1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACK GROUND AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM this Project mainly depends on embedded systems. 1.2 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM An Embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices expand. With the introduction of the OQO Model 2 with the Windows XP operating system and ports such as a USB port both features usually belong to "general purpose computers", the line of nomenclature blurs even more. Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure. Examples of Embedded Systems: Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles Cellular telephones and telephone switches 1

Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobile Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security monitoring systems Handheld calculators Handheld computers Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets, DVD players and recorder Medical equipment Personal digital assistant Videogame consoles Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power Supply

TO REQUIRED COMPONENTS

MOISTURE SENSOR

LCD DISPLAY

8051 Micro controller

LM324

RELAY

WATER PUMP MOTOR Fig 1.1: Block diagram of a Automatic Irrigation System

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

2

POWER SUPPLY: In this system we are using 5V power supply for microcontroller of Transmitter section as well as receiver section. We use rectifiers for converting the A.C. into D.C and a step down transformer to step down the voltage. The full description of the Power supply section is given in this documentation in the following sections i.e. hardware components. MICRO CONTROLLER In this project work the micro-controller is playing a major role. Microcontrollers were originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However, because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in regulators for individual control loops. well. The purpose of this project work is to present control theory that is relevant to the analysis and design of Micro-controller system with an emphasis on basic concept and ideas. It is assumed that a Microcontroller with reasonable software is available for computations and simulations so that many tedious details can be left to the Microcontroller. The control system design is also carried out up to the stage of implementation in the form of controller programs in assembly language OR in CLanguage. LCD DISPLAY SECTION This section is basically meant to show up the status of the project. This project makes use of Liquid Crystal Display to display / prompt for necessary information In several areas Micro-controllers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as

LM234 OP AMP

This device consists of 14 pins. It consists of four independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. MOISTURE SENSOR A soil moisture sensor is a water conservation accessory for conventional automatic irrigation controllers or time clocks with the potential for eliminating excessive irrigation cycles. The device connects to a typical residential system and consists of a sensor that is buried in the root zone of the irrigated area and a control unit that is placed near the irrigation time clock. sensor is queried. The irrigation time clock is programmed normally, but when irrigation is scheduled to occur, the soil moisture

DC MOTOR
An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic field is maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. DC motors are most commonly used in variable speed and torque. MOTOR DRIVING CIRCUIT Motor driving circuit is a relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
A Microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words, the 4

processor, the RAM, ROM, I/O ports and the timer are all embedded together on one chip; therefore, the designer cannot add any external memory, I/O ports, or timer to it. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports in Microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical. In many applications, for example a TV remote control, there is no need for the computing power of a 486 or even an 8086 microprocessor. These applications most often require some I/O operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits. In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded System. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products. An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium based PC. A PC can be used for any number of applications such as word processor, print-server, bank teller terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet terminal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. of course the reason a pc can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software into RAM memory and lets the CPU run it. In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse, and so on.. PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse, and so on. Each one of these peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For example, inside every mouse there is a Microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to the PC.

3. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and 5

more reliable but, 8-bit micro controller satisfactorily serves the above application. Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place. Coming to the question of why to use AT89C51 of all the 8-bit microcontroller available in the market the main answer would be because it has 4 Kb on chip flash memory which is just sufficient for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by conventional non-volatile memory Programmer. Moreover ATMEL is the leader in flash technology in todays market place and hence using AT 89C51 is the optimal solution.

4. IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
4.1. MICRO CONTROLLER Introduction
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt 6

controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design. One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.

The Major Features

Compatible with MCS-51 products 4k Bytes of in-system Reprogrammable flash memory Fully static operation: 0HZ to 24MHZ Three level programmable clock 128 * 8 bit timer/counters Six interrupt source Programmable serial channel Low power idle power-down modes

MICRO CONTROLLER (89C51) 4.1.1: AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE

The 89C51 architecture consists of these specific features: Eight bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer (DPTR) 7

Eight- bit stack pointer (PSW) Eight-bit stack pointer (Sp) Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0(8031) to 4K (89C51) Internal RAM of 128 bytes: Four register banks, each containing eight registers Sixteen bytes, which maybe addressed at the bit level Eighty bytes of general- purpose data memory Thirty two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports:p0-p3 Two 16-bit timer/counters: T0 and T1 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF Control registers: TCON, TMOD, SCON, PCON, IP, and IE Two external and three internal interrupts sources. Oscillator and clock circuits.

