SREE CHITHIRA THIRUNAL RESIDENTIAL CENTRAL SCHOOL, KUNNATHUKAL, KARAKONAM P.

O, TRIVANDRUM

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Name: ABHIJITH.J.B Class: XII Reg:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the project entitled DIFFUSION OF SOLID IN LIQUID being submitted by ABHIJITH.J.B of this school is bonafide record of the work done by him under my supervision and guidance with his own effort and has not been submitted anywhere else.

Examiner

Teacher in charge

Head of the institution

DECLARATION
I ABHIJITH.J.B of class XII Sree Chithira Thirunal Residential Central School Kunnathukal,Karakonam P.O hereby declare that the report presented here is the original report of the work done by myself for the fulfilment of AISSCE March 2012 biology practical examination has not been submitted anywhere else.

Kunnathukal 2012

ABHIJITH J B XII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to chemistry teachers miss Soumya for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for her support in completing the project. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of my group Akash for his kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in completion of this project. I also thank our principal Smt. S.PUSHPAVALLY for providing me all the facilities to finish the project on time. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to the institution for giving me such attention and time. My thanks and appreciations also go to my friends in developing the projec t and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

ABHIJITH J B

Study of Diffusion of solids in Liquids

CONTENT
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Aim Introduction Properties of solutions Objective Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 Result Bibliography

AIM
Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids

INTRODUCTION
When substances are brought in contact with each other they intermix, this property is known as Diffusion. This property of diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases and to a lesser extent in case of liquids, whereas solids do not show this process of diffusion with each other. But what we can observe in case of solids is that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes place at a very slow rate. If a solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble, some portion of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is known as dissolution of a solid in liquid and this process has taken place due to the diffusion of solid particles into liquid. A solution is a homogenous mixture of substances with variable composition. The substance present in the major prop ortion is called the solvent, whereas the substance present in the minor proportion is called the solute. It is possible to have solutions composed of several solutes. The process of a solute dissolving in a solute is called dissolution. Many common mixtures (like concrete) are heterogeneous the components and properties of such mixtures are not distributed uniformly throughout their structures. Conversely, solutions are said to be homogeneous because they have uniform composition and properties. Solutions are intimate and random homogeneous mixtures of atomic -size chemical species, ions, or molecules. In addition to their observed homogeneity, true solutions also have certain other characteristics. For example, components of a solution never separate spontaneously, even when a significant density difference exists between the components. Solutions also pass through the finest filters unchanged. Molecules of solute are in constant random motion due to the collision between molecules of solute and that of the solvent. It is this physical interaction between solute-solvent particles that leads to diffusion.

The components of a solution distribute t hemselves in a completely random manner, given sufficient time. For example, a lump of sugar dropped into a glass of water dissolves, and eventually molecules of sugar can be found randomly distributed throughout the water, even though no mechanical stirri ng has been employed. This phenomenon, called diffusion, is similar to the process of diffusion that occurs with gases. The molecules of sugar (as well as those of water) must be in constant motion in the solution. In the case of liquid solutions, the sugar molecules do not move very far before they encounter other molecules; diffusion in a liquid is therefore less rapid than diffusion in a gas. In general, three major factors pressure, temperature, and the nature of the solute and solventinfluence the solubility of a solute in a solvent. Not all these factors are equally important in a specific instance.
Pressure: Changes in pressure have little effect on the solubility of solid or liquid solutes in a liquid solvent, but pressure has a much greater influence on the solubility of a gaseous solute. A commonly observed phenomenon that supports this is the effervescence that occurs when the cap of a bottle of ordinary soda water is removed. Soda water contains carbon dioxide gas dissolved in water under pressure; when the cap is removed, the pressure of the gas on the liquid is decreased to atmospheric pressure. Since carbon dioxide gas leaves the solution at this lower pressure, it follows that the solubility of carbon dioxide in water is dependent upon the pressure of the carbo n dioxide above the liquid. The results of this simple observation are summarized in Henry's Law, which states that at any specified temperature, the extent to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is directly dependent upon the pressure of the gas. Temperature: In general, a change in temperature affects the solubility of gaseous solutes differently than it does the solubility of solid solutes, because the solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent decreases with increasing temperature. With relatively few exceptions, the solubility of solids in liquids increases with an increase in temperature. In some instances, the increase in solubility is very large; for example, the solubility of potassium nitrate in water at 25C is about 31 grams of KNO 3 per 100 grams of water and about 83 grams of KNO 3 per 100 grams of water at 50C (122F). On the other hand, the solubility of some solutes, such as ordinary table salt, shows very little dependence on temperature. Often this difference in solubility can be used as an ad vantage in the preparation, isolation, or purification of substances by the process of crystallization. In general, it is not possible to arrive at any reliable generalization concerning the influence of temperature upon the solubility of liquids in liquids. In some cases the solubility increases with an increase in temperature, in some cases it decreases, and in others there is very little effect.

