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EX LIBRIS

JOHANNIS FLETCHER
PER DUO ET VIGINTI ANNOS LINGUAE LaTINAE IN COLLEGIO
Universitatis Professoris: qui mense Julio a.d. mdccccxvii mortuus est: li bros quos ille penitus amaverat uxor et filii ejus collegio amato

DONAVERUNT.
DULCES EXUVIAE DUM FATA DEUS-QUE SINEBANT.

Virg: Mrt:

IV.

ilHorti's

anti

fflorgau's Hatiu Series

EDITED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

EDWARD

P.

MORRIS,
AND

L.H.D..

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN VALE UNIVERSITY

MORRIS

H.

MORGAN.

Ph.D.,

PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

VOLUMES OF THE
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Hblr^hNTIALS

OF LATIN

FOR BEGINNERS

BY

HENRY CARR PEARSON,

A.B.,

Harvard

HORACE MANN SCHOOL, TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK

o>Hc

NEW

YORK-:- CINCINNATI

:-

CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1905, nv

EDWARD

P.

MORRIS AND MORRIS

H.

MORGAN.

Enteked at Stationers' Hall, London,

pearson.

essentials of latin.

PREFACE
This book
lessons,
is

designed to prepare pupils

It

in a

thorough
to

fashion to read Caesar's Gallic War.

contains seventy
exclusively
first

including ten

that

are

devoted

reading, and six supplementary lessons.

lessons contain the

The

seventy

minimum

of

what a pupil should know

intel-

before he

is

ready to read Latin with any degree of

ligence and satisfaction.

The supplementary

lessons deal

largely with certain principles of syntax that

some teachers
first

may

not wish to present to their pupils during the

year's work.

They

are independent of one another and

and may, therefore, be taken up in any order that the teacher wishes, or any number of them
of the rest of the book,

may be
It is

omitted.

hoped that the following features

to teachers of first

will

commend

themselves
1.

year Latin

Carefully

selected

vocabularies,

containing with a

very few exceptions only those words that occur with the
greatest frequency in Caesar's Gallic War.

About

five

hundred words are presented in the first seventy lessons. The constant comparison of English and Latin usage. 2. Not much knowledge of English grammar on the part of the pupil is taken for granted. The more difficult constructions are first considered from the English point of
view.

A more logical and consecutive treatment of topics. 3. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs are not treated in
5

PREFACE

a piecemeal fashion, but four or five consecutive lessons

are devoted to a topic before passing on to another.
ficient
4.

Suf-

change, however,

is

introduced to avoid monotony.

brief preparatory course.

first

Allowing ample time

for reviews, the

seventy lessons should be thoroughly

mastered in about twenty-five weeks. The Review Exercises under each lesson. 5.

These employ the vocabulary and constructions of the preceding lessons, and afford additional practice for those who wish
it.

They may be
6.

omitted,

however,

if

desired, as the

regular Exercises also review preceding constructions.

Carefully graded material for reading.

Vh'i

selections from

Romae and
Book

the

first

There are twenty chapters

form.

of Caesar's Gallic War,

II, in simplified

This

should prepare a pupil to begin to read the regular text

of Caesar at the beginning of the second year.

acknowledgments to the who have read the manuscript of this book, and have rendered valuable assistance by their suggestions and criticisms Mr. H. F. Towle, Boys' High School, Brooklyn Mr. A. L. Hodges, Wadleigh High School, New York City; Mr. A. J. Inglis, Horace Mann High School, New York City Mr. Herbert T. Rich, Boston Latin School. This book has had the benefit of the criticism of Professor M. H. Morgan of Harvard University, one of the editors of the series, who has carefully read both the manuscript and the proof.
I

wish

to

express

my

grateful

following well-known teachers of Latin

HENRY CARR PEARSON.

New York
City,
January, 1905.

CONTENTS
LESSON

PAGE
II
-a-.

Introduction
I.

First First First

Declension or Stems in

Declension or Stems in -aPresent Indicative of Sinn

Feminine Nouns (continued). Feminine Adjectives

Limiting Genitive

16
18

Declension or Stems in -a- (continued).

Present Indicative.
in
-o.

First Conjugation.

Second Declension or Stems

culine of Adjectives
6.
.

...... .......
Direct Object
.

20
22

Masculine Nouns in

-us.

Mas
25

Second Declension (continued).

direct Object
. .

Neuters
.

in

-w.
.

Appositive.
^
.

In

28

7.

Declension of Adjectives in

8.

9.

Agreement Second Declension (continued). Masculines in -er and -ir Second Declension (continued). Masculines in -?'/ and www. Ad
-z<5, -(7, -<;.
.

30
33

jectives in
ID.

-ei-,

-{e)ra, -(e)ruiii

.....
.

36

Imperfect and Future Indicative of Sum.

First Conjugation.

11.

Principal Parts.

Order of Words. Review Formation and Conjugation of

.
. .

40
42
45

the Imperfect and Future Indicative Active

12.

First

Conjugation (continued).
of

Means

13.

First

Conjugation

Indicative Active.
14.

Second Conjugation.
Third Declension.

of the Indicative Active

15.

........... ........
Perfect Indicative Active.

Ablative

(continued).

Pluperfect

and Future Perfect

Review

48
51

Characteristics.

Formation and Conjugation

Consonant Stems

54
57
in -i-

16. 17.
18.

Third Declension (continued). Consonant Stems. Ablative of Cause

Third Declension (continued).

Stems

60
Ablative of

Review of Third Declension.

Rules of Gender.

Time
63

When
19.

Reading Lesson.
Hints
for

Adaptation of ("haptcr

T,

Book

I,

Gallic

War.
65

Translation

20.

Present Indicative Passive of the First and Second Conjugations.

Ablative of Agent
7

68

CONTENTS
21.

Imperfect and Future Passive of the First and Second Conjugations

Ablative of

Manner

22.

Perfect, Pluperfect,

and Future Perfect Passive of the

Second Conjugations
23.
tive of Specification

Adjectives of the Third Declension.

..... ...... ......

.

First an

Three Terminations

AblaOn.

24.

Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued).

Two and

Terminations.
25.
26.

Dative with Adjectives

Reading Lesson.
First

Adaptation of Chapter II

Perfect, Pluperfect,

and Future Perfect of

and Second Conjugations

27.

Third Conjugation.
Passive

28.

Third Conjugation (completed).

English

29.

Present Infinitive, Active and Passive.

30. 31.

Reading Lesson.
/s.

Idem

32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

37.

The Relative Pronoun Hie and Ille. Adjectives used

Ipse, Iste.

......... ......... .......

Present, Imperfect, and

....
Sta/i.

Review

the

I'ulure, Active

and

Verbs

in io

The

Infinitive used

Adaptation of Chajitcr III

as Substantives

Irregular Adjectives.

Ablative of Separation

Fourth Conjugation.

The

Interrogative Quis
.

Reading Lesson.
Fourth Declension
Irregular

Adaptation of Chapter IV

........
.

38.
39.

Verb Ed. Place Where, Whence, Whither Review of the Four Conjugations. Dative of Possessor
Accusative of Extent of

40. 41. 42.

43.

Numerals.

Time and Space

Fifth Declension.

Partitive Genitive

....
V
.

Reading Lesson.

Adaptation of Chapter

44.

Comparison of Adjectives, Ablative of Comparison Comparison of Adjectives (continued). Ablative of the Measure
of Difference

45.
46.

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives.

47.

48.
49. 50.
51.

Possum Review of Comparison of Adjectives. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter VI Personal and Reflexive Pronouns

....... .......
.

....
.

Possessive Adjectives.
Indefinite Pronouns.
Participles.

Dative of Service
Descriptive Ablative and Genitive

Forms, Declension, and Meanings

Ablative Absolute

52.

Participles (continued).

CONTENTS
LESSON
53.

9
PAGE
.

54.
55. 56.
57.

Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter VII Formation and Meanings Infinitives.

Indirect Discourse.

-154
155

Simple Statements

58.
59. 60.

Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Utor, Fruor, etc. Fero &nd Flo. Dative with Intransitives Reading Lesson, Adaptation of Chapter VIII The Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Clauses of Purpose The Subjunctive (continued). Imperfect Tense. Result Qauscs
Void, Nolo,

.... ....
. . .
. .

157
161

163
165

166
169

61.

Mdlo.

Relative Clause of Purpose

62. 63. 64. 65.

Indirect Questions.

Sequence of Tenses
. . . .

Substantive Clauses

.172 .174 .178

181

Reading Lesson,

Adaptation of Chapter

IX

Object Clauses with Verbs* of Fearing.

Cum
.
.

Temporal, Causal,
.
. .

and Concessive
66. 67. 68. 69.
70.

Compounds of Sum. Dative with Compound Verbs The Imperative. Commands and Exhortations
.

Gerund and Gerundive Complete Review of Verb Forms Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter
. .
.
.

,,.....
.
. . ,

.182 .185 .187 .190

193
.

194

SUPPLEMENTARY LESSONS
71.
72.

Conditional Sentences.

Present and Past

Time

196 198

Conditional Sentences (continued).

Future Time

73. 74.
75.

Wishes
Indirect Discourse.

200

Complex Sentences
Supine.
Different

202

Impersonal Use of Verbs.

Purpose
Periphrastic Conjugations

76.

Selections for Reading:

Selections from

Caesar.

Gallic

........... ....... .....

Ways
of p\pres?ing

204

206

Roman

History
II,

209 218
231

War, Book

Chapters 1-20

Appendix,

Tables of Inflections, Conjugation, etc

Latin-English Vocabulary

267

English-Latin Vocabulary

299
315

Index

do)

ITALY AND GAUL

SCALE OF MILES
100

200

300

400

500

INTRODUCTION
1.

These introductory sections should be read by the

Pupils learn pronunciation
It
is

pupils and used for reference.

quickly by imitation.
the pupils repeat.

suggested that the teacher

21,

pronounce slowly the words in sections 9 and Reference may be made

as mistakes are made.

and that

to the rules

Alphabet
2.

The

Latin
it

alphabet

is
%v.

the

same

as

the

EngHsh,

except that

has no

j
a,

or

is

used both as a vowel

and as a consonant. 3. The vowels are

consonants.
4.

e,

i,

0, u.

The

other letters are

Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels that are pronounced as one. They are
ae
oe

au

eu

ui

Roman Method of Pronunciation

5.

The long vowels

a like a in
e

are pronounced as follows

i

fatJier.

like i in niac/iine. in note.

like e

in frey.

6 like
like CO in root.

u
6.

The
e

short vowels are pronounced as follows

first

a like the

a in aha.

like like

in pit.

Hke

e in step.

in or.

like

u
II

in /////.

12

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
in English.

Most of the consonants are pronounced as 7. But note the following points
c

and g are hard, as in come and go. consonant is like j m.yes.

hard, as in
tin.
,

s is a hissing

sound, as in sin;
z,

never like
ch
is
is

as in ease.

like

cJi

in cJiorus.

t is

ph
qu

like /// in alphabet.

is like zv in wijte.

is

almost like kw.

8.

The diphthongs

are pronounced as follows

ae like ai in aisle.
oe like oi in
ui
is

au

like

on in

Jionse.
^Ji-oo.

toil.

eu (rare) like
ive.

almost like

ei (rare) like ci in eight.

9.

EXERCISE
vis

hi

haec

genus
coepit

vir

ad
ita

quis
tot
sic

me
quia

mensae
cui

regn5
-que

iam

causa

aeger

Syllables
10.

syllable consists of a

alone or with one or more consonants.

has as

many
/

syllables as

it

vowel or diphthong either Therefore a word has vowels or diphthongs

:

ae-di-fi-co,

build.

11.

A single

consonant between two vowels belongs with

:

the following vowel

12.

a-mi-cus, friend.

two or more consonants between two vowels, as many are joined with the following vowel as can be pronounced with it ho-spes, guest ; co-gno-sco, /
If there are
:

recognize.
13.

Compound words
:

are divided into their

lie is), Jie is

component

parts

ad-est (ad, near ; est,

present.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
14. 15.
:

The

Doubled consonants are separated pu-el-la, girl. last syllable of a word is called the ultima ; the
last,
\.\\q

next to the
antepenult.

penult ; the one before the penult, the

Quantity
Vowels are long (-) or short (^). The long vowels are marked in this book unmarked vowels (except in diphthongs) must be considered short. 17. The following are a few general rules for determin16.
;

ing the quantity of vowels

1.

vowel

is

short before another vowel or h:

c6-pi-a,

abundance.
2.

3.

4.

Vowels resulting from contraction are long co-go (coago), / collect. Vowels are long before nf, ns, net, ncs infero, / bring in; insanus, mad. Diphthongs are long causa, cause.
: :
:

18.

A
A

syllable containing a long

:

vowel or a diphthong

is

long by nature
19.

leges, lan's

aedes, temple.

syllable containing a short

vowel followed by two

long by position.
:

or

more consonants, or by x
is

or

z,

is

The

short vowel, however,

tJiey call ;

still

pronounced short

vocant,

dux, leader.

Accent
20.

The

following principles

determine what syllable

of a
1.

word receives the

stress of the voice

2.

The ultima, or last syllable, is never accented. Words of two syllables accent the first, or
templum, temple.

penult

14
3.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Words of more than two syllables accent the penult when it is long, otherwise the antepenult amare,
:

to 4.

love

mittere,

to send.

Certain words like -ne, the sign of a question, and -que,

a7td,

called

enclitics,

are

so

closely joined to the

preceding word that

amatne, does
lie

its last

syllable has

an accent

love ? hominesque,

mid

the men.

EXERCISE
21.

Divide into syllables, accent, and pronounce the

following words
inlquus
gratiae

vincam
fllius

aedificium

gladi5
cuius

coeperunt
flliusque

huic

Idem
vero

monere
facere

aegritudd

mensarum pugnabo
I NFLECTION

quae faciebam laudabimus

22.

Parts of Speech.

These

are the
is

same

in

Latin Latin
:

as in English, except that there

no

article in

namely, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, and the

particles.
23.
Inflection.

to

show

tence.
is

This is the change that words undergo grammatical relations to the rest of the senThe inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns
their

called declension
24.

Declension.

Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

is

of verbs, eonjugation.

have

the following cases

1.

Nominative, which
Genitive.
It

the case of the subject.

2.

may

generally be rendered by the English

of.

possessive, or

by the objective with

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3.

Dative.

Corresponds to the English objective with the

to

prepositions
4.
5.

or for.

Acaisative, the case of the direct object.

Vocative, the case of direct address.

6.

Ablative.

ing to

This expresses various relations correspondthe English objective with the prepositions
ifi,

fro7)i, luit/i,

by, at,

and
in

on.

25.
1.

(Conjugation.
finite
;

Verbs

Latin have

Three
tive

moods, Indicative, Subjunctive, Impera-

also Infinitives, Participles, Supines, Gerunds,

and Gerundives.
2.

Six tenses, Present, Imperfect, Future,

perfect,

Perfect,

Plu-

Future Perfect.

3.

Two Two

voices, as in English, Active

and Passive.

4.
5.

Three persons,

as in Itnglish, First, Second, Third.

in English,

numbers, as

Singular and Plural.

Gender
26.

There are three genders. Masculine, Feminine, and

is

Neuter.

The gender
meaning
27.
1.

determined partly, as

in

English, by the

of the noun, but

more often by the ending.

General Rules of Gender.

males, and

Nouns denoting
t//e

names
:

of

rivers,

winds,
Tiberis,
i^'ind

and months are masculine

Tiber;
Caesar,

nauta,

sai/or ;
Jiorth

Caesar;

aquilo,

lanuarius, January.
2.

Nouns denoting
and

females, and
:

names
tree.

of countries, towns,
Italia, Italy

trees are feminine

;

filia,

daughter;

Athenae, Athens
3.

pirus,

pear
:

Indeclinable nouns are neuter

nihil, nothing.

l6

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

FIRST DECLENSION OR STEMS

Feminine Nouns
28.

IN

-a-

Nouns

in

Latin are divided into

five declensions,

or classes, which are distinguished from one another

by

the ending of the genitive singular.

Nouns

of the First

Declension are feminine, unless they denote males, and

are declined like the following example
Singular

Terminations 2
-a

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

Stella,

a star (as subject)

of a
star, or

stellae,

stars

-ae
-ae

^loWSit, to ox for

a star
by a star

stellam, star, or a star (as object)

Stella, _//v;//, zvitJi,

-am
-a

Plural

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

stellae, stars (as subject)

-ae

stellarum, of stars, or stars'

%\.q)\\^, to

-arum
-is

ox for stars

Stellas, stars (as object)

stellis,

-as
-is

from, with, by stars

Note carefully
1.

That the genitive and dative singular and nominative

plural are alike.

2.

That the dative and ablative

^

plural are alike.

The stem

is

that part of a

word

to

which the case endings are attached

in inflection.
^

The terminations

are a combination of the case endings with the final

vowel of the stem.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3.

17

4.

That the -a of the ablative singular is long. That the base, or that part of the noun which remains unchanged in inflection, is obtained by dropping the
termination -ae of the genitive singular
base,
29.
I.
;

i.e.

stellae,

stell-.

The
is

vocative case

is

like the nominative,

:

except

in certain nouns of the second declension

2.

There

no

article

in

Latin.
star.

{O) star. Consequently Stella

stella,

may mean

star, the star, or

VOCABULARY
30.

Learn thoroughly the meanings of the following

:

words, and decline each noun Hke stella

Nouxs
puella, ae,
f.,

gii-l.

rosa, ae,
via, ae,

f., f.,

rose.

regina, ae,
Stella, ae,

f.,

queen.
star.

road, tvay, street.

forest.
vioo7i.

f.,

silva, ae,

f.,
f.,

filia,^ ae, f.,

daughter.
porta, ae,

luna, ae,
f.,

gate.

