Базы данных (Carolyn-Begg)

DATABASE SYSTEMS
A Practical Approach to Design,

Implementation, and Management
Third Edition
Thomas M. Connolly
Carolyn E. Begg
UNIVERSITY OF PAISLEY
A
TT
ADDISON-WESLEY
Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal
London Munich Paris Madrid Capetown Sydney
Tokyo Singapore Mexico City
http://openlib.org.ua/
-
2003
32.973.26-018.2.75
64
681.3.07
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2003. 1440 . : . . . .
ISBN 5-8459-0527-3 (.)

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Web
Web, JDBC, SQLJ, ASP, JSP PSP
Oracle.
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32.973.26-018.2.75
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, , , Addi:;on-Wesley UK.
Authorized translation from the English language edition published by Addison-Wesley
Longman, Inc., Copyright Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2002
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information
storage retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher.
Russian language edition published by Williams Publishing House according to the
Agreement with R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2003
1BN 5-8459-0527-3 (.)
ISBN 0-201-70857-4 (.)
"", 2003
Pearson Education Limited, 1995, 2002
23
25
I.
41
1.
2.
43
77
.
3.
113
115
4.
5. SQL:
137
163
6. SQL:
7. QBE
8. : Access Oracle
211
255
283
III.
9. ,

10.
11. "-"
12. "-"
13.
329
IV.
14.
15,

16.

17.
331
367
397
429
447
495
497
525
569
603
V.
18.
19.
619
621
655
20.
21. SQL
723
777
VI.
22.
813
815
23.
24.
25. -

26. -
27. -
869
927
961
1005
1049
VII.
28. Web-
29. XML
30.
31.
32, OLAP
1105
1107
1173
1227
1263
1289
VIII.
.
DreamHome
.
.
.

.
ER-
.

.
3. Web-
1315
1317
1325
1339
1359
1365
1369
1377
1381
1395
1413
1427

UML ( )

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
23
25
25
26
27
28
29
30
30
31
31
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
38
38
40
40
I.
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.2.1. ,
1.2.2. ,
1.3.
1.3.1.
1.3.2.
1.3.3.
1.3.4.
1.4.
1.4.1.
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
1.4.4.
1.5.
1.6.
41
43
44
46
47
52
55
55
56
60
62
63
63
64
65
65
65
68
2,
2.1. ANSI-SPARC
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
2.1.4. ,
2.1.5.
2.2.
2.2.1. DDL
2.2.2. DML
2.2.3. 4GL
2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.6.1.
2.6.2.
2.6.3. "/"
2.7.
2.7.1. IRDS
77
78
80
80
81
81
83
84
84
85
86
88
89
90
92
92
93
98
101
101
102
102
107
108
.
3.
113
115
3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.
3.2.4.
3.2.5.
3.2.6.
3.3.
3.3.1.
3.3.2.
3.3.3.
3.3.4. ,
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
3.4.3.
4.
4.1.
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.1.3.
4.1.4.
4.1.5.
4.2.
116
117
118
121
122
123
124
126
128
128
129
130
130
131
131
132
132
137
138
139
141
145
149
150
152
4.2.1.
4.2.2,
4.3.
5. SQL:
152
156
159
163
5.1. SQL
164
5.1.1. SQL
5.1.2. SQL
5.1.3, SQL
5.1.4,
5.2. SQL
5.3.
5.3.1.
5.3.2. ( ORDER BY)
164
166
167
168
168
169
170
179
5.3.3. SQL
182
5.3.4. ( GROUP BY)

5.3.5.
5.3.6. ANY ALL
5.3.7.
184
187
190
191
5.3.8. EXISTS NOT EXIST
198
5.3.9. (
UNION, INTERSECT EXCEPT)

5.3.10.
6. SQL:
m
6.1. SQL, ISO
199
202
211
212
6.1.1. SQL
6.1.2. SQL
212
213
6.2.1.
218
6.1.3. ( exact numeric)

6.2.
214
218
6.2.2.
6.2.3.
6.2.4.
6.2.5.
6.3.
6.3.1.
6.3.. ( CREATE TABLE)
219
220
221
222
223
223
224
6.3.3. ( ALTER TABLE)

6.3.4. ( DROP TABLE)
6.3.5. ( CREATE INDEX)

6.3.6. ( DROP INDEX)
6.4.
6.4.1. ( CREATE VIEW)
6.4.2. ( DROP VIEW)
6.4.3.
6.4.4.
6.4.5.
6.4.6. WITH CHECK OPTION
6.4.7.
6.4.8.
6.5.
228
230
230
231
231
232
235
235
236
237
239
240
243
244
6.5.1.

6.6.
6.6.1.
( GRANT)
6.6.2.
( REVOKE)
7. QBE
7.1. Microsoft
Access
7.2. QBE
7.2.1.
7.2.2.
7.2.3.
7.3. QBE
7.3.1.
7.3.2.
7.3.3.
7.3.4. ,
7.3.5.
7.4.
7.4.1.
7.4.2.
7.4.3.
7.4.4.
8. : Access Oracle
Microsoft Access 2000
8.1.1.
8.1.2. Microsoft Access
8.1.3.
8.1.4.
8.1.5.
8.1.6.
8.1.7.
8.1.8.
8.2. Oracle 8/8i
8.2.1.
8.2.2. Oracle
8.2.3.
8.2.4.
8.2.5. PL/SQL
8.2.6. , ,
8.2.7.
III.
9. ,

9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
246
246
247
249
255
256
259
259
262
265
266
267
269
269
272
273
274
274
277
277
277
283
283
284
284
286
291
292
294
295
298
299
301
303
311
314
315
320
322
329
331
332
333
335
9.4.
9.4.1.
9.5.
9.5.1.
9.5.2.
9.6.
9.6.1.
9.6.2.
9.6.3.
9.7.
9.7.1.
9.8.
9.8.1.
9.8.2.
9.9.
9.10.
9.11.
9.12.
9.13.
9.14. CASE-
9.15.
9.15.1.
9.15.2.
9.15.3.
353
355
355
356
356
357
358
360
360
361
362
10.
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.3-1.
10.3.2.
10.3.3.
10.3.4.
10.3.5.
10.4.
10.4.1. DreamHome
10.4.2. DreamHome
10.4.3. DreamHome
10.4.4. DreamHome
10.4.5. DreamHome
11. "-"
11.1.
11.2.
11.2.1.
11.2.2,
11.3.
11.3.1.
11.3.2.
336
337
337
339
339
340
341
342
343
346
347
351
351
367
368
368
370
370
370
371
372
373
373
374
379
388
395
397
398
401
403
404
405
407
11
11.3.3,
11.3.4.
11.4.
11.5.
11.6.
11.6.1. " "
11.6.2. " " (1:*)
11.6.3. " "
11.6.4.
11.6.5.
11.7. -
11.7.1. ""
11.7.2. ""
12. ""
12.1. /
12.1.1.
12.1.2. /
12.1.3.
12.1.4.
407
408
410
410
412
412
413
415
416
418
419
419
422
429
430
430
431
432
433
12.1.5.
12.1.6. /
12.1.7. /
Branch
DreamHome
12.2.
12.3.
13.
13.1.
13.2.
13.2.1.
13.2.2.
13.2.3.
433
436
437
441
443
447
448
449
450
450
451
13.3. .
13.3.1.
13.3.2.

13.3.3.
13.3.4.
451
451
455
456
458
13.4.
459
13.5. (1)
13.6. (2)
13.6.1.
13.6.2.
460
464
465
465
13.7. ()
13.7.1.
468
468
13.7.2.
13.8.
13.9. - ()
13.9.1. ' -
13.10. ( 1 )
13.11. (4)
468
472
472
473
476
483
13.11.1.
13.11.2.
13.12. (5)
13.12.1.
13.12.2. (5)
483
485
486
486
486
IV.
14.
14.1.
14.1.1.
14.1.2. ,

14.1.3.
14.2.
14.3.
1.

15.

15.1.

2.

3.
16.

16.1.

16.2.
16.3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
17.
, 8.
9.
V.
18.
18.1.
495
497
498
499
499
500
500
503
503
525
526
526
549
569
570
571
572
573
578
598
599
603
603
614
619
621
622
13
18.1.1.
18.2.
18.2.1.
18.2.2. ()
18.2.3.
18.2.4.
18.2.5.
18.2.6. RAID (
)
18.3. Microsoft Access
18.4. Oracle
18.5. Web
18.5.1. -
18.5.2.
18.5.3.

18.5.4.
18.5.5. Kerberos
18.5.6.
HTTP
18.5.7.

18.5.8. Java
18.5.9. ActiveX
19.
19.1.
19.1.1.
19.1.2.
19.2.
19.2.1.
19.2.2.
19.2.3.
19.2.4.
19.2.5.
19.2.6.
19.2.7.
19.2.8.
19.3.
19.3.1.
19.3.2.
19.3.3.
19.3.4.
644
645
646
646
647
648
651
655
656
659
660
660
660
664
671
679
683
687
689
690
694
694
695
699
705
19.4.4.
19.4.5.
19.5.
Oracle
19.5.1. Oracle
14
633
635
638
640
643
643
702
19.4.
19.4.1.
19.4.2.
19.4.3.
623
625
627
630
631
631
632
706
709
710
711
712
713
714
19.5.2.
19.5.3.
19.5.4.
20.
20.1.
20.2.
20.3.
20.3.1.
20.3.2.
20.4.
20.4.1.
20.4.2. (S = a p (R))
20.4.3. (T=(R ><F S))
20.4.4. (S = 1',2',....m(R))
20.4.5.
(T-RuS, T=RnS, T=R-S)
20.5.
20.6. Oracle
20.6.1.
20.6.2.
20.6.3.
21. SQL
21.1. SQL
21.1.1. SQL
21.1.2. SQL (SQLCA)
21.1.3.
21.1.4.
SQL
21.1.5.
21.1.6. ISO SQL
21.2. SQL
21.2.1. EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
21.2.2. PREPARE EXECUTE
21.2.3. SQL (SQLDA)
21.2.4. DESCRIBE
21.2.5.
SQL
21.2.6.
21.2.7. SQL
ISO
21.3. ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)
21.3.1. ODBC
21.3.2. ODBC
VI.
22.
22.1.
22.1.1.
22.1.2.
22.1.3.
715
716
716
723
725
728
733
733
739
740
740
742
750
758
761
762
763
764
768
770
777
778
778
780
782
784
790
791
793
794
794
796
799
801
802
802
804
806
807
813
815
816
817
822
825
15
22.2.
22.3.
22.3.1.
22.3.2.
22.3.3.
22.3.4.
22.4.
22.4.1.
22.4.2.
22.5.
22.5.1.
22.5.2.
22.5.3.
i 22.5.4.
22.5.5.

22.6. ,

23.
23.1.
23.2.
23.2.1.

23.2.2.

23.2.3.
23.2.4.
23.3.
862
869
870
871
872
872
873
876
881
881
23.4.2.
23.4.3. (2)
23.4.4. ()
882
883
891
23.4.5.
23.5. /
23.6.
891
894
897
23.6.1.
898
23.6.2.
903
23.7.1.
23.7.2.
23.8.
23.8.1.
23.9. Oracle
23.9.1.
Oracle
23.9.2. Oracle
24.
24.1.
16
861
877
23.4.
23.4.1.
23.7.
828
833
833
833
835
835
838
839
840
851
851
854
857
861
907
907
911
912
914
914
915
919
927
928
24.2.
24.3. -
24.3.1. ,
24.3.2.
24.3.3.
24.3.4.
24.3.5.
24.3.6. ,
24.3.7.
24.3.8.
24.3.9.
24.4.
24.4.1.
24.4.2.
24.5.
25. -

25.1. -

25.1.1.
25.1.2,
934
939
940
940
942
944
945
946
948
950
951
952
953
954
955
961
963
964
966
25.2.
967
25.2.1.
25.2.2.
25.3.
969
972
973
25.3.1.
974
25.4.4.
983
25.3.2.
25.4.
25.4.1.
25.4.2.
25.4.3.
976
978
978
979
980
25.4.5.
25.5. " "
25.6.
2 5.6.1.
25.6.2. -
25.7. -
25.7.1. -

25.7.2.
25.7.3.
26, -
26.1. OMG
26.1.1. OMG
26.1.2. CORBA
26.2. ODMG 3.0
26.2.1. ODMG
26.2.2. ()
26.2.3. ODL
985
989
991
991
993
995
995
996
999
1005
1006
1006
1010
1012
1012
1014
1023
17
26.2.3. ODL
26.2.4. OQL
26.2.5. ODMG
26.3. - ObjectStore
26.3.1.
26.3.2. ObjectStore
26.3.3. ObjectStore
27. -
27.1. -
27.2.
27.2.1.
27.2.2. (Third Manifesto)
27.3. Postgres
27.3.1. Postgres
27.3.2.
27.3.3.
27.3.4.
27.4. SQL3
27.4.1.
27.4.2. ,
27.4.3.
27.4.4.
27.4.5.
27.4.6.
27.4.7.
27.4.8.
27.4.9.
27.4.10.
27.4.11.
27.4.12.
27.4.13.
27.4.14. SQL3 OQL
27.5.
27.5.1.
27.6. - Oracle
27.6.1. ,
27.6.2.
27.6.3.
27.6.4.
27.7.
1023
1026
1033
1036
1036
1039
1043
1049
1050
1054
1054
1055
1058
1059
1059
1060
1062
1062
1063
1064
1067
1068
1069
1069
1072
1074
1076
1078
1080
1083
1085
1085
1086
1089
1090
1090
1097
1098
1099
1100
VII.
1105
28. Web-
28.1. Internet Web
28.1.1.
28.1.2.
28.2. Web
28.2.1. HTTP
28.2.2. HTML
28.2.3. URL-
28.2.4. Web-
1107
1109
1110
1111
1113
1114
1119
1119
28.3. Web

28.3.1. ,
Web
28.3.2. Web
28.3.3.
Web
28.3.4. Web
28.4.
28.4.1. JavaScript JScript
28.4.2. VBScript
28.4.3. Perl
28.5. Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
28.5.1. CGI
28.5.2. CGI
1120
1120
1121
1124
1129
1131
1131
1132
1133
1135
1137
28.6. Cookie- HTTP

28.7. Web-
28.7.1. API- Netscape
28.7.2. CGI API
28.8. Java
28.8.1. JDBC
28.8.2. SQLJ
28.8.3. JDBC SQLJ
28.8.4. Java
28.8.5. Java
28.9. Microsoft Web Solution Platform
28.9.1.
28.9.2. Active Server Pages (ASP) Active Data
Objects (ADO)
28.9.3. Remote Data Services (RDS)
1138
1139
1141
1142
1143
1147
1152
1152
1153
1154
1155
1157
28.9.4. ASP JSP
1161
1158
1160
28.9.5. Microsoft Access Web-

1162
28.9.6. ASP ADO
1163
28.10. Oracle Internet Platform
1164
28.10.1. Oracle Internet Application Server
(iAS)
1165
29. XML
1173
29.1.
1174
29.1.1. (OEM)
1177
29.1.2 Lore Lorel
1177
29.2. XML
1182
29.2.1. XML
1185
29.2.2. (DTD)
29.3. XML
1188
1192
29.3.1. DOM SAX
1192
29.3.3. XSL XSLT
1194
29.3.2. Namespaces
29.3.4. XPath (XML Path)
29.3.5. XPointer (XML Pointer)
29.3.6. XLink (XML Linking)
29.3.7. XHTML
29.3.8. XML Schema
1194
1195
1197
1197
1198
1198
19
29.3.9. (RDF)
1204
29.4. XML
1207
29.4.1. Lore Lorel
XML
1207
29.4.3. XML
1210
29.4.4. XML Query
1215
29.4.5. XML (XQuery)
1219
30.
1227
30.1.
1228
30.1.1.
1228
30.1.2.
1229
30.1.3.
1230
30.1.4. OLTP
1231
30.1.5. 1233
30.2.
1235
30.2.1.
1235
30.2.2.
1236
30.2.3.
30.2.4.
30.2.5.
30.2.6.
30.2.7.

30.2.8.
30.2.9.
30.2.10.
30.3.
1237
1237
1237
1238
1238
1238
1238
1239
1241
30.3.1.
30.3.2.
1242
1242
30.3.3.
1243
30.3.4.
30.3.5.
30.4.
30.4.1. ,
1245
30.4.2.
1246
30.5.1.
1252
30.4.3.
30.4.4.
30.5.
1249
1251
1252
30.5.2.
30.6.
Oracle
30.6.1. Oracle 9i
31. '
31.1.
31.2.
31.2.1. DM ER
31.3.
31.4.
20
1244
1244
1245
1254
1256
1256
1263
1264
1264
1268
1269
1276
31.5.
Oracle
31.5.1. Oracle Warehouse Builder
31.5.2 Oracle Warehouse Builder
32. OLAP
32.1. (OLAP)
32.1.1. OLAP
32.1.2. OLAP
32.1.3. OLAP
32.1.4.
32.1.5. OLAP
32.1.6. OLAP
32.1.7. SQL OLAP
32.2.
32.2.1.
32.2.2.
32.2.3.
32.2.4.
1310
32.2.5.
32.2.6.
1311
1311
32.2.7.
1311
32.2.8.
1312
VIII.
.
DreamHome
A.I. Branch DreamHome
.1.1.
.1.2. ()
.2. Staff DreamHome

.2.1.
.2.2. ()
.
.1. University Accommodation Office
.1.1.
.1.2. ()
.2. EasyDrive School of Motoring
.2.1.
.2.2. ()
.. Wellmeadows Hospital
,3.1.
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8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
8.4.1.
8.4.2. ,
.5.
1279
1279
1280
1289
1290
1291
1292
1294
1294
1297
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1328
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1329
1330
1330
1336
1339
1340
1341
1342
1344
1347
1348
1349
21
8.5.1.
8.5.2. -
1349
1350
8.5.3.
8.5.4.
8.5.5.
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8.6.1.
8.6.2.
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1351
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1353
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3. Web-
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3.2. PostgreSQL
3.3. CGI Perl
3.4. Java JDBC
3.5. Java SQLJ
3.6. JSP
3.6. ASP ADO
3.8. PSP Oracle
22
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1375
1375
1375
1375
1377
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. Pearson Education Database Solutions: A Step-by-Step Guide to
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Group
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JavaScript, PHP PostgreSQL, CGI Perl, Java JDBC SQLJ,
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29 XML,
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RDF) .
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E-mail: infowilliamspublishing.com
W W W http: / / w w w . w i l l i a m s p u b l i s h i n g . c o m

,
.
, . , , . ,
.
, ,
.

(Simon Plumtree) (Nicky
Jaeger) , ;
(Martin Tytler)
(Lionel Browne).
, . , X. (William H. Gwinn), (Texas Tech University);
(Adrian Larner) , (University De
Montfort, Leicester); - (Andrew McGettrick)
(University of Strathclyde);
- (Dennis McLeod)
(University of Southern California); - -
(Josepnine DeGuzman Mendoza)
(California State University); (Jeff Naughton) ..
(.. Schwarzkopf) (University of
Oklahoma); - (Junping Sun) (Nova Southeastern University); -
(Donovan Young)
(Georgia Tech); (Barry
Eaglestone) (University of Bradford);
38
(John Wade) IBM. (Anne Strachan) .

(Sally Mortimore),
(Martin Klopstock) (Dylan Reisenberger)
. , . ,
(Stephano Ceri)
(Politechnico di Milano); (Larsa Gillberg) , (Mid Sweden University, Oestersund);
. , , (St Mary's University,
Halifax, Canada); - (City
University, London); (Munindar Singh)
(North Carolina State University); (Hugh
Darwen), , (Hursely, UK); (Claude
Delobel), , (Paris, France); (Dennis Murray), Pe, (Reading, UK),
(John Kawala) (Peter Knaggs).
(Kate Brewin), (Stuart Hay)
(Mary Lince) . , ,
. (Richard
Cooper), , (University of Glasgow, UK);
(Emma Eliason), , (University of Orebro,
Sweden); (Sari Hakkarainen),
(Stockholm University) (Royal Institute of
Technology); (Nenad Jukic), , ,
(Loyola University, Chicago, USA); (Jan Paredaens),
, (University of Antwerp, Belgium); (Stephen
Priest), , (Daniel Webster College, USA). , , , .
-
(Malcolm Bronte-Stewart) Dream-Home, '
(Moira O'Donnell) Wellmeadows Hospital,
- (Lyndonne MacLeod),
, (June Blackburn), ,
.
.
.
, 2001
39

, : McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York,
. 18.9,
BYTE Magazine 1997 ; Oracle
; Microsoft.

.
ActivePerl ActiveState Corporation; ActiveX,
Authenticode, BizTalk, FoxPro, FrontPage, Microsoft, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual
Studio, Windows Windows NT Microsoft Corporation;
ADABAS Software AG; Aix, CICS, DB2, DRDA, Encina,
IBM, IMS, Poet, SQL/DS, Systems Applications Architecture, TXSeries WebSphere International Business Machines Corporation; AltaVista
Forte Digital Equipment Corporation; AppleTalk
LocalTalk Apple Computer, Inc.; Archie
Bunyip Information Services; DBase IV Borland
International, Inc.; DECNet Compaq; Delphi, InterBase
VisiBroker Borland Software Corporation; Dreamweaver
Macromedia, Inc.; Enterprise JavaBeans, Java, Java Blend
JDBC Sun Microsystems, Inc.; Excite
Excite, Inc.; GemStone Gemstone Systems, Inc.;
HP Intelligent Warehouse Hewlett-Packard Company;
IDMS, IDMS/R IDMS/SQL Cullinet Corporation;
Informix Informix Corporation; INGRES
Computer Associates International, Inc.; Intersolv Merant Solutions, Inc.; ITASCA IBEX Knowledge
Systems SA; JRun Allaire Corporation; Linux
, (Linus Torvalds); LiveWire Pro
Netscape Netscape Communications Corporation; Lycos
Lycos, Inc.; Model 204 Computer
Corporation of America; Oa 02 Technology;
Objectivity/DB Objectivity, Inc.; ObjectStore
eXcelon Corporation; ObjectPAL Object
Design; ONTOS Ontologic, Inc.; Oracle Object SQL Oracle Corporation; Paradox Corel
Corporation; PowerBuilder Powersoft, Inc.; R:base R:BASE Technologies; ServletExec
New Atlanta Communications, LLC; Simula Simula AS;
Smalltalk Xerox Corporation; Sybase
Sybase, Inc.; Tandem Tandem Computers, Inc.;
TOPLink The Object People, Inc.; Tuxedo Systems, Inc.; UniSQL/M UniSQL, Inc.;
UNIX Open Group; Versant Versant Object Technologies; Yahoo Yahoo, Inc.
40
43
77

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(PropertyForRent;), (PrivateOwner)
(Client). ,
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1.1. PropertyForRent
propertyNo
street
city
postcode
type
rooms
rent
ownerNo
14
16 Holhead
Aberdeen
AB7 5SU
House
650
C046
PL94
6 Argyll St
London
NW2
Flat
400
C087
PG4
6 Lawrence St
Glasgow
Gil 9QX
Flat
350
C040
PG36
2 Manor Rd
Glasgow
G324QX
Flat
375
C093
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
G12
House
600
CO87
PG16
5 Novar Dr
Glasgow
G129AX
Flat
450
1.2. PrivateOwner
ownerNo
fName
IName
address
telNo
046
Joe
Keogh
2 Fergus Dr, Aberdeen AB2 7SX
01224-861212
087
Carol
Farrel
6 Achray St, Glasgow G32 9DX
0141-357-7419
040
Tina
Murphy
63 Well St, Glasgow G42
0141-943-1728
Tony
Shaw
12 Park PI, Glasgow G40QR
0141-225-7025
48
I.
DreamHome
Property for Rent Details
Property Number: PG21
DreamHome
Client Details
Client Number: CR74
First Name Mute
Allocated to Branch:
Address 18 Dale Rd
. 163 Main Si, Glasgow

Postcode G12
Type House
Address
Branch No B003
Rent 600
Tel No. 01475-392178
PA 1G 1YQ
Staff Responsible
No of Rooms 5
18 Tain St.
Last Name Ritchie
Property Requirement Del
Ann Bench
Preferred Property Type House Maximum Monthly Rent 750

Owner's Details
General Comments Currently iMag at home with parents

Getting married in August
Name CarolFarrel
Business Name
Address 6AcbraySi,
Address
Seen By Ann Beech
Date 24-Mor-Ot
Branch No 8003
Branch City Gtasgo*
GlasgowG329DX
Tel No. 0141-357-
Tel No.
Owner No. COB
Owner No.
Contact Name
Business Type
. 1.1. : ) ; )

1.3. Client
dlentNo
fName
IName
address
telNo
prefType
maxRent
CR76
John
Kay
56 High St, London

SW1 4EH
0207-774-5632
Flat
425
CR56
Aline
Stewart
64 Fern Dr, Glasgow 0141-848-1825

G420BL
Flat
350
CR74
Mike
Mary
Ritchie
ISTalnStPAlGlYQ 01475-392178
House
750
Tregear
STarbotRd,
Aberdeen AB9 3ST
Flat
600
CR62
01224-196720

.
, , . 1.2.
. , . . ,
. 1.4-1.6. (Lease),
(PropertyForRent) (Client),
.
1.4. Lease
clientNo rent
payment
Method
deposit paid rentStart rentFinish duration
PA14
CR62
650
1300
PL94
CR76
400
Visa
Cash
PG21
CR74
600
Cheque
lease
property
No
No
10024
10075
10012
31-May-02
12
l-Jun-01
800
l-Aug-01 31-Jan-02
1200
l-Jul-01
12
30-Jun-02
propertyNo
street
city
postcode
PA14
16 Holhead
650
6 Argyll St
NW2
400
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Aberdeen
London
Glasgow
AB7 5SU
PL94
G12
600
rent
1.6. Client
clientNo
fName
IName
address
telNo
CR76
Kay
56 High St, London SW14EH
0171-774-5632
CR74
John
Mike
Ritchie
18 Tain St, PA1G 1YQ
01475-392178
CR62
Mary
Tregear
5 Tarbot Rd, Aberdeen AB9 3ST
01224-196720
GO
I.
DreamHome
Lease Details
Lease Number: 10012
Client No. CR74
Property No. PG21
Full Name Mike Ritchie
Address
18 Dale Rd,
Glasgow G12
Address (previous) 18 Tain St.

PA 1G 1YO
Tel No. 01475-392178
Payment Details
Monthly Rent 600
Bent Start Date 1-Jul-01
Payment Method Cheque
Rent Finish Date 3Q-Jun-Q2
Deposit 1200 . Paid (Y or N) Y
Duration
/ Year
. 1.2. Lease Details
. 1.3.
, .
,
.
,
.
. , , :
StaffSalary(staffNo,
fName,
IName,
sex,
salary, branchNo)
, :
S t a f f ( s t a f f N o , fName,
branchNo)
IName, position,
sex, dateOfBirth,
salary,
, , . ,
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1.
51
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PrlvateOwner (ownerNo, fName, IName, address, telNo)
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, address, telNo, prefType, maxRent)

Lease (leaseNo, propertyNo, clientNo, rent, paymentMethod, deposit, paid, rentStart, rentFinish, duration)
PropertyForRent (propertyNo, street, city, postcode, rent)
Client {clientNo, fName, IName, address, telNo)
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PropertyForRent , , .
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56
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PrlvateOwner. Client, Lease

Property ForRent (propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent, ownerNo)
PrivateOwner (ownerNo, fName, IName, address, telNo)
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, address, telNo, prefType, maxRent}
Lease (leaseNo, propertyNo, clientNo, paymemMethod, deposit, paid, rentStart, rentFinish)
. 1.5.
58
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60
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DBTG. CODASYL, DBTG-. CODASYL- 66
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. INGRES II
Computer Associates Informix Informix Software, Inc. Access
FoxPro Microsoft, Paradox Corel Corporation, InterBase BDE
Borland, R:Base R:Base Technologies.
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staffNo fName (Name position

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3.
119
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:
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. Branch , . , . , , .
122
II.
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S t a f f ( s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary, branchNo}
PropertyForRent (propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms,
rent, ownerNo, staf fNo, branchNo)
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, prefType, maxRent)
Viewing (clientNo, propertyNo, viewDate, comment)
Registration (cJlientNo, branchNo, s t a f f N o , dateJoined)
,
( ) .
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, , . . 3.3-3.9 .
3.3.
DreamHome. Branch
city
postcode
22 Deer Rd
London
SW1 4EH
16 Argyll St
Aberdeen
AB23SU
163 Main St
Glasgow
Gil 9QX
004
32 Manse Rd
Bristol
BS99 1N2
002
56 Clover Dr
London
NW10 6EU
branchNo
street
005
007
1 26
II.
3.4.
DreamHome. Staff
staffNo
fName
[Name
SL21
John
position
sex
DOB
salary
branchNo
White
Manager
l-Oct-45
30000
BOOS
SG37
Ann
Beech
Assistant
lO-Nov-60
12000
B003
SG14
David
Ford
Supervisor
24-Mar-58
18000
B003
SA9
Mary
Howe
Assistant
9000
B007
Susan
Brand
Manager
1
I
19-Feb-70
SG5
3-Jun-40
24000
BOOS
SL41
Julie
Lee
Assistant
13-Jun-65
9000
BOOS
.5.
DreamHome. PropertyForRent
property
street
city
postcode
type
rooms rent owner staff

No
No
branch
No
14
16Holhead
Aberdeen
AB7 5SU
House
650
C046
SA9
B007
PL94
6 Argyll St
London
NW2
'
400
C087
SL41
BOOS
PG4
6 Lawrence St
Glasgow
Gil 9QX
350
C040
PG36
2 Manor Rd
Glasgow
G32 4QX
Flat
375
C093
SG37
BOOS
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
G12
House
600
COS7
SG37
PG16
5 Novar Dr
Glasgow
G129AX
Flat
450
C093
SG14
No
,!.
BOOS
3.6.
DreamHome. Client
clientNo
fName
IName
telNo
prefType
maxRent
CR76
John
Kay
0207-774-5632
Flat
425
056
Aline
Stewart
0141-848-1825
Flat
350
CR74
Mike
Ritchie
01475-392178
House
750
CR62
Mary
Tregear
01224-196720
Flat
600
.7.
DreamHome. PrivateOwner
ownerNo
fName
IName
address
telNo
046
Joe
Keogh
01224-861212
087
Carol
Parrel
0141-357-7419
040
Tina
Murphy
0141-943-1728
093
Tony
Shaw
12 Park PI, Glasgow G4 OQR
0141-225-7025
3.
127
3.8.
DreamHome. Viewing
clientNo
propertyNo
viewDate
comment
CR56
14
24-May-Ol
too small
CR76
PG4
20-Apr-Ol
too remote
CR56
PG4
26-May-Ol
CR62
14
14~May-01
CR56
PG36
28-Apr-Ol
no dining room
.9.
DreamHome. Registration
clientNo
branchNo
staffNo
dateJoined
CR76
005
SL41
2-Jan-Ol
CR56
SG37
11-Apr-OO
CR74
SG37
16-Nov-99
CR62
007
SA9
7-Mar-OO
3.3.
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3.
129
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134
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Hotel ,
hotelNo . Room , (roomNo, hotelNo)
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139
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s t a f f , salary>!0000. , s t a f f ,
salary 10000 . . 4.1. (AND), v (OR) - (NOT).
4.1. Staff
salary > 10000
position
sex
DOB
salary
branchNo
White
Manager
l-Oct-45
30000
BOOS
Beech
Ass .slant
10-Nov-60
12000
B003
Ford
Supervisor
24-Mar-58
18000
BOOS
Brand
Manager
3-Jun-40
24000
BOOS
staffNo
fName
IName
SL21
John
SG37
Ann
SG14
David
SG5
Susan
-.,. .J[R).
; R ! , R,
" . -.
4.2,

staffNo, fName, INametf salary.
n.t af Ha,fName,IName,salary ( S t a f f )
,
s t a f f N o , fName, IName salary S t a f f ,
. . 4.2.
140
II.
4.2. Staff staffMo, fName, IName salary

staffNo
fName
IName
salary
SL21
John
30000
SG37
Ann
White
Beech
12000
SG14
David
Ford
18000
SA9
Mary
Howe
9000
SG5
Susan
Brand
24000
SL41
Julie
Lee
9000
4.1 .2.
.
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n c i t i P (Branch) uFIcity (PropertyForRent}
, Branch
PropertyForRent city, . .
. 4.3.
4.
141
4.3. , city Branch

PropertyForRent
city
London
Aberdeen
Glasgow
Bristol
' R-S. R s ,
R, s. R s
; .
4.4.
, ,
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n c i t y (Branch) - 1 ( PropertyForRent)

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city.
.
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4.4. , city Branch
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city
Bristol
R n S. , , R, s. R s
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n c i E y (Branch) n n city (PropertyForRent)
142
II.
, Branch PropertyForRent, city.

. . 4.5.
4.5. , city Branch
PropertyForRent
city
Aberdeen
London
Glasgow
:
R n S - R - (R - S)

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Client,
Viewing. , :
(n c ii e n tNo,fName,lName ( C l i e n t ) ) X (n c l i e n C N O ,propertyNo, comment ( V i e w i n g ) )
. 4.6.
, . ,
clientNo.
,
Client .clientNo=Vlewing.clientNo. ,
.
4.
143
Client .ciientNo=Viewing.clientNc ( ' ' -IclientHo, fNarae, IName I*-
> ' 'clientHo,propert;yNo, comment
(Viewing))}
. 4.7. , .
4.6. Client
Viewing ( )
Viewing .client
No
property
Kay
CR56
PA14
Too small
( )
John
Kay
CR76
PG4
Too remote
( )
CR76
John
Kay
CR56
PG4
CR76
John
Kay
CR62
PA14
CR76
John
Kay
CR56
PG36
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR56
PA14
Too small
( )
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR76
PG4
Too remote
( )
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR56
PG4
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR62
PA14
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR56
PG36
CR74
Mike
Ritchie
CR56
PA14
Too small
( )
CR74
Mike
Ritchie
CR76
PG4
Too remote
( )
CR74
Mike
Ritchie
CR56
PG4
CR74
Mike
Ritchie
CR62
PA14
CR74
Mike
Ritchie
CR56
PG36
CR62
Mary
Tregear
CR56
PA14
Too small
( )
CR62
Mary
Tregear
CR76
PG4
Too remote
( )
CR62
Mary
Tregear
CR56
PG4
CR62
Mary
Tregear
CR62
PA14
CR62
Mary
Tregear
CR56
PG36
Client. client
fName
IName
CR76
John
CR76
No
144
comment
No
No Dining room
( )
No Dining room
( )
No Dining room
( )
No Dining room
( )
II.
4.7.
Client Viewing ( )
Client. clientNo
fName
I Name
Viewing .clientNo
propertyNo
comment
CR76
John
Kay
CR76
PG4
Too remote
( ]
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR56
PA14
Too small
( )
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR56
PG4
CR56
Aline
Stewart
CR56
PG36
CR62
Mary
Tregear
CR62
PA14
No dining room
(
)

. .

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:
TempViewing(clientNo, propertyNo, comment) < , lierit.No, propertyNo,
*^ (Vie wing)
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TempClient X TempViewing
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145
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^Client.clientNo.Viewing.clientNo U elienl:No, propereyNo, comment (Viewing) }
146
II.
R e s u l t s TetnpClient x Tempciient.ciientNo.Tempviewing.ciientNo TempViewing

. 4.7.
R txi S. '*
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4.8.
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Result*- TempClient x TempViewing

. 4.8.
4.8. Client
Viewing ( )
clientNo
fName
IName
propertyNo
comment
CR76
John
Aline
Aline
Aline
Mary
Kay
PG4
Stewart.
Stewart
Stewart
Tregear
PA14
Too remote ( )
Too small ( )
CR56
CR56
CR56
CR62
PG4
PG36
PA 14
No dining room { )

, . , .
, , . .
4.
147
, R ix S. ,
R, : s.

NULL. , ,
SQL (. 5.3.7).
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4.9.
.
, (
), , . .
(n c l i e n c N o , B t r e e t ,ci C y (PropertyForRent) ) = Viewing
. 4.9.
4.9. PropertyForRent Viewing
propertyNo
street
city
clientNo
viewDate
comment
PA14
16 Holhead
Aberdeen
CR56
24-May-Ol
Too small (
}
PA14
16 Holhead
Aberdeen
CR62
14-May-Ol
No dining room (
)
PL94
6ArgyllSt
London
NULL
NULL
NULL
PG4
6 Lawrence St
Glasgow
CR76
20-Apr-Ol
Too remote (
)
PG4
6 Lawrence St
Glasgow
CR56
26-May-Ol
PG36
2 Manor Rd
Glasgow
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
CR56
NULL
NULL
NULL
Glasgow
NULL
NULL
NULL
PG16
5 Novar Dr
28-Apr-Ol
, 4.9 ,
. , , . ,
,
NULL.
148
II.

R >F S- , R, R s.
, , . (. 22.4.2 23.7.2). :
R >F S = { XF S)
R.
-, , .
4.10.
, ,
, 'Glasgow1,
Staff, , , . 4.10.
^stafE.branchNo-branch.branchNo and branch, city - 'Glasgow 1
4. 10. Staff Branch

staffNo
fName
IName
position
sex
DOB
salary
branchNo
SG37
Ann
Beech
BOOS
Ford
10-Nov-60
24-Mar-58
3-Jun-40
12000
David
Susan
Assistant
Supervisor
Manager
SG14
18000
B003
24000
BOOS
SG5
Brand
M
F
4.1.4.
,
. , R , S , (.. ). -, ..
R,
S.
.
R + S, R,.;
,
I s.
4.
149
:
!<-()
T 2 <-n c ({SxT 1 )-R)
4.11.
,
.
, ,
.
, . 4.11-4.13.
(ncLientto,pr0pertyNo (Viewing) )-(>.3 (ProperCyForRent) ) )
4.11. nctentNOipropertvNo{Viewing)
Viewing
clientNo
propertyNo
CR56
14
CR76
PG4
CR56
PG4
CR62
14
CR56
PG36
4. 1 2.
PropertyForRent
clientNo
PG4
PG36
4.13.

clientNo
CR56
4.1.5.
. 4.14.
150
I I .
4.14.

,
() R,
()
....... (R)
RuS
R-S
RnS
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R ,
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R. s.
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,

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151
4.2.
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, , .

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: [67] [202] .
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4.2.1.

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S :
152
II.
Staff(S)
, " S, F ( S ) " :
(S|F(S)}
F ( ,
Well-Formed Formula, WFF). , " s t a f f No, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB,
salary branchNo ,
10 000 " :
{SJStaff(S)
S . s a l a r y > 10000}
S. salary salary
S. (, salary),
:
{ S . s a l a r y [ S t a f f ( S ) ' . s a l a r y > 10000}

,
, . (3), "", , , :
S t a f f (S) {} (Branch(B)
.city='London')
(.branchNo=S.branchNo)
, Branch , branchNo,
branchNo S S t a f f , city
' London'. (V), " ", , , :
(VB)
(.city * 'Paris')
, Branch city ' P a r i s ' .

:
() ( F ( X ) ) ^ ~ ( V X ) ( ~ ( F ( X ) > >
tVX) ( F < X > ) = ~<3X) ! ~ ( F ( X ) }}
OX) ( F a ( X )
(VXHF^X)
E F2(X)>
= F2{X))
= ~(VX) ( - ( F i t X ) )
v ~{F2(X)>)
= -OX) ( - ( F i t X ) )
v~{F2(X)J)
:
~()(.city ='Paris')
, .
, V 3; . , 4.
153
, (|). , S
S S t a f f .
{S.fName, S.IName | Staff (S) ()
S.branchNo) .city = ' L o n d o n 1 ) }
(Branch(B) (B.branchNc =

, ,
.
.
:
{Si.aj,
S 3 .a 2 , ...,
S n .a n
F(SL,
S2
, SJ } ;
ra>n
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( )
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.
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(Fi/\F2), (FjVFjj)
(-Fi), .
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4.12.
. , 25000 .
(S.fName,S.IName|Staff(S)5.position='Manager'.salary>25000}
. ,
.
{S S t a f f ( ) ( ) ( P r o p e r t y F o r R e n t ( ) ( P . s t a f f N o = S . s t a f }
P.city='Glasgow1)}
154
II.
staf fNo PropertyForRent , .

: " , , PropertyForRent , , city
'Glasgow'".
,
, . : " PropertyForRent, city 'Glasgow',
Staff". ,
, .
, ,
.
{5.fName,S.IName|Staff(S) (~ ()(PropertyForRent(P)
(S.staffNo=P.staffNo)))}
, :
{S.fName,S.IName|Staff(S){(Vp)(-PropertyForRent(P)v
~(S.stafNo=P.staffNo)))}
, , .
(C.fNarae,C.lName|Client()((3V)()(Viewing(V)
PropertyForRent(P} (C.clientNo=V.clientNo)
(V.propertyNo=P.propertyNo) P . c i t y = ' G l a s g o w ' } ) }
, ", 'Glasgow'",
", Viewing
' Glasgow' ".
, , ,
.
{.city|Branch(){-()(PropertyForRent(P).city=P.city))}
,
4.4.
. , ,
.
{.city]Branch()(()(PropertyForRent(P).city=P.city))}
,
4.5.
. , ,
.
4.3
. , ,
, 4.
155
. , , Branch, PrcpertyForRent (
).
, , ,
. ,
,
.

, ,
. , , , S t a f f :
{S|-Staff(S)}
. , ,
, ,
;
dora(E). , ,
. ,
, S t a f f .
, , , .
, , Staff (.. ,
). ,
, . ,
, RANGE.
[93].
4.2.2. "
,
. , , , .
:
{di, d2
d, I F t d i , d2
dj);
m > n
dj, d2,..., dn,..., dm (), a F{d 1 (

d2, . .., dj .
, .
156
II.
R (d l 7 d 2 , . . . , d n ) , R di .
di dj, di dj 9
(<, < >, >, =, ?*); di dj ,
0 .
di 9 , d t , di 9 .
.
.
F2 , ,
(] ), (F^yF;,)
(~Fj), .
F^ X, () (F) (Vx) ( F ) .
4.13.
:
(3d1( d2
d n ) (3d,) ,
(3d 2 ) ,
(3dJ
. , 25000 .
{ f N , IN J (3sN, posn, sex, DOB, sal, b N ) ( S t a f f ( s N , f N , IN, posn,
sex, DOB, sal, bN} posn = 'Manager' sal > 2 5 0 0 0 ) }

, 4.12, , , (). Staff (sN, fN, . . ., bN} ,
.
posn = 'Manager'
Staff .position = 'Manager'. .
posn
s t a f f
Staff {posn). ,
posn
, , Staff (sN, fN, IN,
posn, sex, DOB, sal, bN),
position, s t a f f .
, ( posn sal).
, ,
.
{sN, f N , IN, posn, sex, DOB, sal, bN |
{3sNl, cty)
( S t a f f { s N , f N , IN, posn, sex, DOB, sal, bN)

PropertyForRent(pN, st, cty, pc, typ, rras, rnt, oN, sNl, bNl}
( s N = sNl) cty = ' G l a s g o w ' ) }
4.
157
:
{sN, f N , IN, posn, sex, DOB, sal, bN |
( S t a f f ( s N , f N , IN, posn, sex, DOB, sal, bN}
1
PropertyForRent (pN, st, 'Glasgow , pc, typ, rms, rnt, oN, sN, b N l ) ) }
cty PropertyForRent
'Glasgow', sN,
, Staff,
PropertyForRent.
. ,
- .
{fN, IN | (3sN) { S t a f f { s N , f N , IN, posn, sex, DOB, sal, bN} (~ (BsNl)
(PropertyForRent(pN, st, cty, pc, typ, rms, rnt, oN, sNl, bNl)
(sN = s N l ) ) ) ) }
. , .
. { f N , IN |
(3cN, cNl, pN, pNl, Cty}
(Client(cN, fN, IN, tel, pT, mR) Viewing(cNl, pNl, dt, crat}
PropertyForRent(pN, st, cty, pc, typ, rms, rnt, oN, sN, bN)
[cN = cNl} {pN =. pNl) cty'= 'Glasgow')}
. , ,
.
{cty | (Branch(bN, st, cty, pc) ( ~ ( B c t y l J
(PropertyForRent(pN, stl, ctyl, p e l , typ, rms, rnt, oN, sN, bNl)
(cty = c t y l } ) ) }
E , ,
.
{cty | (Branch(bN, st, cty, pc) (3ctyl)
(PropertyForRent(pN, st1, ctyl, pel, typ, rms, rnt, oN, sN, bNl)
(cty = c t y l ) ) }
. , ,
.
{cty | {Branch(bN, st, cty, pc) v
PropertyForRent(pN, stl, cty, pel, typ, rms, rnt, oN, sN, b N ) ) }
, ,
, , , ,
, . , ,
.
1 58
II.
4.3.

,
,
.
: .
,
. . SQUARE [37], SEQUEL [53] ,
SQL. SQL 5, 6 21.
.
,
. QBE (Query-By-Example)
[331]. 7.

(Fourth-Generation Language 4GL),
, (. 2.2 ). , ..
, (Fifth-Generation Language 5GL).
.
,

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4.
159
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4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
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Hotel,
3.
4.8.
, :
) 1{1 (Room) )
) O H otel.hotelNo - Room.hotelNo ( I ! o t e l
) llhotelName (Hotel
160
Room)
<Hotel.hotelNo = Room.hotelNo (^price >
5 0 (RoOTTl)
) )
I E .
) Guest =><
) Hotel
&J
(odateTo > -i-jmn-aooi- (Booking) )
> H otel.hotelNo - Room.hotelNo (O"price > 50 (Room) )
1'guestName, hoCelNo (BOOKing
^Booking .guestNo Guest .guestNo
GUSt)
-S-
flhotelNo (Ocity > 'London' (Hotel) )
, 4.8.
4.10. , :
4.9.
) {H.hotelName | H o t e l ( H ) A H . c i t y = ' L o n d o n }
) {H.hotelNarae | H o t e l ( ) (3R)
R.hotelNo R . p r i c e > 5 0 ) }
(Room(R) H.hotelNo =
) {H.hotelName J Hotel (H) () (3G) (Booking(B) G u e s t ( G )

H.hotelNo = B.hotelNo B.guestNo = G.guestNo
1
G.guestNarae = 'John S m i t h ) }
r) {H.hotelName, G.guestName, Bl.dateFrom, B2.dateFrom |
Hotel(H) Guest(G) Booking(Bl) Booking(B2) H.hotelNo =
Bl.hotelNo G.guestNo - Bl.guestNo B2.hotelNo = Bl.hotelNo
B2.guestNo = Bl.guestNo 2. dateFrom Bl. dateFrom}
4.11.
,
4.10.
4.12. ,
,
) .
6} 20
.
) ,
.
) Grosvenor
.
) ,
Grosvenor.
) Grosvenor
, ,
, .
) Grosvenor
( guestNo, guestName guest Address).
4. ,
Grosvenor, . ?
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.
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4.1.
4.
161
SQL:
...
Structure Query Language (SQL)

.
SQL.
SQL.
SELECT.
SQL,
:
WHERE ,
;

ORDER BY;
SQL;
GROUP BY;
;
;
(UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT).
INSERT, UPDATE
DELETE.
3 4
. , , Structured Query Language (SQL),
.
SQL (ANSI)
1986 , 1987 (ISO)
[170].
SQL ,
,
.
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, ,

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, .
SQL,
ISO. -
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5.1 SQL ,
. 5.2 , SQL. 5.3 SQL, , .
6 SQL,
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21 SQL
: , SQL . 27.4
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( SQL3). SQL . ( ),
4.

SQL. SQL
, 4.
. 3.33.9 DreamHome.
5.1. SQL
SQL,
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5.1.1. SQL

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;
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164
II.
. SQL .
SQL , ,
. SQL, ISO,
:
DDL (Data Definition Language),
;
DML (Data Manipulation Language),
.
SQL3 SQL
; -
. , IF ... THEN ...
ELSE, GO TO, DO ... WHILE ,
.
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( )
SQL . ,
SQL. SQL , 21. SQL3, 1999 , 27.
SQL .
, , , . , SQL ,
, SQL
. , .
,
, CREATE TABLE ( ), INSERT (), SELECT (). :
CREATE TABLE S t a f f ( s t a f f N o VARCHAR(S),
salary D E C I M A L ( 7 , 2 ) ) ;
INSERT INTO Staff VALUES
('SG16',
IName V A R C H A R ( 1 5 ) ,
'Brown', 8300);
SELECT staffNo, IName, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 10000;
SQL ,
(), ,

.
SQL [173],
[176], , .
5. SQL:
165
5.1.2. SQL
3, (
SQL) 1970 . .
( IBM
-). 1974 . , , , "Structured English Query Language",
SEQUEL. 1976 ,
SEQUEL/2; SQL
SEQUEL - .
- SQL "", "--".
1976 SEQUEL/2 IBM
, "System R" [9]. . ,
SQL,
SQUARE (Specifying Queries as Rational Expressions), System R. SQUARE
, [37].
1970- , ,
Oracle, Oracle. , , SQL.
INGRES, QUEL.
, SQL,
. , SQL
, INGRES . 1981 IBM
SQL/DS (
DOS/VSE). 1982 VM/CMS,
1983 MVS, DB2.
1982 (ANSI) RDL (Relation Database Language), , IBM. 1983
(ISO). SQL.
( RDL 1984 , SQL.)
, ISO 1987 ,
. , ,
, , , .
,
[89], [90], [92].
, . ,
(
, , ), , ,
.
1989 ISO , [171]. 1992 166
II.
, ISO,
SQL2 ( SQL-92) [173]. ,
SQL.
, SQL3 [176],
1999 .
- ,
27.4.
, , . ,
SQL , . . .
,
, ISO.
,
, SQL,

. SQL .
SQL IBM,
.
, SQL, ,
5.1.3. SQL
SQL , .
, NDL (Network
Database Language),
CODASYL, .

SQL SQL, , , , . SQL
, .
(, System Application Architecture
(SAA) IBM),
(, /Open,
UNIX), SQL
(Federal Information Processing
Standard FIPS), . SQL Access
Group SQL,
.
SQL
. ISO "Information Resource Dictionary System"
(IRDS) (. 2.7.1) "Remote Data Access" (RDA). ,
, 5. SQL:
167
. , .
SQL, , OnLine Analytical Processing (OLAP).
5.1.4.
ISO SQL , , , , . SQL
ISO. , , SQL ,
3. , SQL ,
SELECT
,
, .
5.2. SQL
SQL ,
SQL. SQL ,
, . SQL .
, ,
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)
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SQL , SQL

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(Backus Naur Form -).
168

, .
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b | .
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,
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DDL, DML.
DML DDL.
DML . DDL .
5.3.
SQL DML:
SELECT ;
INSERT ;
UPDATE ;
DELETE .
SELECT
DML, SELECT .
,
, , ,
. INSERT, UPDATE DELETE SQL.
SQL
DreamHome, . 3-33.9. DreamHome :
Branch
Staff
(branchNo, street, city, postcode)

(sjiajE f No, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary,
branchNo)
PropertyForRent (propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms,
rent, ownerNo, s t a f f N o , branchNo}
Client
(clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, prefType, maxRent)
PrivateOwner
(ownerNo, fName, IName, address, telNo)
Viewing
(clientNo, propertyNo, viewDate, comment)
5. SQL:
169

DML, , , "".
, SQL.
, SQL
( 6.1.1).
, ,
, . , .
.
INSERT INTO PropertyForRent(propertyNo, street, city, postcode,type,
rooms, rent, ownerNo, staffNo, ranchNo)
1
1
1
1
V A L U E S ( ' P A 1 4 ' , 46 Holhead , 'Aberdeen , 'AB7 5SU , 'House , 6 ,
1
1
650.00, 'C046 , 'SA9 , ' B 0 0 7 ' ) ;
rooms ,
rent .
. .
5.3.1.
SELECT . , ,
, (. 4.1), . SELECT
SQL. SELECT :
^SELECT [DISTINCT; [ ALL] .{ * I
[columnExpression IAS newName]]
[,'...'}'}
"FROM TaJbleWame '{alias] [ , . . - ]

. [WHERE condition].,
,v [GROUP BY columnwise] [HAVING condition]
: ; QRDER'BY columnList] '
columnExpression . TableName ( ), . a l i a s , TableName. SELECT
.
FROM. .
WHERE. .
GROUP BY. ,
.
170
HAVING.
.
SELECT. , .
ORDER BY. .
SELECT .
SELECT FROM ,
.
SELECT , ,
(. 4.1). , .

5.1.
.
,
WHERE. ,
. :
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary, branchNo
FROM S t a f f ;

, SQL " " - (*).
:
SELECT *
FROM Staff;
. 5.1.
5.1. 5.1
position
sex
White
Manager
Ann
Beech
Assistant
David
Ford
Supervisor
SA9
Mary
Howe
SG5
Susan
Brand
SL41
Julie
Lee
staffNo
fName
IName
SL21
John
SG37
SG14
DOB
salary
branchNo
l-Oct-45
30000.00
BOOS
lO-Nov-60
12000.00
BOOS
24-Mar-58
18000.00
BOOS
Assistant
19-Feb-70
9000.00
B007
Manager
3-Jun-40
24000.00
BOOS
Assistant
13-Jun-65
9000.00
BOOS
5. SQL:
1
171
5.2.

( staffNo), , .
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, salary

FROM S t a f f ;
Staff ,
staffNo, fName, IName salary,
.
. 5.2. , . ,
(,
Microsoft Access staffNo).
.
5.2. 5.2
staffNo
fName
IName
salary
SL21
John
White
30000.00
SG37
Ann
Beech
12000.00
SG14
David
Ford
18000.00
SA9
Mary
Howe
9000.00
SG5
Susan
Brand
24000.00
SL41
Julie
Lee
9000.00
5.. DISTINCT
, .
SELECT propertyNo
FROM Viewing;
. 5.3. , , , (.
4.1.1), SELECT
.
DISTINCT. :
SELECT DISTINCT propertyNo
FROM Viewing;
. 5,4.
172
II.
5.3.
5.3
5.4.
5.3
propertyNo
14
PG4
PG36
5.4.
,
, .
SELECT s t a f f N o , fName, IName, salary/12
FROM S t a f f ;
5.2, ,
, . 12. . 5.5.
5.5. 5.4
staffNo
fName
IName
co!4
SL21
John
White
2500.00
SG37
Ann
Beech
1000.00
SG14
David
Ford
1500.00
SA9
Mary
Howe
750.00
SG5
Susan
Brand
2000.00
SL41
Julie
Lee
750.00
( , ).
SELECT SQL.
5. SQL:
173
, , . .
, , , .
, , !4. . , SQL
. SQL
(, !4),
, SELECT. ISO
,
AS. SELECT
:
SELECT staffNo,
FROM S t a f f ;
fName,
INarae, salary/12 AS month!ySalary

monthlySalary, col4.
( WHERE)
SELECT
.
,
.
WHERE. WHERE, , ,
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. .
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NULL. , NULL
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WHERE ,
4.1.1. .
174
II.
5.5.
10 000
.
SELECT s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, salary
FROM Staff
Staff salary > 10000.
,
Staff, salary 10 000 . . 5.6.
5.6. 5.5
staffNo
fName
IName
position
salary
SL21
John
Ann
SG14
David
Susan
White
Beech
Ford
Brand
Manager
Assistant
Supervisor
Manager
30000.00
SG37
SG5
12000.00
18000.00
24000.00
SQL , . 5.7.
5.7.

!<
>=
( ISO)
( )
AND, OR NOT, , ( ).
.
.
.
NOT AND OR.
AND OR.
.
5. SQL:
175
5.6.
.
SELECT *
FROM Branch
1
1
WHERE city = 'London OR city = ' G l a s g o w ;
,
(city = 'London') (city = 'Glasgow'),
WHERE OR.
. 5.8.
5.8. 5.6
branchNo
street
005
002
city
postcode
22 Deer Rd
London
SW1 4EH
163 Main St
Glasgow
Gil 9QX
56 Clover Dr
London
NW106EU
1
5.7. (BETWEEN/NOT BETWEEN)

20 000 30 000 ,
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary BETWEEN 2 0 0 0 0 AND 3 0 0 0 0 ;
BETWEEN .
20 000 30 000 . . 5,9.
5.9. 5.7
staffNo
fName
IName
position
salary
SL21
John
White
Manager
30000.00
SG5
Susan
Brand
Manager
24000.00
, (NOT BETWEEN), ,
.
BETWEEN SQL, . :
FROM S t a f f
WHERE salary >= 20000 AND salary <= 30000;
176
II.
,
BETWEEN , .
5.8.
(IN/NOT IN)
.
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, posicion
FROM S t a f f
WHERE position IN ('Manager',
'Supervisor');

IN. ,
'Manager 1 'Supervisor 1 . . 5.10.
5.10. 5.8
staffNo
fName
IName
position
SL21
John
White
Manager
SG14
David
Ford
Supervisor
SG5
Susan
Brand
Manager
,
(NOT IN), , ,
. BETWEEN, IN SQL
:
SELECT staffNo,
fName,
IName, position
FROM S t a f f
WHERE position = 'Manager' OR position = 'Supervisor 1 ;

IN
, .
5.9. (LIKE/NOT LIKE)

,
'Glasgow'.

1
' G l a s g o w , address
PrivateOwner. SQL
, .
5. SQL:
177
%. ( ).
_. .
.
address LIKE 'H%'. ,
, .
address LIKE 'H
'. ,
, , ' ' .
address LIKE ' %'.
,
.
address LIKE '%Glasgow%'. ,
, Glasgow;
address NOT LIKE ' H % ' . ,
, .
,
,
ESCAPE "" , , , . ,
45%' :
LIKE '15#%' ESCAPE ' # '
, SQL,
,
. :
SELECT ownerNo, fName, IName, address, telNo
FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE address LIKE ' %Glasgow ! ir' ;
. 5.11.
5.11. 5.9
ownerNo
fName
IName
address
telNo
087
Carol
Parrel
0141-357-7419
040
Tina
Murphy
0141-943-1728
093
Shaw
0141-225-7025
1
5.10. NULL
(IS NULL/IS NOT NULL)
PG4,
.
Viewing (. . 3.8), ,

178
P G 4 ' , ,
. ,
:
(propertyNo = ' PG4 ' AND comment = ' ' )
(propertyNo = ' P G 4 ' AND comment <> 'too r e m o t e )

. (
NULL) ,
. ,
. , IS NULL:
SELECT clientNo, viewDate
FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = 'PG4' AND comment IS NULL;
. 5.12.
5.12. 5.10
clientNo
date
CR56
26--01
, NULL, ,
(IS NOT NULL).
5.3.2. ( ORDER BY)

SQL
- ( , ). ,
SELECT ORDER BY.
ORDER BY ,
. , 1, SELECT . 1, 2 ..
, , , , AS
SELECT . ORDER BY
(ASC) (DESC)
, , 1
ISO, .
5. SQL:
179
.
SQL , ORDER BY
SELECT. ORDER BY
SELECT.
5.11.
,
.

FROM Staff
ORDER BY salary DESC;
5.2. ,
salary. SELECT ORDER BY,
salary.
,
DESC. . 5.13. , ORDER BY :
ORDER BY 4 DESC. 4 SELECT, .. salary.
5.13. 5.11
staffNo
fName
IName
salary
SL21
John
White
30000.00
SG5
Susan
Brand
24000.00
SG14
David
Ford
18000.00
Ann
Beech
12000.00
SA9
Mary
Howe
9000.00
SL41
Julie
Lee
9000.00
SG37
ORDER BY .
.
salary. , . ,
,
.
- . ORDER BY , .
180
II.
5.12.
, .
SELECT propertyNo, type, rooms, rent
FROM PropertyForRent
ORDER BY type;
(.5.14).
5.14. 5.12

propertyNo
type
rooms
rent
PL94
Flat
400
PG4
Fiat
350
PG36
Flat
375
PG16
Flat
450
PA14
House
650
PG21
House
600
.
, . , ,
rent, :
SELECT propertyNo, type, rooms, rent
ORDER BY type, rent DESC;
( , ) (
),
.
. 5.15.
5.15. 5.12

propertyNo
type
rooms
rent
PG16
Flat
450
PL94
Flat
400
PG36
Flat
375
PG4
Flat
350
14
House
650
PG21
House
600
5. SQL;
181
ISO , NULL , ORDER BY,

, , .
.
5.3.3. SQL
ISO :
COUNT ;
SUM ;
AVG ;
MIN ;
.
.
. COUNT, MIN
, , SUM AVG . COUNT ( * ) , ,
. COUNT (*}
COUNT , , , .
, DISTINCT. ' ISO
ALL , , ,
. DISTINCT
MIN .
SUM AVG, ,
. ,
DISTINCT .
,
SELECT HAVING (. 5.3.4). .
SELECT , GROUP BY, (. 5.3.4), SELECT
- , , . ,
:
SELECT staffNo, COUNT(salary)
FROM S t a f f ;
, GROUP
BY, s t a f f N o SELECT
.
182
II.
5.13. COUNT(*)
, 350
,
SELECT COUNT(*) AS count
WHERE rent > 350;
,
350 ,
WHERE. ,
,
COUNT. . 5.16.
5.16. 5.13
count
5.14. COUNT(DISTINCT)
,
2001 .
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT propertyNo) AS count
FROM Viewing
WHERE date BETWEEN ' l - M a y - 0 1 1 AND ' 3 1 - M a y - O l 1 ;

, 2001 ,
WHERE. , , COUNT. ,
,
DISTINCT
. . 5.17.
5.17. 5.14
count
5.15. COUNT SUM

.
SELECT COUNT(staffNo) AS count, SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
WHERE position = 'Manager';
5. SQL:
183
WHERE. COUNT SUM.

