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Natural Herbs Used for Treating Burns

Plantain (Plantago major) Plantain is one of the most popular folk remedies in North America used in the treatment of burns. Juice from the plant is applied directly to mild burns for a soothing effect. It is also useful in treating insect bites. It is anti-bacterial, and like comfrey, it contains allantoin, an anti-inflammatory phytochemical that speeds wound healing and stimulates the growth of new skin cells. Aloe (Aloe Vera) Aloe gel relieves pain and inflammation and speeds the healing process. Aloe has been used since ancient times, and modern research has supported the effectiveness of this natural herbal remedy to treat burns, including frostbite and the burns caused by radiation therapy. Aloe contains the enzymes carboxypeptidase and bradykininase, which relieve pain, reduce inflammation and decrease redness and swelling. It also has important antibacterial and antifungal properties that help to prevent infection. Either aloe gel purchased in the store, or the fresh juice from the aloe plant may be used. Many people keep a live aloe plant as an essential part of personal first aid kit. Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) Gotu kola is highly valued in Ayurvedic medicine for its ability to rejuvenate the skin. It speeds the healing process and helps to prevent scarring. Taken internally, especially when taken with vitamin C, it promotes collagen synthesis, an important function of skin repair. For an effective topical herbal treatment for minor burns or sunburn, mix equal parts of gotu kola powder with aloe gel. Oregon Grape Root (Mahonia aquifolium) Oregon grape can be very helpful in treating burns as it contains berberine, proven to protect against bacteria, viruses and fungi. Scientific research has shown that plants containing berberine stimulate the immune system and fight infection. Oregon grape root is a strong antioxidant and contains tannins that ease inflammation, irritation and itching of the skin. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Lavender pure essential oil is considered by many aromatherapists as one of the premier remedies for burns. It is antiseptic and analgesic, and is the only essential oil that can be applied directly to the skin without dilution. It prevents infection, reduces inflammation, promotes healing and reduces or prevents scar tissue formation. It is considered the safest essential oil to use with children, as evidenced by the many lavender scented baby products on the market. The scent of lavender also has calming effects, which soothe the nerves after injury. Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) Comfrey has been used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years. One of the most common uses of comfrey leaf is as an ointment or a poultice applied externally as a natural treatment for burns, sprains, broken bones, and other wounds, where it promotes rapid healing of both skin lesions and bone breaks. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) Commonly known as marigold, calendula has a long history of use as a treatment for burns and other skin inflammations. Calendula is antiseptic and anti-inflammatory, helping to promote healing by stimulating production of the outer skin cells. Calendula may be used for acute dermatitis from radiation therapy, mild skin burns, scalds, razor burns, mild sunburn and even windburn. It acts immediately and effectively in the prevention of blisters and scar tissue. It may also be used in the case of chemical burn as an eye wash. Calendula is most effective when it is used as a compress applied to the burn area. Note that calendula is a member of the composite family along with ragweed, and may cause allergic reactions. Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) Slippery elm has been used for centuries by Native Americans in North America as an herbal treatment for burns, wounds, boils, ulcers and other skin inflammations. Slippery elm is a mucilaginous demulcent, diuretic and anti-inflammatory that may be used as a topical treatment for inflammatory skin conditions. Other natural herbs that have been used to treat burns.

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Witch Hazel(Hamamelis virginiana) Blackberry (Rubus fruitosus) Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea) Chamomile (Matricaria recutita, Chamaemelum nobile) St. Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Common Mouse-Ear (Cerastium fontanum) Chickweed (Stellaria media) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) Geranium (Geranium maculatum) Onion (Allium cepa) Garlic (Allium sativum) Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Sage (Salvia officinalis) English Ivy (Hedera helix) Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) Yellow Dock (Rumex crispus)