31.

EXERCISES
(Pronounce, give case and number, and translate)

L
5.

I.

Puellarum.
6.

2.

Portls.
7.

3.

Luna.
8. Vils.

4.
9.

Rosls.

Silvam.
Stellas.

FlUabus.
II.

Reglnae.
12.

Portae.
Filias

10.

Viarum.
2.

Filia reglnae.

13.

reglnarum.

n.
4.

I.

To
7.

the queen.

The

rose of the queen.

the stars.

For the

girls.

By a rose. 3. The forests. From the streets. 6. Of 5. 8. By the gates. 9. Of the

-is, in

daughters.
1

Filia, daughter,

and dea, goddess, have the ending -abus, not

the

dative and ablative plural.

ESSEN. UK LATIN

ESSENTIALS OF LATliN

LESSON

FIRST DECLENSION OR STEM IN

Feminine Adjectives
32.

-a-

(Continued)

Feminine adjectives of the First Declension are

declined like the nouns.

rosa pulchra, pretty rose

Stem
Base

rosa- pulchraros- pulchr-

SlNGULAR

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

rosa pulchra, a pretty rose

rosae pulchrae, of a pretty rose
rdsae pulchrae, to ox for a pretty rose

rosam pulchram, a pretty

rosa pulchra, //v;//,
Plural
ivitJi,

rose

by a pretty rose

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

rosae pulchrae, pretty roses

rosarum pulchrarum, of pretty

rosas pulchras, pretty roses
rosis pulchris,
/r*^;;/, zvitJi,

roses

rosis pulchris, to ox for pretty roses

by pretty roses the

Observe that the adjective and noun are

case.

in

same

Notice the position of the

its

Latin adjective with

reference to

noun.

noun, as in English.

does not always precede the See the remarks on the order of
It

words

(82).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Decline together
the
little girl.
:

19

via lata, the wide road ; puella parva,

33.

Examine the following

1.

2.

Rosa est pulchra, the Rosae sunt pulchrae,

sentences

rose is pretty.
tJie

roses

2^x0.

pretty.

Note
a.

in these

That the subjects rosa and rosae are

case.

in the

nominative

b.

c.

That the verb is singular, when the subject is singular; and plural, when the subject is plural. That the predicate adjectives pulchra and pulchrae agree
with the subject in case.
34.
1.

Rules of Syntax.

The subject of a

finite verb is

akvays

in the

nomina-

tive case.
2.

predicate adjective or noun agrees in case zuith the

subject of the verb.

35.

VOCABULARY
Nouns
Adjectives
story.

fabula, ae,
sagitta, ae,

f.,
f.,

bona, good.
lata, broad,

arrow.
island.

wide.

insula, ae,
terra, ae,

f.,

longa, long.

f.,

lajid,

country.

magna,

large, great.

pulchra, beautiful, pretty.

Verbs
est, {he, she, it) is.

Adverbs
ubi, where,

when.

sunt, {they) are.

non, not.

Conjunction
et,

and.

20
36.
I.
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
EXERCISES

Fabulae sunt longae.

?

2.

Terra

est lata et pulchra.

5.

3.

Ubi est pulchra Insula

8.

4.

Luna
9.

est pulchra.
7.

Bonae
sunt

sagittae sunt longae.

6.

Non
11.

est pulchra.

Magnae

sunt Insulae.
pulchrae.
12. 10.

Latis terrls.
est lata.

Luna

et stellae

Via

Ubi sunt Insulae magnae?

Sagittarum longarum.
I.

n.
island.

beautiful
is

The good queen is beautiful. 2. It ^ is a large Where are the long arrows ? 4. They are 3. 6. A long storygirls. 5. The land is not wide.

not good.

LESSON

FIRST DECLENSION OR STEMS IN -a- (Continued). GENITIVE CASE. PRESENT INDICATIVE OF sum
37.
1.

Examine the following

est alba,
t/ic

Rosa puellae

rose of the girl is

zv/iite,

or

the girl's rose is zvhitc.

2.

Rosae puellarum sunt albae, the roses of the girls are

white, or the girls' roses are tvhite.

Observe that puellae

but only the
girl's

limits rosa
is

not every rose

is

white,

rose

white.
it

In the same

way

puella-

rum

limits rosae,

because

defines
is

whose roses are meant.

to litnit

The genitive 38. Rule. meaning of a noim.

39.

used

or define the

Present Tense, Indicative Mood, of the Verb sum

Singular

Plural

1ST Per.

sum, I ant
es,

sumus,
{thoit art)
estis,

zve are

2D 3D

Per.
Per.

yon are

yon are

est, {lie, she, it) is

1

sunt, they are

is,

1(

est.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
40.

21

Examine the following

Statement

Questions

Feminaestpulchra,//^^zc6';//^
is beautiful.

Estne femina pulchra?

the

is

zuoman beautiful?
zvherc is

Ubi est sagitta?

the arroiu ?

Observe
1.

That

-ne

is

the sign of a question and

is

attached to the

first
2.

word.
is

That

-ne

not used

if

the question already begins with

a question word.

41.

VOCABULARY
Nouns
Adjectives

pecunia, ae,
vita, ae,
f.,

f.,

money.

nova, new.

life.

parva, small.
(pi.,

copia, ae,

f.,

abundance
zvonian.

mea, my, mine.

tua, your, yours.

troops, forces).

femina, ae,
patria,
ae,

f.,
f.,

Adverb

native land,

semper, always, ever.

-ne,

country.

Graecia, ae,

f.,

Greece.

enclitic,

sign

of

Europa,

ae,

f.,

Europe.
Gaul.

question, but not separately translated.

Gallia, ae,

f.,

42.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Gallia est terra

Estne Gallia tua Non sunt parvae feminae. 4. Estne copia patria.^ 3. pecuniae? Non longa est vita feminae. 6. Est pul5. 8. Suntne chra. 7. Copiae reglnae non sunt magnae.
Europae.
2.

parvae puellae
10.

.-'

9.

Copiae

patriae

meae

Reglna tuae patriae est pulchra. non semper sunt parvae.

22
II.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

12, Suntne novae Reglnarum r5sae sunt pulchrae. ? 13. Ubi sunt reglnarum copiae ? 14. Feminae Graeciae sunt pulchrae. II. I. We are; you (sing.) are; you(plur.)are. 2. Where are we 4. My country's 3. Of the beautiful women. forces are small. 5. There is not always an abundance of money. 6. Are queens' daughters always beautiful 7. It

lunae semper pulchrae

.''

.''

is

a pretty country.

8.

By my

daughters.

Ancient

Roman

Coins

LESSON
OBJECT
43.

FIRST CONJUGATION, PRESENT INDICATIVE, DIRECT

Present Indicative of the Verb amo

Singular

Personal Endings 1
loving, do love
-0

1ST Per. amo, I love,

am

(or -m),

2D Per. amas, j'^^w loir, are loving, do love 3D Per. am at, Jie loves, is loving, does love
Plural

-s,yoii (or tJioii)

-t, Jie,

she, it

Personal Endings

1ST Per. amamus, tve love, are loving, do love

-mus, zve
-tis,

2D Per. amatis, yon 3D Per. amant, tJiey

^

love,
love,

are loving, do love

are loving, do love
all tenses, excejit

you

-nt, tJiey

These are the personal endings of

the perfect indicative.

ESSENTIALS OF LATLN
Observe
1.

23

That the personal endings are added to the stem ama-, in the first the final vowel of which is lost before
person singular.

2.

That the person and number of a Latin verb are indicated by the ending, and not by the use of a pronoun,
as in English.
44.

Like amo, conjugate the present indicative of

pugno, I figJit
voco,
culpo,

eall

laudo,

/ blame I praise

45.
1.

Carefully examine the following

2.
3.

Regina nautam laudat, tJie queen praises the sailor. Reginae nautam laudant, the queens praise the sailor.

4.

Nautam laudant, they pj'aise the sailor. Nautam laudamus, ive praise the sailor.
these sentences you will see
direct object of the verb,
is
i.e.

From
1.

That the

that which the

action of the verb affects,

2.

in the accusative case.

is

That when a noun

person.

is

the subject, the verb

third

3.

4.

That when a noun is not the subject, the subject is not expressed by a separate word. Why must the pronouns be expressed in English That the verb is in the same nu)>iber and person as the
'i

subject.
46.
1.

Rules

of

Syntax.
its

verb agrees zvith

object

subject in

number anel person.

is in the

2.

The direct

of a transitive verb

accusa-

tive case.

24
47-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
VOCABULARY
amo, /
voco,
love,

agricola, ae, m.,^ farmer.

I like.

nauta, ae, m.,^ sailor.

Italia, ae,
f.,
f.,
f.,

pugno, I fight.

Italy.
Rojfic.
lack, 7vant.

Roma,
i\^di,

ae,

inopia, ae,

I call. / blame. laudo, I praise.

culpo,
cur, adv.,
in,

faithful.

why?
/;/,

superba, proud, haughty.

prep, with abl.,

on.

Ancient

Roman Plow

48.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

2. Pecunia mea. I, Graeciae Tnsulae sunt parvae. Suntne copiac patriae tuae magnae 4. Feminae flliae 6. Pulnon semper sunt bonae. 5. Est copia pecuniae. chrae sunt Europae viae. 7. Estne fabula nova } II. 2. Are the queen's I. Where are you (plur.).'' daughters beautiful ? She is small. 4. (O) queen, 3. where is your daughter.'' 5. We are; you are (sing.).
3.
.''

49.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Pugnatis
;

pugnamus. Vocas vo2. Cur agricolas culpamus } 4. In Itaha inopia est pecuniae. Laudantne nautas 5. 6. Superbas feminas non amamus. Reglnae nautas 7. non laudamus. 8. Superbae in Gallia sunt puellae.
pugnat
3.
; ;

cantne

.?

vocatisne

.''

masculine noun of the

first

declension.

Why

See 27,

i.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
9.

25
cul-

pat?
12.

Ubi sunt agricolarum II. R5sae magnae

flliae

10.

Cur nautam

et pulchrae sunt in

mea

patria.

Agricolae inopiam pecuniae non amant. I. We blame; she praises; you (plur.) are calling. II.

2.

They

are fighting

you

(sing.) call
4.

we

fight.

3.

There ^
?

are pretty roses in Italy.

5.

Why

do you blame the sailor

6.

The woman

is

calling the sailor's daughters.

Italy

is

a country of Europe.

LESSON

SECOND DECLENSION OR STEMS IN -0-. MASCULINE NOUNS IN -us. MASCULINE ADJECTIVES

50.

hortus, m.,

garden

Stem
Base
Singular

hortohort-

Terminations
-us
-i

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

hortus
horti

horto

-0

hortum
horto
Plural

-um
-0

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
1

horti

-i

hortorum
hortis

-orum
-is

hortos
hortis
it is,

-OS
-is

There are, sunt; also

est.

There are no special words

in

Latin for

there

and

it

used in

this

way.

26
51.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

The masculine
nouns

of adjectives ending in -us

is

declined

like the

of this declension

ending

in -us.

hortus parvus,
Singular

tJie

small garden
Plural
horti parvi

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

hortus parvus
horti parvi

hortorum parvorum
hortis parvis

horto parvo

hortum parvum
horto parvo

hortos parvos
hortis parvis

52.

I.
?

What
Which
?

case terminations of this declension are

are the

alike

same

as the

first

declension

ter-

minations
2.

The
29,
I.

vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second

-e
:

declension has a special form in

domine, {O) master.

See
3.

The base
hort-.

to

which the terminations are added

-i

is

obtained by dropping the

of the genitive singular

horti,

base
4.

in the

Conjugate the present indicative of the verbs given vocabulary below.

53.

VOCABULARY
i,

amicus,
cibus,
i,

m., friend.

"bonus, good.

va.,food.
i,

malus, bad,

evil.

dominus,
equus,
hortus,
i, i,

m., master, lord,

parvus, small.
superbus, prond, haughty.
tidius,

m., horse.
vc\.,

garden.

faithful.

servus,

i,

m., slave, servant,

delecto,

sed, conj., but.

servo,
large.

/ delight, I please. / keep, I preserve I

^

magnus, great,

save.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
54I.

27

REVIEW EXERCISES

3.
5.

I. Reglnae nautas laudas. 2. Amatisne Romam ? Nautae in via pugnant. Ubi nautae pugnant ? 4. Flliam reglnae non amant. 6. Agricolas non semper

laudant.
I. Is there a lack of money in your native country The queen's daughter blames the woman. 3. Where is the sailor's money

II.

2.

.''

55I.
I.
;

EXERCISES

DominS

amicorum
3.

equl.

2.

Amlcls

domini

Servus est amicus agricolae. Equl sunt boni sed non magnl. 5. Reglna fidum servum 4. 6. Superbum dominum non amant. laudat. 7. Reglnae
superbl
equis magnls.
filia

9.

malum servum culpat. 8. Cibum domino serv^ant. 10. Agricolae Amice, culpasne dominum servorum parvos equos non laudant. 11. Cibus est in horto. 12. Cur fidl equl dominds delectant
.'' .''

II.
2.

I.

To

the masters; of the horse;

of the slaves
4.
is

for the slaves.

The food
is

not good.
his
^

in the garden.

He

blames

faithful horse.
6.

garden

large, but not beautiful.

7.

The master is 5. The pleases Good food

3.
.''

the slaves.

Slave,

where
1

is

the sailor's friend

Omit.

Coin of Caesar

28

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON
SECOND DECLENSION
APPOSITIVE.
56.

(Continued).

NEUTERS

IN -um.

INDIRECT OBJECT

donum, gift

donum gratum,
Stem
Base

acceptable gift

Stem

dono-

dono-, gratodon-, grat-

Base donSlNGULAR

Singular

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

donum
doni

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

donum gratum
doni grati

dono

donum
dono
Pl.URAL

dono grato donum gratum dono grato

Plural

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

dona

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

d5na grata

donorum
don is

donorum gratorum
d5nis gratis

dona
donis

dona grata
ddnis gratis

Observe that the nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are aUke, and that the nominative plural ends in -a. This is true of all neuter nouns of all declensions.
57.
1
.

Examine the following

f iliae

Marcus agricola
daugJiter.

equum

dat,

Marcus, the fanner,

to {his)

gives {his^ daughter a horse, or gives a horse

2.

Marco amico cibum do, / give Marcus {ijiy) friend food, OR I give food to Marcus, viy friend.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe
1.

29

in these sentences

2.

That agricola denotes the same person as Marcus, and that it tells something about him, and is in the same Such a word is called an appositive. Amico case. Compare with 33, c, has the same relation to Marco. and note the difference. That equum and cibum, being directly affected by the
action of their respective verbs, are in the accusative,

but that

f iliae

and Marco are

in the dative case,

because

they are indirectly affected by the verb.

58.
1.

Rules of Syntax.

An
The

appositive agrees in case

zvitJi

the

noun

zuhich

it

limits.
2.

indirect object of a verb is in the dative case.

59.

VOCABULARY
i,
i,

bellum,

n., %var.
n,, gift.
i,

Marcus,
itant.

i,

m., Marcus.

donum,

incola, ae,

m. and
m.,

f.,

inhab-

oppidum,

n.,

town.

frumentum, i, n., grain. vinum, i, n., wine.

in,

Romanus,
gratus,
into,
a,

i,

Roman.
acceptable,

um,

prep,

with

ace,

pleasing.
do,

against ; with
over.

abl., in, on,

ports,

T give. / carry.

60.
I. I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Malum servum
.-'

culpamus.

superbl servos fidos

4.

3.

2. Laudantne domini EquT domini sunt in magno horto.

.-'

Ubi

fidos

cibum dominorum servant 5. Agricolae equos non semper laudant. 6. Est cibus in domini
servl
7.

horto.

Femina amici

filiam vocat.

30
II.
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
She praises

my

friend's garden.
3.

2.

A good horse
friend,

pleases your daughter.

but blames the servants.

Greece.
5.

The master praises the 4. The sailors' friends

are in
?

Why

does the garden please the farmer

61.
I. I.

EXERCISES
OppidTs; bella; vino. 2. Marcus nauta est fidus. vinum damns. 4. Bellum est R5manls gratum.
in

3. 5.

Incolls

Marcus agricolarum oppidum frumentum 8. Filiae reglnae in horto sunt. portant. 9. Vinum Marc5 incolls oppidi sunt grata. 11. Cur 10. Dona nautae dant. 1 2. Portantne nautae cibum et vinum vinum servTs datis ?

Cibum

amicus

est

oppidum portamus. Romanus. 7. Incolae

6.

in

in

Galliam
II.
I.

To Marcus,

the farmer;

for

the
?

good wine.
3.

2.

Are you giving

the horses good grain

Wars

de-

light the

food.
6.

proud Romans. 4. The farmer gives the horse 5. The queen gives wine to Marcus, the sailor.
7,

the

They carry roses into the garden. Roman's daughters.

The

gifts please

LESSON

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. AGREEMENT

and second declension are As has been seen in 51 and 56, the endings of the masculine and neuter of adjectives are the same as the endings of the nouns of the second declension, and the feminine endings are the same as those of nouns of the first declension (32). The complete declension of bonus, ^ood, is as follows
62.

Adjectives of the

first

declined like nouns of those declensions.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Singular
Masculine

31

Feminine

Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace.

bonus
boni

bono

bona bonae bonae

bonum
boni

bono

bonum
bono
boni

bonam
bona
Plural

bonum
bono

Abl.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
1.

bonae

bonorum
bonis

bonarum
bonis

bona bonorum
bonis

bonos
bonis
is

bonas
bonis

bona
bonis

What

the vocative singular of bonus?

puella parva,

See
girl ;

52, 2.