. 5.18.
5.18. 5.15
count
sum
54000.00
5.16. MIN, MAXnAVG

, .
SELECT MIN(salary) AS min, MAX(salary) AS max, AVG(salary) AS avg

FROM S t a f f ;
, WHERE .
MIN, MAX AVG,
salary Staff. . 5.19.
5.19. 5.16
min
max
avg
9000.00
30000.00
17000.00
5.3.4. ( GROUP BY)

,
.
.
. SELECT
GROUP BY. , GROUP BY, , , SELECT,
. , GROUP BY,
. ISO , SELECT GROUP BY
. SELECT GROUP BY SELECT
. , SELECT
:
;
;
;
, .
184
II.
, SELECT, GROUP BY, , . GROUP BY ,

SELECT. GROUP BY
WHERE, , , .
ISO , . NULL ,
.
5.17. GROUP BY
, ,
.
SELECT branchNo, COUNT{staffNo} AS count, SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
ORDER BY branchNo;
s t a f f N o salary GROUP BY, SELECT
. branchNo SELECT - GROUP BY. . 5.20.
5.20. 5.17
branchNo
count
sum
8003
54000.00
005
39000.00
007
9000.00
.
1. Staff .
.
, . 5.1.
2. , , salary,
.
.
3. , branchNo.
5. SQL:
185
' branchNo
005
005
007
staffNo
salary
SG37
12000.00
18000.00
24000.00
30000.00
9000.00
9000.00
SG14
SG5
SL21
SL41
SA9
COUNT(staffNo)
SUM(salary)
54000.00
39000.00
9000.00
. 5.1. ,
SQL SELECT ( 5.3.5).
:
SELECT branchNo,
(SELECT C O U N T { s t a f f N o ) AS count
FROM S t a f f s
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo),

(SELECT SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff s
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo)
FROM Branch b
ORDER BY branchNo;
,
Branch, ,
, .
( HAVING)
HAVING GROUP BY ,
, . HAVING WHERE , .
WHERE , , HAVING
, . ISO , ,
HAVING, GROUP BY .
HAVING , , ;

WHERE . (,
WHERE.)
HAVING SQL -
, HAVING, , .
186
II,
5.18. HAVING

.
SELECT branchNo, COUNT(staffNo) AS count, SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
HAVING COUNT(staffNo) > 1
ORDER BY branchNo;
,
, , , . , HAVING. . 5.21.
5.21. 5.18
branchNo
count
sum
54000.00
005
39000.00
5.3.5.
SELECT,
SELECT. () SELECT
() .
WHERE HAVING SELECT
, . , SELECT INSERT,
UPDATE DELETE (. 5.3.10). .
, , .. . , . 5.13 5.14.
,
. , ,
. 5.15 , .
, ,
IN.
5. SQL:
187
5.19.
, ,
1
463 Main St .
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, position
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = (SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = '163 Main S t ' } ;
SELECT (SELECT branchNo FROM Branch ...)
, '163
Main S t ' . ( ,
.)
,
. , SELECT , ' B O O V . ,
1
'163 Main St . SELECT
:
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = 'B0031;
. 5.22.
5.22. 5.19
staffNo
fName
IName
position
SG37
Ann
SG14
David
Susan
Beech
Ford
Brand
Assistant
Supervisor
Manager
SG5
, . , (.. =, <, >, <=, >=, <>) WHERE HAVING.

.
5.20.
, , ,
.
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, position,
salary - (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM S t a f f ) AS salDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM S t a f f ) ;
,
'WHERE salary > AVG (salary) ',
188
II.
WHERE .
, ,
SELECT, ,
. ,
, 17 000 .
SELECT ,
. SELECT :
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, position, salary - 17000 As salDiff
FROM S t a f f
. 5.23
5.23. 5.20
staffNo
fName
IName
position
salDiff
SL21
John
White
Manager
13000.00
SG14
David
Ford
Supervisor
1000.00
SG5
Susan
Brand
Manager
7000.00
.
1. ORDER BY,
SELECT.
2. SELECT
, ,
EXISTS (. 5.3.8).
3. , FROM .
, FROM ,
( ).
4. , , . , ,
salary.
SELECT s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, salary
FROM S t a f f
WHERE (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM Staff) < salary;
5.21. IN
,
, '163 Main st1.
SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent
5. SQL:
189
WHERE
staffNo
IN
(SELECT s t a f f N o
FROM S t a f f
WHERE brancliNo = (SELECT branchNo

FROM Branch
WHERE street = '163 Main S t ' ) ) ;
, , , 463 Main S t ' . , , , .
=. IN. , ,
. . 5.24.
5.24. 5.21
city
postcode
propertyNo
street
type
rooms
rent
PG16
5 Novar Dr
Glasgow
PG36
2 Manor Rd
Glasgow
G129AX
Flat
450
G324QX
Flat
375
House
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
G12
600
5.3.6. ANY ALL

ANY ALL , .
ALL, , .
ANY, , - (
) .
,
ALL ,
ANY . ISO SOME, ANY.
5.22. ANY SOME

,
' '.

FROM Staff
WHERE salary > SOME(SELECT salary

FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = 'B003');
,
' 1 , ,
(. 5.20), , 190
II.
SOME/ANY. {12000, 18000, 24000}, ,

( 12 000). , .
, . 5.25.
5.25. 5.22
staffNo
fName
(Name
SL21
John
SG14
David
SG5
Susan
position
salary
White
Manager
30000.00
Ford
Supervisor
18000.00
Brand
Manager
24000.00
5.23. ALL
,
' '.
SELECT staffNo, fName, INarae, position, salary
FROM S t a f f
WHERE salary > ALL{SELECT salary
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = 'BOG3');
.
, ' ' ,
,
. ALL. . 5.26.
5.26. 5.23
staffNo
fName
IName
position
salary
SL21
John
White
Manager
30000,00
,
1
5.3.7.
:
. .
, . SQL
, .

.
5. SQL
191
, , . ' , . FROM
, ,
WHERE , . , , FROM.
. ,
,
. , . , , .
5.24.
,
.
SELECT c.clientNo, fName, IName, propertyNo, comment
FROM Client c, Viewing v
WHERE c.clientNo = v.clientNo;
Client, Viewing, . SELECT ,
. ,
(clientNo) ,
, .
, . (
clientNo Viewing.)

{ ). ' ' , Client.
, clientNo. .clientNo=v.clientNo.
.
, 4.1.3. . 5.27.
5.27. 5.24
clientNo
fName
IName
propertyNo
CR56
Aline
PG36
CR56
Aline
CR56
Aline
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Tregear
Kay
CR62
Mary
CR76
John
192
PA14
comment
too small
PG4
PA14
PG4
no dining room
too remote
II.
,
" " (1:*), - (.
11.6.2). , Client
Viewing, .
Viewing () Client (),
Client ()
Viewing (). , , . 3.2.5 ,
"-" . , , , , , . - SQL
, .
5.24 Client (. clientNo)
Viewing (v. clientNo).
SQL
:
FROM Client JOIN Viewing v ON .clientNo = v.clientNo
FROM Client JOIN Viewing USING clientNo
FROM Client NATURAL JOIN Viewing
FROM FROM
WHERE.
clientNo, clientNo.
5.25.
,
- , ,
.
SELECT s.branchNo, s . s t a f f N o , fName, IName, propertyNo
FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = p . s t a f f N o
ORDER BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo, propertyNo;
,
,
. . 5.28.
5.28. 5.25
branchNo
StaffNo
fName
IName
propertyNo
SG14
David
Ford
PGi6
SG37
Ann
Beech
PG21
SG37
Ann
Beech
PG36
BOOS
SL41
Julie
Lee
PL94
007
SA9
Mary
Howe
PA14
5. SQL:
193
5.26.
,
- , ,
, ,
.
SELECT b.branchNo, b.city, s.staffNo, fName, IName, propertyNo
FROM Branch b, S t a f f s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE b.branchNo = s.branchNo AND s . s t a f f N o = p . s t a f f N o
ORDER BY b.branchNo, s . s t a f f N o , propertyNo;

Branch, Staff PropertyForRent, . Branch Staff
b.branchNo=*s .branchNo, . Staff
PropertyForRent
s. staff No=p. staff No. , .

. 5.29.
5.29. 5.26
branchNo
city
staff Mo
fName
IName
propertyNo
Glasgow
SG14
David
Ford
PG16
Glasgow
SG37
Ann
Beech
PG21
Glasgow
SG37
Ann
Beech
PG36
005
London
SL41
Julie
Lee
PL94
007
Aberdeen
SA9
Mary
Howe
PA14
, SQL
FROM WHERE:
FROM
(Branch b JOIN S t a f f s USING branchNo) AS bs

JOIN PropertyForRent p USING s t a f f N o
5.27.
,
,
SELECT s.branchNo, S.staffNo, COUNT(*) AS count
FROM S t a f f s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE S . s t a f f N o = p . s t a f f N o
GROUP BY s.branchNo, s . s t a f f N o
ORDER BY s.branchNo, s . s t a f f N o ;
, ,
. Staff PropertyForRent
194
II.
staffNo FROM/WHERE. ,
,
GROUP BY. ,
ORDER BY. . 5,30.
5.30. 5.27
branchNo
staffNo
count
SG14
SG37
8005
SL41
007
SA9

, (. 4.1.2).
,
, . , . WHERE, SQL
. , ISO SELECT,
:
-."SELECT [DISTINCT. | ALL] {* j columnList]
FROM
tableNamel CROSS JOIN 2
5.24, client
Viewing clientNo,
, . 3.6 3.8, 20 (4 Client x 5
viewing = 20 ). 5.24 , WHERE.
, SELECT, .
1. , FROM.
2. WHERE,
, .

.
3. ,
SELECT, .
4. SELECT DISTINCT,
-.
5. SQL:
195
, 3 4 ,
, SELECT.
5. ORDER BY, .

,
.

, .
. ISO , (. 4.1.3).
,
.
, Branch
PropertyForRent, . 5.31 5.32.
5.31. Branch"!
branchNo
bCity
Glasgow
004
Bristol
002
London
5.32. PropertyForRentl
pCity
Aberdeen
London
Glasgow
() SQL:
SELECT b . * , p . *
FROM Branchl b, PropertyForRentl p
WHERE b . b C i t y = p . p C i t y ;
. 5.33.
5.33.
Branchl PropertyForRentl
branchNo
bCity
propertyNo
Glasgow
London
PG4
Glasgow
PL94
London
002
196
pC'rty
II.
,
, , .
,
, .

, .
: , .
.
5.28.
,
, ,
.
, :
SELECT . * , . *
FROM Branchl b LEFT JOIN PropertyForRentl p ON b . b C i t y = p.pCity;
. 5.34.
,
, (),
(). NULL.
5.34. 5.28
branch No
bCity
propertyNo
pClty
Glasgow
PG4
004
Bristol
NULL
Glasgow
NULL
002
London
PL94
London
5.29.
,
, ,
.
,
:
SELECT b . * , p . *
FROM Branchl b RIGHT JOIN PropertyForRentl p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
. 5.35.
,
,
() , ()
. NULL.
5. SQL:
197
5.35. 5.29
branchNo
bCity
propertyNo
pCity
NULL
NULL
PA14
Aberdeen
B003
Glasgow
PG4
Glasgow
B002
London
PL94
London
5.30. }
,
, ,
.
, :
SELECT . * ( . *
FROM Branchl b FULL JOIN PropertyForRent p ON b.bCity = p.pCity;
. 5.36.
,
, , . ,
, NULL.
5.36. 5.30
branchNo
bCity
propertyNo
pClty
NULL
NULL
PA14
Aberdeen
Glasgow
PG4
004
Bristol
NULL
Glasgow
NULL
002
London
PL94
London
5.3.8. EXISTS NOT EXIST

EXISTS NOT EXISTS . TRUE FALSE. EXISTS TRUE
,
. , EXISTS
FALSE. NOT EXISTS , EXISTS.
EXISTS NOT EXISTS
, .
, :
(SELECT * FROM . . . )
198
II.
5.31. EXISTS
, .
FROM Staff
WHERE EXISTS(SELECT *
FROM Branch b
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND city = 'London');
: "
, Branch ,
branchNo, ,
City 'London'".
. , EXISTS
TRUE. . 5.37.
5.37. 5.31
staff
No
fName
IName
position
SL21
John
White
Manager
SL41
Julie
Lee
Assistant
, , s.branchNo=b.branchNo,
, .
,
, SELECT * FROM Branch
WHERE city='London' TRUE. :
SELECT s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position FROM Staff WHERE true;
:
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, position FROM S t a f f ;
, , :
SELECT s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position
FROM S t a f f s, Branch b
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND city = 'London 1 ;
5.3.9.
( UNION, INTERSECT EXCEPT)
SQL
(union), (intersection) (difference),
.
5. SQL:
199
,
, (), ()
,
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
. 5.2. , , . ,
, ..
. ,
,
. , , . , , , SMALLINT.
Bns
-s
. 5.2.
(, )
, ISO, UNION, INTERSECT EXCEPT.
:
opera tor .[ALL]
{CORRESPONDING [BY {columnl [,
...]}
CORRES POND ING BY

.
CORRESPONDING, 3Y , , . ALL, .
SQL INTERSECT EXCEPT, a
EXCEPT MINUS.
200
II.
5.32. UNION
, ,
.
(SELECT city
FROM Branch
WHERE city IS NOT NULL)
UNION
(SELECT city
WHERE city IS NOT NULL);
{SELECT *
FROM Branch
WHERE city IS NOT NULL)
UNION CORRESPONDING BY city
(SELECT *
WHERE c i t y IS NOT NULL);
,
, .
. 5.38.
5.38. 5.32
city
London
Glasgow
Aberdeen
Bristol
5.33. INTERSECT
, ,
.
(SELECT city
FROM Branch)
INTERSECT
(SELECT c i t y
FROM PropertyForRent);
(SELECT *
FROM Branch)
INTERSECT CORRESPONDING BY city
(SELECT *
FROM PropertyForRent};
, ,
.
. 5.39.
5.39. 5.33
city
Aberdeen
Glasgow
London
5. SQL:
201
INTERSECT:
SELECT b . c i t y
FROM Branch b, PropertyForRent p
SELECT DISTINCT city

FROM Branch b
WHERE b . c i t y = p . c i t y ;
WHERE EXISTS(SELECT *
FROM PropertyForRent p
WHERE p . c i t y = b . c i t y ) ;
SQL , .
I 5.34. EXCEPT
, ,
,
(SELECT city
(SELECT *
FROM Branch)
FROM Branch)
EXCEPT
EXCEPT CORRESPONDING BY city
(SELECT city
(SELECT *
, ,
, . . 5.40.
5.40. 5.34
city
Bristol
EXCEPT:
FROM Branch
WHERE city NOT IN
(SELECT city

FROM Branch b
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
WHERE p.city = b.city);
5.3.10.
SQL , , .
, SELECT. SQL, .
INSERT ,
UPDATE ,
.
DELETE .
202
II.
( INSERT)
INSERT.
. INSERT
:
# INSERT . INTO TableName
^VALUES
TableName ( ) , ( 6.4). colunmList ( ) ,
, . coIumnLisC
. ,
, ,
CREATE TABLE. INSERT
,
NULL
,
DEFAULT ( 6.3.2). dataValueList ( )
columnList:
;

,
da ta Val uebist
columnList, dataValuel/ist columnList ..;
dataValueList
.
5.35. INSERT... VALUES
staff , .
INSERT INTO Staff
VALUES('SG16', 'Alan', 'Brown', 'Assistant 1 , ' M 1 , DATE '1957-05-25',
8300, ' B 0 0 3 ' ) ;

, . ,
(, ' A l a n ' ) .
I 5.36. ,

staff ,
: staffNo, ftfame, IName, position, salary branchNo.
INSERT INTO Staff (staffNo, fName, IName, position, salary, branchNo)
VALUES { ' S G 4 4 1 , ' A n n e 1 , 'Jones', ' A s s i s t a n t ' , 8100, ' ' } ;
5. SQL:
203
, , . ,
, . , INSERT
:
INSERT INTO Staff
VALUES ( ' S G 4 4 1 , 'Anne 1 , ' J o n e s 1 , ' A s s i s t a n t 1 , NULL, NULL, 8100,
NULL, ' B G 0 3 . ' ) ;
, sex DOB NULL.
--.. -".
INSERT . :
r
INSERT INTO . TableWame

-'.-SELECT .--.- :
^^^^
TableWame columnList ,
. SELECT SELECT. , , ,
. ,
INSERT, .
5. 37. INSERT ... SELECT
, Staff PropCount, ,
:
Staff PropCount (staff No, fNarie, IName, propCount)
staff PropCount , staff
PropertyForRent.
INSERT INTO StaffPropCount
{SELECT s.staffNo, fName, IName, COUNT(*)
FROM Staff s. Proper t ForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo p. staff No
GROUP BY s.staffNo, fName, IName}
UNION
(SELECT s t a f f N o , fName, INa-ne, 0
FROM S t a f f
WHERE s t a f f N o NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT s t a f f N o
FROM PropertyForRent) ) ;
,
, . UNION,
,
. , ,
. 204
II.
UNION, SELECT , count 0. . 5.41

StaffPropCount .
5.41. SQL 5.37
staffNo
fName
IName
propCount
SG14
David
Ford
SL21
John
White
SG37
Ann
Beech
SA9
Mary
Howe
SG5
Susan
Brand
SL41
Julie
Lee
, SQL
UNION INSERT.
( UPDATE)
UPDATE
. :
ÛPDATE.
SET calumnNamel = dataValuel
[WHERE searchCondition]
columnNameS '*= dataValueS
TableN&me , (. 6.4). SET , . WHERE . ,

. WHERE , , , searchCondition.
dataValuel, dataValue2t...
.
5.38.
UPDATE
3%.
UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*!.03;
S t a f f , WHERE
.
" 5. SQL:
205
5.39.
UPDATE
5%.
UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*!.05
1
WHERE position = ' M a n a g e r ;
WHERE , .
salary , salary =
salary*!.05.
5.40.
UPDATE
(BtafNo='SGl4 ')
18 000 .
UPDATE Staff
SET position = 'Manager', salary = 18000
WHERE staffNo = 'SG14';
( DELETE)
DELETE .
:
'''DELETE FROM TableName
:[WHERE searchConditionJ
INSERT UPDATE, TableName
,
(. 6.4). searchCondition ,
. .
, , DROP TABLE (. 6.3.3). WHSRE ,
, , searchCondition,
5.41. ( DELETE)
PG4.
DELETE FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = 'PG4';
WHERE
,,
' PG4 ', .
206
II.
5.42. ( DELETE)
viewing.
DELETE FROM Viewing/
WHERE ,
. Viewing, .
SQL , ( SELECT, INSERT, DELETE). , .

.
SELECT SQL. : , .
SELECT ,
.
SELECT / ,
.
FROM , , SELECT.
WHERE ,
.
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. ORDER BY SELECT,
.
SQL (COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN
MAX),
. SELECT
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HAVING ,
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207
,
. , WHERE, HAVING .
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WHERE HAVING SELECT,
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FROM, ,
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5.1.
5.2.
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SQL?
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SELECT? NULL?
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GROUP BY. WHERE HAVING?
5.6.
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208
II.
5.7-5.28 Hotel, 3.

5.7.
5.8.
.
,
.
5.9.
,
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5.10. 40 ,
.
5.11. , dateTo.

5.12.
5.13.
5.14.
5.15.
?
?
?
?

5.16. Grosvenor,
5.17. ,
Grosvenor.
5.18. ,
Grosvenor, .
5.19. ,
Grosvenor, ?
5.20. Grosvenor, .
5.21. - Grosvenor ?
5.22. .
5.23. ,
.
5.24. ,
?
5.25. ?
5.26. -
?
5. SQL:
209

5.27. .
5.28. 5%.

5.29. SQL ,
.
ISO.
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5.30. , ,
HAVING,
HAVING.
5.31. , SQL .
210
II.
SQL:
...
, SQL.

SQL.

SQL, :
;
;
;
;
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CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE.
,
SQL.
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ISO.
GRANT REVOKE .
SQL ,
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SQL .

6.1 ISO SQL. 1989 ISO
(Integrity Enhancement Feature IEF),
[171]. -

. IEF SQL ,

. 6.2,
SQL 6.3.
6.4 ,
SQL, ,
.
, , ISO SQL , . 6.5 ISO SQL.

. , SQL , ,
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21 SQL , SQL. 27.4 , SQL
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SQL ,
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ISO
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6.1.1. SQL
SQL
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(A-Z, a-z), (0-9) (_). .
:
128 ( );
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212
II.
6.1.2. SQL
. 6.1 SQL, ISO.
, -
character bit " ",
exact numeric approximate numeric " ". SQL3 , , 27.4.
6.1. SQL, ISO

boolean
()
character
()
bit
()
exact numeric
( )
approximate numeric
( )
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(/)
interval
()
BOOLEAN
LOB
( )
CHAR
VARCHAR
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BIT VARYING
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DECIMAL
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TIME
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SQL, , , . ASCII EBCDIC.
:
6. SQL:
213
' CHARACTER [VARYING] [length:

.CHARACTER (. .)
CHARACTER VARYING ( - VARCHAR)
length ,
( 1).

(VARYING) . ,
, . ,
,
. , branchNo
Branch
:
branchNo CHAR(4)
address PrivateOwner
{ 30 ), :
address VARCHAR(30)
( bit)
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OBIT IVARYING] {length].

, ' ' bitstring:
bitString
BIT(4)
6.1.3. ( exact numeric)

,
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INTEGER
' SMALLXNT
:
j. INTEGER . ( INT) DECIMAL ( DEC)
214
II.
NUMERIC DECIMAL
. ,
. INTEGER
.
SMALLINT .
. , , SMALLINT,
32 767. rooms PropertyForRent,
, SMALLINT :
rooms
SMALLINT
salary S t a f f :
salary
DECIMAL(7,2)
99 999.99
,
( approximate numeric)
, , .
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, (), : 10, +5.26, - 0 . 2 - 4 .
:
I FLOAT
[precision]
' REAL
' DOUBLE PRECISION
precision .
REAL DOUBLE PRECISION .
( datetime)
"/"
. , . ISO "/" YEAR (), MONTH (), DAY (), HOUR (), MINUTE (), SECOND
(), TIMEZONE_HOUR ( ) TIMEZONE_MINUTE ( ).
(
). /.
J'DATE
:TIME [timePrecision] [WITH TIME 2ONS]

TIMESTAMP [timePrecision] [WITH TIME ZONE]
DATE ,
YEAR, MONTH DAY. TIME -
6. SQL:
215
, HOUR, MINUTE SECOND. TIMESTAMP

. timePrecision , SECOND. ,
TIME (..
), TIMESTAMP
6 (.. ). WITH TIME ZONE
TIMEZONE_HOUR TIMEZONE_MINUTE. , date Viewing,
(, )
, :
viewDate
DATE
interval
. : YEAR, MONTH,
DAY, HOUR, MINUTE SECOND. : - - . YEAR / MONTH.
DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND.
:
INTERVAL -{{startField TQ.endField} singleDatetimeField}
StartField = YEAR
MONTH | DAY j HOUR | MINUTE
[CintervaiLeadingFieldPrecisicm) ]
endField
YEAR | MONTH | DAY j .HOUR-.. | MINUTE | SECOND
[(fractionalSecondsPrecision)]
singleDatetimeField = startPield |;SECONB
[ (intervejlbeadingFie.IdPrecis.icm
[,fractionalSecondsRrecision])]
startField
(intervalLeadingFieldPrecision),
. :
INTERVAL Y E A R ( 2 )
MONTH
, 0 , 0 99 , 11 . :
INTERVAL HOUR TO SECOND(4)
, 0 , 0 , 99 , 59 5 9 . 9 9 9 9 .
( 4.)

SQL
, , .. , .
(+, -, * /)
, . 6.2.
216
II.
6.2. SQL, ISO
BIT_LENGTH
. ,
BIT_LENGTH(X'FFFF') 16
OCTET_LENGTH
( ,
8}. ,
OCTETJjENGTHfX'FFFF') 2
CHAR__LENGTH
( ,
). ,
CHAR_LENGTH ( ' Beech') 5
CAST
,
, .
CAST ( .26 AS INTEGER)
,
.
, f Name j | IName

CURRENTJJSER USER
,
(,
, )
SESSION_USER
,
SQL
SYSTEMJJSER
,
,
LOWER

. ,
LOWER(SELECT fName FROM Staff WHERE staffNo =
'SL21') ' john'
UPPER

. ,
UPPER(SELECT fName FROM Staff WHERE staffNo =
SL21') 'JOHN'
TRIM
(LEADING),
(TRAILING) (BOTH) .
, TRIM (BOTH ' * ' FROM ' ***
Hello World * * * ' ) 'Hello World 1
POSITION
.
, POSITION ( ' '
IN 'Beech') 2
SUBSTRING
.
,
SUBSTRING!'Beech' FROM 1 )
'Bee 1
EXTRACT

, .
EXTRACT(YEAR FROM Registration.dateJoined)
6. SQL:
217
. 6.2
CASE
CASE type
WHEN 'House'
WHEN ' F l a t '
ELSE
END
THEN 1
THEN 2
0
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENTJTIME
,
,
, CTJRRENTJTIME ( 6 )

CURRENT_TIME_STAMP
,

. , CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(O)

6.2.
, , SQL.
,
. 3.3 :
;
;
;
;
.
CREATE TABLE ALTER
TABLE.
6.2.1.
, (
NULL). NULL ;
, ,
(. 3.3.1). ,
: , .. ISO NOT
NULL, CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE.
NOT NULL, 218
II.
.
NULL,
NULL. ISO NULL. , , position
() Staff () ,
, .
position VARCHAR(IO) NOT NULL
6.2.2.
, ..
(. 3.2.1). , , sex () Staff

' ' , ' F ' . ISO
CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE. CHECK, . CHECK :
:
CHECK
{searchCandition}
CHECK
. , , sex ( ' '
'F'), :
CHAR NOT NULL CHECK
{sex IN
CM ,
'F })
ISO ,
CREATE DOMAIN,
:
: CREATE DOMAIN domainWame [AS] datatype
[DEFAULT defaultOption]
.:[CHECK (searcftCoriditicn)]
,
domainName, , dataType (. 6.1.2), ,
defaulCOption, ,
CHECK. ,
CREATE DOMAIN ,
. ,
sex :
CREATE DOMAIN SexType AS CHAR
DEFAULT ' M '
CHECK (VALUE I N { ' M ' , ' F ' ) ) ;

SexType, ,
6. SQL:
219
" ' F ' . sex Staff ,

SexType CHAR:
sex
SexType NOT NULL
searchCondicion
. , BranchNumber ( ), , branchNo
Branch. :
CREATE DOMAIN BranchNumber AS VARCHAR(4)
CHECK (VALUE IN (SELECT branchNo PROM Branch));
DROP
DOMAIN, :
"DROP DOMAIN domainName [RESTRICT | CASCADE]
(RESTRICT CASCADE) ,
, . RESTRICT, , (. 6.5.2),
. CASCADE,
, , ,
,
.
6.2.3.
. , PropertyForRent
,
propertyNo;
, . ISO
PRIMARY KEY CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE. ,
PropertyForRent :
PRIMARY KEY(staffNo)
, ,
Viewing, clientNo propertyNo,
PRIMARY KEY
PRIMARY KEY(clientNo, propertyNo)
PRIMARY KEY
.
,
UNIQUE. , 220
II.
NOT NULL.
UNIQUE. INSERT UPDATE,
( ). , Viewing :
clientNo VARCHAR{5) NOT NULL,
propertyNo VARCHAR(S) NOT NULL,
UNIQUE (clientNo, propertyNo)
6.2.4.
, ,
, ,
. ,
,

(. 3.3.3). , branchNo
PropertyForRent Branch, , .
, branchNo Branch. .
ISO FOREIGN KEY CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE.
,
branchNo
PropertyForRent :
FOREIGN KEY(branchNo) REFERENCES Branch
INSERT UPDATE,
, . , UPDATE DELETE,
,
,
, ON
UPDATE ON DELETE FOREIGN KEY. , , , SQL .
CASCADE. . , ,
,
.. , .
6. SQL:
221
SET NULL. ,
NULL. , NOT NULL.
SET DEFAULT. ,
, .
DEFAULT ,
(. 6.3.2).
NO ACTION. . , ON DELETE .
SQL , .
CASCADE , . , , . ,
PropertyForRent s t a f f No
, staff.
, ,
staff staffNo PropertyForRent NULL:
FOREIGN KEY (staffNo} REFERENCES Staff ON DELETE SET NULL
,
ownerNo PropertyForRent ,
PrivateOwner. , , PrivateOwner ownerNo PropertyForRent
:
FOREIGN KEY {ownerNo) REFERENCES PrivateOwner ON UPDATE CASCADE
6.2.5.
( ), , . , DreamHome
, ) ,
, . ISO CHECK UNIQUE CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE, CREATE
ASSERTION. CHECK UNIQUE . CREATE ASSERTION
,
. :
222
II.
CREATE ASSERTION
CHECK, . , , ASSERTION,

. ,
,
, :
CHEATS ASSERTION Staff NotHandlingTooMuch
CHECK (NOT EXISTS (SELECT staff No
GROUP BY staffNo
HAVING COUNT(*} > 1 0 0 ) )
,
CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE.
6.3.
SQL DDL (Data Definition Language)
, , , , .
, ,
, . ISO
, . . [45].
SQL.
CREATE
CREATE
CREATE
CREATE
SCHEMA
DOMAIN
TABLE
VIEW
ALTER DOMAIN
ALTER TABLE
DROP
DROP
DROP
DROP
SCHEMA
DOMAIN
TABLE
VIEW
, , .
, SQL:
CREATE INDEX
DROP INDEX
, , , .
6.3.1.
.
().
6. SQL:
223
,
.
ISO , ,
SQL .
ISO,
(environment). , (catalog),
(schema).
,
( ). ],!, , , , , .
, .

, .
():
:
;CREATE. SCHEMA "( )' AUTHORIZATION " Creator-Identifier]
, SqlTests Smith, :
CREATE SCHEMA SqlTests AUTHORIZATION Smith;
ISO , ,
. .
DROP SCHEMA, :
| SCHEMA Name' [ RESTRICT j "CASCADE")
RESTRICT ( ), , .
CASCADE, , ,
. , DROP SCHEMA .
DROP SCHEMA CASCADE
, .
CREATE SCHEMA DROP SCHEMA
.
6.3.2. ( CREATE TABLE)

, , .
CREATE TABLE, :
224
II.
. CREATE ;. TABLED ' '

f (columName data Type '.{NOT NULL) [UNIQUE!
-[DEFAULT defaultoption] tCHSCK (searchCondXtion}:] " t, - - }
[PRIMARY KEY: .<lJSOf Columns) , }

:: - :{ [UNIQUE^d^stOfOsIumns) ,} t [,--. . .] }
;..V{ .[FOREIGN KEY (listOfFdreignKeyColumns)*
. * REFERENCES Parent Tabl eName '[{listOfCandidateKeyColuims} ] ,
tMATCH {PARTIAL f FULL}
' : [ON UPDATE. i-eferentialAction]
CON DELETE referential Action] } [ , , .-.] }
{{CHECK (aearchCoodltioa)} , . , , ] } )
CREATE TABLE . SQL. , ,

,
.
,
TableName,
dataType. 6.1.2.
, , DEFAULT.
,
INSERT . ,
defaultoption
. NULL, UNIGUE CHECK
.
:
CONSTRAINT ConstraintName
,
ALTER TABLE, .
PRIMARY KEY ,
. SQL, , . , , NOT NULL.

PRIMARY KEY. INSERT
UPDATE, () PRIMARY KEY. , .
FOREIGN KEY ()
() . .
UstOfForeignKeyColumns, , .
REFERENCES,
(.. , . SQL:
225
). UstOfCandidateKsyCalumns , , .
CREATE TABLE PRIMARY KEY.
(ON UPDATE)
(referentialAction)
, . referentiaJAcCion
CASCADE, SET NULL, SET DEFAULT NO ACTION. ON
UPDATE , ,
, NO ACTION (. 6.2).
(ON DELETE)
(referentialAction) , , .
referentzalAction
ON UPDATE.
,
NULL . MATCH
, NULL
. MATCH FULL,
(NULL), . MATCH PARTIAL, (NULL), ,
, NULL . , MATCH FULL.
FOREIGN KEY. CHECK CONSTRAINT
. CHECK
, .

SQL , ,
, SQL
(, 6.5). 6.1 CREATE TABLE.
6.1. CREATE TABLE

Proper t yForRen t
CREATE TABLE.
CREATE DOMAIN OwnerNumber AS VARCHAR(S)
CHECK {VALUE IN (SELECT ownerNo FROM PrivateOwner));
CREATE DOMAIN StaffNumber AS VARCHAR(S)
CHECK (VALUE IN (SELECT s t a f f N o FROM S t a f f } ) ;
CREATE DOMAIN BranchNumber AS C H A R ( 4 )
CHECK (VALUE IN (SELECT branchNo FROM Branch)};
CREATE DOMAIN PropertyNumber AS V A R C H A R ( S ) ;
226
II.
CREATE
CREATE
CREATE
CREATE
DOMAIN Street AS VARCHAR(25);

DOMAIN City AS VARCHAR(15);
DOMAIN Postcode AS VARCHAR(S);
DOMAIN PropertyType AS CHAR(l)
CHECK(VALUE IN ('B', 'C' f 'D', 'E 1 , 'F', 'M 1 , ''));
CREATE DOMAIN PropertyRooms AS SMALLINT;
CHECK(VALUE BETWEEN 1 AND 15);
CREATE DOMAIN PropertyRent AS DECIMAL(6,2)
CHECKfVALUE BETWEEN 0 AND 9999.99);
CREATE TABLE PropertyForRent(
propertyNo
PropertyNumber NOT NULL,
street
Street
NOT NULL,
city
City
NOT NULL,
postcode
Postcode,
type
PropertyType
NOT NULL DEFAULT 'F 1 ,
rooms
PropertyRooms NOT NULL DEFAULT 4,
rent
PropertyRent
NOT NULL DEFAULT 600,
ownerNo
Owner-Number
NOT NULL,
staffNo
StaffNumber
CONSTRAINT StaffNotHandlingTooMuch
CHECK (NOT EXISTS
(SELECT staffNo
GROUP BY StaffNo
HAVING COUNT(*) > 100)),
branchNo
BranchNumber
NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (propertyNo),
FOREIGN KEY (staffNo) REFERENCES Staff ON DELETE SET NULL
ON UPDATE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (ownerNo) REFERENCES PrivateOwner ON I-vXETE NO
ACTION ON UPDATE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY (branchNo) REFERENCES Branch ON DELETE NL *
ACTION ON UPDATE CASCADE);
type ' F ' ( ' F l a t ' ).
CONSTRAINT,
, .
, , , 100.

(propertyNo).
. (staffNo)
, S t a f f .
,
Staff
staffNo
PropertyForRent NULL, , ,
Staff
g t a f f N o PropertyForRent.
(ownerNo) ,
PrivateOwner. NO ACTION
PrivateOwner, PropertyForRent
ownerNo. 6. SQL:
227
CASCADE ,

ownerNo PropertyForRent .
branchNo. FOREIGN KEY HstOCandidateKeyColunms, ,
.
, s t a f f N o
NOT NULL , - ,

(, ).
( ownerNo
brancbNo, )
.
6.3.3.
( ALTER TABLE)
ISO ALTER TABLE . ALTER
TABLE , :
;
;
(5;
;
, ;
, ,
.
.
"ALTER TABLE 'TableName
. [ADD [COLUMN] columnNattie dataType [NOT NULL] . [UNIQUE].
' [DEFAULT defaultOptionJ [CHECK 4searchCondition)]]
[COLUMN] columnWame [RESTRICT | CASCADE]].,
[CONSTRAINT [ConstralntName] ] tableConstraintDefinitian]
tDROP CONSTRAINT ConstraintWame '[RESTRICT | CASCADE]]
[ALTER [COLUMN] SET DEFAULT defaulcpption]
[ALTER [COLUMN] DROP DEFAULT]

CREATE TABLE, , CaJbleConstraintDefinition
PRIMARY KKY, UNIQUE, FOREIGN KEY CHECK. ADD COLUMN CREATE
TABLE. DROP COLUMN , , , ,
DROP , .
228
II.
RESTRICT, DROP ,
(, ). .
CASCADE. DROP
, . ,
, , , -
, , ..
6.2. ALTER TABLE

staff,
'Assistant' it ion,
' F ( female ).
ALTER TABLE Staff
ALTER position DROP DEFAULT;
ALTER TABLE Staff
ALTER sex SET DEFAULT 'F';
PropertyForRent, ,
100
. Client,
, .
ALTER TABLE PropertyForRent
DROP CONSTRAINT StaffNotHandlingTooMuch/
ALTER TABLE Client
ADD prefNoRooms PropertyRooms;
ALTER TABLE SQL.
ALTER TABLE . ,
, , . ,
:
;
DROP
TABLE;
CREATE TABLE;
.
, ,
,
. , INSERT. , .SELECT , .
6. SQL:
229
6.3.4. ( DROP TABLE)

: , * DROP TABLE, :
.DROP TABLE.TableWame [RESTRICT I CASCADE]
, PropertyForRent
:
DROP TABLE PropertyForRent;
, , .
, , DELETE (. 5.3.10). DROP TABLE
, .
RESTRICT. DROP ,
, ,
.
CASCADE. DROP ,
( , ).
DROP TABLE
CASCADE ,
.
DROP TABLE ,
. ,
DROP TABLE , .
6.3.5. ( CREATE INDEX)

,
. (
.) .

, .
,
. SQL. ;
!-'CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX
ON Table/fame (!8 | DESC]
;
L, - 1 )
. , .
UNIQUE, 230
II.
.
, , ,
(, ).
,
,
. , ( ) . .
Staff PropertyForRent ,
, :
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ScaffNoInd ON S t a f f ( s t a f f N o ) ;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX PropertyNoInd ON PropertyForRent
(propertyNo);

(ASC) (DESC),
. , PropertyForRent
:
CREATE INDEX Rentlnd ON PropertyForRent (city, rent) , Rentlnd, PropertyForRent.
city,
rent.
6.3.6. ( DROP INDEX)

,
, DROP INDEX.
:
;;DROP" INDEX JndexWame
,
.
DROP INDEX Rentlnd;
6.4.
, 3.4.
. , *
, . - :
, ,
.
,
.
6. SQL:
231
.

, . . , ,
. , , , ,
. , (
SQL, ),
6.4.3. ,
, ,
, . 6.4.8.
, .
6.4.1. ( CREATE VIEW)

CREATE VIEW :
CREATE VIEW ViewName ([ (newCoIumntfame [,
'AS subselect [WITH [CASCADED ,| LOCAL]
...])].
sutoselect, SELECT SQL.

. , , , subselect. , -
, subselect. , . ,
, AS

? .
subseJect
. WITH CHECK OPTION, ,
, ,
WHERE , ( 6.4.6). ,
SELECT , USAGE
, . , 6.6. , .
.
232
II.
6.3.
, ' '
, .

, .
CREATE VIEW Manager3Staff
AS SELECT *
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = '';

Manager3Staff, S t a f f ,
, ' ' . ( ,
branchNo
, ' '.) SQL, , . 6.3.
SELECT * FROM Manager3Staff;
6.3. , ManagerSStaff
staffNo
fName
SG37
INatne
position
sex
DOB
salary
branchNo
10-Nov-60
12000.00
8003
24-Mar-Sa
18000.00
3-Jun-40
24000,00
Beech
Assistant
SG14
David
Ford
Supervisor
SG5
Susan
Brand
Manager
,
Staff, , ,
ManagerSStaff. -
s t a f f ,
, . 6.6.
6.4.
,
' ', ,
,
.
, .
CREATE VIEW Staff3
AS SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, position, sex
6. SQL:
233
FROM S t a f f
WHERE branchNo = ' B O Q 3 ' ;
, ,
Staff ManagerSStaff:
CREATE VIEW S t a f f s
AS SELECT s t a f f N o , fName,
FROM Manager3Staff;
iNa'ne,
position,
sex
Staffs,
S t a f f , salary, DOB branchNo. , , , 6.4.
6.4. , Staff.3
position
sex
Beech
Assistant
Ford
Supervisor
Brand
Manager
staffNo
fName
(Name
SG37
Ann
SG14
David
SG5
Susan
,
, 1
'
S t a f f s , St.if f ManagersStaff.
, , , . ,
,
, , .
I 6.5. ,

, ,
. ,
, (. 5.27).
CREATE VIEW StaffPropCnt (branchNo, s t a f f N o ,
AS SELECT s.branchNo, s . s t a f f N o , COUNT{*)
FROM S t a f f s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = p . s t a f f N o
GROUP BY s.branchNo, s , s t a f f N o ;
cnt)
, . 6.5. , GROUP BY (
) (
).
234
II.
.

. ,
,
COUNT.
6.5. , StaffPropCnt
branchNo
staffNo
cnt
SG14
SG37
005
SL41
007
SA9
6.4.2. ( DROP VIEW)

DROP VIEW,
:
IDROP VIEW ViewName [RESTRICT j CASCADE]
DROP VIEW
. , Manager3Staff :
DROP VIEW Manager3Staff;
CASCADE, DROP VIEW
. , ,
. , DROP VIEW
, .
RESTRICT , , . RESTRICT.
6.4.3.
, , , . SQL ,
, ' ' .
StaffPropCnt, 6.5:
SELECT staffWo, cnt
FROM StaffPropCnt
WHERE branchNo = ''
ORDER BY staffNo;
6. SQL:
235

Staff PropCnt .
1. , SELECT , .
SELECT :
SELECT s . s t a f f N o AS staf::No, COUNT{*) AS cnt
2. , FROM ,
FROM :
FROM Staff s, PropertyForrRent p
3. WHERE WHERE AND:
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = p . s t a f f N o AND branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 1
4. GROUP BY HAVING
.
GROUP BY:
GROUP BY s . s t a f f N o , s.branchNo
5. ORDER BY
,
:
ORDER BY s.staffNo
6
:
SELECT s . s t a f f N o AS s t a J i f N o ,
COUNT ( * ) AS cnt
FROM S t a f f s, PropertyForRerit p
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = p.sta.':fNo AND branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 1
GROUP BY s . s t a f f N o , s.branchNo
ORDER BY S . s t a f f N o ;
. 6.6.
6.6. ,

staffNo
cnt
SG14
5G37
6.4.4.
ISO ,
SQL .
236
II.

, SELECT ORDER
BY , . , WHERE,
, . , StaffPropCnt, 6.5. cnt COUNT.
.
SELECT COUNT()
FROM StaffPropCnt;
, cnt ,
. ,
:
SELECT *
FROM S t a f f P r o p C n t
WHERE cnt > 2;
, WHERE cnt , .
'' . , StaffPropCnt ,
.
6.4.5.
, , , . , ,
, ()
, . .
StaffPropCnt, 6.5. , ,
INSERT ,
, SG5
:
INSERT INTO StaffPropCnt
VALUES (' 1 , 'SG5', 2) ;

PropertyForRent , ,
' SG5 ' .
, , .
PropertyForRent, .
6. SQL:
237
:
CREATE VIEW StaffPropLiat (branchNo, staffNo, propertyNo)
AS SELECT s.branchNo, s . s t a f f N o , p.propertyNo
FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = p. s t a f f No,-
:
INSERT INTO StaffPropList
VALUES { ' B 0 0 3 ' , ' S G 5 ' , ' P G 1 9 ' ) ;
, PropertyForRent ,
( postcode staffNo)
NULL (. 6.1). StaffPropList PropertyForRent, , .
ISO , , . ISO
, :
DISTINCT, .. ;
SELECT
{ , ),
;
FROM , ..
, .
,
.
, , (UNION), (INTERSECT) (EXCEPT) ;
WHERE -
SELECT, , FROM;
GROUP BY HAVING.
, , ,
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NOT NULL,
. , , .
. S ,
- .
238
II.
6.4.6. WITH CHECK OPTION

, WHERE .
, ,
. , ,
,
WHERE. , , .
WITH CHECK OPTION CREATE VIEW. LOCAL/CASCADED , .. . WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION,
, ,
,
, ,
. WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION
( )
,
,
.
, , . , INSERT UPDATE ,
WHERE , .
, . , WITH CHECK OPTION , .
6.6. WITH CHECK OPTION

, 6,3:
AS SELECT *
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 '
WITH CHECK OPTION;
. 6.3. ' 1 ' B O O S 1 , , i'^ :
UPDATE Manager3Staff
SET branchNo = 'BOOS 1
WHERE staffNo = 'SG37';
WITH CHECK
OPTION, , .
, :
6. SQL:
239
INSERT INTO Manager3Staff

VALUES('SL15', ' M a r y ' , 'Black', 'Assistant 1 , ' F ' ,
DATE '1967-06-21',8000, ' B O Q 2 ' ) ;
WITH CHECK
OPTION, ,
Staf ( ' 0 0 2 ' ).
, Staff
Staff, ,
.
CREATE VIEW LowSalary
AS SELECT *
FROM Staff
AS SELECT *
FROM HighSalary
WHERE branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 1 ;
CREATE VIEW HighSalary

AS SELECT *
FROM LowSalary
WHERE salary > 10000
WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION;,
Manager3Staf f :
UPDATE Managers Staff
SET salary = 9500
WHERE staffNo = 'SG371;
. ,
HighSalary, LowSalary,
HighSalary.
8 000 , ,
LowSalary. HighSalary WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION,
( 9 500, 8 000 )
,
HighSalary. ,
,
, H;J
WITH CASCADED CHECK OPTION.
6.4.7.

, , .
SQL .
, , SQL. . 6.7.
240
II.
6.7. SQL
.

. .

,
, (, ,
, , ).
,
, .
,
, . , , , .
. , Client :
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, address, telNo, prefType, maxRent)
,
, ClientDetails ClientReqts:
ClientDetails (clientNo, fName, IName, telNo)
ClientReqts (clientNo, prefType, maxRent)
-
,
Client, ClientDetails
ClientReqts, clientNo:
CREATE VIEW Client
AS SELECT cd.clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, prefType, maxRent
FROM ClientDetails cd, ClientReqts cr
WHERE cd.clientNo = cr.clientNo;
\
6. SQL:
241

, , .

,
, .
.

, .

.

, ,
. ; , .

,
. .

CREATE VIEW ' WITH CHECK
OPTION, . , , WHERE ..
.
, SQL .

6.4.5 , , .

. SELECT * PROM..., *
, .
, ,
.
242
II.

. , . , , , ,

, .
.
, .
6.4.8.
, ,
6.4.3. .

, . , .
, , ,
. , .
, , , . .
.
.
,
, . , , :
CR3ATE VIEW StaffPropRent ( s t a f f N o )
AS
SELECT DISTINCT S t a f f N o
WHERE branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 ' AND rent > 4 0 0 ;
,
, . 6.8. PropertyForRent
, rent ^ 400, . PropertyForRent
( ' P G 2 4 ' , . . . , 550, ' 0 4 0 ' , ' S G 1 9 1 , ' '),
. ,
( ' P G 5 4 ' , . . . , 4 5 0 ,
'039', 'SG37',
' ' )
6. SQL:
243
PropertyForRent , SG37. ,
, , PropertyForRent,
6.8. Staff PropRent
staffNo
SG37
SG14
PropertyForRent 1
( ' P G 2 4 , . . . , 550, ' 0 4 0 ' , 'SG19', ' ' ) ,
.
PropertyForRent
( ' PG5 4 ' , . . . , 450, ' 08 9 ' , ' i!G3 7 ' , ' 3 ' ) , , SG37, , , PG21.
, , PropertyForRent.
[146].
6.5.
ISO , COMMIT ROLLBACK.

SQL ( ) ,
DB2 IBM.
,
SQL, .
, SQL
SQL,
(, SELECT, INSERT UPDATE). ,
,
,
.
.
COMMIT .

. COMMIT
.
ROLLBACK , ,
. ROLLBACK

.
244
II.
SQL (. 21)
, COMMIT
.
SQL
,
.
SQL (.
19.4). SET TRANSACTION
.
:
.SET' TRANSACTION
:
." [READ ONLY \ READ WRITS} |'
[ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED
REPEATABLE READ SERIALIZABLE3 :
READ COMMITTED
READ ONLY READ WRITE , . READ WRITE (

READ UNCOMMITTED). ,
, READ ONLY
INSERT, UPDATE DELETE ( ).

, .
( )

. 6.9.
6.9. ,

HEAD
UNCOMMITTED
READ COMMITTED
REPEATABLE READ
SERIALISABLE
SERIALIZABLE,
. , , . , 19.
.
6. SQL:
245
6.5.1.

SQL, .
INITIALLY IMMEDIATE INITIALLY DEFERRED.
, ,
[NO"] DEFERRABLE.
INITIALLY IMMEDIATE.
SET CONSTRAINTS
.
:
;''SET .CONSTRAINTS
, {ALL i constraintName [, ... ]}.{DEFERRED V]'IMMEDIATE}
6.6.
2.4 , , ,
, . SQL
GRANT REVOKE,
. , ,

SQL, . , (),
, , . SQL
- .
,
.
SQL .
AUTHORIZATION , (. 6.3.1),

.
,
.
ISO :
246
II.
SELECT ;
INSERT ;
UPDATE ;
DELETE ;
REFERENCES ;
USAGE , , . , . , [45].
INSERT UPDATE ;
, .
, REFERENCES
, (,
CHECK FOREIGN KEY), , .
CREATE TABLE ,
.
- . , , GRANT.
CREATE
VIEW, , .
SELECT
REFERENCES
, .
INSERT, UPDATE DELETE
, .
6.6.1.
( GRANT)
GRANT
.

. GRANT :
?
GRANT
VON
-{PrivilegeLisfl ALL PRIVILEGES}

ObjectName
: TO
{AuthorizationldList \ PUBLIC}
"[WITH GRANT OPTION]
PrivilegeList ,
, :
SELECT
DELETE
6. SQL;
247
INSERT [(columntfame [, . . . ] ) ]
UPDATE [(columnWame [, . . . ] ) ]
REFERENCES [(columntfame [, ...
USAGE
])]
, GRANT
ALL PRIVILEGES,
. PUBLIC, ^
,
, .
ObjectName ,
, , , .
WITH GRANT OPTION AuthorizationldList
.

WITH GRANT OPTION, , ,
.
,
. , ,
.
I 6.7.
Manager
staff.
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES
ON Staff
TO Manager WITH GRANT OPTION;
Manager
S t a f f , ,
. , Manager
Staff , . WITH GRANT OPTION,
Manager
.
6.8.
Personnel Director SELECTn UPDATE
salary- staff.
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE (salary)
ON S t a f f
TO Personnel, Director;
WITH GRANT OPTION
, Personnel Director
.
248
II.
6.9.
PUBLIC
Branch.
GRANT SELECT
ON Branch
TO PUBLIC;
PUBLIC ,
( , ,
) ,
Branch. , WITH GRANT OPTION, .
6.6.2.
( REVOKE)
SQL GRANT REVOKE. ,
. REVOKE :
^REVOKE {GRANT OPTION FOR] {PrivilegeList \ ALL PRIVILEGES}''
; ON
ObjectWame
"PROM . . {AuthorizationldList \,PUBLIC} [RESTRICT |. \CASCADE] =
i'V - ' . ' - -
.'' " '
'
"
" -
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ALL PRIVILEGES ,
, , . GRANT OPTION FOR
, GRANT WITH GRANT OPTION,
.
RESTRICT CASCADE ,
DROP TABLE, 6.3.3.
, ,
( , , ). REVOKE ,
(, ), CASCADE. CASCADE, (,
, ),
REVOKE, DROP.
,
, REVOKE. , , . , . 6.1 ,
INSERT S t a f f ,
6. SQL:
249
WITH : OPTION ( 1).

( 2).
( 3). D ( 4).
INSERT ( 5),
, . , D.
REVOKE INSERT I GRANT INSIERT
GRANT INSERT
ON Staff
WITH GRANT OPTION
. 6.1. REVOKE
6.10. ,
SELECT,
Branch.
REVOKE SELECT
ON Branch
FROM PUBLIC;
6.11. ,

,
Director staff.
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES
ON Staff
FROM Director;
250
II.
REVOKE
SELECT ..., Director
.
ISO :
, , , / , .
SQL DDL . CREATE DROP SCHEMA . CREATE, ALTER DROP TABLE , . CREATE DROP INDEX
.
ISO SQL CREATE
TABLE ALTER TABLE , , ; ;
; (-) .
NOT
NULL. CHECK,
CREATE DOMAIN. PRIMARY KEY,
NOT NULL UNIQUE.
FOREIGN KEY,
ON UPDATE ON
DELETE. - CHECK UNIQUE. , ,
CREATE ASSERTION.
,
/ , / , . CREATE VIEW .
,
.

. , / .
.
, ; ().
. ,
, , -
. SQL:
251
. , .. , .
.
COMMIT , . ROLLBACK ,
,
.
SQL
, .
() . SQL . ,
GÂNT.
REVOKE.
USAGE, SELECT, DELETE, INSERT, UPDATE
REFERENCES,
. , WITH GRANT OPTION. GRANT OPTION FOR REVOKE.
(
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.

.
, .
.
, ?

?
, SQL.
,
, 3.
6.7.
Hotel
SQL.
6.8.
Room, Booking Guest SQL :
) Single, Double
Family;
252
II.
6.9.
6.10.
6.11.
6.12.
6.13.
6.14.
) 10 100
;
) roomNo 1 100;
) dateFrom dateTo
;
) ;
) .
,
Booking, .
INSERT Book:, 3 , ,
1 2000 . Booking,
, , .
, Grosuenor.
Manager Director
,
.
Accounts SELECT.
.
, Hotel:
CREATE VIEW HotelBookingCount (hotelNo, bookingCount)
AS SELECT h.hotelNo, COUNTf*)
FROM Hotel h., Room r, Booking b
WHERE h.hotelNo = r.hotelNo AND r.roomNo = b.roomNo
GROUP BY h.hotelNo;
, , ,
.
a)SELECT *
FROM Hot e1Book ingCount;
) SELECT hotelNo
FROM HotelBookingCount
WHERE hotelNo = 'H001';
) SELECT WIN(bookingCount}
FROM HotelBookingCount;
r) SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM HotelBookingCount;
)SELECT hotelNo
WHERE bookingCount > 1000;
e) SELECT hotelNo
ORDER BY bookingCount;
6. SQL:
253

6.15.
:
Part
(partHo,
contract
partCost)
Part,
(
).
ExpensiveParts, ,
1000 :
CREATE VIEW ExpensiveParts
AS SELECT DISTINCT partNo
FROM Part
WHERE parCCost > 1000;
(partNo)

, Part.
6.16. , :
Supplier
(supplierNo,
partNo,
price)
, SupplierParts, , , , ;
CREATE VIEW SupplierParts (partNo}
AS SELECT DISTINCT partNo
FROM Supplier s. P a r t p
WHERE s . p a r t N o = p . p a r t N o ;
6.17.
6.18.
6.19.
6.20.
254
,
Part Supplier.
SQL , . ,
DDL ISO. , . ?
DreamHome,
3.2.6, ,
. 3.3-3.9.
, , SQL, 5.
Hotel,
3, ,
SQL, 5.7-5.28.
II.
...
(Query-by-Example QBE).
, QBE Microsoft Access.
QBE .
QBE .
QBE.
QBE,
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.
QBE
.
QBE
(Query-by-Example )
Microsoft Access 2000. QBE
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Microsoft Access. SQL , 5 6.
QBE
Microsoft Access, Microsoft Access 2000
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256
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, Microsoft Access . . 7,1 , Access 2000.

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Branch
Client
PrivateOwner
PropertyForRent
Registration
Staff
Viewing
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DreamHome
7.1. , Microsoft Access

7. QBE
257
. 7.1

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258
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.
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.
,
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QBE Microsoft Access
SQL. SQL SQL.
SQL , QBE
. ,
SQL, Microsoft Access,
SQL, 5 6.
7.2.1.
, , . , PropertyForRent (propertyNo),
(city), (type) (rent) QBE
?.
259
, . 7.3, . ,
PropertyForRent (. 7.3, ). SQL . 7.3, .
, . 7.3, Select Query
( ) (
PropertyForRent), QBE.
QBE,
() , .
, , , 7.3, ,
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)

PropertyForRent
' *? ;
I |gl 1 :
prcpertyNo ___
street
city
:ostcode
]
QBE
<U
: propertyNo
: Prcp*rtyFoiRent
:
:
*:
:
:
:
city
ProoertvForRent
;
E
type
PiocertyForRenL
rent
Proper tyForfler*
._
rU
rl.1
propertyNt ), city, type rent
';
,,
[ 1 ! :
propertyNo
city
type
renl
'^~>
_PA14
Aberdeen
House
6501
PL94
I PG4
London
Glasgow
Flat
Flat
400
350J
PG36
Gla sgow
PG21
PG16
Gla sgow
Gla sgow
Flat
House
375
600!
III
&: "
' 'I
Flat
d.nMj " -
450
;
;;
;"
SELECT PropertyForRent.propertyNo, PropertyForRent.city,

PropertyForRent.type, PropertyForRent.rent
FROM PropertyForRent;
. 7.3. : ) QBE propertyNo,

city, type rent PropertyForRent; ) ; ) SQL
260
II.
, city 'Glasgow 1 .
QBE Criteria city. ,
.
Criteria, Access , AND () OR
().
QBE, Access AND. , , . QBE, Microsoft Access OR.
, .
,
, 350
450 , 'Glasgow'
Criteria ( ) city 'Between 350 And
4 5 0 ' Criteria rent. QBE . 7.4, .
, , , . 7.4, . SQL
. 7.4, ,
, , , ,
. 'Aberdeen'
or ' Glasgow' city. QBE
. 7.5, .
, , (. 7.5, ). SQL
. 7.5, . , , city 'Glasgow' ( And) rent 350 450 , ( Or) ,
city 'Aberdeen 1 ( rent).
, ,
LIKE.
. , ,
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LIKE
Criteria city 'LIKE Glasgo 1 . 'Glasg*', . (*) . ,
, 'Glasg??'. (?) .
?.
261
7.2.2.
. , ,
.
,
; , QBE.
,
, , , ,
. 7.6, . ( :
PrivateOwner PropertyForRent) QBE.
propwtyTJo
street
'*
postcode
*:
: FropartyFcrRefit
:
;
:
:
QBE
ProoertvfprRent
ProPertvFoiRent
"Glasgow"
Between 350 Am] 450
,
And
And
SELECT PropertyForRent.propertyNo, PropertyForRent.city,

PropertyForRent.type, PropartyForRent.rent
WHERE (((PropertyForRent.city)="Gl3sgow") AND ((PropertyForRent.rent) Between 350 And450));
. 7.4. : ) QBE , - ,
350 450 ; )
; ) SQL
262
II.
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a-irijitji: , i
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sropettyNo j;
street
postcode
QBE
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: PropertyforRent
:
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PropertyFotflent
rent
ProMrtyForfler*
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,

Or
,

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properiyNo
_ pA14
; Pb4
i PG36
_i.
PG1
-^
(
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ly
Ctty : ='
Aberdeen
House
Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow
Flat
Flat
Flat
5 1*15
660
350
375
450
SELECT PropertyForRent.propertyNo, PropertyForRent.city, PropertyForRent.type, PropertyForRent.rent

WHERE (({PropertyForRent.city)="Glasgow") AND ((PropertyForRent.rent) Between 350 And 450)) OR
(((PropertyForRent. city )="Aberdeen"));
. 7.5. : ) QBE
, 350 450 , , ; ) ;
) SQL
PrivateOwner fName INarae, PropertyForRent property-No city.
, ,
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(. 7.6),
() .
4.1.3 5.3.7.
?.
263
,
1:

PropertyForRent

PrivateQwner
Li? -.>[:1 ;
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1 fName
Name
, address
telNo
LIJ
QBE grid
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\
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PrlvateOwrief
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PrivateOwner
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fName
Joe
Carol
Tna
Tony
Carol
Tony
INarre
Keogh
Panel
Murphy
Shaw
Parrel
Shaw
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properlyNo
! 14
F L94
;F G36
F G21
i G16
7 j.J.hjbj-Jto 7
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Aberdeen
London
.Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasaow
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SELECT PrivateOwn erf Name, PrivateOwner.lName, Property ForRent. pro pertyN , Prop ertyForRent. city
FROM PrivateOwner INNER JOIN PropertyForRent ON PrivateOwner.ownerNo =
Property ForRent. ownerNo;
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264
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( ) PrivateOwner
PropertyForRent. ,
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PropertyForRent,
(propertyNo), (city) (type).

(12).
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?.
265
[rent] *12', . 7.8, . ' Yearly rent:'

, (' [rent]*12')

rent 12.
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city,
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propertyMo
PropertvFgrRent
propertyNo.
,

tjj5 1 : H.I (*
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Count-prgpertyNo
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SELECT PropertyForRent.city, Count(PropertyForRent.propertyNo} AS CountOfpropertyNo

GROUP BY PropertyForRent.city;
. 7.7. : ) QBE ,
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266
II.
a)
IB" ! 3iipur M.I
^!
= '
Yearly Rent

; proportytto
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:
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TI
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2
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ProoectyForRent
Yearly Rent; FrentP
'
propertyNo,
city type

Yearly Rent
IV,
14
PG16
PG21
PG36
PG4
PL94
Aberdeen
.Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow
London
House
Flat
House
Flal
Flat
Flal
: _
7800
5400
7200
4500 j
4200
4800
) SELECT Property ForRent.property No, PropertyForRent.city,

PropertyForRent.type, [rent]' 12 AS [Yearly Rent]
FROM PropertyForRent;
, 7.8. : ) QBE ,
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7.3.1.
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) , .
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' Carol Parrel',

, . 7.9, .