The nature of solute and solvent: Crystalline substances consist of a regular arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions; in the latter case, the forces that hold the crystal together are electrostatic in nature. For an ionic crystal to dissolve in water, the water molecules must be able to shield the charges of the positive and negative ions from each other. The attractive forces between the ions in solution are less than those in the solid state because of the solvent molecules; hence , the ions behave more or less independently in solution. In general, the relative solubilities of ionic substances are a measure of the magnitude of the electrostatic forces that hold the crystals together.

Properties of Solutions
Pure liquids have a set of characteristic physical properties (melting point, vapour pressure at a given temperature, etc.). Solutions in a solvent exhibit these same properties, but the values differ from those of the pure solvent because of the presence of the solute. Moreover, the change observed in these properties in going from the pure solve nt to a solution is dependent only upon the number of solute molecules; these properties are called colligative properties. The properties of a solvent that show a predictable change upon th e addition of a solute are melting point, boiling point, vapour pressure, and osmotic pressure.
Melting and boiling points. Solutions exhibit higher boiling points and lower melting points than the parent solvent. The increase in boiling point and decrease in melting point is dependent upon the number of solute particles in the solution. The greater the number of solute particles (i.e., the concentration), the greater will be the boiling point elevation and melting point depression. A common application of this effect in some parts of the world is in the use of antifreeze solutions in the cooling systems of automobiles in cold climates. "Antifreeze" compounds are usually organic liquids that are miscible with water so that large freezing point effects can be attained.

Vapor pressure : All liquids exhibit a vapor pressure, the magnitude of which
depends on the temperature of the liquid. For example, water boils at 100C, which means that at 100C the vapor pressure of water is equal to the atmospheric pressure allowing bubbles of gaseous water (steam) to escape from the liquid state. However, the vapor pressure of a solution (at any temp erature) is less than that of the solvent. Thus, boiling water ceases to boil upon the addition of salt because the salt solution has a lower vapour pressure than pure water. The salt solution will eventually boil when the temperature of the

solution increases bringing about an increase in vapour pressure sufficient to again form bubbles. Note in this example that the boiling point of water increases with the addition of salt; thus, the boiling point elevation and the vapour pressure depression are related.

OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate that rate of diffusion depends upon the following factors: -

Temperature: As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. Thus, the speed of particles also increases, which in turn increases the rate of diffusion. Size of the particle: As the size of particle increases, rate of diffusion
decreases. This is because the particles become less mobile in the solvent.

Mass of the particle: As the mass of the particle increases, the rate of
diffusion decreases; as the particle becomes less mobile.

EXPERIMENT 1
To study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought in contact with water (liquid)

REQUIREMENTS:
Copper sulphate crystals, 100ml beaker.

PROCEDURE:
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Take about 2g of copper sulphate crystals in 100ml beaker. Add about 50ml of water and allow it to stand for few minutes. Note the development of blue colour in water. Allow to stand further till it is observed that all copper sulphate disappears. Note the blue colour change in water.

CONCLUSION:
When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are brought in contact with liquids such as water, intermixing of substances, i.e. diffusion takes place.

EXPERIMENT 2
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of solids in liquids

REQUIREMENTS:
Copper sulphate crystals, 200ml beaker, watch glass, wire gauge, burner, tripod stand, thermometer and stop watch.

PROCEDURE:
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Take 5g of copper sulphate each in three beakers. Pour 100ml of distilled water slowly in one of the beakers. Cover this beaker with a watch glass. Pour 100ml of cold water in a second beaker slowly. Place a third beaker containing 100ml of water on a tripod stand for heating. Observe the diffusion process which begins in all the beakers. Record the time taken for the dissolution of copper sulphate in all the three cases.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Temperature of water 25 0C 10 0C 70 0C Time Taken in Minutes 15 Min. 20 Min. 10 Min.

CONCLUSION:
The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below: Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1 Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

EXPERIMENT 3
To study the effect of size of particles on the rate of diffusion of solids in liquids

REQUIREMENTS:
Graduated 100ml measuring cylinders, copper sulphate crystals of different sizes, stop watch

PROCEDURE:
y y y y

Add 50ml of water to each of the three cylinders. Take 5g each of big size, medium size, small size crystals of copper sulphate and add them separately in three cylinders. Allow to stand for some time. Note the time taken for blue colour to reach an y fixed mark in each of the cylinders and note the observations.

OBSERVATION:
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Crystal size Big Medium Small Time Taken in Minutes 20 Min. 15 Min. 10 Min.

CONCLUSION:
The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below: Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1 Thus, smaller particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.

RESULT
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When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium permanganate are brought in contact with liquid such as water, intermixing of the substances, i.e. diffusion takes place. The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature. Small particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Chemistry (Part I) Textbook for Class XII; National Council of Educational Research and Training Concepts of Physics 2 by H C Verma; Bharti Bhawan (Publishers & Distributors) Lide, David R., ed. (2003). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Whitten, K. W.; Davis, R. E.; Peck, M. L.; and Stanley, G. G. (2004). General Chemistry. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole