Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng Phng php 3

Phng php tng gim

I. PHNG PHP GII 1. Ni dung phng php - Mi s bin i ha hc (c m t bng phng trnh phn ng) u c lin quan n s tng hoc gim khi lng ca cc cht. + Da vo s tng hoc gim khi lng khi chuyn 1 mol cht X thnh 1 hoc nhiu mol cht Y (c th qua cc giai on trung gian) ta d dng tnh c s mol ca cc cht v ngc li, t s mol hoc quan h v s mol ca 1 cc cht m ta s bit c s tng hay gim khi lng ca cc cht X, Y. + Mu cht ca phng php l: * Xc nh ng mi lin h t l mi gia cc cht bit (cht X) vi cht cn xc nh (cht Y) (c th khng cn thit phi vit phng trnh phn ng, m ch cn lp s chuyn ha gia 2 cht ny, nhng phi da vo LBT nguyn t xc nh t l mi gia chng). * Xem xt khi chuyn t cht X thnh Y (hoc ngc li) th khi lng tng ln hay gim i theo t l phn ng v theo cho. * Sau cng, da vo quy tc tam sut, lp phng trnh ton hc gii. 2. Cc dng bi ton thng gp Bi ton 1: Bi ton kim loi + axit (hoc hp cht c nhm OH linh ng) mui + H2 2M + 2nHX 2MXn + nH2 2M + nH2SO4 M2(SO4)n + nH2 (l) (2)

2R(OH)n + 2nNa 2R(ONa)n + nH2 (3) T (l), (2) ta thy: khi lng kim loi gim v tan vo dung dch di dng ion, nhng nu c cn dung dch sau phn ng th khi lng cht rn thu c s tng ln so vi khi lng kim loi ban u, nguyn nhn l do c anion gc axit thm vo. T (3) ta thy: khi chuyn 1 mt Na vo trong mui s gii phng 0,5 mol H2 tng ng vi s tng khi lng l m = MRO. Do , khi bit s mol H2 v m => R. Th d: Cho m gam ancol n chc X vo bnh ng Na d, sau phn ng c 0,1 mol H 2 v khi lng bnh tng 6,2gam. Xc nh CTPT ca X. Hng dn gii Theo (3), vi n = 1 : 1 mol Na 1 mol R- ONa 0,5 mol H2: m = MRO 0,1 mol H2: m = 6,2gam Bi ton 2: Bi ton nhit luyn Oxit (X) + CO (hoc H2) rn (Y) + CO2 (hoc H2O) Ta thy: d khng xc nh c Y gm nhng cht g nhng ta lun c v oxi b tch ra khi oxit v thm vo CO (hoc H2) to CO2 hoc H2O m = mX - mY = mO nO = RO = 31 R = 15 (CH3) X l CH3OH

Vm CO 2 (hoc = n = n H ) = nCO = n H2 2 16

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng Bi ton 3: Bi ton kim loi + dung dch mui: nA + mBn+ nAm+ + mB Ta thy: tng (gim) khi lng ca kim loi chnh l gim (tng) khi lng ca mui (v manion = const) . * Ch : Coi nh ton b kim loi thot ra l bm ht ln thanh kim loi nhng vo dung dch mui. Bi ton 4: Bi ton chuyn ha mui ny thnh mui khc. Khi lng mui thu c c th tng hoc gim, do s thay th anion gc axit ny bng anion gc axit khc, s thay th ny lun tun theo quy tc ha tr (nu ha tr ca nguyn t kim loi khng thay i). * T 1 mol CaCO3 CaCl2: m = 71 - 60 = 11 ( c 1 mol CO32 ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Cl ha tr 1) * T 1 mol CaBr2 2 mol AgBr: m = 2. 108 - 40 = 176 ( c 1 mol Ca2+ ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Ag+ ha tr 1) Bi ton 5: Bi ton chuyn oxit thnh mui: MxOy MxCl2y (c 1 mol O-2 c thay th bng 2 mol Cl ) MxOy Mx(SO4)y (c 1 mol O-2 c thay th bng 1 mol SO42 ) * Ch : Cc iu ny ch ng khi kim loi khng thay i ha tr. Bi ton 6: Bi ton phn ng este ha: RCOOH + HO R RCOOR + H2O
mui : m tng = mui - meste < m m