Fig: 4.1.: Functional block diagram of micro controller

The 89C51 oscillator and clock:

The heart of the 89C51 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all the internal all internal operations are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 And XTAL2 is 8

provided for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The crystal frequency is the basic internal clock frequency of the microcontroller. The manufacturers make 89C51 designs that run at specific minimum and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16 MHz.

Types of memory
The 89C51 have three general types of memory. They are on-chip memory, external Code memory and external Ram. On-Chip memory refers to physically existing memory on the micro controller itself. External code memory is the code memory that resides off chip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM. External RAM is the Ram that resides off chip. This often is in the form of standard static RAM or flash RAM. Code memory Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 89C51 programs that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K. Code memory may be found on-chip or offchip. It is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 60K off chip memory simultaneously. If only off-chip memory is available then there can be 64K of off chip ROM. This is controlled by pin provided as EA Internal RAM The 89C51 have a bank of 128 of internal RAM. The internal RAM is found on-chip. So it is the fastest Ram available. And also it is most flexible in terms of reading and writing. Internal Ram is volatile, so when 89C51 is reset, this memory is cleared. 128 bytes of internal memory are subdivided. The first 32 bytes are divided into 4 register banks. Each bank contains 8 registers. Internal RAM also contains 128 bits, which are addressed from 20h to 2Fh. These bits are bit addressed i.e. each individual bit of a byte can be addressed by the user. They are numbered 00h to 7Fh. The user may make use of these variables with commands such as SETB and CLR.

FLASH MEMORY
9

Flash memory (sometimes called "flash RAM") is a type of constantlypowered non volatile that can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks. It is a variation of electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) which, unlike flash memory, is erased and rewritten at the byte level, which is slower than flash memory updating. Flash memory is often used to hold control code such as the basic input/output system (BIOS) in a personal computer. When BIOS needs to be changed (rewritten), the flash memory can be written to in block (rather than byte) sizes, making it easy to update. On the other hand, flash memory is not useful as random access memory (RAM) because RAM needs to be addressable at the byte (not the block) level. Flash memory gets its name because the microchip is organized so that a section of memory cells are erased in a single action or "flash." The erasure is caused by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in which electrons pierce through a thin dielectric material to remove an electronic charge from a floating gate associated with each memory cell. Intel offers a form of flash memory that holds two bits (rather than one) in each memory cell, thus doubling the capacity of memory without a corresponding increase in price. Flash memory is used in digital cellular phones, digital cameras, LAN switches, PC Cards for notebook computers, digital set-up boxes, embedded controllers, and other devices. Features Memory Type FLASH ROM Read-Only Memory SRAM Static Random-Access Memory EPROM Memory Low-cost, high-density, high-speed architecture; low power; high reliability Mature, high-density, reliable, low cost; time-consuming mask required, suitable for high production with stable code Highest speed, high-power, low-density memory; limited density drives up cost High-density memory; must be exposed

Electrically Programmable Read-Only to ultraviolet light for erasure

10

EEPROMorE2PROM Electrically Erasable Read-Only Memory DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory

Electrically

byte-erasable;

lower

Programmable reliability, higher cost, lowest density

High-density, high-power

low-cost,

high-speed,

Table 4.1: Types of memories

Pin diagram of AT89C51

Fig 4.2.: Pin diagram of AT89C51

Pin Description
VCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground. Port 0: 11

Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When ones are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memories that use 16bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memories that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. 12

Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification

Tab 4.1: Port pins and their alternate functions RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN

13

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 It is the Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Fig 4.3 Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 4.4There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-bytwo flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. 14

Fig 4.3: Oscillator Connections

Fig 4.4: External Clock Drive Configuration

TIMERS
On-chip timing/counting facility has proved the capabilities of the microcontroller for implementing the real time application. These includes pulse counting, frequency measurement, pulse width measurement, baud rate generation, etc,. Having sufficient number of timer/counters may be a need in a certain design application. The 8051 has two timers/counters. They can be used either as timers to generate a time delay or as counters to count events happening outside the microcontroller. Let discuss how these timers are used to generate time delays and we will also discuss how they are been used as event counters.