2.

DecHne

together, adding the vocative case, amicus fidus,

little

faithful friend ;

oppidum

magnum,
63.
1
.

large town.

Examine the following

est fidus,
tJie

Amicus

friend

is

faithful.

2.
3.

Agricolae sunt validi, the farmers are sturdy.

Puellae sunt parvae, the

glials

are small.
%ve

4.

Nautas superbos non amamus,

do not like proud sailor's.

Compare
a.

carefully the endings of the

nouns and adjec-

tives in these sentences,

and notice

b.

That the adjectives are in the same number, gender, and case as the nouns they modify. That the endings of the nouns and adjectives are not always the same, for adjectives modifying mascuUne nouns of the first declension must have the masculine endings, which are second declension endings.

Which

of the above sentences illustrate this

.''

32
64.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Decline
together
tJic

nauta
large

bonus,

tJie

good

sailor;
the

poculum magnum,
strong fanner.
65.

cup;

agricola

validus,

Rule

of

Syntax.

Adjectives agree
VOCABULARY

ivitJi

their nouns

in gender, nuinber,

and case.

66.

malus,

a,

um,

bad,

evil,

wicked.

um, great, large, um, small. tuus, a, um, your, yours. gratus, a, um, acceptable,
magnus,
a,

parvus,

a,

um, wide, broad. um, neiv. fidus, a, um, faithful, loyal. superbus, um, proiid, a,
latus, a,

novus,

a,

haughty.
validus,
a,

pleasing.

convoco,

um, strong, sturdy. / call together, I

un, white. um, dear. peritus, a, um, skillful. longus, a, um, long.
albus, a, carus, a,
67.
I.
I.

suun/ion.
hodie, adv., to-day.

nunc, adv.,

nozi>.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Flliae equTs

cibum dant.
3.

2.

Inopia pecuniae Marco

.''

agricolae non est grata.

4.

Vocatisne incolas Galliae

dant.

Ubi RomanI pugnant.'* 5. Nautae reglnae dona grata 6. Nauta Marco agricolae bonurn vinum dat.
I. The sailor gives acceptable gifts to his daughter. The daughter of Marcus, the farmer, saves the town. They give the women money. 4. He is carrying

II.
2.
3.

grain into the town.

68.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

EquI

albi

frumentum
}

in

oppidum

portant.

2.

Ubi

est hodie
4.

nauta pcrltus
amicis

3.

In oppido nunc est nauta.

D5na mels

sunt

semper

grata.

5.

Equum

ESSENTIALS OF LATLN
agricolae
valid5
femiiiae
dant.
6.

33
in

Reglna siiperba
7.

magnum oppidum serv5s convocat. 8, Mea filia non est fidos vocat.
peritos agricolas

Dominus
9.

servos

in horto.
10.

Hodie
in-

non culpamus.
11.

Dona

reglnae
12.

colas fidos delectant.

Est nova luna.

Cur

in

hortum agricolas validos convocas ? II. I. A sailor is not always faithful.

now praising the skillful farmers. mons the wicked inhabitants into the
praising your faithful friend to-day.

3.

2. They are The queen sum-

towns.
5.

4.

We

are

There are many

is

inhabitants in the towns.

6.

The queen

giving Marcus,

the farmer, a slave.

LESSON
-er

SECON]D DECLENSION (Continued).

MASCULINES

IN

AND

-ir

69.

Paradigms
.

puer. boy

ager, field

vir,

man
viro-

Stem
;

puero-

Stem
SlNGULAR

agro-

Stem
Base
vir
viri

Base puer-

Base agrager
agri

vir-

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

puer
pueri

puero

agro

viro

puerum
puero
pueri

agrum
agro
Plural
agri

virum
viro

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

viri

puerorum
pueris

agrorum
agris

virorum
viris

pueros
pueris
ESSEN.

agros
agris

viros
viris

OK LATIN

34
1.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Are the terminations the same
Is the

as in 50?

2.

base obtained in the same

way

as in previous

nouns?
3.

4.

The vocative is like the nominative. See 29, i, and 52, 2. Compare carefully puer and ager, and note that the base
of ager has no e before
70.
r.

Like puer, decline

gener, generi, m., son-in-law
socer, soceri, xn., fat/ici'-in-lazu
liberi,

liberorum, m. (plur.), children

These and a few other nouns are the only ones that are Most nouns of this declension are declined like puer.
declined like ager.
71.
liber, libri, m., book.

VOCABULARY
ager, agri, m., field.

gener, generi, m., son-in-lazv.

socer,
laxi'.

Gallus,

i,

m., a Gaul.

soceri,

m., fatlwr-in-

vir, viri, m., i>iau.

puer, pueri, m., boy.

liberi,

liberorum, m. (plur.),

discipulus,

i,

\w.,

pupil.
viucJi

children.

multus,
magistri,
m.,
(plur.),

a,

magister,

um, m., mauy.

teacher, master.
72.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Inopia frumenti est in Gallia.
dant.
3. 2.

IncolTs oppidi

Servus dona agricolae in oppidum portat. 4. Estne nunc pecuniae copia 5. Agricolarum vita Gallos non delectat. 6. Cur in pulchram Insulam

magni equos

.''

frumentum portamus
II.
I.

The

inhabitants like a good story.

2.

There are

many

sturdy farmers in

my

country.

3.

The Romans

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
are

35
4.

summoning many

troops into the towns.

There are

farmers in the forest, and

many

sailors

on the

island.

73.
I. I.

EXERCISES
Mult!
3.

librT

sunt in oppid5.
in

2.

Virlpuellas et pueros

oppidum portamus. 4. Liber meo genero est gratus. 5. Regina llberos in oppidum convocat. 6. Discipuli magistri amicum laudant. 7. Agricolae multl nunc sunt in agro. 8. Mens socer llberos magistri laudat. 10. Magister discipul5s non 9. Incolarum agri sunt latL 11. Ubi nunc sunt flliae meae libri.^ semper culpat. 12. EquI multos viros in silvam portant.
laudant.

Cibum

A Roman

School

II. I. 2. My The boys are my children's friends. daughter loves her father-in-law. The sturdy farm3.

ers

are

calling

the

servants
a book.
6.

into
5.

the

fields.

4.

The

teacher gives the

sailors in the

man

There are not many

town.

The

teacher praises his faithful

pupils.

36

ESSENTIALS OF LATJN

LESSON
SECOND DECLENSION
-ius

(Coxtinued).

MASCULINES IN
-er,

AND

-ium.

ADJECTIVES IN
Paradigms

(-e)ra, (-e)ruin

74filius,

son
filiofili-

proelium, battle

Stem
Base

Stem
Base
Singular

proelioproeli-

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Acc. Abl.

fllius
fill (fllii)

proelium
proeli (proelii)

filio

proclio

fT]ium
fIlio

proelium
proclio

Plural

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Acc. Abl.

fllii

proelia

filiorum
flliis

proeliorum
proeliis

fllios
filiis

proelia
proeliis

The

genitive singular of nouns in -ius and -ium generally

in a single
-i,

ends

and the accent remains on the same

:

syllable as in the nominative

consili.
2.

consilium,

//c/;/ ;

(gen.)

In

nouns
fili,

in

-ius,

the

vocative

singular

ends

in

-i

((9)

son;

Mercurius, (voc.) Mercuri, (6>) Mer-

cury.
3-

Do

these nouns in other respects differ from those in

5
}

Lesson

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
75liber,

37

free
liberoliber-

Stem
Base

SlNGULAR
Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT.

liber
liberi

libera
llberae liberae
etc.

llberum
liberi

llbero

libero

niger, black

Stem
Base

nigronigr-

SlNGULAR

NOM.
Gen. DAT.

niger
nigri

nigra
nigrae

nigrum
nigri

nigro

nigrae
etc.

nigro

1.

2.

Complete the declension of these adjectives. It has been noticed that adjectives in -us, -a, -um are
declined in the masculine like hortus(50).
adjectives in
line like

Likewise

-er, -era, -erum are declined in the mascupuer (69), and those in -er, -ra, -rum like ager

(69).

follow Stella (28) and

3.

The feminine and neuter of donum (56).

in the

these adjectives

Learn the adjectives

of the
niger,
first

vocabulary that have e be-

fore the final r of the base.

Most other adjectives and second declension are declined like nigra, nigrum. See 70.

38
76.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Distinguish carefully
liber, libera,
liberi,

llherum, free.

liberorum, m. (plur.), cJiildren.

liber, libri, m., book.

Roman Books
77.

Summary of Nouns of First and Second Declensions

First Declension
Sing. Terminations

Nom.

Gender

-a

Feminine
(Except names of males, 26, 27)

Second Declension
-us
-ius

Masculine
-er
-ir

-um
-ium

Neuter
I

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.

How

is

the base of a noun obtained

is

2.

In what nouns

the vocative singular not like the

nominative
3.

In what nouns
of

is

there an irregularity in the formation

?

the genitive singular

the dative and ablative

plural

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
4.

39
in -er that

Enumerate the nouns and adjectives

before the r of the base.

have

78.
filius, fill, m., son.

VOCABULARY
proelium, proeli,
miser,
n., battle.

nuntius,
gladius,

i,
i,

m., messenger.

misera,

miserum,

m., sivord.

wretched, poor.
asper, aspera, asperum, ;w/^/r,
fierce.

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,

beantiful, pretty.
tener,
dcr.

tenera,

tenerum,

ten-

niger, nigra,
piger,

nigrum, black.
pigrum,
sloiv,

pigra,

aedificium,

i,

n.,

building.

lazy.

79.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
I.

In agro Marcl amici multl sunt equl.

magistri,

2.
3.

Liber,

d5num pulchrum
multl equos
5.

puerum
4.

delectat.

Agricolae
Italiae?

magnos amant.
6.

Lataenc sunt viae

Puerds fidos vocatis.

?

Ciir nuntii llberos in

oppidum

convocant
II.
I.

They

praise the sons of free men.

3.

the inhabitants in the towns of Greece.

are carrying

much

grain into the towns.

4.

Many are The Romans I am giving

2.

my

friend

Marcus a large book.

E.XERCISES

80.
I.
I.

Aedificia in Graecia sunt pulchra.

tul
?

2.

Fill,

ubi

sunt
4.

librl

3.

Nuntiorum
in

Viri gladios multos in

et

n5n sunt longae. aedificium portant. Rosae 5.

sagittae

multae

tenerae sunt

aspera
7.

silva.

6.

Agricolae
sunt
.''

miser! pigros equos non amant.

delectant.
grata.
9.
8.

Proelia nautas asperos

fllils

Dona mei

generl

et

fTliabus

Cur dominus superbus servos pigros culpat

40
lo.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Nunti
filio

libr5s

mult5s
12.

do.

ii.

Viae

pulchrae

Galliae liberos delectant.

In

magno
is

aedificio sunt

multae sagittae
II.
I.

et multl gladil.

The messenger's daughter

you carrying
6.

pretty.
3.

2.

The

great buildings please the fierce inhabitants.

ger, are

Messen-

my

sword
5.

4.

Fierce battles are

pleasing to the Romans.

black horse.

There are

You are giving my son a many women and men in the

beautiful building:.

Gladius

LESSON

10

IMPERFECT AND FUTURE OF sum. REVIEW

81.

Review

39.

The imperfect and

future tenses of

sum

are conjugated as follows:

Imperfect
Singular
I.

Future
1.

eram, / zuas
era.s,you zvere
erat,

ero,
eris,
erit,

/ shall be

2.
3-

2.
3-

you

ivill

be

he zvas
Plural

he will be

I.

eramus,
eratis,

we were
zvere

I.

erimus,
eritis,

we

shall be

2.

you

2.
3-

you will be

3-

erant, tJiey lucre

erunt, they will be

I.

Are the personal endings of these tenses regular Are these endings the same as those of See 43 the present of sum
.'' .-*

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
82.

41

Order of Words.
is

In an English sentence the order

A
change
of
in

of the words
tively

very important, because of the comparathe order

few

inflectional endings.

may change
example

entirely the

meaning

sentence.

For

Caesar praises the loyal farmers.

The loyal farmers praise Caesar.

In Latin, a change in the order of the words does not

change the meaning of the sentence, but merely shows the emphasis which the writer wishes to give to a particular word or phrase. For example
:

1.

Caesar agricolas fidos laudat, Caesar praises the loyal

farmers.
2.

Caesar fidos agricolas laudat, Caesar praises the loyal

farme}-s.

3.

Agricolas fidos laudat Caesar, Caesar praises the loyal

farmers.

The first sentence shows the normal order, and implies no special emphasis on any word, but this order is often changed to express the emphasis the writer wishes to show. In the second sentence fidos is more emphatic than it was
in the first.

In the third agricolas fidos

is

emphatic.

83.

Review List of Nouns of the First and Second Declensions

1.

Review
of

carefully the meaning, gender,

and declension

each noun.
vita,

2.

Recall any English equivalents that the Latin words

suggest,
viz.,

vital ;

nauta,

naritical.

Also
viz.,

watch for relationship between Latin words,

ager,

field ;

agricola,

farmer.

Do

this

for

new

words of succeeding vocabularies.

42
incola

ESSEiNTIALS OF LATIN
gladius
vir

agricola
patria

luna
porta
fabula
insula
.

aedificium

discipulus

vlnum
sagitta

ager

copia
vita

frumentum oppidum
donura
bellum
magister
liber

proelium

femina gener
hortus
silva

pecunia
terra

puer
via

amicus dominus
servus

reglna
Stella
filia

rosa

inopia

equus
fllius

socer

cibus

nauta

84I. I.

EXERCISES

Erimus
parvl.

eramus
4.

sumus.
nuntl

2.

Eratis; eritis
5.

estis.

3.

Erant; es;

eris.
6.

Eras; erunt;

eris.

Filii

agricolae

erant
7.

Filia

crat

in

Insula
8.

pulchra.

Reglnae copiae erunt

9.

in tua patria.

Nautae non
10.

erant pigrl.

Ubi gladius mel amid erat?

In
will

magno
II.

aedificio erat.
I.

We
;

were;

we

are;

we

shall be.
3.

2.

They

be; you (plur.) will be; she was.

You

(sing.)

were;

he

will

be

you
5.

(sing.) will be.

sailor's

4.

My

friend's horse
6.

was

not lazy.

The

sons were small.

The

fierce

inhabitants will be slaves of the queen.

LESSON
FIRST CONJUGATION.

II

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

FORMATION

AND CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERFECT AND FUTURE

85.

Review 25 and

43.

Latin verbs are divided into four

classes or conjugations.

These conjugations are

distin-

guished by the vowel before the

active.

-re of the present infinitive

Thus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Conjugation
I.

43
^'^^Vo\vei"''^^

Present Active Infinitive

amare,
monere,

to love

a
e

II.

to

advise

III.

regere, to rule

e
I

IV.
86.

audire, to /war

The

principal parts of the verb are (i)the present

indicative active, (2) the present infinitive active, (3) the perfect indicative active, (4) the perfect passive participle.

These four forms of a verb must be known, because from them are obtained the stems necessary to the formation of These stems are called (i) present all forms of the verb.
stem, (2) perfect stem, (3) participial stem, and are obtained from the principal parts as follows
Pres. Ind.

Pres. Inf.

Perf. Ind.

Perf. Part.

amo

ama|re
I

amavli
I

amatus
I

present stem
87.

perfect stem
Paradigm

participial

stem

Imperfect Indicative Active

Singular
1.

2.
3.

amabam, / zvas loving, I loved, I did love am abas, jou were loving, loved, did love
amabat, he zvas loving, loved, did love
Plural

1.

amabamus,
amabatis,

zve zvere loving, loved,

2.
3.

yo?i,

zvere loving, loved,

amabant, they zvere loving, loved,

Future Indicative Active
Singular

did love did love did love

Plural
I.

1.

TxxVi'^Od^,

2.

I shall love aniabis, yon zvill love

amabit, he
zvill love

2iX\\?s\Am.ViS,

zve shall loz^e

zvill love

2. 3.

amabitis,

yon

3.

amabunt, they

zvill lozfe

44

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe

1.

That the

first

person of the imperfect

is

ing -bam to the present stem, and the

first

found by addperson of

the future by adding -bo to the present stem.

Thus:

amo amo
2.

pres. stem
pres.

amastem ama-

imper.,
fut.,

ama-bam
as used in the

ama-bo

That the personal endings are the same

present tense.
88.

See 43.
parts,

Learn the principal

and form and conjugate

:

the imperfect and future active of the following verbs

pugno,

figJit,

pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus

laudo, praise, laudare, laudavi, laudatus

culpo, blame, culpare, culpavi, culpatus

convoco, snunnon, convocare, convocavi, convocatus

89.
locus,
i,

VOCABULARY
m.
(plur.), loci, m.,

castra, orum, n. (plur.), r^w/.

and loca, -n., place. praemium, i, n., reivard.

pilum,
i,

idoneus,

a,

um,

fit, suitable.

comparo, are, avi, atus, prepare, provide.

contra, prep. with ace. ,rt'^^??V-'i"A

x\.,

javelin.

saxum,
telum,
90.
I.
I.

i,
i,

n., rock.

n.,

weapon.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Galll flliabus agricolarum
laudat.
3.

cibum non dant.

2.

Socer

generum
4.

Erant

in

Graecia aedificia pulchra.