- meste

mui : m gim = meste mui - meste > m m Bi ton 7: Bi ton phn ng trung ha: - OHaxit, phenol + kim

- OH(axit, phenol) + NaOH - ONa + H2O (c 1 mol axit (phenol) mui: m = 23 1 = 22) 3. nh gi phng php tng gim khi lng - Phng php tng gim khi lng cho php gii nhanh c nhiu bi ton khi bit quan h v khi lng v t l mi ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng. - c bit, khi cha bit r phn ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng hon ton th vic s dng phng php ny cng gip n gin ha bi ton hn. - Cc bi ton gii bng phng php tng gim khi lng u c th gii c theo phng php bo ton khi lng, v vy c th ni phng php tng gim khi lng v bo ton khi lng l 2 anh em sinh i. Tuy nhin, ty tng bi tp m phng php ny hay phng php kia s l u vit hn. - Phng php tng gim khi lng thng c s dng trong cc bi ton hn hp nhiu cht. 4. Cc bc gii. - Xc nh ng mt quan h t l mi gia cht cn tm v cht bit (nh vn dng LBTNL). - Lp s chuyn ho ca 2 cht ny. - Xem xt s tng hoc gim ca M v m theo phng trnh phn ng v theo d kin bi ton - Lp phng trnh ton hc gii. II. TH D MINH HA V d 1: Khi oxi ho hon ton 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng. Cng thc anehit l

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng A. HCHO. Gii:

[ ] RCHO O RCOOH

B. C2H3CHO.

C. C2H5CHO.

D. CH3CHO.

x mol

x mol

m tng= 16x = 3 2,2 Manehit = (R+29) =

x = 0,05

2,2 = 44 R = 15 CH 3CHO p n D 0,05

V d 2 : Oxi ho m gam X gm CH3CHO, C2H3CHO, C2H5CHO bng oxi c xc tc, sn phm thu c sau phn ng gm 3 axit c khi lng (m + 3,2) gam. Cho m gam X tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 th thu c x gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l A. 10,8 gam Gii 2 RCHO + O 2 xt,t 2 RCOOOH
0

B. 21,6 gam

C. 32,4 gam

D. 43,2 gam

Khi lng tng 3,2 gam l khi lng ca oxi tham gia phn ng

nx = 2 n O = 2 x
2

3,2 = 0,2(mol) 32

V cc anehit l n chc (khng c HCHO) nAg= 2nx= 2. 0,2 = 0,4 (mol)

mAg = x = 0,4. 108 = 43,2 gam p n D

V d 3 : Cho 3,74 gam hn hp 4 axit, n chc tc dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch th thu c 5,06 gam mui. Gi tr ca V lt l: A. 0,224 Gii:
RCOOH + NaCO 3 2RCOONa + CO 2 +H 2 O

B. 0,448.

C. 1,344.

D. 0,672

a mol

a mol

0,5a mol

m tng = (23 - 1)a = 5,06 3,74 a = 0,06 mol

VCO = 0,06. 0,5. 22,4 = 0,672 lt p n D

2

V d 4: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, ng ng k tip tc dng va vi Na c 3,12 gam mui khan. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol l : A. CH3OH, C2H5OH. C. C3H7OH, C4H9OH. Gii: B. C2H5OH, C3H7OH. D. C4H9OH, C5H11OH.

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng

1 ROH + Na RONa+ H2 2
a mol a mol mtng = 22a = 3,12 2,02
M
2 ru

a = 0,05 mol
M R = 23,4 < 29

= M R +17 =

2,02 = 40,4 15 < 0.05

2 ru l: CH3OH v C2H5OH p n A
V d 5: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic cn dng 600ml dung dch NaOH 0,10M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l: A. 8,64 gam. Gii: nNaOH = 0,06mol Hn hp X + NaOH Mui + H2, trong nguyn t H trong nhm OH hoc COOH c thay th bi nguyn t Na tng khi lng = 22. 0,06 = 1,32 gam B. 6,84 gam. C. 4,90 gam. D. 6,80 gam.