PROGRAMMING 8051 TIMERS The 8051 has timers: Timer 0 and Timer1.they can be used either as timers or as event counters. Let us first discuss about the timers registers and how to program the timers to generate time delays. BASIC RIGISTERS OF THE TIMER Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits wide. Since the 8051 has an 8-bit architecture, each 16-bit timer is accessed as two separate registers of low byte and high byte.

TIMER 0 REGISTERS 15

The 16-bit register of Timer 0 is accessed as low byte and high byte. the low byte register is called TL0(Timer 0 low byte)and the high byte register is referred to as TH0(Timer 0 high byte).These register can be accessed like any other register, such as A,B,R0,R1,R2,etc.for example, the instruction MOV TL0, #4Fmoves the value 4FH into TL0,the low byte of Timer 0.These registers can also be read like any other register.

TIMER 1 REGISTERS Timer 1 is also 16-bit register is split into two bytes, referred to as TL1 (Timer 1 low byte) and TH1 (Timer 1 high byte).these registers are accessible n the same way as the register of Timer 0. TMOD (timer mode) REGISTER Both timers TIMER 0 and TIMER 1 use the same register, called TMOD, to set the various timer operation modes. TMOD is an 8-bit register in which the lower 4 bits are set aside for Timer 0 and the upper 4 bits for Timer 1.in each case; the lower 2 bits are used to set the timer mode and the upper 2 bits to specify the operation.

MODES M1, M0 16

M0 and M1 are used to select the timer mode. There are three modes: 0, 1, 2.Mode 0 is a 13-bit timer, mode 1 is a 16-bit timer, and mode 2 is an 8-bit timer. We will concentrate on modes 1 and 2 since they are the ones used most widely. We will soon describe the characteristics of these modes, after describing the reset of the TMOD register. GATE Gate control when set. The timer/counter is enabled only While the INTx pin is high and the TRx control pin is. Set. When cleared, the timer is enabled. C/T Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (Input from internal system clock).set for counter Operation (input TX input pin). M1 M0 M1 0 M0 0 Mode bit 1 Mode bit 0 MODE 0 Operating Mode 13-bit timer mode 8-bit timer/counter THx with TLx as 5 - Bit pre-scaler. 0 1 1 16-bit timer mode 16-bit timer/counters THx with TL are Cascaded; there is no prescaler 1 0 2 8-bit auto reload 8-bit auto reload timer/counter; THx Holds a value that is to be reloaded into TLx each time it overflows. 1 1 3 Split timer mode.

C/T (clock/timer)

17

This bit in the TMOD register is used to decide whether the timer is used as a delay generator or an event counter. If C/T=0, it is used as a timer for time delay generation. The clock source for the time delay is the crystal frequency of the 8051.this section is concerned with this choice. The timers use as an event counter is discussed in the next section.

Serial Communication
Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers, often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away. Examples of parallel data transfer are printers and hard disks; each uses cables with many wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short amount of time by using many wires in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time. Serial communication of the 8051 is the topic of this chapter. using only a few wires. If data is to be transferred on the telephone line, it must be converted from 0s and 1s to audio tones, which are sinusoidal-shaped signals. A peripheral device called a modem, which stands for modulator/demodulator, performs this conversion. Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time. In data transmission if the data can be transmitted and received, it is a duplex transmission. This is in contrast to simplex transmissions such as with printers, in which the computer only sends data. Duplex transmissions can be half or full duplex, depending on whether or not the data transfer can be simultaneous. If data is transmitted one way at a time, it is referred to as half duplex. If the data can go both ways at the same time, it is full duplex. Of course, full duplex requires two wire conductors for the data lines, one for transmission and one for reception, in order to transfer and receive data simultaneously. The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it, there by making possible fast data transfer

Asynchronous serial communication and data framing

18

The data coming in at the receiving end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all 0s and 1s; it is difficult to make sense of the data unless the sender and receiver agree on a set of rules, a protocol, on how the data is packed, how many bits constitute a character, and when the data begins and ends.

Start and stop bits

Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for character-oriented transmissions, while block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous method. In the asynchronous method, each character is placed between start and stop bits. This is called framing. In the data framing for asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are packed between a start bit and a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one or two bits. The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit (s) is 1 (high).