Natural Remedies For Burns | Natural Treatments For Skin Burns


January 3, 2010 | Filed Under Skin

Care

Burns Natural Cure


Majority of the minor burns at home occur in the kitchen. Touching hot pans and food containers, stoves, hot irons and oven can cause burns. These are usually superficial (not very deep) in nature and can be treated at home. Maintain presence of mind and act quickly. Run cold water immediately over the burn for around five minutes to soothe the skin. Onion: Raw onion is very useful remedy for first degree burns. Slice a raw onion and rub the cut surface over the burn area. It reduces inflammation and relieves pain.  Turmeric: Turmeric has wonderful healing and curative properties. Make a paste of turmeric and curd and apply it on the burn immediately. The paste should be applied gently. Leave it on for some time. Then wash off and allow the skin to dry completely. Repeat the application again after some time toheal burn.  Tea: Tea powder also has anti-inflammatory and healing properties. Wet tea bags are of great use.  Apply them over the burnt area and keep them moist till the pain reduces. This prevents blister formation. See also: Essential oils for burns healing.  Potatoes: Potatoes are very beneficial for the treatment of burns. They possess soothing and cooling properties and are good bleaching agents. When you suffer a burn, immediately slice a raw potato and place the slices over the burn and bandage lightly. Keep the bandage intact for about half an hour. This will provide an immediate cooling effect and helps in removal of scars. Alternatively you can even boil potatoes, mash them and apply them as a pack over the burn. This will help to lighten the scars and gradually will fade them.
 

Cabbage: Cabbage leaves have anti-inflammatory properties. A thick paste prepared from cabbage leaves when applied on the burn helps to reduce pain and has a soothing effect. Camphor and Coconut Oil: This combination helps to lighten scar till it finally fades away. It can be used when the burn has left behind scars. Take quarter liter of coconut oil, take two tablets of camphor and add it to the oil. Mix well till the camphor dissolves in the oil. Pour the oil into a jar. Apply the oil regularly till the scar diminishes and gradually fades away.

Burns - Home Treatment


Most minor burns will heal on their own, and home treatment is usually all that is needed to relieve your symptoms and promote healing. But if you suspect you may have a more severe injury, use first-aid measures while you arrange for an evaluation by your doctor. Immediate first aid for burns y o o First, stop the burning to prevent a more severe burn. Heat burns (thermal burns): Smother any flames by covering them with a blanket or water. If your clothing catches fire, do not run: stop, drop, and rollon the ground to smother the flames. Cold temperature burns: Try first aid measures to warm the areas. Small areas of your body (ears, face, nose, fingers, toes) that are really cold or frozen can be warmed by blowing warm air on them, tucking them inside your clothing or putting them in warm water. Liquid scald burns (thermal burns): Run cool tap water over the burn for 10 to 20 minutes. Do not use ice. Electrical burns: After the person has been separated from the electrical source, check for breathing and a heartbeat. If the person is not breathing or does not have a heartbeat, see Dealing With Emergencies. Chemical burns: Natural foods such as chili peppers, which contain a substance irritating to the skin, can cause a burning sensation. When a chemical burn occurs, find out what chemical caused the burn. Call your localPoison Control Center or the National Poison Control Hotline (1-800-222-1222) for more information about how to treat the burn. Tar or hot plastic burns: Immediately run cold water over the hot tar or hot plastic to cool the tar or plastic. Next, look for other injuries. The burn may not be the only injury. Remove any jewelry or clothing at the site of the burn. If clothing is stuck to the burn, do not remove it. Carefully cut around the stuck fabric to remove loose fabric. Remove all jewelry because it may be hard to remove it later if swelling occurs. Prepare for an evaluation by a doctor If you are going to see your doctor soon: y y y Cover the burn with a clean, dry cloth to reduce the risk of infection. Do not put any salve or medicine on the burned area, so your doctor can properly assess your burn. Do not put ice or butter on the burned area, because these measures do not help and can damage the skin tissue. Home treatment for minor burns y o o o For home treatment of first-degree burns and sunburns: Use cool cloths on burned areas. Take frequent cool showers or baths. Apply soothing lotions that contain aloe vera to burned areas to relieve pain and swelling. Applying 0.5% hydrocortisone cream to the burned area also may help. Note: Do not use the cream on children younger than age 2 unless your doctor tells you to. Do not use in the rectal or vaginal area of children younger than age 12 unless your doctor tells you to.

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There isn't much you can do to stop skin from peeling after a sunburn-it is part of the healing process. Lotion may help relieve the itching. Other home treatment measures, such as chamomile, may help relieve your sunburn symptoms.

Burns
Introduction: Burns can happen when the skin is exposed to heat (from fire or hot liquids), electricity, corrosive chemicals, or radiation (UV rays from the sun or tanning beds, or radiation treatments). Burns are classified as follows, according to the severity of tissue damage: First-degree burns -- affect only the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), causing pain and redness Second-degree burns -- extend to the second layer of the skin (the dermis), causing pain, redness, and blisters that may ooze

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Third-degree burns -- involve both layers of the skin and may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. The burn site appears pale, charred, or leathery. There is generally no pain in the area because the nerve endings are destroyed.

Between 1 - 2 million Americans seek medical attention for burns each year. Most burns occur at home, at work, or are part of an injury from a motor vehicle accident. Between 50,000 - 70,000 people are hospitalized for burns every year in the United States, 30 - 40% of whom are children younger than 15 years of age. Most burns in children come from scalding liquids. All burns -- even minor ones -- may cause complications if not properly treated. Skin is the body's natural barrier to infection, and burns destroy that protection. People who are burned are very prone to developing infections, so treatment usually involves preventing or treating infections. Signs and Symptoms: Signs and symptoms of burns are different depending on how severe the burn is (as described above). Your doctor will evaluate the extent of the burn (the amount of skin or body surface area that the burn covers) to assess the risk for such complications as infection, dehydration, and disfigurement. Infection People who get burned are very prone to infection. It can be hard to tell if a minor burn is infected because the skin surrounding a burn is usually red and may become warm to the touch -- both of which are also signs of infection. Any change in the appearance of a burn, or in the way that the person feels, should be brought to the attention of a doctor. Potential signs of infection include: Change in color of the burnt area or surrounding skin Purplish discoloration, particularly if swelling is also present Change in thickness of the burn (the burn suddenly extends deep into the skin)

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Greenish discharge or pus Fever

Dehydration In severe or widespread burns, fluid is lost through the skin, and the person can become dehydrated. Dehydration can lead to life-threatening shock. A doctor will treat dehydration with intravenous (IV) fluids. Potential signs of dehydration include: Thirst Lightheadedness or dizziness, particularly when moving from sitting or lying position to standing Weakness Dry skin Urinating less often than usual

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Burn Patterns Burns have typical and atypical patterns. Typical patterns result from accidental burns while atypical patterns may be a sign of physical abuse. Typical burns (from spilling hot liquid, for example) tend to occur in exposed areas such as the arms, face, and neck. Atypical burns may occur in unexposed areas such as the buttocks. Burns involving entire hands and feet are also not typical, nor are thirddegree burns involving a very small, focused area (resembling, for example, a cigarette). Causes: Burns are caused by exposure to thermal (heat), electrical, radiation, or chemical sources. Thermal burns occur when hot metals, scalding liquids, steam, or flames come in contact with the skin. Exposure to electrical current causes electrical burns, and contact with caustic chemicals causes chemical burns. Prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays or to other sources of radiation (such as from tanning booths) can also cause burns. The most serious burns are usually caused by scalding hot or flammable liquids, and fires. Exposure to chemicals and electrical currents also cause severe injury and damage to the skin. Risk Factors: Risk factors for burns include: Wood stoves, exposed heating sources, or electrical cords Unsafe storage of flammable or caustic materials Careless smoking Child abuse Hot water heater set above 130 F

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Heated foods and containers Too much exposure to the sun

Preventive Care: These actions can reduce your risk for burns: Installing smoke detectors Teaching children about fire and burn prevention in schools Stopping smoking and heavy alcohol use Wearing flame-retardant clothes (particularly children) Planning emergency exit routes in the home, school, and workplace Practicing fire drills

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These steps may help reduce the severity of a burn once it occurs: Giving first aid immediately Getting prompt medical attention If hospitalization is necessary, being treated by a dedicated burn unit with staff specially trained in burn care Diagnosis: When diagnosing a burn, a doctor evaluates the depth and extent of the damage, the degree of pain, the amount of swelling, and signs of infection. Doctors classify the burn based on the depth and extent of the injury. Burns that cover a significant portion of the body, burns associated with smoke inhalation, burns from electrical injuries, and burns associated with suspected physical abuse require immediate emergency medical attention. In the emergency room, all wounds are wrapped with sterile cloths. Patients may receive oxygen (either through a mask or tube) and fluids. Patients are also evaluated for associated injuries (such as from physical abuse). Doctors may also conduct tests to determine whether the wound is infected. Treatment: While minor burns may be treated at home, all other burns require immediate emergency medical attention because of the risk of infection, dehydration, and other potentially serious complications. These are first aid steps for burns: First-degree burns: Run cool water on burned area for 5 - 10 minutes or cover the area with a cool compress. Don't apply oil, butter, or ice to the burn. Take ibuprofen or acetaminophen to relieve pain and swelling.