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FName
Name
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address
jj
LJ
HlliiEil
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prcpertyNo
street
city
postcode
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LZ__I
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Name
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: PrivateQwnet
PrivateOwner
PrceertyForRent
:
:
0
: Ênter Owner's Frst Dams] [Enter Owner's Last name]
;
city
Proper tyForRent
:

f Name

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lATuiberry Road, Aberdeen 7
12 Spey Drhe, Edinburgh EH6 8JH
I

.
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944 Long Road, Glasgow G45 BWO

34 JO'Oanhill Avenue. Glasgow 61D 7GH
63 Well St. Glasgow G42
2 Fergus Dr. Aberdeen AB2 7SX
6 Achray St, Glasgow G3290X
12 Park PI. Glasgow G4 OUR
6 Achray St. Glasgow G329DX
INSERT INTO PrivaleOwner (ownerNo.fName, INarne. address)

SELECT NewOwner.ownerNo, NewOwner.fName, NewOwner.lName, NewQwner.address
FROM NewOwner
WHERE (((NewOwner.address] Like '"Glasgow"));
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ACCESS ORACLE
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CREATE TABLE PropertyForRent(propertyNo VARCHAR(S), street VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL, city VARCHAR(IS) NOT NULL,
postcode VARCHAR(8), type CHAR NOT NULL, room-; 5MALLINT NOT NULL, rent NUMBER NOT NULL,
owner* VARCHAR(S) NOT NULL, staff No VARCHAR(S), branchNo CHAR{4) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pkl PRIMARY KEY (propertyNo),
:ON5TRAINT fkpfrl FOREIGN KEY (ownerNo) REFERENCES Owner (owner No),
CONSTRAINT fkpff2 FOREIGN KEV (staff No) REFERENCES Staff (staff No),
CONSTRAINT fkpfr3 FOREIGN KEY (branchNo) REFERENCES ranch (branchNo));
. 8.1. PropertyForRent SQL View

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branchlJo
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Private Sub Form_BeforeUpdate(Cancel As Integer)
Dim MyDB As Database
Dim MySet As Recordset
8. : Access Oracle
293
Dim MyQuery As String

1
,
. staffNoFieud -
MyQuery= "SELECT staffNo FROM PropertyPorRent WHERE staffNo = '" + _
staffNoField +
1

Set MyDB= DBEngine.Workspaces(0).Databases(0)
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1
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RecordCount
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1

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Me.Undo
1
End If
End If
MySet.Close
MyDB.Close
End Sub
-
,
, 8.1,
VBA. , , .
8.1.6.
Microsoft Access , , .
, (controls)
(control objects). , , (text boxes) , (labels) ,
(command buttons) . . ,
,
Access Control Wizard,
, .
(Form Header). , , (title).
(Detail).
.
(Form Footer), , , (total).
294
II.
, ,
(subforms). , , ( )
( ). , ( "
" Branch Has Staff).
: Design View (), Form View
( ) Datasheet View ( ). . 8.5 Design View, ,
(toolbox)
, . Datasheet View
, Form View . . 8.6
Datasheet View, Form View.
l a i 'i'ui)M.ii : 1)(,1
(*12
, i .i . , .. i .. i .4 i i.
1*
'
i ' 9 - ' W i 11 ^1

[]
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i
J
* *
branet No"
stmet
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i
3
poslco de
| branchNo
_J
,

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stieel
dtv
poslcdde
^56 i
-:
- . -i
. 8.5. Design View
Access
, . Access
(Form Wizard),
, :
;
, ;
(, ,
);
, ;
.
8.1.7.
Microsoft Access Reports ,
, .
. , Access Reports
8. ; Access Oracle
295
;
;
;
.
, Report's Design View
, .
(Report Header). ,
, , (title).
' (Page Header) ,
,
(column headings).
(Detail) ,
.
(Page Footer) , , .
(Report Footer) , , , .
, ,
,
. .
(Group Header) ,
, ,
.
(Group Footer) , , .
Datasheet View,
Design View, (Print
Preview) (Layout Preview). . 8.7 Design View, , . . 8.8
Print Preview. Layout Preview Print Preview,
, .
IBB !
"
>
002
BOQ3
005
007
56 Clover Dr
163 Main St
32'ManseRd
22 Deet RA
16 Argyll St
London
Glasgow
Bristol
London
Aberdeen
NW10 5EU
011
BS913 1WZ
SW1 4EH
AB23SU
branch No
street
66 Clover Dr
city
London
ooslcode
NW106EU
: JjLLUI
>'
>*! HJ 5
. 8.6. : ) Datasheet
View; ) . Form View
296
I E .
' e i / i ! i ' i *( --

Report Header,

Page Header,

Group Header,

branchNo
Detail,

Group Footer
branchNo,

rent
Page Footer,

Report Footer,

rent no

. 8.7. Design View
;' Pt opertyf tf Rent

braucANo
Property M Type
No ofRoaias
Rent
~SG
PG16
PG3P
PG4
PG21
Summary for BO&3
450.00
600.00
375.00
350.00
1/75.00
BOOS
PL94
Summary for SOOS
400.00 ,
400.00
B007
PAH
Sa.mm aryfor B6&7
550.00
850.00
. 8.8. PropertyForRent
, branchNo,
Print Preview
8. : Access Oracle
297
Access
. Access (Report
Wizard), , :
;
, ;
, , ;
, ;
;
, ;
.
8.1.8.
, Microsoft Access
. Access
:
, , , , ;
, , , ,
;
, (
, ,
..), , (
);
, , ,
.
Access , .
8.1,5,
.

, . ,
Access. , Print
(), Close (), Applyl r ilter ( ).
, SelectObject,
,
. ,
, , (action arguments), ,
. ,
SetValue, , , , , ,
. , (pop-up message box), .
298
II.
. 8.9 , ,
.
, ;
100.
, VBA
(. 8.1). ,
, PropertyForRent (Forms ! PropertyForRerit " s t a f f No). 100, RunCommand Save ( ),
StopMacro. MsgBox, , CancelEvent, .
DCOUNT
SELECT COUNT ( * ) ;
( . . . ) Condition , .
SetWarnings, RunCommand StopMacro,

D C O U N T ( " * " , "PropertyForRent", " [ s t a f f N o ] =
Forms 1 P r o p e r t y F o r R e n t J s t a f f N o " ) < 100
MsgBox CancelEvent.
8.2. Oracle 8/8i

Oracle
. Oracle .
10 , -
cmdAddjdfck
[)^"^^
SstWamincg:
- Run Command
StopMeero
Cance vent
Add Staff Record Check
. 8.9. , , 100
8. : Access Oracle
299
145 . Oracle . 80% 400

Oracle
(e-Business) [242].
Oracle Applications
, (e-Commerce), , (, ), ,
Internet, , , , , ,
, , , .
1970-, , Oracle , 1997 Oracle 8 ,
. 1999 Oracle 8i
Internet. Oracle 8i , . 8.2.
8.2. Oracle 8i
Oracle 8i
Oracle

Oracle,8i Enterprise Edition
Oracle
, ,
;
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing
)
Oracle 8f Personal
Edition
Oracle,
, Oracle Si/Oracle 8i Enterprise
Etfition
Oracle 8i Lite

()
Oracle , .
Oracle (Oracle Parallel Server).
, , , (Symmetrical Multiprocessing SMP).

. Oracle
Parallel Server SMP,
.
Oracle (Oracle Application Server). Web, Web-, . Oracle Application Server 28.
300
II.
Oracle JServer. Oracle

Java Oracle 8i. Java,
Java,
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker
Architecture ), Enterprise
JavaBeans (EJB), Java JavaServer Page (JSP). JServer Internet (Internet
Inter-Object Protocol HOP) (HyperText
Transfer Protocol HTTP). Oracle
JDeveloper, Java . JServer
28.
iFS. Internet Oracle (Oracle Internet File System -~ iFS)
Oracle 8i
,
, , ,
,
mferMEDIA, Oracle 8i , ,
, , (locator).
interMEDIA Web-,
Web, Web- () (streaming media servers).
(Visual Information Retrieval). ,
, , .
(Time Series). .
, .
(Spatial). , .
WebDB. HTML (HyperText Markup
Language), Web- Web-.
(Distributed database features).
. ,
.
Oracle 22 23.
(Data Warehousing), , , ,
,
.
Oracle 30 31.
8.2.1.
Oracle , , .
8. : Access Oracle
301
(Tables). , .
Oracle .
(tablespace)
(. 8.2.2).
(Objects). ;
Oracle. 6.1, SQL
: , .
, .
- Oracle 27.
(Clusters). , .
, , ,
.
. , 5.2 16.
(Indexes). . Oracle 8 ,
(index-only table), , .
, 5.3 16.
(Views). ,
,
(. 6.4).
(Synonyms). .
(Sequences). Oracle
.
, , ,
,
, .
(Functions).
SQL PL/SQL,
.
(Procedures).
, , ,
. SQL , SQL,
.
(Packages). , ,
SQL,
.
(Triggers). (),
() ,
.

, Oracle.
302
If.
8.2.2. Oracle
Oracle /, 2.6.3. Oracle ( ,
) (instance)
( , ). .
, ,
, ,
Oracle. , .
Oracle
Oracle
(tablespaces), (schemas), (data blocks) /
(extents/segments).

Oracle , . . ,
.
Oracle SYSTEM, .
SYSTEM ( Oracle
) .
SYSTEM. , ,

(. . 16.1 16.2 16).
. 8.10 Oracle,
SYSTEM USER_DATA.

CREATE TABLESPACE, :
CREATE TABLESPACE user_data
DATAFILE 'DATA3.ORA' SIZE 100K;

CREATE TABLE ALTER TABLE, :
CREATE TABLE PropertyForRent
TABLESPACE user_data;
(propertyNo VARCHAR2(5) NOT NULL,...)

, ,
,
(user account). 18.4 , .
8. : Access Oracle
303
,
{
(user) ( username) ,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
() .

( Oracle Forms SQL*Plus) ,
username, .

. , ,
, .
, . ( ,
:
, .)
,
(data block) ,
Oracle .
.
Oracle
, 8.10. ,
Oracle
304
II.
Oracle
. ( ) .
.
(Header). ,

(Table directory). ,
.
(Row directory).
.
(Row data). . .
(Free space). , . , , PCTFREE PCTUSED,
.
,
Oracle, .
(extent). , .
(segment). , . ,
, . . 8.11 , . Oracle , . ,
.
Oracle
Oracle
(datafiles), (redo log files)
(control files).

2
8 ,

4
32 ,.

8 24
. 8.11. , Oracle
8. : Access Oracle
305

Oracle
.
( ).
. 8.10, .
Oracle
. , , , .

Oracle
,
.
, . 19.3.

Oracle ,
, , . , (
).
.
PCTFREE PCTUSED
, PCTFREE PCTUSED,

. ( ).
PCTFREE ( ).
.
PCTFREE. , , : ( 10).
PCTUSED. ,
, , Oracle
( 40).
, PCTFREE,
Oracle ,
PCTUSED. , Oracle
,
.
PCTFREE
. ,
,
306
II.
/ . PCTUSED
,
/.
, PCTFREE PCTUSED 100.
100, ,
, , 100%
, . , 2048 100 , 390
( 20% ),

PCTFREE PCTUSED, 80%. , 100%, Oracle
, PCTFREE, . PCTFREE PCTUSED . 8.12.
Oracle
Oracle Oracle (shared memory), . Oracle,
,
. 8.13. , Oracle ,
.
, (System Global Area SGA) (Program
Global Area PGA).
. SGA
, Oracle. SGA Oracle Oracle.
SGA , .
PCTFREE 20% PCTUSED 40%

80%,
PCTFREE ,
20%
,

,
.

,
40%
. 8.12. PCTFREE PCTUSED,

PCTFREE 20%, a PCTUSED 40%
8. : Access Oracle
307
(Database buffer cache). .

, ( ); ,
, ,
( ).
-
, ,
.
19.3.2.
(Redo log buffer).
,
(. 19.3).
(Shared pool). ,
SQL
. SQL. SQL, SQL
, . 20.
(Program global area). PGA
,
Oracle. PGA Oracle.
(User processes).
Oracle
(, SQL*Plus Oracle Forms). ,
Oracle, , ,
, ,
.
Oracle. Oracle ( ) . Oracle
: (
)
( -
). . 8.13 .
(Database Writer DBWR).
DBWR () SGA (datafiles) . Oracle DBWR DBWODBW9 - . Oracle , " " (. 19.3.4) , DBWR
, ,
.
308
(Log Writer LGWR). LGWR .

(Checkpoint ). , DBWR (. 19.3.3). DBWR , , ,
..
. , , LGWR.
(System Monitor SMON). SMON
Oracle
, ,
- . ,
SMON ,
.
(Process Monitor PMON). PMON
, , .
,
(, ), ,
.
(Archiver ARCH). ARCH
.
ARCH, ARCO-ARC9.
LWGR
.
(Recoverer RECO). RECO
,
(. 23.4).
(Dispatchers ttnnn). Dnnn

. ,
(Multi Threaded Server MTS), ,
, Dnnn .
(Lock LCKO). LCKO , , " Oracle" (Oracle Parallel Server).
(process)
. .
,
, Oracle , ,
8. : Access Oracle
309
, .
Oracle (communication program) NetS, .
NetS , TCP/IP, LU6.2. DECnet
SPX/IPX, , ,
, , .
LCKO
RECO
PMON
SMON
ARCO
DBWO
LGWR
. 8.13. Oracle ( Oracle)
310
II.
1.
. , Net8.
2.
() .
3. SQL, ,
.
4. SQL, SQL. SQL
,
() ,
SQL ;
, SQL .
5.
() ,
SGA.
6. SGA. DBWR
.
LGWR .
7.
.
8. , , . , Oracle

, .
8.2.3.
6.3,2 CREATE TABLE SQL.
Oracle 8 CREATE TABLE SQL, :
(primary keys), PRIMARY KEY;
(alternate keys), UNIQUE;
(default values), DEFAULT;
(not null attributes), NOT
NULL;
(foreign keys), FOREIGN KEY;
,
CHECK CONSTRAINT.
27.6, Oracle 8 , . , . 8.3,
SQL.
" 8. : Access Oracle
311
8.3. Oracle

char(size)
(
1}
2000
.
nchar(size)
, char (size),
,
(,
,
- )
varchar2(size)
nvarchar2(size)
, varchar2,
, nchar
varchar
, char.
varchar2,
^

number(I, d)

, 1 , a d .
, number (5, 2)
, 9 9 9 . 9 9
4000
2000
1.0-130..
9.99125
decimal(1, d) ,
dec (1, d)
numeric^, d)
, number.
SQL
integer, int
smallint

SQL. number (38)
Date
1 Jan 4712 ( . .) 31
Dec 4712 AD (b. .)
blob
clob
raw(size)
,
,

2000
, Microsoft Access
Autonumber,
. Oracle ,
, ()
CREATE SEQUENCE SQL. ,
.
CREATE SEQUENCE appNoSeq
START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 CACHE 3 0 ;
appNoSeq,
1 1. CACHE 30 ,
312
II.
Oracle 30 . SQL,
.
CURRVAL. .
NEXTVAL. 1 .
SQL.
INSERT INTO Appointment(appNo, aDate, aTime, clientNo)
VALUES (appNoSeq.nextval, SYSDATE, ' 1 2 . 0 0 ' , ' C R 7 6 ' ) ;
Appointmer.t
() appNo ( ), .
, PropertyForRent Oracle 8 (), 6.1.
SQL*Plus
Oracle 8
SQL*Plus , Oracle. SQL*Plus
, SQL Oracle. . 8.14 PropertyForRent
Oracle CREATE TABLE SQL.
Oracle ON DELETE NO ACTIGI,
ON UPDATE NO ACTION .
Oracle . ON DELETE
CASCADE . , * Oiecle SQL-Plus
( Copyright 1999 Oracle Corporation, fill rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oraclpel Enterprise Edition Reipase 8.1.5.0.8 - Production
Witn the Partitioning and Jaua options
PL/SDL Release 8.1.5.0.0 - Production
SQL>
2
3
:
4
5
; 7
1
S
:
1H
11
12
TflBLE PropertyForRent<propertyNo (JflRCHflR2(5) HOT NULL,

Street UflRCHJW2(25> HOT NULL, city Ufi!IUHnil2( 1^) HOT NULL,
postcode UeRCUAfl2(B}, type DEFfiULT T ' HOT HULL,
rooms SMflLLItn DEFflULT NULLh
rent NUM8ER(o,2) DEFfiULT NOT HULL,
DunerNo UftRCHflR2(5) HOT HULL,
<itaffNn UftHCHftHJ-C;},
brancnNo CHflR(t) HOT HULL,
PRIHfiRV KEV <propertyHo),
FORF.1GH K L V (StafFHo) REFEREHCES S t a f f (staFFHo),
FOREIGN KEV (OunerNo) REFEREHCES Owner<ounerHo),
FOREIGN KEV (branctiHo) REFERENCES eraflChtbranchNo)};
Table created.
SQL)
. 8.14. PropertyForRent
Oracle SQL*Plus
CREATE TABLE SQL
8. : Access Oracle
313
, . Oracle
ON UPDATE CASCADE SET DEFAULT SET
NULL. ,
.
8.2.7.
Create Table Wizard

Oracle 8
(Create Table Wizard),
(Schema Manager). Create Table Wizard,
,
, , / . . 8.15
Create Table Wizard,
PropertyForRent.
Final Keviei*
rU*mw*t
*
4
USft.OATA
irColuwis!
it Up Oi
ptonefyMc
city
poilcod.
( "
loams
VARCHAR2I5)
VAriCHAR2li5) ""
2||
" "CHAR|il"
NUMBER
LL ij ^^'
Puc. 8.15. Create Table Wizard

Oracle PropertyForRent
8.2.4.
Oracle
, ,
SQL, CHECK CONSTRAINT
CREATE ALTER TABLE;
;
;
.
6.1.
- 27. ,
Oracle PL/SQL (Programming Language/SQL).
314
II.
8.2.5. PL/SQL
PL/SQL Oracle SQL.
PL/SQL; Oracle,
,
Oracle. , , ,
PL/SQL Oracle ,
(, PL/SQL Oracle Forms).

PL/SQL ; ,
, . PL/SQL : . ,
PL/SQL, ,
() . . 8.16, PL/SQL
:
(declarative part), , , , ,
;
(execution part), ;

(exception part) , .
[DECLARE '
-- ]
BEGIN
--

{EXCEPTION
- .; -- ]
END;
, 8.16. PL/SQL
,
, . . 8.3. .
vStaffNo VARCHAR2(5);
vRent NUMBER(6, 2) NOT NULL := 600;
yAX_PROPERTIES CONSTANT NUMBER := 100;
, NOT
NULL, .
8. : Access Oracle
315
%TYPE ,
, . , , vStaf fNc
, st.affNo Staff, :
vStaffNo
vStaffNol
Staff.staffNofcTYPE;
vStaffNo%TYPE;
%ROWTYPE, , , . . , , vStaf f Rec

, Staff, :
VStaffRec
Staff%ROWTYPE;

PL/SQL : (:=)
SELECT FETCH SQL. :
vStaffNo:= "SG14";
vRent:= 500;
SELECT COUNT (*) INTO x FROM PropertyForRent WHERE staffNo =
vStaffNo;
SELECT ( ,
SG14).

PL/SQL , :
IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF;
LOOP-EXIT WHEN-END LOOP, FOR-END LOOP WHILE-END LOOP;
GOTO.

(exception) PL/SQL , .
,
. Oracle, ,
NO_DATA_FOUND , SELECT . , RAISE.
,
(exception handlers).
316
II.
, PL/SQL. , , .
PL/SQL, 8.2 . Oracle DBMS_OUTPUT,
PL/SQL. put_line SGA, , get_line
SERVEROUTPUT ON SQL*Plus.
SELECT , . , (.. , ),
PL/SQL (cursors). . ,
. 1.
, . , FETCH,
SELECT. ( 21 , SQL
, .)
8.3
, SG14,

. .
DECLARE property-Cursor.
. , SELECT,
CURSOR, ,
( ), . , , PL/SQL .

FETCH INTO. ,
FETCH
.
, -
(propertyCursor%NOTFOUND), , (EXIT WHEN). DBMS_OUTPUT .
.
8. : Access Oracle
317
.
%NOTFOUND, ,
, .
%FOUND. , (.. , %NOTFOUND).
%ISOPEN. , .
%ROWCOUNT. , .
8.2. PL/SQL
DECLARE
X
NUMBER;
vStaf f No PropertyForRent. Eitaf fNo%TYPE : = ' SG14 ' ,--
-- ,
-- 100
e_too_many_properties EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION INIT(e_too_many_properties, -20000);
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT;*) INTO x
WHERE staffNo = vStaffNo;
IF x=100
-- , ,
--
RAISE e_too_many_properties;
END IF;
UPDATE PropertyForRent SET staffNo = vStaffNo WHERE propertyNo
= 'PG4';
EXCEPTION
--
--
WHEN e__too_many__propertiei3 THEN
dbms_output.put__line(' ' |\ staffNo
1
100 ');
END;
8.3. PL/SQL
DECLARE
vPropertyNo
PropertyForRent.propertyNo%TYPE;
vStreet
ProperiyForRent.street%TYPE;
vCity
Proper-yForRent.city%TYPE;
vPostcode
Proper'iyForRent. postcode%TYPE ;
CURSOR propertyCursor IS
SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode
FROM PropertyForRent:
318
II.
WHERE staffNo = 'SG14'

ORDER by propertyNo
BEGIN
-- , ,
--
OPEN propertyCursor;
LOOP ;
--
FETCH propertyCursor;
INTO vPropertyNo,vStreet, vCity, vPostcode;
EXIT WHEN propertyCursor%NOTFOUND;
--
dbms_output.put_line(' :
vPropertyNo);
dbras_output.put_line(':
vStreet) ,dbms_output .put__line (':
vCity);
IF postcode IS NOT NULL THEN
dbms_output.put_line(' : ' || vPostcode);
ELSE
dbms_output. put__l ine (' :
NULL ') ;
END IF;
END LOOP;
IF propertyCursor%ISOPEN THEN CLOSE propertyCursor END IF;
-- -
EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN,
dbms__output ,put_line {' ');
IF propertyCursor%ISOPEN THEN CLOSE propertyCursor END IF;
END;

PL/SQL
, . , , , , :
CURSOR propertyCursor (vStaffNo VARCHAR2) IS
WHERE staffNo = vStaffNo
ORDER BY propertyNo;
, , :
vStaffNol PropertyForRent.staffNo%TYPE:='SG14';
OPEN propertyCursor('SG14');
OPEN propertyCursor('SA9'};
OPEN propertyCursor(vStaffNol);
8. : Access Oracle
319

. , , , ,
, FOR UPDATE.
- ,
( 19).
, , SG14, SG37, :
CURSOR propertyCursor IS

WHERE s t a f f N o = 'SG14'
ORDER BY propertyNo
FOR UPDATE NOWAIT;
, Oracle , SELECT FOR UPDATE,

. , NOWAIT , .
UPDATE DELETE SQL WHERE
CURRENT OF , . :
UPDATE PropertyForRent
SET s t a f f N o = ' S G 3 7 '
WHERE CURRENT OF propertyCursor;

COMMIT;
8.2.6. , ,

PL/SQL,
. PL/SQL , () .
, , . , , .
, , .
, , .
PL/SQL
: , 320
II.
,
,
. , .
IN. .
OUT. .
IN OUT. , .
, PL/SQL,
8.3, , :
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE PropertiesForStaff
(IN v S t a f f N o VARCHAR2)
AS. . .

SQL*Plus :
SQL>SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;
SQL>EXECUTE PropertiesForStaff('SG14');
, ,
SQL, . : . (public constructs)
, (
(private)) , .
.
Oracle .
.
.
.

:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE StaffPropertiesPackage AS
procedure P r o p e r t i e s F o r S t a f f ( v S t a f f N o VARCHAR2);
END StaffPropertiesPackage;
(.. ) :
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY StaffPropertiesPackage
AS
END StaffPropertiesPackage;
, ,
(dot notation). ,
PropertiesForStaf f :
StaffPropertiesPackage.PropertiesForStaff('SG14'};
8. : Access Oracle
321
8.2.7.
, . , . , ,
PL/SQL, Java
, "--" (EventCondition-Action EGA),
( ),
Oracle,
INSERT, UPDATE DELETE, (, , );
CREATE, ALT3R DROP,
;
Oracle; ;
.
,
.
, , . , ,
, .
, . SQL , ,
.
: (row-level triggers),
, (statement-level triggers),
, . Oracle INSTEAD-OF,
, SQL DML (INSERT, UPDATE
DELETE). INSTEAD-OF, , , Oracle
(instead-of) SQL.
. ,
, , , , .
, DreamHome ,
100 . , 8.4,
. ,
PropertyForRent
. 100
, .
.
322
II.
BEFORE , ,
PropertyForRent.
FOR EACH ROW ,
,
PropertyForRent, .
new .
( old,
.)
8.4. ,
100

CREATE TRIGGER StaffNotHandlingTooMuch
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON PropertyForRent
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
X
NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO x
WHERE staffNo = :new.staffNo;
IF x=100
raise_application_error(-2QOOO,{' ' || :new.staffNo (|
1
100 1);
END IF,END;

8.2.3 , Oracle ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION
. Oracle ON DELETE CASCADE , .
ON UPDATE CASCADE SET DEFAULT SET NULL.
, . , 6.1 6 s t a f f N o PropertyForRent
ON UPDATE CASCADE. , 8.5.
1 (Property ForRent_Check_Bef ore)
, 8.5, , PropertyForRent staffNo. , , Staff.
Invalid_staf f , .
8. : Access Oracle
323
, Staff
, 8.6, ,
Staff s t a f f N o . updateSequence (public) updateSeq (
seqPackage). , PropertyForRent
updateid, ,
, .
2 (Cascade_StaffNo_Update1)
(statement-level)
s t a f f N o Staff , .
3 (Cascade_Staff No Up<late2)
() ,
PropertyForRent staffNo
(: old. staffNo) (: new. staffNo) .
4 (Caseade_StaffNo UpdateS)
() , .
.5. Oracle ON UPDATE CASCADE no
staffNo PropertyForRent,
staffNo Staff:
PropertyForRent
staffNo PropertyForRent
-- ,
-- Staff
CREATE TRIGGER PropertyForRent_Check_Before
,
BEFORE UPDATE OF staffNo ON PropertyForRent
-- FOR EACH ROW
-- new.staffNo IS NOT NULL
FOR EACH ROW WHEN (.staffNo IS NOT NULL)
DECLARE
dummy CHAR(5);
invalid_staff EXCEPTION;
valid_staff EXCEPTION;
mutating_table EXCEPTION;
PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (mutating_table,-4091);
--
. FOR UPDATE OF
-- ,
--
CURSOR update_cursor {sn CHAR(5}) IS
SELECT StaffNo FROM Staff
WHERE staffNo = sn
FOR UPDATE OF staffNo;
324
II.
BEGIN
OPEN update_cursor(:new.staffNo);
FETCH update_cursor INTO dummy,-- .
--
-- NOTFOUND ,
-- staffNo
IF update_cursor%NOTFOUND THEN
RAISE invalid_staff;
ELSE
RAISE valid_staff;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
-- ,
-- staffNo
WHEN invalid_staff THEN
CLOSE update__cursor ,raise_application_error{-20000,' '
:new.staffNo;
WHEN valid_staff THEN
CLOSE update_cursor;
-- (mutating) - ,
-- INSERT, UPDATE DELETE; ,
--
-- DELETE CASCADE.
,
-- , ,
-- .
WHEN mutating_table THEN
NULL;
END;
8.6. Staff
--
-- UPDATESEQ
CREATE SEQUENCE updatesequence INCREMENT BY 1 MAXVALUE 500 CYCLE;

- seqpackage
--
CREATE PACKAGE seqpackage AS
updateseq NUMBER;
END seqpackage
CREATE or REPLACE PACKAGE BODY seqpackage AS END seqpackage;
-- PropertyForRent
-- .
--
- - PropertyForRent
ALTER TABLE PropertyForRent ADD updateid NUMBER;
-- Staff ,
--
-- UPDATESEQ
CREATE TRIGGER Cascade_StaffNoJJpdatel
-- ,
8. : Access Oracle
325
--
BEFORE UPDATE OF staffNo ON Staff

DECLARE
dummy NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT updatesequeaice.NEXTVAL --
INTO dummy FROM DUAL;
--
seqpackage.updatejeq:= dummy
--
END;
-- ,
-- PropertyForRenC.
,
--
CREATE TRIGGER Cascade_StaffNo_Update2
AFTER UPDATE OF staffNo ON Staff -- ,
FOR EACH ROW
--
BEGIN
--
-- PropertyForRent
--
UPDATE PropertyForRent SET staffNo=:new.staffNo,
updatfiid= seqpackage.updateseq;
WHERE staffNo = : O l d . s t a f f N o AND updated IS NULL;
END; "
--
CREATE TRIGGER Cascade_StaffNo_Update3
AFTER UPDATE OF staffNo ON Staff
-- ,
BEGIN
--
UPDATE PropertyForRent SET updated = NULL -- ,
WHERE updateid = seqpackacge.updateseq;
--
END;
--

( )
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10.4.1. DreamHome
DreamHome , , 1992 .
. ,
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. (Sally Mellweadows) ,
,
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DreamHome. , DreamHome,
DreamHome , ,
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DreamHome 2000
, 100 .
DreamHome
(DreamHome Staff Registration Form). . 10.1 ,
(Susan Brand).
, (Manager), (Supervisors),
(Assistants). ,
, . , , . 10.2.
,
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. . 10,3.
374
III.
DreamHome
Staff Registration Form
Staff Number SG5
Branch Number 8003

Branch Address
DOB
J63 Main St. Glasgow
3-Jun-40
Telephone Number(s)
, 0141-339-2178 / 0141-339-4439
Position Manager
Salary 24000
Manager Start Date Q1-Jun-9U

Manager Bonus 2350
. 10.1. DreamHome
DreamHome
Staff Listing
Branch Number BOOS
Branch Address
163 Main St, Glasgow
Telephone Number(s)
G119QX
0141-339-2178 / 0141-339-4439
Staff Number
Name
SG5 .
SG14
SG37
- SG112
SGI 26
SG132
Susan Brand
David Ford
Ann Beech
Annet Longhorn
Chris Lawrence
Sofie Walters
Position
Manager ; , '"
Supervisor
Assistant .
Supervisor
Assistant -v- '4""
Assistant >,
Page!
. 10.2. , DreamHome
10.
375
DreamHome
Property Registration Form
Owner Number C093
(If known)
Property Number PGf6

Type Fiat
Rooms 4
Rent 450
Person/Business Name
Tony Shaw
Address
Address 12 Park PI,

SNovor Drive,
Glasgow G4OQR
Glasgow, G1 2 9AX
Tel No 0141-225-7025
Enter details where applicable
Type of business
Contact Name
Managed by staff
Registered at branch
David Ford
. 10.3.
DreamHome
153 Mam St. Glasgow
, DreamHome , ,
, , , DreamHome.
( ), ,
( ) . DreamHome , .
, ,
DreamHome DreamHome. ,
, . . 10.4
(Mike Ritchie).
, .
,
, . 10.5.
. , ,
. 10.6. ,
.
376
III.
DreamHome
Client Registration Form
Client Number CR74

(Enter If known)
Branch Address
Full Name
Mike Ritchie
Registered By
Ann Beech
Date Registered 16-Nov-99
Max Rent 750
. 10.4.
DreamHome
DreamHome
Property Listing for Week beginning 01/06/01
If you are interested in viewing or renting any of the properties in this

list please contact our branch office as soon as possible.
Branch Address
Telephone Number(s)
0141-339-2178 / 0141-339-4439
G119QX
Property No
Address
PG4
PG36
6 Lawrence St, Glasgow

2 Manor Rd, Glasgow
18 Dale Road, Glasgow
5 Novar Drive, Glasgow
100A Apple Lane, Glasgow
78 1 Greentree Dr, Glasgow
PG21
PG16
PG77
PG81
Type
Flat
Flat
House
Flat
House
Flat
Rooms
Rent
3
3
350
375
600
450
560
440
. 5
4
6
*='..
Page 1
. 10.5. DreamHome
,

10.
377
DreamHome
Property Viewing Report
Property Address
Rent 350
Client No
Name
CR76
CR56
CR74
CR62
John Kay
Atine Stewart
Mike Ritchie
Mary Tregeor
Date
Comments
Too remote.
20/04/01
26/05/01
11/11/01
11/11/01 OK, but needs redeeoratfon throughout.
Page 1
. 10.6. DreamHome no

DreamHome Lease
Number 00345810
Client Number CR74
(Enter if known)
Full Name
Mike Ritchie
(Please print)
Property Number PG16

Property Address
;
SNovorDr, Glasgow
Client Signature
Rent Start 01/06/01

Rent Finish 31/05/02
Payment Method Cheque
Duration 1 year
Deposit Paid (Yor N)
. 10.7. DreamHome
,
378
III.
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406
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408
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staff No {PK}
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411
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newspaperName propertyNo.

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415
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PropertyForRent
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416
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11. "-"
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Staff Manages Branch (1:1)
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attributeName {PK}
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11. "-"
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11. "-"
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(, Manager Staff),
(, Staff Manager)
IS-A (, Manager IS-A ( ) Staff). .
, , . ,
,
II
staffNo
name
position
salary
SL21
SG37
SG66
John White
Ann Beech
Mary Martinez
Mary Howe
Stuart Stern
Robert Chin
Susan Brand
Manager
Assistant
Sales Manager
Assistant
Secretary.
Snr Sales Asst
Manager
30000 01/02/95
12000
27000
9000
8500
17000
24000 01/06/91
SA9
SL89
SL31
SG5
,
,
II
mgrStartDate bonus
sales
Area
car
Allowance
SA1A
5000
SA2B
3700
*'
typing
Speed
2000
100
2350
. 12.1. AllStaff,
432
. , , . .
12.1.4.
. ;:; .
.
.
, ( ),

( ). , ,
S t a f f . S t a f f , , / . , ,
, , , Manager, SalesPersonnel
Secretary S t a f f .
12.1.5.
I .
.
, . , , Manager,
SalesPersonnel Secretary .
,
, . ,
, , , Manager, SalesPersonnel
Secretary s t a f f .
,
/.
/
UML /. , / Staff, , . Staff Manager, SalesPersonnel Secretary
12. "-"
433
"-" (EER-),
. 12.2. , Staff , .
, .
{Optional, And) / , .
12,1,6.
, ,
, . ,
salesArea carAllowance SalesPersonnel
Manager Secretary.
, Manager
(mgrStartDate bonus) Secretary (typingSpeed).
, , , . , s t a f f No, name,
position salary S t a f f . , , . ,
. 12.2 Manager Branch
Manages (), Staff Branch Has ().
. ,
Staff FullTimePermanent
( ) Part Time Temporary ( ),
,
. 12.2. / S t a f f , ,
434
III.
. . 12.3 Staff , . , FullTiraePermanent (salaryScale

( ) holidayAllowan.ce ()) PartTimeTemporary
(hourlyRate ( )).
, , ,
.. . . 12.4;
/ (. . 12.2) ,
,
SalesManager ( ), Secretary
Assistant Secretary ( ).
, SalesManager SalesPersonnel Manager, S t a f f ,
, SalesManager Staff
(stiaffNo, name, position salary) SalesPersonnel
(salesArea carAllowance) Manager (mgrStartDate bonus),
salesTarget ( ).
,
AssistantSecretary
Secretary, S t a f f . ,
AssistantSecretary
Secretary S t a f f . AssistantSecretary Staff (staffNo, name, position salary) Secretary (typingSpeed), startDate.
{Mandatory, Or}
FullTitnePermanenl
PartTimeTemporary
salaryScale
holidayAllowance
hourlyRate
, 12.3. / Staff,
12. "-"
435
. 12.4. / Staff, , SalesManager Secretary,

AssistantSecretary
12.1.6. /
/ , : (participation constraint) (disjoint constraint)

; . , .
"
- ;
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< :
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/ ,
. , , "Mandatory" (). , . 12.3 /, ,
.
436
111.
/ , .
, , , ,
"Optional" (). ,
, /,
. 12.3, , , , Manager, SalesPersonnel Secretary.

; .
,
; .
, . , .
/
"Or". , . 12.3 /, , , ,
,
, .
, /, ( ),
.
/

"And". , . 12.3 /
, ,
Manager, SalesPersonnel Secretary. , SalesManager, . 12.4.
, , , ,
SalesManager AssistantSecretary, . 12.4, .
,
, , : " ", " ", " " " ".
12.1.7. /

Branch DreamHome
, , EER- /
( 1.6). ,
12. "-"
437
, ( ),
,
EER-.
11 , ER. Branch
Dreamffome. . 11,1 ER-.
/
ER- Branch EER-.
, . 11.1. ,
, . Branch , /, .
) , S t a f f , . 11.1, . Branch DreamHome,
,
, : Manager Supervisor ().

. ,
staff (. . 11.1),
S t a f f , Manager Supervisor,
Manager Supervisor S t a f f . , . ,
S t a f f Manager
Supervisor, staf fNo.
, Supervisor , . ,
Manager : ragrStartDate
bonus. Manager Supervisor
Manager Manages Branch ( )
Supervisor Supervises 3'iaff ( ).
Manager Supervisor Staff, . 12.5. , EER- .
; ,
/ .
/ Staff
( (Optional, Or}),
, ,
. , S t a f f ,
, ,
: Manager Manager Branch Supervisor Supervises S t a f f .
438
III.
Supervises
. 12.5.
Manager
Staff
Supervisor
) / .
Branch : PrivateOwner
( ) BusinessOwner ( ),
. 11.1. . , PrivateOwner BusinessOwner (. . 11.1),
Owner (), , PrivateOwner BusinessOwner
Owner. , , ,
. PrivateOwner
BusinessOwner (address () telNo
( )) ,
(PrivateOwner
POwns
PropertyForRent
BusinessOwner BOwns PropertyForRent).

; , PrivateOwner
ownerNo name, BusinessOwner
bName, contactName.
Owner PrivateOwner
BusinessOwner, . 12.6.
/ Owner
( {Mandatory, Or}),
, , . , Owner
PropertyForRent: Owns ().
12. "-"
439
Owner
PropertyForRent
Owns >
address
telNo
1..1
(Mandatory, Or)
PrivateOwner
BusinessOwner
ownerNo {PK}
name
bNarne {PK}
bType
contactName
1..*
propertyNo jPK}
address
street
city
postcode
type
rooms
rent
. 12.6. Owner PrivateOwner

BusinessOwner
/
. / ,
.
) Branch DreamHome , . , , , number name.
Person (),
Staff ( Manager
Supervisor), PrivateOwner Client, . 12.7.
,
/ Branch
DreamHome.
/, ) ),
) (. 12.8). EER- , . 12.7, / ,
, , Branch PropertyForRent.
, / , .
,
14, /
1.6.
2.3,
, ,
, , . , / , 440
III.
{Mandatory, Or}
Staff
PrivateOwner
Client
position
salary
address
telNo
telNo
(Optional, 0 ;
Supervisor
Manager
dateMgrStart
bonus
, 12.7. Perspn Staff (

Supervisor Manager), PrivateOwner u Client
, ER-.

/ Branch DreamHome. , ,
Branch: ER-, . 11,1,
EER-, . 12.8. .
12.2.
-. "has-a" () "is-part-of (
) , "", "".
, .
"has-a" "is-part-of",
("")*
(""). [35]. ,
,
.
Has, Branch ("") Staff ("").
12. "-"
441

dvartises
0..'
Newspaper
news pa rN a m e
Pi ivate Owner
BusinessOwner
ownerNo
bName
. 12.8. "-" Branch

DreamHome, . /

UML , , "". . 12.9 EER-, . 12.8, . EER- : Branch Has
Staff ( ) Branch Offers PropertyForRent
442
III.
,
' ""
. Has Offers^
"
Branch
branchNo
,
( "1'
Offers
. 12.9. : Branch Has
Branch O f f e r s PropertyForJ?ent
staff
( ). Branch "",
.
12.3.
. , , : "" "".
!(.'..
"'
"
.:;.-
-,.',-..-,.
.;:.
"
,
, ""
"". , , "" "" [35]. "" "", ,
"". , .
. 12.8 .
, Displays (), Newspaper () Advert ( ).
12. "-"
443
, , Advert
("") Newspaper ("").
,
. , Staff
"" Branch.

UML , , "". ,
. 12.10, Newspaper Displays Advert
Newspaper, "", .
,
"" 8
Displays
""
Displays
. 12.10.
Advert
Newspaper
Displays
/, ,
, . , , "has-a" "is-part-of", , , it
( "", "").
( 2.5
15). , EER-, . 12.11.
,

.
,
, ER-.
444
111.

, = Mandatory
Optional
/".
= And Or
"
""
"1
""
,

"" ""
. 12.11. , EER-
12. "-'
445
,
, .
, .
.
.
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, - ,
"has-a" () "is-part-of" (
) , "", "".
, ,
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:
12.1. .
12.2. .
12.3. .
12.4. EER-?
12.5. ?
12.6. .
12.7. , ,
/.
12.8. , .
12.9. , "-", /, / , ,
.
12.10. , "-", /, / , ER- , 11.12.
, ER-
EER- .
446
ill.

...
.
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.

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(4) (5) .
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(normalization).
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.

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-':: .,'"'
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1 :,': . '<!:"
' 1 ,;:
13.1 .
13.2 , . 13.3
, : -
, . 13.4
, :
(1) ( 13.5), (2) ( 13.6)
() ( 13.7). 2 ,
, . 13.8
2 ,
. 13.9
, - (). 13.10 , () . 13.11
13.12 , ,
(4) (5) .
15 , ER- ( 11 12) .
, .
DreamHome,
10.4, .
13.1.
- .
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. . [68]. ( ) . :
(1), (2) (). . . . [69]
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(4) (5) [109], [110]. .
3 , .
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.
, 448
. 111.
, . ,
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13.2.
, , , . ,
, , Staff
Branch . 13.1 13.2 StaffBranch . 13-3.
StaffBranch Staff
Branch. :
Staff
Branch
StaffBranch
( s t a f f N o , sName, position, salary, branchNo)

(branchNo, bAddress)
(staffNo, sNatne, position, salary, branchNo, bAddress)
, .
13.1. Staff
staffNo
sName
position
salary
branchNo
SL21
John White
Manager
30000
BOOS
SG37
Ann Beech
Assistant
12000
B003
SG14
David Ford
Supervisor
18000
SA9
Mary Howe
Assistant
9000
B007
SG5
Susan Brand
Manager
24000
SL41
Julie Lee
Assistant
9000
BOOS
13.2. Branch
branchNo
bAddress
005
22 Deer Rd, London
007
16 Argyll St, Aberdeen
13.3. StaffBranch
position
salary
branchNo
bAddress
John White
Manager
30000
BOOS
22 Deer Rd, London
Ann Beech
Assistant
12000
David Ford
Supervisor
18000
staffNo
sName
SL21
SG37
SG14
13.
449
. 13.3
staffNo
sName
position
salary
branchNo
bAddress
SA9
Mary Howe
Assistant
9000
8007
16 Argyll St, Aberdeen
SG5
Susan Brand
Manager
24000
BOOS
SL41
Julie Lee
Assistant
9000
BOOS
22 Deer Rd, London
Staff Branch ,
,
. Branch , Staff
(branchNo),
. , ,
, , .
13.2.1.
,
Staf fBranch (, . 13.3).
Staf fBranch. , . ,
' 0 0 7 ' ' 0 0 7 ' ,

StaffBranch. , . 13.1
13.2, , Staff
. ,
' B O Q 7 ' , Branch.
,
, NULL StaffBranch,
staffNo. staffNo StaffBranch,
NULL staffNo
(. 3.3) . ,
StaffBranch , NULL staffNo. , . 13.1 13.2,
, Branch . , ,
Staff .
13.2.2.
StaffBranch

. ,
450
III.
Staff Branch 'Mary Howe ' SA9'

1
007 . , . 13.1 13.2, ,
.
branchNo.
Staff ' SA9'
'07 ' Branch .
13.2.3.
Staff Branch (,
' ' ) .
Staf fBranch., . ,
' ' , , .
,
. 13.1 13.2 Staff Branch , Staf fBranch, . 13.3. ,
StaffBranch ,

Staff Branch.
. -, , . -, , ,
. , , , ,
.
.
, .
13.3.
(functional dependency)
[212].
,
.
13.3.1.
, (, , , . . ., Z)

R = (, , , . . . , Z ) . ,
.
13.
451
. . R, ,
( {)),
. ( . .)
( ) . ,
, , .
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, . .
, . 13.1.

. 13.1.
. , .
, ,
(determinant). , . 13.1
. .
13.1.
staffNo position Staff,
. 13.1. staffNo (, 'SL21'),
, ('Manager'). ,
position staffNo,
. 13.2, . . 13.2, , , staffNo position.
, , , .
staffNo position " "
(1:1),
. position s t a f f N o "
" (1:*), ( 452
III.
), . staffNo staffNo-position.
, " ".
position

staffNo
SL21
Manager
staffNo

position
SL21
Manager
SG5
)
. 132, : ) position staffNo

(staffNo^position); ) staffNo
position (position-*? staffNo)

, , , . , (.. ),
(.. ) (. 3.2.1).
.
I 13.2. ,

, staffNo sName
Staff (. . 13.1). ,
staffNo, SL21,
, John White. , , , sName, John White,
,
SL21. ,
13.
453
staffNo sName /
sName staffNo? , Staff (. . 13.1),
s t a f f No sName,
:
staffNo - sName
sNarae
> staffNo
, Staff (. 13.1), staffNo sName - , ", .
, , , , . , ,
.
,
. , ,
staffNo, , , sName, . , (staffNo) ,

(sName). , sName
, ,
(staffNo) . , staffNo sName
" " (1:1), . , sName
staffNo " " (1:*),
. , s t a f f N o sName Staff,
:
staffNo > sName
,
,
. ,
. , . , ,
, ( ) ., ()
, .
454
III.
I 13.3.
Staff .
s t a f f N o , sName sName
staffNo, sName - staffNo
staffNo
sName Staff, ,
, .
, ; ,
.
:
" " , ;
;
.

.
I 13.4.
StaffBranch
StaffBranch
(. . 13.3J. , ,
, .
,
:
s t a f f N o sName, position, salary, branchNo, bAddress
branchNo > bAddress
bAddress > branchNo
branchNo, position > salary
bAddress, position > salary
,
StaffBranch,
staffNo,
branchNo,
bAddress, (branchNo, position) (bAddress, position).
,
, ,
, .
13.3.2.

,
13.
455
. ,
,
.
.
I 13.5. StaffBranch

StaffBranch (. . 13.3).
staffNo, branchNo, bAddress,
(branchNo, position) (bAddress, position).
() StaffBranch,
, ( ) .
, ,
(.
3.2.5). , (
, ), .
StaffBranch, , staffNo, staffNo.
branchNo, bAddress, (branchNo, position)
(bAddress, position) ,
.
,
,
, , ( ) . .
. , ,
13.4, .
13.3.3.

" "
(1:1), , .
, . ,
( X) , ,
( Y)
, , Y X.
456
III.
,
X, , (Y).
, , . , >, ,
>. > 13.7.1.
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,
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,
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, X* X. ,
, [7]. , , R. .
1. . , >.
2. . -^, , >, .
3. . > -, ^.
,
. ; , X , ,
X, X .
, - , X.
, X*.
, , ,
X 4 . , D R, .
4. . -^.
5. . >,
, - >.
6. . - ->, -*, .
7. . C->D, ,
>,
D.
1 () 4 () ,

. 13.
457
, , , ,
. 2 () ,
, . 3 ()
, . 5 () ,
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-, A-D. 6 () , , -, > A-D ,
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F
, , , .
( 1-3) , . ,
,
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*
, F (* F).
13.3.4.
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X.
X ,
.
1. X .
2. > X >,
, , X.
3. X , X.
, .
X X raln , X. ,
. StaffBranch
.
458
hi.
I 13.6.
StaffBranch
, , StaffBranch, 13.4, :
s t a f f No sName
staffNo
> position
s t a f f N o > salary
s t a f f N o - branchNo
s t a f f N o > bAddress
branchNo bAddress
bAddress branchNo
branchNo, position salary
bAddress, position > salary

StaffBranch. 1 , . 2
3 , ,
( 2),
,
X ( 3).
13.4.

( ) [68]. ,
, .
,
, ( )
.

, , .
() . ,
(1).
.
, 13.2, ().
. 13.3 . , 1
, 2 ..
. , 13.
459
. 13.3.
.

, .
13.5 (1).
13.6 13.7 (2) () , ,
( 13.8).
(2 ) , . 13.9
- (), ,
(4 5),
( 13.10 13.11).
,
,
. , . , IV , ,
, , ,
ER-, 11 12.
ER- , , , .
13.5. (1)
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.
(1). , .
460
ill.

(, )
.
() .
(1)
.
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, "" , , . .
1. .
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("flattening") . , , (
)
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, .
2.
,
. .
,
.
, . ,
.
, ,
1 .
1 , . Dreamffome.
13.7. (1)
. 13.4 ,
DreamHome.
'John Kay 1 , , ' Tina Murphy'. ,
.
, , 'John Kay' 'Aline
Srewart', ,
. 13.4. ().
13.
461
DreamHome Lease
DreamHome Lease
<
DreamHome Lease
Property Number PG4
Client Number CR76

(Enter If known)
Full Name
Property Address
John Kay
Monthly Rent .350
Owner Number CCW0

(Enter if known)
Rent Start 01/07/00
Full Name
^ Murphy
(Please print)
Rent Finish 31/08/01
. 13.4. DreamHome
13.4. ClientRental
client
No
CR76
CR56
cName property
No
pAddress
rent
Start
rent
Finish
rent
owner
No
oName
John
Kay
PG4
6 Lawrence
St Glasgow
1-Jul-OO
31-Aug-Ol
350
C040
Tina
Murphy
PG16
5 Novar Dr,
Glasgow
l-Sep-01
l-Sep-02
450
C093
Tony
Shaw
6 Lawrence
St, Glasgow
l-Sep-99
10-Jun-OO
350
C040
Tina
Murphy
PG36
2 Manor Rd,
Glasgow
10-Oct-OO
l-Dec-01
375
C093
Tony
Shaw
PG16
5 Novar Dr,
Glasgow
l-Nov-02
10-Aug-03
450
C093
Tony
Shaw
Aline
PG4
Stewart
ClientRental
(-) clientNo ( ). ,
. :
= (propertyNo, pAddress, rentStart,
rentFinish,rent, ownerNo, oName)
-
. , John
462
III.
Kay , PG4 PG16 ( propertyNo). , . .

(
) . ClientRental,
, . 13.5, : (clientNo,
propertyNo), (clientNo, rentstart), (propertyNo, rentstart).
(clientNo, propertyNo)
,
. ,
rentFinish
, NULL (. 3.3.1).
13.5. (1) ClientRental
rent
owner oName
No
350
C040
Tina
Murphy
l-Sep-01 l-Sep-02
450
C093
Tony
Shaw
6 Lawrence St,
Glasgow
l-Sep-99 10-Jim-OO
350
C040
Tina
Murphy
Aline
Stewart
2 Manor Rd,
Glasgow
10-Oct-OO l-Dec-01
375
C093
Tony
Shaw
Aline
Stewart
5 NovarDr,
Glasgow
l-Nov-02 10-Aug-03
450
C093
Tony
Shaw
clientNo property
No
cName
pAddress
rentstart rent
Finish
CR76
PG4
John Kay
6 Lawrence St,
Glasgow
1-Jul-OO
CR76
PG16
John Kay
5 Novar Dr,
Glasgow
CR56
PG4
Aline
Stewart
CR56
PG36
CR56
PG16
31-Aug-Ol
ClientRental :
ClientRental (clientNo, propertyNo, cName, pAddress, rentstart,
rentFini sh, rent, ownerNo, oName)
ClientRental ,
.
, , . , ClientRental . 1 , 13.2.
, .
( )
(clientNo),
. 13.7. (
. 13.6.)
. 1 .
13.
463
{1i entNo, cName)

Client
PropertyRentalOwner {clientNo, propertyNo, pAddress, rentStart,
rentFinish, rent, ownerNo, oName)
13.6.
(1) Client
clientNo
cName
CR76
John Kay
CR56
Aline Stewart
13.7.
(1) PropertyRentalOwner
rentStart
rentFinish
rent
owner
oName
No
property pAddress
No
CR76
PG4
6 Lawrence St,
Glasgow
1-Jul-OO
31-Aug-Ol
350
C040
Tina
Murphy
CR76
PG16
5 NovarDr,
Glasgow
l-Sep-01
l-Sep-02
450
C093
Tony
Shaw
CR56
PG4
6 Lawrence St,
Glasgow
l-Sep-99
10-Jun-OO
350
C040
Tina
Murphy
CR56
PG36
2 Manor Rd,
Glasgow
10-Oct-OO
l-Dec-01
375
C093
Tony
Shaw
CR56
PG16
5 Novar Dr,
Glasgow
l-Nov-02
10-Aug-03
450
CO 93
Tony
Shaw
client
No
(Client PropertyRentalOwner)
, . Client ,
PropertyRentalOwner . , . 1,3.7, , , 13.2.

1 2 Client Rental,
. 13.5. , . Client PropertyRentalOwner.
13.6. (2)
(2) , .
464
III.
13.6.1.
. -~ ,
,
,
.
> , - . -^ ,
, .
, :
staffNo, sName > branchNo
( s t a f f N o , sName) toranchNo. ,
branchNo {staffNo,
sName), .. staffNo. .
13.6.2.
, .. , . ,
, , 2. , 2, , 13.2. , ,
' PG4',
ClientRental, . 13.5.
, .
* (2). ,
, t , ; .
1 2
, ClientRental, . 13.5. , -
. 1
2 .
13.
465
I 13.8. (2)
. 13.5 ( fdl fd6) ClientRental (clientNo, propertyNo}
.
ClientRental
clientNo prop srtyNo
cHame
pAddress rant Start rentFinish rent ownerNo oName
fdl
fd2
( )
( )
fd3
11
i (
(
1 )
fd4|_
^
fdS
wet
t
t
1\
( )
, 13.5. ClientRenCal
ClientRental ,
,
, . 13.8.
ClientRental
fdl
clientNo, propertyNo -> rentStart, rentFinish
fda
clientNo -> cName
fd3
propertyNo -* pAddress, rent, ownerNo, oName
ovmerNo > oName
id Pi
clientNo, rentStart -* propertyNo, pAddress,

rentFinish, rent, ownerMo, oName
propertyNo, rentStart clientNo, cName,

rentFinish
fd6
ClientRental
.
466
III.
. , cName , ,
clientNo ( fd2).
, (pAddress, rent, ownerNo, oName)
,
propertyNo ( fd3). , (rentstart rentFinish) , ..
clientNo propertyNo ( fdl).
, . 13.5 (transitive dependence) ( fd4). ,
2.
.
, ClientRental, a
, .
ClientRental 2
, , , ,
, .

Client, Rental PropertyOwner,
. 13.8-13.10.
, , ,
.
:
Client
Rental
PropertyOwner
(clientJJo, cName)
(clientNo, properjtyNo, rentstart, rentFinish)
(propertyNo, pAddress, rent, ownerNo, oName)
13.8. (2) Client,

ClientRental
clientNo
cName
CR76
John Kay
CR56
Aline Stewart
13.9. (2) Rental,

ClientRental
propertyNo
rentstart
rentFinish
CRT 6
PG4
1-Jul-OO
31-Aug-Ol
CR76
PG16
l-Sep-01
l-Sep-02
CR56
PG4
l-Sep-99
10-Jun-OO
CR56
PG36
10-Oct-OO
l-Dec-01
CR56
PG16
l-Nov-02
10-Aug-03
clientNo
13.
467
13.10. (2) Property Owner,

ClientRental
propertyNo
pAddress
rent
ownerNo
oName
PG4
6 Lawrence St,
Glasgow
350
C040
Tina Murphy
PG16
5 Novar Dr,
Glasgow
450
C093
Tony Shaw
PG36
2 Manor Rd,
Glasgow
375
Tony Shaw
13.7. ()
2 ,
1, . , (,
Tony Shaw ( ownerNo))
PropertyOwner, . 13.10. , .
, . . .
13.7.1.
. ,
- -*, , ( , , ).
. , StaffBranch (. . 13.3):
s t a f f N o -> branchNo
branchNo > bAddress
staffNo > bAddress

branchNo. ,
s t a f f N o branchNo bAddress.
.
13.7.2.
(). ,
,
, .
468
III.
2 .
,
. 2 13.9.
I 13.9. ()
,
Client, Rental PropertyOwner, .
clientNo -> cName
ci lent
fd2
Rental
fdl
clientNo, propertyNo -> rentstart, rentPinish
fd5*
clientNo, rentstart -> propertyNo, rentFinish
propertyNo, rentstart -> clientNo, rentFinish
fd6*
PropertyOwner
fd3
propertyNo -* pAddress, rent, ownerNo, oNarne
fd4
ownerNo -* oName
Client Rental
. , Client Rental
(). ,
(fd)
(*), fd5*, (
).
PropertyOwner , oName, ownerNo ( fd4).
, (oNarae)
, (ownerNo).
. 13.5.
PropertyOwner
PropertyForRent Owner, . 13.11 13.12. :
PropertyForRent
Owner
(propertyNo, pAddress, rent, ownerNo)

(ownerNo, oName)
13.
469
13.11. Property For Rent ,

PropertyOwner
propertyNo
pAddress
rent
ownerNo
PG4
6 Lawrence St,
350
C040
C093
C093
Glasgow
PG16
5 NovarDr, Glasgow
450
PG36
2 Manor Rd, Glasgow
375
13.12. Owner ,
PropertyOwner
ownerNo
oName
040
093
Tina Murphy
Tony Shaw
PropertyForRent Owner ,
.
. 13.5
ClientRental ,
. . 13.6
, , 1 , :
Client
Rental
PropertyForRent
Owner
tclientNp, cName)
(clientNo, prop_ertyNq, rentStart, rentFinish)
(propertyNo, pAddress, rent, ownerNo)
(ownerNo, oName)
ClientRental, . 13.5,
Client, Rental, PropertyForRent
Owner.
. , ownerNo
Owner , , PropertyForRent . ownerNo,
, PropertyForRent Owner , .
ClientMental
PropertyOwner
Client
Rental
PropertyForRent Owner
. 13.6. 1
ClientRental
470
III.
clientNo Client Rental. ,

Rental clientNo ,
. , propertyNo
PropertyForRent Rental , .
,
ClientRental (. 4.1).
,
(nonloss), (nonadditive) . ,
.
Client, Rental, PropertyForRent Owner,
, . 13.13-13.16.
13.13. Client ,
ClientRental
clientNo
cName
CR76
John Kay
.356
Aline Stewart
13.14. Rental ,
ClientRental
clientNo
propertyNo
rentStart
rentFinish
CR76
PG4
1-Jul-OO
31-Aug-Ol
CR76
PG16
l-Sep-01
l-Sep-02
CR56
PG4
l-Sep-99
10-Jun-OO
CR56
PG36
10-Oct-OO
l-Dec-01
CR56
PG16
l-Nov-02
10-Aug-03
13.15. PropertyForRent ,
ClientRental
propertyNo
pAddress
rent
ownerNo
PG4
350
C040
PG16
5 Novar Dr, Glasgow
450
C093
PG36
2 Manor Rd, Glasgow
375
C093
13.16. Owner ,
ClientRental
ownerNo
oName
40
Tina Murphy
093
Tony Shaw
13.
471
13.8.

(2) () ,
13.6 13.7, , , 13.2.
, .
2 , .
, 1,
. ,
,
.
(2).
, , , .
(). s
, ,
;; , .
2
, .
, , .
, , .
, , 2 ,
, , .
, 2 13.8 13.9, 13.6 13.7,
.
.
13.9. - ()
, ,
,
472
111.
13.2. ,
. ,
13.8, , , 13.8 2 .
,
. ,
,
, - () [69].
13.9.1. -
- () , .

, 13.8.
- ().
i: , .

, .
, ,
.
, , , . ,
. ,
- , ,
.
, Client, Rental, PropertyForRent Owner, . 13.1313.16. Client, PropertyForRent Owner
, ,
. , Rental : (clientNo,
propertyNo}, (clientNo, rentStart) (propertyNo, rentstart),
13.5 :
fdl
fdS*
fd6*
clientNo, propertyNo->rentStart, rentFinish

clientNo, rentStart-propertyNo, rentFinish
propertyNo, rentStart->clientNo, rentFinish
Rental , Rental . ,
:
13.
473
( ) ;
, .. , , .
,
,
.
13.10. - ()
DreatnHome . , , clientlnterview
(. 13.17). , ,
.
.
, .
13.17. Clientlnterview
clientNo
interview/Date
interviewTime
staffNo
roomNo
CR76
13--02
10:30
SG5
G101
CR56
13--02
12:00
SG5
G101
CR74
13--02
12:00
SG37
G102
CR56
l-Jul-02
10:30
SG5
G102
Clientlnterview :
(clientNo, interviewDate) , I s t a f f N o , interviewDate, interviewTime)
(roomNo,
interviewDate,
interviewTime).
,
Clientlnterview ,
,
interviewDate. (clientNo, interviewDate).
:
Clientlnterview (clientNo,
roomNo)
i nteviewDate,
interviewTime, staffNo,
Clientlnterview
fdl
clientNo, interviewDate -> interviewTime, s t a f f N o ,

roomNo
fd2
s t a f f N o , interviewDate, interviewTime > clientNo
fd3
roomNo, interviewDate, interviewTime ~ staffNo,

clientNo
fd4
staffNo, interviewDate ) roomNo
474
- III.

Clientlnterview.
fdl, fd2 fd3 ,
. staffNo, interviewDate > roomNo ( fd4).
(staffNo, interviewDate} Clientlnterview,
, roomNo

(roomNo,
interviewDate,
interviewTime). (clientNo, interviewDate}
fd4, , Clientlnterview ,
(
),

(staffNo,
interviewDate), . , . Clientlnterview
. , 13 2002 (
--02 1 ) , 'SG5 1 ,
.
, .
Clientlnterview
Interview StaffRoom,
. 13.18 13.19. Interview Staf fRoom :
Interview
StaffRoom
(clientNq, interviewDate, interviewTime,

{staffNo, interviewDate, roomNo)
staffNo)
13.18. Interview
clientNo
interviewDate
interviewTime
staffNo
CR76
13-May-02
10.30
SG5
CR56
13-May-02
12.00
SG5
CR74
13-~02
12.00
SG37
CR56
l-Jul-02
10.30
SG5
13.19. Staff Room

staffNo
interviewDate
roomNo
SG5
13-May-02
G101
SG37
13-May-02
G102
SG5
l-Jul-02
G102
, , , . . ,
13.
475
( ). , .
, , .
, 13.10 Clientlnterview "" : roomNo, interviewDate, interviewTime
> staffNo, clientNo ( fd3), , . , staffNo, interviewDate > roomNo ( fd4),
Clientlnterview .
,
, , - fd4, ,
"" fd3. , ,
, fd4 Clientlnterview
.
, , fd4 Clientlnterview
. , fd3. , , fd3 - ,
. , .
13.10.
(1)

, .
- ( 13.11). 2 , .
2 .
13.11.
- ()

DreamHome ,
.
.
.
476
III.
,
. . 13.7
"Property Inspection Report" DreamHome
.

' PG4 ', .
DreamHome
Property Inspection Report
DreamHome
Property Inspection Report
Property Number PG4
Property Address 6Lawrence St, Glasgow
Inspection Inspection
Time
Date
18-Oct-OQ
10.00
22-Apr-Q1
1-Qet-OI
09.00
12.00
Comments
Need to replace
. crockery
in good order
Damp rot in bathroon
Staff no Staff Name
Registration
SG37
Ann Beech
SGt4
SGt4
David Ford M533HDR

David Ford N721HFR
M231JGR
Page 1
. 13.7. "Property Inspection Report" DreamHome
(1)

, . Staff Property Inspect ion;
. 13.20. propertyNo.

,
. , .
= (iDate, iTime, comments, s t a f f N o , sNarae,
carReg)

. , propertyNo (' PG4 ')
iDate (' IS-Oct-oo', '22-Apr-Ol 1 , '1-Oct-Ol')- ,
, 13.5.
13.
477
( ) ( ). StaffPropertylnspection , . 13.21.
13.20. StaffPropertylnspection
iTime comments
property pAddress
No
iDate
PG4
18-Oct-OO
6 Lawrence
St, Glasgow
l-Oct-01
5 Novar Dr,
Glasgow
sName carReg
No
22-Apr-Ol
PG16
staff
22-Apr-Ol
24-Oct-Ol
Need to replace crockery

(
)
09.00 In good order (
)
12.00 Damp rot in bathroom
(
)
13.00 Replace living room
carpet (
)
14.00 Good condition (
)
10.00
SG37
Beech
M231
JGR
SG14
David
Ford
M533
SG14
David
Ford
N721
HFR
SG14
David
Ford
M533
Ann
N721
HFR
SG37
Beech
HDR
HOR
13.21. StaffPropertylnspection
property
No
iDate
iTlme
pAddress
comments
staffNo
sName
carReg
PG4
18-Oct-OO
10.00
6 Lawrence St,
Glasgow
SG37
Ann
M231
JGR
PG4
22-Apr-Ol
09.00 6 LawenceSt,
Glasgow
12.00 6 Lawrence St,
Glasgow
13.00 5 Novar Or,
Glasgow
14.00 5 Novar Dr,
Glasgow
Need to replace
crockery
In good order
SG14
David
Ford
David
Ford
M533
PG4
l-Oct-01
PG16
22-Apr-Ol
PG16
24-Oct-Ol
Damp rotin
bathroom
Replace living
room carpet
Good condition
SG14
SG14
SG37
Beech
David
Ford
Ann
Beech
HDR
N721
HFR
M533
HDR
N721
HFR
staf f Proper t Inspect ion :

(propertyNo, iDate), ( s t a f f N o , iDate, iTime) (carReg, iDate,
i T i m e ) . (propertyNo, iDate). , , .
StaffPropertylnspection :
StaffPropertylnspection (propertyN_o, iDate, iTime, pAddress,
comments, s t a f f N o , sName, carReg)
478
III.
StaffPropertylnspection ,
. , .
StaffPropertylnspection . , 1 .
.
(2)
1 2 . ,
.
( fdl fd6) StaffPropertylnspection
(propertyNo, iDate) . 13.8.
fdl
propertyNo,
iDate
>
s t a f f No , sName , carReg
fd2
propertyNo
fd3
staff
-*
sName
fd4
No
iTime,
comments,
Address
-staffNo, iDate -* carReg
fd5
carReg, iDate, iTime > propertyNo, pAddress,

comments, staffNo, sName
fd6
staffNo, iDate, iTime -> propertyNo,
pAddress, comments
StaffPropertylnspection
propertyNo IDate {Time pAddress comments sta fhlo sName carReg
fdll
fti2\
t ( )
* ( )
{
1 )
fd3
fd4
fdsf
fdef
J ( )
( )
. 13.8. StaffPropertylnspection
13.
479
Staff Property-Inspection . , (2).