Data transfer rate

The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps (bits per second). Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate. However, the baud and bps rates are not necessarily equal. This is due to the fact that baud rate is the modem terminology and is defined as the number of signal changes per second. In modems a single change of signal, sometimes transfers several bits of data. As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate and bps are the same, and for this reason we use the bps and baud interchangeably. The data transfer rate of given computer system depends on communication ports incorporated into that system. For example, the early IBMPC/XT could transfer data at the rate of 100 to 9600 bps. In recent years, however, Pentium based PCS transfer data at rates as high as 56K bps. It must be noted that in asynchronous serial data communication, the baud rate is generally limited to 100,000bps.

RS232 Standards

19

To allow compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufacturers, an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960. In 1963 it was modified and called RS232A. RS232B AND RS232C were issued in 1965 and 1969, respectively. Today, RS232 is the most widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. This standard is used in PCs and numerous types of equipment. However, since the standard was set long before the advert of the TTL logic family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 to -25V, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25V, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this reason, to connect any RS232 to a microcontroller system we must use voltage converters such as MAX232 to convert the TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage levels, and vice versa. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.

RS232 pins
RS232 cable is commonly referred to as the DB-25 connector. In labeling, DB-25P refers to the plug connector (male) and DB-25S is for the socket connector (female). Since not all the pins are used in PC cables, IBM introduced the DB-9 Version of the serial I/O standard, which uses 9 pins only, as shown in table.

DB-9 pin connector

12345 6789

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Description Data carrier detect (DCD) Received data (RXD) Transmitted data (TXD) Data terminal ready(DTR) Signal ground (GND) Data set ready (DSR) Request to send (RTS) Clear to send (CTS) 20

Ring indicator (RI) Tab. 4.2: Pin Functions

Note: DCD, DSR, RTS and CTS are active low pins. The method used by RS-232 for communication allows for a simple connection of three lines: Tx, Rx, and Ground. The three essential signals for 2-way RS-232 Communications are these: TXD: carries data from DTE to the DCE. RXD: carries data from DCE to the DTE SG: signal ground

8051 connection to RS232

The RS232 standard is not TTL compatible; therefore, it requires a line driver such as the MAX232 chip to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa. The interfacing of 8051 with RS232 connectors via the MAX232 chip is the main topic. The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called TXD and RXD and a part of the port 3 group (P3.0 and P3.1). Pin 11 of the 8051 is assigned to TXD and pin 10 is designated as RXD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip. MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa. One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies that are common in many older systems. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. In many applications only one of each is used. 21

Fig.4.5: CONNECTING C to PC using MAX 232

4.2 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A RPS (Regulated Power Supply) is the Power Supply with Rectification, Filtering and Regulation being done on the AC mains to get a Regulated power supply for Microcontroller and for the other devices being interfaced to it. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

TX R G

Embedded Controller
22

Fig.4.6 Components of a typical Linear supply 4.2.1 TRANSFORMER A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency. Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

23

Fig 4.7: An Electrical Transformer Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS Power Out= Power In VS X IS=VP X IP Vp = primary (input) voltage Np = number of turns on primary coil Ip = primary (input) current 4.2.2 RECTIFIER A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion a.c to d.c is called rectification Types of rectifier Half wave Rectifier Full wave rectifier Centre tap full wave rectifier. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Type of Rectifier Parameter Number of diodes PIV of diodes D.C output voltage 1 Vm Vm/z Half wave 2 2Vm 2Vm/ Full wave Bridge 4 Vm 2Vm/

Vdc, at no-load Ripple factor

0.318Vm 1.21 24

0.636Vm 0.482

0.636Vm 0.482

Ripple frequency

2f

2f

Rectification efficiency 0.406 Transformer Utilization Factor(TUF) RMS voltage Vrms 0.287 Vm/2

0.812 0.693 Vm/2

0.812 0.812 Vm/2

Table 4.3: Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Full-wave rectifier
From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit. Bridge rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in Fig 4.8 to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig 4.8: bridge rectifier

Operation

25

During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the figure 4.10. The current flow direction is shown in the figure 4.10 with dotted arrows.

Fig 4.9: Positive operation of bridge rectifier During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the Fig.4.12. The current flow direction is shown in the Fig.4.11 with dotted arrows.

Fig.4.10: Negative operation of bridge rectifier

4.2.3 FILTERS
A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the d.c component to reach the load.

Capacitor Filter
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering. 26

(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the D.C. to appear at the load. (b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c). (c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier. Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). To calculate the value of capacitor(C), C = *3*f*r*Rl Where, f = supply frequency, r = ripple factor, Rl = load resistance Note: In our circuit we are using 1000F hence large value of capacitor is placed to reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.

4.2.4 Regulators
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) 27

to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

Fig4.11: A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,

FEATURES:
Output Current of 1.5A Output Voltage Tolerance of 5% Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V.

4.3 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY 4.3.1 Introduction to LCD

In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LED s (sevensegment LED or other multi segment LED s). This is due to the following reasons: The declining prices of LCD s. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contract to LED s, which are limited to numbers and a few characters. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, there by relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In the contrast, CPU to keep displaying the data. 28 the LED must be refreshed by the

Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

USES: The LCD s used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments is the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCD s being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The LCD s has even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.

Specifications: Number of Characters: 16 characters x 2 Lines Character Table: English-European (RS in Datasheet) Module dimension: 80.0mm x 36.0mm x 13.2mm(MAX) View area: 66.0 x 16.0 mm Active area: 56.2 x 11.5 mm Dot size: 0.56 x 0.66 mm Dot pitch: 0.60 x 0.70 mm Character size: 2.96 x 5.46 mm Character pitch: 3.55 x 5.94 mm LCD type: STN, Positive, Transflective, Yellow/Green Duty: 1/16 View direction: Wide viewing angle Backlight Type: yellow/green LED RoHS Compliant: lead free 29

Operating Temperature: -20C to + 70C

4.3.2 LCD PIN description

FIG4.12: LCD PIN DIAGRAM LCD pin description The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in table. Pin 1 2 3 4 Symbol Vss Vcc VEE RS I/O ---I Description Ground +5V power supply Power supply to control contrast RS=0 to select command register RS=1 to select 5 6 7 8 9 R/W E DB0 DB1 DB2 I I/O I/O I/O I/O 30 data register R/W=0 for write R/W=1 for read Enable The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus

10 11 12 13 14 Code (hex) 1 2 4 6 5 7 8 A C E F 10 14 18 1C 80 C0 38

DB3 I/O DB4 I/O DB5 I/O DB6 I/O DB7 I/O TABLE 4.4: Pin description for LCD Command to LCD Instruction Register Clear display screen Return home Decrement cursor Increment cursor Shift display right Shift display left Display off, cursor off Display off, cursor on Display on, cursor off Display on, cursor on Display on, cursor blinking Shift cursor position to left Shift cursor position to right Shift the entire display to the left Shift the entire display to the right Force cursor to beginning of 1st line Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line 2 lines and 5x7 matrix TABLE 4.5: LCD Command Codes

The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus The 8-bit data bus

LCD INTERFACING Sending commands and data to LCD s with a time delay

To send any command from table 2 to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make RS=1.Then place a high to low pulse on the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD. 31

4.4 RELAY
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification. Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page on switches. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage

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'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the relay coil. The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.

Fig4.13: Block diagram of Relay The relay's switch connections are usually labeled as COM, NC and NO: COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch. NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off. NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on. Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on. Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off.

Choosing a relay
You need to consider several features when choosing a relay: Physical size and pin arrangement If you are choosing a relay for an existing PCB you will need to ensure that its dimensions and pin arrangement are suitable. You should find this information in the supplier's catalogue. Coil voltage the relay's coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit powering the relay coil. Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but 5V and 24V relays are also readily available. Some relays operate perfectly well with a supply voltage which is a little lower than their rated value. Coil resistance the circuit must be able to supply the current required by the relay coil. You can use Ohm's law to calculate the current: Relay coil current = 33 supply voltage

coil resistance For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400

passes a

current of 30mA. This is OK for a 555 timer IC (maximum output current 200mA), but it is too much for most ICs and they will require a transistor to amplify the current. Switch ratings (voltage and current) the relay's switch contacts must be suitable for the circuit they are to control. You will need to check the voltage and current ratings. Note that the voltage rating is usually higher for AC, for example: "5A at 24V DC or 125V AC". Switch contact arrangement (SPDT, DPDT etc). Most relays are SPDT or DPDT which are often described as "single pole changeover" (SPCO) or "double pole changeover" (DPCO). For further information please see the page on switches

Protection diodes for relays

Transistors and ICs (chips) must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced when the relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal diode (e.g. 1N4148) is connected across the relay coil to provide this protection. Note that the diode is connected 'backwards' so that it will normally not conduct. Conduction only occurs when the relay coil is switched off, at this moment current tries to continue flowing through the coil and it is harmlessly diverted through the diode. Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the current flowing.

