GENERAL METHODS OF TEACHING (Time Tested Method)

1. Inductive Method The inductive method is used when the rule, concept, truth, principles, facts or generalization is simple enough such that pupils can state them by themselves after observing and comparing examples or situations. The steps in the inductive method are: a. b. c. d. e. Preparation Presentation Comparison and abstraction Generalization Application

2. Deductive Method The deductive method is the reverse of the inductive procedure. In the inductive way, specific cases are studied and a generalization or rule is arrived at, while in the deductive way, the lesson starts with a generalization and is tested or applied in specific cases. The steps of the deductive method are: a. b. c. d. Statement of the problem Generalization Inference Verification

The deductive method is much simpler than the inductive method and takes less time. It facilitates the solutions to some problems by using truths or rules established by others. 3. The Problem Method The problem method bay be used in the study of either a unit or it may be used as one of the methods utilized in a unit of study. Herbarts formal steps and Morrisons teaching style can be applied to problem solving.

Steps in the Problem Method (Risk, 1965 as cited Lardizabal, et al. c1991) a. b. c. d. Recognition and statement of the problem Statement of the hypotheses Critical evaluation of suggested solution Verification of accepted solution

4. Type Study Method Also a deductive method, it just studies one particular topic. Steps in Type Study Method: a. b. c. d. e. f. Selection of the topic Apperception Statement of typical case Study of details Comparing Details Generalization

5. Morrisonian Technique/Unit Method (H.C. Morrison) a. b. c. d. e. Exploration Presentation Assimilation Organization Recitation

6. The Project Method The project method is a significant, practical unit of activity of a problematic nature, planned and carried to completion involving the use of physical materials to complete the unit of experience. The steps in the Project Method are: 1) Purposing Goals and activities are planned cooperatively by pupils and teacher. A skillful teacher is able to involve pupils so that they develop genuine interest and purpose.

2) Planning When pupils plan activities, they own responsibility and perform their tasks more willingly and enthusiastically. 3) Executing this means carrying out activities as planned. A progress report will help monitor completion. 4) Evaluating Judging by both pupils and teacher helps develop critical thinking in deciding on the value of the products. It is good to keep in mind the criteria for choosing project to be undertaken: a. b. c. d. e. f. It has educational value. It trains pupils to be responsible and to develop initiative. It trains pupils to solve problems in practical life. It develops the spirit of cooperation. It gives training in perseverance. It develops judgment and encourages creativity.

7. The Laboratory Method The laboratory method is a teaching procedure dealing with firsthand experiences regarding materials or facts obtained from investigation or experimentation. It is experimentation, observation, or application by individuals or small groups dealing with actual materials. Steps of the Laboratory Method are: a. Orientation and motivation b. Supervised work period c. Presentation and discussion of findings (Culminating Activity) There are two types of laboratory methods. (1) the experimental and (2) the observation. The experimental type aims to train learners in problem solving with incidental acquisition of information and motor skill. In the observation type, knowledge is acquired through activities such as visits to museums, exhibits and art galleries watching demonstrations, listening to lectures, viewing films, and going on field trips. 8. The Demonstration Method In the laboratory method, children perform the experiment and learn by doing. In the demonstration method, the teacher or an expert shows the

procedure before the class. This method is especially effective when the lesson is different, imitation is possible, and expertise in handling equipment is necessary. Steps in the Demonstration Method: a. b. c. d. Raising the problem or the focus of the lesson Demonstration Focusing or discussion Summary

9. The Expository Method Exposition means explaining or interpreting. It can be used to advantage when information can be learned only by explanation like lessons in Math, Science, History, and even some phenomena or procedures that cannot be experienced. Steps in the Expository Method: a. Orientation b. Presentation To make explanations clear, illustrations, models, diagrams, demonstrations, charts, outlines, stories and analogies may be used. c. Application 10. Lecture Method Almost same as expository method, not commonly used.