, pAddress , propertyNo ( fd2). iTime,
comments, staffNo, sName, carReg
( propertyNo iDate) ( fdl). , staffNo, iDate - carReg ( fd4) iDate ,
, , ( staf fNo). ,
2.
(propertyNo -> pAddress) ,
StaffPropertylnspection
. , ,
,
.
Staf f Propertylnspection

, Property Propertylnspection, :
Property
Propertylnspection
{propertyNo, Address)
(propertyNo, iDate, iTime,
sName, carReg)
comments,
staffNo,
, , ,
.
()
2
.

. Property
Propertylnspection
Property
fd2
propertyNo > pAddress
Propertylnspection
fdl*
propertyNo, iDate ~ iTime, comments, s t a f f N o , sName, carReg
fd3
s t a f f N o ~* sNarae
fd4
staffNo,
480
iDate ~> carReg
HI.
fd5*
fd6*
carReg, iDate, iTime > propertyNo, comments, s t a f f N o , sName

staffNo, iDate, iTime propertyNo, comments
Property , ().
Propertylnspection
, sName
staffNo ( fd3).
, staffNo, iDate -> carReg
( fd4J
carReg staffNo.
, , iDate. ,
, ,
. ( , 13.9.1,
, staffNo,
iDate - carReg , carReg
, {carReg, iDate, iTime)
Staff Propertylnspection.)
staff Propertylnspection staffNo > sName.
staff
PropertyInspect:
Staff
Propertylnspect
(staffNo, sNarae)
(propertyNo, iDate, iTime, comments, staffNo, carReg)
staff Propertylnspect , , , , . ,
Staff Propertylnspection, . 13,8, :
Property
{propertyNo, pAddress)
Staff
( s t a f f N o , sName)
Propertylnspect (p_rop_e_rtyNo, iDate, iTime, comments, staffNo, carReg}
- ()
Property, Staff Propertylnspect

-. ,
,
. ,

, .
Property, Staff Propertylnspect
.
13.
481
Property
fd2
propertyNo - pAddress
staff
fd3
s t a f f N o - Name
Propertyinspection
fdl*
propertyNo, iDate > iTime, comments, s t a f f N o , carReg
fd4
s t a f f N o , iDate - carReg
fd5*
carReg, iDate, iTime > propertyNo, comments, s t a f f N o
fd6*
s t a f f N o , iDate, iTime > propertyNo, comments
, Property Staff
, . ,
, Property-Inspect, {staffNo, iDate), ( fd4). Propertylnspect
. , , ' SG14 ' 22
2000 (' 22-- '},
.
, .
Propertylnspect
, ,
StaffCar Inspection. :
StaffCar
Inspection
(staffNo, iDate, carReg)

(pygpertyNo, iDate, iTime, comments, s t a f f N o )
StaffCar Inspection , .
. 13.21
StaffPropertyinspection ( ) , . 13.9. Staf f Propertylnspect ion carReg,
iDate, iTime * propertyNo, pAddress, comments, staffNo, sName ( fd5*), . ,
staffNo, iDate > carReg ( fd4),
Propertyinspection .
, ,
:
Property
(propertyNo, pAddress)
Staff
(staffNo, sNaraei
Inspection (propertyNo, iDate, iTime, comments, s t a f f N o )
StaffCar
( s t a f f N o , iDate, carReg)
482
III.
Staff Propertylnspection
Propertylnspection
Propertylnspect
Staff
StaffCar
Inspection
Property
. 13.9. StaffProperty Inspect ion

S t a f f Propertylnspection, . 13.21,

Property, S t a f f , Inspection StaffCar / . , s t a f f N o
Staff, Inspection .
Staff
Inspection ,
.
13.11. (4)
, , .
(Multi-Valued Dependency MVD), , [109].
(4).
13.11.1.
1,
. ,

. .
. 13.22 BranchStaffOwner, (sName) (oName)
(branchNo). , (sName)
, (oName) .
13.
483
13.22. BranchStaffOwner
branchNo
sManie
oName
Ann Beech
Carol Farrel
David Ford
Carol Farrel
Ann Beech
Tina Murphy
David Ford
Tina Murphy
1
' 1
'Ann Beech' 'David Ford . , 'Carol Farrel' 'Tina Murphy'.
,
,
. BranchStaffOwner . , ,
1:*.
: . (, , ),
. ^ .
,
:
->
-
, , BranchStaffOwner, . 13.22, ;
branchNo > sName
branchNo > oName
. , > R ,
= R. , , . ()
, .
. 13.22
BranchStaffOwner ,
.
,
BranchStaffOwner , ,
, sName
oName. , 484
III.
, , , . ,
.
BranchStaffOwner ,
- , . ,
, , BranchStaf fOwner.
13.11.2.
(4) -, * .
(4)
-, 4 [109].
4 .
, BranchStaf fOwner (. . 13.22)
4, .
BranchStaf f BranchOwner, . 13.23
13.24. 4,
BranchStaff branchNo - sName,
BranchOwner branchNo - oName. ,
4 , . , , BranchOvmer.
13.23. BranchStaff 4
branchNo
sName
Ann Beech
David Ford
13.24. BranchOwner 4
branchNo
oName
Carol Parrel
Tina Murphy
[93], [106] [154].
13.
485
13.12. (5)

. , . ,
. ( )
,
(5).
(5),
13.12.1.
. ,
.

. ,
, .
( ), ,
. , BranchStaff BranchOwner (. . 13,23 13.24), BranchStaffOwner (. . 13.22),
. ,
BranchStaf fOwner BranchStaff BranchOwner. ,
, [3]. (5).
13.12.2. (5)
(5). .
(5), , (Project-Join Normal Form PJNF), ,
[].
. 13.10
Property! temSupplieir.
(propertyNo),
(ItemDescription), (supplierNo)
(propertyNo). , - () (i), (s) (i), (s) , ,
(), ()
486
III.
(i) (). , (ItemDescription) .

,
PropertyltemSupplier (. 13.10, ), .
PG4
'Bed'()
( 1),
PG4 S2
( 2 ) 1,
S2 'Bed
( 3 ) ,
1
S2 'Bed
PG4
, PropertyltemSupplier. , (PG4, Bed, S2) PropertyltemSupplier (. 13.10, ).

, (Join Dependency JD).
. . , R - :|
- R, , , .... ; Z, R - *
, R - ;
, , ..., 2. ,
, PropertyltemSupplier
(5);
PropertyltemSupplier 5, Propertyltem (Ri),

ItemSupplier (R2) PropertySupplier (R3), . 13.25-13.27.
, PropertyltemSupplier
(, , ) JD (R1(A, ) , R2 (, ) ,
R3(A, ) .
13.25. Propertyltem
propertyNo
ItemDescription
PG4
Bed
PG4
Chair
PG16
Bed
'
13.26. ItemSupplier 5
ItemDescription
supplierNo
Bed
Chair
Bed
13.
487
13.27. PropertySupplier 5
propertyNo
supplierNo
PG4
SI
PG4
S2
PG16
, ,
PropertyltemSupplier
.
[93], [106] [154].
) PropertyItemSupplier
( )
propertyNo Item Description upplierNo
PG4
PG4
PG16
Bed
Chair
Bed
S1
S2
S2
) PropertyltemSuppller
( )
propertyNo itemDescrlption supplierNo
PG4
PG4
PG16
PG4
Bed
Chair
Bed
Bed
81
S2
S2
32
:
,

. 13.10. : )
PropertyltemSupplier; ) PropertyltemSupplier
, . ,

.
, , .
, .
R.
( -), . (
.)
488
III.
( ), ,
.
,
, : " " , , .
() ,
.
(1) , .
(2) ,
, ,
, .
:
, , - .
() ,
, , , .
, : > -,
( , ).
(2) , , ,
, . ,
.
() , ,
, , . ,
.
() ,
.
(4) , - . , ,
3 , .
, , .
(5) ,
. R , , . . . ,
Z ,
R , , . . ., Z.
13.
489
13.1. ?
13.2. , , .
13.3. .
13.4. , ?
13.5. , ?
13.6. .
13.7. ()

(1).
13.8. , , , . .
13.9. (1)
(2)?
13.10. , 2. .
13.11. ,
. .
13.12. 2 2 . .
13.13. - () . .
13.14. ,
4. .
13.15. ,
5. .
13.16. (Patient Medication Form)

Wetimeadows Hospital, . 13.11.
) , . 13.11.
) ,
. 13.11, (1), (), () .
) , .
490
ill.
Wellmeadows Hospital
Patient Medication Form
Patient Number:
FufI Name:
Robert MacDonold
Bed Number: 84
DrUfl
Number
Name
Description
P10034
WardJf
WardNumber:
Ward Name:
Dosage
Method of
Admin
10223
Morphine
Paia Kilter
JOmg/ml
Oral
10334
Tetracyclene
Antibiotic
Q.5mg/ml
IV
10223
Morphine
Pain Killer
JOmg/mf
Oral
QrMeyroedfc
Units per
Day
''-- 50
..
10 '
10
"
Start Date Finish Date

24/03/0}
24/04/02
24/03/01
17/04/01
25/04/02
02/05/03
. 13.11, (Patient Medication Form.) Wellmeadows Hospital
13.17. . 13.28
. ,
, . ,
, .
) . 13.28 .
, .
) . 13.28
. , , .
13.18. Instant Cover
. . 13.29 .
(National Insurance Number NIN).
) . 13.29 .
, .
) . 13.29
. , , .
13.19. . 13.30 (staffName),
(wardName), (patientName),
.
. , (staffName) , (patientName) .
" 13.
491
) , , . 13,30,
, 4.
) , . 13.30, . , .
) ,
. 13.30, 4.
13.20. , . 13.31,
(hospitalName), (itemDescription), (supplierNo)
(hospitalName). , (h)
(1), (s) (i)
()
(h), (s)
(i) (h).
(itemDescription) .
) , , . 13.31,
5.
) ,
. 13.31, 5.
13.28.
staffNo
dentistName
patNo
patName
appointment
date
appointment
time
surgery
No
S1011
Tony Smith
P100
Gillian
White
12-Sep-Ol
10.00
S15
S1011
Tony Smith
P105
Jill Bell
12-Sep-Ol
12.00
S15
S1024
Helen
Pearson
P10S
Ian
12-Sep-Ol
10.00
S10
S1024
Helen
Pearson
P108
Ian
14-Sep-Ol
14.00
S10
S1032
Robin Plevin
P105
Jill Bell
14-Sep-Ol
16.30
S15
S1032
Robin Plevin
P110
John
Walker
15-Sep-Ol
18.00
S13
MacKay
MacKay
13.29. Instant Cover

NIN
contractNo
hours
eName
hNo
hLoc
1135
C1024
16
Smith J
H25
East Kilbride
1057
C1024
24
Hocine D
H25
East Kilbride
1068
C1025
28
White
H4
Glasgow
1135
C1025
15
Smith J
H4
Glasgow
492
III.
13.30. WardStaffPatient
ward Name
staff Name
patientName
Pediatrics
Kim Jones
Claire Johnson
Pediatrics
Kim Jones
Brian White
Pediatrics
Stephen Ball
Claire Johnson
Pediatrics
Stephen Ball
Brian White
13.31. HospitalltemSupplier
hiospitalName
itemDescription
supplierNo
Western General
Antiseptic Wipes
SI
Western General
Paper Towels
S2
Yorkhill
Antiseptic Wipes
S2
Western General
Antiseptic Wipes
S2
13.
493
497
525
569
603
...
.
: ,
,

.
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managerName PropertyForRent
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staffNo, name (: fName, IName), position, sex, DOB
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propertyNo, address (: street, city, postcode), type,

rooms, rent
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ownerHo, name (: fName, IName}, address, telNo
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ownerNo, bName, bType, address, telNo, contactNarae
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clientNo, name (; fName, IName), telNo
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prefType, maxRent
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leaseNo, paymentMethod, depositAmount (

PropertyForRent .rent*2), depositPaid, rentstart,
rentFinish, duration(npOH3BOflHbli*OTrentFinish - rentstart)
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511
DreamHome
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515
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DreamHome . 14.3.
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516
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518
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University Accommodation Office
14.15.
University Accommodation Office, .
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14.17.
EasyDrive School of Motoring, .
522
IV.
14.18. . , . , .
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Supervises
. 15.1. S t a f f ,
528
IV.
1. " " (*:*)

" " (*:*), (. 11.6.3). *:*
" " (1:*), .
, Client Views PropertyForRent ( ) *:*, . 15.2, .
Views ()
Viewing 1:* (Requests ( ) Takes
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Requests Viewing ( ) PropertyForRent
Takes Viewing ( ),
. 15.2, . , Viewing (
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propertyNo {PK}
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clientNo {PK}
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PropertyForRent
propertyNo {PK}
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Takes
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viewDate
comment
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clientNo {PK}
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. 15.2. : ) Client Views PropertyForRent
*:*; ) 1:* ("Takes Requests^ () Viewing
15. 529
, Staff Supervises Staff (

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Supervises
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Supervises *
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. 15.3. ; ) Supervises
" " (*:*); ) Supervises *:*
; ,1* *:*
() Supervision SupervisedBy; ) S t a f f
530
IV.
, .
() 1:* .
, Registers ()
Branch , (. 15.4, ). ,
()
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Registers () Registration (). : Branch .Registers Registration ( ), Staff Processes Registration (
) Client Agrees Registration (
), . 15.4, .
4.
,
(. 11.3.2). , . , Branch
, , t e INo ranch
. 15.4. : ) Registers; ) ('Registers, Processes Agrees)

() Registration
15. 531
(. 15.5, ).
Telephone telNo, , ( ), Provides
() 1:3, . 15.5, .
2.2.

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Telephone ( )
telNo Prcvides 1:3
532
IV.
1.
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(, name) ( fName iName). Staff, . 15.1.
Staff (staffNo, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB)
staffNo
2.
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Preference (prefType, maxRent)
( )
Preference ,
States .
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staff "" ,
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Client. Staff Client
. 15.6.
staffNo Client, Registers 1 :*
Staff (staffNo, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB}

staffNo
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, staffNo)

clientNo
telNo
staffNo Staff (staffNo)
. 15.6. Staff Client
15. 533
, 1:* ,
. , Staff .Registers Client
dateRegister ( ), ,
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Client
S t a f f , staf fNo.
4. " " (1:1)
, 1:1, , , , , . , ,
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11.6.5). , .
1. 1:1.
2. 1:1.
3. 1:1.
. 1:1
, , , ( ) .
Client States Preference ( ) 1:1 . , Client:
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, prefType, raaxRent, staffNo)
clientNo
s t a f f N o S t a f f ( s t a f f N o )
, 1:1
,
. , States
dateStated, , Client.
, , , (, 1:*). , states
/ .
.
534
IV.
6. 1:1

1:1 . , ,
, , ,
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, Client States Preference 1:1
Client ( ,
),
Client ,
Preference . () Preference () Client (
clientNo), , . 15.7.
, Preference .
Preference ,
Client
Preference.
, , .
. 1:1
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( ) 1:1 . ( , 1:1 ,
.)
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Client clientNo
Preference, States
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, staffNo)

clientNo
Preference (clientNo, prefType, maxRent)

clientNo
clientNo Client(clientNo)
, 15.7. 1:1
15. 535
Car, ,
S t a f f . S t a f f ,
staff (
staf fNo) .
5. " " (1:1)
1:1
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1:1 . 1:1 .
1:1,
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1:1
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. 15.1. . 15.1, ;
( 15.1) , (pOwnerFlag
bOwnerFlag), ,
( 1),
( 4).
/ , . . 15.1,
Owner , Owner
(PrivateOwner BuainessOwner),
. 3, , , ()
.
536
IV.
15.1.
/

{Mandatory}
{And}
( ,
)
{Optional}
{And}
: , ( ,
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{Mandatory}
{Or}
:
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{or}
: ,

15.1. /
Owner,
, . 15.1
1 - ,
AllOwner (ownerNo, address, telNo, fName, INarae, bName, toType,
contactName, pOwnerFlag, bownerFlag)
ownerNo
_2_ - ,
Owner (ownerNo, address, telNo)
ownerNo
OwnerDeCails (ownerNo, fName IName, bName, bType, contactName,
pOwnerFlag, bOwnerFlag)
ownerNo
ownerNo Owner(ownerNo)
3 - ,
ownerNo
BusinessOwner (ownerNo, bName, bType, contactName, address, telNo}
ownerNo
4 - ,__
Owner (ownerNo, address, telNo)
ownerNo
PrivateOwner (ownerNo, fName, IName}
ownerNo
BusinessOwner (ownerNo, bName, bType, contactName)
ownerNo
15. 537
, , . 15.1, , . , 1
(, ) , . , , PrivateOwner, BusinessOwner .

, , , , NULL, . , (, NULL).
. 15.1 / Staf Supervisor . Staff (Supervisor), . , " " ,
:
Staff ( s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, sex, DOB,
supervisorStaffNo)
s t a f f N o
supervisorStaffNo Staff
(staffNo)
/ - 1:* (
. 14.2) , , .
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7. " " (*:*)
*:* , , ,
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(. 15.2, ). client PropertyForRent, Viewing,
Views. , . 15.8,
, ,
. 15.2, , *:* .
538
IV.
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, telNo,

prefType, maxRent, staffNo)
clientNo;
staffNo Staff {staffNo)
PropertyForRent (propertyNo, street, city,

postcode, type, rooms, rent)
propertyNo
Viewing (clientNo, propertyNo, dateView, comment)

clientNo, propertyNo
Client (clientNo)
PropertyForRent (propertyNo)
, 15.8. *:*
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0..*), , ,
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(. 15.4, ).
, Branch, Staff Client, a
Registration, Registers. , . 15.9.
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.
Staff (staffNo, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, supervisorStaffNo)
staffNo
supervisorStaffNo Staff (staffNo)
Branch (branchNo, street, city, postcode)
branchNo
Client (clientNo, fName, IName, teiNo, prefType, maxRent, staffNo)
clientNo
slaffNo Staff (staffNo)
Registration (clientNo, branchNo, staffNo, dateJoined)

clientNo
branchNo Branch (branchNo)
clientNo Client (clientNo)
. 15.9. Registration
15. 539
9.
,
,
.
,

.
, Branch , , telNo
Branch (. . 15.5, ).
Branch
Telephone, telNo. , . 15.10.
branchNo Telephone
Branch (branchNo, street, city, postcode)

branchNo
Telephone (telNo, branchNo)

telNo
branchNo Branch {branchNo)
. 15.10. Branch Telephone

, . 15.5, . . 15.2
.
15.2.

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1:*
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540
IV.
. 15.2
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staff DreamHome,
. 15.3.
15.3. , Staff
DreamHome
Staff (staffNo, fName, INarae, position, sex, DOB, supervisorStaffNo}
staffNo
supervisorStaf fNo Staff {staffNo)
BusinessOwner (ownerNo, bName, , contactName, address, telNo)
ownerNo
bName
telNo
PropertyForRent (propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent,
ownerNo, staffNo)
propertyNo
ownerNo PrivateOwner (ownerNo)
BusinessQwner(ownerNo)
staff NO staff (staffNo)
Lease (leaseNo, paymentMethod, depositPaid, rentStart, rentFinish,
clientNo, propertyNo)
leaseNo
propertyNo, rentstart
clientNo, rentStart
clientHo client (clientNo)

propertyNo PropertyForRent (propertyNo}
deposit (PropertyForRent .rent*2}
duration (rentFinish - rentstart)
15. 541
. 15.3

ownerNo
Cllent (clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, prefType, maxRent, staffNo)

clientNo
staffNo :staf f (staffNO)
clientNo HEI client (clientNo)

,
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Viewing ,
PropertyForRent ( propertyNo)
Client ( clientNo).
,
, DBDL ( 2.5). ,
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Lease ,
(propertyNo, rents tart) (clientNo, rentStart).
2,3.
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542
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15. 547
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Staff
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Staff {staffNo, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, supervisorStaffNo)
staffNo
SupervisorStafJ:No Staff{staffNo) ON
UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE SE7 NULL
Client {clientNo, fName, IName, telNo, prefType, maxRent, staffNo)
clientNo
staffNo Staff{staffNo} ON UPDATE CASCADE
ON DELETE NO ACTION
PropertyForRent {propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms,
rent, ownerNo, staffNo}
propertyNo
ownerNo PrivateOwner(ownerNo)
BusinessOwner(ownerNo) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE NO ACTION
staffNo Staff(staffNo) ON UPDATE CASCADE
ON DELETE SET NULL
Viewing (clientNo, propertyMo, dateView, comment)
clientNo Client(clientNo) ON UPDATE
CASCADE ON DELETE NO ACTION
propertyNo PropertyForRent(propertyNo) ON
UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE
leaseNo
propertyNo, rentStart
clientNo, rentStart
clientNo Client(clientNo) ON UPDATE
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propertyNo PropertyForRent(propertyNo) ON
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branchNo
postcode
mgrstaf f No Manager ( s t a f f No)
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550
IV.
. 15.4
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ownerNo
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ownerNo PrivateOwner (ownerNo)
bName BusinessOwner (bName)

staff No staff (staffNo)
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propertyNo, rentStart
clientNo, rentStart
propertyNo PropertyForRent (propertyNo)
deposit (PropertyForRent .rent*2)
duration (rentFinish - rentStart)

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propertyNo, newspaperName, dateAdvert
newspaperName Newspaper (newspaperName)
telNo
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staffNo
staff No staff {staffNo)
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bName
telNo
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clientNo
Registration (clientNo, branchNo, staffNo, dateJoined)
clientNo
clientNo client {clientNo)

staffNo Staff (staf fNc)
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newspaperName
telNo
15. 551
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staffNo
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clientNo
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clientNo,
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rent Start
clientNo, rents tart
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15. 553
. 15.5
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newpaperName
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rngrStaf fNo
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Telephone
branchNo
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supervisors taiif No
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Supervises
branchNo -^
Branch(branchNo)
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s up e ryi_is S
taffNo -
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No)
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Staf f {staff
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PrivateOwner
BusinessOwner
Client
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554
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No
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r (ownerMo)
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er (ownerNo}
BOwns
IV.
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->
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556
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. 15.11. PrivateOwner Branch Staff
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558
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15.7.
staff
supervisorStaf fNo SCaf f {staff No)
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ForRent
ownerNo~PrivateOwner (ownerNo)
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clientNo - Client(clientNo)
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7. , / /
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15. 559
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DreamHome
Branch {branchNo, street, city, postcode, mgrStaffNo}

branchNo
postcode
mgrStaf fNo Manager (staf fNo)
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supervisorStaffNo, branchNo}
s t a f f N o
supervisorStaf fNo staff (staf fNo}
branchNo Branch (branchNo}
PrivateOwner (ownerNo, fName, IName, address, telNo]
ownerNo
PropertyForRent {propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent,
ownerNo, s t a f f N o , branchNo}
propertyNo
ownerNo PrivateOwner (ownerNo}
BusinessOwner{ownerNo}
s t a f f N o s t a f f ( s t a f f N o )
Client (clientNo, fName, lNam=, telNo, prefType, maxRent)
clientNo
leaseNo
propertyNo, rentstart
clientNo, rentstart
560
IV.
. 15.9
clientNo client (clientNo)

deposit
(PropertyForRent .rent*2)
duration (rentFinish - rentstart)

Advert (propertyNo, newspaperName, dateAdvert, cost)
propertyNo, newspaperName, dateAdvert
newspaperName Newspaper (newspaperName)
telNo
Manager ( s t a f f N o , mgrStartDate, bonus)
s t a f f N o
s t a f f N o s t a f f ( s t a f f N o )
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ownerNo
bName
telNo
clientNo client {clientNo)
propertyNo PropertyForRent {propertyNo)
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clientNo
clientNo client (clientNo)
staf fNo s t a f f ( s t a f f N o )
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ientNo (, FK)
branchNo {FK}
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ownerNo {FK}
staffNo {FK}
branchNo {FK}
propertyNo {PK, FK}

newspaperName {PK. FK)
dateAdvert {PK}
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Displays
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newspaperName {PK}
. 15.13. DreamHome
562
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16.1. PropertyForRent DBDL
Domain
Domain
Domain
Domain
Domain
PropertyNumber:
Street:
City:
Postcode:
PropertyType:
variable length character

single character, must be
'D1,
'E',
'F1 ,
'H1,
'M',
string,
string,
string,
string,
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length 5
length 25
length 15
length 8
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Domain PropertyRooms:
integer, in the range 1-15
Domain PropertyRent:
monetary value, in the range 0.00-9999.99
Domain OwnerNumber:
variable length character string, length 5
Domain StaffNumber:
variable length character string, length 5
Domain BranchNuraber:
fixed length character string, length 4
PropertyForRent(
propertyNo PropertyNumber NOT NULL,
street
Street
NOT NULL,
city
City
NOT NULL,
postcode
Postcode,
type
PropertyType
NOT NULL DEFAULT 'P',
rooms
PropertyRooms
NOT NULL DEFAULT 4,
rent
PropertyRent
NOT NULL DEFAULT 600,
ownerNo
OwnerNumber
NOT NULL,
staffNo
StafrNumber,
branchNo
BranchNumber
NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (propertyNo),
FOREIGN KEY (staffNo) REFERENCES Staff(staffNo) ON UPDATE CASCADE
ON DELETE SET NULL,
FOREIGN KEY {ownerNo) REFERENCES PrivateOwner(ownerNo) and
BusinessOwner(ownerNo) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE NO ACTION,
FOREIGN KEY (branchNo) REFERENCES Branch{branchNo) ON UPDATE
CASCADE ON DELETE NO ACTION);
574
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575
proper
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owner staff
No
No
branch
No
House
650
C046
SA9
B007
lal
i at
400
C087
SL41
BOOB
350
C040
Flat
375
C093
SG37
B003
postcode type
street
city
PA14
16 Holhead
Aberdeen AB7 5SU
PL94
6 Argyll St
London
PG4
6 Lawrence St Glasgow
PG36
2 Manor Rd
tyNo
Glasgow
NW2
Gil
9QX
G32
BOOS
4QX
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
G12
House
600
C087
SG37
B003
PG16
SNovarDr
Glasgow
G129AX
Flat
450
C093
SG14
BOOS
16.2. Staff
noOfProperties
staffNo
fName
IName
branch No
noOfProperties
SL21
John
White
BOOS
SG37
Ann
Beech
BOOS
SG14
David
Ford
BOOS
SA9
Mary
Howe
B007
SG5
Susan
Brand
BOOS
SL41
Julie
Lee
BOOS

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576
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CREATE TABLE SQL
PropertyForRent :
CONSTRAINT StaffNotHandlingTooMuch
CHECK
(NOT EXIST
{SELECT s t a f f N o
GROUP BY s t a f f N o
HAVING C O U N T t * ) > 1 0 0 ) }
8.1.4
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BusinessOwner
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Rent
X X X
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CREATE UNIQUE INDEX PropertyNoInd ON PropertyForRent(propertyNo);
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DreamHome
(
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Staff
Client
(a),(d)
: fName, IName
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supervisorStaffNo
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16. 595
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(
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ForRent
()
: rentPinish
5000-10000
rentFinish
:
PrivateCwner/BusinessOwner ownerNo
: staff no staff
city
: rent
; ci lent clientNo
: Client clientNo
: PropertyForRent
propertyNo
: PropertyForRent
propertyNo
: client clientNo
100
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()
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Viewing
Lease
(j)
(c)
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20
50
50
100
100
5000-10000
100
1000

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Microsoft Access ,
Branch DreamHome (. 16.5).
16.5. ,
Microsoft Access
Staff DreamHome
Staff
Client
PropertyForRent
fName, IName
rentFiniah
city
rent
f Name, IName
position
DreamHome,
Oracle

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16.6. ,
Oracle Staff
DreamHome
Staff
f Name, IName
supervisorstaffMo
position
staffNo
Client
PropertyForRent
Viewing
Lease
fName, IName
ownerNo
staffNo
clientNo
rentFinish
city
rent
clientNo
propertyNo
clientNo
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604
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. 17.1, , . 17.1-17.7.
Interview
clientNo {PK, FK}
Client
4 Attends
0..1
1..1
clientNo {PK}
Requests
0..*
viewing
Telephone
clientNo {PK, FK}

propertyNo {PK, FK}
telNo {PK}
branchNo {FK}
0..'
1..3
Takes
PrivateOwner
ownerNo {PK}
Property ForRent
POwns*0..1
A
Provides
1..*
propertyNo {PK}
ownerNo {FK}
branchNo (FKJ
Branch
+ Offers
1..*
1..1
branchNo {PK}
. 17.1. DreamHome
17.1. Branch DreamHome
branchNo
street
city
postcode
005
22 Deer Rd
London
SW1 4EH
007
16 Argyll St
Aberben
AB2 3SU
163 Main St
Glasgow
Gil 9QX
004
32 Manse Rd
Bristol
BS99 1NZ
005
56 Clover Dr
London
NW10 6EU
17.
605
17.2. Telephone DreamHome

telNo
branchNo
0207-886-1212
005
0207-886-1300
005
0207-886-4100
005
01224-67125
007
0141-339-2178
0141-339-4439
0117-916-1170
004
0208-963-1030
002
17.3. PropertyForRent DreamHome

postcode type
property street
No
city
14
16 Holhead
Aberdeen AB7 5SU
PL94
6 Argyll St
London
House 6
Flat
NW2
rooms rent owner

No
i
650 C046
400
C087
staff
No
branch
No
SA9
B007
SL41
B005
PG4
6 Lawrence St
Glasgow
G119QX
Flat
350 C040
PG36
2 Manor Rd
Glasgow
OI324QX
Flat
375 C093
SG37
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
G12
House 5
600 C087
SG37
PG16
5 Novar Dr
Glasgow
012 9AX
Flat
450 C093
SG14
17.4. Client DreamHome

clientNo
fName
I Name
telNo
prefType
maxRent
CR76
John
Kay
0207-774-5632
Flat
426
CR56
Aline
Stewart
0141-848-1825
Flat
350
CR74
Mike
Mary
Ritchie
Tregear
01475-392178
House
750
012224-196720
Flat
600
CR62
17.5. Interview DreamHome

clientNo
staffNo
datelnterview
comment
CR56
SG37
11-Apr-OO
current lease ends in June
CR62
SA9
7-Mar-OO
needs property urgently
17.6. PrivateOwner DreamHome

ownerNo
fName
IName
C046
Joe
C087
Carol
C040
C093
606
Address
telNo
Keogh
01224-861212
Farre!
e> Achray St, Glasgow GS32 9DX
0141-357-7419
Tina
Murphy
63 Well St, Galsgow G42
0141-943-1728
Tony
Shaw
0141-225-7025
IV.
17.7. Viewing DreamHome

clientNo
propertyNo
vfewDate
comment
CR56
14
24-May-Ol
too small
too remote
CR76
PG4
20-Apr-Ol
CR56
PG4
26-May-Ol
CR62
14
14-May-Ol
CR56
PG36
28--01
no dining room
8.1. " " (1:1)

, 1:1, . , ,
, . , , 1:1 Client
Interview (. . 17.1). Client . Interview
, ,
, .
Client Interview
(. 17.2). client Interview
1:1 , Clientlnterview
.
Clientlnterview , ,
. 17.8. Client , ,
Clientlnterview .
. 17.2. Client
Interview:
17.8. Client Interview:
Clientlnterview
client
No
fName IName
CR76
John
Kay
CR56
House 750
tel
No
pref
Type
max
Rent
0207-774-5632
Flat
426
Aline
Stewart 0141-848-1825
Flat
350
CR74
Mike
Ritchie
01475-392178
CR62
Mary
Tregear
012224-196720 Flat
600
staff
No
SG37
SA9
datelnter
View
comments
11-Apr-OO
current lease
ends in June
11-Mar-OO needs property

urgently
17.
607
8.2. "
" (1 :*)

( ) , . , !
1:*. , PropertyForRent ( ) . SQL ( , . 17.1 . 17.1-17.7).
SELECT p . * , .IName
FROM PropertyForRent p, PrivateOwner
WHERE p.ownerNo=o.ownerNo AND b r a n c h N o = ' B 0 0 3 ' ;
IName, , PropertyForRent, PrivateOwner,

SELECT p.*
WHERE b r a n c h N o = ' B 0 0 3 ' ;
PropertyForRent (
iName) . 17.9.
17.9. PropertyForRent:
IName, PrivateOwner
proper street
-tyNo
city
postcode type
rooms rent
owner IName staff branch

No
No
No
14
16 Hoihead Aberdeen AB7 55U
House 6
650
C046
Keogh
SA9
B007
PL94
6 Argyll St
London
NW2
Flat
400
C087
Farrel
SL41
B005
PG4
6 Lawrence
St
Glasgow
G119QX
Flat
350
C040
Murphy
PG36
2 Manor Rd Glasgow
G324QX
Flat
375
C093
Shaw
PG21
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
G12
House 5
600
C087
SG37 B003
PG16
5 NovarDr
Glasgow
G129AX
Flat
450
C093
SG14
B003
SG37
, ,
. ,
,
. , 1:*

(, Farrel Shaw
PropertyForRent ), . IName PrivateOwner,
PropertyForRent ,
.
, .
608
IV.
,
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8.3. "
" (1 :*)
,
. ,
. ,
DreamHome, ,
. SQL ( , . 17.1 . 17.1-17.7):
SELECT .IName
FROM PropertyForRent p, PrivateOwner
WHERE p.ownerNo=o.ownerNo AND branchNo='B003';
, -
PrivateOwner Branch
( branchNo) PropertyForRent.
,
branchNo PrivateOwner. ,
Branch PrivateOwner. SQL :
SELECT .IName
FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE branchNO='B003';
PrivateOwner . 17.3 . 17.10.

,
(. 2.3).
,
, (.. ,
. 17.3 . 17.10) .
Branch PrivateOwner
" " (*:*). , PropertyForRent
branchNo, 17.10. PrivateOwner
ownerNo fName
IName
Address
telNo
branchNo
046
Joe
Keogh
01224-861212
BOO 7
087
Carol
Parrel
6AchraySt , Glasgow GS32 9DX
0141-357-7419
B003
040
Tina
Murphy
63 Well St, Galsgow G42
0141-943-1728
BOOS
093
Tony
Shaw
0141-225-7025
BOOS
17.
609
(, ).
PropertyForRent ( branchNo),
PropertyForRent Staff staffNo. SQL
SELECT o.lName
FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p, PrivateOwner
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = p . s t a f f N o AND p.ownerNo=o.ownerNo AND
branchNo='B003 1 ;
, PrivateOwner
Branch, branchNo PrivateOwner.
Offers
Serves
. 17.3. : PrivateOwner
branchNo,

8.4. " " (*:*)

, , , *:*.
*:* : , . , , .
*:*
Client PropertyForRent Viewing. : DreamHome
, . , street,
SQL (. 17.1
. 17.1-17.7) :
SELECT p.street, . * , v.viewDate
FROM Client . Viewing v, PropertyForRent p
610
IV.
WHERE v.propertyNo=p.propertyNo AND c.clientNo=v.clientNo AND

comment IS NULL;
street Viewing,
PropertyForRent:
SELECT . * , v.street, v.viewDate
FROM Client c. Viewing v
WHERE c.clientNo=v.clientNo AND comment IS NULL;
Viewing . 17.11.
17.11. street PropertyForRent
Viewing
clientNo
propertyNo
street
viewDate
comment
too small
too remote
CR56
14
16 Holhead
24-May-Ol
CR76
PG4
6 Lawrence
20-Apr-Ol
CR56
PG4
St
6 Lawrence
26^May-01
St
CR62
14
16 Holhead
14-May-Ol
CRS6
PG36
2 Ma nor Rd
28-Apr-Ol
no dining room
8.5.
, .
, 1:*
() . . ,
DreamHome , .
Telephone
" " (3:1) Branch (. . 17.1 . 17.1-17.7).

, ,
Telephone Branch , ( . 17.4 . 17.12).

:

( , .. 3);
. 17.4.
: Branch
17.
611
17.12. Branch
branch
No
street
city
postcode
telNol
005
22 Deer Rd
London
SW1 4EH
0207-886-1212
007
16 Argyll St
Aberdeen AB23SU
01224-67125
163 Main St
Glasgow G119QX
0141-339-2178 0141-339-4439
004
32 Manse Rd
Bristol
BS99 1NZ
0117-916-1170
005
56 Clover Dr
London
NW10 6EU
0208-963-1030
telNoS
telNo2
0207-886-1300 0207-886^100
(
);
,
10 (, , ).
, . Branch
, Telephone, Branch,
.
8.6.
(lookup tables, reference tables),

(pick lists), 1:*, , . , ( )
Property-Type PropertyForRent (
. 17.5 . 17.13, 17.14).
:
: ,
, 1 , 5 ;
( ),
;

, .
PrapertyType
type (PK)
Type For
I '
. 17.5. , :
612
IV.
17.13. PropertyType
( )
type
description
House
Flat
17.14. PropertyForRent,
( )
property street
No
14
PL94
PG4
PG36
PG21
PG16
16 Holhead
6 Argyll St
6 Lawrence St
2 Manor Rd
18 Dale Rd
5 Novar Dr
city
postcode type rooms rent owner

No
Aberdeen
London
Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow
AB7 5SU
650
NW2
400
Gil 9QX
350
G32 4QX
375
G12
600
G129AX
450
C046
C087
C040
C093
C087
C093
staff
No
branch
No
SA9
B007
SL41
BOOS
BOOS
SG37
SG37
BOOS
SG14
BOOS
BOOS
, , description ()
(. 17,15). , . , ,
.
17.15. Property For Rent,
description
proper- street
tyNo
14
PL94
PG4
PG36
PG21
PG16
16 Holhead
6 Argyll St
6 Lawrence St
2 Manor Rd
18 Dale Rd
5 Novar Dr
city
post
code
type des
crip
tion
Aberdeen
London
Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow
AB7 5SU
NW2
Gil 9QX
G32 4QX F
G12
G129AX
House
Flat
Flat
Flal
House
Flat
rooms rent
650
400
350
375
600
450
owner staff
No
No
C046
C087
C040
C093
C087
C093
branch
No
B007
SL41 BOOS
BOOS
SG37 B003
SG37 BOOS
SA9
SG14
BOOS
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Microsoft Access,
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Microsoft Access, .
PropertyForRent, : picture
OLE comments Memo ( ). . 17.6 , PropertyForRent,
picture comments.
picture ,
,
BMP ( Bit Map
). , , . DreamHome , ,
, , .
2. World Wide Web (WWW, Web)
.
Microsoft Access,
Oracle, Web- Internet. ,
, Web-,
17.
615
Newly docotaled Ihrourfraut. WeB equipped

kitchen. Close to local amenities
, 17.6. , PropertyForRent
picture comments
Microsoft Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator,

Internet,
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2.
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. 19.6. 100 bal x
1. 10
10%. ,
. 19.3, , .
19.6.
10
TS
ti
begin_transaction
t2
read(bal x )
t3
t4
t
bal x = bal x + 10
write(balx)
begin_transaction
read(bal x )
t7
write (bal x )
te
read(baly)
tg
baly = baly*l.l
tio
write (baly)
668
V. >
. 19.6
tn
I
t
tl4
9
read(bal y )
10
commit
baly = baly - 100

write (baly)
commit
. 19.3.
. 19.6

, ,
, .
.
, ! S2, ,
Tlt 2 , ..., , , .
: S^ Td
S 2 .
Ti
S3: T j t
S2 , Tj.
: 5 T i f
S2.
,
. , . , ,
. 19.7, , . 12 13
, , , . ,
, , .
19.
669
19.7. ,

TU
ti
begin_transaction
tj
12
TU
read {balx)
begin_transaction
t4
write (bal x )
commit
ts
ts
t,
write {balx}
commit
ta
t,
tin
begin_transaction
write (bal x )
commit
, , NP- ( ), , - [404].
. , .
, . .
,
, .
, . , , ,
. ,
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, commit
. 10 balx, 9, .
, 10,
1,
. . , . .
. ,
. T-J : TJ
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: ^ fj. TJ.
670
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. 19.5.
672
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I 19.5.
, . 19.6. , , :
S (write_locK(T 9 , b a l j , read(T 9 , balj , write (,, bal x ) ,
unlock(T 9 , bal x ) , write_lock(T 1 0 , bal x ) , read{T 10 , balj ,
write (T 10 , bal x } , unlock {T 10/ bal x ) , write_lock (T 10 , bal y ) ,
read(T 1 0 , b a l y ) , write (T 10 , bal y ) , unlock (T 1 0 / bal y ) ,
commit (T 10 ) , write_lock ( , bal y ) , read(T 9 , bal y ) ,
write(T 9 , b a l y ) , unlock{T 9 , bal y ) , commit ( ) }
bal x 100
, bal y 400 ,
bal x 220
, bal y 330 ,
9 10. 10
T s , bal x 210 ,
bal y 340 . S
bal x , 220 , a bal y 340. ( ,
S .)
, , / (,
balx) . (baly) , bal x
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673
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19.6.

. 19.8.
, 2 1. , 100
. bal x . , 1
2 ,
^ , ^ (wait) 2 .
2 ,
19.8.
TI
ti
t2
t3
begin_transaction
write_lock (balx)
balx
begin_transaction
100
write_lock(balx)
read (bal x )
t4
WAIT
ts
WAIT
write (bal x )
t6
WAIT
commit/unlock (balx)
t7
read(bal x )
ts
bal x = balx -10
ts
tlo
674
bal x = balx+100
100
100
100
200
200
200
write (bal x )
200
190
commit/unlock (bal x )
190
V.
19.7.

. 19.9.
^ bal x .
, 100 ,
. 1 , 100 . 3
1. , , 4,
4 . 4 .
19.9.
ti
bal x
begin transaction
ta
I
tt
begin___transact ion
write_lock (balj
t6
WAIT
100
w r i t e lock (bal x )
100
read (balx)
100
bal x = bal x +100
100
write (bal x )
200
rollback/unlock (bal x )
100
' '
t,
read(balx)
100
bal x = bal x -10
100
write (bal x )
90
commit/unlock (bal x )
90
n;
19.8.

. 19.10.
5
,
. 5 bal x . bal x 6
,
, .. .
19.
675
19.10.
ti
t
ta

begin transaction
begin transaction
sum = 0
balx
baly
balj.
sum
100
50
25
100
50
25
100
50
25
read lock (bal*)
100
50
write_lock (bal x )
t4
read (balx)
bal x = balx-
WAIT
100
50
-..
write (balx)
WAIT
90
50
25
write_lock(bal z )
WAIT
90
50
25
t,
read (bal z )
WAIT
90
balz - bal z + 10
WAIT
90
.-
: ,
w r i t e (ba! E )
WAIT
90
50
35
WAIT
90
50
35
read (bal x )
90
50
sum = sum + bal x
90
50
90
read lock (baly)
90
50
tl!
read(baly)
90
tl.
sum = sum + bal y
90
read l o c k ( b a l E )
'
tlfl
til
'
commit/
unlock ( b a l x , bal z )
tie
read (bal z )
til
sum = sum + bal s
tao
commit/unlock (bal x ,
baly, b a l z )
0
90
.
50
-.
35
50
90
90
1'
51
140
175
175
, , [108]. , , , .
19.9.
, . 19.11,

. 14 bal x , bal y , , bal* , . 15
balx, , , . , 16 balx .
676
V.
14. T l s 14 ( , 14),
. , 16
15 . , ,
,
19.11.
14
ti
begin_transaction
write lock(balx)
:>
.s
T1S
read(bal x }
read_lock (bal y )
5
read(baly)
bal x = baly + bal K
t.
write (bal x )
unlock (baljt)
begin_transaction
write_lock (bal x )
t,
tie
read(bal x )
balx = balx + 100
,,
write (bain)
tl2
unlock (balx)
t
tic
rollback
begin transaction
tie
read_lock ( b a l x )
t17
rollback
tie
rollback
tl?
,
.
, , .
,
.
, 15
, 14 . . ,
, .
19.
677
2PL, - , . 2PL.
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19.2.4.) ,
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V.
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19.2.4.
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17
bal x , t s 18
19.
679
baly. t fi 17
1, ,
18. t 7 19, , 1
,
1 . , . ,
. .
19.12.
tj,
begin_transaction
t2
write_lock(bal x )
t3
t4
read (balx)
balx = bal x - 10
ts
w r i t e (balx)
TIB
begin_transaction
write_lock (bal v )
read(baly)
bal y = bal y + 100
ts
write_lock (baly)
write (bal y )
t?
WAIT
write^lock(bal x )
ta
WAIT
WAIT
t9
WAIT
WAIT
t 10
WAIT
, : . , . . 19.12 , , T 1S .
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17 . ,
.
: , , . - , - ,
, . , ,
.
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. 680
V.
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.
.

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(Wait-For Graph WFG).
. Tj , TJ , IV G-- (N, ), N, .
, .
Ti-^Tj, , -,.
, [157]. . 19.4 , . 19.12. , (17-1-17), , .
19.
681
. 19.4. ,

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19.2.5.
. , .
, ,
. , , .
(timestamp),
,
. - ,
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-
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?; . , ;
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19.
683
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: .
,
,
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.
, .
.
(read_tiraestamp), /
, , (write_timestamp), /
, () . , , ts ( ) , .
1. read(x)
(),

()
:
ts(T)
<
write_timestamp (). ,
, .
, , ,

.
,
.
(ts{T) > write_timestarap (x))
:
read_timestamp() = m a x ( t s ( T ) , read_timestamp(x)) .
2. write(x)
(),
: t s ( T ) < read_timestamp (x),
, . ,
, ,
. 684
V.

.
(),
:
ts(T)
<
write_timestamp (). ,
() .
, .
,
: write_timestamp() = t s ( ) .
, , ,
, , . , ,
, .
. ,
.

, [303]. , ,
.
(),
: ts{T) < read_timestamp{x).
,
.
(),
: ts(T) < write_
timestamp (x). ,
, , , . .
. .
,
: write_timestamp() = t s ( ) .
,
-
, . , , . 19.7,
bal x , 11( 19.
685
, 12.
,
, . ,
- .
,
, .
I 19.10.
. 19.13 ,
19 ts(T l 9 ), 2 0 t s ( T j 0 ) , 31 t s ( T 2 1 ) ; ts(T 1 9 ) < t s ( T a o ) < t s ( T 2 1 ) .
19.13.
ti
t
T19
21
begin transaction
read (balx)
balx =
bal,c + 1 0
write (balx)
read (baly)
baly =
baly + 20
read (baly)
i,
i
read (balx)
balx = balx + 10
write (balx)
begin__transaction
read (baly)
baly =
baly + 20
write (baly) n
baly =
baly + 30
write (baly)
1 = 100
write (balz)
i
'- i
;
1
t
baly =
baly -t- 30
write (baly)
balz = 100
write (1)
12 = 50
balz = 50
write (balz)
write (balz)
read (baly)
baly =
baly + 20
write (baly)
tie
begin transaction
read (baly)
write (baly)
1
20
commit
commit
begin transaction
read (baly)
baly =
baly + 20
write (baly)
commit '
.
t e , ;, , .
ti4.
686
V.
t14 , Ti9,
, T2i t12.

. 19.5 (Conflict Serializability CS), , (View Serializability VS),
(Two-Phase Locking 2PL) (TimeStamping
TS). , , , ,
, 2PL
TS, , 2PL TS, .
, , (2PL TS), ,
2PL, TS, .

. 19,5.
(CS), , (VS), (2PL) (TSJ
19.2.6.

, ,
. ,
, - ,
.
, 19.4 [24], [59],
[60]. , [256], [257].
19.
687
19.5 Oracle .
, , ,

.
,
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,
.

. -
, ,
.
,
Xi, x2, ... , i- .
x i t
, read^timestamp (xi), ,
Xi , write_timestarap (X;J,
, Xi.
t s ( T ) .

.
1. , write ().
, , 3 , , t s { T ) < ts{T-|}. ,
Tj. , Tj
, .
, Xj
, ts(T)
(..
write_timestamp(xj} < t s ( T ) ) read_timestamp(xj) > t s ( T ) , .
Xi
read_timestamp(x t ) = write_timestamp (Xi) = t s ( T ) .
2. , read ().
,
Xj
, ts (), , . write_timestamp(Xj), , write_timestamp(xj) < t s ( T ) . read_timestamp (^5 = m a x ( t s ( T ) ,
read_timestamp (-,)). , .
688
V.
, .

. ,
Xi .,
.
19.2.7.

, , ,
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, , [201]. , .
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.

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19.
689

, . , start (). (validation ()) ( f i n i s h ( T ) , ).
, .
1. S
: finish (S) < start (T).
2. - S, :
) , , ,
;
)
: start () < finish(S)
< validation().
2, , , , . 2,<5 ,
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19.2.8.
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690
V.
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19.
691
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692
V.
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, . (, ^) , , , ,
.
(Shared ), (eXclusive ). (IS) ,
(IX) , . , (SIX), ,
IX. , SIX IS. ,
,
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19,14.
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IS
IX
SIX
IX
SIX
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X
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693
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2
Redundant Array of Independent Disks ,
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695
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..., 6. t a , t f
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.
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. , . , , () 4 5,
. 696
V.
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2, 3 , 4 5.

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697
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3. , dirty
.
pinCount 1. , , pinCount 1. , , ,
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698
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699

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, 2 . pPtr nPtr
.
19.15.
Tl
10:12
START
10:13
UPDATE
!;=
10:14
START
'
T2
10:16
INSERT
STAFF
SG37
T2
10:17
DELETE
STAFF
SA9
.,,.-,
10:17
UPDATE
10:18
START
10:18
COMMIT
10:19
CHECKPOINT
10:19
COMMIT
10:20
INSERT
STAFF
SL21
PROPERTY
PG16
nPtr
.,
pPtr
2.
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PROPERTY
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COMMIT

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706
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T l t ,
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707
19.16.
begin_transaction Ti
Complete_Reservation
begin_transaction T2
Airline_reservation
begin__transaction T3
First_flight
reserve_aii:line_seat (London, Paris} ;

commit T 3 ;
begin_transaction T4
Connecting_flight
reserve_airline_seat(Paris, New Y o r k ) ;
commit 4 ;
commit T2,begin_transaction Ts
Hotel_reservation
book_hotel(Hilton);
commit ,begin_transaction Ts
Car_reservation
book__car () ;
commit T 6 ;
commit Ti;
. ,
. , ,
.
.
. , .

.
, .
. .
. ,
-
.
. , ,
- .
708
V.
, . , , SAVE
3
WORK . ,
,
, , ROLLBACK WORK
__^. ,
, -
.
19.4.2.
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(sagas), - (GarsiaMolina) (Salem) 1987 , . ,
,
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,
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2, ..., C lt 2, ..., ,

.
1. T lf 2, -.., .
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.
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709
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,
[322], [323]. .
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Ln, L 0
, a L n . , (L0) . ,
Li , , Li.! . ,
.
, , , 8, . 19.18. , .
7
, . 19.17.
, ,
.
19.17. 7
7:
71, balx 5
T7J, balv 5
710
T8i, baly
, 1 2
V.
19.18.
t,
begin_transaction
ta
read(bal x }
ta
bal x = bal x +
t<
write (balx)
begin transaction
i
t,
read (baly)
tT
baly = baly + 10
ta
write (baly)
t,
read (baly)
tio
baly = bal y - 5
tn
t
write (baly)
commit
read(bal x }
tn
bal x = balx - 2
tia
W r i t e (balx)
tii
commit
19.4.4.
, , ( ), , , , ..
, (ACID) ,
: (split_transaction)
(join_transaction) [253]. , , (, ).
(, ) , .

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711
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[20], [140], [186], [200] [281].
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713
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SERIALI2ABLE. , ,
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Oracle ALTER SESSION SET TRANSACTION SQL.
714
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Oracle, .
Oracle
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715

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Oracle
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Oracle (Recovery MANager RMAN)
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719
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write (T 2 / bal*)
commit (T a ) , commit ( T 2 ) ;
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e) readd!, balj , write(T 2 , bal x ) , write{T l f bal x ) ,
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720
V.
19.19. (-), .
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721

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724
V. ;
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20.
725
I 20. 1 .
,
SQL :
SELECT *
FROM S t a f f s,
Branch b
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND

(s. position = 'Manager' AND b.city = 'London');
, :
1- Ofposition^'Manager1 ) (city** ' London1 ) (Staf . branchNo. Branch . bcanchNo) \ Staf f X
2-
" (position- 1 Manager ' ) (city. ' London' ) ( S t a f f
3.
(CTposicion, 'Manager' ( S t a f f
X S caEE . branchNo-Brench . brnnchKo
Branch)
X s t a f f .branchNo>Hranch.branchWo Wcity- ' London' () )
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Staff 1000 , Branch 50. ,
50 ( )
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Staff Branch, (1000+50)
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:
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staff
Branch branchNo, 10004-50
. , 1000
(
).
1000
, :
2*1000 +
726
{1000 + 5 0 )
= 3 050
V.

Staff , , 1000 .
50 . Branch , . 50 . Staff Branch, 50+5
. , :
1000 + 2 * 5 0 + 5 + (50 + 5) = 1 160
, ,
87 .
Staff 10 000,
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870 ! , ,
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727

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728
V. ;
1.

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SELECT StaffNumber
FROM Staff
WHERE position > 10;
.
1. StaffNumber,
Staff ( staffNo).
2. WHERE "> "
position, .

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. , . .
- ( )
.
, .
.
- .
. 20.2 , SQL,
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.
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Staff
b.eity.'London'
Branch
. 20.2.
20.
729
.
[181].
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(position 'Manager' v salary > 20000) branchNo = '
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(salary > 2 0 0 0 0 branchNo = ' }
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. , Staff (position = 'Manager'
position = 'Assistant') , (Manager),
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'Assistant') v salary > 20000) (salary >
20000),
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.

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730
V. ;
0. , ,
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( > ).
I 20.2.
SQL:
SELECT p.propertyNo, p.street
FROM Client . Viewing v, PropertyForRent p
WHERE c.clientNo = v.clientNo AND c.max_rent >= 500 AND
c.prefType = ' F l a t ' AND p.ownerNo = ' C 0 9 3 1 ;
(. 20.3, ) . , . , (v.propertyNo = p.propertyNo).
. 20,3, :
) ; )
" 20.
731
:
FROM Client c, Viewing v, PropertyForRent p

WHERE c.max_rent > 500 AND c.clientNo =
v.clientNo AND v.propertyNo =
p.propertyNo AND c.prefType = ' F l a t 1 AND c.max_rent < 2 0 0 ;

. 20.3, . .maxRent 0,
, , , . ,
,
500 200 .
4.

, ,
. , , .. ,
.
, . ,
, :

() =
false = false
true =
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false =
true = true
(-p) = true
{ q) =
v
v
v
v
, ,
:
CREATE VIEW staffs
AS SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, salary, branchNo
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = 'B003';
SELECT *
FROM staffs
WHERE (branchNo = 'B003' AND salary > 20000);

, 6.4.3,
:
FROM Staff
WHERE (branchNo = '' AND salary > 20000}
AND branchNo " B O O S 1 ;
732
V. ;
WHERE (branchNo =
' AND salary > 20000).
. , , , Manager
20000 :
CREATE ASSERTION OnlyManagerSalaryHigh
CHECK ({position <> 'Manager' AND salary < 20000)

OR (position = 'Manager 1 AND salary > 2 0 0 0 0 } ) ;
, :
SELECT *
FROM Staff
WHERE (position = 'Manager' AND salary < 1 5 0 0 0 ) ;
, WHERE , 15000 ,
, .
5.
, .
.
20.3.
,
, . , 20.1 ,
, , . 20.3.1 , ,
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,
, . () , . 20.
733
[3].
R, S ,
R = { 1( 2 , > } S
= { 1( , ..., }. , q , , L l f L 2 j M, MI, 2 N
.
1.
( ).
<Wr(R> = o p (o q (o r (R)))
. :
-'' salary>15QOQ ( S t a f f )
ObranchNo- ' ' ( salary>15000 ( S t a f f ) )
2. .
0p(Oq(R) ) = Oq(Op(R))
:
a
O~branchNo-'BOOV ' ealacy>15000 ( S t a f f ) )
= O B a i a r y>iSOoO (ObranchNo- ' 0003 ( S t a f f ) )
3.
.
... (> = 0 L ( R )
:
1'lNamellbranchNo, name ( S t a f f I
= 1 11Narae ( S t a f f
4. .
, ,
:
1 ..... ^(OptRn-Opdl^ ..... fi m {R}> { 1( ,..., ^}
:
HfName.lName (^lName= ' Beech' { S t a f f ) )
- 'Beech' (HfName, IName I S t a f f ) )
5. - ( ).
R Xp S = R
R X S = S X R
-, .
, staff
Branch :
Staff
X s t a i f .branchNorBranch.branchNo
Branch
Xst a Et.branchNo. Branch. branchNo
Staff
6. - ( ).

, ( ;
) :
734
V. ;
O p (R Xlr S)
= {0 P (R}) XT S
Op{R x S) = ( a p ( R ) ) x s
{A 3 f A 2 , ..., A n }
,
( q), R, q
S, - :
<Vq(R XT s) = ( a p ( R ) } xt C a g ( S ) )
cWR x s) - ( o p ( R ) ) x (o q ts)}
:
1
^position- Manager' city.' London'

a
Bj
t c
Mana
( jo - i *i"'
er
9 '
(Staff) )
(Staff
Xscf t .branchNtwBranch.branchMo
>< sta.brancHto.aranch.branchN3
(Ocity.'LDJoii'
Branch)
(Branch) )
7. - ( ).
L = L3 u L2,
LI R, L2 S, , L, -
:
:
Hposition.city.branchNo ( S t a f f
(llpositioti,branchtfo (Staff } )
><
Staff.branchNo=Branch.branchNo
X staff -branchNo=Branch.branchtto
Branch)
\llcity, UranchNo '
,
L, = M! u 2, R, 2 S,
:
:
f ~ f ^*<*1
''^!'4}-! ^
position, cicy l^LdiO. '-"^staEE.branchNO'Branch-branchMo ci.eiiii.il/
Imposition, city ( \llpoaition, branchNo ( S t a f f ))
^^staf .branchNo-Branch.hranchWo
(licity,
(Branch)) )
8. (
).
R U S = S U R
R S = S R
9-
(, ).
CF p (R U S)
CTp(S)
U Cp(R)
O p (R S) = Op(S) O p (R}
C p {R - S) = C p (S) - O p ( R )
" 20.
735
10. .
u s ) - n L ( s )
11. - ( ).
:
(R !>< S) ><1 = R X (S X }
(R X S) X = R X
(S X )
q S ,
- :
(R S) ^
= R ixfe (S IXq )
:
Staff
t^staff-staffNo=PropertyForRent . ataffNo
PrOpertyForRent) ><UnerNC-owner.owr.erNo Staff.IKameÔwner.lKarre Owner

=Star
t ^ s t a f f - s t a f f M o ^ P r o p e r t y F o r R e n t . s t a f f N o Staff.lName=lName
(PropertyForRent
xWierno Owner)
,
,
( S t a f f . IName) PropertyForRent Owner:
PropertyForRent >^ r0 pertyForReiit.cwnerNo=Qwner.ownerNo Staf.lBame=Owner lHame Owner
12. ( ).
(R U S} U = S U
(RUT)
{R S) = S
(ROT)
20.3.

, , ,
' '.
SQL :
FRQM Client c. Viewing v, PropertyForRent p
WHERE c.prefType = ' F l a t ' AND c.clientNo = v.clientNo AND
v.propertyNo = p.propertyNo AND
c.max_rent >= p.rent AND c.prefType = p.type AND
p.ownerNo = ' C 0 9 3 1 ;
, , ''
. SQL :
736
V. >
Jlp.propertyNo.p.street .prefType ' F l a t ' .clientNo-v.clientNo v.propertyNop.propertyNo

c.raax__Eent >-p.rene .prefTypep. type p.ownerfto-'31
I \C
VJ
X p) )
, . 20.4, .

.
1. . 1, , .
. 2 6, .
. 20.4, .
2. , 4.1.3,
,
, :
a R . aiS . b (R x S) = R >< R . aiS . b s
. . 20.4, .
3. 11, , p.ownerNo = ' ' ,
20.4, .
4. 4 7, , , .
. 20.4, .
,
, ,
.prefType=p. type
p.type = ' F l a t 1 ,
.pref Type= ' F l a t ' . , .
, . 20.4, .
" 20.
737
"
. p,itr*M
"*
/\ '
/\.
a)
6)
Q.cuntNe-v.oUintND
L
i
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aprtlTyp*
jLL~ *_J!L;L-n_lL.L
/
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(Mint, P-typ*
v.dbntNo
parent
e)
/ \ \
J.4.
20.3: ) ; )
, ; ) , / ; ) ,
; ) ,
; ) , c.prefType =
'Flat' p. type

738
V.
20.3.2.

. ,
.
1. .
. 1 ,
2, 4, 6 9,
. ,
. ,
, .
2. , .
,
-;
OR. 0 s . b ( R X
S)
R . 0 s . b S
3. - , - .
,

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Xls.c 0 T . d
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739
. , , ,
.
, .
23.7 ,
. 27.5 ,
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.
20.4.

.
.
, , , .
.
.
, , .
. , .
. , , .
,
.
20.4.1.

