trees. Sinus. The margin between the lobes.
Shrub.
Plants with
Spadix.
Spathe,
Spike.
One
spike having a fleshy axis. or more large bracts inclosing an inflorescence.
Sessile or nearly sessile flowers borne on a somewhat elongated axis. Spine. A sharp growth from the stern.
Sterile.
Unproductive.
Stigma.
Stipule.
The portion
of the pistil receptive to the pollen grain.
An
appendage at the base of a leaf stem, sometimes
Style.
joined to the petiole. The portion of the pistil connecting the stigma and
ovary.
Tendril.
its
slender, coiling part of a climbing plant, aiding in
support.
Umbel.
A flower
cluster in
which the pedicels spring from a
common
Whorl,
point.
circular
arrangement of
leaves, etc.,
around a
stern.
ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

Ait., Aiton.
Medic., Medicus.
Andr., Andrews.
C.
Michx., Michaux.
Mill., Miller.
&
S.,
Chamisso and SchlechCandolle.
tendahl.
Muench., Muenchhausen.
Muhl., Miihlenberg.
Nutt., Nuttall.
Pers., Persoon.
DC.,
De
Desf., Desfontaine.
Desv., Desvaux.
Dietr., Dietrich.
Planch., Planchon.
Poir., Poiret.
Ehrh., Ehrhart.
Ell, Elliott.
R.
&
S.,
Roemer and
Schultes.
Hook., Hooker.
Jacq., Jacquin.
Karst., Karsten.
L., Linnaeus.
Roem., Roemer.
Salisb., Salisbury.
Spreng., Sprengel.
Sudw., Sudworth.
Torr., Torrey.
Lam., Lamarck. L. f., Linne (the son).

L'Her., L'Heritier de Brutelle.
T.
&
G.,
Torrey
&
Gray.
Vent., Ventenat.
Lodd., Loddiges.
Walt., Walter.
MacM., MacMillan.
Marsh., Marshall.
Wang., Wangenheim. Willd., Willdenow.
329
INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES

Alder, Black, 97.
Allspice, Wild, 38. Angelica Tree, 218.
Low
Running, 185. Mountain, 192.

187.
Running Swamp,
Sand, 188.
Thornless, 193.
Apple, American Crab, 303.
Arrowwood,
279.
Downy-leaved, 239.
Maple-leaved, 237.
Soft-leaved, 282.
Black Haw, 246.

Blackthorn. 196.
Blueberry, Canadian, 278.
301.
Arum, Green Arrow,
Water, 9. Ash, American Mountain, 64. European Mountain, 66.

Asparagus,
10.
Dwarf, 277. High-bush, 272.
Low,
278.
Low
Black, 231.
Tall, 272.
Blue Tangle, 269.

Baked-apple Berry, 47. Baneberry, Red, 33.
Boxberry, 114. Buckthorn, 205.

Alder-leaved, 207.
White, 313.
Barberry,
Common,
34.
Bayberry, 307.
Bearberry, Alpine, 228.
Black, 228.
Lance-leaved, 207. Buffalo Berry, Canadian, 106.
Bunchberry, 108. Burning Bush, 101.

Carrion Flower, 163.
Catbrier, 168. Cedar, Red, 252.
Red, 116.
Benjamin Bush,
38.
Bilberry, Great, 271. Dwarf, 272.
Birthroot, 21.
Bittersweet, 125.
Shrubby Red, 254. Checkerberry, 114.

Cherry, Bird, 83.
Climbing, 103.
Shrubby, 103.
Blackberry, 184.
Choke, 86. Dwarf, 197.
Common,
189.
May,
192.
71.
High-bush, 189.
Pigeon, 83.
Pin, 83.
Leafy Cluster,
331
332
Cherry,

Rum,
198.
Sand, 197.
Disporum, Hairy, Dockmackie, 237.

Dogberry, 66.
16.
Wild Black, 198. Wild Red, 83.

Chokeberry, Black, 193.
Dogwood, Alternate-leaved, 266

Flowering, 110.
Red-osier, o!7.
Red, 66. Chokepear, 302.

Clintonia, Yellow, 257. White, 155.
Round-leaved, 262.
Dragon Root,
8.
Cloudberry, 47.
Coffee, Wild, 141. Cohosh, Blue, 257.
Eglantine, 62. Elder, American, 236.
Coral Berry, 142.

Cornel, Alternate-leaved, 266.
Red-berried, 133. Sweet, 236.
Wild, 224.
Dwarf,
108.
Low,
108.
Panicled, 318.
Red-osier, 317.
Fever Bush, 38. Feverwort, 141. Foxberry, 118.

Fringe Tree, 232.
Garget, 176.
Round-leaved, 262.
Silky, 263.
Cowberry, 118. Cranberry, American, 121. European, 119.

Large, 121.
Ginseng, 107.
Dwarf, 291.
Horse, 141.
Mountain, 118.
Small, 119.
Golden
42.
Seal, SO.
Gooseberry,
Eastern
40.
Wild,
Cranberry Tree, 139. Few-flowered, 140. Crowberry, Black, 202.
Hawthorn,
Northern, 40.
Cucumber Tree,
Fetid, 44.
29.
Swamp,
43.
Currant, Black, 180.

Indian, 142.
Wild, 179.
Grape, Bear's, 118.
Blue, 211.
Mountain, 44.
Prostrate, 44.
Chicken, 214.
Frost, 214.
Red, 45.
Dangleberry, 269.
Deerberry, 292.
Northern Fox, 208.

Riverside, 212.
Summer,
210.
Sweet-scented, 212.

Greenbrier, 168.
Bristly, 171.
,
333
Dwarf, 230.
High-bush, 229.
Glaucous-leaved, 167.
Hispid, 169.
Squaw, 292.
Indian Cucumber Root, 161. Indian Root, 219.
Long-stalked, 170.
Walter's, 25.
Green Dragon,
8.
Indian Turnip,
297.
5.
Ground Cherry, Clammy,

Cut-leaved, 296.
Inkberry, 203.
Ipecac, Wild, 141.
Low
Hairy. 294.
Wood,
141.
Philadelphia, 124. Groundnut, 291.
Ivy, American, 217. Climbing, 315.
Guelder Rose, 139.

Hackberry, 172. Hemlock, Ground,
Poison, 315.
Three-leaved, 315.
3.
Jack-in-the-Pulpit,
5.
Hercules' Club, 218.
Juneberry,
Juniper,
71.
Hobble Bush, 135.

Holly, American, 94.
Oblong-fruited, 195.
Common,
249.
Large-leaved, 97.
Mountain, 100. Wild, 100. American Honeysuckle,

151.
Kinnikinnic, 118, 263.
Fly,
Leatherwood, 105. Lemon, Wild, 288.

Lily-of-the- Valley, False, 14.
Blue Fly, 282.

Coral, 148.
Glaucous, 145.
Hairy, 145.
Italian, 144.
Magnolia, Laurel, 26. Mountain, 29

282.
Mountain Fly,
Perfoliate, 144.
Mandrake, 288. Matrimony Vine,
129.
May
Apple, 288.
Smooth-leaved, 145.
Mealberry, 118.
Mistletoe,
Swamp
Fly, 150.
American, 310.
Trumpet, 148.
Horsebrier, 168.
Small, 309.
Horse Nettle, 298. Huckleberry, Black, 229. Box, 270. Bush, 230.
Moonseed, Canada, 178. Moose wood, 105. Mulberry, Red, 173.

White, 308.
Myrtle, Barren, 118.
334
Nanny Berry,

244.
Nightshade, 125. Black, 234.
Sarsaparilla, Bristly, 224. False, 167.
Virginian, 221.
Garden, 234.
Wild, 221.
Sassafras, 258.
Orange Root,
30.
Scoke, 176. Service Berry, 71.
Papaw, North American, 287. Papoose Root, 257.

Partridge Berry, 129.
Shad Bush,
Sloe, 196.
72.
Sheepberry, 244.
Smilax, Halberd-leaved, 167.
Pepperidge, 226.
Persimmon,
293.
Snowberry, 323.
Creeping, 320.
Pigeon Berry, 176. Plum, Beach, 82.

Bullace, 197.
Solomon's Seal, Hairy, 157. Smooth, 159.

Star-flowered, 156.
Canada,
81.
Date, 293.
Horse, 81.
Porter's, 196.
Three-leaved, 13.
Two-leaved,
Spice Bush, 38.
14.
Sour Gum, 226.

Spikenard, American, 219.
Red, 79. Yellow, 79.

Poke, 176.
Privet, 233.
Wild, 11. Spindle Tree, 101.

Stag Bush, 246.
Raspberry, Black, 183.
Strawberry, American Wood,
55.
Dwarf, 50. Mountain, 47.

Purple-flowering, 45.
European Wood, 54. Northern Wild, 54.

Scarlet, 52.
Purple Wild, 50.
Virginia, 52.
Wild Red,
Rose, 55.
49.
Strawberry, Bush, 100.
Running,
101.
Canker,* 61.
Stretch Berry, 171.
Dog, 61.
Sugarberry, 172.
Low, 59. Meadow,
Sumac, Dwarf,
57.
88.
Fragrant, 93.
Poison, 314.
,
Northeastern, 61.
Pasture, 69.
Smooth,
92.
Smooth,
57. 58.
Swamp,
Staghorn, 89. Sweet-scented, 93.

Velvet, 89. Sweetbrier, 62.
335
Wahoo,
101.
19.
Wake-Eobin, Early,
Ill-scented, 21.
Tangleberry, 269.
Large-flowered, 20.
Teaberry, 114.
Nodding, 23.
183.
73.
Thimble Berry,
Painted, 24.
Sessile-flowered, 19.
Thorn, Cockspur,
Dotted-fruited, 74.
Waxberry, 307.
Dwarf, 290.
Large-fruited, 74.
Waxwork,
103.
Pear, 78.
Scarlet, 75.
Wayfaring Tree, 135. Winter Berry, Evergreen,

Smooth,
99.
203.
Tinker's Weed, 141.

Tupelo, 226.
Virginia, 97.
Wintergreen, Creeping, 114.

Spring, 114.
Twisted Stalk, Clasping-leaved,

16.
Withe-rod, 240.
Larger, 243.
Sessile-leaved, 18.
Woodbine, 217. American, 144.

Umbrella Leaf,
288.
Viburnum, Maple-leaved,
Sweet, 244. Virginia Creeper, 217.
237.
Yellow Indian Paint, Yellow Puccoon, 30. Yellow Root, 30.
30.
Yew, American,
3.
INDEX TO LATIN NAMES

Actsea alba, 313. Actsea rubra, 33.
Actsea spicata, Var. rubra, 33.
Chiogenes serpyllifolia, 320. Chionanthus Virginica, 232.

Clintonia borealis, 257.
Clintonia umbellulata, 155.
Amelanchier Botryapium, 72. Amelanchier Canadensis, 71. Amelanchier oligocarpa, 195.

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 217.
Aralia hispida, 224. Aralia nudicaulis, 221. Aralia quinquefolia, 107.
Aralia racemosa, 219. Aralia spinosa, 218. Aralia trifolia, 291.
Cornus alternifolia, 266. Cornus Amonum, 263. Cornus Canadensis, 108. Cornus candidissima, 318. Cornus circinata, 262. Cornus florida, 110. Cornus paniculata, 318. Cornus sericea, 263. Cornus stolonifera, 317.
Cratsegus coccinea, 75.
Cratsegus Crus-Galli, 73. Cratsegus macracantha, 77. Cratsegus moll is, 77.
Arceuthobium pusillum,
309.
Arctostaphylos alpina, 228.
Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, 11G. Arissema dracontium, 8.
Arissema triphyllum, 5. Aronia arbutifolia, 66. Aronia nigra, 193.
Cratsegus parvjfolia, 290.

Cratsegus punctata, 74.
Cratsegus tomentosa, 78.
Asimina
triloba, 287.
officinalis, 10.
Cratsegus uniflora, 290.
Asparagus
Benzoin Benzoin, 38.

Berberis vulgaris, 34.
Calla palustris,
9.
Diospysos Virgin iana, 293. Dirca palustris, 105.
Disporum lanuginosum,
16.
Caulophylluin thalictroides, 257

Celastrus scandens, 103.
Celtis occidentalis, 172.
Empetrum nigrum, 202. Euonymus Americanus,
100.
101,
Euonyrrms atropurpureus,
Chiogenes hispidula, 320.
Euonymus
337
obovatus, 101.
338

Magnolia acuminata, 29. Magnolia glauca, 26. Magnolia Virginiana, 26. Maianthemuin Canadense, Mairania alpina, 228. Malus angustifolia, 304. Malus coronaria, 303. Medeola Virginiana, 161.
Mitchella repens, 129.
Fragaria Americana, 55. Fragaria Canadensis, 54.
Fragaria vesca,
54.
Fragaria Virginiana, 52.

Gaultheria procumbens, 114.
14.
Gaylussacia brachycera, 270. Gaylussacia dumosa, 230. Gaylussacia frondosa, 269.
Menisperinum Canadense, 178.
Gaylussacia resinosa, 229.
Hydrastis Canadensis, 30.

Ilex glabra, 203. Ilex laevigata, 99.
Morus alba, 308. Morus rubra, 173.

Myrica Carolinensis, 307. Myrica cerifera, 307.
Ilex monticola, 97. Ilex opaca, 94.

Ilex verticillata, 97.
Ilicioides
Nemopanthes
fascicularis, 100.
Nyssa sylvatica, 226.
mucronata, 100.
Juniperus communis, 249. Juniperus comniunis, Var.

pina, 251.
Oxy coccus macrocarpus, 121. Oxycoccus Oxy coccus, 119.

al-
Juniperus nana, 251.
Panax quinquefolium, Panax trifolium, 291.
107.
Juniperus Sabina, 254.

Juniperus Virginiana, 252.
Lepargyraea Canadensis, 106.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 217. Peltandra undulata, 301.
Peltandra Virginica, 301.
Phoradendron flavescens, 310.

Physalis angulata, 296.
Physalis heterophylla, 297.
Ligustrum vulgare, 233. Lindera Benzoin, 38. Lonicera Caprifolium, 144. Lonicera ciliata, 151. Lonicera coBrulea, 282. Lonicera dioica, 145. Lonicera glauca, 145. Lonicera grata, 144.
Lonicera hirsuta, 145. Lonicera oblongifolia, 150. Lonicera serapervirens, 148.
Physalis heterophylla ambigua,

297.
Physalis Philadelphia, 124.
Physalis pubescens, 294.

Physalis Virginiana, 297.
Phytolacca decendra, 176. Podophyllum peltatum, 288.
Lyciuna vulgare, 129.
Polygonatum biflorum, 157. Polygonatum commutatum, 159. Polygonatum giganteum, 159.

Prunus Primus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus
Allegheniensis, 196.
339
Americana,
nigra, 81.
79.
Ribes rubrum, Var. subglandulosum, 45.
Rosa blanda, 57. Rosa canina, 61. Rosa Carolina, 58. Pennsylvanica, 83. Rosa humilis, 59. pumila, 197. Rosa nitida, 61. serotina, 198. Rosa rubiginosa, 62. spinosa, 196. Rubus Allegheniensis, 192. spinosa insititia, 197. Rubus Americanus, 50. Virginiana, 86. Rubus argutus, 192. Pyrus Americana, 64. Rubus Canadensis, 185, 193. Pyrus arbutifolia, 66. Pyrus arbutifolia, Var. melano- Rubus chainsemorus, 47. Rubus cuneifolius, 188. carpa, 193. Rubus hispidus, 187. Pyrus com munis, 302. Rubus neglectus, 50. Pyrus coronaria, 303. Rubus nigrobaccus, 189. Pyrus sambucifolia, 66. Rubus occidentalis, 183. Rubus odoratus, 45. Razoumofskya pusilla, 309. Rubus strigosus, 49. Rhamnus alnifolia, 207. Rubus triflorus, 50. Rhamnus cathartica, 205. Rhamnus lanceolata, 207. Rubus villosus, 185, 189.
maritima, 82.
Rhus Rhus Rhus Rhus Rhus Rhus Rhus Rhus Rhus Rhus
aromatica, 93.
Canadensis, 93.
copallina, 88.
glabra, 92.
hirta, 89.
Sambucus Canadensis, 236. Sambucus pubens, 133. Sambucus racemosa, 133.

Sassafras officinale, 258. Sassafras sassafras, 258.
radicans, 315.
Toxicodendron, 315.
typhina, 86.
Shepherdia Canadensis, 106. Smilacina racemosa, 11.

Sinilacina stellata, 156.
venenata, 314. Vernix, 314.
Smilacina
trifolia, 13.
Ribes Cynosbati, 179. Ribes floridum, 180.
Ribes lacustre, 43. Ribes oxyacanthoides, 40.

Ribes prostratum, 44. Ribes rotundifolium, 42.
Ribes rubrum, 45.
Smilax Smilax Smilax Smilax Smilax Smilax Smilax
Bona-nox, 171.
glauca, 167.
herbacea, 163.
hispida, 169.
Pseudo-China, 170.
rotundifolia, 168.
tamnifolia, 167.
310
Smilax Walter!,

25.
Solanum Carolinense,
Solanum nigrum,
234.
298.
Solarium Dulcamara, 125.
Sorbus Americana, 64. Sorbus sambucifolia, 66.