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Any burn to the eye requires immediate emergency help.

Second-degree burns: Do not break blisters. Do not remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. Run cool water on burned area for 5 - 10 minutes, or cover the area with a cool compress then carefully remove clothing that is not stuck to the skin.

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Elevate burned area above the heart. Take ibuprofen or acetaminophen to relieve pain and swelling. If not near a medical facility, apply bacitracin ointment or honey on broken blisters to prevent infection (this is the only situation in which bacitracin or honey should be applied to burned skin).

If the burn is near the mouth, nose, or eye, seek emergency medical help immediately.

Third-degree burns: If the person is on fire, have them stop, drop, and roll. Call 911. Check airway, breathing, and circulation. Do not remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. Run cool water continuously on burned area. Do not immerse large burn areas in water. Elevate burned area above the heart. Cover the burned area with a sterile bandage or a clean sheet. Do not apply any ointments.

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People who are burned seriously will be admitted to a hospital. There, doctors will concentrate on keeping the burned area clean and removing any dead tissue through a process called debridement. Medications will be used to reduce pain and prevent infection. A tetanus shot will be given if the person has not had one in 5 or more years. Burns often cause pain and anxiety, even during recovery. A person may also experience emotional distress if a burn changes his or her appearance. Complementary therapies that may help alleviate such pain and anxiety include: Massage therapy Hypnosis Therapeutic touch Acupuncture

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Good nutrition is important as people recover, because vitamins and minerals have been shown to promote wound healing and prevent the spread of infection.

Medications

Antimicrobial ointments (such as silver sulfadiazine, mafenide, silver nitrate, and povidone-iodine) are used to reduce risk of infection. Bacitracin may be used for first-degree burns.

Antibiotics (such as oxacillin, mezlocillin, and gentamicin) are used to treat infection. Antibiotics will also probably be used if the risk of developing infection is high (for example, when the body surface area of the burn is large).

Prescription pain medications (such as acetaminophen with codeine, morphine, or meperidine) are used for severe burns.

Surgery and Other Procedures In the case of severe burns, debridement and skin grafting may be performed. Debridement is the removal of dead tissue. In skin grafting, a piece of skin is surgically sewn over the burn, after any dead tissue is removed. The skin can be from another part of the person's body, from a donor, or from an animal (usually a pig). Skin grafts from the person's own body are permanent. Artificial skin may also be used. Cosmetic surgery may be done to improve both the function and appearance of the burned area. Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Minor burns can be treated with natural products. Severe burns, however, always require immediate medical attention. It is especially important for people who have been seriously burned to get enough nutrients in their daily diet. Burn patients in hospitals are often given high-calorie, high-protein diets to speed recovery. Do not try to treat a second- or third-degree burn by yourself. Always seek medical advice. Ask your doctor which supplements are best for you. Always tell your health care provider about the herbs and supplements you are using or considering using, as some supplements may interfere with conventional treatments. Following these tips may improve your healing and general health. Eat antioxidant foods, including fruits (such as blueberries, cherries, and tomatoes), and vegetables (such as squash and bell peppers).

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Avoid refined foods, such as white breads, pastas, and sugar. Eat fewer red meats and more lean meats, cold-water fish, tofu (soy) or beans for protein. Use healthy cooking oils, such as olive oil or vegetable oil. Reduce or eliminate trans-fatty acids, found in commercially baked goods such as cookies, crackers, cakes, French fries, onion rings, donuts, processed foods, and margarine.

Avoid caffeine and other stimulants, alcohol, and tobacco.

Drink 6 - 8 glasses of filtered water daily.

The following supplements may also help. Be sure to ask your doctor before taking them if your burns are moderate or severe: A daily multivitamin, containing the antioxidant vitamins A, C, E, the B-complex vitamins and trace minerals such as magnesium, calcium, zinc, and selenium.

Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish oil, 1 - 2 capsules or 1 tablespoonful oil, one to two times daily, to help decrease inflammation, and for healing and immunity. Cold-water fish, such as salmon or halibut, are good sources, but you may need a supplement to get a higher dose.

Vitamin C (1,000 mg two to six times per day) helps skin heal by enhancing new tissue growth and strength. Lower dose if diarrhea develops.

Vitamin E (400 - 800 IU a day) promotes healing. May be used topically once the burn has healed and new skin has formed. Higher doses may help in healing burns. Talk to your doctor before taking vitamin E if you are scheduled to have surgery.

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Coenzyme Q10, 100 - 200 mg at bedtime, for antioxidant and immune activity. L-glutamine, 500 - 1,000 mg three times daily, for support of gastrointestinal health and immunity.

Probiotic supplement (containing Lactobacillus acidophilus), 5 - 10 billion CFUs (colony forming units) a day. Taking antibiotics can upset the balance of bacteria in your intestines. Probiotics or "friendly" bacteria can help restore the balance, improving gastrointestinal and immune health. You should refrigerate your probiotic supplements for best results.

Herbs Minor burns may be treated with herbs, but you should never take or apply any herb when you have moderate o severe burns. Call for emergency help first. Herbs are generally a safe way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider to get your problem diagnosed before starting any treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, you should make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 - 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 - 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 - 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) standardized extract, 300 mg three times a day, for pain and inflammation. These herbs may be applied topically (externally) to minor burns:

Aloe (Aloe vera), as a cream or gel. Apply externally to the burned area, 3 - 4 times daily as needed, for soothing and healing.

Calendula (Calendula officinalis), or pot marigold, as an ointment or a tea applied topically. To make tea from tincture, use 1/2 to 1 tsp. diluted in 1/4 cup water. You can also steep 1 tsp. of flowers in one cup of boiling water for 15 minutes, then strain and cool. Test skin first for any allergic reaction.

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Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) as a cream containing 1% of the herb, may help repair skin tissue. Propolis, a resin created by bees to build their hives, has been used historically to treat skin wounds. One study found that people given propolis to apply to minor burns healed as well as those treated with silver sulfadiazine, a prescription ointment. More research is needed, however. If you use propolis for a minor burn, test skin first for any reaction.

Acupuncture

Electrical Stimulation Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) uses controlled, low-voltage electrical stimulation of the skin to relieve pain. Recent studies have suggested that TENS applied to acupuncture points (called electroacupuncture) on the ear (auricular acupuncture) may relieve pain for people with burns. Massage and Physical Therapy Massage Therapy People with burns suffer pain, itching, and anxiety both from the burn itself and during the healing of wounds. Some studies suggest that massage may help ease these symptoms in both the emergencycare and recovery phases. People receiving a massage reported significantly less itching, pain, anxiety, and depressed mood compared to those who received standard care only. Ask your doctor before using massage after a burn. Physical Therapy Occupational and physical therapy begin very early for people who are hospitalized for burns. Occupational and physical therapists use a number of techniques to improve movement and function of the areas affected by a burn, and to reduce scar formation. Physical therapy may include the practices listed below: Body and limb positioning Splinting Help with activities of daily living until normal function and ability are recovered Passive (physical therapist moves the person's limbs) and active exercises Help with walking

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Homeopathy Although very few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies in the treatment of burns, professional homeopaths may consider the following measures to treat first and second-degree burns and to aid recovery from any burn. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person' s constitutional type -- your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual. Place the burned area in cold water until the pain goes away (this generally takes at least a few minutes).

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Arnica Montana -- taken orally immediately after the burn. Calendula -- apply to the skin for first-degree burns and sunburns. This remedy is sometimes considered the treatment of choice for children. Calendula may also be used in the healing stages of second- and third-degree burns to stimulate regrowth of skin and to decrease scar formation.

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Hypericum perforatum -- used on the skin if there are sharp, shooting pains with the burn. Urtica urens -- taken orally for stinging pains, itching, and swelling of first-degree burns. A cream or gel may also be applied to the skin for first-degree burns and sunburns. This remedy may be used for children.

Causticum -- taken orally for burning pains with great rawness (as from an open wound) or when there are long-term physical or emotional symptoms after a burn.