, . , , .
R
nTuples ( R ) , () R (.. ).
bFactor(R). R (..
R, ).
740
V. )
nBlocks ( R ) . , R, R
, :
nBlocks(R) = [nTuples{R}/bPactor(R)J
R
nDistinct A (R). R.
min A (R) , max A {R). R.
SC a {R). R. , , . ,
R
,
, SC A (R) , . 20.1.
20.1.
R
SC A {R) =1
SCA(R) = [nTuples {R}/nDistinct A( R) ]
R

R
, . SC A {R) , . 20.2.
20.2.
R
SC A (R) = [nTuples ( R ) * ( (max A (R) -) / ( m a x A ( R ) minA(R)) ]
(>)
{ ) tnTuples(R) * { (c-max A (R) ) / ( m a x A ( R ) min A (R))]

s c f t ( R ) = [ ( n T u p i e s ( R ) / n D i s t i n c t A ( R ) } *n]
(<)

{A in
S C A ( R ) = s c A ( R ) *SC B (R)
sc A (R)=sc A {R)+sc B {R) -sc A (R)*sc B (R)
{Ci,c2,...,cn})
( )
(A v )
I
nLevels ft ( I ) . I.
nLf Blocks A {I). - I.

. , ,
20. .
741
. ,
,
(, ), . : ,
, .
20.4.2. (S = ap(R))
4.1.1,
, R.
S, R,
. , R , . ,
,
(AND), v (OR) - (NOT). , , , , . , .
( , ).
( , ).
.
, .
, .
, () .
, () .
, ^-.

. 20.3.
20.3. -

(
)
[nBlocks(R)/2]
;
nBlocks(R)
(
)
[log:(nBlocks{R)} ]
;
[loga(nBlocks(R) ) ] + [SC A (R)/bFactor (R)
-1
1
nLevelsA(I) +1
nLevels A (I)+ [nBlocks (R)/2]
742
V.
. 20.3

()
()
*-
nLevelsA(i) + [SCA(R) /bFactor ) ]

nLevelsA(l) + [SC A (R) ]
nLevelsA(I) + [nLfBlocksA(l) /2+
nTuplea (R) /2]

,
S, R. . , ,
, :
nTuples(S) = SC A (R)
( )
* S nDistinct a (S)
:
nTuples (S), nTuples (S}< nDistinct g (R}/2;
[(nTuples (S) + n D i s t i n c t a ( R ) ) / 3 ] ,
nDietinct s (R)/2 nTuples {S) <> 2*nDiatinct B ( R ) ;
nDistinct B {R), nTuples (S) > 2*nDistincC B (R).
,
, , [251],
Oracle 20.6.2.
1. ( )

, . , 20.1.
.
, ,
.
[nBlocks(R}/2]
,
, :
iBlocKs(R)
" 20.
743
20.1.
// .
// predicate - .
// . ,
// 1. ,
// R, predicate
//
for i = 1 to nBlocks(R) {
//
block = read_block(R, i) ;
for j 1 to nTuples(block) { // i
if (block.tuple[j] predicate>)
then < >;
2. ( )
(=) ,
R,
:
[log 2 (nBlocks(R) ) ]
20.2. :
[logj(nBlocks(R) )] + [SC A (R}/bFactor(R)] - 1
,
. , SC A (R) , [SC & (R) /bFactor (R) ] ( ,
.
20.2.
// .
// predicate - .
// .
// nBlocks , ,
// 1. (found),
// , ,
// , ,
//
next = I; last = nBlocks; found = FALSE; keep^searching = TRUE;
while (last >= 1 and (not found) and (keep_searching) ) {
i = (next + last) /2; //
block = read_block (R, i) ;
if (predicate < ordering_key_field(first_record (block) ))
then
//
last = i - l f
else if (predicate > ordering_key_f ield(la.st_record (block) ))
744
V.
then
//
next = i + 1;
else if (check_block_for_predicate(block, predicate, result))
then
//
found = TRUE;
else
//
keep_searching = FALSE;
3.
, . , 1.
, , ,
4.
(=), , , .
,
, .
:
nLevels A (I) + 1
5.

(<, <=, >, >=), , =. , , .
, ,
.
:
nLevels A { I ) + [nBlocks ( R ) /2 ]
6.
()
,
, , . :
nLevels f t (I)+ [SC A {R) /bFactor (R) ]
20.
745

, , , SC A (R) .
7.
()
,
, , . , ( ). :
nLevels A (I) + [ S C A ( R ) ]
8.
*-
(<, <=,
>, >=), +-, < <= - , > >= . ,
- .
:
nLevels A (l) + [nLfBlocks A (I) /2+nTuples ( R ) /2]
+-
20.3.
20.3- *- ,

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
+-.
+- ,
, . -,
: , .
: (key) ()
(, NULL) .
: key! <: key 2 < key3 < ... < keyn.!.
- .
predicate - .
(found) , ,
,
(return_address) ,
//
node = get_root_node (} ;
while (< ->) {
1=1;
// ,
while (not (i > n or predicate < node [i] .key) } {
i = i + 1;
746
V.
node = get_next_node(node[i) .p) ; // node[i].p ,

//
// - . ,
//
1-1;
found * FALSE/
while (not (found or i > n)} {
if (predicate = node[i].key)
then {
found = TRUE;
return_address = node[i].p;
}
else
i = i + 1;

, .
, , . 20.2 , .
, .
, , .

, .
1. , , ,
2-8, .
.
2.
( ), ( ).
, .
3. , , , ,
, ,
,
. , ,
.
,
.
20.
747

v (OR)
, ,
. , , ,
20.4.5, . ,
, .

,
. ,
.
20.4.
staff .
( staffNo)
, .
branchNo,
.
+- Salary.
s t a f f , . 20.4.
20.4. Staff,
,

n T u p l e s ( S t a f f ) =3000
b F a c t o r ( S t a f f ) =30
nBlocks(Staff)=
100
nDistinct b r a n chNo(Staf f ) = SOO
SCbranchM ( S t a f f ) = 6
nDistinct p D ! ! i r ion(Staff) = 10
SCpo.itionfStaff)
nDistinct E a l a r y (Staf f ) = 500
SC B a i a c y(Staff) = 6
= 300
min s a i a c y (Staf f ) = 10000

max s a i a t y(Staff) = 5 0 0 0 0
nLevelSbranchNo(I) = 2
nLevels s a i a i y ( I ) = 2
nLfBlocks s a l a r y (I) -.= 50
s t a f f N o 50
, () 100 . -
748
V.
;
S1 <7 8 t a ffNo,' S G5< ( S t a f f ) ;
S2
S3
^posiCion-'Manager1 ( S t a f f ) ;
Obranehuo.'' ( S t a f f ) ;
S4 O sa i arys20 ooo ( S t a f f ) ;
CJposition-'Manager' branchNo.'BOOJ' ( S t a f f ) .
1.
. staffNo , ,
, 1 .
:
SC.t.f , (Staff )*1,
2. , , 100
. :
SCposltioil ( S t a f f ) =300.
3. , , ,
. , : 2+ [6/30] =3 . : SC braneh! j 0 (Staff )=6.
4.
Salary.
+-, ,
: 2 + [50/2] + [3000/2] =1527 .
, ,
.
:
SCaalary ( s t a f f } = [3000* (50000-20000) / (5000010000)]=2250.
5. ,
branchNo.
S3, 3 .
,
(position^ 'Manager'). , : SCbrar.chNo ( S t a f f ) =6.
,
position .
: r>istinctpaBitian(T) = [ ( 6 + l Q ) / 3 ] =6. , : ^^ () =6/6=1, , DreamHome
.
20.
749
20.4.3. (T=(R txF S))

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,
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.
.
.
.
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.

[219].
. 20.5.
.
20.5. -

nBlocks(R)-(nBlocks(R)*nBlocks{S))

n B l o c k s { R } + [ n B l o c k s ( S ) * (nBlocks
(R}/(nBuffer-2))]
nBlocks(R)+nBlocks{S}

R s

(nBuffer-2)
,
R

,
:
nBlocks(R)+nTuples{R)*(nLevels f t
(D+l)
750
,

s

V.
. 20.5
nBlocks{R)+nTuples(R)*{nLevelsA
<I) + lSCA(R)/bFactor(R)]>
n B l o c k s ( R ) * [loga { n B l o c k s ( R ) ] 4
n B l o c k s ( S ) * [logs (nBlocks(S)]
nBlocks(R)+nBlocks{S)
3{nBlocks{R)+nBlocks ( S ) )
2 ( n B l o c k a ( R ) + n B l o c k s ( S ) ) * [lognBu
ffer-1{nBlocks(S))1]+nBlocks(R)+nBlocks(S)

R S, RXS,
:
nTuples(R) * nTuples(S)
,
,
. , ,
nTuples(T) nTuples(R) * nTuples(S)
, . , ,
(R.A = S . B ) .
1. R,
S R. ,
S:
nTuples(T) < nTuples(S)
2. , S,
nTuples(T) < nTuples(R)
3. , , :
nTuples(T) = SC A (R)*nTuples(S)
nTuples{T) = SC B (S)*nTuples ( R )
, s S SC A (R) 20.
751
R .
S, .
,
1.
,
.
R,
S. , ,
, ,
, ,
, 20.4.
20.4.
// .
// , 1.
// R S
//
for iblock = 1 to nBlocks(R) {

//
Rblock = read_block(R, iblock};
for jblock = 1 to nBlocks(S) {
//
Sblock = read_block(S, jblock);
for i = 1 to nTuples(Rblock) {
for j = 1 to nTuples(Sblock) {
if (Rblock.tuple[i]/Sblock.tuple [j]
< >)
then < >,-
R ,
S R,

nBlocks(R) + (nBlocks(R) * nBlocks(S))
, ,
,
. ,
,
.

(, R) . 752
V.
nBuf fer ,
nBuf fer-2 R S. R - nBlocks ( R ) , S [nBlocks (S) * (nBlocks (R) / (nBuffer-2) ) ] .

:
nBlocks(R) + [ n B l o c k s ( S J * { n B l o c k s ( R ) / ( n B u f f e r - 2 ) ) ]
R,
:
nBlocks(R) + nBlocks(S)
( ) ,
, .
2.

( -),
. R
S . 20.5.
,
. ,
R, .
(. 20.19).
20.5.
/ / R S ,
// .
, I S,
I [1] , 1 [ 2 ] , ... , I [m]
t I
R [ i ] . A .
// R , 1.
// R S
for iblock = 1 to nBlocks(R) {
Rblock = read_block(R, iblock);
for i = 1 to nTuples(Rblock) {
for j = 1 to ra {
if ( R b l o c k . t u p l e [ i ] . A = I [ j ] )
then < >,}
" 20.
753
,
R S. R nBlocks(R),
.
S
, . , S ,
nBlocks(R) + nTuples(R) * (nLevels A (I) + 1)
S , :
nBlocks(R) + nTuples{R)*(nLevels A (I) + [SC A (R) /bFactor (R) ] )
. -
, . R 5, . ,
.
, ,
, . , " ", .. , ,
,

. -

nBlocks(R) + nBlocks(S)
(, R) , ,
:
nBlocks ( R } * [log 2 (nBlocks(R}]
-
20.6.
20.6. -
//
//
//
//
//
//
R S .
" ".
. R S
{ ,
, )
Sort (R) ;
sort (S) ;
//
754
V.
nextR = 1; nextS = 1;
while (nextR <= nTuples(R) and nextS <=nTuples(S)) {
join_value = R.tuples[nextR].A/
// S ,
// , ,
while (S.tuplestnextS].A < join_value and nextS <= nTuples(S))
nextS = nextS + 1;
//
//
//
//
, R S.
S join_value
R
join_yalue. ( M:N)
while (S.tuples[nextS].A = joinjvalue and nextS <= nTuples(S))
m = nextR;
while (R.tuples[m].A * join_value and ra <= nTuples{RJ) {
S.tuples[nextS]
R.tuples[m] >;
m m -f 1;
}
nextS - nextS + 1;
}
// R S
// join_value. R
// join__value
while {R.tuples[nextR].A = join_value and nextR <= nTuples(R))
nextR = nextR + 1/
}
4.
( ) R
S . : ,
, R
S -,
. R S
,
.
. , R - h (^ R l f R 2 , ..., ^,, S
slt S2, -, Sm, R S
, a h (R.B)^h (S . ) , R.B^S.C. h ( R . B ) =h{S. ) ,
, R.B=S.C, .
, ,
R S.
20.
755
,
, RJ.. RI ,
Si RI. - R A -, ,
. 20.7.
:
3{nBlocks(R) + nBlocks(S) }
R S
, R S . ,
. , , - . , .

2(nBlocks(R)+nBlocks(S) )*[lognbuffer-l{nBlocks(S) ) - l ]
+nBlocks (R) +nBlocks (S)
20.7.
// ..
//
//
// R S
for i = 1 to nTuples (R) {
hash_value = hash_function (R. tuple [i] .A);
R. tuple [i] - R,
hash value>;
1
for j = 1 to nTuples (S) {
hash_yalue = hash_f unction (S .tuple [j ] .A) ,< S. tuple [j ] . S,
hash value>;
}
// ( )
for ihash = 1 to M {
R,
ihash>;
RP = Rpartition [ihash] ;
for i = l to 'nax_tuples_in_R_partition (RP) {
//
// hash_function2 () , hash_f unction ( )
new__hash = hash_funct:ion2 (RP. tuple [i] .A) ;
new_hash ,
>;
756
V.
// S
// R
SP = Spartition[ihash];
for j = 1 to max_tuples_in_S_partition(SP) {
< S -
h a s h _ f u n c t i o n 2 ( S P . t u p l e [ j ] . A > ) ;
< >;
< -
>;
[101], [102], [307] . ,

, [272]; [97]
, .
20.5.
.
, -
staffNo Staff branchNo Branch.
100 .
,
. 20.6.
20.6. , ,

nTuples (Staff ) = 6000

bFactor (Staff ) = 30
nTuples (Branch) = 500
nBlocks (Staff ) = 200
bFactor (Branch} = 50
nBlocks (Branch) = 10
nTuples (PropertyForRent) = 100000

bFactor (PropertyForRent) = 50
nBlocks (PropertyForRent) = 2000
. 20.7
, :
Staff t> staE fKo PropertyForRent;
J2 Branch >brancMto PropertyForRent.
,
,
. , .
20.
757
-, .
.
20.7. - ,
20.5
400200
20010
4282
nBuffer - 2
R
2 010
6 200
510
25 800
24 240
2 200
2 010
6 600
6 030
.
* R .
* R .
20.4.4. (S = * .., (R))

, S,
R,
. , .
1. .
2. ,
.
, ,
, .
: .
, .
758
V.

,
, :
nTuplea(S) = nTuples (R)
(S = ()),

nTuples (S) = SC A (R)
, ,
(, , ),
:
nTuples{S) < min (nTuples (R) , ,rinDistinct A (R) }

i=l
1 .
. , .
R
. nBlocks (R) . nBlocks (R) * [Iog2 (nBlocks ( R ) ],
:
nBlocks ( R ) + nBlocks (R) * Elog 2 (nBlocks (R) ]
20.8.
20.8.
// .
// R 1( 3, ..., .
// S
//
//
for iblock = 1 to nBlocks (R) {
block = read_block (R, iblock);
for i = 1 to nTuples (block) {
copy block, tuple [i] .a.lf block, tuple [i] . a2, s, block, tuple [i] . amj
to output
}
// ,
if {1( a2, s, am} < >
then
S = ;
else {
20.
759
sort(T);
// ,
i =1; j = 2;
while (i <= nTuplea{T)} {
output T[i] to S;
// ,
while ( [13 T[j]) {
j = J + 1;
\
. )
i = j; J = i + 1 ;
2.
, . R . : , .
R, (nBuffer-1)
. R , h ( ) . - h ( ) ,
(nBuffer-l) .
, , , - . . :
(nBuffer-1)
;
( ) 2 ();
-, ;
- ,
, ,
, , ;
- .
, ,
R
, nb,
nBlocks(R) + nb
,
, . ' .
760
V.
20.4.5.
(T=RuS, T=RnS, T=R-S)
,
(RuS), (RnS) (R-S),
, (..
), 4.1.2,
. ,
, , .
, .
R, ,
S.
, -.
:
nBlocks{R)+nBlocks(S)-fnBlocks(R)* [loga (nBlocks (R) ] -t-nBlocks (S) *
[log 2 (nBlocks{S}]
, . ,
R S,
. .

,
,
:
max(nTuples{R), nTuples(S)) < nTuples(T) < nTuples(R) + nTuples(S)

< nTuples(T) < nTuples(R)
SQL, :
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM Staff;
AVG ( ).
S t a f f Salary.
.
20.
761
SQL,
:
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo;
B AVG,
.
, .
, .
( ) .
20.5.
() , ,
( ).
, .
.
, . , .
, 20.4.2 :
O"poeition-'Manag*r' ealary?200DO ( S t a l l
, Salary ,

:
Opoaition-'Manager 1 ( C salary>2DOOO { S t a l l

Salary;
, , .
, . , , .

, .
.
,
, . ,
762
V.
.
. ,

, -.
.

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), - .
,
. , , . ,

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, .
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20.6. Oracle
,
Oracle Si [241].
, .
27.5 Oracle , , . Oracle,
.
Oracle 8.2.
20.
763
04
EX
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A
a)
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A
w
6)
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. 20.5, : ) ; ) ; )
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20.6.1.
Oracle , : .

Oracle ,
(. 20.8). ,
( ), . , , ( ) .
, Oracle
SQL,
.
, PropertyForRent
, (propertyNo),
rooms city:
SELECT propertyNo
WHERE rooms > 7 AND city = 'London';
764
V.
20.8.
1
2
3

ROWID (ROW IDentifier )
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
-
MIN
14
ORDER BY
15

.
city,
WHERE (city = ' London'}. 9.
rooms, WHERE (rooms > 7 ) .
11.
,
SQL. 15.
propertyNo ,
WHERE
.
city.

Oracle
, Oracle 7. , ( , ). ,
;
20.
765
QPTIMIZER^MODE. , ( ).

, , .
Oracle ; .
, , ,
DBMS_STATS
PL/SQL. Oracle
,
. ,
Manager SQL:
EXECUTE DBMS_STATS.GATHER_SCHEMA_STATS('Manager');
. , ,

. ,
, .
.
, .
,
,
.

. , , 10% , .
Oracle
. COMPUTE STATISTICS CREATE INDEX ALTER INDEX. Oracle,
, . 20.9. .
ALL_
, ,
, .
D3A_
.
USER_
.
766
V.
20.9. Oracle
ALL_TABLES
TAB_HISTOGRAMS
TAE_COLUMNS
TAB_COL_STATISTICS
TAB_PARTITIONS
,
,
INDEXES
IND__COLUMNS
CONS__COLUMNS
CONSTRAINTS
LOBS
LOB {Large OBject

)
SEQUENCES
SYNONYMS
TRIGGERS
VIEWS
, ,
. SQL , , Oracle , ,
,
:
;
;
;
, f
-.
,
:
SELECT /*+ INDEX(sexlndex) */ fName, IName , position
FROM Staff
WHERE sex = ' M 1 ;

,
Staff , ,
, . , ,
Staff
20.
767
, , .
sex, . , sex.
,
SQL, , SQL. CREATE OUTLINE
, ,
. ,
, .
20.6.2.
,
. , , .
. , . 20.6, rooms
PropertyForRent, . 20.6, ,
.
: (1), (10) ( 100).
, rooms > 9, (1/10) *100 = 10 .
( . 20.6, , 1 ).
10
10 10
10 10 10 10
10 10
14 20 20 20
9 1 0
. 20.6. rooms
PropertyForRent: ) ; )
768
V.
, . . 20.7 :
, , (
), ,
;
, , ,

( ).
, , .
rooms, , . 20.7, .
( 1-2, 3-4 ..), ,
.
; , , , . rooms > 9.
, , ,
. , , , . 2*1 = 2;
, .
, , . 20.7, .
, 20 (100/5). ;
, , . rooms > 9, , ,
, ,
(1/5) *20 = 4. ,
, ,
. Oracle , .
20
20
20 20 20
20
10
1 2
20
II
4
40
II
6
28
II
8
8
9 10
ll_
91 0
. 20.7, rooms PropertyForKent:

) ; )
20.
769
, , , .
,
.
, SQL Server Microsoft, ,
. Oracle .
DBMS_STATS PL/SQL. ,
WHERE SQL .
rooms, .
20.6.3.
Oracle , , EXPLAIN PLAN.
,
. EXPLAIN PLAN (
PLANJTABLE). .
STATEMENT_ID. STATEMENT_ID, EXPLAIN PLAN.
OPERATION. . SQL (SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE DELETE).
OPTIONS. ,
QBJECT_NAME. .
ID. , .
PARENT_ID. ID ,
ID.
POSITION. ,
PARENT__ID.
COST. ( , , NULL).
CARDINALITY. , .
20.9.
.
( , ID
).
20.9. EXPLAIN PLAN
SQL>
2
3
4
770
EXPLAIN PLAN
SET STATEMENTJ[D ='PB'
FOR SELECT b.branchNo, b.city, propertyNo
V.
5 WHERE b.branchNo = p.branchNo

6 ORDER BY b.city;
Explained.
SQL> SELECT ID||( '|jPARENT_ID| ' '||LPAD(' ', 2*(LEVEL 1))||OPERATIONj |' '| jOPTIONS| J
2
3
' '||OBJECT_NAME "Query Plan"

FROM PlanJTable
4
5
START WITH ID = 0 AND STATEMENT_ID = 'PB'

CONNECT BY PRIOR ID = PARENT_ID AND STATEMENT_ID = 'PB';
Query Plan
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
2
4
SELECT STATEMENT
SORT ORDER BY
NESTED LOOPS
TABLE ACCESS FULL PROPERTYFORRENT
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID BRANCH
INDEX UNIQUE SCAN SYS_C007455
6 rows selected.
,
( , SQL),
,
( ),
.
, , .
,
.
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,
.

. , , .
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.
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20.
771

, , . ,
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( , ),
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, , . , .
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772
V.

20.1. ?
20.2.
,
?
20.3. ?
20.4. .
20.5.
?
20.6. ?
20.7. ,
:
a) ;
b) ;
c) -.
20.8. , .
20.9. ,
?
20.10.
?
20.11. ?
20.12.
?
20.13. . .
20.14. .
20.15. ,
20.1, , Staff 10 000
, Branch 500 , 500 ( ), 10 .
20.16. Hotel,
"" 3, , :
a)SELECT r.type, r.price
FROM Room r. Hotel h
WHERE r.hotel_number = h.hotel_number AND h.hotel_name = 'Gr
osvenor Hotel 1 AND r.type > 100;
6) SELECT g.guestNo, g.name
FROM Hotel h. Booking b. Guest g
WHERE h.hotelNo = b.hotelNo AND h.hotelName = 'Grosvenor Hot

-L
- ..
20.
773
a) SELECT r.rootnNo, h.hotelNo

FROM Hotel h, Booking b, Room r
WHERE h.hotelNo = b.hotelNo AND h.hotelNo = 'H21' AND b.room
No = r.roomNo AND
type = 'S' AND b.hotelNo = ' H 2 2 ' ;
20.17. Hotel, ,
20.3.2 .
a)SELECT r.roomNo, r.type, r.price
FROM Room r. Booking b, Hotel h
WHERE r.roomNo = b.roomNo AND b.hotelNo = h.hotelNo AND
1
h.hotelName = 'Grosvenor Hotel AND r.price > 100;
6)SELECT g.guestNo, g.guestName
FROM Room r. Hotel h, Booking b, Guest g
WHERE h.hotelNo = b.hotelNo AND g.guestNo = b.guestNo AND
h.hotelNo = r.hotelNo AND
1
h.hotelName = 'Grosvenor Hotel AND dateFrom >=
1
'l-Jan-01 AND dateTo <= '31-Dec-Ol';
,
.
20.18. Hotel
:
roomNo/hotelNo Room , ;
Room
hotelNo, ;
price Room +-;
Room type;
,
. 20.10.
20.10. ,

bFactor (Room) = 200
bFactor(Hotel) = 40
bFactor(Booking) = 60
nTuples(Room) = 10000
nTuples(Hotel) = 50
nTuples(Booking) = 100000
nDistincthocelNo(Room} = 50
nDistincttype(Room) = 10
nDistinctprlce(Rooin) = 500
tnin pl:lce (Room) = 200
nLevelshoCem0(I) = 2
iced) = 2
(Room) = 5 0
nLfBlockSprice(I) = 50
)
:
S1 OroomWol=i hoteiHo=Hi (Room);
S2 Ctype,1D. (Room);
774
V.
S3 ahoteiNosH3 (Room) ;
S4 CTprice>1{30 (Room) ;
S5 cjtype=,s, hoteiso- (Room) ;
S6 fft ^.fi. v price < 100
) :
Jl Hotel >< hoteiNo Room;
J2 Hotel >< hoteiwo Booking;
J3 Room ><
tclomNo
Booking;
J4 Room >< hoteiNo Hotel;

J5 Booking X hoteiNo Hotel;
J6 Booking ><\ ? Room.
) :
PI rihcteiNo (Hotel);
2 nho

4 ~
5 FThoteiNo,
price
(Room}.
20.19. 20.4.3
,
(nBuffer-2)
R .
20.
775
<

SQL
...
SQL
.

SQL.
,
SQL.
,
SQL.
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity
),
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5 6 SQL (Structured Query Language
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, IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE, GO TO DO. . .WHILE.
SQL
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, SQL, SQL
. SQL ,
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SQL 21.2. 21.3 ODBC, , SQL.
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SQL,
SQL,
, Oracle 8.
SQL,
Oracle ISO.
21.1.1. SQL
SQL ,
, ..
SELECT. INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE CREATE TABLE
( ).
778
V.
21,1. CREATE TABLE

vi ewing.
Viewing , Oracle
SQL:
CREATE TABLE Viewing (propertyNo
clientNo
viewDate
comments
VARCHAR2(5)
VARCHAR2{5)
DATE
VARCHAR2 ( 4 0 ) ) ,-
NOT NULL,
NOT NULL,
NOT NULL,
,
21.1.
21.1. SQL,
Viewing,
/* Viewing */
#include <stdio.h>
înclude <atdlib.h>
EXEC SQL INCLUDE sqlca;
mainO
EXEC
SQL BEGIN DECLARE
SECTION;
char *username = "Manager/Manager";

char *connectstring = "DreamHome";
EXEC SQL END DECLARE
SECTION;
/* */
EXEC SQL CONNECT
:username USING :connectfitring;
if (sglca.sqlcode < 0) e x i t ( - l ) ;
/* */
printf("Creating VIEWING t a b l e \ n " ) ;
EXEC SQL CREATE TABLE Viewing (propertyNo VARCHAR2(5) NOT NULL,
clientNo
VARCHAR2{5) NOT NULL,
viewDate
DATE
NOT NULL,
comments
VARCHAR2(40));
if (sql'ca. sqlcode >= 0}
/* */
printf("Creation s u c c e s s f u l \ n " } ;
else
printf("Creation unsuccessful\n");
/* */
EXEC SQL COMMIT WORK RELEASE;
SQL,
, .
SQL ,
EXEC SQL,
ISO ( MUMPS 'OSQL'}.
, SQL.
/ 21. SQL
779
SQL , . Ada, PL/I (;). COBOL

' END-EXEC'.
Fortran .
SQL . .
SQL , .
(CONNECT, CREATE TABLE,
COMMIT DISCONNECT) , .
Oracle , COMMIT, DDL COMMIT .
COMMIT (. 21.1)
. , RELEASE, COMMIT, Oracle,
, .
21.1.2. SQL (SQLCA)

SQL (SQL Communication
Area SQLCA). SQLCA , . SQLCA , SQL - . 21.2 SQLCA
Oracle. SQLCA,
:
EXEC SQL INCLUDE sqlca,-
SQLCA. SQLCODE,
. S QLCODE
, .
SQLCODE , ( sqlwarn
).
SQLCODE
. SQLCODE
, .
SQLCODE ,
, , SELECT
( ).
780
V.
21.1 SQLCODE (sqlca.sqlcode < 0), CONNECT CREATE TABLE.

21.2. SQL (SQLCA)
/*
SQLCA (SQL Communications Area - SQL).
. Oracle SQLCA
SQL.
V
struct sqlca{
char
sqlcaid[8];
/* "SQLCA" */
long
sqlcabc,/* SQLCA */
long
sqlcode;
/* SQL */
struct{
short
sqlerrml;
/* */
char
sqlerrmc[70];
/* */
} sqlerrra;
char sglerrp[8]; /* */
long sglerrdfej,- /* sqlerrd[2] - */
char sqlwarn[8];
/* sqlwarn[0] "W" */
/* sqlwarn[l] "W", */
/* sqlwarn[2] "W",
NULL */
/* sqlwarn[3] "W"
*/
/* sqlwarn[4] "W"
UPDATE/DELETE WHERE */
/* sqlwarn[5J "W"
PL/SQL */
/* sqlwarn[6] */
/* sqlwarn[7] */
char sqlext [8]; /* */
WHENEVER

SQL. , SQL ,
Oracle
. WHENEVER ,

SQL.
WHENEVER :
EXEC SQL WHENEVER <condltion>.
21. SQL
781
WHENEVER (
condition) ,
( action). , ,
, , .
condition .
SQLERROR (SQLCODE < 0).
SQLWARNING (SQLCODE > 0).
NOT FOUND ,
.
action .
CONTINUE .
DO
.
, SQL, (
).
DO BREAK,
break. .
DO CONTINUE,
continue. .
GOTO label
, label.
STOP
.
, SQL:
EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR GOTO errorl;
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Viewing VALUES ( ' C R 7 6 ' ,
1
Not enough s p a c e ' ) ;
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Viewing VALUES { ' C R 7 7 ' ,
'Quite like it 1 ) ;
'PA14',
'12-May-2001',
'PA14',
'13-May-2001',
SQL :
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Viewing VALUES { ' C R 7 6 ' , ' P A 1 4 ' ,
Not enough s p a c e ' ) ;
if (sqlca.sqlcode < 0} goto errorl;
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Viewing VALUES ( ' C R 7 7 1 , 'PA14',
'Quite lilce i t ' } ;

if (sqlca.sqlcode < 0} goto errorl;
'12-May-2001',
'12-May-2Q01',
21.1.3.
,
. .
782
V,
SQL
. , WHERE
SELECT.
, . , , ,
.
SQL
(:). , ,
increment, , 1
'SL21 .
SQL:
EXEC SQL UPDATE S t a f f SET salary salary + :increment
WHERE staffNo = 'SL21';
SQL
, .
SQL BEGIN
DECLARE SECTION ... END DECLARE SECTION.
,
SQL. ,
, , :
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
float increment;
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
, SQL, .
SQL Oracle (. 8.2.3)
. 21.1. ,

SQL . ,
,
, .
21.1. Oracle
SQL Oracle
c h a r ( ) , varchar(n)

char [n + 1]
integerl, integer2, smallint
short
integer
int
integer
long
float4
float
float
double
date
char[26]
money
double
21. SQL
783

NULL (, 3.3.1). , NULL
.
SQL . , . .
,
.
, -1, ,
NULL.
,
, , (..
).
, (:). , NULL Address 1
021', :
char address[51];
short addresslnd;
addresslnd = -1;
EXEC SQL UPDATE PrivateOwner SET address = :address:addresslnd
WHERE ownerNo = ' C O 2 1 ' ;
, BEGIN DECLARE SECTION addresslnd short. addresslnd -1 ,

(address) NULL. UPDATE
address. Oracle INDICATOR .
, NULL,
.
SQLCODE .
21.1.4.
SQL
21.1.1 SQL,
.
784
V.
SELECT, ,
.
,
, , SQL . (. 24.2).
SQL , ,
.
SQL :
,
;
,
(, ).

SQL ,
SELECT, 5.3,
INTO,
, . INTO
SELECT. SELECT INTO . , 1
'21 :
EXEC SQL SELECT fName, IName, address
INTO :firstName, :lastName, ;address :addresslnd
FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE ownerNo = ' C O 2 1 ' ;
fName f irstName, IName lastName, address address ( NULL, addressInd).

,
, BEGIN DECLARE SECTION.
,
SQLCODE .
WHERE , SQLCODE NOT FOUND. , WHERE , NULL
, ,
SQLCODE ,
. , ,
, .
21. SQL
785
21.2.
,
, .
'
21.3. , . PrivateOwner . .
address,
NULL.
21.3.
/* PrivateOwner */
tfinclu.de <stdio.h>
înclude <stdlib,h>
EXEC SQL INCLUDE sqlca?
main()
{
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE

SECTION;
char ownerNo[6];
/*
*/
char f irstName [16] ,- /* */
char lastName [16] ,- /* */
char address [51] ,/* */
short addresslnd;
/* NULL */
char *username = "Manager/Manager";
char *connectString "DreamHome";
EXEC SQL END DECLARE
SECTION;
/* */
printf{"Enter owner.number: ");
scanf("%s", ownerNo);
/* */
EXEC SQL CONNECT
:username USING :connectString;
if (sqlca.sqlcode < 0} exit-(-I);
/* SQL
SELECT*/
EXEC SQL WHENEVER
SQLERROR
GOTO error;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER
NOT FOUND
GOTO done;
EXEC SQL SELECT fName, IName, address
INTO :firstName, :lastName, :address :addresslnd
FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE
ownerNo = :ownerNo;
/* */
printf("Name;
%s %s\n", firstName, lastName);
if (addreaslnd < 0)
printf("Address:
NULL\n");
else
print ("Address: %s\n", address) ,goto finished
786
V.
/* - */
error:
printf("SQL error %d\n", sqlca, sqlcode) ,goto finished;
done:
printf("No owner with specified number\n");
/* or */
finished:
EXEC SQL WHENEVER
SQLERROR
continue;
EXEC
SQL COMMIT
WORK
RELEASE;

, SQL
, . 8.2.5
PL/SQL, Oracle,
.
.
.
, ,
, . , FETCH, SELECT.
DECLARE CURSOR SELECT,
, cursorName
selectstatement. :
ISXEC SQL DECLARE "cursorâme CURSOR FOR select Statement^'1
,
,
, 'SL41',
EXEC SQL DECLARE propertyCursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT propertyNo, street, city
FROM PropertyPo.rRent
WHERE StaffNo = 'SL41 1 ;
OPEN , , ; . Oracle
, .
SELECT , , , . OPEN
:
f E X E ' S Q L OPEN
21 . SQL
787
, , :
EXEC SQL OPEN propertyCursor FOR READONLY;
FETCH
. , .
[ EXEC /SQL FETCH
INTO {hostVariable,îindicatorVartable]
[,
cursorName .
INTO
SELECT DECLARE CURSOR. ,
:
EXEC SQL FETCH propertyCursor
INTO :propertyNo, :street,
:city;
FETCH propertyNo
propertyNo, street
street .. FETCH
,
, , . ,
, SQLCODE NOT FOUND
( ).
,
, OPEN
, FETCH, , .
FETCH SQLCODE NOT FOUND.
CLOSE OPEN:
EXEC, SQL CLOSE.cursorName
cursorWame ,
. :
EXEC SQL CLOSE propertyCursor;
.
. 21.3.
21.3.
,
,
.
21.4. .
788
V.
. , , Prope rt ForRent
. ,
. , .
.
21.4.
/*
** ,
**
*/
înclude <stdio.h>
înclude <stdlib.h>
EXEC SQL INCLUDE sqlca;
main()
*/
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE

SECTION;
char staffNo[6];
/* */
char propertyNo[6]; /*
*/
char street[26];
/* ,

char city[16j;
/* ,

char *username = "Manager/Manager",char *connectString = "DreamHome";

/* */
printf("Enter staff number: ");
scanf("%s", staffNo);
/* */
EXEC SQL CONNECT
:username USING :connectString;
if (sqlca.sqlcode < 0) exit (-1) ;
/* SQL,
*/
EXEC SQL WHENEVER
SQLERROR
GOTO
error;
EXEC SQL WHENEVER
NOT
FOUND GOTO done;
EXEC SQL DECLARE propertyCuraor CURSOR FOR
SELECT propertyNo, street, city
WHERE
StaffNo = :staffNo
ORDER
by propertyNo;
/* , ,
*/
EXEC SQL OPEN propertyCursor;
for (;;) {
21. SQL
789
/* */
EXEC SQL FETCH propertyCursor INTO :propertyNo, : street ,
:city;
/* */
printf ("Property number: %s\n", propertyNo) ;
printf ("Street: %s\n" , street);
printf ("City:
%s\n", city);
}
/* - */
error :
printf("SQL error %d\n" , sqlca. sqlcode) ;
done:
/* */
EXEC SQL WHENEVER
SQLERROR
continue;
EXEC SQL CLOSE propertyCursor;
EXEC SQL COMMIT WORK RELEASE;
21 .1.5.
, . (),
, (. 6.1.4), . ,
UPDATE DELETE CURRENT.

. , ,
.
, , ISO,
. Oracle
.
Oracle
DECLARE CURSOR:
' EXEC SQL .DECLARE cu'reorffame CURSOR selectStatement FOR UPDATE .
yOF columnWame' [, . .-;. ] ... .
'
FOR UPDATE OF , selectstatement,
. ,
SELECT. UPDATE,
, :
VEXEC SQL' UPDATE::'TabieName
SET c01unuiWame;== dataValue- !,...]
WHERE CURRENT .OF- curso.rWame
cursorWame
. WHERE ,
.
790
V.
. SET DECLARE
CURSOR. ,
s t a f f t f o ,
property-Cursor. ,
FETCH.
EXEC SQL UPDATE PropertyForRent
SET s t a f f N o = ' S L 2 2 '
. :
BXEC/SQJL, DELETE FROM

: 'WHERE CURRENT OF
cursorName
. ,
,
FETCH. ,
, propertyCursor.
EXEC SQL DELETE FROM PropertyForRent
, DECLARE CURSOR FOR

UPDATE OF. Oracle , CURRENT OF - .
21.1.6. ISO
SQL
,
SQL Oracle ISO.
WHENEVER
ISO SQLWARNING WHENEVER.
SQL
ISO SQL , .
SQLCODE,
. SQLSTATE, ,
; . 21. SQL
791
SQL SQL, 00
: ,
. ) 22012
22 ( )
012, .
Oracle 8 SQLSTATE, DECLARE SECTION :
char SQLSTATE[6];
SQL SQLSTATE, .
, SQL ().
ISO
, . ,
DECLARE CURSOR, ISO, :
EXEC SQL DECLARE cursortfame fIMSENSITIVE)
CURSOR FOR selectStaCement
- ;
[FOR (READ. ONLY j UPDATE
INSENSITIVE .
SCROLL

. FETCH :
'EXEC SQL FETCH EIf&tchQrientation} FROM] cursorNarne
INTO hostVarlable I, ... ,\
. .,
fetchOrientation .
NEXT. , .
PRIOR. ,
.
FIRST. .
LAST. .
ABSOLUTE. ,
.
RELATIVE. .
SQL
, ,
FETCH
, .
792
V.
21.2. SQL
SQL, SQL. SQL
, SQL , .
SQL
. , , , , .
.
,
. ,

SQL. ,
SQL. ISO SQL, SQL , SQL
. , SQL , .
char TableName.[20] ;
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO :TableName
VALUES { ' C R 7 6 ' ,
'PA14',
'05-May-2001',
'Not enough space'};
, SQL
INSERT , . , . , :
EXEC SQL DECLARE cursorl CURSOR FOR
SELECT *
FROM :TableName;
' *' ,
,
table_name. . ,
. , Branch Staff (. . 3.3 3.4)
, Branch Viewing (. 3.8) , .
, FETCH, , , . , SQL,
, .
21. SQL
793
21 .2.1 . EXECUTE IMMEDIATE

SQL ,
SQL, ,
. . , , EXECUTE IMMEDIATE,
:
SQL, ,
host Variable,
stringLiteral. , SQL
float increment ;
EXEC SQL UPDATE Staff SET salary = salary + : increment
WHERE s t a f f N o = ' S L 2 1 1 ;
SQL:
char b u f f e r [100] ;
sprintf ( b u f f e r , "UPDATE S t a f f SET salary = salary + %f
WHERE staff No = ' S L 2 1 ' " , increment);
EXEC SQL EXECUTE IMMEDIATE : b u f f e r ;
UPDATE ,
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE. , increment
SQL,
SQL. , UPDATE
EXEC SQL, (;).
21 .2.2. PREPARE EXECUTE

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
, SQL, , , (. 21.1). , EXECUTE IMMEDIATE ,
SQL . SQL
, .
SQL SQL , PREPARE EXECUTE.
PREPARE SQL. . SQL, .
794
V.
*~4
""1
f.
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE
*EXECUTE
PREPARE
h
H
I-
I#*
. 21.1. : ) SQL;
) SQL
, , . PREPARE :
;;
EXEC .;SQL : 'PREPARE/"statementName'FROM' [hostVariable'

EXECUTE :
;: EXEC '-'SQ.L' 'EXECUTE' > t a Cemen tName"

, [USING hostVariable '
-J3ING DESCRIPTOR' SQL, , USING hostVariable
EXECUTE.
USING DESCRIPTOR, . USING
hostVariable SQL - ( ). -
, hostVariable/'stringLiteral PREPARE,
. - ,
. ,
, EXECUTE.
SQL .
, UPDATE,
SET WHERE :
21. SQL
795

char b u f f e r [ 1 0 0 1 ;
float newSalary;
char s t a f f N o [ 6 ] ;
s p r i n t f ( b u f f e r , "UPDATE Staff SET salary = :sal WHERE staffNo =
:sn");
EXEC SQL PREPARE Stmt FROM :buffer;
do {
printf("Enter staff number: " ) ;
s c a n f ( " % s " , staffNo};
printf("Enter new salary: " ) ;
s c a n f ( " % f " , newSalary};
EXEC SQL EXECUTE stmt USING znewSalary, :StafNo ;
printf("Enter another ( Y / N ) ? " ) ;
scanf{"%c", more);
}
until (more ' = ' Y ' ) ;

sal sn
-. ,
,
PREPARE (. 21.1).
EXECUTE. , SQL.
21.2.3. SQL (SQLDA)

- EXECUTE. , SQL (SQL Descriptor Area SQLDA). SQLDA
,
. Oracle
. SQLDA Oracle, SQLDA, ISO. SQLDA Oracle
; Web- , SQLDA INGRES
(URL Web- ).
, ISO, 21.2.7.
SQLDA Oracle 21.5.
SQL, .
DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES ( bind variables) SQLDA , ,
.
DESCRIBE SELECT LIST SQLDA ,
, ,
,
,.
796
V.
21.5. SQL (SQLDA) Oracle
/*
SQLDA (SQLDA
*/
struct SQLDA{
long N,/*
char **V; /*
long *L; /*
short *T; /*
short **I; /*
long F;
/*
Descriptor Area - SQL)

, */
*/
*/
*/
*/
,
DESCRIBE */
char **S,- /* */
short *M; /*
*/
short *C,- /*
*/
char **X; /*
*/
short *Y; /*
*/
short *Z; /*
*/
SQLDA ( N, M )
SQLSQLDAAlloc() Oracle ( ). ( , F, S, , X Z) DESCRIBE. , ( V, L I),
FETCH. .
N. - SELECT, SQLDA.

SQLSQLDAAlloc (). DESCRIBE
N F .
F. - SELECT, DESCRIBE.
V. ,
SELECT.
SQLSQLDAAlloc {)
, ,
. -

OPEN, SELECT
FETCH.
21. SQL
797
.
SELECT. - OPEN,
SELECT DESCRIBE,
. NUMBER
, SQLNumberPrecV6 Oracle.
NUMBER
char ,
2 (
).
. SELECT. Oracle : . Oracle, a
, . , , . , , , STRING.
DESCRIBE -
. OPEN. Oracle . 21.2.
DESCRIBE SELECT
Oracle.
,

FETCH. , Oracle

OPEN ( DESCRIBE
-),
FETCH ( DESCRIBE
SELECT). .
NUMBER . , , 2 1
21.2. Oracle
SQL Oracle
VARCHAR2
char [n]
NUMBER
char []
INTEGER
int
FLOAT
float
STRING
char [n+1]
CHAR
96
char [n]
798
V.
(VARCHAR2), 3 (INTEGER), 4 (FLOAT,

) 5 (STRING).
DATE
. (DD-MMM-YY) , 12, 1 (VARCHAR2) 5
(STRING),
(L) 7 9 10.
, SELECT (.. 1) , NULL. ( 0) OPEN FETCH;
SQLColumnNullCheckU Oracle.
1. , . -
, SELECT
FETCH.
S. ,
- SELECT.
, S
SQLSQLDAAlloc () Oracle. DESCRIBE
.
.
, -
SELECT. SQLSQLDAAlloc {) Oracle.
. SELECT. DESCRIBE.
X. ,
.
-. ,
X SQLSQLDAAlloc
Oracle. DESCRIBE .
Y. ,
.
-.
SQLSQLDAAlloc (} Oracle.
Z.
. X Y, . DESCRIBE.
21.2.4, DESCRIBE
DESCRIBE SQL, (.. , PREPARE).
S3LSCT DESCRIBE SQLDA 21. SQL
799
, /-, SQL. ,
SELECT, DESCRIBE F SQLDA
0. DESCRIBE :
EXEC - SQL DESCRIBE BXHD VARIABLES FOR statement
. EXEC -S.QL DESCRIBE SELECT LIST FOR statementttame
selecCDescriptorName
statement Name
SQL, bindDescriptorName selectDescriptorName SQLDA. , SELECT ( , SQLDA ):
sprintf (query, "SELECT propertyNo, rent FROM PropertyForRent") ,EXEC SQL PREPARE stmt FROM -.query;
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE SELECT LIST FOR Stmt INTO sqlda;
sqlda , . 21.2.

SQLDA

DESCRIBE (NUMBER
2
l-fc 1 UH
DESCRIBE
FETCH
-1
DESCRIBE
*1
10
10
10

SQLSQLDAAIIocO
..
DESCRIBE
. 21.2. SQLDA ,
DESCRIBE/FETCH
800
V.
21.2.5.
SQL
21.1
, . SQL
, .
DECLARE, OPEN
FETCH CLOSE, :
|EXSp:;SQL DECLARE cursorName CURSOR"FOR selectStatemerit
v-' SQL -OPEN cursorffarae {USING hostVariable IindicatorVarlablej '.[,..;.} | USING DESCRIPTOR descriptorWame} ..
ijEpCEC SQL FETCH cursorMarae {INTO hostVariable [indicatorVari^bleJ
..[, .'. .] -VI, USING .DESCRIPTOR descriptor-Name}:,. '= . . " / ' - ;; "
/|BXBC" SQL.CLOSE cursorName
OPEN ,
-,
hostVariable USING descriptorName (.. SQLDA), USING DESCRIPTOR. SQL ,
FETCH descriptorWame
hostVariable/indicatorVariable). SQLDA
( )
FETCH.
, I
. ,
SQLDA, , , .
, SQL .
1. DECLARE SECTION
.
2. SQLDA, , SQLDA,
.
3. () SQLDA.
4. SQLDA, , -,
- SQLDA, .
5. .
6. PREPARE,
.
7. DECLARE.
21. SQL
801
8. -, .
) DESCRIBE SQLDA, .
) -
, DESCRIBE.
) , DESCRIBE.
9. OPEN SQLDA, , , SQLDA, .
10. DESCRIBE
SQLDA, .
11. ,
DESCRIBE.
12.
,
13. FETCH
,
SQLDA, ,
.
14. , , -, SQLDA.
15. CLOSE,
SQL Oracle
Web-, (URL
).
21.2.6.

21.1.5
SQL
UPDATE DELETE. SQL.
21.2.7. SQL
ISO
,
SQL Oracle
ISO,
SQLDA
ISO SQL (SQLDA) , - . 802
V.
SQLDA (
). SQLDA
:
UAt,LbCATE. DESCRIPTOR.descriptqrWame "{WITH MAX - occurrences]
' DESCRIPTOR':descript:or#ame .
SQLDA
:
| 'DESCRIPTOR deecrijptorWame. {ho&tVariable' = COUNT j
. VALUE itemWumber- hoBtVari'abiel = i temWaraei [, . . . 3 }
ISET DESCRIPTOR descriptprWame' (fcOUNT *'hostVariable j
VALUE itemjmber. iteinNamel. '''tiostVariablel { , . . . ] }
ISO.
TYPE. ( ISO
. 21.3).
LENGTH. .
INDICATOR. .
DATA. .
21.3. ISO
ISO SQL
ISO SQL
CHARACTER
CHARACTER VARYING
12
NUMERIC
DECIMAL
INTEGER
SMALLIKT
FLOAT
REAL
DOUBLE PRECISION
DATE

ISO, GET DESCRIPTOR.
PRECISION. .
SCALE.
( ).
NAME. .
NULLABLE. ,
NULL ( 1, NULL, a
0, NULL).
, count
EXEC SQL GET DESCRIPTOR :sqlda :count = COUNT;
, :
EXEC SQL SET DESCRIPTOR :sqlda VALUE 1 INDICATOR -1 DATA :data
21. SQL
803
DESCRIBE
ISO DESCRIBE ,
.
DESCRIBE INPUT () SQL, DESCRIBE
OUTPUT SELECT. DESCRIBE
.
SELECT:
char
*selectStatement = "SELECT staffNo FROM Staff

WHERE branchNo = :branchNoData" ;
int staffNoType = 12, staf fNoLength = 5, branchNoType = 12,
branchNoLength. = 4;
char *branchNoData = 'B001 1 ;
Char staffNoData[6] ;
EXEC SQL ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR 'inSQLDA 1 ;
EXEC SQL ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR 'outSQLDA';
EXEC SQL PREPARE s FROM : selectStatement ;
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE INPUT s USING DESCRIPTOR 'inSQLDA';
EXEC SQL SET DESCRIPTOR 'inSQLDA1 VALUE 1 TYPE = : branchNoType ,
LENGTH branchNoLength, DATA = :branchNoData,EXEC SQL DECLARE staff Cursor CURSOR FOR S;
EXEC SQL OPEN s t a f f Cursor USING DESCRIPTOR 'inSQLDA 1 ;
EXEC SQL DESCRIBE OUTPUT a USING DESCRIPTOR 'outSQLDA';
EXEC SQL SET DESCRIPTOR ' OutSQLDA1 VALUE 1 TYPE = : staf fNoType ,
LENGTH staf fNoLength, DATA = : staf f NoData;
for (;;} {
EXEC SQL FETCH staffCursor INTO DESCRIPTOR 'outSQLDA';

EXEC SQL GET DESCRIPTOR 'outSQLDA' VALUE 1 :StaffNoData =
DATA;
printf ("Staff No: %s\n" , staffNoData) ;
, () Oracle.
21.3. ODBC (Open Database

Connectivity)
,
SQL
, . , 11-,
, SQL.
SQL API-, ' API Application Programming Interface ( ).
804
V.
. API-
,
, , SQL, ..

, , API-,
.
, , API- .
,
,
,
. , , , ,
.
, Microsoft , Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). ODBC
SQL, SQL . ( )
,
,
, . , , "/",
.

.
ODBC . , .
API- .
SQL
.

.
, .
ODBC '
/ ISO CLI (Call-Level Interface),
ODBC .
28.9.1 JDBC Java,
ODBC.
21. SQL
805
21.3.1. ODBC
ODBC .
,
, SQL .
.
.
.
SQL, /Open ISO CLI.
ODBC .
.
ODBC SQL .
. .
ODBC .
Microsoft DLL (DynamicLink Library ).
. ODBC,
SQL
. , . , .
, . ,
,
ODBC.
, , XBase. , SQL.
ODBC
(. 21.3, ) ODBC, . ODBC (. 21.3, )
,
.
ODBC, . Windows ODBC DLL. (), .
. ,
. , , , , .
806
V.

ODBC
. 21.3. ODBC: ) ; )
21.3.2. ODBC
ODBC ODBC API ODBC SQL.
ODBC SQL. , ODBC API, Microsoft ODBC Reference Guide, ODBC , /Open
[329] ISO CLI [175]. ODBC , .
ODBC 3.0 , , .
ODBC
, ODBC, a
, SQL, .
SQL

DDE) CREATE TABLE DROP TABLE.
(Data
Definition
Language -

(Data
Manipulation
Language DML) SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE
SEARCHED DELETE SEARCHED.
(, > + ).
CHAR, VARCHAR LONG VARCHAR.
21. SQL
807
SQL
SQL .
DDL: ALTER TABLE, CREATE INDEX, DROP INDEX, CREATE
VIEW, DROP VIEW, GRANT REVOKE.
DML: SELECT.
: , , SUM MIN.
: DECIMAL, NUMERIC,
DOUBLE PRECISION,
SMALLINT,
INTEGER,
REAL,
FLOAT,
SQL
SQL .
DML: , UPDATE
DELETE, SELECT FOR UPDATE .
: (, SUBSTRING ABS), , .
: BIT, TINYINT, BIGINT,
VARBINARY, DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP.
BINARY,
VARBINARY,
LONG
SQL .
.
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, ,
SL41.
21.6 ,
ODBC. .
ODBC.
SQLAllocEnv{), ODBC.
ODBC, , .
SQLAllocConnect ) . .
, .
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SQLConnect ().

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808
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, SQLSTATE , ,
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SQL SELECT
SQLExecDirect () ODBC. SQL
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,
.
-. SQLBindParameter ()
ODBC, . SQLBindCol, . SQLFetch.
21.6. , ODBC
înclude "SQL.H"
înclude <stdio.h>
înclude <stdlib.h>
^define MAX_STMT_LEN
main()
HENV
HDBC
HSTMT
RETCODE
UCHAR
UCHAR
UCHAR
UCHAR
SDWORD
100
hEnv,
*/
*/
*/
*/
SELECT */

propertyNo */
street[26];
/*
street */
/*
cityE 16] ;
city */
propertyNoLen, streetLen, cityLen;
hDbc;
hStmt;
;
selStmt [MAX_STMT_LEN]
propertyNo[6];
SQLAllocEnv(&hEnv) ;
l*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
SQLAllocConnectfhEnv, SrhDbc) ; /

*/

*/
re = SQLConnect (hDbc,
11
DreamHome " , SQL_NTS ,
/ */
"Manager", SQL_NTS,
/
"Manager", SQL NTS) ;
/ */
. SQL_NTS ,
,
21. SQL
809
*/
if ( == SQL_SUCCESS j | rC == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO) {
SQLAllocStmt(hDbc, SdiStmt); /*
*/
/* SELECT, */
IstrcpytselStmt, "SELECT propertyNo, street, city FROM
"^Property For Rent where staffNo = 'SL41' ORDER BY propertyNo"};
if (SQLExecDirect(hStmt, selStmt, SQL_NTS) != SQL__SUCCESS)
exit (-1) ;
SQLBindColthStmt, 1, SQL_C_CHAR, propertyNo,
(SDWORD)sizeof(propertyNo), kpropertyNoLen);
SQLBindCoKhStmt, 2, SQL_C_CHAR, street,
(SDWORD)sizeof(street), bstreetLen);
SQLBindCoKhStmt, 3, SQL_C_CHAR, city,
(SDWORD)sizeof(city), fccityLen);
/* */
while ( == SQL_SUCCESS || rC == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
{
rC = SQLFetch(hStmt);
if (rC == SQL_SUCCESS j| rC == SQL_SUCCESS_WITH_INFO)
/* , */
SQLFreeStmt (hStmt, SQL_DROP) ,- /*
*/
SQLDiscormect (hDbc) ,/*
*/
}
SQLFreeConnect(hDbc);
SQLFreeEnv(hEnv);
/*
*/
/*
*/
SQL, .
SQL ,
SQLPrepare ()
SQLExecuteO ODBC (. 21.2.1).
SQL ,
.
, . SQL
, , . SQL , .
SQL ,
.
810
V.
SELECT
,
. .
. DECLARE CURSOR. OPEN . ,
, . FETCH , CLOSE
. UPDATE DELETE.
SQL SQL . SQL
, SQL
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EXECUTE IMMEDIATE.
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PREPARE EXECUTE. EXECUTE/FETCH -.
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SQL. DESCRIBE
SQL, SQLDA. F SQLDA
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.
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811
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SQL?
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, , 3.
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SQLDA DESCRIBE SELECT LIST FOR DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES FOR:
) "SELECT * FROM Hotel";
) "SELECT hotelNo,
hotelName FROM Hotel WHERE hotelNo =
:hn";
) "SELECT MIN(price) FROM Room WHERE hotelNo = :hn AND type = :t".
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Grosuenor Hotel .
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ISO SQL.
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol / )
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, (IP-). IP- . , .
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, , -, , .
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, Internet.
SPX/IPX
SPX/IPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange/Internetwork Package
Exchange / ), Novell NetWare.
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IPX NetWare. IP, IPX . IP, IPX 80- , 32 , 48 (
32- , IP).
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( ).
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. . NetWare 5 SPX/IPX Novell , Internet, TCP/IP, .
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NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System -) 1984 IBM Sytek
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(NetBIOS Extended User Interface
NetBIOS) . NetBIOS
,
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831
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DECnet ,
Digital,
Ethernet, , - .
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AppleTalk , Apple 1985 ,
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Macintosh , LaserWriter.
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WAP (Wireless Application Protocol ) ,
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Unwired Planet), Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia ,
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VI.
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22.2.
, :
(' Flat') (' House ').
PropertyForRent type :
PI=
2 =
o-cypi.iHouBe. (PropertyForRent)
=,F l a t , (PropertyForRent}
(5 ?2). , . 22.4, ,
type 'House'. (. 22,5) ,
type 'Flat'.
, , .
.
. P l t 2 .
. PropertyForRent
:
u P2 = PropertyForRent
21.
843
. ,
type,
'House' ' F l a t 1 .
22.4. , PropertyForRent
property street
No
14
PG21
city
16 Holhead Aberdeen
18 Dale Rd Glasgow
post
code
type
rooms
rent
owner
No
staffNo
branch
No
AB7 5SU
House
650
C046
SA9
B007
G12
House
600
C087
SG37
BOOS
22.5. 2 PropertyForRent
property street
No
city
postcode
type
rooms rent
owner
No
staff
No
branch
No
PL94
6 Argyll St
London
NW2
Flat
400
C087
SL41
BOOS
PG4
6 Lawrence St
Glasgow
Gil 9QX
Flat
350
C040
SG14
BOOS
PG36
2 Manor Rd
Glasgow
G32 4QX
Flat
375
C093
SG37
B003
PG16
5 Novar Dr
Glasgow
G12 9AX
Flat
450
C093
SG14
B003
, . ( ) , , . ,
, . .
.
(.. ) ,
[51].
, . , , , , -
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, {type =
1
House' , type = ' Flat' } , {type
' House ' } . ,
(city = 'Aberdeen') .
( )
. ,
.
844
VI.
, .

(. 4.1.1). R

a l f ... , R.
I 22.3.
DreamHome , ,
staffNo, position (), sex (), DOB
( ) salary ( ). , , staffNo, fName (), IName ()
branchNo ( ). ,
staff
:
Si :
H a t a E f N o , position, , DOB, s n l a r y ( t a f f
n a t a f f K O i fName, IName, branchNo ( S t a f f )
&2
, . 22.6 22.7. (
staffNo), . ,
, .
, . .
. staff S l f S 2 .
. Staff
:
xi S2
Staff
. , staffNo,
.
22.6. S, Staff
staffNo
position
sex
DOB
salary
SL21
Manager
l-Oct-45
30000
SG37
Assistant
lO-Nov-60
12000
SG14
Supervisor
24-Mar-58
18000
SA9
Assistant
19-Feb-70
9000
SG5
Manager
S-Jun-40
24000
SL41
Assistant
13-Jun-65
9000
21.
845
22.7. 32 Staff
staftNo
fName
IName
branchNo
SL21
John
White
8005
SG37
Ann
Beech
B003
SG14
David
Ford
B003
SA9
Mary
Howe
BOO 7
SG5
Susan
Brand
B003
SL41
Julie
Lee
BOOS
.
,
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4), :
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I
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1984 [225].
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VI.

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22.3 Staff

. :
Si:
S;. :
I ' s t a t f N o , position, , DOB. salary ( Staf I )

1'etatfNo.
fName,
IName, bronchNo
S 2 branchNo (
, ):
(S2i, S22 S2a),

, ' 1 (. 22,9),
, ' 0 0 5 1 (. 22,10),
, ' 0 0 7 ' (. 22.11). Sj
. 22.8. .
. Staff
Sit S 2 ; ( ) S1(
S21, S 2 2 S 2 3 . Staff
:
21 .
847
51 txa (S 2 i U 22 U S 2 3 ) = Staff
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,
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.
22.8. Staff. S,
staffNo
position
sex
DOB
salary
SL21
Manager
Assistant
Supervisor
Assistant
Manager
Assistant
M
F
M
F
F
F
l-Oct-45
30000
lO-Nov-60
12000
24-Mar-58
19-Feb-70
3-Jun-40
13-Jun-65
18000
9000
24000
9000
SG37
SG14
SA9
SG5
SL41
22.9. Staff. S21

staffNo
fName
IName
branchNo
SG37
Ann
SG14
David
Susan
Beech
Ford
Brand
BOOS
B003
BOOS
SG5
22.10. Staff. S22

staffNo
fName
IName
branchNo
SL21
John
Julie
White
Lee
B005
BOOS
SL41
22.11. Staff. SK
staffNo
fName
IName
branchNo
SA9
Mary
Howe
B007

. ,
.
.
.
. ,
.
848
VI.
"" , , ""
. (.
4.1.3). R S, R :
= R
1 < i < w
w ,
S, F , .
22.5.
, , Staff PropertyForRent. , , Staff
branchNo.
.
SE
ObranchNo='B037' ( S t a f f
, PG4
SG14.
, .
PropertyForRent
:
Pi = PropertyForRent > sCafHo Si,
3 < i < 5
(3, 4 5). ,
' 1 (. 22.12), ,
'005' (. 22.13),
' 0 0 7 1 (. 22.14). , . (
) .
Staff.
property
No
street
city
postcode type
PG4
6 Lawrence St
Glasgow
Gil 9QX
G36
2 Manor Rd
Glasgow
G32 4QX
PG2I
18 Dale Rd
Glasgow
PG16
5 Novar Dr
Glasgow
staff
No
rooms
rent
owner
No
Flat
350
C040
SG14
375
C093
SG37
G12
House
600
CO87
SG37
G129AX
Flat
450
C093
SG14
21.
849
22.13. Property For Rent no

Staff. 4
property
street
city
No
PL94
postcod
type
rooms
rent
e
6 Argyll St
London
NW2
Flat
400
owner
staff
No
No
C087
SL41
22.14. Property For Rent no

Staff, 5
property
street
city
postcode
type
rooms
rent
ownerNo
staffNo
House
650
C046
SA9
No
PA14
16Holhead
Aberdeen AB7 5SU
,
.
, , , , ,
.

. , Branch
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.
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851

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^2
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2i
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36 5
n s : a f Ho, fName, IName, brs-ncbNo ( S t a f f )

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a br ar.chH 0 =.EOD7. ( S 2 )

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( position 'Manager'),
, SQL;
SELECT fName, IName
PROM STAFF
WHERE position = 'Manager 1 , SQL, .

, , . :
SELECT fName,
FROM S21
WHERE staffNo
UNION
SELECT fName,
FROM S2;
WHERE staffNo
UNION
IName
IN (SELECT staffNo FROM Sa WHERE position = 'Manager')
IName
IN {SELECT staffNo FROM S WHERE position = 'Manager')
VI.
SELECT fName, IName

FROM S23
WHERE s t a f f N o IN (SELECT s t a f f N o FROM Sa WHERE position = ' M a n a g e r ' } ;
.
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,
.

. ,
. . , ,
.

.

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FROM S21 SITS 3
WHERE staff No IN (SELECT staffNo FROM 5 AT SITE 5 WHERE
position='Manager')
UNION
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FROM S 2 2 AT SITE 5
WHERE s t a f f N o IN (SELECT s t a f f N c FROM Sj_ AT SITE 5 WHERE
posit i o n = ' M a n a g e r ' )
UNION
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FROM S2, AT SITE 7
WHERE s t a f f N o IN (SELECT s t a f f N o FROM Sj. AT SITE 5 WHERE
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begin transaction
t4
end transaction
TSs
begin__transaction
begin transaction
read (fName, IName)
read (fName, IName)
print (fName, IName!
print (fName, IName)

end transaction
read (fName, IName)

print (fName,
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rent-rent'l.Oe:
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Property (propertyNo, city) 10 000 ;
Client (clientNo, maxPrice) 100 000 ;
Viewing (propertyNo, clientNo) 1 000 000 .
, , 200 000 ,
SQL:
SELECT p.propertyNo
FROM Property p INNER JOIN
(Client INNER JOIN Viewing v ON c.clientNo = v.clientNo)

ON p.propertyNo = v.propertyNo
WHERE p.city = 'Aberdeen 1 AND c.maxPrice > 2 0 0 0 0 0 ;
, 100 , 10 , 200 000 ,
100 000 . ,
, 10 000
, , 1 .
[265]

(. . 22.4). , 22.2.
1. Client :
= 1+(100 000 * 100/10 000) = 16,7 .
2. Property Viewing :
21.
859
= 2+[(1 000 000 + 10 000) * 100/10 000] = 28 .
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, ,
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= 100 000 *
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4. ,
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,
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= 10* (1 + 100/10 000) + 10* 1 = 20 .
5. Property Viewing ,
, propertyNo clientNo, maxPrice >
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100 .
= 1 + (100 000 * 100/10 0 0 0 ) = 16,7 .
6. maxPrice > 200 000

:
= 1 + {10 * 100/10 0 0 0 ) = 1 .
22.17.

client
16,7
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28
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(projNo, projName, contractPrice, projectManagerNIN, deptNo)
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Transactiorf :;t
Update Relation A-
Update Relation
Update. Relation.!?' ...
Commit : ",
Transaction Update Relation A commit;

Transaction Update Helalion.B commit;
Transaction Update Relation commit;
Transaction Update Relation D commit;
ll
Transaction .,>
Update Relation A
Update Relation ..
Update Relation CJUi
Update Relation D^
Commit
Transaction...
Update Relation A >i|
Update Relation 1
Update Relation If
Update Relation
|
|
Commit .'
B)
. 23.16. : ) ;
)
904
V.
,
,
.
-: , .

. ,
, . .

,
. ,
,
. ,
Oracle staff ,
RENTALS. GLASGOW. NORTH. COM
(. 23.9.1), .
CREATE TRIGGER S t a f f A f t e r l n s R o w
BEFORE INSERT ON S t a f f
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO StaffDuplicate@RENTALS.GLASGOW.NORTH.COM
VALUES (:new.stafNo, :new:fName, :new:IName, mew,position,
:new:sex, t n e w . D O B , :new:salary, :new:branchNo);
END;

Staff ,
,
, .
.
, ( , , ).
.
,
. , .
.
,
. . , , .
23.
905
,
. ,

.

, ,
. , ( ) , .
, . , ,
.
,
.
. , , .
. , .
, . . ,
,
salary = salary + .
. , .
. , . ,
.
.
.
,
.
.
. , .
. .
. -
, .
906
V.
,
, , ,
, ,
. . ,
UTC (Universal
Coordinated Time ) , , .
23.7.
20 , :
;
.
,
, .
20 .
.
22.5.3,
,
. , , , .
, ,
. -
,

,
, .
23.7.1.
20 , ,
, .
. , 20.3.2
,
. - .
, , . . one 23.
907
. ,
, . . .
:
;
;
.

: . , ,
, . , :
(R1 R2) IX R3 = (R1 X R3) U (R2 X R3)
, . >
. , , .
23.2.
23.2,
, ,
.
SQL:
SELECT *
WHERE b.branchNo = p.branchNo AND p.type = ' F l a t 1 ;
, PropertyForRent Branch :
PI=
0- brail chNo,'Boo3-
BI:
ObHinchlfo.-' (Branch)
2=
2:
1.-- ='Flat'(PropertyForRent)
ObrwiehMoi.-' (Branch)
.;,-' {PropertyForRent)
..' (PropertyForRent)
. 23.17, .
, , 908
V.
, ,
. 23.17, . , (..
) :
af ( P i )
typ e = 'House' ( PrOpertyForRent ) )
, 2 , .
, , . 23.17, . , .
, . 23.17, .
. nchNo=p. branch N
. branehNo ' p. bnnch No
nc h No = . chN a
>
'"'b.brancllNo ^ p. branch No
p.typ--Flar
. 23.17. , 23.2: )
; ) , ; ) , ; )
23.
909

,
, .
23.3.
.
SQL:
SELECT fName, INarae
FROM S t a f f ;

Staff, 22.3:
^1: ' 'staff No, position, sex, DOB. salary I b C S t I
&2:
, fName, IKame, branchWo ' St af f }
. 23.18, .
, , fName IName . . 23.18, *.
""
Si
"""
?2
. 23.18. 23.3: ) ; )

, . , ,
.
23.4.
,
' ', .
SQL:
910
V.
SELECT *
FROM Branch b, Client
WHERE b.branchNo c.branchNo AND b.branchNo = ' B O Q 3 1 ;
, Branch
, 23.2, Client
Branch:
3 = .'' (Branch)
32 ! , '
R, = Client >branChNo Bi i = 1, 2
(Branch)
. 23.19, .

,
. ,
' '. , , . 23.19, . ! 2 .
. 23.19, .
'""b branch No=.bran chNo
. 23.19. 23.4: ) ; ) ; )
23.7.2.

. ,
,
(. 4.1.3).
: .
, ,
, .
, , S2
R! >< R 2 , RX Ra ,
S2, R! R2 =( , 3 , ... , aj =( 1 (
23.
911
2 , ... ) . . ,
:
.
1. R' - ( 2 ) S2 ( , S^2. R' S^
3. R" = RI > R' S^
4. R" S2.
5. R" xix R2 S2.
,
RJ R! R 2 .
R!, , .
[29]. ,
- .
23.8.
, ,
.
, , , , . , PDA (Personal Digital Assistant "" ) Internet. ,
,
, .
, , , ,

, .
.
. ,
,
;^ , ^
912
V.

, PDA
Internet, .
. 23.20.
:
, , ;
,
,
;
,
, PDA Internet;
.
,
,
, , , .

.
, .
. 23.20.
23.
913
:
. .
23.8.1.
.
.

, . ,
, .

Internet,
, .
,
.
, ,
Internet.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
SQL; ,
.
,
, , .
23.9.
Oracle

, Oracle 8i [238], [239]. Oracle,
. Oracle
8.2.
914
V.
23.9.1.
Oracle
, Oracle , 22,
.
, ,
. ,
Oracle . ,
, .

Oracle, :
;
;
;
;
;
.
Oracle .

Oracle NetS ( Oracle
SQL*Net). NetS
, . , . NetS
,
, .
, . NetS , TNS
(Transparent Network Substrate ), , , (,
TCP/IP SPX/IPX).
, .
Oracle (Connection
MANager CMAN), Oracle 7
Multiprotocol Interchange.
Oracle Names , .
,
Oracle Names . Oracle Names
tnsnames.ora .
23.
915

,
, .
Oracle
, .
Internet,
,
. , . 23.21
DreamHome.
Rentals, ,
,
LONDON.SOUTH.COM. Rentals
:
RENTALS.LONDON.SOUTH.COM
RENTALS.GLASGOW.NORTH.COM

Oracle ,
Oracle (, Oracle). . , , .
,
, ,
. ,
, :
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK RENTALS.GLASGOW.NORTH.COM;

. -
. 23.21. DreamHome
916
V.
databaselink , SQL. SELECT.

Oracle INSERT, UPDATE DELETE. ,
Staff SQL:
SELECT * FROM StaffRENTALS.GLASGOW.NORTH.COM;
UPDATE StaffRENTALS.GLASGOW.NORTH.COM SET salary = salary*!.05;
,
. . , , viewing Supervisor, SQL:
SELECT * FROM Supervisor.ViewingRENTALS.GLASGOW.NORTH.COM;

, Viewing
Supervisor. ,
Viewing Supervisor ,
. , Viewing Viewing , Supervisor:
CREATE SYNONYM Viewing FOR
Supervisor-Viewing@RENTALS.GLASGOW.NORTH.COM;
SELECT * FROM Viewing;
, , .

Oracle ( ,
, ). , ,
.

Oracle ,
, , Oracle. Oracle
, , Oracle.
, Oracle, Oracle. , Oracle, SQL, , , Oracle.
23.
917

.
.
SQL , Oracle,
DB2/400, DB2 OS/390, Informix, Sybase, SQL Server, Rdb, RMS NonStop SQL. ,
Oracle, , Oracle. DRDA (. 22.5.2), SQL DRDA, DB2, SQL/DS SQL/400, Oracle .
.
(RFC Remote Procedure Call) ,
, Oracle. ,
RPC PL/SQL CICS, IMS/TM IDMS/DC, ,
ADABAS, CA-IDBS, IMS, VSAM DB2. Oracle .

.
. Oracle, , Oracle,
(. 23.4.3).
SQL. SQL, , SQL,
, Oracle.
. PL/SQL Oracle 8i , .
. , Oracle, Oracle,
SQL, Oracle, SQL, , Oracle.
SQL .
, Oracle,
SQL, .
, Oracle, SQL, ,
PL/SQL.
.

,
, Oracle, Oracle.

Oracle
,
. .
918
V.

.
, .
Oracle , 20.6.
23.9.2. Oracle
Oracle , ,
. Oracle , , , , , . Oracle ,
. Enterprise Edition ,
.
Oracle. , Oracle.

Oracle .
, . . . ; .
. ,
, , , , .
,
. .
.
,
.
, .
. .
.

Oracle , . ,
, . , .
.
23.
919

Oracle .
. , .

( ). ,
.
. , ,
,
.

,
,
.
.

, , , Oracle .
,
. ,
PL/SQL, DBMS_REFRESH. , , , LocalStaff, LocalClient
LocalOwner :
DECLARE
vSnapshotList DBMS_UTTLITY.UNCL_ARRAY;
BEGIN
vSnapshotList(1) = 'LocalStaff1;
vSnapshotList (2) = 'LocalClient!;

vSnapshotList (3) = ' LocalOwner' ,DBMS_REFRESH.MAKE (name => 'LOCAL_INFO', tab => vSnapshotList,
next_date => TRUNC(sysdate} + 1, interval => 'sysdate + I 1 );
END;

Oracle
.
COMPLETE. , ,
. ; .
Oracle
. , ,
,
, , .
920
V.
FAST. , , ,
, . , , , , .
,
. ,
() .
EORCE. , ,
. , Oracle
.

,
.
1. () (),
, ,
.
2. ()
().
3. ( )
, FAST.
4. CREATE SNAPSHOT. , , ,
:
CREATE SNAPSHOT Staff
REFRESH FAST
START WITH sysdate NEXT sysdate + 7
WITH PRIMARY KEY
AS SELECT * FROM StaffRENTALS.LONDON.SOUTH.COM
WHERE branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 ' ;
SELECT
( RENTALS.LONDON. SOUTH.COM), . START WITH , , .
Oracle SNAP$_Staff, Staff. Oracle
Staff, SNAP$_Staff.
.
5.
.

, , .
CREATE SNAPSHOT LOG. , Staff
:
23.
921
CREATE SNAPSHOT LOG ON Staff

WITH PRIMARY KEY
TABLESPACE DreamHome_Data STORAGE
(INITIAL 1 NEXT 1M PCTINCP.EASE 0) ;
DreamHome .mlog$_Staf f, Staff ( s t a f f N o ) , , /

. Oracle ,
S t a f f ,
, .

Oracle Replication Manager.

,
, , ,

. ,
,
, .
FOR UPDATE CREATE SNAPSHOT.
s t a f f Oracle , .
1. SNAP$_STAFF , .
2. USLOG$_STAFF , .
.
3. USTRG$_STAFF SNAP$_STAFF,
, USLOG$_STAPF.
4. STAFF$RT SNAP$_STAFF, ,
STAFF$TP.
5. STAFF$TP ,
RPC, STAFFSRP .
6. STAFFSRP, ,
7. STAFF$RR, .
8. s t a f f , SNAP$_STAFF.
9. , DBMS_REFRESH.

23.6.1. Oracle , , .
, .
,
, , , .
922
V.
DBMS_REPCAT, ,

staff
Staff (, salaryTimestamp)
:
EXECUTE DBMS J?EPCAT . MAKE_COLUMN_GROUPS
fgname => ' H R 1 , oname => 'STAFF', coluran_group => 'SALARY_GP',

list_of_column__narnes => 'staffNo, salary, salaryTimestamp 1 ) ,EXECUTE DBMS_REPCAT.ADD_UPDATE_RESQLUTION
(snarae => ' H R 1 , oname => 'STAFF', column_group => 'SALARY^GP',
sequence_no => 1, method => 'LATEST_TIMESTAMP',
1
parameter_column_name => ' s a l a r y T i m e s t a m p ,
comment = 'Method 1 added on' | | sysdate);
DBMS_REPCAT
. ,
Oracle Replication
Manager.

,
, . , . ,

. , , ,
.
RPC, . , .
, ,
. ,
, .
, ( KOS) , , . ,
.
: .
, . 23.
923
, . ,
. ,
.

. , , . : , .
, ,
. ,
.

.
. , .
, .
, , .
.

.
.
X/Open DTP , OSI-TP
.
, , ,
.
. ,
,
. , ( , ), , ,
.
,

. ', , .
924
V.

"/", " " " "
( ). . ,

.

.
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
, PDA Internet,
.
23.1.
23.2.
23.3.
23.4.
23.5.
23.6.
23.7.
23.8.
.',,: " ,:: "'
, , , .
.

. .
,
.
" " ,
.
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.
.
' "
'""
- ; ;:;.-- - ; ;; <-
>'
-,' ~ ^"^"
" & <"=
- "'" !
"
"
' - "-
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"',">,'
23.9. DreamHome ,
,
.
23.
925

, . ,

. ,
.
23.10. . .
23.11.
.
.
23.12. , ,
X/Open DTP .
23.13. : \, 2 , 3, 4 .
TV Sj S 2 .
2 5^
3 S: S3.
4 S3.
5 S3.

,
T1
Xi
X;
î
Si
3
XT
Si
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S2
ST.
Ts
XT
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926
V.
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, , ,
.

.
25
, . 26
, ODMG (Object Data Management
Group
), , ObjectStore, 27 ,
. , SQL3, ANSI/ISO SQL; , - Oracle.
, .
24.1 , ,
. 24.2 ,
. 24.3
- , 24.4 ,
.
24.5 ,
- . ,
, DreamHome, 10.4
.
24.1.

1990- . , , , .
,
.
.
.
.
.
928
VI.
.
.
Web-.

(Computer-Aided
Design CAD) ,
, ,
. .
,
. . , DreamHome ,
, PropertyForRent, Client Viewing,
.
, , , .
.

. ,
.
-
, , ..
.
, , , .
.
,
.
. ,

(Computer-Aided
Manufacturing ) , CAD, a
, (, ) (, ). ,
, : , . , , ,
. , 24.
929
, .

.
.
,
, .
, .
, , .

(Computer-Aided Software Engineering CASE) , : , , , ,
, . CASE, CAD, , . , ,
, ,
. ,
,
.

. , , .
, ,
. , ,
, , , :
Node Link <=* Node <=> Link <=> Node <=^ Link <=> Node
Node ,
Link ,
. , , , .
,
, , .
930
VI.

(Office Information System
OIS) , , , , ..

, , ,
. , , , - . , , ,
. , , , , SGML
(Standardized Generalized Markup Language), HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
XML (Extensible Markup Language), 29.
, ,
1
Internet. , ,
. ,
.
ASCII
, . , ,
..
Dreamffome .
. . , . .
, (, ).
. ,
. ,
.
, (, ,
).
. , ' , World Wide Web (
" ")
,
. World
Wide Web 28.
24.
931
, . , , , ,
(, ,
).
. , , .
, ,
,
, .

, ,
. , , , ,
.
, , ,
, - , .
(1015 ), , - .

(Geographic Information
Systems GIS) , .
,
. , , ,
.
, NASA 1990- ,
EOS (Earth Observing System
), ,
,
. ,
. EOSDIS (EOS Data and
Information System). EOSDIS ,
, . ,
EOSDIS .
,
, ,
, .
932
VI.
Web-
Web-,
. Web- ,
:
,
,
, ;
, , ;
, (, , , );
, ,
,
, , ..;
, , , ;
,
;
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.
: (,
, - , ),

. ,
,
. ,
,
-, [198].
28 29, Web , , XML, , .
Forrester Research Group ,
99%
2003 1,3 . , , 2003
3,2 5% . Internet Web
.
.
'rv 24.
933
,
, ,
.
,
, .
,
,
24.2.
3 ,
.
SQL,

. , (OLTP),
.
, , , . 24.1
, - . , .
24.1.

, ,

, " ". " " ,
, . 20, .

. ,
" " (*:*) 934
VI.
: ,
.
, . , " " (1:*)
: Has (), Owns (), Manages () ..
,
. - , .
, .. ,
, . [161] [248]. . ,
(. 3.2),
(. 13).

, , .
3.3 ,
3.2.1 ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, . , ,
.
5 6, SQL , (DDL ),

,
. , , , . , .
" " ,
, , , .
, .
,
, , , ,
, .. 24.
935
, . [17] [179]. .
1. (, ,
, ) .
2. a l f , ..., , 1? o 2t ...,
, [ : : , 2 : 2 , . . ., : _] .
3. o l f 2, ..,., , S={olf 2, ..., } -.
.
, John, Glasgow.
{SG37,
SG14f
SG5}.
[branchNo:BOQ3,
street:163 Main St, c i t y : G l a s g o w ] .

[branchNo: B 0 0 3 ,
city:Glasgow, StaffNo:(SG37, SG14, SG5}].
street:163
Main
St,

{[branchNo:B003,
street:163
Main
St,
city:Glasgow], [branchNo:B5, street:22 Deer Rd, city:London]}.

{ [branch.No:B003,
street:163
c i t y : G l a s g o w f S t a f f : { S G 3 7 , SG14, S G 5 } ] , [branchNo:B5,
Deer Rd, city:London, s t a f f N o : { S L 2 1 , S L 4 l } ] } .
Main
St,
street:22

BLOB (Binary Large Object BLOB).
BLOB , , , - ,
.
BLOB . .
, .
BLOB . , , , BLOB
BLOB, .
, BLOB . , BLOB. ,
.
,
. BLOB . 17.6.

,
, SQL, .
"
". , GIS , , , , .
936
VI.

,
.
, .. ,
( ) .
Staff, , (. 24.2).
24.2. Staff
, ' S 0 0 5 ' ?
:
SELECT managerStaffNo
FROM Staff
WHERE staffNo = 'S005'
UNION
SELECT managerStaffNo
F30M Staff
WHERE staffNo = (SELECT managerStaffNo
FROM Staff
WHERE staffNo = 'S005');

. , . , : " , ",
SQL.
SQL , ,
21. ,
. ,
, , .
(transitive closure)
(recursive closure) [218].
. R (&lt A 2 ), (
, ; R, , : (,) (,)
^ R, (, ) .
24.
937

. , ,
, .
S t a f f . 24.3.
24.3. Staff
staffNo
managerStaffNo
S005
S004
S003
SOQ4
S003
S002
S002
S001
S001
NULL
S005
S003
SOD5
S002
S005
SCI 01
S004
S002
S004
S001
S003
S001

5.1 , SQL-92 . (DML Data Manipulation Language)
. SQL
SQL, ,
21,
(impedance mismatch),
, .
SQL ,
,
, , ,
.
SQL . , SQL Date Interval, . ,
, ,
. ,
30% [10]. , -

.
-
938
VI.
, [93]. . .

, , , (. 19.4),
,
.
. ,
, , , . . .

, - ,
[300].
, .

, , .. .
, .
, . , .
SQL, .. SQL3, . ,

, , . SQL3 27.4.
24.3.

.
, .
24.
939
24.3.1. ,

.
,
, . , , ,
. .
, ,
, . , , . , - , ,
, . , . ,
,

. " ",
, . ,
Smalltalk, .
, Smalltalk
. ,
- , .
:
- ()
. -

(Abstract Data Types ADT).
. , ,
ADT , . .

, .
, : ADT , ,
ADT [12].
24.3.2.
-
Simula,
1960-
[85], -
940
VI.
Smalltalk [128]. Simula ,

, , . , :
, ( ). , Simula .
1
, , , > " " . ,
DreamHome
, .
: . , 11.1.1.
, .
, (instance variables). ,
1
, '163 Main Street , , . 24.4. .
(, ,
, ..) . , branchNo . 24.4
' ' . /
. , SalesStaff
S t a f f . .
( ), . , SalesStaff, ,
Staff.
. , , ( 24.3.9).
24.4. Branch
branchNo
' '
street
'163 Main St'
city
'Glasgow'
postcode
'Gil 9QX'
SalesStaff
| Beech'; 'David Ford 1
Manager
'Susan Brand'
"" , , street , .
branchObj ect.street
24.
941
24.3.3.
, - (Object IDentifier OID), :
;
;
, ,
; OID
,
;
(.. ;
,
OID);
( ).
, ,
,
(. 3.3.2). ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
OID ,
, .. . ,
DreamHome Staff Branch
Branch Has Staff.
,
,
13.2.
OID ,
- . , ,
(. 3.3.3). 25.7.2.
.
,
..
.
, - . -,
,
,, . -,
,
. ,
, branchNo. ,
942
VI.
. , 1
, ' B O Q l , ' B 0 0 2 ' ' ' , .
, , [186]. , C/C++ OID .
,
,
, , . , ,
, . , , , , , . ,
. . OID
25.2.

OID .
. OID
. ,
.
. OID
, . , ,
: .
. OID , , ,
, . , .
. OID
, , .
,
OID.
,
: ( ),
. OID .
' OID , ? , ,
.
,
, .
() , ; 24.
943
OID,
(=). ,
, (==).
, : ,
, ,
; , , .
24.3.4.

. ,
. 24.1
, .
. 24.1.
.

. , ,
, .
,
, . -
,
. ,
24.1 , .
updateSalary Increment, salary .
944
VI.
24.1.
method void updateSalary{float increment)
salary = salary + increment;
. , ()
() , -
. ,
. . ,
updateSalary Staff
1000 :
staffObject.updateSalary(1000)

:
u p d a t e S a l a r y ( s t a f f O b j e c t , 1000}
24.3.5.
Simula . , , , .
, . , Branch. (instance). ,
, . 24.2.
"" "" ,
. ""
[11]. .
, . ,
, .
, "" , .
- , .
, .
, Branch .
.
24.
945
branehNo
street
Branch
branchNo
street
city
postcode
printO
getPostCodef)
numbefOfStaff{ )
tf
branChNo=BOO?
street =16 Argyll St
city = Aberdeen spostcode
\
branchNo BOOS
street =163 Main St
city = Glasgow-.-:-;Jj
postcode
. 24.2. ,
. -
new.
. , . ,
, .
24.3.6. ,
, . ,

(
).
(inheritance) .
, .
(generalization), . . , ,
.
946
VI.
. ,
,
.
, , "-"
12, , - , .
(A Kind Of),
Manager Staff .
-,
Susan Brand Manager IS-A.
: (single),
(multiple), (repeated) (selective). . 24.3
, Manager SalesStaff S t a f f . ,
.
staff Person, ,
, .
. 24.4 ,
SalesManager Manager SalesStaff. , , , .
- .
, , . ,
, .
.
1.
. , bonus () Manager SalesStaff, SalesManager
bonus
SalesManager Manager. bonus SalesStaff .bonus.
. 24.3.
24.
947
2.
.
, . 24.4,
:
Sales_Manager -* Manager - SalesStaff
Sales_Manager - SalesStaff - Manager

,
SalesManager bonus, Manager, SalesStaff.
3.
.
4. , .
. 24.4.
,
.
, , Manager SalesStaff Staff, . 24.5. SalesManager S t a f f .
, .

.
, (. 6.4),
.
24.3.7.
, , , . . , , . , Staff
.
method void giveCommiselon(float branchProfit)
948
VI.
salary = salary + 0 . 0 2 * branchProfit;

Manager
. giveCommission Manager.
method void giveCommission(float branchProfit)
{
salary = salary + 0.05 * branchProfit;
. 24,5.

- .
, .

(overloading).
. , , , . , ,
, 24.2 24.3.
24.2. Branch
method void p r i n t ( ) {
printf("Branch number: % s \ n " , branchNo);
printf("Street: %s\n", street);
p r i n t f { " C i t y : %s\n", city);
p r i n t f ( " P o s t c o d e : %s\n", postcode);
24.
949
24.3. Staff
method void print( ) {
p r i n t f { " S t a f f number: %s\n", s t a f f N o ) ;
p r i n t f ( " F i r s t name: %s\n", fName);
printf ("Last name: %s\n", IName) ,p r i n t f ( " P o s i t i o n : %s\n", position);
printf ! "Sex: %c\n", sex) ,printf("Date of birth: %s\n", DOB);
printf("Salary: %f\n", salary);
,
, , . ,
.
(, printBranchDetails p r i n t s t a f f D e t a i l s ) ,
.
24.3.8.

(polymorphism " "). : , [46]. , ,
(operation polymorphism);
. , , (inclusion polymorphism).
(parametric polymorphism), (genericity),
, , .
template <type T>
(:, :) {
if(>)
return x;
else
return ;
}
max,
. .
.
:
int max(int, int)
real max(real, real)
// max
// max
VI.
, , (binding). ( ) ,
(dynamic), (]ate), .
, Staff Manager
SalesStaff, . 24.3. ,
print . , , (, )
.
CASE
IF:
FOR i=l TO n DO
S W I T C H ( l i s t [i] ,
type)
CASE s t a f f :
CASE manager:
CASE salesperson:
break;
}
p r i n t S t a f f D e t a i l s ( l i s t [ i ] . o b j e c t ) ; break;
printSanagerDetails(list [i] . o b j e c t ) ; break;
printSalesStaffDetails(list[i].object);
, CASE , .
,
print, print
CASE :
list [i] .print ()
, , , , - print - . , (.. ).
24.3.9.
, ,
. ,
" ",
A-Part-Of, ().

. -, . . -,
.
,
. (referential
sharing) [187]. , .
, . -
24.
951
, . , BLOB (. 24.2).
24.4.

( ) - , C++
Java, .
(.. ) ,
. , . , , , . 24.6,
Staff : Manager,
SalesPersonnel Secretary.
.
,
.
; ,
:
, ;
* ,
.
.
. 24.6. Staff
952
VI.
24.4.1.

,
. ,
, ,
, . .

. , . 24.6,
( ):
S t a f f (straffNo, fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary)
Manager (stafjNg, bonus, mgrStartDate)
SalesPersonnel (stajfNo, salesArea, carAllowance)
Secretary (sjtaffNo, typingSpeed)
, , . ,
.
, : , . , , ,
.

. , . 24.6,
:
Manager ( s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary, bonus,
mgrStartDate)
SalesPersonnel ( s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary,
salesArea, carAllowance)
Secretary ( s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary,
typingSpeed)
, ,
. ,
.

;
:
Staff ( s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary, bonus,
mgrStartDate, salesArea, carAllowance, typingSpeed, typeFlag)
24.
953
typePlag , ,
(, Manager 1,
SalesPersonnel 2, Secretary 3).
. ,
, , . ,
Manager NULL
salesArea, carAllowance typingSpeed.
24.4.2.
, , . ,
, (.. , ), :
Manager* pManager = new Manager;
// Manager
. . . ...
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Staff VALUES( : pManager->staffNo, :pManager->fName,
:pManager->lName, :pManager->position, :pManager->sex, :pManager->DOB,
:pManager->salary) ,EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Manager VALUES (:pManager->bonus,
:pManager->mgrStartDate);
, Manager
( ),
-
() :
Manager* pManager = new Manager;
25.3 . (, , , bonus, 1000 ), :
Manager* pManager new Manager;
// Manager
EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND GOTO done; //
EXEC SQL DECLARE managerCursor //
SELECT
CURSOR FOR
SELECT staffNo, fName, IName, salary, bonus
FROM Staff s, Kanager m // ,
// Staff Manager
WHERE s.staffNo = .staffNo AND bonus > 1000;
EXEC SQL OPEN managerCursor;
for ( ; ; ) {
EXEC SQL FETCH managerCursor
//
//
INTO :staffNo, :fName, rlName, :salary, :bonus,pManager->staff No = : staff Mo,- // Manager
954
VI.
pManager-> fName = :fName;

pManager->lName = ;IName;
pManager->salary = :salary;
pManager->bonus = : bonus,strcpy(pManager->position, "Manager");
EXEC SQL CLOSE managerCursor;
//
//
, :
os_Set<Manager*> khighBonus
11
= managerExtent->query! "Manager* , "bonus > 1 0 0 0 " , dbl) ;
Manager
(manage r Ex tent) ( dbl) (bonus > 1000). -
ObjectStore os_Set,
Manager, <Manager*>.

- ObjectStore 26.3.
, -
. , - , , .
, 30% ,
.
24.5.
1960- 1970-
. , IMS (Information
Management System) IBM.
, , Apollo.
, , , ,
. .
.
,
, ,
.
.
.
1970 . 24.
955
,
. ,
1970- 1980- . 100 , . .
* 24.2,
,
.
. 1976 "-", , 14 15 [55]. 1979

RM/T [70], RM/V2
[77].
" " . .
[153].
[274].
[297].

"" : - (Object-Oriented
Data Model OODM) - (Object-Relational
Data Model ORDM),
(Extended Relational Data Model ERDM). ,
, .
, . 24.7.
- ,
1970- . ,

, . ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, .
, - , ,
, ,
, . , , SQL, - 25 26,
- 27.
956
VI.
,
'=
.-;,-.
:
'"-
ER-
- &1
-
;
. 4.7.

'
(Computer-Aided Design CAD), {Computer-Aided Manufacturing ), (Computer-Aided
Software Engineering CASE), (Office
Information System OSI) ,
(Geographic Information Systems GIS), Web-, .
, ,
, "
", , , . ,
,
.
,
, .
,
, .
24.
957
, ,
" ", ( ). .
.
-
( Object IDentifier), .
.

. , .
() (), . .
,
, . ,
, . ,
.
, , , ,
.

. , . ,
.

( ).
. ,
, .
. , , . .

"" : - . , ,
. .
24.1.
.
24.2.

?
958
VI.
24.3. - :
) , ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) , , ;
) ;
) .
,
DreamHome, . 3.3-3.9.
24.4.
, -
?
24.5. .
24.6. , 24.1, , . ,
,
, .
, - , 24.3.
24.7. , . - , . ?
24.8. Branch, Staff
PropertyForRent DreamHome,
.
24.
959

...
.
.
- .
,
, , .
.

- .

.
.
- ,
, ,
, .
- .
-
.
- .
, , . ,
- ,
. -
.

, ,
,

, , . ,
,
.

.

-
, - (). - .
( 3% 1997 ), , World Wide Web. ,
50% , .
26 , ODMG
(Object Data Management Group),
.
ObjectStore.

. , 27
-
,
.
- , .

25.1 -
, , ,
,
. , . 25.2
, . 25.3 . 25.4 , : ,
, ,
, 25.5 " - ", , .
25,6 ,
25.7
, 14 15, - .
, 24.
DreamHome,
10.4 .
962
VI.
25.1. -

, - . , [188] -
(), - () ().
. () , ,
~ .
. , () .,
.
. () .
,
- , .
. ,
[330] ,
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
, , ,
, . [186]
- .
1. "- " = " " +
"" + " ".
2. "- " = "- "
+ " ".
, [247].
1. , .
2. , .
3. , ,
.
4. "- " = "- "
+ " 1-3".
25. -
963
, GemStone
Gemstone Systems Inc. ( Servio Logic Corporation),
Itasca IBEX Knowledge Systems SA ( - Itasca
Systems Inc.). Objectivity/DB Objectivity Inc., ObjectStore
eXcelon Corporation ( Objectivity Inc.) Ontos
Ontoa Inc., Poet Poet Software Corporation, Jasmine
Computer Associates/Fujitsu Limited Versant Versant Corporation,
, -
, . 25.1.
26.2 , ODMG, -. ODMG
,

.
25.1.1.
,
,
, .
. , ( ), .

, .
',
":
'
.
;

^
. 25.1. -
964
VI.

[49].
.__
-:
- - ^
<
,> :
:-,
. , , , - ;[
.

, , ,
, , [16]. 21, ISO SQL , SQL ,
, Fortran, Pascal, COBOL, Ada, MUMPS PL/1. , SQL .
. API, . SQL , , SQL2 1
. ,
, (impedance mismatch)
(. 24.2). ,
30%

, [10]. .
, [221].

.
, .
.

. ,
. , PS-algol
NapierSS, . ,
, ,
, . ,
.
.
1
(SQL3) ,
SQL .
25. -
965
, , .
,
, 25.2.
(,
, ) , . ,
,
, , 25.2-25.4,

. (Persistent
Application System PAS) [13].
25.1.2.
, [186].
.
, Smalltalk, C++
Java (. . 25.1). GemStone,
.
- .

- .
, , , , , ,
.. Ontos, Versant
ObjectStore. ObjectStore 26.3.
-
. 21
SQL . . 2,
.

.
SQL -
- .
- . -

SQL (SQL3). ( SQL3 27.4.) , Object Database
966
VI.
Standard ODMG Object SQL, 26.2.4. Ontos Versant Object SQL, - ODMG.
. , , ,
, .
SIM (Semantic Information Manager),
[180].
25.2.

. ,
.
. , , .
. ,
, , .
. (
)
, , .
. ,
.
. .
. , , .
.

,
.
,
,
, .
, ,
, , , .

, 24.1. 1980
, . 25. - 967
,
.

.

, . .
, ().
(,
), . , , . , , 30%
. , .
, .

. , - Java
. , ,
, .
, .
,
(. 25.2). , (. 25.3).
,

.
24.3, (OID Object IDentifier), OID OID,
, OID,
.
. . OID , , . ,
OID
. (pointer
swizzling), (object faulting). :
[223]. .
968
VI.
. 25.2. ()
. 25,3.
25.2.1.
;
. .

. ,
(OID).
-
, , OID
. 25. -
969
, , . .
,
OID .
OID .
,
, .

, , .
,
, OID , , [324]. OID. ,
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, [223].
,
,
,
( Objectivity/DB), .

OID ,
.

(edge marking) (node marking) [158].
,
( ) ( ),

. (..
1), ,
OID ,
.
,

.
, , .
970
VI.

( ) [203].
,
( ) . , ,
, .
, ObjectStore Texas [280].
,
, , , ,
.
,
( ,
,
). , , ,
. , , .

,
.

, ,
- [324].
, OID , ,
. ,
.

[223] (eager swizzling), OID
. ,
[184], 25. -
971
, .
, (lazy swizzling)
.
,
,
.

, , . . ,
. ,
, ,
25.2.2.
, . ,
, ,
, . 25.4 .
,
,
, (. 20.4). .

. SQL .
.
SQL ,
.
,
, .
,

, . 25.5.
,
, OID , . ,
, .
:
() ;
972
VI.
4.
2.
. 25.4.
,
, ;
, .

.
,

, .
25.3.
(persistent)
,
, . (transient) ,
. ,
, .
, ,
. [11].
25. - 973

3.
2.
..
4.
..
5.
1.
. 25.5.
,
, () . .
, -
. . , ,
. .
25.3.1.
: (checkpointing),
(serialization) (explicit paging).

. , , . ( ) .
. -,
, , , . -,
,
.
974
VI.

, .
, ,
.
.
, (pickling) ( ) (marshaling).
. -, , ,
, ,
. -, , , .

,
. ,
.
/ : .
(reachabilitybased) , ,
. , ,
, . (reachability tree). , , ,
( , , Smalltalk Java).
(allocation-based) ,
. .
. ,
.
. Ontos Objectivity/DB.
.
() , ,
(). ObjectStore. .
25. -
975
, . .
, .
.
.
25.3.2.

(orthogonal
persistence) [10], [63].
.
.

, , , , , .
, , ,
. , ( ) .

. , .
,
. Pascal/R, Amber, Avalon/C++ . , PS-algol, Napier88, Galileo GemStone [81].

. ,
. (persistence identification), ODMG ,

, , .
.
976
VI.

.
,
.
.

.

,
.
.
.
.
, , ,
, , , . ,

, , , .
,
. , . : .
,

, .. , .
, . , . ?
,

, , ,
?
,
.

, .
,
ACID (Atomicity,
Consistency, Isolation, Durability , , , ) (.
19.1.1). ,
, .
,
.
: 25. - 977
? , , , , ?
, - , ,
.
, -
, ? ,
, . ,
-
, .
25.4.
24.2 , , :
;
;
.
. .
25.4.1.
19.1, ,
. , , , . ,
, , , , , .

,
.
. , .
, , , - , .
.

(. 19.2.6).
, , ,
(. 19.4).
978
VI.
25.4.2.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
, [14], [18], [183].
. ,
. ,
. . 25.6
: 0, . , V 1( V 2 V 3 , V1A
V;:, V 2 A V J B V 2 .
, : V 2 B
0; V 2 A V 1B .
Ontos, Versant, ObjectStore, Objectivity/DB Itasca. Itasca
[190].
.
.
,
.
. .
.
. , .
.
. . ,

.
-
. 25.6.
25. -
979
. 25.7.
Itasca ,
. (generic object), , .
25.4.3.
,
.
.
, , . . ,
, , . , [19].
1. :
2. ;
3. .
4. :
5. S ;
6. s ;
7. .
8. , , .
. Itasca GemStone
, ,
. ,
. 25.8.
. , Staff name DOB,
getAge .
.

|

|1|
-fjli

. 25.7. , Itasca
980
VI.
Person
name
fName
I Name
DOB
getAge
staff No (PK)
position
sex
salary
ownerNo {PK)
address
clientNo {PK]
telNo
prefType
maxRent
getMonthlySalary
SalesStaffClient
commission
telNo
addCommission
getMonthlySalary
staffNo {PK}
clientNo (AK)
position
sex
salary
telNo
prefType
maxHent
name
fName
IName
DOB
commission
getMonthlySalary
getMonthlySalarv
addCommission
. 25. ,
25. -
981
1. , ,
1.1 .
/ , / , .
1.2 ,
/
, , / . ,
SalesStaffClient . 25.8,
SalesStaff Client.
telNo, (
Person).
telNo SalesStaf fClient
, SalesStaff.
1.3 .
/
, /
. , . ,
.
,
SalesStaffclient name DOB SalesStaff, Client; Person,

SalesStaf fClient .
2. .
2.1 .
/ , , /
. , getAge
Person
. , getAge , Person.
,
Staff get Months alary, Manager,
SalesStaff, .
telNo SalesStaff, telNo SalesStaf fClient, telNo client (
1,2).
2.2 .
/ / ,
.
982
VI.
2.3 .
.
, .
3. .
3.1 .
cs,
C s . ,
. 1.1-1.3.
3.2 .
CR
, . , cs. , Staff, Manager SalesSCaff
, Person.
3.3 .
, OBJECT ( ).
3.4 .
3.2 .
OBJECT .
4. .
, .
, .
,
[19] [189].
25.4.4.

/
.
/
"/"
,
(. 2.6). "/".
,
, . 25.9 [209].
25. -
983
. 25.9. "/", : )
; ) ; )
. .
, , , , .
. .
.
.
.
. . , .
.
,
,
. , ,
. , .

: (. 25.10, )
(. 25.10, ).
(API) ,
, - . .
.
984
VI.
(
)
<
- -
i.
; - -
;.; "
|<|;
. 25.10. : ) ;
)
. , ,
, .
.
.
. ,
, .
.
, .
.

. , .
. ,

.
GemStone Itasca ,
.
25.4.5.

. , .
,
25. -
985
- ,
,
[138].

, , [33]. ,
, :
, ;
,
, ;
;
.

: Onektup 1000
, Tenktupl/Tenktup2, 10000 .
,
,
.

, 1988 (Transaction
Processing Council ), ,
. ANSI , .
- -
- - . - (OnLine Transaction Processing OLTP); , ,
. -
. :
Account (
Account 100000 );
Teller (
Teller 10 ):
Branch
( Branch 1 );
History,
( History 2592000 );
.
986
VI.
, .
(, ).
-
- -
-, .
-,
. - , , ,
, .

Transaction Processing Council , .
-. ,

, .
TPC-R.
, ; .
TPC-W. , Web,
,
Internet,
Web-,
.
Transaction Processing Council
Web- (www. tpc. org).
1
1 (Object Operations Version 1 ,
1) - [48]. , ,
24.1. , ,
, , , , .., 2. :
2
, (parts explosion).
25. -
987
1000 ( );
100 300 , ;

3280 .
1989 1990 01 GemStone, Ontos, ObjectStore, Object!vity/DB Versant, a
INGRES Sybase. ,
-
30 . ,
, ,
(
, ). , , , .
7
1993
7, . 07
- [47].
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
07 , ,
(, ) .
. :
(
, , 1);
( ,
, , , , ,
, );
,
.
, , , , , ,
988
VI.
, make, . , ftp.cs.wisc.edu, FTP

( Anonymous).
25.5. "
-
"
" -
" [12] ,
. :
- . .
1.
. SET, TUPLE LIST ( ARRAY).
, . , . , , , ..
!, . ,

SET (TUPLE ( ) ) , LIST (TUPLE () ), TUPLE (SET )
TUPLE (LIST ( ) ) .
2.
,
.
3.
,
, . , ,
. ( 24.3.1 , . , ,
?
,
, . , get,
.
.)
25. - 989
4.
34.3..5 . ,
. -
. ,
, ..
.
, .
5.
.
6.
(). , ().
( ).
7. DML
, (DML)
. , SQL (SQL2) (. 5.1). SQL (SQL3) ( 27.4).
8.

. Tqro, .
.
9.
, (.. ) , .

.
10.
, .
, , .
11.
, ,
.
990
VI.
12.

, ,
.
13.
(..
), (.. )
. , .
: , , , , . ,
, ,
,
25.6.

, .
, .
25.6.1 .
. 25.1.
25.1.

- . , ,
. ,
, " ",
, .
25. -
991

. ,
- .
,
. .
, , - . ,
. , ,
, , , , .. [93].
,
. 27.2.2.

(DML) .
,
, SQL, , .
, DML,
( SQL,
).

, , .
SQL ( , ). , ..
, , , , , .
ODMG ,
- SQL ( 26.2.4).
-

. ,
.

(. 19.2.2)
992
VI.
.
, , . 24.2, , ( ), .

24.1, ,
, (CAD), (CASE), (OIS)
. .

25.4.5, , - . , 1989 1990 1 - GemStone,
Ontos, ObjectStore, Objectivity/DB Versant, INGRES
Sybase. , -
30 .
,
, .
. ,
, -
. , , , ,
(OLTP).
25.6.2. -
, , . 25.2.
25.2. -
25. -
993

25.1, -
, . .
ODMG ,
. ODMG
26.2.

, ,
. ,
, . - , . , .
.
,
.

. , . , - . ODMG
OQL (Object Query
Language), , ,
( 26.2.4).
, .

, ,
- ,
. ( ),
SQL ,
ODBC .
,
, , .

.
. 25.5 , , ,
.
994
VI.

.
,
. , , 19.2.8.
, , , , ,
,
. , .

, , , , , , (. 6.4).

. ,
.
.
25.7.
, 14 15, - . (.. EER- "-")
- . 25.7.2 ,
, . .
25.7.1. -

,
14 15, EER-,
- (Object-Oriented Data Modeling OODM). . 25.3
OODM
25. -
995
(Conceptual Data Modeling CDM).

, , , CDM
- . , CDM

.
25.3.

14 15 .
, . " ",
( 2.1). - , - . ,
-
. , , . , . -
.
" ".
- ,
, . 25.7,3.
25.7.2.
-
( 24.3.2), OID. 14 15
996
VI.
, (, ),
. : " " (1:1), " " (1:*)
" " (*:*).
" " (1:1)

" " (1:1)
(
) . , . 25.11
" " (1:1) Manager Branch.
Branch; OIQIJ
branchNo:B003 '
street: 163MafflS|
city:
Glasgow
postcode:Gil SOX '<.
staff:
{OID4, OID5?
property: {OID2.OID3,
manager: OID6 ~;
Manager; OID6
staff No: SQ5.
f Name;: Susan
(Name: Brand
position :Managftr
sex:
F
DOB:
3-Jgn-4&
salary:; 24000
branch; O1D1
. 25.11. " " (1:1) Manager Branch
" " (1 :*)

" " (1:*)
,
, . , . 25.12 " " (1:*): Branch
SalesStaf f , SalesStaf f PropertyForRent.
" " (*:*)

" " (*:*)
, . , . 25.13 " " (*:*) Client PropertyForRent.
" " (*:*)
" " (1:*) .
,
. 25.14.

3.3.3
" " " ".
, , . , , 1:1 Manager
Branch (. . 25.11). Branch ( OID1)
Manager ( OID6). Manager
25. -
997
PropertyForRent: 0)
propertyNo: f
street:
:
type: - Flat
rooms:
rent: '
350
staff:
branch: '
branchNo
street:
city:
postcode: GH9QX
staff: i
property:
manager:
propertyNo: PG1I
street:
type:
rooms:
rent:
staff:
branch:
staffNo:
fName:.
(Name:
position
sex:
salary:!
branch;
property; {OID2nOlp
. 25.12. " " (1:*) Branch,
SalesSCaff
PropertyForRent
Branch, .
.
.
. , , .
GemStone.
, . NULL ( ) .
Versant.
,
.
. . , . 25.11
Branch Manager
Manager Branch. Manager
998
VI,
clientNo: CR56
fName: Aline
IName; St
telNo:
0141V&48
pref Type: Flat
maxRent; 350
Viewing
property: OID7
viewDate:28-Apr-Oi
comment: ,
property: OID2
viewDate: 26-May-O t
comment:
PropertyForRa
propertyNo: PG3J3
city:
type:
rooms:
rent: "
staff: I
branch:...
viewers:'
Client: 01
cllentNa: CR74
fName: Mike
IName: Ritctije
telNo:
01475-392178
prefType: House
maxRent: 750
Viewing
property: QIO2,
viewDate: 20-Apr-G1.'
comment:toQ remote
PropertyFbrBent:
propertyNo:
city:
type:
rooms:
rent:
staff:
branch:
viewers;
6 Lawence'St
Rat
3
350
OID4
OID1'
{OID9, OfDJjtf
. 25.13. " " (*:*) Client

PropertyForRent
Branch.
Ontos, Objectivity/DB ObjectStore
( 26.2).
25.7.3.
-
EER- . . , . (Data Flow Diagram DFD)
, , . - ,
, , . , .. (public methods),
25. -
999
Viewing:
Client: OID9
clientNo: CR
fName: Aline
IName: Stews
telNo:
0141
prefType: flat
maxRent: 350
viewlngs: {O|D
client:
OID9
property; OID7*
viewDate: 2S-Api*-jD|
comment.
PropertyForflent! 17;
propertyNo:
street:
type:
rooms:
rent:
staff:
branch:
viewers:
F'G36;
,'Man
Flat
OID1
Viewing: 01D2
client:
O1D3
property: OID2
viewDate: 26
comment: 1
PropertyForRent: OID2
CllenfcC
clientNo: CR74
fName:
Mike
IName:
Ritchte
telNo:
01475-3921
prefType: House
maxRent: 750
viewings: (OJ.
'- '
Viewing: Ot
client:
01D1
property: O1D2
viewDate:
comment: too remc|
propertyNo; PG4
street:
6(awrenceSt
type:
Fkt
rooms:
3
rent:
350 .
staff:
OID4.
branch:
OlDt ,?
viewers:
{0022,0)023}
. 25.14. " " (*:*)
, .. (private methods).
:
;
;
.

- .
OID. -
. : , . .

. , . ,
salesStaff getsalary, , Person getContactDetails, .
, , , SalesStaff
getAverageSalary,
. , -
1000
VI.
. , Person
getAge, .
. SQL3, - (observer), (get) ( 27.4).

() . , SaleeStaf f incrementSalary,
.
.
SQL3,
-
(miitator), (put) ( 27.4).

,
.
,
.
, .
, DreamHome ,
. ,

, , ( ).
, .
EER-,
, , .

. -
,
[34], [62], [135], [178], [266].
.
,
. , - .
.
, ( )
25. - 1001
, . , , .

.
: -
; ; ;
- ; .
, . , , . :

. , ,

,
, .
OID:
OID, ,
OID, . , . ,
.

OID
, . , ,
.

, , .
: ,
.
,
, , ,
,
, .
,
1002
VI.
, ,
, , , .
25.1.
25.2.
25.3.
25.4.
25.5.
25.6.
25.7.
25.8.
25.9.
25.10.
25.11.
25.12.
-
.

?
,
, ,
?
?
,
.
?
.
, , ?
?
?

.
.
.
25.13. , DreamHome -
. -
,
, . , DreamHome.
25.14. ,
Hotel,
3. - .
25.15. -
DreamHome, .
, .
25.16. -
University Accommodation Office, . , .
25. - 1003
25.17. - EasyDrive School of Motoring, .

, .
25.18. - Wellmeadows Hospital, . , .
25.19. ,
25.4.3, , . 25.8,
,
:
=
=
)
;
) ;
) ;
) S ;
) S ;
) ;
) ;
) .
1004
VI.
!?

...
OMG (Object Management Group

)
(Object Management Architecture ~
).
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker
Architecture ).
ODMG
(Object Data Management Group
):
;
ODL (Object Definition Language );
OQL (Object Query Language );
OIF (Object Interchange Format
);
.
-
Objects tore:
ObjectStore;
ObjectStore;
ObjectStore.
, ().
, ODMG (Object Data Management
Group ).
ODMG , , ,
.
- .

ObjectStore, , .
ODMG ,
OMG (Object Management Group ), 26.1
OMG OMG. 26.2 ODMG ODMG. , 26.3
- , ObjectStore.

, 24 25.
Dreamffome, 10.4 .
26.1. OMG
ODMG
OMG, OMG .
26.1.1. OMG
OMG , 1989 , . 800 -, , , Sun
Microsystems, Compaq, Microsoft, AT&T/NCR, HP, Hitachi, Computer Associates,
Informix Oracle.
, .
OMG -
, ,
, , .
OMG ,
(International Organization
for Standardization ISO) , (American National Standards
Institute ANSI)
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE). OMG
,
ISO ANSI. OMG
, OMG.
OMG ,
- ,
.
. ,
.
.
.
1006
VI.
.
,
.
. .
. .
1990 OMG
" " (Object
Management Architecture Guide), [284]-[28].
- , , ; - ;
, - .
:
(Object Model ), (Object Request
Broker ORB), (Object Services) (Common
Facilities), . 26.1.
()

,
, OMG (. 26.2).
( ) (ORB-), . ORB-
; 1
. 26.1.
26. -
1 007
. 26.2. OMG
,
ORB- . ,
OMG ODMG.
(ORB)
ORB- . ORB- (
), () . ORB- , . ORB- ,
.500, , . , ORB
(RFC
Remote Procedure Call), ,
.
, .

- .
(. 26.1).

,
,
. OMG , . :
. , , , , ,
.
1008
VI.
26.1. OMG

.
, , , ,

.

(,
, , ),

, ,

()
()
, ,
, ,
,
,

,

26. -
1009
26.1.2. CORBA
CORBA , ORB-. , OMG,
ORB- . CORBA
CORBA, , , , . GIOP (General
Inter-Object Protocol )
(Internet Inter-Object Protocol ).
GIOP, TCP/IP.
CORBA 1.1 1991 .
IDL (Interface Definition Language)
(API Application Programming
Interface),
ORB-. 1994
CORBA 2.0,
,
ORB-, . 1997 CORBA 2.1,
1998 CORBA 2.2, 1999 CORBA 2.3
[233]. CORBA.
IDL (Interface Definition Language ),
.
, , .
(Interface Repository), IDL.
, ,
, .
.
OID .
. 26.3, CORBA
, :
, ;
.

IDL, CORBA
,
, C++, Smalltalk Java. IDL :
, , ;
1010
VI.
, ,
, IDL;
, , ,
.
. 26.3. CORBA ORB

,
IDL ,
. , , ,
, .
(Dynamic Invocation Interface
DII),
, , .
.
DII DSI (Dynamic
Skeleton Interface ), ORB- ,
.
DSI
,
IDL. ,

.

, () , ORB-. , ,
26. -
1011
, , . CORBA , (Basic Object Adapter).

1999 OMG 3 CORBA,
Internet, ,
CORBAcomponents. .
,
, , OMG EJB (Enterprise Java Beans bean- Java ),
Java (. 28.9).
CORBA 2
, CORBA , CORBA 3
CORBA. , ORB- CORBA; Orbix IONA
Visibroker Inprise.
OMG
OMG OMG, CORBA.
: UML (Unified Modeling Language
), MOF (Meta-Object Facility ) XMI (XML Metadata
Interchange XML).
UML IV
ER-.
26.2. ODMG 3.0

-
(Object-Oriented Data Model OODM),
ODMG (Object Data. Management Group
).
( 26.2.2), ,
(DDL Data Definition Language) ( 26.2.3),
, SQL ( 26.2.4). ODMG.
26.2.1. ODMG
-
Object Database Management Group (ODMG) , . 1012
VI.
Sun Microsystems, eXcelon Corporation, Objectivity Inc., POET Software,

Computer Associates Versant Corporation. ODMG , . ,
, .
, , ,
[80].
ODMG .
(Object Model ).
(Object Definition Language ODL).
(Object Query Language OQL).
C++, Java
Smalltalk.
.
ODMG 1993 . , ODMG 2.0
1997 . :
Java Sun;
,

;
,
.
1999 ODMG 3.0,
Java.
2.0 3.0 ODMG . ODMG Object Database Management Group Object Data
Management Group ,
.
ODMG ,
- , , (Object-to-Database Mapping ODM),

.
(Object Data Management System
ODMS). ODMS (-) ,
ODMS () , , , , [50].
26. -
1013
26.2.2. ()
ODMG OMG;

. (
) .
,
.
.
.
. .
, . / .
, .
, . ,
.
ODMS
. , ODL (Object Definition
Language ), ,
.
: , , . .

,
, 26.1,
, .
. (<>) . , , , . , , 26.1, ISO SQL (. 6.1).
26.1. ODMG
Literal_type
Atotnic_literal
long
long long
short
unsigned long
unsigned short
1014
VI.
float
double
boolean
octet
char
string
enum< >
Collectcon_literal
seto
bago
listo
array< >
dictionaryo
Structured_literal
date
time
timestamp
interval
structureo
Object_type
Atonuc_object
Collection__object
Seto
Bago
Listo
Arrayo
Dictionaryo
Structured_object
Date
Time
Timestamp
Interval
//
new (factory interface), . 26.2

ObjectFactory, new, Object. ,
ODL, 26.2,
, .
26.2. ODL ,
interface ObjectFactory {
Obj act
new();
I
interface Object {
enum
Lock_Type{read, write, upgrade};
void
lock(in LockjType mode} raises(LockNotGranted); //
// ;
boolean try_lock(in Lock_Type mode); // ;
26. -
1015
// ,
//
boolean same_as(in Object anObject); //
Object copy();
// ;
//
void
deleted;
//

ODMS , , . ,
, , ,
.
"" , . , Database ( ), .

, ,
,
; , ()
(. 25.3.2).
.
.
. , ,
, , (
)
.
.
( ) .
ODMS.

. ,
. ,
;
. , , .
. <, >, . , Address:
struct Address {
string street;
string city;
string postcode;
attribute Address branchAddress;
16
VI.
struct ( record) . ,
.
.

ODMG , , .

, . ,
. , . . ( );
. , 26.3 26.4.
26.3. ODL
interface Iterator {
exception
NoMoreElements{};
exception
InvalidCollectionType{};
boolean
is_stable ();
boolean
at_end() ,void
reset () ;
Object
get_element{) raises(NoMoreElements);
void
next_position() raises(NoMoreElements);
void
replace__element {in Object element)
raises(InvalidCollectionType);
}f
interface BidirectionalIterator : Iterator {
boolean
at_beginning();
void
previous position(} raises(NoMoreElements);
26.4. 1_
interface Collection: Object {
exception
InvalidCollectionj};
exception
ElementNotFound{Object
element;};
//
unsigned long cardinality();
// ,
boolean
is_empty{);
// ,
boolean
is_ordered();
// ,
boolean
allows_duplicates();
//
26. -
1017
boolean
contains_element(in Object element);
//
void
insert_element{in Object element);
//
void
remove_element(in Object element)

raises(ElementNotFound);
//
Iterator
create__iterator(in boolean stable);
//
BidirectionalIterator create_bidirectional_iterator(in boolean
stable)
Object
Iterator
boolean
raises(InvalidCollectionType);
select_element(in string OQL-predicate);
select{in string OQL-predicate);
queryfin string OQL-predicate, inout Collection
boolean
result);
exists__element (in string OQL-predicate);
, ,
,
. , , . .
(set). ,
.
(bag). , .
(list). , .
(array). .
(dictionary).
"-", -.
. set bag :
, .
set dictionary 26.5.
26.5. ODL set dictionary
interface SetFactory ObjectFactory {
Set
new of size(in long size), // Set
};
class Set Collection {

attribute set<t> value,
//
Set
create__union(in Set other_set)/
//
Set
create_intersection(in Set other_set);
// -
Set
create_difference(in Set other_set);
1018
VI.
// ,
boolean
is_subset__of {in Set other_set) ;
// ,
//
boolean
is_proper_subset_of{in Set other_set);
// ,
boolean is_superset_of {m Set other_set) ;
// ,
//
boolean
is proper superset of(in Set other_set);
interface DictionaryFactory ObjectFactory {

Dictionary new of size(in long size);
class Dictionary Collection {

exception DuplicateName{string key,-} ;
exception KeyNotFoundf{Object
key,-};
attribute dictionary-it, v> value;
void
bind{in Object key, in Object value)
raises(DuplicateNarae);
void
unbind{in Object key) raises(KeyNotFound);
void
lookup (in Object key) raises (KeyNotFound) ,void
contams_key(in Object key) ,-

, . , DreamHome

Branch S t a f f . ' , .
, ; . , . ,
/. , ,
, ,
, . , .
.
, ,
,
. , Branch , , .
.
1:1, 1:* *:*. ,
26. -
1019
, .

. , Branch ( ) Staff ( )
Has (), " ",
Staff Branch worJcsAt
(), " ".
:
class Branch {
relationship set <Staff> Has inverse S t a f f : : W o r k s A t ;
class Staff {
relationship Branch WorksAt inverse Branch::Has;
};
"" (
set bag) ( list).
, , ODMS.
, -, (.. ). (form) (drop) , . , Staff WorksAt Branch 1:1 Staff
Branch:
attribute Branch WorksAt;
void form__WorksAt{in Branch aBranch) raises{IntegrityError);
void drop_WorksAt(in Branch aBranch} raises(IntegrityError);
Branch Has Staff 1:* Branch
,
Staff:
readonly attribute set <Staff> Has;
void form_Has(in Staff aStaff) raises(IntegrityError);
void drop_Has(in Staff aStaff} raises(IntegrityError);
void add_Has(in Staff aStaff) raises(IntegrityError);
void remove_Has(in Staff aStaff) raises(IntegrityError);
, .
(operation signature) , , , , , ( ).
.
. , , ,
.
1020
VI.
, ,
ODMG : . , .
, .
;
(:). ( ),
. , , ,
( , C++).
, .
, ( , , ).
extends ().
, ,
. .

.
.
(extent).
ODMS. ,
ODMS ,
.
, .
(key).
( ,
3.2.5). , . , : , ,
.
ODMG . , , , ,
.
, /;
Exception, ODMS.
2.7, "
", .. , , ,
. 26. -
1021
,
, . ODMG
.
, .
, , , , ,
. , , , .
, .
,
.
ODMG , ,
(. 19.1).

. / . , ,
. ,
,
, 26.6.
- .
, , (. 23.5).
26.6. ODL
interface TransactionFactory {
Transaction
new();
Transaction
current()/
};
interface Transaction (
void
begin () raises (TransactionlnProgress, DatabaseClosed) ,void
commit() raises(TransactionNotlnProgress);
void
abort() raises{TransactionNotlnProgress);
void
checkpoint{) raises(TransactionNotlnProgress};
void
join() raises(TransactionNotlnProgress);
void
leave() raises(TransactionNotlnProgress);
boolean
isOpenO ;
1022
VI.

ODMG . ,
. Database () close ,
lookup ( ) , . ,
bind ( ) , unbind ( ) ,
26.7.
26.7. ODL
interface Dat'abaseFactory {
Database n e w ( ) ;
};
interface Database {
exception DatabaseOpen{};
exception DatabaseNotFound{};
exception ObjectNameNotUnique{};
exception QbjectNameNotFound{};
void
open(in string odms_name) raises(DatabaseNotFound,
DatabaseOpen);
void
close{) raises(DaCabaseClosed,
TransactionlnProgress) ,void
bind(in Object an_object, in string name)
raises(DatabaseClosed, ObjectNameNotUnique,
TransactionNotlnProgress);
void
unbind(in string name) raises(DatabaseClosed,
ObjectNameNotFound, TransactionNotlnProgress);
void
lookup(in string object_name) raises(DatabaseClosed,
ObjectNameNotFound, TransactionNotlnProgress};
ODLMetaObjects::Module schema() raises(DatabaseClosed,
TransactionNotlnProgress} ,-
. , :

;
, .
26.2.3. ODL
(Object Definition Language ODL)
, ODMG.
DDL (Data Definition Language )
. 26. -
1023
ODMS . ODL , .
. ODL
IDL CORBA.
ODMG , ODL
, . ODL . 26.1, [50].
26.1. ODL

DreamHome, . 26.4.
ODL 26.8.
{Mandatory, Or}
Staff
PrivateOwner
Client
staffNo {PK}
position
sex
DOB
salary
ownerNo {PK}
address
clientNo {PK}
telNo
maxRent
0..*
^ (Optional, Or
Owns A
IsOwnedBy
Manage
SalesStaff
1. 1
1..*
WorksAt A
Has
Manages A
magedBy
1..I
1..1
Branch
branchNo {PK}
street
city
postcode
1 .
A Views
IsViewedBy
PropertyForRent
propertyNo {PK)
street
city
postcode
type
rooms
rent
1..1 * IsOfferedBy
Offers >
1./
. 26.4.
DreamHome
1024
VI.
26.8. ODL
Dream Home
module DreamHome
class Branch
{
// Branch
(extent branchOffices key branchNo)
/* */
attribute string branchNo;
attribute struct BranchAddress {string street, string city,
string postcode} address;
/* */
relationship Manager ManagedBy inverse Manager::Manages;
relationship set<SalesStaff> inverse SalesStaff:tWorksAt;
relationship set<PropertyForRent> Offers inverse
PropertyForRent::IsOfferedBy,/* */
void takeOnPropertyForRent(in string propertyNo)
raises(propertyAlreadyForRent);
i;
class Person {
// Person
/* */
attribute struct PName {string fName, string IName) name;
class Staff extends Person // Staff,
// Person
(extent staff key staffNo)
(
/* */
attribute string staffNo;
attribute enum SexType {M, F} sex,attribute enum PositionType {Manager, Supervisor, Assistant} position,attribute date DOB;
attribute float salary,
short getAgef); /* */
void increaseSalary(in float increment);
};
class Manager extends Staff //

// Manager, Staff
(extent managers)
{
/* */
relationship Branch Manages inverse Branch::ManagedBy;
};
class SalesStaff extends Staff //

// SalesStaff, Staff
(extent SalesStaff)
{
/* */
relationship Branch WorksAt inverse Branch: :Has,/* */
void transferStaff(in string fromBranchNo, in string toBranchNo)
raises(doesNotWorklnBranch);
26. -
1025
26.2.4. OQL
(Object Query Language OQL)
, , SQL.
, , . SQL, OQL
, , , ,
ODMG .
Smalltalk, C++ Java. OQL , .
OQL , . () .
.
, ,
ODMS, .
,
.
.
OQL , ,
. , . ,

SELECT SQL, 5..

DEFINE Q AS e. ( , ),
Q , .

:
, 10, 16.2, ' 1 , "abcde", true, nil,
date'2000-12-01';'
, , Branch (branchOf f ices),
26.8, ,
;

WHERE, :
FROM
SELECT-FROM-
as , , in e,
collection ( ) , ;
( Q).
1026
VI.
. . ., : . . . , ,
T ( P i : e i / -Pn'Sn) . ,
Manager :
Manager{staffNo: "SL21" J fName: "John", IName: " W h i t e " ,
address: "19 Taylor St, London", position: "Manager",
sex: " M " , DOB: d a t e ' 1 9 4 5 - 1 0 - 0 1 ' , salary: 3 0 0 0 0 )
, struct, Set, List, Bag Array. :

struct(branchNo: " B Q 0 3 " f street: "163 Main St")
, .

- . , S ,
:
, - , not, abs, +, -, =, >, andthen, and, orelse, or;
(| j +);
Si ( 1 ), (1+1)- ;
S [low. up], S low+1
up+l;
in S ( ), true, S ;
S like pattern, pattern ' ? '
' _ ' , , ' * '
' % ' , , .
true, S .

(' = ' ' ! = '), .

, ,
. , , .
, , . ,
. , getAgeO Staff
getAge ( ).
26. -
1027

(FOR ALL), (EXISTS), (IN), (SELECT FROM WHERE),
(SORT), (MIN,
MAX, COUNT, SUM, AVG) (GROUP), ,
FOR ALL x IN managers: x . s a l a r y > 12000
true managers
salary 12 000 .
EXISTS x IN managers.manage : x.address.city = "London";
true, , , ( managers.manages Branch, , city
London).
SELECT SELECT
SQL (. 5.3.1):
SELECT [DISTINCT]
<expression>
FROM <fromList>
[WHERE <expression>]
[GROUP BY <attributel:expressionl,
[HAVING <predicate>]
[ORDER BY <expression>]
attribute2iexpressions,...>]
<fromList>
:
<fromList> : : = <variableName> IN <expression> \
<variableName> IN < expression:, <fromList> |
<expression> AS <variaJbIeName>
<expression> AS <varia.bIeName>, <romList>
Set,
SELECT DISTINCT, List, ORDER BY, Bag. ORDER BY,
GROUP BY HAVING , SQL (.
5.3.2 5.3.4). OQL
GROUP BY
(
OQL ), 26.6.

: , 2 , 3 , 4 , : [3],
1 [ 3 : 4 ], f i r s t (B!), l a s t f e ^ (^ + 2 ) . ,
first(element(SELECT b FROM b IN branchOffices
WHERE b.branchNo = "B001").Has);
001, .
1028
VI.

elt e2 ,
! 2 , , , .

, element {) ,
, , .
, listtoset () , .
, ,
f l a t t e n ( e ) -- ,
, , .
, , {) , ,
, .
(, )
, .
.
26.2.

. ( ).

, ( , ),
Staff. :
staff
. ( ).
branchOffices.ManagedBy
Branch (branchOf f ices)

, ManagedBy
.
, .
SELECT b.feranchNo
FROM b IN branchOffices
WHERE b.address.city = "London";
branchOffices
, b
( , 26. -
1029
).
bag<string>,
brcinchNo, .
. , , londonBranches,
( ,
). , ,
.

londonBranches.WorksAt
set<SalesStaf f >. , :
londonBranches.WorksAt.salary
OQL ,
: set<float> bag<float> ( bag , ). :
SELECT [DISTINCT] s.salary
FROM s IN londonBranches.WorksAt;
DISTINCT, set<float>, , bag<float>.

26.3. DEFINE
, (
).
:
DEFINE Londoners AS
SELECT s
FROM s IN s a l e s S t a f f
WHERE s . W o r k s A t . a d d r e s s . c i t y = "London";
SELECT s.name.lName FROM s IN Londoners;
set<string>. DEFINE OQL, . OQL

, , . , DEFINE,
, . OQL ,
:
DEFINE CityWorker(cityname) AS
SELECT s
1030
VI.
FROM s IN s t a f f S t a f f
WHERE s . W o r k s A t . a d d r e s s . c i t y = cityname;
,
, :
CityWorker("London");
CityWorker ("Glasgow") ,-
26.4.
A. ( ),
, , .
:
SELECT struct (IName: s.name.IName, sex: s.sex, age: s.getAge)
FROM s IN saleStaff
WHERE s . W o r k s A t . a d d r e s s . c i t y = "London";
set<struct>. ,
SELECT get Age.
. ( ),
, 60 .
:
class Deputy {attribute string IName; attribute sexType sex,attribute integer age;};
typedef bag<Deputy> Deputies;
Deputies (SELECT Deputy (IName: s.name.Iname, sex: s.sex,
age: s.getAge)
FROM s IN s t a f f S t a f f WHERE position - "Deputy" AND s.getAge > 6 0 ) ;
Deputies.
B. ( ),
, .
,
set<struct>.
SELECT struct (branchNo: x.branchNo, assistants:
IN x.WorksAt WHERE y.position = "Assistant"))
FROM X IN (SELECT b FROM b IN branchOffices
WHERE b.address.city = "London");
(SELECT FROM
26.5.
, .
COUNT
CityWorker :
COUNTts IN C i t y W o r k e r ( " G l a s g o w " ) ;
26. -
1031
OQL
. ,
OQL :
SELECT COUNT(s) FROM s IN salesStaff WHERE s.WorksAt.branchNo = "BOOS";
COUNT{SELECT s FROM s IN salesStaff WHERE s.WorksAt.branchNo = " B 0 0 3 " ) ;
, OQL
, SQL,
. ,
OQL ( SQL):
SELECT s
FROM s IN salesStaff
WHERE COUNT(s.WorksAt) > 10;
26.6. GROUP BY HAVING

.
SELECT struct(branchNumber, nuraberOfStaff: COUNT(partition))
GROUP BY branchNumber: s.WorksAt.branchNo;
set<struct(branchNumber:
string,
partition:
bag<struct(s:
SalesStaff) >) >; ()
: branchNumber
.
SELECT (branchNumber)
( ).
,
partition. :
setotruct(branchNumber: string, numberOfStaff: integer)>
SQL, HAVING. ,
, ,
:
SELECT branchNurnber, averageSalary: AVG(SELECT p . s . s a l a r y FROM p
IN partition)
GROUP BY branchNumber: s.WorksAt.branchNo
HAVING COUNT(partition) > 10;
, SELECT AVG.
(
bag<struct (s : SalesStaf f ) >). p. s. salary
, .
1032
VI.
26.2.5. ODMG
ODMG 3.0:
OIF (Object Interchange Format );
ODMG .

OIF , ODMS . OIF ODMS, , [50].
ODMS, ODMG ODL. NCITS (National Committee for
Information Technology Standards 1
2
) PDES /STEP , .
OIF , ( ) (
). .
John {SalesStaff} SalesStaff,
John.
John (Mary) {SalesStaff} SalesStaff,
John .
" " .
John SalesStaff {WorksAt BOOl} WorksAt
John SalesStaff BOOl.
OIF
[50].
ODMG
ODMG ODL/OML . ODMG C++, Java Smalltalk.
, , ,
, . C++.
C++,
, ODL. ,
' Product Data Exchange using STEP
STEP.
2
STandard f o r the Exchange of Product model data .
26, -
1033

OML (Object Manipulation Language ).
ODL C++ C++ ODL,
C++,
, ODMS. C++, OML,
C++,
. , , ODMS ,
. 26.5. ODL/OML,
ODL OML ,
, ,
, .
;;
C++OOL
- * +*
--
;"

ODMS.;
. 26.5. -
C++ ODL/OML
1034
VI.
C++
ODMG d_. ,
, d__Float, d_String d_Short,
d_List, d_Set d_Bag. ,
d_Iterator, Iterator,
d_Extent . ,
d _ R e f ( T ) ,
, .
(
1:1), ( 1:*). , Has 1:*, Branch :
d_Rel_Set<SalesStaff, _WorksAtb Has;
const char _WorksAt[] = "WorksAt";
a SalesStaff
d_Rel_Ref<ranch, _Has> WorksAt;

const char _Has[] = "Has";

OML new, . , . ,
d_Ref<SalesStaff> tempSalesStaff = new SalesStaff,-
a :
d_Database *myDB;
dJ?ef<SalesStaff> si = new(myDb,
"John W h i t e " )
SalesStaff;

OQL C++ ODL/OML
:
query d_Collection;
d_OQL_Query.

, (wellPaidStaf f ) 30000
.
d_Bag<d_Ref<SalesStaff w e l l P a i d S t a f f ;
S a l e s S t a f f - > q u e r y ( w e l l P a i d S t a f f , "salary > 3 0 0 0 0 " ) ;
, , , , :
26. -
1035
d_OQL_Query q{"SELECT s . W o r k s A t FROM s IN SalesStaff

WHERE salary > $ 1 " ) ;
, $1 , . ,
:
d__Bag<d_Ref<Branch branches;
q 30000;
d_ogl_execute(q, branches);
ODMG [50].
26.3. -
ObjectStore
- ObjectStore.
26.3.1.
- ObjectStore /,
. ( )
, ,
. ObjectStore,
-, ObjectStore,
- . , ,
, .
, . ,
,
, ( )
. ObjectStore . 26.6. .
ObjectStore
ObjectStore :
;
;
.

ObjectStore;
:
1036
VI.
;
;
, ,
;
, ,
.

.
,
, :
;
, ;
,
/.
ObjectStore
, .
, , , , .
,
,
ObjectStore.
.
, , , , .
. 26.6. ObjectStore
26. -
1037
- , ,
. , . (
).
:
,
. , , .

,
.
:

, ;
, ,
, ( )
.
,
, ,
.
, , .
, , .

ObjectStore () .
C++
, ( 25.2.1 , OID), ,
, , .
ObjectStore .
.
, , , ,
. , --+. ,
, .
, ,
, , .
1038
VI.
ObjectStore
.
; , , . ObjectStore ,
, . ObjectStore , . ,
, ObjectStore , .

( ). ObjectStore , ,
. .
,
, ObjectStore ,
,
.
ObjectStore , .

.
26.3.2. ObjectStore
ObjeetStore ,
, C++ Java, .
, , .
C++, -
- ,
.
- ObjectStore C++, ObjectStore
C++. ( ) (. 25.3.2),
new, .
delete C++, .
, .
.
26.9 C++
ObjectStore ( ' .h 1 )
DreamHome. Branch
26. -
1039
SalesStaff (Branch Has SalesStaff SalesStaff

WorksAt Branch). ,
, , --.
:
, .
26.9. C++ ObjectStore
Dream Home
class SalesStaff;
extern os_Set<SalesStaff*> *salesStaffExtent;
extern os_database *dreamhomeDB;
enum PositionType {Manager, Supervisor, Assistant};
enum SexType {M, F};
struct Date {
int year;
int month;
int day,J
class Branch {
// Branch
char branchNo[4] ;
struct {
char* street;
string* city,
string* postcode} address;
os_relationship_m_l (Branch, Has, SalesStaff, WorksAt,
os_Set<SalesStaff*>) Has;
Branch(char b[4]) {branchNo = new(dreamhomeDB,
os_typespec::get_char(), 4) char[4]; strcpyfbranchNo, b);}
// ;
// , WorksAt
void addstaff(SalesStaff *s) {Has.insert(s);)
void removeStaff(SalesStaff *s) (Has.remove(s);}
static os typespec* get os typespec();
1
class Person {
// Person
struct {
char* fName,
char* IName} name;
}
class Staff: public Person {
// Staff,
// Person
char staffNo[5];
SexType sex;
PositionType position;
Date DOB;
float salary;
int getAge {);
void increaseSalary(float increment) {salary += increment;}
class SalesStaff: Staff {
//
// SalesStaff, Staff
os_relationship_l_m{SalesStaff, WorksAt, Branch, Has, Branch*)
WorksAt;
1040
VI.
SalesStaff(char s[S]J (staffNo = new(dreamhomeDB,

os_typespec::get_char{), 5) char[5];
strcpy(staffNo, s);
salesStaffExtent->insert(this);}
-SalesStaff() {salesStaffExtent->remove(this);}
// ;
// ,
void setBranch(Branch* b) {WorksAt. setvalue (b) ,-}
Branch* getBranch() {WorksAtgetvalue();}
static os_typespec* get_os_typespec0;
new
, ObjectStore new. 26.9 SalesStaff
Branch. , Branch :
branchNo = new(dreamhoraeDB, os_typespec::get_char(), 4) c h a r [ 4 ] ;
new :
ObjectStore (dreamhomeDB);
, get_char os_typespec
( );
.
, new . , ,
ObjectStore . ,
26.9, ; ,
Branch SalesStaff,
. , new,
:
branchNo = new c h a r [ 4 ] ;
.

( os_typespec) new.
( 26.3.3).
, char, int
Branch*. - ObjectStore .
ObjectStore
26. -
1041
.
;
os__typespec. , 26.9
Branch SalesStaff -
get__os_typespec:
static os_typespec *get_os_typespec();
ObjectStore .
ObjectStore
Branch SalesStaff -, .
ObjectStore .
, ; 26.9 : os_relationship_l_m os_relationship_m_l (
os_relationship_l_l os_relationship_ra_m).
.
() . , .
class. , .
member. .
inv_class. , , .
inv_member. , .
value_type. ; .
"" (body) , ( ). , , 26.9, :
os_rel_m_l __body(Branch, Has, SalesStaff, WorksAt};
os_rel_l_m_body(SalesStaff, WorksAt, Branch, Has);
,
addStaff removeStaff Branch
setBranch getBranch S t a f f . , . ,
addStaff , (, ) (
Has) (, si), WarksAt ( ), .. si WorksAt .
1042
VI.
ObjectStore
26.8 Staff extent,
ODMG. 26.9
SalesStaff, os_Set ObjectStore. SalesStaff
insert ,
remove .
26.3.3. ObjectStore

ObjectStore.
:
;
;
.

26.2.2,
,
.
( -)
, . ( ,
). ,
26.10.
open
os_database.
OS_BEGIN_TXN
OS_END_TXN ( txi, ).
SalesStaff create
os_Set.
(
SalesStaff, ) create_root os_database.
( os_database_root).

set_value , .
Branch, ,
SalesStaff,
SG37 SG14, addStaf f Branch.
26. -
1043
26.10. ObjectStore
os_Set<SalesStaff*> *salesStaffExtent = 0;
main() {
// ObjectStore
//
objectstore: .-initialized ; os_collection: : initialize () ;
os_typespec *WorksAtType = Branch::get_os_typespec(};
os_typespec *salesStaffExtentType =
os_Set<SalesStaff*>::get_os_typespec();
// DreamHome
os_database *dbl = os_database::open("dreamhomeDB");
//
OS_BEGIN_TXN(txl,
0, os_transaction::update)
// SalesStaff,
//
salesStaffExtent = &os_Set<SalesStaff*>::create(dbl);
dbl->create_root("salesStaffExtent_Root")->
4;>set_value( salesStaff Extent, salesStaffExtentType);
//
// , SG37 SG14
Branch* bl("B003"); SalesStaff* sl("SG37"), s2("SG14");
//
/'/ ,
//
dbl->create_root("Branch3_Root")->set_value(, WorksAtType);
bl->addStaff(si); bl->addStaff(s2);
//
OS_END_TXN{txl)
dbl->close{);
- ObjectStore
, , .
, ,
26.11.
.

. (branchNo). f ind_root get_value,
create_root set_value (. 26.10).
. Has
,
( Has 26.9 os_Set).
ObjectStore ,
.
, 1044
VI.
(
SQL, 21.1.4). , ,
, . , ,
os_Cursor
SalesStaff, Has,
aBranch->Has.
f i r s t (
), next ( ) more ( ,
).
,
.

. - ObjectStore
.

SalesStaff,
query_pick,
:
, ( SalesStaff*);
, , (
, staffNo
SG37);
,
( dbl).

. , query ,
( , 30 000
). ,
(staffNo) .

ObjectStore. ObjectStore.
26.11. ObjectStore
os_Set<SalesStaff*> *salesStaffExtent = 0,
main(} {
Branch* aBranch,
SalesStaff* p,
// ObjectStore
//
objectstore::itialize(); os_collection::itialize();
26. -
1045
os_typespec *WorksAtType = Branch get_os_typespec (};

os_typespec *salesStaffExtentType = os_Set<SalesStaff*>
get_os_typespec();
//
os_database *dbl = os_database open("dreamhomeDB"),
OS__BEGIN_TXN (txl,
0, os_transaction:: update)
// 1. Branch3
//
//
//
aBranch == (Branch*) (dbl->find_root ("Branch3_Root"} ->
^get^value{WorksAtType};
cout "Retrieval of branch B003 root" aBranch->branchNo
"\n";
// 2.
//
os_Cursor<SalesStaff*> c{aBranch ->Has);
count "Staff associated with branch B003 \n"
for (p = c.first(), c.more(), p = c.nextO)
cout <:< p->staffNo "\n",
// .
// SalesStaffExtent
//
salesStaffExtent = (os_Set<SalesStaff*>*}
{dbl->find_root("salesStaffExtent_Root") ^c>get_value {salesStaf fExtentType) ,
aSalesPerson = SalesStaf fExtent->query_jpick( "SalesStaff*",
"!strcnp(staffNo, \"SG37\")", dbl);
cout "Retrieval of specific member of sales staff "
aSalesPerson staffNo "\n",
// 4.
// (
// )
//
os_Set<SalesStaff*> &highlyPaidStaff =
seilesStaff Ext ent->query {" SalesStaf f*11,
"salary > 30000", dbl);
cout "Retrieval of highly paid staff \n";
os_Cursor<SalesStaff*> (highlyPaidStaff);,
for (p = f i r s t ( ) , more(), p = next{)}
cout p->staffNo "\n",
OS_END_TXN{txl)
dbl->close 0;
OMG (Object Management Group

) , 1989 - ,
OMG
1046
VI.
, , , .
1990 OMG "
" ( Object Management
Architecture). - , ,
;
; ;
, - .
: (Object Model ), (Object Request Broker ORB),
.
ODMG (Object Data Management Group
)
- -
. ODMG , .
, , - .
, , -
, ,
ODMG
(Object Model ),
(Object Definition Language ODL), (Object Query Language OQL), C++, Java Smalltalk.
ODMG OMG , - .
,
. . .
, . , .
,
,
(Object Definition Language ODL)
, ODMG, (Data Definition
Language DDL) . ODL
, .
(Object Query Language OQL)
, SQL. ,
, . OQL , , , . OQL
, .
26. -
1047

26.1. ODMG
.
26.2. ODMG?
26.3. ODMG?
26.4. GROUP BY
ODMG GROUP BY SQL? .
26.5. ODMG SQL? .
26.6. (OIF
Object Interchange Format) ODMG?
26.7. C++
ODMG.
26.8.
- Hotel, 25.14,
ODL ODMG, , OQL:
) ;
) , 20 ;
) , ;
) Grosvenor ;
) ,
Grosvenor,
) Grosvenor , , ;
) , Grosvenor,
guestNo, guestName guestAddress.
26.9.
26.10.
26.11.
26.12.
OQL ,
4.12.
- DreamHome, 25.15, ODL ODMG.
- University Accommodation Office, 25.16, ODL ODMG.
- EasyDriue School of Motoring,
25.17, ODL ODMG.
- Wellmeadows, 25.18, ODL ODMG.
1048
VI.
...

.
,
CADF, .
,
Postgres.
- SQL (SQL3):
;
, ;
;
;
;
(ARRAY, SET, LIST MULTISET);
SQL,
;
;
(Binary Large Object BLOB)
(Character Large Object CLOB);
.
,
.
- ,
Oracle.
- ,
.

24-26
- (). 24 ,
, ,
. 25 26 , . , ,

- , - ().
, ,
, 24.2. , ,
, .

27.1 -
() , . 27.2 ,
, ,
. 27.3
, 27.4
SQL3,
1999 . 27.5
, SQL3. 27.6
- , Oracle.
27.7, .
,
24.
DreamHome, 10.4 .
27.1. -

,
15-20 ( 50
). 25% . ,
25 26, .
( 1996 150 )
3% ( 1997 ), , World Wide Web (
28). 1050
VI.
50%,
. ,
,

, , .

- . -

. , , 24.1, . ,
, .
, ,
- , , , , ,
, ( , ), .
.
,

. , -
,
, . , , (, ) .
. (Extended Relational DBMS ERDBMS).
-
, (Object-Relational DBMS ORDBMS),
. ,
(Universal Server),
, (Universal DBMS). , .
, : Oracle, Informix IBM,
,
. . -

, . ,
50% .
,
SQL. SQL 1991 . 27. -
1051
SQL,
SQL3. SQL3
. SQL 27.4.

[292]
, . 27.1. , . , Word, WordPerfect Framemaker,
, () .
, , . , ,
.
, ,
.
, . , , ,
. 24.1. - .
, ,
. , , ODMG (. 26.2), SQL -
.
. 27.1.
1052
VI.

(. 24.2),
.
, . ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ..
,

. , .
,
, .
, . ,

. ,
. SQL3
SQL2,
, SQL3.

. ,
, ,
, . ,
, .
. , - . ,
- , - , . - , .
- ,

.
27. -
1053
, . ,
. , , SQL, .
,
, .
5 , ,
.
SQL, 1989 , -, . SQL, 1992 , 120 600 , , . , SQL3 , ,
, , , .
27.2.
, 1990 , .
. , .
,
- , , 25.5 [12].
,
(Committee for Advanced DBMS Function CADF)
(Third-Generation Database System Manifesto)
[295], , .
(Third Manifesto) [87],
[88]. .
27.2.1.
, CADF,
, .
1. .
2. .
3. , ,
.
4. ,
.
1054
VI.
5. ( ) . - .
6. , .
7. : ,
.
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. ,
,
.
.
12. , SQL "
".
13. .
27.2.2. (Third Manifesto)

"Third Manifesto" [87], [88] , , 1992 [94], , - , , , "
, , , ,
". SQL , D. , D SQL,
D.
D :
, ;
,
;
, ;
, .
, ,
,
. . 27.1.
27. -
1055
27.1. , 'Third Manifesto"

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. TUPLE
7. RELATION
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. (relvar)
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. ,
20. ,
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
1.
2.
3.
4. (NULL)
5. 1
" , ";
.
, .
1056
VI.
. 27.1
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. SQL
1.
2. ()
3. ()
4.
5.
6.
7.
1. (relvar)
2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (, " ")
6.
7.
8. { )
9. SQL

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
,
,
. ,
,
27. -
1057
. D , (AND, OR, NOT ..).

(=) TRUE ,
.
.
, ,
RELATION TUPLE.
, .
V. ,
V.
. ,
.
(relvar) . , .
(dbvar).
.
, ,
,
.

, .
. , ,
D .
" ".
/ ,
, .
:
(= #) ;
(=, *, " ", ) .
.
27.3. Postgres
-
Postgres ( Post INGRES). ,
. ,
SQL3 ( , ). Postgres ,
INGRES
, .
1058
VI.
Postgres - INGRES.
, ,
Ilfustra Illustra Information Technologies,
Informix Informix
Software Inc.
27.3.1. Postgres
Postgres
,
INGRES [294]. .
1. .
2. , ,
3. (
) .
4. .
5. , , VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration
).
6.
( , ).
Postgres :
;
"";
.

- , , , ,
.
27.3.2.
.
Postgres , int2, int4, fIoat4, floats, bool, char
date.
. (Abstract
Data Type ADT). ADT , ,
(
), , . , int4
:
DEFINE TYPE inc4 IS (Internal-Length = 4, InputProc = CharToInt4,
OutputProc = Int4ToChar, Default = " 0 " )
27. -
1059
CharToInt4 Int4ToChar , ,
define procedure. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
(Sort), , (Negator). , +, , :
DEFINE OPERATOR " + "
(int4, int4) RETURNS int4
IS (Proc = Plus, Precedence = 5, Associativity = " l e f t " )
, , Plus, +, . .

.
. , char [25]
25 .
.
procedure, Postquel, .. , Postgres.
postquel.
27.3.3.
Postgres :
|;CREATE TableNstme -. (columnWamel = type!, coltwnnWarae2 = types
j EKEYUistOfCoIumnNamesH
I {INHERITS
..-.)
, . ,
,
. . , S t a f f
Person, :
CREATE Person (fName = char [15] , INarae = char [15], sex = char/
dateOfBirth = date)
KEY(lName, dateOfBirth)
CREATE Staff ( s t a f f N o = char [5] , position = char [10] , salary =
float4,
branchNo = char [4], manager = postquel}
INHERITS I Person)
1060
VI.
Staff , Person. ()
Person. manager postquel, , Postquel. APPEND, Staff.
APPEND Staff
( s t a f f N o = "SG37", fName = "Ann", IName = "Beech",

sex = " F " , dateOfBirth = "10-Nov-60",
position = " A s s i s t a n t " , salary = 12000,
branchNo = " B 0 0 3 " , manager = "RETRIEVE ( s , . s t a f f N o )
FROM s IN S t a f f WHERE position 'Manager' AND
branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 ' ")
, manager, , Postquel, , . Postgres

manager. :
RETRIEVE
{s.staffNo,
s.IName,
s.manager.staffNo)
FROM s IN Staff
,
. , manager, ,
.
EXECUTE, , .
EXECUTE
(s.staffNo,
s.IName,
s.manager.staffNo)
FROM s IN Staff
,
. $
, . , , :
DEFINE TYPE Manager IS
RETRIEVE {staffNumber = s . s t a f f N o ) FROM s IN Staff WHERE
position = "Manager" AND branchNo = s.branchNo
.
CREATE S t a f f ( s t a f f N o = char[5], position = char[10], salary =
float4,
branchNo = char [ 4 ] , manager = Manager)
INHERITS(Person)

:
RETRIEVE
Staff
(s.staffNo,
s.IName,
s.manager.staffNumber)
FROM s IN
Postgres . Postgres ,
. . ,
, , .
27. -
1061
27.3.4.
old,
, old Postgres. old , . , old , , - . ,
, Staff.
DEFINE TYPE S t a f f ( i n C 4 ) . I S
RETRIEVE ( S t a f f . a l l ) WHERE S t a f f . o i d = $1
, , .
, Staff
. ,
.
CREATE PropertyForRent(propertyNo = char [5], street = c h a r E 2 5 j ,
city = char [15], postcode = char [ 8 ] , type = c h a r [ l ] ,
rooms = int2, rent = f l o a t 4 , ownerNo = c h a r t s ] ,
branchNo = c h a r [ 4 ] , s t a f f N o = S t a f f )
KEY(propertyNo)
staf fNo , .
:
APPEND PropertyForRent(propertyNo = "14", street = "16 Holhead",
city = "Aberdeen", postcode = "AB7 5SU", type = "H", rooms = 6,
rent = 650, ownerNo = "CO46", branchNo = " B 0 0 7 " ,
staffNo = S t a f f ( s . o i d ) }
FROM s IN Staff
WHERE s.staffNo = "SA9")
27.4. SQL3
5 6 ISO
SQL 1992 , SQL2, SQL92. SQL, ANSI (X3H2) ISO
(ISO/IEC JTC1/SC21/WG3), SQL (
SQL3), ,
- [176].
, SQL3 ;
.
SQL/Framework. SQL.
SQL/Foundation. SQL, , , , ,
, .
SQL/. API (. 21). -
1062
VI.
CLI (Call-Level Interface ), SQL Access Group X/Open.

SQL/PSM, SQL PSM (Persistent
Stored Module ), , . SQL.
SQL/Bindings. SQL, SQL, .
, ,
.
SQL/Transactions. ,
, SQL (. 23.5).
SQL/Temporal. ,
, SQL, , .
SQL/Multimedia. , , , ,
(, , , ,
- ), , .
SQL/Real-Time. , ,
, .
, .
.
( ), /.
, .
' (, , ).
(Binary
Large Object BLOB) (Character Large
Object CLOB).
.
- (. 24.3). SQL3
, , .. SQL4.
27.4.1.
(row type) / , , , 27. -
1063
, , . ,
. , .
27.1.

Branch, , .
CREATE TABLE Branch (
branchNo C H A R ( 4 ) ,
address ROW(street VARCHAR{25),
city VARCHARCL5),
postcode R O W f c i t y l d e n t i f i e r VARCHAR(4),
subPart V A R C H A R ( 4 ) ) ) ) ;
INSERT INTO Branch
1
1
VALUES ( ' B O O S , R O W C 2 2 Deer Rd' , 'London , ROW ( ' SW1' , ' 4 E H ' ) ) ) ;
27.4.2. ,
SQL3 ,
UDT (User-Defined Types),
, ADT (Abstract Data Types).
, (, CHAR, INT, FLOAT). UDT
: .
UDT SQL3 (distinct type), , . , :
CREATE TYPE OwnerNumberType AS VARCHAR(S) FINAL;
CREATE TYPE StaffNumberType AS VARCHAR{5) FINAL;

, . ,
SQL , SQL
,
.
UDT , () (
SQL4) . . UDT
,
CREATE ORDERING FOR.

. , , PersonType, fName VARCHAR. fName :
.fName
p.fName = 'A. Smith'
1064
VI.

(observer) get (imitator) set. ; , .
UDT. . ,
fName PersonType :
FUNCTION fName(p PersonType} RETURNS VARCHAR(IS)
RETURN p. fName,a , newValue, :
FUNCTION fName(p PersonType RESULT, newValue VARCHAR(IS))
RETURNS PersonType
BEGIN
p.fName = newValue;
RETURN p;
END;
-
() -.
, UDT, , , .
UDT . ,
, , . PersonType, .
CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION PersonType (fN VARCHAR{15),
IN VARCHAR(15), sx CHAR)
RETURNS PersonType
DECLARE :p PersonType;
BEGIN
NEW :p;
SET : p . f N a m e e f N ;
SET : p . l N a m e = IN;
SET :p.sex = sx;

RETURN :p;
END;
UDT
UDT . UDT, , EQUALS
ONLY BY ORDER FULL BY. ,
, .
27. -
1065
RELATIVE. , 0
, , , .
MAP.
,
UDT .
UDT .
STATE.
.
, UDT
CAST. SQL4 .
I 27.2. UDT
UDT PersonType.
CREATE TYPE PersonType AS (
dateOfBirth DATE CHECK (dateOfBirth > DATE 4900-01-01'),
fName VARCHAR(15),
IName VARCHAR(15),
sex CHAR,
FUNCTION age
(p PersonType)
RETURNS INTEGER
RETURN /*
dateOfBirth +/
END,
FUNCTION age (p PersonType RESULT, DOB DATE)
RETURNS PersonType
RETURN /* dateOfBirth */
END)
REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED
INSTANTIATE
NOT FINAL;

. (stored attribute)
.
, UDT. ,
(virtual attribute) , . age, age
( ), age
( ).2 , . UDT.
, age .
SQL
27.4.4.
1066
VI.
INSTANTIABLE , . NOT
INSTANTIABLE, , . NOT FINAL ,
, . REF
IS SYSTEM GENERATED 27.4.5.
27.4.3.
(User-Defined Routine UDR) UDT. , UDR ,
(,
). , .
SQL3 UDR UDT
, . SQL
. , C/C++,
SQL , ( 27.4.10).
SQL
CALL SQL. , (IN), (OUT)
(INOUT). , ,
SQL. , SQL , ( RESULT).
age .
,
(iterative routine), MULTISET ( 27.4.9). , SQL.
(,
ODT).
MULTISET , / ODT.
ODT,
.
,
, . ,

. ,
, .

27. -
1067
, . , .
,
" "
. , , (thumbnail) ,
.
SQL, CREATE FUNCTION EXTERNAL, ,
.
CREATE FUNCTION thumbnail(IN myImage ImageType)
EXTERNAL NAME thumbnail
RETURNS BOOLEAN
LANGUAGE
PARAMETER STYLE SQL

DETERMINISTIC
NO
SQL;
SQL thumbnail SQL

thumbnail, .

, .
SQL
, ;
, () . NO SQL , SQL. READS SQL DATA, MODIFIES SQL DATA CONTAINS SQL.
27.4.4.
, ..
, , UDT
, .
.

, .. , ,
.

.
SQL3 ,
. , .
, .
1068
VI.
27.4.5.
,
. , .
, . .
SQL3
" / ",
SQL2 REFERENCES (. 6.2.4).
SQL3 . , (
C++).
, () -
(. 24.3.3). , . ,
. , , , .
REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED CREATE TYPE , REF
, PersonType, 27.2. , ;
REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED. , . ,
.
REF;
REF IS <columnName> SYSTEM GENERATED. .

.
27.4.6.
SQL3 UDT / UNDER. , (
, ).
, ( , UDT), (. 27.3).
27. -
1069
27.3. UNDER
StaffType PersonType
:
CREATE TYPE StaffType UNDER PersonType AS (
staffNo VARCKAR(S),
1
position VARCHAR(IO) DEFAULT ' A s s i s t a n t ,
salary.
DECIMAL{7, 2 } ,
branchNo CHAR(4) ,
CREATE FUNCTION isManager (s StaffType) RETURNS BOOLEAN
BEGIN
IF s.position = 'Manager' THEN
RETURN TRUE;
ELSE
RETURN FALSE;
END IF
END)
INSTANTIABLE
NOT FINAL;
StaffTypo, ,
CREATE TYPE, PersonType
. ,
, REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED . isManager, , .
27.4.8.
. SQL3 (substitutability), , . - UDT
TYPE. , Udtl :
// , Udtl PersonType
//
TYPE Udtl IS OF {PersonType)
// , Udtl PersonType
TYPE Udtl IS OF (ONLY PersonType)
SQL3, , TJDT
, , . , UDT , , , ,
.
. ,
Person Student Employee;
Student : Undergraduate
(), Postgraduate () PartTimeStudent (),
. 27.2, . Person Student,
1070
VI.
student, , Person.
Pa r t Time Student Employee, PTStudentEmployee,
. 27.2, . - PTStudentEmployee . ,
( , ), FTUGEmployee (,
) FTPGEmployee (, ). , .
, , .
UNDER
, . , USAGE
, .
'
Person^
. 27.2. Student /Employee:

)
27. -
1071
27.4.7.
SQL2
SQL3 CREATE
TABLE, UDT. , UDT , .
CREATE TABLE, 27.4-27.6.
27.4. UDT
UDT StaffType :
CREATE TABLE Staff (
info StaffType,
PRIMARY KEY {staffNo));
:
CREATE TABLE Staff OF StaffType {
REF IS s t a f f I D SYSTEM GENERATED,
PRIMARY KEY ( s t a f f N o ) } ;
Staff , ' Staf f , info. s t a f f N o 1 ,

' Staff . s t a f f N o '.
I 27.5.
PropertyForRent
Staff .
CREATE TABLE PropertyForRent(
propertyNo PropertyNumber NOT NULL,
street Street NOT NULL,
city City NOT NULL,
postcode Postcode,
type PropertyType NOT NULL DEFAULT ' F ' ,
rooms PropertyRooms NOT NULL DEFAULT 4,
rent PropertyRent NOT NULL DEFAULT 6 0 0 ,
s t a f f I D R E F ( S t a f f T y p e ) . SCOPE Staff
REFERENCES ARE CHECKED ON DELETE CASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY (propertyNo));
6.1 PropertyForRent
Staff / .

REF (Staf fType). SCOPE
. REFERENCES ARE CHECKED , (
REFERENCES ARE NOT CHECKED). ON
1072
VI.
DELETE CASCADE , ,
SQL2. , ON UPDATE
, s t a f f ID Staff .
SQL3
UDT. , ,
. ,
SQL3, SQL
, . ,

CREATE TABLE Client (
info PersonType,
prefType CHAR,
maxRent DECIMAL(6, 2 ) ,
branchNo VARCHAR(4) NOT NULL);
PersonType : s t a f f
Client. , ,

UNDER. / UDT.
, .
27.6. UNDER

:
CREATE TABLE Manager UNDER Staff {
bonus DECIMAL(5, 2 ) ,
mgrStartDate DATE);
Manager Staff,
. Manager Staff. , Manager
Manager, S t a f f .
staff Manager.
.
Staff
Manager.
Manager S t a f f .
: "" . , INSERT, UPDATE DELETE SQL -
27. -
1073
.

. , . 27.2, , PTStudentEmployee,
Student Employee,
Person.

.

. , .
/ . ,
Student,
Person,
Undergraduate,
Postgraduate,
PartTimeStudent
PTStudentEmployee.
,
,
UNDER , . , USAGE
, .
27.4.8.
SQL3
, SQL2, ,
. (. 27.7-27.10).
27.7.
.
SELECT s.lName
FROM Staff s
WHERE s.position = 'Manager 1 ;
WHERE position position.
1074
VI,
I 27.8.
.
SELECT s.IName, s.age
FROM Staff s
WHERE s . i sManager , isManager
WHERE. TRUE, (. 27.3). , age ( )
SELECT.
....
27.9. ONLY
65 .
SELECT p.IName, p . f N a m e
FROM Person p
WHERE p.age > 65;
B , Person, ,
Person, Staff Client.
, ,
Person, .
, ONLY.
SELECT p.IName, p.fName
FROM ONLY (Person) p
WHERE p.age > 65;
_____
27.10.
, ' P G 4 ' .
SELECT p . s t a f f I D - > f N a m e AS fNaroe, p.staffID->lName AS IName
WHERE p.propertyNo = ' P G 4 ' ;
,

. (->).
SELECT , p. staff ID. , S t a f f , 27. -
1075
,
. SQL2
.
,
PG4, ,
:
SELECT D E R E F ( p . S t a f f l D ) AS Staff
WHERE p.propertyNo = ' PG4 ' ;
___
,
. SQL3 , .
. ,
SQL ,
ODMG. OID, , 26.2.2.
27.4.9.
,
.
,
. , "/".
,
.
SQL3 ARRAY,
SQL4
LIST, SET MULTISET. , , , UDT,
, UDT, . ,
, .. , , .
.
ARRAY (). ,
.
LIST (). ,
.
SET (). ,
.
MULTISET (). , .
, ODMG 3.0 (. 26.2), , Bag MULTISET
SQL. (. 27.11-27.13).
1076
VI.
SET
SET.
MULTISET
MULTISET.
MULTISET SET.
, .
LIST
LIST.
LIST
INTEGER.
LIST
LIST.
ARRAY ARRAY.
ARRAY ARRAY .
I 27.11. SET
staff,
(next of kin),
John White.
SQL3 SET,
.
Staff nextOfKin :
nextOfKin SET(PersonType)
:
SELECT n.fName, n.lName
FROM S t a f f s, TABLE (s.nextOfKin) n
WHERE s.lName = ' W h i t e ' AND s . f N a m e = ' J o h n ' ;
, FROM
s. nextOfKin.
27.12. COUNT
SET
.
SELECT s t a f f N o , fName,
FROM S t a f f ;
IName, COUNT{nextOfKin}
nextOfKin , , COUNT.
27. -
1077
27.13. ARRAY
, ,
ARRAY.
nextOfKin PersonType ARRAY(3)
27,11, , :
SELECT s.nextOfKin[1].fName, s.nextOfKin[1].IName
FROM Staff s
WHERE s. IName = ' W h i t e
AND s . f Name = ' J o h n ;
,
, SELECT
.
27.4.10.
SQL3
SQL,
( )
[177]. ()
. SQL3.
,
SQL ,
UDT, , .
DECLARE b BOOLEAN;
DECLARE staffMember StaffType;
b = staffMember.isManager;
IF ... THEN ... ELSE ... END IF, .

isManager (. 27.3).
CASE, , .
CASE lowercase(x)
WHEN ' a ' THEN SET x
WHEN ' b 1 THEN SET x
SET
WHEN ' d e f a u l t 1 THEN
END CASE;
* 1;
* 2;
= 0;
SET x 3;
(FOR, WHILE REPEAT), SQL.

.
FOR x, , AS SELECT a, b FROM Tablel WHERE searchCondition DO
1078
VI.
END FOR;
WHILE b <> TRUE DO

END WHILE;
REPEAT
UNTIL b o TRUE
END REPEAT;
CALL, ,
RETURN, SQL , SQL.

SQL4 (PSM Persistent Stored Module) , . , ,
, ,
( SQL). SIGNAL/RESIGNAL.

DECLARE ... HANDLER.
DECLARE {CONTINUE | EXIT | UNDO}
HANDLER
FOR SQLSTATE { sqlstateValue \ conditionName
SQLWARNING | NOT FOUND} handlerAct ion;
SQLEXCEPTION
SQLSTATE
;
DECLARE conditionWame CONDITION
[FOR SQLSTATE sglstateValue]
:
SIGNAL sglstateValue;
RESIGNAL sglstateValue;
, ,
. , ,
SQL. CONTINUE, , . EXIT,
. UNDO, , , , , .
27. -
1079
, , , .
27.4.11.
8.2.7, () SQL,
. SQL ,
SQL , . , ,
, . (firing),
* . :
, , , ,
;
(, ), ;
, ;
(. 23.6).
CREATE TRIGGER .
CREATE TRIGGER TriggerNaiue
:.BEFORE,-j AFTER <triggerEvent> ON <Ta.ble.Wame>
..[REFERENCING <oldOrtfewValueaAliasZiist>3
[FQR'.EACH {ROW [STATEMENT} 3
JWHEN
. (triggerCondition) 3
:h
:
'<triggerBody>
Iff-: --',
, . .
BEFORE AFTER:
BEFORE ,
AFTER .
SQL,
:
(FOR EACH ROW), ( );
(FOR EACH STATEMENT);
(
),
<oldOrNewValuesAliasList> :
(OLD/NEW OLD ROW/NEW ROW), . ;
1080
VI.
(OLD TABLE/NEW TABLE), AFTER.

, ,
.
SQL, , COMMIT
ROLLBACK;
SQL, ,
CONNECT DISCONNECT;
SQL , ,
;
SQL , SET SESSION
CHARACTERISTICS, SET ROLE, SET TIME ZONE.
, SQL3 (.. ,
,
, ).
, .

(INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) .
1. BEFORE .
2. , :
) BEFORE ;
) ;
) ;
) AFTER .
3. AFTER .
,
BEFORE , , , ,
.
, BEFORE , .
.
I 27.14. AFTER INSERT

PropertyForRent. , Mai I shot
( ),
.
CREATE TRIGGER InsertMailshotTable
AFTER INSERT ON PropertyForRent
REFERENCING NEW ROW AS pfr
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Mailshot VALUES
27. -
1081
(SELECT c.fName, c.lNaroe, c.maxRent, pfr.propertyNo, pfr.street,

p f r . c i t y , pfr.postcode, pfr.type, pfr-rooms, pfr.rent
FROM Client
WHERE c.branchNo = pfr.branchNo AND
(c.prefType = p f r . t y p e AND c.maxRent <= p f r . r e n t ) )
END;
. FOR EACH
, .. FOR EACH STATEMENT,
INSERT .
INSERT, , .
27.15. AFTER INSERT

, ,
.
CREATE TRIGGER UpdateMailshotTable
AFTER UPDATE OF rent ON PropertyForRent
REFERENCING NEW ROW AS pfr
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM Mailshot WHERE maxRent > p f r . r e n t ;
UPDATE Mailshot SET rent = p f r . r e n t
WHERE propertyNo = pfr.propertyNo;
END;

rent PropertyForRent. FOR
EACH ROW, UPDATE
: , - .
SQL: DELETE , , ,
UPDATE ,
.

. ,

. .
.
.
, .
.

. , , , ,
1082
VI.
,
,
.
.
.
. ,
,
, . .
TRIGGER
, SELECT ,
WHEN, SQL .
27.4.12.
(Large OBject LOB) ,
,
. SQL3 .
, BLOB {Binary Large OBject), .. .
, CLOB (Character Large OBject),
, NCLOB
(National Character Large OBject), .
SQL3 BLOB,
.
BLOB , BLOB .
, , , , Web-.
,
BLOB . SQL3,
,
. ,
.
(<stringl> \ <string2>),
, .
SUBSTRING (<string> FROM
<startpos> FOR <Iength>),
length, string startpos.
OBERLAY {<stringl> PLACING
<string2> FROM <startpos> FOR <length>), <stringl>
27. -
1083
<string2>. :
SUBSTRING{<stringl> FROM I FOR <lengthl>)
\ \
SUBSTRING(<stringl> FROM <startpos + length*) .
<string2>
\ \
UPPER(<string>} L O W E R ( < s t r i n g > ) , .

TRIM ( [LEADING | TRAILING BOTH
<Stringl>
FROM]
<string2>] <string2>t
(LEADING) (TRAILING), (BOTH)
<stringl>. FROM, <string2>
.
CHAR_LENGTH (<string>),
.
POSITION (<stringl> IN <string2>),
< s t ringl >
<string2>.
CLOB ,
LIKE
,
(=) (<>). -
,
CLOB, , GROUP BY, ORDER BY,
, ,
(UNION, INTERSECT EXCEPT).
BLOB . BLOB
. BLOB,
, ,
BLOB.
BLOB.
BLOB.
BLOB.
BLOB.
, BLOB
BLOB LENGTH POSITION, LIKE.
27.16.
staff .
ALTER TABLE Staff
ADD COLUMN resume CLOB{50K);
ALTER TABLE Staff
ADD COLUMN picture BLOB(12M);
Staff : resume,
CLOB 50 , picture, BLOB
12 .
( ) , .. , G
. ,
.
1084
VI.
27.4.13.
24.2 ,
. SQL3
, ,
(linear recursion). , 24.2, Staff, 24.2; ,
. , , , SQL3:
WITH RECURSIVE
AllManagers ( s t a f f N o , managerStaffNo) AS
(SELECT s t a f f N o , managerStaffNo
FROM S t a f f
UNION
SELECT i n . s t a f f N o , out.managerStaffNo
FROM AllManagers in. Staff out
WHERE in.managerStaffNo = out.staffNo}
SELECT * FROM AllManagers
ORDER BY StaffNo, managerStaffNo;

AllManagers {staffNo managerStaf fNo), , .
UNION ,
, , .
, UNION
ALL, .
27.4.14. SQL3 OQL

26.2.4 OQL, ODMG. SQL3,
, , . , . , ,
( ), . ,
2 ODMG.
ODMG 1.2 OQL SELECT SQL, (NULL). ,
OQL , . SQL
. -, SQL3 ,
. ,
,
, . -, SQL3
27. -
1085
(, , ODMG)
, ODMG. SQL3
, , ,
.
( ) SQL OQL; , SQL2.
27.5.
SQL, . , 24.2. , SQL3 ,
,
, .

, SQL3. , .
27.17.
, ' '.
, :
CREATE FUNCTION f l a t T y p e s ( ) RETURNS SET(PropertyForRent)
SELECT * FROM PropertyForRent WHERE type = ' F l a t ' ;
,
.
SELECT propertyNo, street,
FROM TABLE { f l a t T y p e s { ) }
WHERE branchNo = ' 1 , -
c i t y , postcode
, :
1. SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode
FROM TABLE (SELECT * FROM PropertyForRent WHERE type = ' F l a t ' )
WHERE branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 ' ;
2. SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode
WHERE type = ' F l a t ' AND branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 ' ;
1086
VI.
, , PropertyForRent -
branchNo, branchNo
(. 20.4).
,
.
, SQL.
, .
, ?
. ,
ADT ,
. , Illustra,
Informix, () .
().
( ) , (). ,
, .
().

+ * ( * ;.},
- ( * <
>).
, . , . , ,
.
27.18.
,
'Ann Beech'.
FROM PropertyForRent p, Staff s

WHERE p . s t a f f N o = s . s t a f f N o AND
p.nearPrimarySchool(p.postcode) < 2 . 0 1AND p . c i t y = 'Glasgow' AND
s.fName = 'Ann' AND s.IName = ' B e e c h ;
, nearPrimarySchool,

(, , , ). (. 20.3), ,
. 27.3, .
,
, /
, . 27.3, . 27. -
1087
. n ai P Mm af ySc h g al Ip. [i ostco d n) 2.0

A p.city 'Glasgow'
CT
. I Name-'Ann' >.INn*''Beechi' CTp.ne>rPrimarySehool(p.po*lco(le)..2 0

i
p.dty-'Giasgow'
CT
i.f
Name-'Ann1
*.IN ame-'Beech'
)
Op.rvtarPrlmarySchooI(p. poMeode | : 2 0
p.ctty= Glasgow"
6)
"p.nearPrtmarySchoollp.poKcodeliJ.D
.INme-'AnnVm.lHame-'BeeclV
<V city'Glasgow'
Puc. 27.3. 27.18: ) ; )

; )
Staff; ) PropertyForRent
. nearPrimarySchool
, Staff
staff No , .
- ,
( ),
. 27.3, . , (nearPrimarySchool () < 2 . 0 AND city =
1
Glasgow') , .. , - , ,
(city = 'Glasgow')
{nearPrimarySchool () < 2 . 0 ) ,
. 27.3, .
-"""---"-"""
1088
. VI.
27.18
nearPrimarySchool , .
, , . , Illustra SQL:
CREATE INDEX nearPrimarySchoolIndex
ON PropertyForRent USING B-tree (nearPrimarySchool(postcode));
PropertyForRent
postcode
nearPrimarySchool .
PropertyForRent
.
Illustra

.
, .
,
, ( , , ).
,
.

, . ,
, . ,
. ,
, SQL JavaScript. ,
, SQL3 , C/C++, . ,
; (IPC). ,
, .
27.5.1.
27.18 , , ( ).
( ). (-Tree) ,
27. -
1089
, , . , .
, .
, - , .
[114].
K-D-B [260].
R- (region trees), -
[147].
[226].
D-, .

.
,
,
. , ,
, ,
, , .

, , . , (Generalized Search Tree GiST) ,
[155].
27.6. -
Oracle
8.2 Oracle,
, ,
PL/SQL, ,
. , Oracle
- , SQL3.
Oracle.
27.6.1. ,
Oracle
(. 8.2.3), , :
;
.
1090
V!.

, , , , , ,
,
SQL3. , Address, staff
Branch :
CREATE TYPE AddressType AS OBJECT (
street VARCHAR2(25) ,
city VARCHAR2(15),
postcode V A R C H A R 2 ( 8 ) } ;
CREATE TYPE StaffType AS OBJECT (
StaffNo VARCHAR2(5) ,
fName VARCHAR2(15) ,
IName V A R C H A R 2 ( 1 5 ) ,
position VARCHAR2(10) ,
sex CHAR,
DOB DATE,
salary DECIMAL(7, 2J ,
MAP MEMBER FUNCTION age RETURN INTEGER,

PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES{age, WNDS, WNPS, RNPS));
CREATE TYPE BranchType AS OBJECT (
branchNo V A R C H A R 2 ( 4 ) ,
address AddressType,
MAP MEMBER FUNCTION getbranchNo RETURN V A R C H A R 2 ( 4 ) ,
PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES(getbranchNo, WNDS, WNPS,RNDS, R N P S ) ) ;
()
Branch:
CREATE TABLE Branch OF BranchType (branchNo PRIMARY K E Y ) ;
Branch branchNo address

( AddressType). Branch BranchType. PRAGMA , - / / . WNDS "
", WNPS " ", RNDS " ", a RNPS "
".
- Oracle .
-, . - , SELF, . ,
, object .method ( ) ; method object. 27. -
1091
BranchType getbranchNo, .
,
SELF.
,
typename.method().
.
Oracle .
Oracle
.
BranchType,
branchNo. .
. , . , -1,
( ), 0, , 1, .
, , . , Oracle

. ,
, :
NULL ,
;
,
;
, Oracle ,
( NULL).
PL/SQL, Java ; , , . -,
BranchType Staf fType, :
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY BranchType AS
MAP MEMBER FUNCTION getbranchNo RETURN V A R C H A R 2 ( 4 ) ,IS
BEGIN
RETURN branchNo;
END;
END;
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BODY StaffType AS
MAP MEMBER FUNCTION age RETURN INTEGER IS
var NUMBER;
BEGIN
1092
Vf.
var := TRUNC{MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,
RETURN var;
END;
END;
DOB)/12);
- getbranchNo , branchNo, ()
. . SQL3,
CREATE TYPE. , ,
, :
SELECT;
WHERE;
ORDER BY GROUP BY;
VALUES INSERT;
SET UPDATE.
Oracle , , CREATE OPERATOR. ,
, ,
.
SQL .
-
-,
. - , ,
, , .
, BranchType :
BranchType('', AddressType('163 Main S t ' , 'Glasgow 1 , 'Gil 9 Q X ' } ) ;
, AddressType ( ' 163 Main S t ' ,
'Glasgow', 'Gil 9 Q X ' ) AddressType.

(OID object identifier), , . OID
. Oracle
. , .
OID ,

. , ,
, (row object), a
,
, (column object).
27. -
1093
Oracle ,
. , OID
;
CREATE TABLE OBJECT IDENTIFIER PRIMARY KEY
OBJECT IDENTIFIER SYSTEM GENERATED (
). , OID
Branch :
CREATE TABLE Branch OF BranchType
OBJECT IDENTIFIER PRIMARY KEY;
(branchNo PRIMARY KEY)
REF
Oracle REF,
.
REF . REF , , . REF . REF
. Oracle REF .
SQL3, REF
, ; SCOPE.
, , REF, , , SQL Oracle IS DANGLING, REF . Oracle DEREF, , REF. ,
, ,
BranchType :
CREATE TYPE BranchType AS OBJECT (
branchNo V A R C H A R 2 ( 4 ) ,
address AddressType,
manager REF StaffType,
MAP MEMBER FUNCTION getbranchNo RETURN V A R C H A R 2 ( 4 ) ,
PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES{getbranchNo, WNDS, WNPS, RNDS, R N P S ) } j
REF StaffType. .

Oracle :
.
1094
VI.

,
. , , .
, . ,
, Oracle, :
CREATE TYPE TelNoArrayType AS VARRAY(3) OF VARCHAR2(13);
,
, :
;
;
PL/SQL, .
, BranchType :
phoneList TelNoArrayType,
, , ,
, . ,
Oracle BLOB.

, .
.
,
,
. ,
:
CREATE TYPE NextOfKinType AS OBJECT (
fName VARCHAR2(15),
IName VARCHAR2(15),
telNo VARCHAR2(13) };
CREATE TYPE NextOfKinNestedType AS TABLE OF NextOfKinType;
StaffType :
nextOfKin NextOfKinNestedType,

CREATE TABLE Staff OF StaffType (
PRIMARY KEY staffNo)
OBJECT IDENTIFIER PRIMARY KEY
NESTED TABLE nextOfKin STORE AS NextOfKinStorageTable {
(PRIMARY KEY{Nested_Table_Id, IName, telNo))
ORGANIZATION INDEX COMPRESS)
RETURN AS LOCATOR;
27. -
1095
, ,
DDL .
Nested_Table_Id,
. Staff
Nested_Table__Id, ,
S t a f f , Nested_Table_Id.
, nextOfKin
NextOfKinStorageTable. STORE AS ,
- (ORGANIZATION INDEX),
, .
COMPRESS, Nested_Table_ld,
,
.
Nested_Table_Id
:
(iName, telNo)
.
, .
Oracle . , ,
Oracle. , , Oracle .
, Oracle ,
, . RETURN AS LOCATOR ,
. , VALUE, , , ,
.
.
,
.
,
,
, .
Oracle
, ( ), -
1096
VI.
, ,
.
, ,
27.6.2.
. , . , s t a f f :
INSERT INTO S t a f f VALUES ( ' S G 3 7 ' , ' A n n ' , ' B e e c h 1 , ' A s s i s t a n t ' , ' F 1 ,
1
l O - N o v - 1 9 6 0 ' , 12000, NextOfKinNestedType());
INSERT INTO S t a f f VALUES ( ' S G 5 ' , ' S u s a n ' , ' B r a n d ' , 'Manager', ' F 1 ,
' 3 - J u n - 1 9 4 0 ' , 24000, N e x t O f K i n N e s t e d T y p e ( ) ) ;
NextOf KinNestedType () -
nextOfKin.
:
INSERT INTO TABLE (SELECT s . n e x t O f K i n
FROM S t a f f s
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = ' S G 5 ' )
VALUES ( ' J o h n 1 , ' B r a n d ' , ' 0 1 4 1 - 8 4 8 - 2 0 0 0 ' ) ;
TABLE
;
nextOfKin Staff,
staffNo, SG5. Branch :
INSERT INTO Branch
SELECT ' B 0 0 3 ' , AddressType('163 Main S t ' , ' G l a s g o w ' , 'Gil 9 Q X } ,
R E F ( s ) , TelNoArrayType('0141-339-2178', ' 0 1 4 1 - 3 3 9 - 4 4 3 9 ' ]
FROM S t a f f s
WHERE s . s t a f f N o = ' S G 5 ' ;
:
INSERT INTO Branch VALUES ( ' B 0 0 3 ' , AddressType('163 Main S t ' , ' G l a s g o w ' ,
'Gil 9 Q X ' } , (SELECT R E F ( s ) FROM Staff s WHERE s . s t a f f N o ^ ' S G 5 ' ) ,
TelNoArrayType('0141-339-2178', '0141-339-4439'));

Oracle

SELECT b.branchNo
FROM Branch b
ORDER BY VALUE(b);
getbranchNo, BranchType, 27. -
1097
branchNo. :
SELECT b.branchNo, b.address, DEREF{b.manager), b.phoneList
FROM Branch b
1
WHERE b.address.city = 'Glasgow
ORDER BY VALUE{b);
, DEREF. branchNo, , (
StaffType) .
:
SELECT b.branchNo, b.manager.staffNo, .*
FROM Branch b, TABLE(b.manager.nextOfKin) n
1
WHERE b.branchNo = ' B 0 0 3 ;
,
. ( )
TABLE. , b. manager, staff No . staf f No,
= DEREF(b.manager).
27.6.3.
3.4 6.4. , ,
.

. , Staff,

. Oracle ,
, , .
, -
.
, , ,
27.6.1,
DreamHome:
Branch (branchNo, street, city, postcode, mgrStaffNo)
S t a f f [ s t a f f N o , fName, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary, branchNo)
NextOfKin ( s t a f f N o , fName, IName, telNo)
-
:
1098
VI.
CREATE VIEW S t a f f V i e w WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER
(staffNo)
AS
SELECT s.staffNo, s.fName, s.IName, s.sex, s.position, s.DOE,

s.salary,
CAST (MULTISET (SELECT n.fName, n.lName, n.telNo
FROM NextOfKin n WHERE n.staffNo = s.staffNo}
AS NextOfKinNestedType) AS nextOfKin
FROM Staff s;
CREATE VIEW BranchView WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER (branchNo} AS
SELECT b.branchNo, AddressType(b.street, b . c i t y , b.postcode) AS ,
address,
MAKE_REF(StaffView, b.mgrStaffNo) AS manager,
CAST (MULTISET (SELECT telNo FROM Telephone t
WHERE t.branchNo = b.branchNo) AS TelNoArrayType) AS
FROM Branch b;
phoneList
CAST/MULTISET SELECT, ( , ). MULTISET

, , , CAST . ,
REF ,
, MAKE_REF.
WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER ,
. .
. , WITH OBJECT IDENTIFIER DEFAULT. B

.
27.6.4.
Oracle , .
CREATE TYPE.
.
CREATE ANY TYPE.
.
ALTER ANY TYPE. .
DROP ANY TYPE. .
EXECUTE ANY TYPE.
.
, EXECUTE
, ,
.
27. -
1099
27.7.

- -
: (. 27.2),
(. 27.3) (. 27.4). ,
SQL3/SQL4.
27.2.
(OID)
REF
(

)
(

)
,
-

(,
)
27.3.

ODMG 3.0

REF
1100
VI.
27.4.

ACID-

. ,
. , "", / ,
.
, , . ,
. - , , ,
"".
, , .
SQL3 ,
( UDT), ( UDR), , , , (ARRAY), , SQL
, (BLOB) (
CLOB), .
,
, , .
,
.

- ( ).
.
27. -
1101
- , , - R-
( ). .
27.1.
27.2.
27.3.
27.4.
27.5.

?
?
SQL?
?
,
, .
27.6.
. - , .
?
27.7. Hotel, 3. , , SQL3. , .
27.8. SQL3 SQL3, 5.7-5.28.
27.9. , ,
.
27.10. 27.7 , 22, - .
27.11. - DreamHome,
. . , ,
, SQL3.
27.12. - University
Accommodation Office, .
.
27.13. - EasyDrive
School of Motoring, .
.
1102
VI.
27.14.
-
Wellmeadows, . .
27.15. , DreamHome
. -
,
.

- ,
DreamHome. ,

DreamHome.
27. -
1103
Web-
XML

OLAP
1107
1173
1263
1289
WEB-
...
Internet, Web, HTTP, HTML URL.

- "/",
World Wide Web
.
Web:
] 1 JavaScript VBScript;
Ccmmon Gateway Interface (CGI);
cookie- HTTP;
' iYeb-;
Java, JDBC, SQLJ,
Java (JSP);
Microsoft Web Solution Platform: Active Server

Pages (ASP) *: Active Data Objects (ADO);
Oracle Internet Platform.
( 15
1989 ) World Wide Web (
Web) , , . ,
, . World Wide Web .
Web (data-centric)
. Web
. Web , .
,
Web
,
Web.
, Internet ( Web)
, ,
. Internet / ,

.
Web- ,
. Web- , Web- . ,
, .
,
.
,
Web- ,
. HTML- ( 28.2.2)
, . Web
,
Web.
Web , .

Web
.
,
, ,
,

28.1 28.2
Internet Web. 28.3 Web .
28.4-28.10
Web.
DreamHome,
10.4 .

3.
1108
VII.
28.1. Internet Web

Internet. 1.
Internet , , , , Internet,
Internet (Internet Service Provider ISP). Internet (e-mail), , , .
1960- 1970-
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency NETwork) , , (, ).
1982 ARPANET
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol). TCP , IP (IP-),
Internet. TCP/IP Internet,
TCP/IP: FTP (File Transfer Protocol
), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
), Telnet (Telecommunication network ), DNS
(Domain Name Service ), POP (Post Office Protocol ) ..

,

(National Science Foundation NSF). 1986 NSFNET
(National Science Foundation NETwork), , .
NSF Internet. 1995 NSFNET
Internet, . Internet ,
, , , ..
Internet , ,
(Information Superhighway).
, ,
.
1993 - (1
Gore),
, Internet. Road Ahead
(Bill Gates), Microsoft, 28. Web-
1109

, Internet
[125].
Internet NSF . Internet ,
, . 1990- , .
Archie, Gopher, Veronica
WAIS (Wide Area Information Service).
, . , World Wide Web .
ARPANET,
Internet , 1997
1
100 .
270 100 , 2001
390 . , 2003 640 .
, Internet 2,5 ,
7,5 .
,
2003
550 .
28.1.1.
. Web- , .
Web-
Internet, , . Internet (. 18.5.2), Internet
. ,

Web-,
Web-, .
Internet, , .
Internet World Wide Web, , FTP, Gopher Telnet.
1110
VII.
. , .
, ,
.
; , .
.

. , (Electronic
Data Exchange EDI)
/. , (Just-In-Time JIT)
,
. EDI
.
,
(Value-Added
Network VAN), , Internet.
EDI
. EDI : , .
, , Internet: Web-, ,
Internet . ,
. , Federal Express ,
.
, ,
Web,
, , . , , .
, Internet.
28.1.2.
, Internet (electronic commerce)
(electronic business). ,
. Cisco Systems,
28. Web-
1111
, Internet, .
1.

, Internet
.
.
2. Web-
Web-,
, .
Web- , .
3.
. ,
Web- .
Web- , Web-
.
,
, 18.5.7. , 24 ,
,
, .
4.
. Internet
^ .
Internet . , ,
Web. , , , , .
5.
Internet.
, ,
.
VII.
, ,
.
Forrester Research Group,
(Business-To-Business 2)
99% 2003 1,3
. , , 2003 3,2 5% .
, , 34
350-500 2002 ,
.
28.2. Web
World Wide Web. , -"
Internet .
World Wide Web ( Web)
" " , Internet [25], [26]. Web Web-, , , , - . , Web-
Web-, ,
.
Web
, ,
. ,
.
Web : Gopher, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), NNTP (Network News Transfer
Protocol) Telnet ( ).
Web ,
, , (
), . Web , HTTP- Apache,
IIS (Internet Information Server) Microsoft, Netscape Enterprise Server,
WebLogic Server NCSA HTTPd, Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator NCSA Mosaic.
Web ,
HTML (HyperText Markup Language ), . ,
Web- , HTTP (HyperText
Transfer Protocol ). , URL (Uniform
Resource Locator ).
Web . 28.1.
HTTP, HTML URL .
28. Web-
1113
HTTP
TCP/IP
HTTP
TCP/IP
. 28.1. Web
28.2.1. HTTP
HTTP. , Web- Internet.
HTTP .
, -

[25]. Web /0.9. 1995
/1.0
RFC 19452, [28]. (/1.1) .
HTTP -, HTTP .
. Web-.
. Web- .
. Web- (, HTML-).
. Web- .
2
Request for Comments, RFC, ,

. Internet
RFC-, Internet.
RFC .
1114
VII.
HTTP ; ,
. ,
Web- . , , (,
), , Web-
.
,
. HTTP
, "" . , ,
. HTTP
, Web- , , Web- , , .
Web, .
Internet
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Internet)
ASCII, , .
,
MIME Web ,
. MIME "/", , ,
. , GIF image/gif. ( ) . 28.1.
HTTP
HTTP , , HTTP; , . . HTTP.
GET. ,
( get) ,
.
POST. ,
( post) . HTML, ,
Internet
.
28. Web-
1115
28.1. MIME
MIME
MIME
text
html
HTML (*. htm, *. html)
plain
ASCII (* .txt)
image
video
application
Joint Photographic Experts Group (* . jpg)
gif
Graphics Interchange Format{* .gif)
x-bitmap
Microsoft bitmap (* .bmp)
x-msvideo
Microsoft Audio Video Interleave (* .avi)
quicktitne
Apple QuickTime Movie (* .mov)
rnpeg
Moving Picture Experts Group (* .mpeg)
postscript
Postscript (* .ps)
pdf
Adobe Acrobat (* . pdf)
Java
Java (* .class)
HEAD. GET,
HTTP, .
PUT ( /1.1). ,
DELETE ( HTTP/1.1). ,
OPTIONS ( HTTP/1.1). .
HTTP
HTTP ,
HTTP, , , . .
28.2.2. HTML
HTML. , -,
I Web-.
HTML , Web.
HTML , .
,
[27]. HTML (Tim Berners-Lee) CERN, 1995 IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force Internet) RFC 1866.
HTML 2. 1116
VII.
, W3C3 (World Wide Web Consortium)

HTML 4.01,
, , [308].
2000 W3C XHTML 1.0 (extensible
HyperText Markup Language ),
HTML 4 XML (extensible Markup
Language ) [312]. XML
.
HTML Web : , , , ,
..
HTML SGML (Standardized
Generalized Markup Language ), .. [169].
HTML . 28.1
HTML-, . 28.2
. HTML- HREF, .
, ,
.
28.1. Web- HTML
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design,

Implementation and Management
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BACKGROUND^1 sky. jpg">

cH2>
</H2>
>
Thank you for visiting the Home Page of our database text book.
From this page you can view online a selection of chapters from
the book. Academics can also access the Instructor's Guide, but
this requires the specification of a user name and password,
which must f i r s t be obtained from Addison Wesley Longman. <BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="http://cis .paisley. ac .uk/conn-ciO/book/toc.html">
Table of Content s<BRx/A><A HREF=
"htrp;//ci s.paisley.ac.uk/ conn- ciO/book/chapterl . html">
3
W3C ,
Web.
28. Web-
1117
Chapter 1 Introduction<BRx/AxA HREF=

"http: //Gis.paisley.ac.uk/conn-ciO/book/Ghapter2.html">
Chapter 2 Database Environment<BRx/A><A HREF=
"http: //cis.paisley.ac.uk/conn-cio/book/chapter3, html ">
Chapter 3 The Relational Data Model</A>
<A HREF=
"http ://cis. paisley. ac.uk/conn- ciO/book/ig. html ">
Instructor's Guide</A>
If you have any comments, we would be more than happy to hear
from you*
<IMG SRC="net.gif" HEIGHT="34" WIDTH="52" ALIGN=" CENTER" >
<A HREF="mailto:conn-ciopaisley.ac.uk">EMail</A> <IMG SRC
"fax.gif" HEIGHT="34" WIDTH="43" ALIGN="CENTER ll xA>Fax:
0141-848-3542</A>
</BODY>
:/HTML>

Thank you For visiting Sie Home Page of our databwe text book From this page you ci view orfme a
selection of chapters from fee bodfc. Academics can also access be Instructor's Guide, but tine require:
tliE spcciacaiion. of a user name and password.:which must first be obtained &oiu Adcfcs on Wesley
If you have any comments, we irou^d be more than happy to hear from you.
. 2..2. Internet Explorer, HTML- (. 28.1);
1118
VII.
28.2.3. URL-
URL-. - ,
I Internet, .
URL- (Uniform Resource Locator) ( ) Internet. URI URN. URI
(Uniform Resource Identifiers
) /,
Internet. URN (Uniform Resource Name ) Internet,
, . URN
,
, [287].
, URL- Internet, , .
HTTP-
Web.
URL- : , , , . ,
URL- , ( HTTP- 80),
,
(, CGI).
URL- .
<> : //<:> [: <:>] /_ [?]
<> ,
. HTTP, S ( HTTP), f i l e (..
), FTP, mailto (..
), Gopher, NNTP Telnet. , URL-.
http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
HTML. HTTP, Internet W W W . W 3 .org,
HTML /MarkUp/MarkUp. html. URL 28.5.
28.2.4. Web-
HTML, , Web-, .. , . , Web . Web- ,
Web-.
28. Web-
1119
,
. , ,

.
. ,
Web- Web- (, ),

.
(, ),
.
,
HTML- . ,
HTML, , - (, ).
, ,
, ,
, Web- , Web-.
Web-
28.4-28.10.
28.3. Web

Web ,
. , Web, , .
, Web,
28.3.1. ,
Web
Web, ,
- .
,
Web.
. ,
. .
1120
VII.
.
, ,
, .
, Web-.
, , .
, , :
Web-;
DCOM COM ((Distributed) Common Object Model)
Microsoft;
CORBA (Internet Inter-Object Protocol );
Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI).
, ,
, .
, HTTP.
.
.
.
, , .
28.3.2. Web
2.6.3 "/"
, "/". ,
Web.
"/"
: , ,
. , .
, , "/". "/" . ,
( 1),
, , ( 2),
(. 28.3).
.
28. Web-
1121

( - ),
. , , - ,
.

.

. 28.3. "/"

"/". 1990-
.
,
.
"" , , , .

.
1995
"/", .
, .
1. , ().
1122
VII.
2. .
, ,
3. , ,
.
, .
. 28.4, , , ,
, "" . ,
(Local Area Network LAN) (Wide Area Network WAN) . , .
- . .
"" ,
,

, , .

,
"/".

.
II II ^
. 28.4.
28. Web-
1123
,
.
.
, Web,
"" , Web- - .
,
. , ,
Web-, .
28.3.3.
Web
Web, ,

. ,
. .

Web . 28.2.

, Web-
,
. ,
, " " (World Wide Web)
-
. 1 (. . 1.8). Web. ,
28.2. ,
Web

'
1124
VII.
,
HTML, HTML- , . , HTML
,
.

HTML , ,
.
, HTML- . HTML , , .

Web , Web- ( ) . ,
HTML/Java ,
. ,
( ) . , ,
Microsoft Netscape, , .

. , , ,
SQL (. 21). . ,
(Graphic User Interface GUI)
. , , , -. , ,
, ,
( ) . ,
.

HTML , , HTML, , , 28. Web-
1125
, , Internet
.
HTML, . , , ,
,
.

.

. , , , .

Web
, URL-. Web-.
, , .

"/" "" ,
, . , Web , .

, Web
, .

, .
, . , .

Web Internet

.
"/"
.
Web . 28.3.
1126
VII.
28.3. ,
Web

HTML

Internet
. Internet (, ,
- ). ,

, . Internet , . ,

, Internet.
, ,
, .

, ,
Web. -
. ( Web . 18.5.)

,
Web- Internet ,
. ,
Forrester Research, Web-
300 000 3 400 000 , ,
. ,
50-200% .
Web-, . 20% , 24% , 28. Web-
1127
56% Web-. ,
Web.
Web-.

Web- . , . Web-,
. HTTP
,
.
.
HTML
HTML
, , Web . 28.4,
Web- , JavaScript VBScript, ActiveX Java. . ,
.
w,

28.2.1,
Web
,
.

Ethernet
10 /, ATM
2500 /.
Internet 1,544 /.
Internet ,
(
).

Web-
.
VII.
. , ,
. , HTML-
; JavaScript
VBScript , HTML ; Java
-, ,
. .
,
.

Web
, . Intertnet , .
Internet ,
.
Web ,
,
. , , .
,
. 22, , 25, , Web ,
, Web. , , .
. - (, HTML
).
(, Web ). ,
Web.
28.3.4. Web
World Wide Web.
, JavaScript VBScript.
CGI (Common Gateway Interface ) , ,
.
Cookie- HTTP.
Web-: Netscape Server API (NSAPI) Internet
Information Server API (ISAPI) Microsoft.
28. Web-
1129
Java, JDBC, SQLJ, Java (JSP).

Web Solution Platform Microsoft ASP
(Active Server Pages) ADO (ActiveX Data Objects).
Internet Platform Oracle.
,
.
. Web , . , Web.
,
, WAIS [182], ,
AlataVista, Excite, Lycos Yahoo, .
28.4.
Web- , . , HTML ,
. .
HTML-,
. Web- .
, HTML.
. ,
, .
HTML ; HTML- ,
.
, Web-.
Java,
28.8. ,
, : JavaScript, VBScript, PERL PHP.
, ""
. , ,
.
1130
VII.
28.4.1. JavaScript JScript

JavaScript Netscape JScript Microsoft . . JScript JavaScript.

HTML.
, ,
. , , , .
JavaScript - , .
Netscape Sun, Web Netscape. , HTML- , ,
, . Web- , , .
JavaScript Java ( 28.8),

. Java , , JavaScript
, , . JavaScript Java ,
JavaScript
Java. JavaScript
(plug-in). . 28.4 JavaScript Java.
JavaScript 3.1,
3. JavaScript 28.7.1.
28.4.2. VBScript
VBScript
Microsoft, JavaScript/JScript.
VBScript , Visual
Basic, Java.
HTML. JavaScript JScript, .
VBScript ,
. Visual
Basic, . Visual
Basic Microsoft Office (
Word, Access, Excel PowerPoint). , .. Visual Basic

28. Web-
1131
28.4. JavaScript
Java
JavaScript
Java
( )

.
,
,
-.

HTML
HTML
( HTML-)

( )

( )
. .

Visual Basic . ,"

Visual Basic Visual Basic Control
(VBX) ActiveX.
VBX ,
Visual Basic.
.
OLE Controls (OCX), ActiveX. ,
VBScript Visual Basic, , Microsoft
Internet . Visual
Basic VBScript ,
VBScript .
28.4.3. Perl
Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language)
. Perl sed, awk
sh UNIX,
UNIX. Perl
, ,

.
,
, -
, . Perl UNIX, VII.
,
Perl Windows { ActivePerl). Perl 3.3.
PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor ) , HTML. Web-, HTTP- Apache Internet
Information Server Microsoft,
Web- Linux.
, Perl, , Java Active Server Pages ( 28.9.2). , . , Web
. ,
,
, , XML.
, HTTP- Apache,
mySQL PostgreSQL.
PostgreSQL 3
3.2.
28.5. Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

CGI. Web- ;f
CGt;,
. URL
, ( ).
,
, MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions),
28.2.1. , , ,
, , ( )
.
Web- , , . ,
. , URL ,
. , URL
( ), , .
CGI Web-
[215]. CGI ,
CGI. , CGI
, ,
28. Web-
1133
,
. . 28.5 CGI, Web-, ,
HTML, .
. 28.5. CGI
, , , .. , , .. (STDIN).
(STDOUT). , MIME, . CGI , ,
. , , UNIX PHP, Java, , Forth . Windows DOS ,
Visual Basic, C/C++, Delphi ActivePerl.
CGI
, .
1134
VII.
CGI
.
1. CGI, . , CGI HTML.
2. Web- CGI.
3. , CGI .
4. .
5. , STDIN.
6. STDOUT MIME,
, .
7. STDOUT .
8. .
CGI
,
HTML, . , . , .
CGI
, ,
(. 28.2.1).
28.5.1.
CGI
CGI :
;
;
;
.
.
CGI " ",
.
28. Web-
1135

CGI HTML
< ISINDEX>,
<HEAD> HTML.
Web- , , . , CGI HTML <ISINDEX>,
.

CGI .
CGI. ,
CGI,
QUERY_STRING.
QUERY_STRING , HTML
GET (. 28.2.1). ,
HTML. , HTML,
HTML 28.2, . 28.6,
LOGON URL, ( ,
Password "TMCPASS").
http://www.dreair.home.co.uk/cgi-bin quote.pl?symboll=Thomas+Connolly
^&symbol2=TMCPASS
QUERY_STRING
:
symboll=Thomas+Connolly&symbol2TMCPASS
28.2. HTML
<FORM METHOD="GET" ACTION="http://WWW.dreamhome..uk/cgi-bin/
^quote.pl">
Name:<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="symboll" SIZE=15xBR>
Password:<INPUT TYPE="password" NAME="symbol 11 SIZE = 8xHR>
<INPUT T Y P E = " s u b m i t " Value="LOGON">
<INPUT T Y P E = " r e s e t " Value="CLEAR"><FORM>
"-"
(&), . , (,
""). CGI QUERY_STRING . 3.3
3 , CGI
Perl.
1136
VII.
DreajtsHome Estate Agents Logon Page

Kane;
jThomns Connolly
Password: F"^
Puc. 28,6. HTML

(, 28.2)
28.5.2. CGI
CGI ,
Web- .
, ,
Web- . Web CGI Web- , . CGI , Web-,
. , , CGI .
,
Web-, . Web- ,
, . Web- Web-
HTML. , ,
.

CGI, , , , HTTP.
, CGI,
, ,
. CGI ,

, .
28. Web-
1137
HTTP
, . , ,
CGI .
CGI :
HTML- ;
, ,
.
,
. .
, , ,
. Web,
Web-, .
,
CGI. Web- ,
.
,
, , .
, CGI .
,
, CGI. ,
CGI, (, system grep). ,
, ,
.
//
rm - f r
//
mail hacker@hacker.com </etc/passwd
, , .
28.6. Cookie- HTTP

CGI cookie-. Cookie-
,
. , cookie-, 1138
VII.
HTTP.
cookie-, Web- Web-. ,
, cookie-
HTTP. Web- ,
cookie- Web- .
Web- cookie-,
.
cookie- . cookie- ,
cookie- . , cookie-, ,
.
cookie- , , .
, ,
cookie- . cookie- cookie-, , , .
, , , , .
Cookie-
. , , ,
, cookie- , cookie-
. Cookie- :
Set-CooKie: NAME=VALUE; expires=DATE; path=PATH;
[domain=DOMAIN_NAME; secure]
cookie- UNIX, 28.3 (
). , cookie-,
cookie-, .
28.7. Web-
CGI ,
, , .
, CGI .
.
28. Web-
1139
28.3. UNIX,
cookie-
$!/bin/sh
echo "Content -type: text/html"
echo "Set-cookie: UserID=conn-ciO; expires = Friday 30-Apr-Ol
^12:00:00 GMT"
echo "Set-cookie: Password=guest,- expires = Friday 30-Apr-Ol

"^12:00:00 GMT"
echo ""
, , CGI,
, (Inter-Process
Communication IPC).
, .

(Application Programming Interface API), . ,
CGI (non-CGI gateways). API:
Netscape Server API (NSAPI) Microsoft Internet Information Server API (ISAPI).

CGI, API-

. ,
- .
,
.
CGI
.
Web- Web- "" ,
, .
Web-,
, , Web-.
-, ,
Web- ( ).
, CGI.

Web- , , , .
. API- 1140
VII.
, CGI, , API
, API- CGI.
Web- , ,
. API . API- , , , Web-.
, API- , .
. Web- CGI,
CGI - Web-. API-
Web- . ,
API- Web-
. API-
Netscape JavaScript.
28.7.1. API- Netscape

LiveWire Pro Netscape
JavaScript, NSAPI (Netscape Server API API-
Netscape). JavaScript LiveWire Pro,
Netscape. JavaScript
CGI. JavaScript , , :
/ ;
, SQL;
SQL;
, , ;
(Binary Large OBjects BLOB)
, .
API-, 28.4
JavaScript,

DreamHome.
database .
connect. .
(Oracle, Sybase, Informix, ODBC),
, , .
connection. .
28. Web-
1141
cursor. SQL ( , 21.1.4). SQL, , .

disconnect. .
28.4. JavaScript,
,
API- Netscape
// ,
//
database.connect(ORACLE, my_server, auser_name, auser_password,
dreamhome_dbname)
if (i database.connected{))
write("Error connecting to database")
else{
// ;
// ,
myCursor = database.cursor("SELECT * FROM Staff", TRUE)
//
//
while (myCursor.next()) {
myCursor.salary = myCursor.salary * 1.05
myCursor.updateRow( Staff)
1
// -
database.disconnect()
: next ( ) , ;
insertRow ; updateRow/deleteRow / . ,
,
. , 28.4 myCursor,
myCursor.salary.
28.7.2. CGI API

CGI API Web-. CGI , Web-, .. CGI , , CGI .
,
, ( Web- , ), . , CGI
1142
VII.
, Web-.
API-
. API- , , , Web- .
, API- , Web , , ,
. API-
Web-, ,
CGI. Web- .
, Web- HTTP,
API-,
, ,
HTTP .
, API-
, Web-, CGI,

. API-
, CGI, .
28.8. Java
Java , Sun Microsystems.
. Java , Internet
Web. Java Web.
Java . Java [132] -
, , , Web () (). Java,
C++
. Java , -, , , , , , , , [298].
Java
Java , , Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) [8]. Java , " ".
Java . 28.7, Java
.Java .class, -, -
. -
.
JVM - Java 28. Web-
1143

-!
Java
. 28.7. Java
, . Java JVM, Java

.
Java, .
Class Loader,
- .class
.
. - Java.
, Java "" C++. ,
" " , . , Java , ,
C/C++. Java:
Java no Internet. Java,
(sandbox). , ""
, . Java . 18.5.8.
1144
VII.
Java 2
1990- Sun -
Java (JDK
Java Development Kit), . Sun
JDK Internet. JDK 1.0 1996 , JDK 1.1, , 1997 . Sun
Java (Java Platform for the Enterprise
JPE), Java, API- Enterprise Java. JPE .
. ,
. .
JPE . , , JPE, a API-, JPE, , .
1999 Sun , , Java .
J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition).
. J2ME

API-, ,
.
J2SE (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition).
. J2SE
Java 2 ( JDK 1.2).
J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition).
, , .
J2EE ,
. J2EE3 , Sun Microsystems
, J2EE, IBM, Oracle BEA Systems.
J2EE
Java Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB).
J2EE ,
" ",
. J2EE:
JDBC Java Server Pages ( Java).
, J2EE, . 28.8. ,
,
28. Web-
1145
HTML, Java, Java CORBA. HTML Web-,

Java Java ( Java ). CORBA
CORBA , ,
CORBA/. JNDI (Java
Naming and Directory Interface Java)
. RMI/IIOP (Java Remote Method Invocation over Internet Inter-ORB
Protocol Java ) Java. , JMS (Java Message Service
Java).
Java < JSP)
RMI/IIOP
Bean-
Bean-
()
. 28.8, J2EE
1146
VII.
EJB (Enterprise JavaBeana bean- Java ) , . EJB .

Bean- EJB. , .
, bean- ,
,
. Bean- , ,
() .
Bean- EJB.
, . bean , bean-
(
), . Bean-
.
Bean- , bean (Bean-Managed Persistence BMP).

bean-
API-, JDBC SQLJ ( )
Java (. 25.3.1).
,
, bean-,

- ,
TOPLink
ObjectPeople Java Blend Sun.

Bean- ,
(Container-Managed Persistence CMP). - .

JDBC, SQLJ JSP (Java Server Pages).
28.8.1. JDBC
JDBC4, , Java [152]. ODBC (Open Database Connectivity
), 21.3, JDBC API ,
SQL .
JDBC Java
. JDBC
API- . API , JDBC,
* , JDBC , Java
D&tabase Connectivity, JDBC .
28. Web-
1147
SQL Java. SQL Java

. SQL SQL Java
SQL. SQL
Java/SQL Java JDBC.
Oracle, IBM Sun
SQLJ, .
Java.
"-"
,
.
Java,
SQL .
, , , Java
.
Java Blend
Sun.
JDBC API : API-,
, API, . ODBC (. 28.9) JDBC API
Java (. 28.10). .
1. JDBC-ODBC.
1996 Sun Intersolv.
JDBC ODBC.
ODBC JDBC
. , ODBC ( )
, ,
Internet .
-
JDBC ODBC,

.
Java, , ODBC.
,
ODBC .
2. JDBC, Java.
JDBC API .

. , Internet,
1148
VII.
. 28.9, JDBC ODBC
,
.
JDBC-ODBC.
3. Java JDBC
.
JDBC ,
. . JDBC. ,
, . Internet 28. Web-
1149
. 28.10. JDBC
Java
(, ),
Web. -
JDBC .
,
,
. .
4. Java JDBC . JDBC , .
, .
Internet .
Java,
.
1150
VII.
.
, , -
.
ODBC ,
,
.
.
JDBC, Java, .
( )
Internet ,
, (
. 18.5.8).
-
, , (. 28.3).
, JDBC, Java, . 3.4
JDBC.
SQL

SQL, , , , . ,

. ,
. JDBC
API SQL.
JDBC API
.
, SQL,
.
SQL,
SQL,
. , JDBC ODBC. JDBC
SQL. , ,
.
JDBC
SQL . DatabaseMetaData,
.
28. Web-
1151
Java Sun "JDBC COMPLIANT" ( JDBC)

JDBC, .
, ANSI SQL2. JDBC API .
28.8.2. SQLJ
, JDBC, Java SQL. (Oracle, IBM Tandem)
Java SQL, SQLJ [234]. ISO/ANSI SQL, , Fortran,
COBOL, ADA, Mumps, Pascal PL/1 (. 21).
SQLJ ,
Java SQL,
. SQLJ SQLJ
Java,
. SQLJ .5.
28.8.3.
JDBC SQLJ
SQLJ
SQL, JDBC SQL
. SQLJ
, , ,
. ,

, . JDBC,
SQL, SQL .
JDBC
, ,
Java . JDBC , Java.
Java Java (.
24.4). Java . :
(
);
,
;
1152
VII.
, , , ,
.

,
ODBC.
28.S.4. Java
, Web Java Web-,
CGI, 28.5.
CGI, .
. CGI
. , (lightweight thread), JVM. , , CGI ( ,
, , ) ,
CGI. CGI.
. Java , " ", Java. , CGI Web-.
. Java , - . Java Java
, API-, Java, JDBC,
, , CORBA,
RMI Enterprise JavaBeans.
. CGI
cookie- ( ) .
cookie- ""
CGI ,
.
, ,
Web- ( destroy). / ,
. Session, ,
,
28. Web-
1153
- .
, . -,
-, .
. , Java Java
,
.
Java (Java Servlet
Development Kit JSDK) javax. servlet javax. servlet .http,
.
, , , [39], [150] [328].
28.8.5. Java
Java (Java Server Pages JSP)
, Java,
Web-, HTML
HTML.

Web- (, FrontPage
Microsoft Dreamweaver Macromedia), HTML . JSP Web-, HTTP- Apache Internet
Information Server Microsoft (
WebSphere IBM, JRun LiveSoftware ServletExec
New Atlanta). JSP Java Web- Java.
, HTML, JSP.
. (
scriptlet) Java,
.
. JSP
.
().
, ( bean Java). , JSP
JSP XML.
JSP ,
jsp:bean ( bean- Java), j s p : setProperty ( bean-) j sp igetProperty ( bean-,
' out').
1154
VII.
JSP JSP, Java HTML Java, Java,

- Java.
JSP, . , JSP,
, . JSP ,
. JSP, JSP, JSP ,
, .
JSP 3.6.
Java Server Pages , ,
, [39], [150] [159]. JSP
ASP (Active Server Pages ) Microsoft
28.9.4.
28.9. Microsoft Web Solution Platform

Web Solution Platform Microsoft, Windows DNA (Distributed interNet Applications Architecture ),
Web.
.NET Microsoft,

Internet, " , , ,
".
Web Solution Platform , , Windows 2000,
Exchange Server BizTalk Server, Visual Studio,
HTML/XML, (JScript, VBScript ),
(Java ActiveX). , Microsoft,
OLE, COM DCOM.
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)

Windows Microsoft ,
(clipboard). 1980- Microsoft DDE
(Dynamic Data Exchange)
.
, 1991 , Object
Linking and Embedding (OLE) 1.0.
OLE -
.
28. Web-
1155
, , OLE ,
. OLE , , ,
, .
.

, , . OLE Microsoft Access . 17.
Component Object Model (COM)

Microsoft OLE, ( ) . (component
objects), .. , .
Component Object Model (COM) , ,
,
Dynamic Link Library (DLL).
, ,
. , .
, , .. ,
, . 1993
OLE 2.O.
Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)

COM , ,
.
Microsoft Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM). DCOM
COM ,
. DCOM
. DCOM ,
28.3.2.
Web Solution Platform

Microsoft +, , .
, 1156
VII.
. + Microsoft, Internet. Web Solution Platform " , , , ". ,

, Web-, , ,
, , , , , ( ) .
,
, ASP (Active Server
Pages) ADO (ActiveX Data Objects). , Microsoft, ,
.
28.9.1.
ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity
) Microsoft
, SQL (. 21.3).
ODBC
SQL. ( )
: , SQL, . "/"
. ODBC ,
.
. , Microsoft Access Visual C++ Data
Access Objects (DAO), (Database), (TableDef), (QueryDef),
(Recordset), , .. DAO
Access Microsoft, JET, ,
Microsoft Access ODBC.
Microsoft, Visual FoxPro
SQL Server, DAO
Access Microsoft
Remote Data Object (RDO),- Visual Basic 4.0
Enterprise Edition.
Microsoft OLE DB (Object Linking and Embedding for Databases), OLE . OLE DB
,
, , ,
(. 28.11). OLE DB
- C++ API. 28. Web-
1157
. 28.11. OLE DB
, , .
OLE DB,
OLE DB.
28.9.2. Active Server Pages (ASP) Active Data

Objects (ADO)
Active Server Pages (ASP)
Active Server Pages (ASP) , Web- Web, Java (JavaServer Pages JSP),
.
, ,
, ,
. Web Internet Information Server (IIS) 3.0 Microsoft
ActiveX, ASP . VBScript (
ASP ) JScript.
ASP . 28.12.
1158
VII.
Internet

. 28.12. ASP
ASP CGI, , .
CGI, ASP , ,

. , ,
.asp :
;
HTML, ( >);
, <%
%>.
ASP ,
.asp Web-. Web-
ASP, , ,
HTML- . HTML ,
ASP.
Active Data Objects (ADO)

Active Data Objects (ADO) ASP, Web- Internet Information Server (IIS)
Microsoft . ADO
(
):
;
,
;
( );
;
28. Web-
1159
;
, .
ADO OLE DB.
ADO OLE-,
, , ADO RDO
, , . ADO , , .
ASP ADO 3.7.
28.9.3. Remote Data Services (RDS)

(Remote Data Services
RDS), Advanced Data Connector,
Microsoft Internet. RDS ADO
, . RDS
Web-. , RDS , Web-.
RDS
, , ADO, . , ADO , a RDS
.
RDS ActiveX,
Internet Explorer 5
RDS.DataControl. Web DataControl.
, DataFactory. DataFactory ADO
( DataControl),
. , DataControl :
<OBJECT CLASSID^"clsid:BD96C556-65A3-llDO-9a3A-OOC04FC29E33"
ID="ADC">
<PARAM NAME="SQL" VALUE="SELECT * FROM Staff ">
<PARAM NAME="Connect" VALUED"DSN=DreamHomeDB;">
<PARAM NAME="Server" VALUE="http://www.dreamhome..uk/">
</OBJECT>
Internet Explorer
DataControl, ADC,
1160
VII.
.
. ,
DataControl
Staff HTML :
<TABLE DATASRC="#ADC" border=l>
<TRxTDxSPAN DATAFLD= "Staf fNo" ></SPANx/TDx/TR>
</TABLE>
DataControl HTML , TABLE,

, , , .
SPAN,
, staffNo ,
DataControl, S t a f f .
28.9.4.
ASP JSP
28.8.5 Java
(JavaServer Pages JSP), ASP.
, CGI,
Web-.
, .
. JSP
" ",
Java. JSP Web- Java,
. , ASP , Windows Microsoft.
Java
, , .
.
Web- , JSP JSP. ,
. .
. JSP (bean-
Java, bean- EJB ) . ,
EJB
28. Web-
1161
, (,
UNIX Windows).
. JSP
Java
Java , JSP ASP.
28.9.5. Microsoft Access Web-

7 8 Microsoft Access
2000. , Web. Microsoft
Access 2000 -, HTML- , , , .
.
HTML. , , , HTML- ()
,.
HTML, .

Web-
HTML , HTML,
. , .
ASP.
. asp
Web-, ,
, URL Web-,
ASP.
,
. Web-,
. Access, ,
, .
Access,
.
DHTML (Dynamic HTML) HTML, Web-. ASP,
Access - Design
(); , Access. Internet
Explorer 5.0 ,
.
1162
VII.
28.9.6. ASP ADO

.NET Microsoft,
, Internet,
" , , ,
".
,
Web- , , .
, , . ASP.NET
ADO.NET, .
ASP,NET (Active Server Pages ASP), .
.
,
, . , , . ,
, . .
, , , , .
Web Web-, ,
.
Web , ,
, ,
, . , Web , .
,
HTML . , , ,
, .
.
,

. 28. Web-
1163
.
ADO.NET ActiveX Data Objects,
,
.
ADO.NET , : (
ADO) ( , , RDS, ).
, RDS, ( , ).
,
. ADO.NET
XML, , XML.
28.10. Oracle Internet Platform

, Oracle Web ,
Microsoft. Oracle Internet Platform,
Oracle Internet Application Server (iAS) Oracle,
. ,
, .
HTTP HTML/XML Web.
CORBA, OMG (Object Management Group ) (. 26.1.2).

(Internet Inter-Object Protocol ) RMI (Remote Method
Invocation ). , HTTP,
,
TCP/IP, HTTP,

,
Java,
EJB (Enterprise JavaEeans bean- Java ), JDBC SQLJ, Java Java
(JavaServer Pages JSP), 28.8. Java (Java Messaging
Service JMS), Java (Java
Naming and Directory Interface JNDI)
Java (. 8.2.6).
1164
VII.
28.10.1. Oracle Internet Application

Server (/AS)
Oracle Internet Application Server (iAS) , ,
,
. ,
. 28.13. iAS .
Standard Edition Web- .
Enterprise Edition Web- ,
.
Wireless Edition , Enterprise Edition,
Oracle Portal-to-Go, .
Oracle
HTTP
Oracle

Apache
Oracle iFS

Oracle XML
Oracle
Oracle LDAP

Oracle Enterprise Manager
Oracle Advanced Security
. 28.13. Oracle Internet Application Server (iAS)
28. Web-
1165
, iAS. Oracle iAS [240].

,
iAS. Oracle HTTP
Server,
iAS. Oracle HTTP Server HTTP Apache , Web-.
Oracle Universal Application
Server,
Apache, ,
, , ,
,
. HTTP- Apache
, , ;
, Apache JServ.
HTTP- Oracle
HTTP- Apache. Oracle
,
Oracle, .
mod_s s 1, S-HTTP

Oracle
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer ),
18.5.6.
mod_plsql. PL/SQL Oracle
PL/SQL, PL/SQL.
mod_perl. Perl Perl,
, ,
.
mod_j serv.
Apache JServ.
mod_ose. URL- Java PL/SQL
,
Oracle (Oracle Servlet Engine OSE), Oracle.
cookie URL-, OSE
OSE SQL*Net.
1166
VII.

, .
Oracle BC4J (Business Components for Java
Java). , Java XML, , , .
,
, , SQL,
Java (JSP) "" Java Swing. iAS bean-
EJB, CORBA.
Oracle JVM. Java,
bean Java (Enterprise JavaBean EJB), CORBA . Oracle JVM
Java Java iAS Oracle.

- .
Oracle PLSQL. , Oracle Cache Oracle.
Oracle PLSQL , PL/SQL, Oracle.
HTML-, , , ASP JSP.
Oracle Forms. Internet , Oracle
Forms, .

, JSP, Perl/CGI, PL/SQL, .
Apache JServ. Java. HTTP-
mod_jserv, ,
, Apache JServ.
Oracle JSP. JSP Sun,
, SQLJ, JML (JSP Markup Language JSP), (National Language
Support NLS) ,
Oracle PSP (PL/SQL Server Pages PL/SQL). , JSP,
PL/SQL, Java.
28. Web-
1167
PSP HTML XML.

PSP ,
HTML XML.
PL/SQL,
Web-, . PL/SQL
3.8.
Perl.
Perl, Oracle HTTP Server, .
Oracle HTTP Server Perl
modjperl, Perl
.

Oracle Database Cache ,
, Oracle,
. Oracle Database Cache
, JSP, EJB CORBA
Oracle JVM. Oracle Web Cache
, TJRL-,
,
URL- Web-. , ,
, Oracle Web Cache HTTP, .

, , , , , Microsoft Windows FTP. , ,
, .
Oracle Oracle Internet
File System (iFS). iFS
,
Microsoft Windows, , FTP . ,
, .
Oracle Portal
Oracle Portal ,
. Web,
Web-. , Oracle Portal
, Web1168
VII.
, , , , Internet .
, Oracle Portal-to-Go ,
. Portal-to-Go ,
Web-, Java XML.
.
( Portal-to-Go XML),
. Portal-to-Go XML (Document Type Definition DTD) XML, Oracle Portal-to-Go.
XML DTD .
,
Oracle Reports Internet
, Oracle Reports Developer.
Oracle
,
iAS, , . .
Oracle XML Developer's Kit (XDK).
Web- XML.
Oracle DB Client Developer's Kit.
Oracle Java:
Oracle Java Messaging Service (JMS), Oracle SQLJ Oracle JDBC.
Oracle LDAP Developer's Kit. , OID (Oracle Internet Directory
Internet Oracle). LDAP,
,
.
Internet
. World Wide Web , Internet.
, Web, , HTML (HyperText Markup Language
), .
28. Web-
1169
Web- HTTP (Hypertext

Transfer Protocol ).
Web "/"
,
(),
( ) ( ),
.
Web
, ,
, , , , , . ,
, , , , HTML, ,
, .
JavaScript VBScript Web-.
, HTML.
, , .
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Web- CGI. CGI Web.
,
Web-, . ,
CGI , Web- .
CGI
Web- Netscape
Server API (NSAPI) Microsoft Internet Information Server API (ISAPI).
API-
. , .
Java , -, , ,, , , , , ,
Sun Microsystems. Java
-,
Java Virtual Machine. Java
, ODBC, , JDBC SQLJ.
Active Server Pages , HTML ,
Active Data Objects (ADO),
, ODBC.
170
VII.
Oracle Internet Platform,

Oracle Internet Application Server (IAS) Oracle, . ,
,
HTTP HTML/XML Web,
CORBA OMG (Internet Inter-Object Protocol )
, RMI (Remote Method
Invocation
), Java, EJB (Enterprise
JavaBeans bean- Java ), JDBC
SQLJ ,
Java Java (JavaServer Pages JSP).
JMS (Java Messaging Service
Java), JNDI (Java Naming and
Directory Interface Java)
Java.
28.1.
28.2.
28.3.
28.4.
28.5.
28.6.
28.7.
:
) Internet, , ;
) World Wide Web;
) HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP);
r) HyperText Markup Language (HTML);
) Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
"/"
"/".
Web?
Web ?
CGI

Web.
cookie-
.
JDBC and SQLJ?
ASP JSP?
28.8. Web,
.
, 28.4-28.10.
28.9. , Web- . , 18.5.
28.10. Web,
, DreamHome.
28. Web-
1171
28.11. , 28.10, .
282. Web- , DreamHome.
28.13. 28.10 28.12 Wellmeadows.
28.14. Web- , 5.7-5.28.
28.15. Web-
:
W3C http://www.w3.org;
Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com;
Oracle http://www.oracle.com;
Informix http://www.informix.com;
IBM http: //www. ibm. com;
.Sybase h t t p : / / w w w . sybase.com;
Sun (Java) http://java.sun.com;
Gemstone http://www.gemstone.com;
Objectivity http://www.objectivity.com;
ObjectStore http://www.odi.com;
Poet http://www.poet.com;
Apache http://www.apache.org;
mySQL http ://www.mysql. com;
PostgreSQL http://www.postgresql.com;
Perl http: //www.perl .com;
PHP http://www.php.net.
28.16. , DreamHome DreamHome no Internet. ,
,
.
DreamHome.
1172
VII.

1_
...
.
(Object
Exchange Model OEM),
.
Lore Lorel.
XML.
XML.
(Document Type
Definitions DTD)
XML.
(Document Object Model DOM)
OEM.
XML: Namespaces, XSL
XSLT, XPath, XPointer, XLink XHTML.
DTD
XML Schema W3C.
RDF
RDF Schema.
W3C Query Language.
XML 1.0 W3C (World Wide Web
Consortium) 1998 ,
XML .
, ,
, ,
, .
EDI (Electronic Data Interchange )
. , XML Internet, .
, Web, , , XML. ,
, XML, ; , ,
,
,
- . XML, a

. , XML, ,
, XML.

29.1 , (Object Exchange Model OEM).
Lore, , Lorel. 29.2 XML
,
Web. 29.3 XML, Namespaces,
XSL, XPath, XPointer XLink.
XML Schema
XML RDF (Resource Description Framework
) . 29.4
W3C XML. ,
, DreamHome, 10.4 .
29.1.
, ' , .
,
, , . , - ,
(schema-less) (self-describing).
, , ,
.
, , . , ,
, , ,
. - ,
, (1174
VII.
) . , , .
. .

, Web,
, .
,
,
, .
XML (extensible Markup Language ) Web
, XML .
,
,
. ,
, . ,
.
, , .
I 29.1.
, 29.1, ,
DreamHome.
, . 29.1.
( 22 Deer Rd), (John White
Ann Beech) ,
( , , 2 Manor Rd 18 Dale Rd);
. , , :
John White ,
Ann Beech ,
;
, 2 Manor Rd,
, ,
18 Dale Rd, ;
2 Manor Rd (flat) , 16 Dale Rd (house)
.
29. 1_
1175
29.1 .
DreamHome
DreamHome (&1)
Branch (&2)
street (&7) "22 Deer Rd"
Manager &3
Staff (&3)
name ( &8 )
fName (&17) "John"
IName (8) "White
ManagerOf &2
Staff (&4)
name (&9) "Ann Beech"
salary (&10) 12000
Oversees &5
Oversees &6
PropertyForRent ( &5 )
street (&11) "2 Manor Rd"
type (2) "Flat"
monthlyRent
()
375
OverseenBy &4
PropertyForRent ( &6 )
Street (&14) "18 Dale Rd"
type (&15) 1
annualRent
( 6 )
7200
OverseenBy &4
DreamHome
Branch
name/
street
IName
John'
"Ann
Beech"
\salary street/type
12000
"Flat"
\monthlyRentstreet
375
'1 Dale Rd"
type\ annualRent
720C
Manor Rd'
"White"
. 29.1. , 29.1
VII.
29.1.1. (OEM)
(Object Exchange Model OEM).
,
TSIMMIS (The Stanford-IBM Manager of Multiple
Information Sources) ,
[246]. OEM
.
, ( . 29.1).
OEM
(, &7), (street), ()
("22 Deer Rd"). . (
). , . .
, , . OEM
OEM. OEM .
.
(label) , ( , OEM, ); ,
. . ,
(, DreamHome , &1).
OEM {label, old, type,
value). , , Staff
( &4), name salary, name ( &9),
"Ann Beech", salary ( &1Q),
12000.
(Staff,
&4, ,
{&9,
&10}}
(name, &9, , "Ann Beech"}

{salary, &10, , 12000}
OEM , ,
.
29.1.2. Lore Lorel

. , - .
,
, Lore (Lightweight
Object REpository ), [216]. Lore
, XML , ,
29. XML
1177
(OEM) Lore
1
XML.
Lore ,
, ,
( XML) . Lore , .
Lore Lorel (Lore language
Lore);
(Object Query Language), 26.2.4 [1].
Lorel :
,
;
,
, ;
, ;
, ;
, .
Lorel ,
( ),
. (path expression) (La. L 2 . . . Ln), . ,
. 29.1 DreatnHome .PropertyForRent (&5, }. ,
DreamHome. PropertyFarRent. street , {"2 Manor Rd", "18 Dale Rd 11 }.
Lorel , : "|" , "?" , , "+" ,
, ***** , . ,
DreamHome. {Branch | PropertyForRent.) .street , DreamHome, Branch
PropertyForRent, street. ,
. Lorel . "%"
, "#" (%)*. , DreamHome .#. street , DreamHome
street; . 1
Lore XML [129].
1178
VII.
grep UNIX.
, :
DreamHome.#. (name | name,11 [fF]Name")
, DreamHome name, name,
fName, .
Lorel ,
SQL, Lorel :
SELECT a FROM WHERE p
, , b , ,
,
. , FROM , ,
FROM. Lorel , 29.1.
I 29.2. Lore!
. , Ann Beech.
SELECT s.Oversees
FROM DreamHome.Staff s
WHERE s.name = "Ann Beech"
FROM &3 &4.
WHERE &4.
SELECT ,
Answer
PropertyForRent &5
street &11 "2 Manor Rd"
type &12 "Flat"
monthlyRent 375
OverseenBy &4
PropertyForRent &6
street &14 "13 Dale Rd"
type 5 1
annualRent &16 7200
OverseenBy &4
Answer. Answer , .
- , FROM.
. , .
SELECT DreamHome.PropertyForRent
WHERE DreamHome,PropertyForRent.annualRent
29. XML
1179
FROM
annualRent (DreamHome. PropertyForRent. annualRent).
:
Answer
PropertyForRent &6
street &14 "16 Dale Rd"
type &15 1
annualRent &16 7200
OverseenBy &4
. ,
.
SELECT DreamHome.Staff.Name
WHERE DreamHome.Staff SATISFIES
2 <= COUNT (SELECT DrearaHome.Staff
WHERE DreamHome.Staff.Oversees)
Lorel SQL (COUNT, SUM,
MIN, MAX, AVG)
SELECT, WHERE.
COUNT WHERE. :
Answer
name &9 "Ann Beech"
DataGuide
1
. , . , , , .
Lore DataGuide ,
[130], [131]. DataGuide
:

DataGuide ;
, QataGuide,
;
DataGuide OEM ( XML),
1
, .
DataGuide, , . 29.1,
. 29.2. ,
.
DataGuide . , , . 29.1 Staff .Oversees. annualRent, VII.
&19, &21 &22 DataGuide,

. 29.2. ,
1 DataGuide &0,
, &0
, 1 . , . 29.2 , Branch, &20.
, DataGuide , ,
, I.
DataGuide, . 29.3.
29.1 , street
number name. &26
. 29.3, , , : Branch, street PropertyForRent. street. , &2, . 29.3, , :
. ,
DataGuide, DataGuide. :
DataGuide, ,
() DataGuide
( 2),
, . , . 29.3, ,
DataGuide, . 29.3, .
DataGuide
, . 29.4.1
, Lore Lorel XML.
Dream Home
Branch
street
. 29,2- DataGuide, , . 29.1
29. 1_
1181
DreamHome
Dream Home
PropertyForRent
PropertyForRent
Branch
street
street
number
number
a)
n)
. 29.8. DataGuide: ) DataGuide, ; ) DataGuide
29.2. XML
,
Web, HTML. ,
HTML , . ,
, . , HTML ,
,
HTML
. ,
HTML, . , , Web HTML.
HTML
W3C XML (extensible Markup Language ). , HTML
, [313].
F XML. ( ), ,
| ; HTML
XML SGML (Standard
Generalized Markup Language );
Web. XML -
1182
VII.
, , HTML. , XML
, ,
HTML .
SGML
, [169].
SGML ,

.
; , . (Document Type Definition DTD). SGML

, ,
.
,
.
XML ,
. , XML
SGML: , . XML SGML, , SGML, XML ( ).
XML SGML.
HTML, SGML
. XML HTML Web . XML
,
, .. . , XML, MathML
(Mathematics Markup Language ), SMIL
(Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language ) CML (Chemistry Markup
Language ).
XML
( , XML 1.0
W3C 1998 ),
, , , . ,
XML ,
. XML , ,
Oracle, Informix Sybase.
XML
EDI (Electronic
Data Interchange ), .
29. 1_
1183
, XML
Internet, .
XML XML. XML, XML.
XML
XML Web
. 29.1.
29.1. XML
;

,

. XML , 50 .
, ,
.
; . XML .
SGML, ISO. XML (ISO 10646), Unicode, , , .
. HTML, XML ; .
. XML XML .
.
XML (, ). . , ,
184
VII.
, , , . ,
, Java,
, " ". XML , "
", , ,
XML , .
. XML ( ) ;
.
. . XML
. ,
,
,
.
,
. XML ,
,
. , XML
, , - .
.
, HTML, . XML .
. -,
XML , .
29.2.1. XML
XML , 29.2, .
29.2. XML,

<?xml version= " 1 . 0 " encoding= "UTF-8" standalone= "yes"?>
<?xml:stylesheet type = "text/xsl" href = " s t a f f _ l i s t . x s l " ? >
<;DOCTYPE STAFFLIST SYSTEM "staff_iist.dtd">

<STAFFLIST>
<STAFF branchNo = "B005">
29. XML
1185
<STAFFNO>SL2K/STAFFNO>
<>
<FNAME>John</FNAME><LNAME>White</LNAME>
</NAME>
<POSITION>Manager</POSITION>
<DOB>l-Oct-45</DOB>
<SALARY>3 </SALARY>
</STAFF>
<STAFF branchNo = "B003">
<STAFFNO>SG37</STAFFNO>
<KAME>
<FNAME>Ann</FMAMExLNAME>Beech</LNAME>
</NAME>
<POSITION>Assistant</POSITION>
<SALARY>12000</SALARY>
</STAFF>
:/STAFFLIST>
XML
XML XML,
XML, (1.0), (UTF-8 Unicode), a
,
(standalone = 'yes' , ). XML,
29.2, DTD,
.
XML, , .
,
(). XML
, <STAFFLIST>. (, <STAFF>) (, </STAFF>). XML , <STAFF>
< s t a f f > ( , HTML ).
,
, <EMPTYELEMENT />.
, 29.2:
<STAFF>
<NAME>
<FNAME>John</FNAMExLNAME>White</LNAME>
</NAME>
</STAFF>
NAME STAFF,
FNAME LNAME NAME.
1186
VII.

"-", .
, . ,
, , branchNo STAFF:
<STAFF branchNo = " 0 0 5 " >
, STAFF. ,
:
<SEX gender = "M"/>

,
. , :
?

, :
;
Unicode
(, , );

. , (<) .
,
, XML It,
<.
,
XML .
(&) (;), <.
 , "--".

XML,
XML .
29. XML
1187
CDATA
CDATA XML ,
.

. <? pidata?>,
name .
, XML , , , , .
, 29.1, , ,
XML . ,
XML FNAME LNAME
:
<FNAME>John</FNAME>
<LNAME>White</LNAME>
</NAME> .
<LNAME>White</LNAME>
<FNAME>John</FNAME>
</NAME>
, XML ,
XML :
<NAME FNAME = "John" LNAME * " W h i t e " / >
<NAME LNAME = "White" FNAME = "John"/>
29.2.2. (DTD)
: DTD. [.
:;>:.
..
..
'
. .'.' ; - '
(Document Type Definition DTD)

XML. , , , , , ,
, .. , ,
(vocabulary). , , EBNF (Extended Backus Naur Form
-), XML. DTD ,
, .
, 29.3 DTD XML, 29.2.
DTD ,
XML, DTD
, :
, , .
1188
VII.

, XML. , 29.3
( )
STAFFLIST:
<'ELEMENT
STAFFLIST
(STAFF)*>
29.3. ,
29.2
<\ELEMENT
<1ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<<ELEMENT
<IELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<!ELEMENT
<1ATTLIST
STAFFLIST (STAFF)*>
STAFF (NAME, POSITION, DOB?, SALARY)>
NAME (FNAME, LNAME}>
FNAME (#PCDATA)>
LNAME (#PCDATA)>
POSITION (ftPCDATA)>
DOB (#PCDATA)>
SALARY {#PCDATA)>
STAFF branchNo CDATA ft!MPLIED>
, STAFFLIST STAFF,
. :
(*) ,
;
"" (+) , ;
(?) ,
, .
, , . , , , .
, STAFF :
<'ELEMENT STAFF (NAME, POSITION, DOB?, SALARY)>
, STAFF NAME POSITION, DOB SALARY

. FNAME, LNAME, POSITION, DOB SALARY , .
XML . ft PCDATA, .
, ,
#PCDATA ( , ).
29. XML
1189

, , ,
, ,, : ,
. .
CDATA. , . , , XML .
ID. ,
. ID ,
ID, , .
IDREF IDREFS. , ID
. IDREFS IDREF, .
ENTITY ENTITIES, , . ENTITIES
ENTITY, .
NMTOKEN NMTOKENS. , , . NMTOKENS
NMTOKEN, .
. , (
, ).
, branchNo STAFF:
< LATTLIST STAFF branchNo CDATA #IMPLIED>
, branchNo
(CDATA character data) (ÎMPLIED), a
. ÎMPLIED, #REQUIRED, , .
, . ,
, ,
ttFIXED. , SEX
gender (), ( ),
F, :
<!ATTLIST SEX gender ( | F } "">

, , DTD , . ,
1190
VII.
XML . ,
"DreamHome Estate Agents" :
<1ENTITY DH "DreamHome Estate Agents">
. ,
,
, , :
<!ENTITY dreamHomeLogo SYSTEM "dreamhome.jpg" NDATA JPEGFormat>
<!NOTATION JPEGFormat SYSTEM " h t t p : / / w w w . j p e g . o r g " >
NDATA ,
; , , . , .
, ID
ID
, XML
ID, .
, IDREF
, IDREFS . , Branch Has Staff,
BRANCH STAFF:
<!ATTLIST STAFF s t a f f N o ID #REQUIRED>
<!ATTLIST BRANCH s t a f f IDREFS #IMPLIED>
, 29.4.
29.4. IDREFS
<STAFF staffNo = "SL21">
<NAME>
<FNAME>John</FNAME><LNAME>White</LNAME>
</NAME>
</STAFF>
<STAFF staffNo = "SL41">
<NAME>
<FNAME>Julie</FNAMExLNAME>Lee</LNAME>
</NAME>
</STAFF>
BRANCH staff = "SL21 SL41">
<BRANCHNO>B005</BRANCHNO>
</BRANCH>

XML 1 : . , , 29.
1191
XML ,
. XML, ,
XML. , XML
:
XML <?xml version
"l.0"?>;
;
, - ;
.
, , , XML , ,
DTD; XML . ,
DTD XML
. W3C
, DTD XML Schema.
XML Schema, , XML, XML Schema.
29.3. XML
, XML,
XML,
(Document Object Model DOM)
API- XML (Simple API for XML SAX),
Namespaces, (extensible Stylesheet
Language XSL) (extensible Stylesheet Language for Transformations XSLT), XML (XML Path Language XPath), XML
(XML Pointer Language XPointer), XML (XML Linking
Language XLink), XHTML, XML Schema
(Resource Description Framework RDF).
29.3.1. DOM SAX

API- XML : .
DOM (Document Object Model ) API- XML, , - . API- W3C
( ) , XML HTML. DOM XML , 1192
VII.
. , DOM Node Element, Attribute

Character-Data. Node , parentNode ( } , ,
childNodes ( ) , . DOM
XML, ,
.
. 29.4 XML, 29.2. OEM (. . 29.1)
XML. OEM ,
XML . , , , .
SAX (Simple API for XML API- XML)
API-
XML, ,
. , .
.
API-, ,
API-, , XML.
, API- SAX , XML-DEV,
W3C.
John
White
. 29.4. XML, 29.2.

29. XML
1193
29.3.2. Namespaces
Namespaces
, XML.
, , .
,
. ,
.
W3C [309].
URI.
, , .
("http: //www. dreamhome. co.uk/branch5/")
, , , ,
, . ("http://www.dreamhome.co.uk/HQ/") (hq), SALARY , :
<STAFFLIST xmlns = "http://www.dreamhome.co.uk/branch5/ 1 1
xmlns:hq = "http://www.dreamhome.co.uk/HQ/">
<STAFF branchNo = " B 0 0 5 " >
<STAFFNO>SL21</STAFFNO>
<hq:SALARY>30000</hq:SALARY>
</STAFF>
</STAFFLIST>
29.3.3. XSL XSLT

. HTML ,
. ,
HTML .
HTML.
(Cascading
Stylesheet
Specification CSS). HTML, XML , . XML
CSS, . W3C
, (extensible
Stylesheet Language XSL), XML, XML . CSS, .
(extensible
Stylesheet Language for Transformations XSLT) XSL. , ,
XML XML, HTML
( SQL). XSLT
1194
VII.
Web- , ,
,
CSS.
XSLT ,
.
,
.
( ).
XSLT ( , XSLT)
XSLT. 29.5 XSL,
XML, 29.2.
29.5. XSL,
XML, 29.2
<?xml version="l.0"?>
<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xsl">
<xsl .-template match="/">
<html>
<body background ="sky.jpg">
<center><h2xi>DreamHome</i>Estate Agents</h2></center>
<table border-"I bgcolor="#ffffff ">
<tr>
<th bgcolor= "ftcOcOcO" bordercolor= "#000000">staffNo</th>
<[-- -->
</tr>
<XSl:for-each select= "STAFFLIST/STAFF">
<tr>
<td bordercolor="#ctjcOcQ"><xsl: value-of
select="STAFFNO"/>
</td>
<td
border-color ="#cOcOcO"xxsl rvalue-of select=
11
NAME/FNAME"/x/td>

</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
29.3.4. XPath (XML Path)

XPath XML, XML [310]. ,
XSLT ( ) XPointer (
). XPath , 29. XML
1195
, , .
.
XPath , , XML, XPath XML, URI.
XPath XML

() , , , , , ,
. ( ) (
XML
XML). XPointer. , (/),
, / (
).
.
(basis) ,
.
. ,
, t e x t ( ) ( , ) node () ( ).
XPath 13 , ancestor (), attribute
() child (). , . 29.4,
STAFF child, (STAFFNO, NAME,
POSITION, DOB SALARY).
. ,

[positionO = positionNumber], positionNumber , 1. XPath . . 29.2.
29.2.

()
//
()
/child:: STAFF
STAFF,

child:: STAFF
( STAFF)
STAFF,

attribute : branchNo
{ branchNo)
branchNo
attribute: : *
( *)
1196
VII.
. 29.2

child: : STAFF [3]

/child: : STAFF [bran
chNo = "B005"]
STAFF,

STAFF,
branchHo, BOOS
/child: : STAFF [bran

chNo = "Boos"]
STAFF,
branchNo, BOOS
[position () =1]
29.3.5. XPointer (XML Pointer)

XPointer , XML [315]. XPointer XPath, URI. , XPointer
, .
, ,
XPath .
, XPointer
, . XML,
XML
, . ,
XPointer , STAFF, branchNo,
005, STAFF, branchNo, :
XPointer(/child::STAFF[attribute:rbranchNo = "B005"] to
/child::STAFF[attribute::branchNo = " B 0 0 3 " ] )
STAFF.
29.3.6. XLink (XML Linking)

XLink XML ,
[316].
XML , , , HTML, a
. XLink
: . , . , ( linkbase).
: XML , .
29. XML
1197
29.3.7. XHTML
XHTML (extensible HTML HTML) 1.0
HTML 4.01, XML 1.0.
HTML
HTML. , :
;
XHTML ;
,
;
name ID;
XML.
29.3.8. XML Schema

XML 1.0 ( ), ( ) XML DTD, :
DTD , XML;
;
.
XML. XML Schema, W3C,

DTD [317].
XML
Web , .
XML XML ( ). XML Schema

, .
XML, ,
. XML, ,
XML. XML XML, 29.2.

, XML

. , ,
complexType. ,
STAFFLIST, , complexType.
STAFFLIST
sequence. - (compositor), :
1198
VII.
<xsd:element name = "STAFFLIST">

<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:sequence>

</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
xsd : ,
W3C XML Schema
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2000/lO/XMLSchema" ( schema). STAFF NAME
. , , simpleType. , STAFFNO, DOB SALARY :
<xsd:element name = "STAFFNO"
type = "xsd:string"/>
<xsd:element name = "DOB11 type = "xsd:date"/>
<xsd:element name = "SALARY" type = "xsd:decimal"/>
W3C XML
Schema, .. string, date decimal,
XML Schema xsd:. , branchNo, , :
<xsd:attribute name="branchNo" type="xsd:string"/>
XML Schema minOccurs ( )

maxOccurs ( ). minOccurs 0, , ,
maxOccurs unbounded. 1. ,
DOB , :
<xsd:element name="DOB" type="xsd;date" minOccurs="0"/>
(Next-OfKin NOK)
<xsd:element name="NOK" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0"
naxOccurs="3"/>
, ( ), ,
, . 29. XML
1199
(reference) ,
, . ,
STAFFNO :
<xsd:element name="STAFFNO" type="xsd:string"/>
,
STAFFNO, .
<xsd:element ref="STAFFNO"/>
XML - ,
STAFFNO,
.

XML Schema . ,

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DATABASE SYSTEMS

A Practical Approach to Design,

5.3.4. ( GROUP BY)

5.3.8. EXISTS NOT EXIST

UNION, INTERSECT EXCEPT)

6.1.3. ( exact numeric)

6.3.3. ( ALTER TABLE)

6.3.5. ( CREATE INDEX)

28.6. Cookie- HTTP

28.9.4. ASP JSP

28.9.5. Microsoft Access Web-

29.3.1. DOM SAX

29.3.3. XSL XSLT

29.3.8. XML Schema

.2. Staff DreamHome

ODMG (Object Data Management

(John Wade) IBM. (Anne Strachan) .

2 Fergus Dr, Aberdeen AB2 7SX

6 Achray St, Glasgow G32 9DX

63 Well St, Glasgow G42

12 Park PI, Glasgow G40QR

. 163 Main Si, Glasgow

Tel No. 01475-392178

Last Name Ritchie

Property Requirement Del

Preferred Property Type House Maximum Monthly Rent 750

General Comments Currently iMag at home with parents

Seen By Ann Beech

Branch City Gtasgo*

Owner No. COB

56 High St, London

64 Fern Dr, Glasgow 0141-848-1825

deposit paid rentStart rentFinish duration

56 High St, London SW14EH

18 Tain St, PA1G 1YQ

5 Tarbot Rd, Aberdeen AB9 3ST

Property No. PG21

Full Name Mike Ritchie

Address (previous) 18 Tain St.

Tel No. 01475-392178

Monthly Rent 600

Bent Start Date 1-Jul-01

Payment Method Cheque

Rent Finish Date 3Q-Jun-Q2

Deposit 1200 . Paid (Y or N) Y

. 1.2. Lease Details

" ' :";,'"^

index staffNo, index branchNo;

163 Main St } . Gfasgpv/!>:

32 Manse Re!'-' jr. "Brtsto('-ii

56 Clover Dr-:: ' r::"-l3(Ktofi ' ,'i,.

Ann '[ ^Seech [ ..;. j

j ... {supervisor | 15000 |

1 .;, | ; Asslstant Tj;; /iiQQO

SL21 [ John j While

TSG37| Ann_]^'BeeiJl | 7.[ ^ssjstant ; | ; 12

SA5 [ Mary | ' Howe ] .;;

bal x = bal x + 100

3.1. Branch Staff

staffNo fName (Name position

. 3.1. Branch Staff

rooms rent owner staff

2 Fergus Dr, Aberdeen AB2 7SX

6 Achray St, Glasgow G32 9DX