Relays and transistors compared

Like relays, transistors can be used as an electrically operated switch. For switching small DC currents (< 1A) at low voltage they are usually a better choice than a relay. However transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as mains electricity) and they are not usually a good choice for switching large currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil! The main advantages and disadvantages of relays are listed below:

Advantages of relays:
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot. Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once. 34

Disadvantages of relays:
Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per second. Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil. Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

Details
These SPDT relays covers switching capacity of 10A in spite of miniature size for PCB Mount.

Contact Rating
12A at 120VAC 10A at 120VAC 10A at 24VDC Coil Resistance400ohm12VDC

Life expectancy
Mechanical 10,000,000 operation sat no load Electrical 100,000 at rated resistive load

Applications:
Domestic Appliances Office Machines Audio Equipment

4.5 LM324 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER:

This device consists of 14 pins. It consists of four independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional operation amplifier circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example, the lm324 series 35

can be directly operated off of the standard +5v power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional +15v power supplies.

The below is the figure of LM 324 quad operational device showing the function of each pin

Fig 4.14. LM324 PIN DISCIPTION

4.6 MOISTURE SENSOR

A soil moisture sensor is a water conservation accessory for conventional automatic irrigation controllers with the potential for eliminating excessive irrigation cycles. Soil moisture sensor

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Fig 4.15: Moisture Sensor Soil moisture sensors measure the water contain in soil. A soil moisture probe is made up of multiple soil moister sensors. One common type of soil moisture sensor ins in commercial use & a frequency domain sensors such as a capacitance sensor. Another sensor the neutron moister gauge, utilize the modulator properties of water for neutron. By simply inserting the soil moisture sensors in the soil to be tested and volumetric water content of soil is reported in percent. Soil moisture sensors are used to conduct experiments in ecology, environmental science and agricultural science , horticulture , biology and more.

4.7. DC MOTOR
An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic field is maintained using either permanent magnets or

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electromagnetic windings. DC motors are most commonly used in variable speed and torque. Motion and controls cover a wide range of components that in some way are used to generate and/or control motion. Areas within this category include bearings and bushings, clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive components, encoders and resolves, Integrated motion control, limit switches, linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear position sensing, motors (both AC and DC motors), orientation position sensing, pneumatics and pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power transmission (mechanical), seals, slip rings, solenoids springs. Motors are the devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a drive system. This family includes AC motor types (single and multiphase motors, universal, servo motors, induction, synchronous, and gear motor) and DC motors (brush less, servo motor, and gear motor) as well as linear, stepper and air motors, and motor contactors and starters. In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion. Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Fig:4.16. DC.Motor 38

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets. The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, and driving it to continue rotating.

Principle of operation
It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's Left-hand rule and whose magnitude is given by

Force, F = B I l Newton Where B is the magnetic field in weber/m2. I is the current in amperes and l is the length of the coil in meter. The force, current and the magnetic field are all in different directions. If an Electric current flows through two copper wires that are between the poles of a magnet, an upward force will move one wire up and a downward force will move the other wire down.

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Figure 4.17: Force in DC Motor

Figure 4.18 :Magnetic Field in DC Motor

Figure 4.19: Motor

Torque in DCFigure 4.20 : Current Flow in DC Motor

The loop can be made to spin by fixing a half circle of copper which is known as commutator, to each end of the loop. Current is passed into and out of the loop by brushes that press onto the strips. The brushes do not go round so the wire do not get twisted. This arrangement also makes sure that the current always passes down on the right and back on the left so that the rotation continues. This is how a simple Electric motor is made.

5. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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Fig.5.1. Circuit Diagram OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

6. EXECUTION DETAILS
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6.1 Vision3 Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug Embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: A Project manager. A make facility. Tool configuration. Editor. A powerful debugger. To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\Examples, \C251\Examples, \C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are provided. HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the Serial Interface. Building an Application in Vision2 To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision2, you must: Select Project - (for example, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2). Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. 5.2. STEPS FOR SOURCE CODE CREATION Vision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project. Creating Your Own Application in Vision2 To create a new project in Vision2, you must: Select Project - New Project. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from the Device Database. Create source files to add to the project. Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files, Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to the project. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most applications. 42

Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. Debugging an Application in Vision2 To debug an application created using Vision2, you must: Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session.

Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar. Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on. Starting Vision2 and creating a Project Vision2 is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon. To create a new project file select from the Vision2 menu Project New Project. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you for the new project file name. We suggest that you use a separate folder for each project. You can simply use the icon Create New Folder in this dialog to get a new empty folder. Then select this folder and enter the file name for the new project, i.e. Project1. Vision2 creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains a default target and file group name. You can see these names in the Project

Window Files
Now use from the menu Project Select Device for Target and select a CPU for your project. The Select Device dialog box shows the Vision2 device database. Just select the microcontroller you use. We are using for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. This selection sets necessary tool options for the 80C51RD+ device and simplifies in this way the tool Configuration

Building Projects and Creating a HEX Files

Typical, the tool settings under Options Target are all you need to start a new application. You may translate all source files and line the application with a

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click on the Build Target toolbar icon. When you build an application with syntax errors, Vision2 will display errors and warning messages in the Output Window Build page. A double click on a message line opens the source file on the correct location in a Vision2 editor window. Once you have successfully generated your application you can start debugging. After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download the software into an EPROM programmer or simulator. Vision2 creates HEX files with each build process when Create HEX files under Options for Target Output is enabled. You may start your PROM programming utility after the make process when you specify the program under the option Run User Program #1.

CPU Simulation
Vision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be mapped for read, write, or code execution access. The Vision2 simulator traps and reports illegal memory accesses being done. In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also provides support for the integrated peripherals of the various 8051 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU you have selected are configured from the Device

Database selection
You have made when you create your project target. Refer to page 58 for more Information about selecting a device. You may select and display the on-chip peripheral components using the Debug menu. You can also change the aspects of each peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes.

Start Debugging
You start the debug mode of Vision2 with the Debug Start/Stop Debug Session command. Depending on the Options for Target Debug Configuration, Vision2 will load the application program and run the startup code Vision2 saves the editor screen layout and restores the screen layout of the last debug session. If the program execution stops, Vision2 opens an editor window with the source text or shows CPU instructions in the disassembly window. The next executable statement is marked with a yellow arrow. During debugging, most editor features are still available. 44

For example, you can use the find command or correct program errors. Program source text of your application is shown in the same windows. The Vision2 debug mode differs from the edit mode in the following aspects: The Debug Menu and Debug Commands described on page 28 are Available. The additional debug windows are discussed in the following. The project structure or tool parameters cannot be modified. All build Commands are disabled.

Disassembly Window
The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and assembly program or just assembly code. A trace history of previously executed instructions may be displayed with Debug View Trace Records. To enable the trace history, set Debug Enable/Disable Trace Recording. If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program step commands work on CPU instruction level rather than program source lines. You can select a text line and set or modify code breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the context menu commands. You may use the dialog Debug Inline Assembly to modify the CPU instructions. That allows you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the target program you are debugging.

7.FUTURE SCOPE
We can implement this module in golf fields and public gardens. Electronic Gardner is a prototype for an automatic irrigation system that can be used in wide 45

landscapes. The main advantage of this module is with out observation of farmer the motor pump automatically switch on or off motor by using the moisture sensors. Saves time, Saves water. An automatic irrigation system can save you literally thousands of gallons of water a year simply by remembering to turn itself off at the right time. Protects your financial investment. An attractively landscaped exterior, with lush growth and healthy plants, helps your house project that fresh.

8. CONCLUSION

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In present days especially farmers are facing major problems in watering their agriculture fields, its because they have no proper idea about when the power is available so that they can pump water. Even after then they need to wait until the field is properly watered, which makes them to stop doing other activities. Here is an idea which helps not only farmers even for watering the gardens also, which senses the soil moisture and switches the pump automatically when the power is ON. Electronic Gardner is a prototype for an automatic irrigation system that can be used in wide landscapes. Properly installed, maintain and managed system can be implemented in large fields like public gardens, lawns, golf fields etc.

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9. BIBLOGRAPHY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8051-mirocontrolar and embedded system. -Mohd. Mazidi. Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S.Gaonkar. Electronic Components -D.V.Prasad. www.atmel.com www.microsoftsearch.com www.kiel.com www.wikipedia.com

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