Khi lng mui = 5,48 + 1,32 = 6,80gam p n D

V d 6 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp cc este no, n nhc, mch h. Dn ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 1,55 gam. Khi lng kt ta thu c l: A. 2,5 gam. Gii:
C n H 2n O 2 + O 2 t nCO 2 + nH 2 O
0

B. 4,925 gam.

C. 6,94 gam.

D. 3.52 gam.

a mol

na
na

na

CO 2 + Ba(OH) 2 BaCO 3 +H 2 O

na
m bnh = m CO 2

+ mH

2O

4 na + 8 na = ,5 a = ,0 5 4 1 1 5 n 0 2

mkt ta = 0,025.197 = 4,925 gam p n B

V d 7: Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO 4. Sau khi kt thc phn ng lc b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Zn trong hn hp ban u l: A. 90,28% Gii: B. 85,30% C. 82,20% D. 12,67%

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng Zn + CuSO4 x

ZnSO4 +Cu (1) x

mgim = (65 - 64)x = x

Fe + CuSO4 y

FeSO4 +Cu (2) y

m tng = (64 - 56)y = 8y

V khi lng hn hp rn trc v sau phn ng i

mgim = mtng x = 8y

%Zn =

65x x 100% = 90,28% p n A 65x + 56y

V d 8: Cho 4,48 lt CO (ktc) tc dng vi FeO nhit cao mt thi gian, sau phn ng thu c cht rn X c khi lng b hn 1,6gam so vi khi lng FeO ban u. Khi lng Fe thu c v % th tch CO2 trong hn hp kh sau phn ng ln lt l: A. 5,6gam; 40% C. 5,6gam; 50% Gii: FeO + CO t Fe + CO2 mgim = mO(oxit phn ng )=
1,6 = 0,1(mol) 16
0

B. 2,8gam; 25% C. 11,2gam; 60%

n Fe = n CO 2 = 0,1 (mol)

mFe = 0,1.56 = 5,6gam (*)

Theo bo ton nguyn t: n hn hp kh sau phn ng = nCO(ban u) = 0,2 (mol)

% th tch kh CO2 =

0,1 x100% = 50%(**) 0,2

T (*) v (**) p n C V d 9 : Tin hnh 2 th nghim : - TN 1 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V1 (lt) dung dch Cu(NO3)2 1M. - TN2 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V2 (lt) dung dch AgNO3 0,1M. Sau khi cc phim ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng cht rn thu c 2 th nghim u bng nhau. Gi tr ca Vl so vi V2 l A. V1 = V2 Gii: Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu V1 mol V1 mol m tng= 64V1 56V1 = 8V1 gam B. Vl = l0V2 C. Vl = 5V2 D. Vl = 2V2

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng Fe + 2Ag+

Fe2+ +

2Ag 0,1V2 mol

0,05V2 mol

mtng = 108.0,1V2 56.0,05V2 = 8V2 gam Theo mrn (TN1) = mrn(TN2) 8V1= 8V2 V1 = V2 p n A V d 10 : Nung 1 hn hp rn gm a mol FeCO3 v b mol FeS2 trong bnh kn cha khng kh d. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, a bnh v nhit ban u thu c cht rn duy nht l Fe 2O3 v hn hp kh. Bit p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau v sau cc phn ng lu hunh mc oxi ho +4, th tch cc cht rn l khng ng k. Mi lin h gia a v b l A. a = 0,5b. Gii: 2FeCO3+ a
0 1 O 2 t Fe2 O3 +2CO2 2

B. a = b.

C. a = 4b.

D. a = 2b.

a 4

a a 3a mol )= 4 4

Phn ng lm tng 1 lng kh l (a 2FeS2 + b

11 t0 O2 Fe2 O 3 + 4SO2 2

11b 4

2b

11b 3b 2b = mol Phn ng lm gim mt lng kh l: 4 4

V ptrc = psau

3a 3b = a = b p n B 4 4

V d 11: Cho 5,90 gam amin n chc X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 9,55 gam mui khan. S cng thc cu to ng vi cng thc phn t ca X l: A. 5. Gii: RNH2 x mol + HCl B. 4. C. 2. D. 3.

RNH3Cl x mol

x mol

m tng = 36,5x = 9,55 5,9 x = 0,1

Mamin = MR +16 =

5,9 0,1

=59

MR = 43

X: C3H7NH2

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2 ; (CH3)2CHNH2; CH3NHCH3CH2; (CH3)3N

p n B

V d 12: Trong phn t amino axit X c 1 nhm amino v 1 nhm cacboxyl. Cho 15,0 gam X tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 19,4 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca X l A. H2NC3H6COOH. C. H2NC2H4COOH. Gii: H2NRCOOH + NaOH x mol mtng = 22x = 19,4 15,0 B. H2NCH2COOH. D. H2NC4H8COOH.

H2NRCOONa + H2O x mol

x = 0,2 mol Mx = MR +61 = 75 MR = 14 X: H2NCH2COOH p n B

V d 13: t chy hon ton 4,40 gam cht hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy gm 4,48 lt CO2 (ktc) v 3,60 gam H2O. Nu cho 4,40 gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va n khi phn ng hon ton c 4,80 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l A. etyl propionat. C. isopropyl axetat. Gii : B. metyl propionat D. etyl axetat.

n CO 2 = n H 2 O = 0,2mol X l este no n
CnH2nO2 + (
0,2 mol n

3n 1 t ) O2 nCO2 + nH2O 2
0

0,2 mol 0,2 = 4,4 n

mX = (14n + 32)

n = 4 X: C4H8O2 v nX = 4 = 0,05 mol

0,2

RCOOR + NaOH 0,05 mol

RCOONa + ROH 0,05 mol

mX < mmui mtng = (23-R) 0,05 = 4,8 4,4 = 0,4 R= 15 Cng thc cu to ca X l: C2H5OHCOOCH3 p n B V d 14: Hn hp X gm HCOOH v CH3COOH (t l mol 1:1). Ly 5,30 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 5,75 gam C2H5OH (xc tc H2SO4 c) thu c m gam este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l: A. 10,12 gam. C. 16,20 gam. B. 6,48 gam. D. 8,10 gam.

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng Gii:

x mol
MX =

x mol
46x + 60x = 53 2x

x mol

nX = 5,3: 53 = 0,1 mol < n C 2 H 5OH = 0,125 mol

khi lng este tnh theo s mol ca axit

mtng = (29-1)x = m -5,3 m = 8,1 gam

Khi lng este thc t thu c l 8,1.80% = 6,48gam 100%

p n B
V d 15: Dn t t hn hp kh CO v H2 qua ng s ng 55,4 gam hn hp bt CuO, MgO, ZnO, Fe3O4 un nng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 10,08 lt (ktc) hn hp kh v hi ch cha CO2 v H2O, trong ng s cn li mt lng cht rn c khi lng l A. 48,2 gam. Gii: Bn cht ca cc phn ng CO, H2+[O] B. 36,5 gam. C. 27,9 gam D. 40,2 gam

CO2 , H2O

nO = n CO + n H
2

2O

= nCO+ n H 2 = 0,45mol

m rn = moxit mO = 55,4 0,45.16 = 48,2 gam p n A

V d 16: Nung 47,40 gam kali pemanganat mt thi gian thy cn li 44,04 gam cht rn. % khi lng kali pemanganat b nhit phn l A. 50%. Gii:
t 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
0

B. 70%.

C. 80%.

D. 65%.

gim khi lng ca cht rn = m O 2 = 47,4 44,04 = 3,36gam

n O = 3,36: 32 = 0,105 mol m KMnO tham gia = 0,105.2 = 0,21 mol

2 4

% m KMnO phn ng =
4

0,21 .158 .100%= 70% 47 ,4

p n B

V d 17 : Nhit phn a gam Zn(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian dng li lm ngui v em cn thy khi lng gim i 2,700 gam (hiu sut phn ng l 60%). Gi tr a l A. 4,725 gam. Gii: B. 2,835 gam. C. 7,785 gam. D. 7.875 gam.

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng 1 O 2 2 0,5xmol

Zn(NO)2 ZnO + 2NO2 xmol

t0

2xmol

m rn gim = m NO 2 + m O 2 = 92x + 16x = 2,7 x = 0,025mol H= 189x .100% = 60% a = 7,875gam a

p n C

V d 18 : Cho 3,06 gam hn hp K2CO3 v MgCO3 tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c V lt kh (ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X c 3,39 gam mui khan. Gi tr V (lt) l: A. 0,224 Gii: mtng = 11 n CO 2 = 3,39 3,06 n CO 2 = 0,03 mol VCO 2 = 0,672 lt B. 0,448 C. 0,336 D. 0,672.

p n D
V d 19 : Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1M va . Sau phn ng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l A. 7,71 gam. Gii:
2O2-(trong oxit) SO 4

B. 6,91 gam.

C. 7,61 gam.

D. 6,81 gam.

Khi lng tng: 0,05 (96 -16) = 4,0 gam mmui = moxit + mmui = 2,81 + 4 = 6,81 gam p n D
III. BI TP T LUYN Cu 1: Dn 130 cm3 hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h qua dung dch Br2 d kh thot ra khi bnh c th tch l 100cm3, bit dx/He = 5,5 v phn ng xy ra hon ton. Hai hirocacbon cn tm l A. metan, propen. C. etan, propen. B. metan, axetilen. D. metan, xiclopropan.

Cu 2 : un nng 1,77 gam X vi 1 lng va 1,68 gam KOH c 2,49 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v 1 ancol Z vi s mol Z gp 2 ln s mol Y (bit phn ng xy ra hon ton). X l A. CH2(COOCH3)2 C. HCOOC2H5 B. (COOCH3)2 D. C2H4(COOCH3)2

Cu 3: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic cn dng 600ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l A. 8,64 gam. B. 6,84 gam. C. 4,90 gam. D. 6,80 gam.

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng Cu 4: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO 3 c 7,28 gam mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l: A. CH2=CH-COOH C. CH B. CH3COOH D. CH3-CH2-COOH

C-COOH
B. Na2CO3

Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton 2,1 gam mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II trong dung dch H 2SO4 long c 3 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tri II l: A. CaCO3 C. FeCO3 D. MgCO3 Cu 6: Cho ancol X tc dng vi Na d thy s mol khi bay ra bng s mol X phn ng. Mt khc, X tc dng vi lng d CuO nung nng n phn ng hon ton thy lng rn gim 1,2 gam v c 2,7 gam cht hu c a chc Y. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l: A. OHC-CH2-CH2-CHO C. CH3-CO-CO-CH3 (ktc). Sau phn ng c cn c a gam mui khan. Gi tr ca a gam l: A. 34,45. B. 20,15. C. 19,15. D. 19,45. Cu 8: Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp gm CO v H2 qua ng s nung nng cha hn hp FeO, Al2O3 (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton) c hn hp kh v hi nng hn hn hp kh ban u 2 gam. Gi tr ca V lt l A. 2,80. B. 5,60. C. 0,28. D. 0,56 Cu 9: Nung hn hp rn gm FeCO3 v FeS2 (t l mol 1 : 1) trong 1 bnh kn cha khng kh d vi p sut l p1 atm. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton a bnh v nhit ban u thu c cht rn duy nht l Fe2O3 v p sut kh trong bnh lc ny l p2 atm (th tch cc cht rn khng ng k v sau cc phn ng lu hunh mc oxi ho + 4). Mi lin h gia pl v p2 l: A. pl = p2 B. pl = 2p2 C. 2pl = p2 D. pl = 3p2 Cu 10: Dn kh CO i qua ng s nung nng cha 0,02 mol hn hp X gm FeO v Fe2O3 phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 1,96 gam cht rn Y, kh i ra khi ng s hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th thy khi lng bnh tng 2,20 gam. Hn hp X c: A. 50%FeO v 50% Fe2O3 C. 20%FeO v 80% Fe2O3 ng tng 1,575 gam. M l A. Al. B. Be. C. Zn. D. Cr. Cu 12: Dn V lt kh CO2 (ktc) hp th hon ton vo 750ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,1M, sau phn ng khi lng dung dch gim 5,45 gam v c hn hp 2 mui. Gi tr V lt l B. 13,04%FeO v 86,96% Fe2O3 D. 82%FeO v 18%Fe2O3 B. OHC-CH2-CHO D. OHC-CO-CH3

Cu 7: Cho 26,80 gam hn hp KHCO3 v NaHCO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d c 6,72 lt kh

Cu 11: Ho tan ht 1,625 gam kim loi M vo dung dch Ca(OH) 2 thy khi lng dung dch sau phn

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng A. l,68. B. 2,24. C. 1,12. D. 3,36.

Cu 13: Cho 1,825 gam amin X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 2,7375 gam mui RNH 3Cl. X c tng s ng phn cu to amin bc 1 l: A. 4. B. 6. C. 7. D. 8. Cu 14: Cho a gam hn hp gm metanol v propan-2-ol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton a hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 0,56) gam. Khi lng CuO tham gia phn ng l A. 0,56 gam. B. 2,80 gam C. 0,28 gam. D. 5,60 gam. Cu 15: Cho a gam hn hp cc ankanol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 1,20) gam v c t khi hi i vi H 2 l 15. Gi tr ca a gam l A. 1,05 gam. B. 3,30 gam. C. 1,35 gam. D. 2,70 gam. Cu 16: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. un ton b lng Y thu c vi 200ml dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch Z. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Nng mol ca dung dch NaOH phn ng l A. 0,2500M. B. 0,1250M. C. 0,3750M. D. 0,4750M. Cu 17: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Gi tr a gam l A. 3,325. B. 6,325. C. 3,875. D. 5,875. Cu 18: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Cng thc cu to ca X l A.HOOC-CH(NH2)-COOH B. HOOC-CH2CH(NH2)CH2-COOH C. HOOC-CH2CH2CH2NH2 D. HOOC-CH2CH(NH2)-COOH Cu 19: Cho amino axit x tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng Y tc dng va

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 1 lng mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Khi lng mui khan thu c so vi khi lng ca Y s A. tng 1,65 gam. C. tng 1,10 gam. B. gim 1,65 gam. D. gim 1,10 gam.

Cu 20: t chy hon ton 3,72 gam hp cht hu c X (bit d X/H 2 < 70), dn ton b sn phm chy thu c qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy to ra 41,37 gam kt ta ng thi khi lng dung dch gim 29,97 gam. Bit s mol NaOH cn dng phn ng ht vi X bng s mol kh hiro sinh ra khi cho X tc dng vi Na d. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l: A. CH3-C6H4(OH)2 C. C5H6(COOH)2 7,0 cm3 (th tch cc kh o cng iu kin) A. 21,0 dm3 B. 7,0 cm3 C. 21,0 cm3 D. 4,7 cm3 Cu 22: Trong 1 bnh kn dung tch khng i cha 0,2 mo1 CO v 1 lng hn hp X gm Fe 3O4 v FeCO3 (t l mol 1 : l). Nung bnh nhit cao cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v a bnh v nhit ban u (th tch cc cht rn khng ng k) thy p sut trong bnh tng 2 ln so vi ban u. Tng s mol ca Fe3O4 v FeCO3 l: A 0,4 B. 0,3. C. 0,2. D. 0,1. Cu 23: t chy hon ton 16,8 gam mui sunfua ca kim loi ho tri II khng i thu c cht rn X v kh B. Ho tan ht X bng 1 lng va dung dch H2SO4 35% c dung dch mui c nng 44,44%. Ly dung dch mui ny lm lnh xung nhit thp thy tch ra 25 gam tinh th ngm nc Y v dung dch bo ho c nng 31,58%. Y c cng thc l A. CuSO4.3H2O. C. CuSO4.5H2O. B. MgSO4.2H2O. D. CuSO4.2H2O. B. C6H7COOH. D. HO-C6H4-CH2OH.

Cu 21: Th tch oxi phn ng l bao nhiu nu chuyn 1 th tch oxi thnh ozon thy th tch gim i

Cu 24: Thu phn hon ton 1,76 gam X n chc bng 1 lng va dung dch NaOH un nng c 1,64 gam mui Y v m gam ancol Z. Ly m gam Z tc dng vi lng d CuO nung nng n phn ng hon ton thy lng cht rn gim 0,32 gam. Tn gi ca X l A. etyl fomat. C. etyl axetat. B. etyl propionat. D. metyl axetat.

Cu 25: Cho hn hp X gm 2 axit ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi Na d thy s mol H 2 bay ra bng 1 mol X. un 20,75 gam X vi 1 lng d C2H5OH (xc tc H2SO4 c) c 18,75 gam hn hp 2

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u bng 60%). % theo khi lng cc cht c trong hn hp X l: A. 27,71% HCOOH v 72,29% CH3COOH. B. 27,71 % CH3COOH v 72,29% C2H5COOH. C. 40% C2H5COOH v 60% C3H7COOH. D. 50% HCOOH v 50% CH3COOH. Cu 26: Ho tan 5,4 gam Al vo 0.5 lt dung dch X gm AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 c 42 gam rn Y khng tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long v dung dch Z. Ly ton b dung dch Z cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th c 14,7 gam kt ta (cho phn ng xy ra hon ton). Nng mi ca AgNO 3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong dung dch X ln lt l: A. 0,6M v 0,3M. C. 0,3M v 0,6M. B. 0,6M v 0,6M. D. 0,3M v 0,3M.

Cu 27: Nhng m gam kim loi M ho tr II vo dung dch CuSO4 sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim loi thy khi lng gim 0,075%. Mt khc, khi nhng m gam thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch Pb(NO 3)2 sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim loi thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng 10,65% (bit s mol ca CuSO 4 v Pb(NO3)2 tham gia 2 trng hp l nh nhau). M l A. Mg. B. Zn. C. Mn. D. Ag. Cu 28: Nhng 1 thanh Al v 1 thanh Fe vo dung dch Cu(NO3)2 sau 1 thi gian ly 2 thanh kim loi ra thy dung dch cn li cha Al(NO3)3 v Fe(NO3)2 vi t l mol 3 : 2 v khi lng dung dch gim 2,23 gam (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). Khi lng Cu bm vo thanh Al v Fe l: A. 4,16 gam. B. 2,88 gam. C. 1,28 gam. D. 2,56 gam. Cu 29 : Cho 32,50 gam Zn vo 1 dung dch cha 5,64 gam Cu(NO 3)2 v 3,40 gam AgNO3 (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v tt c kim loi thot ra u bm vo thanh kim loi). Khi lng sau cng ca thanh kim loi l A. 1,48 gam. B. 33,98 gam. C. 32,47 gam. D. 34,01 gam. Cu 30: in phn l00ml dung dch M(NO3)n. Vi in cc tr cho n khi b mt catot xut hin bt kh th ngng in phn. Phi dng 25ml dung dch KOH 2M trung ho dung dch sau khi in phn. Mt khc, nu ngm 20 gam Mg vo 100ml dung dch M(NO3)n. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh Mg ra, sy kh v cn li thy khi lng tng thm 24% so vi lng ban u. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cng thc ho hc ca M(NO3)n l A. Cu(NO3)2 B. Ni(NO3)2 C. Pb(NO3)2 D. AgNO3 Cu 31: Nung 46,7 gam hn hp Na 2CO3 v NaNO3 n khi lng khng i thu c 41,9 gam cht rn. Khi lng Na2CO3 trong hn hp u l A. 21,2 gam. B. 25,5 gam. C. 21,5 gam. D. 19,2 gam.

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng Cu 32: Nung 104,1 gam hn hp K2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng khng i thu c 88,6 gam cht rn % khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp u l A. 20% v 80%. C. 40,35% v 59,65%. B. 45,5% v 54,5%. D. 35% v 65%.

Cu 33: Dn kh CO qua ng s cha 7,6 gam hn hp gm FeO v CuO nung nng, sau 1 thi gian c hn hp kh X v 6,8 gam rn Y. Cho hn hp kh X hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH) 2 d thy c kt ta. Khi lng kt ta A. 5 gam. B. 10 gam. C. 15 gam. D. 20 gam. Cu 34: t chy hon ton m gam hai kim loi Mg, Fe trong khng kh, thu c (m + 0,8) gam hai oxit. hon tan ht lng oxit trn th khi lng dung dch H2SO4 20% ti thiu phi dng l A. 32,6 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 28,5 gam. D. 24,5 gam. Cu 35: Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn ng hon ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh H 2 bay ra (ktc) l A. 0,56 lt. B. 1,12 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 4,48 lt. Cu 36: em nung nng m gam Cu(NO3)2 mt thi gian ri dng li, lm ngui v em cn thy khi lng gim 0,54 gam so vi ban u. Khi lng mui Cu(NO3)2 b nhit phn l A. 1,88 gam. B. 0,47 gam. C. 9,40 gam. D. 0,94 gam. Cu 37: trung ho 7,4 gam hn hp 2 axit hu c n chc cn 200ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Khi lng mui thu c khi c cn dung dch l A. 9,6 gam. B. 6,9 gam. C. 11,4 gam. D. 5,2 gam. Cu 38: Cho 5,615 gam hn hp gm ZnO, Fe2O3, MgO tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch H2SO4 1M th khi lng mui sunfat thu c l A. 13,815 gam. B. 13,615 gam. C. 15,215 gam. D. 12,615 gam. Cu 39: t chy hon ton 33,4 gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu ngoi khng kh thu c 41,4 gam hn hp Y gm ba oxit. Th tch ti thiu dung dch H2SO4 20% (D =1,14 g/ml) cn dng ho tan ht hn hp Y l: A. 215ml. B. 8,6ml. C. 245ml. D. 430ml. Cu 40: X l mt -aminoaxit ch cha 1 nhm -NH2 v 1 nhm -COOH. Cho 0,445 gam X phn ng va vi NaOH to ra 0,555 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca X c th l A. H2N-CH2-COOH. C. H2N-CH2-CH2-COOH. B. CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH. D. H2N-CH=CH-COOH.

Cu 41: Cho hn hp X gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng vi dung dch AgNO 3 d th lng kt ta thu c sau phn ng bng khi lng AgNO3 tham gia phn ng. Thnh phn % khi lng NaCl trong X l

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng A. 27,88%. B. 13,44%. C. 15,20%. D. 24,50%.

Cu 42: Cho 1,52 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc l ng ng k tip nhau tc dg vi Na va , sau phn ng thu c 2,18 gam cht rn. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol v th tch kh thu c sau phn ng ktc ln lt l: A. CH3OH; C2H5OH v 0,336 lt. C. C3H5OH; C4H7OH v 0,168 lt. B. C2H5OH; C3H7OH v 0,336 lt D. C2H5OH; C3H7OH v 0,672 lt.

Cu 43: Hn hp X c khi lng 25,1 gam gm ba cht l axit axetic, axit acrylic v phenol. Lng hn hp X trn c trung ho va bng 100ml dung dch NaOH 3,5M. Tnh khi lng ba mui thu c sau phn ng trung ho l A. 32,80 gam. B. 33,15 gam. C. 34,47 gam. D. 31,52 gam. Cu 44: Ngm mt inh st sch trong 200ml dung dch CuSO 4 n khi dung dch ht mu xanh, ly inh st ra khi dung dch, ra sch, sy kh, cn thy inh st tng 0,8 gam. Nng mi ca dung dch CuSO4 l A. 0,5M. B. 5M. C. 0,05M. D. 0,1M Cu 45: Nung l00 gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i c 69 gam cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ln lt l: A. 16% v 84%. C. 26% v 74%. B. 84% v 16%. D. 74% v 26%.

Cu 46: Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn ng hon ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh H 2 bay ra (ktc) l A. 0,56 lt. B. 1,12 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 4,48 lt. Cu 47: Cho mt anken X tc dng ht vi H 2O (H+, t0) c cht hu c Y, ng thi khi lng bnh ng nc ban u tng 4,2 gam. Cng cho mt lng X nh trn tc dng vi HBr va , thu c cht Z, thy khi lng Y, Z thu c khc nhau 9,45 gam (gi s cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). Cng thc phn t ca X l: A. C2H4 B. C3H6 P N 1A 11C 21C 31A 2B 12B 22A 32C 3D 13A 23C 33A 4A 14B 24C 34D 5D 15B 25A 35B 6B 16C 26B 36D 7C 17A 27B 37A 8A 18D 28A 38B 9A 19A 29B 39A 10B 20D 30D 40B C. C4H8 D. C5H10

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Phng php 3: Tng gim khi lng 41A 42B 43A 44A 45A 46B 47A

* Xem thm bi ging trc tuyn ca: PGS.TS o Hu Vinh trong phn video th nghim ha hc (video: Phng php tng gim khi lng)

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