Streptopus amplexifolius, 16. Streptopus roseus,
18.
Symphoricarpos pauciflorus, 324. Symphoricarpos racemosus, 323. Vagnera racemosa, 11. Symphoricar- Vagnera stellata, 156. Symphoricarpos pos, 142. Vagnera trifolia, 13. Viburnum acerifolium, 237. Symphoricarpos vulgaris, 142.
Vaccinium corymbosum, 272. Vaccinium macrocarpon, 119. Vaccinium nigrum, 231. Vaccinium Oxycoccus, 119. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, 277. Vaccinium stamineum, 292. Vaccinium uliginosum, 271. Vaccinium vacillans, 278. Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea, 118.
Taxus Canadensis, Taxus minor, 3.

Trillium
3.
cermmm,
23.
Trillium erectum, 21. Trillium erythrocarpum, 24.

Trillium grandiflorum, 20. Trillium nivale, 19.
Trillium sessile, 19. Trillium undulatum, 24.
Triosteum perfoliatum, 141. Unifolium Canadense,

14.
Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum
alnifolium, 135. cassinoides, 240.
clentatum, 279.
lantanoides, 135.
Lentago, 244.
molle, 282.
nuduui, 243.
Opulus, 139. pauciflorum, 140.
prunifolium, 246.
pubescens, 239.
Vitis sestivalis, 210.
Vitis bicolor, 211.

Vitis cordifolia, 214.
Vaccinium atrococcum, 232. Vaccinium csespitosum, 272. Vaccinium Canadense, 278.
Vitis Labrusca, 208. Vitis riparia, 212. Vitis vulpina, 212.
Woman's Hardy Garden

By HELENA RUTHERFURD ELY
Illustrations from Photographs taken in the Author's Garden by PROFESSOR C. F. CHANDLER
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Peterson-How To Know Wild Fruit

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Peterson-How To Know Wild Fruit

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HOW TO

MAUDE GRIDLEY PETERSON

by Means of Fruit and Leaf

MAUDE GRIDLEY PETERSON

ILLUSTRATED BY MARY ELISABETH HERBERT

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

BY THE MACM1LLAN COMPANY.

Berwick & Smith Co. Gushing Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

SpansrttelD anfc rtie Cofoentri?

the motionless branches of

like clusters of coral-beads, as in those

fabled orchards where the fruits were jewels."

Forever old and forever new,

Fickle and faithless never."

ADAPTATIONS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS FOR DISPERSAL

GUIDE TO PLANT FAMILIES

Black or Dark Purple

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Jack in-the- Pulpit.

Clasping-leaved Twisted Stalk.

.... .....32 ....

Purple -flowering Raspberry.

American Mountain Ash.

Wild Yellow or Red Plum.

Wild Red Cherry. Prunus Pennsylvania Dwarf Sumac. Rhus copallina

..... .84 ......

Staghorn Sumac. American Holly.

Euonymus atropurpureus Shrubby or Climbing Bittersweet. Celastrus scandens

...... .... .....

Spring or Creeping Wintergreen.

American Cranberry. Oxycoccus macrocarpus Nightshade. Solanum Dulcamara

..... ..... ..... .....

Polygonatum bijlorum Polygonatum commutatum

Indian Cucumber Root.

..... ...... ....

Wild Red Raspberry.

Black Chokeberry. Wild Black Cherry.

Rubus nigrobaccus Aronia nigra

216 220 222

American Spikenard. Aralia racemosa Wild Sarsaparilla. Aralia nudicaulis

Viburnum Lentago Juniperus nana

..... ..... ..... .... ..... .....

276 281 283

Blue or Mountain Fly Honeysuckle.

Low Hairy Ground

White Baneberry. Actcea alba Poison Ivy. Rhus radicans

There was one shrub bearing

stages of attractive and

Here the aforesaid

books failed to give

fruited plant, and the relating to this aspect of

ture of the fruit will aid in determining the

the cycle of the plant's

making our knowledge of life more complete, the

work, fragmentary though

arrangement of the Plant Fami-

ner and Oliver's

"The Natural History of

specimens There have been

who have kindly furnished would extend my sincere gratitude.

ADAPTATIONS OF FRUITS AND SEEDS FOR DISPERSAL AND PROTECTION