Phosphorus -- taken by mouth for electrical burns, especially if the individual is easily startled and excitable.

Mind-Body Medicine

Hypnosis Several studies suggest that hypnosis may reduce pain and anxiety and enhance relaxation in people with burns. Therapeutic Touch Therapeutic touch (TT) is based on the theory that the body, mind, and emotions form a complex energy field. Therapists seek to correct the body's imbalances by moving their hands just over the body, what they call "the laying on of hands." This practice has been used for a number of conditions including pain and anxiety, but studies have shown conflicting results. One study of patients hospitalized for severe burns suggests that TT may reduce pain and anxiety associated with burns. Other Considerations: Prognosis and Complications

Infection is the most common complication of burns and is the major cause of death in burn victims. More than 10,000 Americans die every year from infections caused by burns.

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Compromised immune system Functional or cosmetic damage (reconstructive surgery may be necessary) Increased risk of developing cancer at the burn site Carbon monoxide poisoning (in the case of a fire) Heart attack which may be severe enough to cause the heart to stop (called cardiopulmonary arrest)

First-degree burns generally heal on their own in 10 - 20 days if no infection develops. In rare cases, first-degree burns spread more deeply to become second degree (this spread is caused by infection). Third-degree burns may require a skin graft. Reviewed last on: 12/23/2008 Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Supporting Research Alexander. Influence of EPA and DHA intravenous fat emulsions on nitrogen retention. Nutrition. 1999;15(2):161-162. Antoon AY, Donovan DK. Burn Injuries. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders Company; 2004:330-337. Bast A, Haenen GR. Lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant. Biofactors. 2003;17(1-4):207-13. Baumann L, Spencer J. The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:311-315. Cabrera C, Artacho R, Gimenez R. Beneficial effects of green tea--a review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006;25(2):79-99. Cummings S, Ullman D. Everybody's Guide to Homeopathic Medicines. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Penguin Putnam; 1997: 295. Cuttle L, Kempf M, Kravchuk O, George N, Liu PY, Chang HE, Mill J, Wang XQ, Kimble RM. The efficacy of Aloe vera, tea tree oil and saliva as first aid treatment for partial thickness burn injuries. Burns. 2008 Dec;34(8):1176-82. De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J Nutr. 1998;128:797-803.

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Faoagali J, George N, Leditschke JF. Does tea tree oil have a place in the topical treatment of burns? Burns. 1997;23(4):349-351. Field T, Peck M, Hernandez-Reif M, Krugman S, Burman I, Ozment-Schenck L. Postburn itching, pain, and psychological symptoms are reduced with massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2000;21:189193. Jonas WB, Jacobs J. Healing with Homeopathy: The Doctor's Guide. New York, NY: Warner Books;1996:143-145. LaValle JB, Krinsky DL, Hawkins EB, et al. Natural Therapeutics Pocket Guide. Hudson, OH:LexiComp; 2000: 452-454. Liu M, Dai Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Huang F, Gong Z, Meng Q. Madecassoside isolated from Centella asiatica herbs facilitates burn wound healing in mice. Planta Med. 2008 Jun;74(8):809-15. Rotsein OD. Oxidants and antioxidant therapy. Crit Care Clin. 2001;17(1):239-47. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(6):495-505. Somboonwong J, Jariyapongskul A, Thanamittramanee S, Patumraj S. Therapeutic effects of aloe vera on cutaneous microcirculation and wound healing in second degree burn model in rats. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000;83:417-425. Subrahmanyan M. A prospective randomized clinical and histological study of superficial burn wound healing with honey and silver sulfadiazine. Burns. 1998;24:157-161. Turner JG, Clark AJ, Gauthier DK, Williams M. The effect of therapeutic touch on pain and anxiety in burn patients. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(1):10-20. Visuthikosol V, Sukwanarat Y, Chowchuen B, Sriurairatana S, Boonpucknavig V. Effect of aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound a clinical and histologic study. J Med Assoc Thai. 1995:78(8):402-408. Wang HK. The therapeutic potential of flavonoids. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000;9(9):2103-19. Yoon JH, Baek SJ. Molecular targets of dietary polyphenols with anti-inflammatory properties. Yonsei Med J. 2005;46(5):585-96.

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