5. Virl inopiam cibi non amant. 6. Mult! gladil sunt semper in oppido. II. I. Son, where is my sword 2. They are carrying the grain into the large building. 3. You give my daughter many roses. 4. Why does the island please the boys

In nigram silvam nuntios convocat.

et vini

.-^

.-*

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
91.
;

45

EXERCISES

laudabant; convocabis. 2. Pugnabamus I. I. Culpabat comparabas; dabunt. 3. Portabimus; culpabitis laudabit. 5. Praemia idonea 4. Bellum contra Gallos comparabant. 6. Galli in castra cibum et tela portant. vir5s delectabunt. 8. Ubi est locus castrls 7. Id5neane praemia comparabitis ? idoneus ? 9. Fill praemium erit pulchrum pllum. 10. Id511. Multae sagittae et pila sunt in nea pTla viris dabimus. castrls. 12. Galll bellum contra Romanes comparabunt. they gave she was giving. II. I. You (plur.) will give 2. We praised he will blame we are summoning. 3. They will carry we shall give you (sing.) were praising. 4. We were preparing a place suitable for a camp. 5. He will 6. The Romans prepared give his daughter a reward. war against the Gauls. 7. The weapons of the Gauls
;

were rocks and arrows.

LESSON

12

FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued).

PERFECT.

ABLATIVE

OF MEANS
92.

Paradigm

Perfect Indicative Active of amo, /

CTvir^TTT A biNGULAR
T,

love

1.

amavi, I Jiave loved, I loved, I

amavisti,

Personal Endings with Connecting Vowel did love -i

-isti
-it

2. 3.

you have

loved, etc.

amavit, he has loved, etc.

Plural

1.

amavimus,

2.

3.

have loved, etc. amavistis, you have loved, etc. amaverunt, or amavere, they have loved,
zue

-imus
-istis

etc.

-erunt (-ere)

46
1.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
TJic personal

all the conjugations.

endings of the perfect tense are the same in Notice that these endings differ

2.

from those of the present, imperfect, and future tenses. Compare the second and third translations of the perThere is this fect with those of the imperfect {2>7). difference in the use of the two tenses the perfect denotes a completed act, the imperfect an act goi/ig
:

on, repeated, or continued.

3.

Conjugate the perfect of the verbs

93.

in ZZ.

Examine

the following

1.

Hastis et sagittis pugnabant,

tJiey

fought

xvitJi

spears

and
2.

arrows.

Equis frumentum portabimus,

we

shall bring grain by

means 'f

horses.
sagittis, equis, c.\i)rcss

Notice that the ablatives hastis,

the

means

or instrument, the things with which the action

is

of the verb
94.

accomplished.

Rule
is

of

Syntax.

The

means or instrument of an

action
95.

expressed by the ablative witJiout a preposition.

VOCABULARY
i,

legatus,

m.,

ambassador,
m.
(plur.),

do, dare, dedi,^ datus, give.

lieutenant.
Graeci,

oppugno, are, avi, atus, at tacky

besiege.

orum,

Greeks.
pauci, ae, a,

arma, orum,

n. (plur.), ai^ms,

few, a few.
avi,

weapons.
sur-

supero,

are,

atus,

hiberna, orum, n.( plur.),

ter qitarters.

tc//^-

pass, conquer, overcome.

armo,

are,

avi,

atus,

arm,

Helvetii,

orum,

m.

(plur.),

equip.
^

Plelvetians.
Note the irregular
perfect.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
96.
I.
I.

47

REVIEW EXERCISES

2. Naiitae fldi Socer mens dona filiabus dabit. Tela idonea in castra Romanes pugnabant. 3. 5. Seni portabunt. 4. Copia magna tel5rum est in loco. frumentum in aedificia non portabant. pigri multum Locus magno proelio non erit idoneus. 6. The camp of the Romans was large. 2. Why I. II.

contra

did he give the inhabitants

weapons?

3.

We

shall carry
prais-

many

spears and arrows into the town.

4.

He was

ing the queen's forces.

97.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Pugnavisti;
dedistlne
.'*

laudavimus.
3.

2.

Incolae

oppidi multa arma comparaverunt.

saxis et armis

Helvetil

oppidum

oppugnabant. 4. Equls in aedificium cibum Arma pauca virls dedimus. 6. Cur Roman! portavit. 5. Graecds superaverunt ? 7. Legatus multum frumentum in hiberna portavit. 8. Roman! Helvetiorum oppida sagitt!s 9. Incolas !nsulae tel!s armabimus. et p!l!s oppugnabant.
10.

In h!bern!s sunt pauca tela et multus cibus.

12.

11.

Gallos

hast!s et sagittis superavit.

II.
I.

Locus

est hibernis idoneus.

have given; did he blame? 2. We have equipped they were conquering she gave. 3. The 4. The Romans Gauls fought with spears and arrows.

You

(plur.)
;

have attacked the camp of the Greeks. rewards he summoned the Helvetians.

5.

By means

of

Filuin

48

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

13

FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued). PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT. REVIEW

98.

AND

Review

81.
love

Pluperfect Indicative Active of amo, /

Singular
1.

?iVci2MtX2im.,

I Iiad loved

2.
3.

amaveras, yoji had loved

amaverat,
/ic

had loved

Plural
1.

amaveramus, we had loved

amaveratis, yoii

2. 3.

had loved

amaverant, they had loved

Future Perfect Indicative Active

Singular
1.

amavero, I shall have loved

amaveris, you will have loved
amaverit, he
ivill

2.
3.

have loved

Plural
1.

amaverimus,
amaveritis,

ive shall

have loved

2.
3.

j'<?//

will have- loved

luill

amaverint, they

have loved

I.

The

pluperfect is formed by the perfect stem amavand eram the future perfect by the same stem and There is an exception in one form of the future ero.
;

perfect.

Which

.-'

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
99.

49

Review

carefully 43, 85, 86, 87, 92.

Observe that

the present stem is used in the formation of the present, imperfect, and future tenses, and the perfect stem in the

formation of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect

tenses.

Table for the Formation of the Indicative Active

Present Tense,
First one of the principal parts.

Imperfect Tense,

Present stem

Future Tense,
Perfect Tense,

Present stem
Perfect stem

+ bam. + bo. + +
eram.
ero.

Third one of the principal parts.

Pluperfect Tense,

Future Perfect Tense, Perfect stem

100.

singular of

Give the principal parts, and form the first person all tenses of the indicative, adding the EngHsh

meanings, of the following verbs that have occurred in the

previous vocabularies

laud5

culpo

pugno d5
porto

supero

oppugno
delects

voco convocd

armo compar5
all

servo

I.

Give the complete conjugation of

tenses of the
list.

indicative of at least three verbs in this

lOI.

vocabulary
Jiasten.

maturo, are, avi, atus,

ture, take

mox,

adv., soon.

expugno, are, avi, atus, capby storm. with

ad,

ferus, a,

um, loild, barbarous, impedimentum, i, n., Jiindrance ;

vicus,
i,

prep,

ace,

to,

(plur.),

baggage.

towards, near.
ESSEN. OF LATIN

m., village.

50
102.
I.
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REVIEW EXERCISES
Gladils
et
sagittis

incolas

oppidi superaverimt.

Contra Romanos bellum Galll comparabunt. In 3. oppido Helvetiorum erit cibi inopia. 4. Legatus agrico2.

las

pills

armavit.

5.

Gladium piilchrum Marco nautae

In castra puellas et pueros convo-

perlto dederunt.

6.

cabant.
II.
I.

There
fields.

was
2.

an

abundance
arrows,
3.

of

grain
of

in

my
with

friend's

The

gift
will

the

queen,

pleased

the
4.
5.

messenger.

He

not

fight

weapons.
horse.

They have given the woman Has he armed many slaves.''

a beautiful

103.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
;

Maturaveras
;

laudaveris
;

taveritis

delectaveratis

parare

maturavit.
5.

4.

expugnaverant. 2. Pordederamus. Arma com3. Parvum Helvetiorum oppidum

;

Impedimenta multa in vTcum portaverimus. 6. Dona ad rcglnam portabant. 7. RegTnae copiae crant ferae. 8. Ad ^oppidum erat frumenti copia. 10. Gladils 9. V^icos multos Gallorum mox oppugnaverit. ad^ impedimenta pugnaverant. 11. Multam pecuniam incolls non dedimus. 12. Mox in agrls latis Gallorum erit frumentum.
expugnaverant.
II.
I.

He
;

will

hasten

he
;

will

have hastened.

2.

They

had given we have given you will have j^raised. 3. He had carried much baggage into the town. 4. They will soon have taken by storm many towns. Why did he 5. not hasten to provide grain ? 6. Near the beautiful village were broad fields.
^

Present infinitive,

to

provide.

See 85.

^ jjgar.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

14

SECOND CONJUGATION. CHARACTERISTICS. FORMATION AND CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE INDICATIVE

104. All verbs whose present stem ends in e are classed The various tenses of under the Second Conjugation. these verbs are formed from the principal parts precisely
like those of the First

Conjugation.

Review

86, 87, 98, 99.

moneo, / advise or ivarn

Prin. Parts
:

moneo, monere, monui, monitus

Pres.

moneo

Perf. Plup.

monui

Imperf.

monebam
monebo

monueram
monuero

FUT.
105-

FuT. Perf.

Conjugation of Present Indicative Active of moneo

Singular
1.

moneo, I advise,

am

advising, do advise

2.

mones, yoii advise,

monet, he advises,

etc.
etc.

3.

Plural
1.

2. 3.

monemus, we advise, etc. monetis, you advise, etc.

monent,
tJiey

advise, etc.

1.

Observe that the

amo,
first
is

-e-

of the present stem, unlike the

-0

-a-

of

retained before the personal ending

of the

person singular.
is

2.

What

the characteristic vowel before the personal

?

endings of moneo

of

amo

.-*

52
io6.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Conjugation of the Perfect Indicative Active of moneo

Singular
1.

2. 3.

monui, / Jiave advised, I advised, I did advise monui'sti, j'w/ have advised, etc.
moniiit, he has advised, etc.

Plural
1.

2.
3.

monuimus, zve have advised, etc. monuistis, you have advised, etc. monuerunt or moiiuere, they have advised,
of the

etc.

I.

Note carefully the accent

perfect of amo.

above forms, and ob-

serve that the personal endings are like those of the

does not end

107.

in v, as in

Note that the perfect stem monuamo, perfect stem amav-.

The

various tenses of verbs of the Second Conju-

gation are conjugated like those of the First Conjugation,

with the exception noted in 105,

verbs

and

2.

Form and

con-

jugate the tenses of the indicative active of the following

habeo, habere, habui, habitus, I have, hold
video, videre, vidi, visus,

/ see

108.

VOCABULARY
moveo, movere, movi, motus, move.
dimico, are, avi, atus, Jight,
contend.

moneo, monere, monui, monitus, advise, u>arn.

habeo, habere, habui, habitus,

have, hold.
video, videre, vidi, visus, see.
terreo,
terrere,
terrui,
terri-

praeda, ae,

f.,
i,

booty, spoil.
n.,

periculum,

danger.
abl., with.

tus, frighten, scare.

cum, prep, with

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
109.
I.
I.

53

REVIEW EXERCISES
SaxTs

armis

Galli

cum

Romanis

pugnabant.

2. 3.

Magnum bellum contra R5man6s Ad portam liberos portaverunt. 4.

dedl.
5.

comparaverant.
Libros

paucos
porta-

amlc5 meo

In hiberna multa arma

Roman!

meas fabulae delectaverunt ? 6. bunt. They armed the fierce inhabitants with javelins. I. II. We do not 3. 2. Near the camp were a few buildings. always take the towns by storm. 4. Have you given my
Cur
fllias

friend a

book

no.
I.
I,

EXERCISES
2.
;

Movebat; vidit; terruerat. terruerunt habebis. 3. Moverant

;

Vlderimus; movisti;
4.

moverint.

RomanI
oppidi

cum
7.

Helvetils dTmicabant.
6.

5.

PerTculum

magnum

incolas terruerat.
Galll

Praedam in vicis multam viderunt. 8. Vldistlne tuum copias ad oppidum moverant.

.''

perlculum

9.

Pueri praemia multa habebunt.

agricolas terruerunt.
12.
11.

10.

R5-

manl
II.

gladiis et pills

Mox copiam
delectabit.

frumenti habuerit.
I.

Praeda pigros nautas

She had seen; he has frightened; he will have you (plur.) have seen they have had. 2. We had moved fought. The Gauls moved much spoil into camp. 3. 5. The messenger 4. They had contended with the men. frightened the lieutenant by the story. 6. There is great
; ;

danger

in wine.

54

ESSENTIALS OF LATUM

LESSON

15

THIRD DECLENSION. CONSONANT STEMS

III.

The stem
-i-.

of

nouns of the third declension ends

in

a consonant or
112.

Consonant Stems
Paradigms

dux, m.,
leader,

miles, m.,

virtiis,

f.

caput,

n.,

general

soldier

virtue

head
capit-

Stem
and Base

due-

milit-

virtut-

SlNGUI.AR

Terminations OK Consonant Stems M. and F. N.

NoM. dux
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
ducis
duci

miles
mllitis
niTliti

virtus
virtu tis
virtuti

caput
capitis
-is
-i

-IS
-i

capiti

ducem
duce

mlHtem
milite

virtutem
virtute

caput
capite

-em
-e

Plural

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

I.

NoM. duces ducum

duces

mlHtes

virtu tes

capita

-es

-a

mlHtum
mlHtes

virtu turn

capitum
capita
capitibus
alike in
2).
-is

-um
-ibus
-es

-um
-ibus
-a

ducibus mllitibus virtutibus capitibus

virtu tes

ducibus mllitibus virtutibus

-ibus

-ibus

Note that the stem and base are

consonant
singular.

nouns with
is

stems (but

see

122,

The base

obtained by dropping the ending

of the genitive

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
2.

55

To
to

decline

noun,

therefore,

one must

gender, the nominative, and the genitive.

vocabidaries.
3.

know Be
/;/

the
sitre

learn these facts about all the nouns given

the

4.

5.

Observe that the nominative singular is not always Various changes are made in its like the stem. formation from the stem. No rule can be given. Learn thoroughly the terminations, observing which are ahke. See 56. Decline rex bonus, the good king.
113.

VOCABULARY
rex, regis, m., king.

&}xyi,&Vicis,va.,lcader,gene}-al.

miles, militis, m., soldier.

virtus, virtutis,
f.,

fuga, ae,
in

i.,

flight.
do,

jnanlijiess,

fugam

dare,

dedi,

bravery, virtue.
caput, capitis,
n.,

datus, //// to flight.

head.

augeo, auger e, auxi, auctus,

increase.

eques, equitis, m., horseman',

(plur.) cavalry.
114.
I,
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

portam generum vidit. 2. Cur cum incolTs 4. Pcrlculum 3. Periculum fill videt. Praedam multam in agricolas perltos non terrebit. 5. 6. Dabitne pecuniam mox flliae ? castris viderant. II. I. We have not seen much grain in winter quarters. inhabitants have overcome the farmers. 2. The fierce 4. They will 3. The war had not frightened the queen.
ferls

Ad

dimicabant?

besiege the town.

'

115.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Capitibus
3.
;

virtutl;

capita.
in

2.

Eques equum
castra

lau-

dabat.

Milites

impedimenta

portaverant.

56
4.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Equites Gallorum in fugam dant.
6.
5.

Proelium militum

virtutem augebit.
7.

Capita multorum equitum vidimus.

delectavit.
8.

Virtus militum

ducem
9.

Rex n5n semper

10.

est militum dux.

Copias dux non auxerat.

Gladiis

fugam dederunt. 11. Mllitibus incolas feros dux terrebat. 12. Frumentum multum equites in oppida
equites in

portabunt.
II.
I.

For the

soldier

the heads of the horses.

leader

summoned

his soldiers into

camp.
4.

3.

2. The The Gauls

will put the

horsemen
6.

to flight.
5.

The king gave

the

leader a beautiful sword.

supply

of grain.

The general increased the There were many soldiers in winter

^

quarters.
copia.

EqUiS

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

57

LESSON

i6

THIRD DECLENSION (Continued). CONSONANT STEMS. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE

ii6.

Consonant Stems
Paradigms
consul, m.,

homo, m..

pater, m.,

corpus, n.,

consul

man
hominSlNGULAR

father
patr-

body
corpor-

Stem and
Base

consul-

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

consul
consulis

homo
hominis

pater
patris
patri

corpus
corporis

cdnsuli

homini

corpori

consulem
consule

hominem
homine
Plural

patrem
patre

corpus
corpora

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace.

consules

homines

patres

corpora

consulum
consulibus
consules

hominum
hominibus

patrum
patribus
patres

corporum
corporibus

homines hominibus

corpora
corporibus

patribus

1.

Are

the terminations of these nouns Hke those of the

2.

previous lesson 1 Decline together pater bonus, corpus magnum.

^The name
of a

Roman

civil officer.

58
117.
1.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Examine the following
:

Dux

victoria laetus est, the general is

glad because of
suffered

the victory.
2.

Homines

cibi

inopia laborabant, the

men

from

{on account of) lack of food.

Observe {a) that the ablatives

these ablatives, because

victoria, inopia, express

the cause or reason; {b) the various ways of translating

of,

on account of from.

Review
118.
tive,

93, 94.
of

Rule

Syntax.

Cause

is

expressed by the abla-

usually ivithout a preposition.

119.

VOCABULARY
tempus,
season.

consul, consuiis, m., consul.

temporis,

n.,

time,

homo, hominis, m., man.

pater, patris, m., father.

vulnus, vulneris,

n., ivoutid.

corpus, corporis, n., body.

vulnero, are, avi, atus,

tw/z/zc/.

flumen, fluminis,

n., river.

laboro, are, avi, atus, zvork,

suffer.

pes, pedis, vc\.,foot.

pedes,

peditis,

m.,

foot-

trans, prep, with ace., across,

over.

soldier ; plur., infantry.

120.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Virtus equitum
Gallos

superabat.

2.

Virtute

fugam dedimus. Mllites peritl in castra 3. arma portaverunt. Due! fido pecuniam multam 4. RomanI dederant. FrumcntT magna copia erit mox 5. in vlc5. 6. Cur ad portas oppidi tela portavit } II, I. Near the village we saw many soldiers. 2. The king increased the men's courage by the story. They 3. had had much grain in winter quarters. 4. My son's stories were good. 5. He gave the horseman a black horse.
mllites in

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
121.

59

EXERCISES

I. I. Peditem gladio me5 vulnerabam. 2. Vulnera multa sunt in corporibus mllitum. Tempus est proelio 3.

idoneum.

4.

Homines pecuniae inopia lab5rabunt.

6.
7.

5.

Ad

pedes regis erant miserl incolae oppidl.

laboraverat.
8.

Miles vulnere
Mllites

Pedites consul trans flumen convocavit.

9.

Pedites incolas multos pills vulneraverunt.

dux culpabat. 10. Me5 vulnere sum miser. 11. fllios in hortum convocabit. 12. Pedes multos
trans flumen vidit.
II.
I.

Hom5
mllites

They put
2.

the foot-soldiers to flight across the

river.

We

are suffering from

many wounds.
of

3.

The
food.

inhabitants
4.

were

wretched

because
sailor with'
6.

lack

of
5.

The

soldier

wounded the

an arrow.

The

consul will not blame

my

father.

The

consul gave the

foot-soldier a beautiful sword.

Pedes

6o

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

17

THIIId declension (Continued).

122.

STEMS

IN

-i-

Stems

in

-i-

Paradigms
collis,

.,

caedes,

f.,

mons, m.,
inoniitaiti

animal,

n.,

hill

slangJiter
caedi-

animal
animali-

Stem
Base

coUicoll-

monti-

caed-

mont-

animalTerminations OF -i- Stems

M. and F.

SlNGULAR

N.

NOM.

collis

caedes
caedis

mons
montis

animal
animalis

(-S)
-is
-i

Gen. collis DAT. colli Ace. collem Abl. colle

-is
-i

caedi

monti

animali

caedem
caede

montem
monte
Plural

animal
animali

-em
-e
-i

NoM.

colles

Gen. collium Dat. collibus Ace. collis, es Abl. collibus

1.

caedes montes animfdia -es -ia caedium montium animalium -ium -ium caedibus montibus animalibus -ibus -ibus
caedis, es

montis, es animalia

-is,-es -ia

caedibus montibus

animalibus -ibus -ibus

Compare very carefully these terminations with those of 112. In what two cases of masculine and feminine
nouns
is
?

there a difference

In what four cases of

neuters
2.

Observe that the base and stem

differ.

See

112,

i.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3.

The

following sometimes have the ablative singular in

ship; ignis, fire; zvfis, citizen; turns, All neuter -i- stems finis, end; avis, bird.
ndivis,

-iand-e:
tozver ;

have the ablative singular in -i. A few nouns someturris, times have the accusative singular in -im
:

turrim, tower.
4.

Decline together: urbs pulchra, beautiful

city ;

animal

magnum,
123.

large animal.
-i-

Since nouns with

stems are declined differently

from those with consonant stems, one must know what nouns of the third declension have -i- stems. The following classes have -i- stems, and they must be thoroughly learned
1.

Nouns

in -is a7id

-es,

Jiaving no

more

syllables in the

srenitive
2.
3.

than in the nominative.

-e,

Neuters in

-al,

-ar.
-s

4.

Nouns Nouns
124.

of one syllable in
in -ns

or -x following a consonajit.

and

-rs.

Decline the following

n., sea.

mare, maris,
urbs, urbis,

nomen, nominis,
pars, partis,
f.,

n.,

name.

f.,

city.

part.

miles, militis, m., soldier.

hostis,

pons, pontis, m., bridge.

f.,

hostis,

m.

and

sedile, sedilis, n., seat.

enemy.
125.

VOCABULARY
(Make
a
list

of ihe nouns with

-i

stems.)
n.,

collis, collis,

m.,
f.,

Jiill.

animal, animalis,
navis, navis,
per, prep,
f.,

animal.

caedes, caedis,

slaugJiter.

ship.

mons,
tain.

montis,

m.,

inoun-

with ace. through,

of.

by means
are, avi,

occupo,

atus,

take

de,

prep,

with

abl.,

down

possession

of, seize,

occupy.

from, from,

coiicerning.

62
126.
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REVIEW EXERCISES

I. Mel patris amicus vulnere laboravit. 2. Longa pigrum peditem non delectabit. 3. Galll equitum peiitorum inopia laborabant. 4. Vulnera multa in corporibus mllitum vidistl. 5. Pedites trans flumen latum in fugam dederunt. 6. Tempus equitum virtutem augebit.

via

II.

I.

general
3.

is

At the king's feet there are many slaves. 2. The summoning the men across the river into camp.
have suffered from the lack of a
skillful

The

soldiers
4.

leader.

They had wounded my son with

EXERCISES

a javelin.

127.
I.
I.

Mllites de

monte

in

vicum impedimenta portabant.

4.
3. Per perltos Miser erat consul

2.

In navibus crant nautae multl et validL

mllitcs

partem urbis expugnabit.

5.

caede mllitum valid5rum.

occupavit.
6.

Dux cum

peditibus collem
7.

In marl sunt naves pulchrae.

8.

Virtus

hostium equitcs terrebat.

et multa.
10.
9.

In monte erant animalia fera

et

Consul mllitibus

navibus hostcs superaverat.

beautiful.

Dux de
I.

collibus Gallos in

urbem convocabat.
is

II.

large part of the city

sailors

2.

There

were many^ lazy

on the ships.
4.

took possession of the bridge.

on account of the slaughter of hastened from the hill into the broad
^

3. The horsemen The Romans are glad the enemy. 5. They

fields.
I, 2, 8.

Many

lazy

= " many

and

lazy."

See 127,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

63

LESSON
OF TIME
128.

18

REVIEW OF THIRD DECLENSION. GENDER. ABLATIVE

WHEN

Gender.

The

rules

nouns

of all declensions,

for gender in 27 apply to and take precedence over the

special rules for each declension.

The

general rules for gender for the third declension are

these, but there are

Masculine. Nouns

many

exceptions

in -es or -es

having more syllables

-0, -or,

in the genitive
-OS,

than in the nominative, and those in

in -es not

and

-er.

Feminine.

Nouns
in

having more syllables

in

the genitive than the nominative, and those in

-X, -s

-as, -is, -aus,

preceded by a consonant.

Neuter.
I.

Nouns
?

-c, -1, -e, -a, -n, -i, -t,

-ar, -ur, -us, -us.

What

are the rules of gender for the

first

and second

declensions

129.

Review Table of Nouxs of Third Declension

tive singular, (4) ablative singular, (5)

Give for each noun (i) gender, (2) meaning, (3) geninominative plural,

(6) genitive plural.

Review carefully
mare

122, 123.

animal
caedes

dux
eques
flu

pater

rex

mons
miles

pes

tempus
urbs

caput
consul
colHs

men homo
hostis

pedes

navis

pons
pars

vulnus
virtus

nomen

64
130.
1.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Examine the following
i)i
:

Hieme laboramus,
he

ivijiter lue

work.
ivitJiiii

2.

Decern mensibus multas urbes vidit,

ten montJis

saw many
the

cities.

3.

Prima put

luce hostes in

fugam dederunt, at daybreak

they

enemy

to Jliglit.

Observe that the ablatives hieme, decem mensibus, prima

luce, tell ivJien or zvithiu zvhat

time the action of the verb

is

took place, and that no preposition

131.

used in Latin.
is

Rule

of

Syntax.

Ti7ne

whe?i or zvitJiin which

expressed by the ablative.

132.

VOCABULARY
f.

nox,

noctis,

(gen.

plur.

dinnus,

I,

m., year.

noctium), night.

primus,

a, um., Jirst.
teti.

hiems, hiemis,

f.,

winter.

decem, indecl.,

aestas, aestatis,

f.,

summer.
daylight,

quattuor, indecl.,

/c^/zr.

lux, lucis,

f ., light,

multa

nocte, late at night.

133.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Aestate
lijce^

agri

piilchrl

incolas

urbis

delectant.

montes multos vidimus. 3. Hostes tells annis oppida multa equites vulnerabant. 4. Quattuor hostium dux expugnaverat. Cibi inopia Galll hieme 5. laborabant. 6. Multa nocte pedites in castra consul convocabit. 7. Multas urbes decem annis dux Helvetiorum occupaverat. 8. Primd ann5 belli multa oppida expugnaverat. 9. Prima luce hostes in castrls erant. II. I. He captured the city by means of his cavalry. 2. At night the enemy hastened toward the Romans' camp.
2.

Prima

Prima

luce, at daybreak.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3.

6$

Within four years you will see many beautiful things.^ 5. At daybreak we 4. Night frightens the poor children. 6. Ten years is a long carried our weapons into the camp. time. 7. In ten years there are ten summers.

LESSON

19

READING LESSOxN
134.

Julius Caesar
is

Juhus Caesar

the greatest character in

Roman

history.

merely as a general, but also as an orator and statesman. He was born on the 12th of July, 100 B.C. He belonged to an old, aristocratic family, but
great, not
at

He was

an early age
After
filling

allied himself

with the party of the people.

many minor
consul,

political offices, at the

age of

forty-one he

became

and formed a

political alliance

with
rate."

Pompey and Crassus, known as the " First TriumviThe next year the government of Gaul was assigned
and
it

to him,

is

the subjugation of this country that he

describes in his Commentaries.

taries

These

Gallic

Commen-

have been read in schools for hundreds of years, and they establish conclusively his ability as a writer. After spending eight years in Gaul, he was ordered by the Senate through the jealousy of Pompey to disband his army. Caesar refused, and, crossing the Rubicon, set out
with his
the civil

army to make himself the master of Rome In war that followed, Pompey at the head of the senaThis
left

torial forces w^as defeated.

Caesar the master of

the government at
life

Rome.

As

Dictator and Imperator for

that

he instituted
1

many reforms
plural

show

his insight as

The neuter

pulchra means beauliful things.

ESSEN. OF LATIN

66
a statesman.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

There were many Romans, however, who disliked Caesar's power. A conspiracy was formed, and Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 b.c.

Head of Julius
(From a

Cccsar

silver coin, 38-36 B.C.)

135.

The Helvetian War

Hclvetii were people of Celtic origin
all

The
almost

who

inhabited

that region

now known

as Switzerland.

In the year 58 b.c, incited by ambitious leaders, they

decided to leave their homes and seize the more

lands to the southwest, lying nearer the
in Gaul.
It is to this
first

fertile

Roman

province
Gallic

uprising of the Helvetii that Caesar

devotes the

thirty chapters of his first

book of

Commentaries. After two battles the Helvetii, being completely subdued by Caesar, were forced to return to their former territories. The reading lessons that follow are adapted from the first ten chapters of Caesar's account of this Helvetian
war.
136.
I.

Hints for Translation

in Latin,

gather as

Read the passage through several times much of its meaning as possible.

and

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

^j

2. Try to associate unfamiliar words with some related word that you already know. Do not look up the meaning of a new word in the 3. vocabulary until you have used every other means to get its meaning. After you have looked up its meaning, take time to fix it in your memory.

4.

In trying to get the thought of a passage, follow

strictly the

Latin order, noticing particularly the endings

of the words.
5.

Translate into clear and idiomatic English.

CHAPTER

READING LESSON
Description of Gaul
(The student should consult the general vocabulary for words been given in the special vocabularies.)
that

have not

137.

Belgae

et

AquTtanI et Celtae GaUiam incolunt.^

Roman!
{tJie

Celtas Gallos appellant.

Belgae sunt fortissimi

cum Germanis saepe pugnant. Helvetil sunt Celtarum fortissimi, quod {because) cum Germanis continenter pugnant. Aqultania a Garumna flumine ad
bravest) et

Pyrenae5s montes
{whicJi) est

et

ad earn {that) partem Ocean! quae

ad Hispaniam pertinet.
all

Note.

Learn the principal parts of

Decline
all

verbs of the

first

and second

conjugations.

nouns and adjectives.

For

this

name and
?

other proper names, see the map, page 10.

Third person plural, present indicative, of incolo.

Can you not

infer its

meaning from incola

68

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

20

PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. ABLATIVE OF AGENT
138.
it

Review

25,

3.

verb

is in

the Active Voice

:

when

represents the subject as acting or being

the field ; in the Passive Voice
{i.e.

tJic

fanner

plows
is

when

it

represents

the subject as acted upon

passive): the field
139.
is

the subject does nothing, and

the farmer.

plowed by
Paradigms

AcTH'E Voice

FIRST CONJUGATION
Singular

Personal Endings
-0 -s
-t

amo, / love, am loving, do love amas, yo?i love, etc.

amat, he
1.

loves, etc.

Plural

amamus,

zue love, etc.

-mus
-tis

2.
3.

amatis,j'^/^ love, etc.

amant, they

love, etc.

-nt

Passive Voice
Slngular
1.

amor, I ajn loved,

amatur,
Jie is

am

being loved

-r
-ris, -re

2.
3.

amaris, amare, you are loved, etc.

loved, etc.

-tur

Plural
1.

amamur, we are

loved, etc.
etc.

-mur
-mini
-ntur

2.
3.

amamini, yon are loved, amantur, tJiey are loved,

etc.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Active Voice

69

SECOND CONJUGATION
Singular
1

Personal Endings
-0

2.
3.

moneo, / advise, am advising, do advise mones, yoit advise, etc.

monet, he advises,
etc.

Plural
1.

2.

monemus, tve advise, etc. monetis, yon advise, etc.

monent, they advise,
etc.

-mus
-tis

3.

-nt

Passive Voice
Singular
1.

rnoneor,

am

advised,

am

being advised
etc.

-r
-ris, -re

2.

moneris, raonGXQ, you are advised,

3.

monetur,

lie is

advised, etc.
Plural

-tur

1.

monemur,

zue are advised, etc.

etc.
etc.

-mur
-mini
-ntur

2.
3.

monemini, yoit arc advised, monentur, they are advised,

Compare very
active

carefully the English translations of the

and passive forms.

active personal endings,

2.

Review the

oughly the passive endings.

They

are the

and learn thorsame for

3.

the present, imperfect, and future tenses. Observe that these passive endings are added directly to the present stems ama- and mone-, except in the
first

person singular.

140.

Conjugate the present active and passive, giving

English translations, of the following

laudo,
video,

I praise I see

voco,

terreo,

I call IfrigJiteti

70
141.
1
.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Examine the following
:

Coniurati Caesarem necant, the conspirators kill Caesar.

2.

Caesar a coniuratis necatur, Caesar

spirators.

is

killed by the con-

3.

Caesar gladio necatur, Caesar

1.

is

killed by

iivitJi)

a sivord.

Observe the changes

in

turning the active into the

passive
a.

The

object of the active verb

becomes the subject

is

of

the passive
b.

The

subject,

i.e.

the agent or doer, in the active

a.

ex-

pressed in the passive by the ablative with

2.

Review
is

93, 94.
is

that a preposition
of the verb

used

Compare when

carefully 2 and
that

3, and note which does the action

a person, while none

i.e.

is

used when

it is

not a

voluntary agent,
142.

not a person.

Rule

of

Syntax.

TJie

personal agent

zvitJi

a passive

verb

is

expressed by the ablative zvith a or ab.

143.

VOCABULARY
(Review the meanings of verbs
in loo, io8.)

Caesar, aris, m.,

legio, onis,
f.,

Caesar.

Q,Q\QxiidiS,Sit\s,i.,

speed, qnick-

legion}

ness.
incito, are,

neco, are, avi, atus, kill.

a, ab,^

avi, atus, incite,

prep, with ^hX., from,

e,

encourage, arouse, rouse.

ex,2 prep,
of,

by.

with

abl.,

out

ob, prep,

with ace, on account

from.

of for.
1 -

The Roman

legion consisted of al^out 5000 soldiers.

h,

Before a word beginning with a vowel or

use

ab or exj use a

or e before

a consonant.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
144.
I.
I.

71

REVIEW EXERCISES

R5manl hieme
2.

et

aestate

cum
in

hostibus pugna-

bant.
3.

Tells

hostes

R5manl

fugam

dederunt.
4.
5,

OuattLior annls multas navis in marl viderant.

castra multa nocte consul convocavit.
6.

Co-

pias in
in
1

Pons

flumine erat.

Caede llberorum miser5rum sum us

2.

miserl,
II.
I.

In winter the nights are long.

Caesar's cav3.

alry took possession of the hill at daybreak.

There are

many

ships on the sea.

4.

The Romans

did not suffer

from a lack of leaders.

145.
I.

EXERCISES
I.
;

Laudat, laudatur videtis, videminL 2. Incitant, incitantur vocamus, vocamur. 3. Caesar mllites convocat. Dux legidnem ob 5. 4. Mllites a Caesare convocantur.
;

virtutem laudat.
7.

Legi5 a duce ob virtutem laudatur. 6. Magna cibi 8. Hostes celeritate equitum terrentur. copia ab mllitibus in castra portatur. 9. Virtiite mllitum
incolae

oppidi

incitantur.

10.

Ex
11.

mllitibus in hiberna portatur.

agrls frumentum ab Multa nocte a pedite

gladio vulneratur.
I. We are summoned; he is calling; he is called. You (plur.) blame; you (plur.) are blamed. 3. The quickness of the Romans frightens the Gauls. 4. The Gauls

II.

2.

are frightened by the quickness of the

Romans.

5.

Caesar

encourages his

soldiers.

6.

by Caesar.
to the city.

7.

They

are

The soldiers are encouraged summoned from the mountains

72

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

21

IMPERFECT AND FUTURE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS. ABLATIVE OF MANNER
146.

Paradigms

Imperfect Indicative Passive

Singular
1.

Singular
loved,

amabar,

[was

was

i.

being loved
2.

monebar, / was advised, was being advised

monebaris, monebdiXQ, you

amabaris,

amabare, you

2.

ivere loved, etc.

-3.

weir advised,
3.

etc.

amabatur, he zvas loved,

etc.

monebatur,
vised, etc.

he

ivas

ad-

Plural
1.

Plural

amabamur,
ctc.

7c'^

wr;r

A?7r<^,

i.

monebamur,
vised, etc.

ivc

were ad-

2.

amabamini,
loved, etc.

you
they

%vere

2.

monebamini,
vised, etc.

j't?//

wr;r^zvere

3.

amabantur,
loved, etc.

ivere

3.

monebantur,
advised, etc.

they

Future Indicative Passive

Singular
1.

Singular
i.

2imdJoor,

2.

amaberis,

I shall be loved amabere, you

ivill be

monebor, / shall be advised

will be loved
3.

2.

moneberis, monebere, you

ivill be

amabitur, he

loved
3.

advised
zuill be

monebitur, he
vised

ad-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Plural
1.

73
Plural

amabimur,
loved

zve

shall

be

i.

monebimur,
advised

luc shall be

2.

amabimini, you
loved

ivill

be

2.

monebimini, you
advised

zvill be

3.

amabuntur, they
loved

zvill

be

3.

monebuntur, they will be advised

Observe
1.

That the personal endings are the same

present passive (139). That the vowel before these endings
fect,
is

as those of the

2.

in the

imper-

3.

and that the vowel changes in the future. What is the characteristic vowel of the future ? That the imperfect and future passive are formed on the present stems ama- and mone- by adding -bar and Review 86, S7. -bor respectively.
147.

Examine the following

1.

Agricola

cum cura

arat,

the

fanner

ploivs

xvith

eare

{carefully).
2.
3.

magna cum cura arat ///r fanner plows witJi S great care {veiy carefully). Agricola magna cura arat
Agricola
I

Observe
1.

That the Latin expressions cum cura, magna cum cura, magna cura, express the manner of the action of the
verb.

2.

3.

That magna cum ciira and magna ciira are translated in the same way. That these Latin expressions may be translated by adverbs in English.

74

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
148. Rule of Syntax.

Manner

is

expressed by the abla-

tive zvith the preposition

cum, but cum

may

be omitted if

an

adjeetive is used zvith the ablative.

149.

VOCABULARY
i,

studium,
cura, ae,

n., zeal,

eagerness,

imperator, oris, m., general,

f.,

eare.

commander
f.,

in chief.

obses, obsidis,

m. and

host-

conloco, are, avi, atus, place,

station.

age, pledge.

multitudo,

multitudinis,

f.,

compleo, complere, complevi,

multitude, croivd.

com^\Qivis,f II up, complete.

diu,

imperium,
pozver.
150.
I.
I.

i,

n.,

command,

adv.,

long,

for a long

time.

REVIEW EXERCISES

EquitLim celeritate Roman! terrentur. 2. Caesar equum pulchrum dat. 3. Legato a Caesare equus pulcher datiir. 4. Hieme frumenti inopia hostes lab5rabant. 6. Mllitcs 5. Magna urbis pars a Gallls occupatur.
legato
a rege in hiberna convocantur.
II.
I.

We

suffered from

many wounds.

2. 3.

the consul took possession of the mountain.

At night The lazy

boys are not praised by my father. 4. The Gauls are frightened by the speed and bravery of the soldiers.
151.
I.

EXERCISES
;

2.

I. Laudabat, laudabatur videbunt, videbuntur. Portabamus, portabamur superabis, superaberis. 3. In

;

agrls lab5rabunt

cura legi5 conlocabitur.

dimicabant.
6.

oppugnabatur.

cum cum hostibus Oppidum ab imperatore magno studio 8. Urbem 7. Caesar! imperium dabitur.
studio.
4.

magno cum
5.

In castris

In

colle

diu

equitum multitudine complevit.

Caesar! Gall! dederant.
10.

9.

L!ber5s mult5s obsides

.-'

Equitesne a duce laudabuntur

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
II.
I.

75

You

will

hold,

you
4.

will
3.

praising? he will be blamed.

the infantry with swords.

be held. 2, Are we They were wounded by At daybreak the Romans

fought bravely.
near the bridge.

5.

large part of the arms was carried

6.

very carefully into camp.

Many

soldiers

were seen

LESSON

22

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
152.

Review

39,

81,

86.
all

The

perfect, pluperfect,

and

future perfect passive of

Latin verbs have compound

forms.

They employ

the perfect passive participle and

the present, imperfect, and future tenses respectively of

the auxiliary verb sum.
in

The participle is like an adjective form and syntax, and its endings change to agree with the gender and number of the subject of the verb.
Paradigms

Perfect
Singular
1.

PAssrv^E

of amo
Plural

amatus sum, /
loved,

Jiave been

amati sumus
amati
estis

zvas loved

2. 3.

amatus amatus

es
est

amati sunt
Pluperfect Passive

1.

amatus eram, / Iiad been

loved

amati eramus
amati eratis

2.
3.

amatus eras amatus erat

amati erant

76

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Future Perfect Passive
Singular

Plural
sJiall

1.

amatus
amatus amatus

ero,

have

amati erimus
amati
eritis

been loved
2.
3.

eris
erit

amati erunt

1.

In the same way, form and conjugate these same tenses

of moneo, video, porto, giving English meanings.

2.

Note carefully that the participle is declined like bonus, and that its endings conform to the gender and number of the subject
;

for example,

/ (a

have been loved, amata sum ive (girls) have been loved, amatae sumus the toivn had been seen, oppidum visum erat the girl has been loved, puella amata est
girl)

3.

For the difference

in

meaning between the perfect and

2.

the imperfect passive see 92,

153.
amicitia,
ae,
f.,

VOCABULARY
friendship,
civis, civis,

m. and

f., citi.'yen.

a Ilia nee.
pax, pads,
i.,

ci vitas, atis, f., state,

citizen-

peace.

ship.

mensis, mensis, m., month.

iter, itineris, n.,

confirmo,

are,

avi,

atus,

march, road,

strengtJioi, establish.

ex

joiirncy (476). itinere, on the march.

contineo, continere, continui,

contentus,
7'estrain.

Jiold

together,

154.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Vulneratl
est
?

eratis

videbamus;
;

incitatae
3.

sunt.

2.

Laudatane

laudatl erant

culpatae erunt.

Pax

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

77

4. Cives ob amicimontibus et fluminibus continetiam laudavimus. 5. Galli bantur. 6. Oppida multa decern mensibiis erant occupata.

cum

multls civitatibus est confirmata.

7. 8.

9.

Magna Helvetiorum urbs ex itinera est expugnata. Frumentum multum ex agris in hiberna portatum erat. 10. Homines multl Caesar mllites in castrls tenebat.
Rdmanis erant necatl. ii. Multos clvis in Italia vidi12. Urbs ab imperatore magno cum studio oppugnata
II.
I.

mus.
est.

She was restrained you (plur.) liad been blamed. plur.) shall have been pleased they have been summoned. 3. Peace and friendship have been established with the Gauls. 4. The citizens had been aroused by their leaders. 5. The girl was carefully carried into the 6. The soldiers were praised by the general for their city. bravery. 7. Caesar attacked a town of the Helvetians on 8. The cavalry had been wounded by the the march. weapons of the enemy.
;

2.

We (fem.

78

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

23

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. THREE TERMINATIONS. ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION

155.

Adjectives of the third declension are divided into

three classes according as they have in the nominative

singular either one, two, or three terminations.
acer, sharp, keen,

eager

Stem Base

acri-

acr-

Singular
Masculine
Femhiine

Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

acer
acris
acri

acris

acre
acris
acri

acris
acri

acrem
acri

acrem
acri
PiJL'RAI,

acre
acri

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
I.

acres

acres

acria

acrium
acribus
acris, es

acrium
acribus
acris, es

acrium
acribus
acria

acribus

acribus

acribus

Note that adjectives of this declension have -i- stems, and that the ablative singular ends in -i. Review 122.
156.

Examine the following

Gallos virtute

I.

Helvetii

superant,

tJie

Helvetii surpass

the Gauls in valor.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
2.

79
tJie

Vir nomine sed non factis amicus erat,

man was

friend in name but not in deeds.

Observe that the ablatives virtute, nomine, factis, tell in meaning of the verb or noun is true the first sentence tells that the Helvetii surpass the Gauls in respect to valor, not in size, speed, or in any other respect.
wJiat respect the
;

157.

Rule

of

Syntax.

The ablative of
VOCABULARY

specificatio7i tells

in ivJiat respect the

applies.

meaning of a

verb, noun, or adjective

N^o preposition is used.

158.
aitus, a,

um,
a,

higJi, deep.

finis, finis, m.,

end ;

(plur.)

angustus,

um,

narrozv,

boundary, territory.
finitimus,
a,

contracted.
noster, nostra, nostrum, our,

um, neighboring,
;

adjoining

finitimi,

orum,

ours.
acer, acris, acre, kecji, sharp,

m., neighbors.

quod, conj., because.

-que, and,

eager.

an enchtic, always

equester, equestris, equestre,

attached to a word.
m.3igni\.VidiO,ims,i., greatness,
sice.

of the
(adj.).

cavalry;

cavalry

159.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Dux

filium ob virtutem laudaverat.

2.

Pax quaterat

tuor

mensibus
3.

Caesare

cum

multls

civitatibus

Multa nocte c5piae ex agris in castra convocabantur. 4. Mllites hieme in hiberna sunt convocatl. Mult! incolae gladiis equitum vulnerati erant. 5. II. I. Why were the Helvetii aroused 2. The town was captured on the march. 3. At daybreak the general gave his soldiers food. 4. The consul suffered from lack
conflrmata.
.-*

of cavalry.

8o
i6o.
I. I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATEN
EXERCISES
Castra Caesaris in
per fines
nostrds

Helveti5rum flnibus erant.

2.

Iter

angustum

erat.

3.

Roman!

virtute sed non magnitudine corporis Gallos superabant.

4.

Equestres c5piae hostium magna cum virtute pugnaverant 5. Flumina Galliae erant angustaaltaque.^ 6. Equites
a Caesare sunt laudatl, quod hostes celeritate superaverunt.
7.

Acres perltaeque
?

erant copiae consulis.

9.

8.

Pedites

Caesaris proelio erant acres. sunt incitati

tinebantur.

Cur Helveti! a ducibus

et fluminibus latls con-

Quod
10.

altls

montibus

Hostes equestrl proelio erant superatT. 2. Have I. The battle with our cavalry was keen. II. you seen many deep rivers 3. We surpass our neighbors in cavalry forces. 4. There is a narrow road through our
.-'

neighbors'
foot.
6.

i"erritory.

5.

The

Helvetii

The general was wounded in his seized many towns because they

fought with great bravery.

1

Note

to

which word -que

is

added.

Galli

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

24

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. TWO AND ONE TERMINATIONS. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
161.

Many

adjectives of the third declension have only

in the

two separate forms

feminine being
lowing:
:

nominative, the masculine and

are
all

alike.

They

declined like the

fol-

facilis,

easy
facili-

Stem Base

facil-

Singular
Masculine a?!d Feminine

Neuter

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

facilis facilis
facili

facile
facilis
facili

facilem
facili

facile
facili

Plural

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

faciles

facilia

facilium
facilibus
facilis (es)

facilium
facilibus
facilia

facilibus

facilibus

Other adjectives of
the nominative in
followins:
ESSEN. OF LATIN
all

this declension

have one form for

are declined like the

genders.

They

Z2

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
ferax, fertile

Stem
Base

feraci-

ferac-

Singular
Vfasculiii,e

and Feminine

Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

ferax
feracis

ferax
feracis

feraci

feraci

feracem
feraci (e)

ferax
feraci (e)

Plural

NoM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

feraces

feracia

feracium
feracibus
feracis (es)
.

feracium
feracibus
feracia

feracibus

feracibus

Observe
1.

2.

That all adjectives of the third declension have one form for all genders in all cases except the nominative and accusative. That adjectives of the third declension ending in -er have three terminations, those in -is two, and all others,
except comparatives, one.

3.

That they have

-i-

stems, and that those of two and three

-i

terminations have only

162.
1.

in the ablative singular.

Examine the following

tJie

Filius patri similis erat,

son

was

like his father.

2.

Locus castris idoneus

erat, the place ivas suitable

for a

camp.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe that the datives patri and the adjectives similis and idoneus.
dative
is

83

castris are related to

This use

of

the

similar to

the English idiom, and presents few

difficulties.

TJie dative is used witJi adjeetives Rule of Syntax. Fitness, Nearness, and tJie like, and denoting Resemblance,

163.

also with their opposites.

164.
f ortis, e,

VOCABULARY
brave, strong.

omnis,
brevis,

e, all, e,

every, the ivhole.

similis,

e, like,

similar.

brief, short.

dissimilis,
like.

e,

dissiinilar, nji-

par, paris,

equal

{to).

vetus,^ veteris, old, aneient.

facilis, e, easy.
difficilis, e, difficnlt.

gens, gentis,

f.,

race, nation.

populus,

i,

m., people.

165.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Helvetil
iter erat

fluminibus

altls
3.

continebantur.

2.

Ad

flumen
tur
?

Cur nostri fmitimi terrenQuod cum R5manis pacem et amicitiam conflrmaangustum.

4.

vimus.
5.

Caesar equestibus proelils Gall5s superavit.

altls

Pedites nostri

fluminibus terrebantur.

6.

Gallos

celeritate in fugam dederunt. There are many beautiful ships on the sea. 2. Our cavalry were skillful in battle. 3. Why were they frightBecause they saw many deep rivers and lofty ened } mountains. 4. The bridges have been taken possession of by the enemy.

magna cum
II.
I.

166.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Multae

et fortes erant in Gallia gentes.

2. 3.

Caesar
Mllites

veteres mllites amabat, quod bello fortes erant.

^

This

is

not an

stem.

84
fortes
est.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
oppidum occupaverant.
BrevI tempore
4.

ad montem facile hostium partem necaverant. 5. 6. Helvetil multitudine hominum populo Romano non erant pares. 8. Omnes 7. Fortis puer a mllite est vulneratus.
Iter

magnam

incolae ex oppido ad collem convocantur.

9,

Caesar multls

imperatoribus erat dissimilis.

gentes virtute siiperant.

10.

FinitimI nostri

omnes

II. I. In every town we shall see many children. 2. The boy was like the girl in size. 3. We carried the grain into the town by an easy road. 4. All the tribes were brave and ^ faithful. 5. In winter the field near the river will not be fit for a camp. 6. The Roman people were not conquered by the brave Helvctii.

LESSON

25

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

II

The Ambitious Designs of the Helvetii under the

Leadership of Orgetorix
167.

Orgetorix, qui^ princeps erat Helvetiorum, coniurafecit

tionem n5bilitatis

{formed^

et

cum

flnitimls civitatibus

pacem
loci

et

amicitiam conflrmavit.
;

Helvetil undique natura

una ex parte ^ flumine Rheno, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit,* altera ex parte monte lura, tertia ex parte flumine Rhodano, qui prdvinciam nostram ab Helvetils dividit. Qua de causa ^ fines Helveti5rum
continentur
angusti erant
cupiebant.^
1

pr5

multitudine hominum,

et

emigrare

'^

Use -que.
side.
*

the relative pronoun who, ivhich,

^

one
^

third person singular of divido.

to.
'

^ una ex parte, on that. Qua de causa, y^r this reason.

in proportion

to e/iiigrate.

third person plural imperfect of cupio.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

85

LESSON

26

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF sum. REVIEW OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
168.

Review

81.

Prin.

Parts

sum,

esse, fui

Perfect
I.

Pluperfect
Singular
iw^XdiVOL,

Future Perfect
iwtro,

i\\\,

I have been,
zvas

I had been

I shall have

/
2.
3-

beat

fuisti

fueras
fuerat Plural

fueris
fuerit

fuit

I.

fuimus
fuistis

fueramus
fueratis

fuerimus
fueritis

2.
3-

fuerunt, fuere

fuerant

fuerint

1.

Observe that the perfect stem is fu-, and that the pluperfect and future perfect are formed regularly from this stem by adding -eram and -ero.

2.

Are the personal endings regular

169.

The following verbs

of the first

and second conparts.

jugations have been introduced in the preceding lessons.

Review carefully their meanings and principal must one know the principal parts of a verb
.''

Why
mature
incita

pugno expugn5 oppugno

voco

conloc5

vide5

laudo
culpo
servo
delect5

supera

confirms

teneo
contineo

arma
occupa
vulnero

convocS

compare augeo habeo

labara

compleo

neca
terrea

moveo moneS

da
porta

dlmica

I.

What

is

the force of con (com) in a

compound verb?

86
170.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Review
carefully 99, 104, 105, 106.

With the

out-

line given below as a suggestion, complete the synopsis of In a similar way, write out a synopsis of habeo in incite. the second person and augeo in the third person.

Synopsis of the Indicative, Third Person

Prin.

Parts

incite, are, avi, atus, arouse,

urge on

Active
Si'/ij^.

Passive

incitat

incitatur

Pres.
/-*////-.

incitant

incitantur

Present

Stem
incita-

Si/iiT. incitilbat

incitabatur

Imp.

P/ur. inciteibant

incitabantur

FUT.
Perf.
Perfect
f

Plnr.
Si7i}

Plur.
Sing.
Participial

Stem
incitav-

Plup.

I
\

Plnr.
Sing.

Stem
incitat-

FuT.
Perf.

j
[

Plur.

171.
vasto,
are, avi,

vocabulary
atus,

lay

reliquus, a,

um,

the rest

of,

waste, ravage.
libertas, atis,
i.,

remaining.
potens, potentis, able, powcrfill.

liberty, free-

doni.
pro, prep,

with

abl., before, in

behalf of for.
,

172.
I.
I.

exercises
Fueratis
;

fuerimus
vastatT.
4.

fuistis.

2.

Gallorum fines
erant
potentes.

ab equitibus erant
diu

3.

ReliquI hostes pro llbertate

pugnaverant.

Belgae

navibus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
5.

8/
superaverant.

Paucis

annls

bello

finitimds

Helvetil

6.
7.

Pro feminis

llberisqiie

magn5 cum

studi5 pugnabant.

Reliquae in Gallia gentes a nostris finitimis incitatae

8.

sunt.

Caesar cum quattuor legionibus fines Helvetio^

rum

vastare

maturabit.

9.

Legiones

popull

Roman!

domin5
altis

10. Servus magnitudine corporis Gallorum terrebantur. virtute erat similis. 11. Angustis montibus et

fluminibus
I.

II.
2.

oppidum continetur. They saw a few horsemen near the

fields of
3.

bridge.

Because of the war, the

the Gauls have been

laid waste.

The

legions of the
4.

Roman

people were

brave and
general.
7.

skillful.

the cavalry in speed.

6.

The foot-soldiers were equal to The citizens will fight for the They put the rest of the enemy to flight.
5.

There were many powerful

tribes in Gaul.

LESSON

27

THIRD CONJUGATION. PRESENT, LMPERFECT, AND FUTURE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

Third Con'Jugation
173.

duco, / lead

Prin.

Parts

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus

Learn the present, imperfect, and future, active and

passive, of duco (493).
1.

2.

Observe that the personal endings are the same as those used in the first and second conjugations (43, 139). Compare the present of duco with the present of moneo and amo in respect to the vowel that precedes the
personal ending.
^

pres. inf., to lay waste.

88
3.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Are the imperfect tenses
of the
first,

second, and third

conjugations formed and conjugated in the same

4.

way ? Compare the

future of duco with the future of moneo,

5.

and notice the difference in formation. Observe that the present stems of this conjugation end
sJiort
-e-,

in

those of the second conjugation in long

-t-.

6.

Like duco conjugate the present, imperfect, and future

tenses, active
congiter.

and

passive, of mitto, scud,

and

vinco,

174.

VOCABULARY
gero,

duco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead,

mitto, ere, misi, missus, scud.
vinco, ere, vici, victus, congiicr.

gerere,
on,

gessi,

gestus,

cany

7vagc.

incolo, ere, incolui, incultus,

inhabit.

relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus,

neque
nor.

neque, neither

leave behind, leave.

contendo, ere, contend!, contentus, struggle, strive, hasten,

Jinrry,

saepe, adv., often, frequently

march.

175.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Dux

castra movebit,

est.
3.

2.

Equites nostrl fabuhs

virtiite

quod inopia frijmentl Gallorum sunt

similes
erant.
4.

in agris

incitatL

Belgae

Helvetiis

Multae

Gallorum gentes multitudine hominum erant potentes. 6. Omnes pro PaucI vicl ab hostibus vastati erant. 5. llbertate magno studio pugnabimus. II. I. The rest of the Gauls were powerful in arms. 2. Is a son always like his father.^ 3. In a short time the The general praised the village will be like a camp. 4.
old soldiers for their bravery.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
176.
I.
I.
;

89

EXERCISES
Duciint; ducent; ducebat.
mittebar.
3. 2.

Mittimus; mitte;

bantur
4.
5.

Vincemur;

vinces

ducebatis.

Belgae bellum longum

Helvetil saepe

cum populo Romano

6.
7.

gerebant.

cum
8.

finitimis contendebant.

Hostium

copiae trans flumen relinquuntur.

tela

In castris erant neque

proeli5 a Caesare vinin

neque
9.

cibus.

Helvetil

magno

centur.

Imperator per fines Gallorum

10.

Belgas multas

legi5nes mittit:

Caesar
11.

cum

quattuor legionibus in
in Tnsulae incolas mit-

Galliam contendebat.
tentur,
II.
I.

Naves

12.

Galll equestribus copiis

shall
2.

Romanes
;

superabant.

We

are being led.

conquer; they are sending; you (plur.) We are left behind they will be sent
3.

you

(sing.) will be led.

city. 4.

He

will neither

send nor carry

left in

food into the

of Gaul.
6.
7.
5.

The

Helvetii inhabit the mountains

Many women and

will

children were

camp.

The Roman people were waging war

Four legions

with the Helvetii.

be sent by the consul into Gaul.

LESSON
VERBS
177.

28

IN

-io.

THIRD CONJUGATION COMPLETED

io in

Many

verbs of the third conjugation end in

the

first

person singular of the present indicative active.

capio, take

Prin.

Parts

capio, capere, cepi, captus

Learn the present, imperfect, and

passive, of capio (495).
I.

future,

active

and

Observe that the conjugation of capio

of
diico
is

differs

in

the present tense

.'

only in

from that two forms.

What

the difference

90
2.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
In what respect do the imperfect and future of capio
differ from duco ? Like capio conjugate these tenses of
iacio, Jiurl.

3.

fugio, flee,

and

178.

Review

92, 98,

106,

152.

The

perfect, pluperfect,

and future perfect, active and are formed and cojijugated in

1.

passive, of all Latin verbs

the

same

zuay.

Learn the conjugation

(493, 495)-

of the perfect, pkiperfect,

and

future perfect, active and passive, of duco and capio

2.

Write a synopsis (170) of

of the indicative.
179.

iacio, hurl, in

the third person

VOCABULARY
iacere,
ieci,

iacio,

iactus,

interficio,interficere,interfeci,

tliroiu,

hurl.
cepi,

interfectus, kill.

capio,

capere,

captus,

traduco (trans
traduxi,

+ duco),

ere,

take, seice, capture,

fugio, fugere,

fugi,

form.
,

traductus,

lead

flee,

over, transport.

run

azuaj'.

consilium,

i,

n.,

advice, pru-

facio, facere, feci, factus, do,

dence, plan.

make.

moenia, moenium,

n. (plur.),

walls, fortifications.
180.

REVIEW EXERCISES

I. Equites pedites non rehnquent. 2. Neque pedineque equitibus sed navibus contendunt. 3. Estne iter ad oppidum facile ? Roman! in hostium fines legi4. ones multas mittebant. 5. Decem mensibus gentes multae

tibus

a consule vincentur.

IL

I.

The
2.

Helvetii often carried on

neighbors.

At daybreak

the

soldiers

war with their had been led

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
into the city.
4.

91

The Gauls were conquered by Caesar. 3. Did you send the messenger to the general ?
EXERCISES
Capiuntur;
interficieris
;

181.
I.
;

I.

fugiemus.

2.

Traduci-

Helveti5rum mur capimur; fugiebatis. 3. ^ faciet. fines iter 4. Romani ex hostibus copiam frumenti Equites magna cum celeritate in montes capiebant. 5.
Caesar
in

Multa nocte pauci pedites erant interfectl. 8. Imperator moenia nostra iecerunt. Galll legatos ad ob consilium proell legatum laudavit. 9. 10. Consul trans flumen Caesarem de pace miserunt.
fugiebant.
7.

6.

Hostes

tela in

latum
II.

legiones

traducet.

11.

Multl

equites

copifs

nostrls interficientur.

they were killed; it had been were throwing; she has been seized. 3. All the inhabitants fled from the city into the forests. 4. The general's plan was a good one.^ The Helvetii will march ^ out of their territory. 5. 6. In the winter Caesar used * to form his plans.
I.

We

shall flee;
(plur.)

taken.

2.

You

iter facio,
*

march.
to

2 -f,^5
:

(f

gQQd

Q,ig

~ 2vas

good.

march

make a

march.

used

form

use the imperfect of facio.

Caricature of Soldier
(Pompeii)

92

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

29

PRESENT INFINITIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH

182.
Active
First Con'jugation

Infinitive
Passive

Present
Present Present Present

am are,

to love

amari,

to

be loved

Second Conjugation

monere,

to

advise
Third Conjugation

moneri,

to

be advised

ducere, to lead
capere, to take

duci, to be led
capi, to be taken

Fourth Conjugation

Present
1.

audire, to hear

audiri, to be

heard

The present
as the

infinitive active of all

verbs has appeared

second one of the principal parts of each verb

given (86).
2.

Observe that the present passive is formed from the present active by changing final -e to -i, except in the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -i.
183.

Examine the following

1.

Maturat milites convocare, he hastens

soldiers.

to

summon

the

2.
3.

Laudari est gratum,

Incolas

to

be praised is pleasant.
Jie

armari iubet,

orders the inhabitants to be

armed.
4.
5.

Omnes primi
Debet

esse cupimus, zve all zvish to be first.

interfici, Jie

ought
Jie is

to

be killed.
to

6.

Fortis esse dicitur,

said

be brave.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
a.

93
in

These examples show that the

often used as
it

infinitive

Latin

is

is is

in

English.
est.

b.

In

2,

the infinitive

subject of

In 1,4,

5, 6,

the

infinitive

completes the meaning of the main verb,

infinitive,

and
c.

is

called the coinplementaiy infijiitivc.

In

3, is

observe that incolas, the subject of the

accusative.

In

4,

note that the predicate adjective

primi agrees with the subject of the main verb, cupi-

mus, and
184.
1.

is

therefore nominative.

Rules

of

Syntax.
of the infinitive
xvitJt
tJie

TJie subject

is in the accusative.

2.

predicate adjective

a complementary infinitive
verb.

agrees ivith the siibject of

185.

main

VOCABULARY
constituo,
stitui,

dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, say,

constituere,

con-

speak,
iubeo,

tell.

constitutus,

place,

iubere,

iussi,

iussus,

station, determine, appoint.

order, bid.

paro, are, avi, atus, prepare,

debeo, debere, debui, debitus,

oivc, ought.

provide.
appello, are, avi,

atus, call,

cupio, cupere, cupivi

(ii),

cu-

name.
auxilium,
i,
i,

pitus, wish, desire, be

eager

n., aid, help.

for. 186.
I.
I.

numerus,

m., number.

EXERCISES
Vir perTtus esse debet.
3.

2.

Pater fllium fortem

esse cupit.

Helvetil legates de pace ad

4.

Caesarem mit-

tere parati sunt.

5.

Difficile est

gentes potentes superare.

Helvetil, inopia cibi permoti {infiueiiced),

6.

pacem facere
parare
Gall!
iussit.

cupiebant.

Magnum navium numerum

7.

constituerunt.

Caesar legatum auxilium mittere

94
8.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Tuus amicus
appellarl dicitur.
9.

ex itinere oppugnare constituerat.

10.

Imperator oppidum Caesar constituit

cum cum
II.

Helvetiis, incolls Galliae, bellum gerere.

12.

hostium magnae esse dicebantur.

decern equitibus in
I.

11. Copiae Consul nuntium Galliam contendere iubebit.

It

was easy
skillful.

to

capture the town.

2.

The enemy

did not wish to leave their

ought book ?
6.

to

be
5.

4.

baggage in camp. 3. The girl Do you wish to give your father a

be high. 7. We ought to Caesar desires the soldiers to be
9.

Caesar ordered the legion to storm the town.

8.

The

fortifications are said to

be brave and good.

powerful in ships.

praised for their bravery.

The Gauls

are said to be

LESSON

30

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

III

Preparation of Orgetorlx and the Helvetii

187.
Ilelvetil auctdritate Orgetorlgis

permotl^ iumento-

rum
in

et

carrorum

magnum numerum
In^ tertium

et

copiam frumenti
flniti-

comparare constituerunt.
provinciam
clvitates

annum profecti5nem

R5manam

lege confirmaverunt, et ad

legatum mlserunt. Casticus Sequanus, cuius {zuhosc) pater a populo Romano amicus appellatus erat, et DumnorIx Haeduus, principes in suls
(//^^/r)clvitatibus,

mas

Orgetorigem

auxilium dederunt.
dedit.

Dumnorigl Orgetorlx

flliam in

matrimonium

Itaque hi {these) tres princi-

pes potentium civitatum inter se^ iusiurandum dederunt,

et
1

GaUiae imperium obtinere cupiebant.

See 186
I, 5.
'^

for.

inter se, each other (literally,

among

themselves).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

95

LESSON

31
is.

THE DEMONSTRATIVE
i88.
Is, ea, id

idem

As adjective, tJiis, that ; plur., t/icse, those. As pronoun, this, that, he, she, it ; plur., these,
Singular
Mas.
Fern.
Keiit.

those, they

Plural
Mas.
ei, ii
Fern.

Keut.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
I.

is

ea
eius
ei

id

eae

ea

eius
ei

eius
ei

eorum
eis, iis

earum
eis, iis

eorum
eis, iis

eum
CO

earn

id

eos
eis, iis

eas
eis, iis

ea
eis, iis

ea

eo

In what cases

do the endings

differ

from those of

bonus
189.

(62).'

The stem
(is

is

-e-

or

-i-.

idem
Masculine

dem), the same

Singular
Feminine

Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

idem eiusdem eidem

eadem
eiusdem eidem

eundem eodem
Alasculim

eandem eadem
Plural
Feminine

idem eiusdem eidem idem eodem

Neuter

NOM."

Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

eidem (idem) eorundem eisdem (isdem) eosdem eisdem (isdem)

eaedem earundem
eisdem (isdem)

eadem eorundem
eisdem (isdem)

easdem
eisdem (isdem)

eadem
eisdem (isdem)

96
1.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe that idem
that
is

compound

of is

and dem, and

dem

is

uninflected.

2.

The

is is

declined regularly except for a few consonant

changes before dem.

190.
1
.

Examine the following

laudant,

Is miles laudatur, tJiat soldier is praised.

2. 3.

Eum

tJiey

praise

him

{i.e. tliat

{many).
(i.e.

Amicum

eius laudamus, roc praise Ids friend

the

4.

friend of him). Amicum eorum laudamus,

zue praise their friend {i.q. the

friend of them).
a.

In

I,

is

is

used in agreement with a noun, and

It tells

is

demonstrative adjective.

in

an unemphatic
is

manner
b.

ivJiat

man

is

praised.

In

2,

3,

4, is is

used without a noun, and

demon-

strative pronoun.
c.

Observe that eius means

their, referring to

Jiis, hers, its ; eorum means mascuHne and neuter nouns earum
;

means
d.
e.

theij; referring to

feminine nouns.

See table

below for the various meanings of is. Decline together ea femina, id nomen, is miles. When the pronoun of the third person is expressed,
:

it

is

regularly

is.

191.

Table of Meanings for Reference

is,

ea,

id

Singular

NoM.

this, that

he, she,

it.

Gen. of this, of that; of him, his; of her, her; of it, its. Dat. to or for this or that to or for him, her, it. Ace. this, that him, her, it. Abl, from, with, by this tr that from, with, by him, her, it.
;
;

ESSExXTIALS OF LATIN
Plural

9/

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
192.

these, those

they.
;

of these, of those

of them, their.
;

to or for these or those

to or for

them.

these, those

them.
;

from, with, by these or those

from, with, by them.

VOCABULARY
i,

Labienus,

m.,

Lahiaius

fortuna, ae,

f.,

fortu7ie,

good

(one of Caesar's lieutenants).

fortimc.

murus,
pono,

i,

m., ivall.

cohors, cohortis, f.,^^/^^/'/(one

of the subdivisions of the
legion).

ponere, posui, positus,

place, pitch (a camp).

princeps, principis, m., leader,

defend!,
chief.

defends,

defendere,

defensus, defend^ protect.

et
.

pugna,

ae,

f.,

battle.

et,

both

and.

post, prep,

with ace, after,

behind.

193.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Auxilium parare debemuSo
3.

2,

Mllites fortes esse

4.

cupiunt.

Caesari obsides dare constituerunt.

Mllites

cum
II.

virtute

pugnare
6.

iubebit.

5.

Numerus navium decem

esse dicitur.
I.

R5manl

e5s Gallos appellare cupiebant.

Caesar orders the states to send hostages. 2. The commander did not wish to fight. 3. A number of soldiers
said to be led to the conquer the Gauls.
is

city.

4.

The Romans ought

to

194.
;

EXERCISES
;

I. I. Eius earum el agricolae. eaedem cohortes in eadem urbe. Romanus, earn urbem expugnaverat.
;

2.
3.

Eiusdem

virl;

Caesar,

princeps

4.

Eius mllites post

ESSEN. OF

LATIN 7

98
earn

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

pugnam eum ob fortunam

virtute defenderant.
7.

laudaverunt.

5.

Eodem

tempore Caesar

incolls llbertatem dedit,

6.

cum

quod muros magna Id facere est non semper

facile.

Labienus easdem cohortes in Helvetios duxit et mox eos vicit. 8. In eorum vico Labienus castra posuit, et panels mensibus pugnas multas pugnavit. 9. Helvetii

muros
10.
II.
;

eius oppidi
mllites

et

cum

virtute et fortuna defendent.

mittit.

Eosdem
I.

ad oppida eius gentis

2.

In the same winby the same man. 3. He orders them to pitch the camp in the same place. 4. His good fortune was not always the same. 5. They had given both money and food. 6. These soldiers will defend their walls.

His; their(fem.); to them.

ter

of the

same

chiefs;

LESSON

32

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

195.
qui, 7v/io,
zvJiicJi, tJiat,

ivJiat

Singular
Mas.
Fern.

Plural
Neut.

Man.

Fern

Neut.

NOM. qu!
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
cuius
cui

quae
cuius
cui

quod
cuius
cui

qui

quae

quae

quorum
quibus

quarum
quibus

quorum
quibus

quem
quo

quam
qua

quod qu5

quos
quibus

quas
quibus

quae
quibus

Table of Meanings for Reference

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
who, which, that, what. of whom, whose, of which, of what.
to or for whom, which, or what. whom, which, that, what. from, with, by whom, which, or what.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
196.
1.

99

Examine

the following

Feminae quas videmus pulchrae

tve see are beautiful.

sunt,

tJie

luoincn zvhom

2.

Viros qui in castris sunt laudat,

are iu the camp.

Jic

praises the vicu that

3.

Vir cuius

horse he
4.

equum habebat agricola had zuas a farmer.

fuit,

the

man

zvhose

5.

6.

est, the girl to ivhom he gave the book is faithful. Pilum quo vulneratus sum longum fuit, tJic javelin by li'/iic/i I zcas luounded zvas a long one. Is qui est fortis laudatur, he {one, a man) zvho is brave

Puella cui librum dedit fida

is praised.

a.

The
to

relative

pronoun refers
it

to

some word, and the word

its

which

refers

is

called
i

antecedent

i.e.

the

antecedent of quas

in

is

feminae.

Point out the

antecedents in the other sentences.

b.

Observe that the

ber as
its

relative has the

same gender and numcase

is
is

antecedent, but that

its

not necessarily

the same.
its

The
I,

case of the relative

determined by
clause
it is
:

relation to the

words
in

of

its

own

for ex-

ample, in

quas

is
;

accusative because
5,

the direct

object of videmus

quo

is

ablative to express the

instrument of the verb vulneratus sum.

cases of the other relatives.
c.

Explain the

In

6,

is

does not refer to any particular person, but

matt, one.
Is is thus

means a

commonly used

as

the antecedent of the relative.

197.
its

Rule
its

ajiteecdent in

mined by

relative pronoun agrees with gender and number, but its case is deterrelation to some word of its oivn clause.
of

Syntax.

-A

lOO
198.

ESSENTIALS

OP'

LATIN

VOCABULARY
f.,

causa, ae,

cause, case.
dictus,

nuntio,

are,

avi,

atus,

an-

causam dico, ere, dixi, plead (one's) ease.

vinculum,
poena, ae,
i,

noiincc, report. coepi,

coepisse,

coeptus

sum

n., eJiaiii.

(only in the perfect, pluperfect,

ex vinculis,
i.,

in chains.

and future perfect

punishment.
f.,

tense), began.

coniuratio, onis,

conspiracy.

Orgetorix, igis, m., Orgetorix.

199.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Eoruni
niTlites in

eodem loco pugnabant. 2. Eldem Eae cohortes moenia cum virtute defendent. 4. Et Helvetil et R5mani fortes erant. 5. Eius 6. Post proelium milites castra in eadem urbe ponuntur.
principl praemia dat.
3.

in

hiberna contendent.
II.
I.

soldiers were praised for their good Both the cohorts and their leaders had fought bravely in that battle. 3. Caesar at the same time defends the walls of that city. 4. After that war they pitched the

Those brave
2.

fortune.

camp near
200.
I. I.

the mountains.

EXERCISES

R5manl
fecerunt.

nuntiant
2.

causam

coniurationis

quam
in

Helvetil
earn

Milites
3.

quos in Gallia habent

gentem mittuntur.

OrgetorLx, qui earn coniura4.

ti5nem fecerat, ex vinculis causam dicere coepit.

coniuratio
5.

Eius

Caesarl nuntiata

est

ab
6.

els

qui

missi erant.

Ob eam

coniurationem Helvetil, quorum legatl a Caesare

convocati erant,

permoti sunt.

Causam ex
fecit.

vinculis
7.

dicere poena est eius qui coniurationem

belli
8.

Causa

fuit

caedes

R6man5rum

qui in

ea

urbe fuerunt.

Cum

eis,

quorum principes

id fecerant,

pugnare coepe-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

lOI

runt 9. Is cui bellum gratum est asper est. 10. Gladius qu5 pugnabat longus est. II. I. The boy that is faithful is praised. 2. The soldier whom the general sees is brave. 3. Those are the weapons with which he fought. 4. He who fights bravely
is

not often conquered.

5.

Orgetorix, wdiose punishment

6. The man to whom They began to fight with the

has been announced, will be killed.

I

gave

this is

my

friend.

7.

Romans.

LESSON
THE DEMONSTRATIVES
hic

33
ille.

AND

ADJECTIVES USED

AS SUBSTANTIVES
201.
hie, haec, hoc, this, plur, these

Singular
Mas.
Fern.

Plural
Neut.

Mas.

Fern.

Neut.

NOM.
Gen. DAT.
Ace. Abl.
202.

hic

haec
huius
huic

hoc
huius
huic

hi

hae

haec

huius
huic

horum
his

harum
his

horum
his

hunc
hoc

banc hac

hoc hoc

hos
his

has
his

haec
his

ille, ilia, illud, tJiat,

plur. tJiose

Singular
Mas.
Fern.

Plural
Neut.

Mas.
illl

Fern.

Neut.
ilia

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
I.

ille

ilia

illud
illlus
illl

illae

illlus
illl

illlus
illl

illorum
illis

illarum
illls

illorum
illls

ilium
illo

illam
ilia

illud
illo

illos
illls

illas
illls

ilia
illls

Compare

the endings of

ille

with those of

is

(188).

102
203.
1
.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Examine the following
ilia
:

Hie puer omnia,

puella pauca vidit,

tJiis

boy sazv every-

thing, tJiat girl a fciv tilings.

2.

Caesar et Pompeius erant

in Gallia pugnabat,

Romanorum

principes

ille

hie in Italia remanebat, Caesar

and Pompey
the
Italy.
3.

zvcre the leading vien

of the

Romans
ifi

former fongJit

in

Gaiil, the

latter

remained

Nostri in castris erant, onr

men were

in camp.

a.

Hie and

ille

are
is

more emphatic than

2,

is

(190,

a\

When

a contrast

expressed, as in

hie

means

the

latter., ille

means

tJic

former.

Ille also

sometimes means that

is

well-known, that famous, and with this meaning

commonly placed
b.
c.

after

its

noun.

Decline together haee urbs, hoe flumen.

In
I

and

2,

observe that the adjectives omnia, pauea,

nostri, are

used alone, as if they were nouns. The noun to be supplied in English is generally indicated by the gender of the adjective. The neuter implies the noun tiling in English i.e. multa (neuter plural) means many things.
;

204.
f rater, fratris,

VOCABULARY
m., brother.
f.,

eogo, ere, eoegi, eoactus, collect,

mors, mortis,
eliens,

death. m.,
vassal,

compel, force.
ere,

elientis,

eripio,

eripui,

ereptus,

dependent.
natio, onis,
oratio, onis,
f., f.,

snatch azvay, save.

nation.
speech.

sub, prep, with ace, to the

foot of ; with
at the foot of

abl.,

under,

eognoseo, ere, cognovi, eognitus, learn of, recognize.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
205.
I.
I.

103

REVIEW EXERCISES
Helvetil
qui

coniurationem
2.

fecerunt legates

ad

Caesarem

mittunt.
3.

LegatI quibus
eius

Caesar ea

dixit

permati erant.

Causa

poenae erat coniuratio

quam
tes

fecerat.
5.

4.

Orgetorix, cuius consiiia nuntiata sunt,

interficietur.

Magna cum
6.

ad castra erant.

quod hosPugna quam cum Gallls pugnavcvirtute pugnabant,

rant longa erat.

II.
I.

The

chief

that

you see

is

Orgetorix,

2.

The

mountain on which they fought is in Gaul. 3. Those to whom he gives money are his friends. 4. The man whose conspiracy was reported began to speak.
EXERCISES

206.
I.
I.

Huius

orationis

ill5rum

clientium
3.

huic amlco.

2.

Hic

cliens fratrem eius eripiet.

Nostrl hac oratione

4.

perm5tl {aroused) hostes in fugam dederunt.

tates,

Hae

clvi-

quas dLximus,i legates ad ilium ducem mittent. 5. Et pedites et equites ad Caesarem contendunt, illl ex urbe, hi
ex agrls.
est.
8.

6.

Orgetorix, princeps
principis

ille

Helvetiorum, necatus

7.

Mors huius

Helvetils

non grata
9.
illo

est.

nil quos convocavisti clientes

mel
10.

fratri sunt.

Om-

nes cognoscere amicos cupiunt.

hostes castra ponere coegit.
II.
I.

Sub

colle

Caesar

For
2.

this

man

of those

towns

that

famous com-

mander.

At

the foot of this mountain the

3.

enemy

will

force Caesar to fight.

All these tribes Caesar conquered

It is difficult to

within that winter.

4.

compel him

to

do
the

many
place.
latter

things.
6.

5. Our men collected the baggage into The Romans fought with the Helvetians

that
;

were brave, but they were conquered by the former.

1

mention.

I04

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON
Ipse.
Iste.

34

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION

ipse,

207
Singular
Alas. Fern.

self

Plural
Neut.

Mas.

Fein,

Neut.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
1.

ipse
ipslus
ipsi

ipsa
ipsius
ipsi

ipsum
ipslus
ipsi

ipsi

ipsae

ipsa

ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum

ipsis ipsis

ipsis

ipsum ipsam ipsum

ipso

ipsos
ipsis

ipsas
ipsis

ipsa
ipsis

ipsa

ipso

2.

Observe chat ipse is declined like bonus, except in the genitive and dative singular, where we have the endings -ius and -i. What other words have had these genitive and dative endings Ipse is a pronoun that gives emphasis to the word with which it agrees, and its translations vary for ex.''

ample, vir
urbes ipsae,
is

ipse,

tJic

man

Jiiuiscif ;

femina
the
It

ipsa, the

zvoman herself ; proelium ipsum,

tJie cities

battle

itself

themselves ; etc.

sometimes

best translated in English

agrees like

by even or very. It an adjective with some noun or pronoun

expressed or understood.
208.
I.

Like

ille

(202) decline

iste, that,

that of yours.

Iste points out

an object near a second person, and

It is, therefore, Ille

may be
is

translated fully tJiat of yours.

called the demonstrative of the second person. called the demonstrative of the third person,

and
Hie

its

complete meaning

is

tJiat

{of his or Jiers\

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
is

105
signifies

the demonstrative of the {of

ini)ie).

first

person and

tJiis

2.

Mention the pronouns that have -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative singular.
209.

The

following adjectives end in -ius in the genitive

-i

singular and

in the dative singular of all

genders (except
all

that the genitive of alter ends in -ius).

In

other cases

they are declined Hke

declension.

adjectives of the

first

and second

alius, alia, aliud (480), other, another.

alter, altera,

alterum,

tJie

other {of
?

tivo).

uter, utra,

utrum,

ivhich {of tzuo)

uterque, utraque, utrumque, eaeh {of tzvo), both.

neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither {of
ullus, ulla,
tzvo').

uUum, any.
no, none, no one.

nuUus, nulla, nullum,

solus, sola, solum, alone, sole, only. totus, tota, totum, xvJiole, all.

unus,
210.
1.

iina,

unum,

one.
:

Examine the following

Nostris finibus eos prohibebat, he kept them

territories.

from onr

2.
3.

Cibo caruerat, he Iiad laeked food.

Ex

ea parte vici discessit,

the village.

Jie

withdreiu from that part of

a.

Observe

that

the

ablatives

finibus,

cibo,
is

and parte

denote the thing from which there

removal, or the thing which
is

privation or

lacking.

IVoj'ds denoting Privation, Re211. Rule of Syntax. moval, or Separation are followed by the ablative of the

iking, with or ivithont the prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex).

I06
212.
careo, ere, carui,
lacky be
out.
ill

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
VOCABULARY
cariturus.i
zvitJi-

ripa, ae,

f.,
.

hank

(of river).

need of, be

alter

alter, the

one

the other (of two),

alius
.

discedo, ere, discessi, disces-

alius,

one

sum, depart, ivithdraw.

libero,

another.
alii
alii
.
.

are,

avi,

atus, free

alii,

some

others.

from,

liberate.

prohibeo, ere, prohibui,

hibitus, keep axvay

pro-

aliam in partem, some in one direction, some in

from.

another.

provincia, ae,

f.,

province.

213.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Clientes hos mllites pugnare cogunt.
3.

2.

Helvetil

in

illls

castrTs e perlculo sunt ereptl.

Fratres Orgetorlgis

inincipis illTus

eum

cognoscent.
5.

4.

Sub
mlliti

illo

nationes castra posuerunt.

sagittas dederant.
6.

Huic
est.

monte hae arma pllum et

illam

Rex harum nationum, quae

coniurationem fecerant, necatus

II.
I.

That famous chief was forced to plead his case in chains. 2. Those tribes collected the soldiers at the foot of the hill (ace). 3. That man, whose daughter has been
saved, will praise the soldier for
^

his courage.

4.

We

do

not like to be compelled.

214.
I. I.

EXERCISES

HTc

liber est
?

meus;

ille

gladius est mllitis^; ubi est

Caesar ipse cum mllitibus ex ilia urbe discedit. LegatI quos Helvetil miserunt armlscarent. 3. 5. IpsI 4. Hostes utrisque rlpls fluminis prohibebimus.
istud

pTlum

2.

Future active participle.

This

is

sometimes given
is

as the fourth principal

^

part

when

the perfect passive participle

lacking.

q^^

^'\\.\\

ace.

^ the

soldier's.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
oppidum a
militibus* liberavistis.
7.

107
alii

6.

Alii in ripis

in

flumine ipso pugnabant.

vincia prohibet.
9.
8.

Caesar solus Helvetios pro-

Ex hac urbe
Caesar
et

incolae

Tota provincia ab hostibus liberata est. discedent. alii aliam in partem

;

10.

Orgetorix principes fuerunt

est.

alter necatus

(est),
II.

alter ob vict5riam laudatus

I.

banks of the 2. Caesar was the very that daughter of yours. river man who was keeping the enemy from the province. 3. Some depart from the town in one direction, some in another. 4. Those soldiers of yours lack bravery and will

Of the queen

herself; on the very

withdraw from the

6.
I

battle.

5.

Some

like war, others peace.

myself shall free the inhabitants of the whole province

from danger.

LESSON
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
215.

35

INTERROGATIVE

quis

audio, Jicar

Prin. Parts

audio, audire, audivi, auditus

Learn

all

tenses of the indicative, active and passive, of

audio (494).
1.

Observe that the

Io)ig
first,

vowel of the present stem is What are the corresponding vowels of the -i-. How can one second, and third conjugations
final
.-'

tell to
2.

what conjugation a verb

belongs.-'

Compare
(495).
^

carefully the present indicative active

sive of audio with the corresponding

and pasforms of capio

.-"

In what forms
is

is

there a difference

Note
the abla-

preposition

regularly used with verbs of separation

when

tive denotes a person.

io8

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
particularly the quantity of the vowel
i

in the present

tense of audio,

and how

this affects the pronunciation.

The

other five tenses of audio are formed and conjugated

exactly like those of capio.

216.

The Interrogative Pronoun

quis, ivJio ?
zvJiicJi ?

ivJiat ?

Singular
Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

quis (qui)

quae
cuius
cui

quid (quod)
cuius
cui

cuius
cui

quern

quam
qua
Plural
Feminine

quid (quod)

quo
Masculine

quo
Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
I.

qui

quae

quae

quorum
quibus

quarum
quibus

quorum
quibus

quos
quibus

quas
quibus

quae
quibus
of the relative (195)-

Compare these forms with those

217.

Examine the following:

.^

1.

Quis hoc fecit

zvJio

did

this ?

Used
five

as an interroga-

2. 3.

Quid

fecisti

.?

zvhat did yoji

fecit.-*

do?)

pronoun.

Qui (quis) vir hoc

ivhat'

4.

man did this ? Quam urbem vides

do you sec
7-

.-'

zvhat city

Used
4.;

as an interrogaj;^^4-;,,^

?
.-*

.9

'

tive adjective.

Quod donum amat puer

zuhat

gift does the boy like ?

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
a.

109

Observe

b.

as an adjective, the interrogforms as the relative. Quis is ative has the same sometimes used for qui. When used as a pronoun, quis and quid are used in place As a pronoun it has no feminine of qui and quod.
that,

when used

forms in the singular.

218.
audio,
hear.
ire,

VOCABULARY
audivi,

auditus,

consuetudo, inis,
habit.

f.,

custom,

munio,

ire,

munivi, munitus,

clamor, oris, m., sho?it, cry.

labor, oris, m., work, labor.

fortify.

venio, ire,veni,ventum,i c^w^.

iudicium,

i,

n.,

trial, jiidg-

punio,

ire,

piinivi,

piinitus,

mcnt.

punisJi.

undique, adv.,

from

all sides.

219.
I.
I,

REVIEW EXERCISES
Caesar ipse urbem perlculo
llberabit.
est.
2.

Iste
3.

miles, cuius virtutem

omnes

videtis,

Rdmanus

In

4. Helvetii e tota hoc ipso oppido coniuratio est facta. provincia discesserunt. 5. Hostes alii aliam in partem in fugam dabuntur. 6. Alter legatus hostes moenibus prohi-

bere, alter incolas convocare coepit.

II.
I.

Some

will
2.

be punished.
city.
3.

be freed from chains, but others will The enemy will be kept away from the
for a long time

They fought
4.
I

on the very banks

city.

of the river.
220.
I.
I.

myself shall depart from the

EXERCISES
Audlris
;

audietur

veneratis.

2.

punlvisti
1

punltae eratis.

3.

Qui venient

in

Muniebatur; banc urbem }

Other forms of the

The

neuter singular of the perfect passive participle.

participle are not used.

no
4.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
audiuntur
5.
? Clamores ipsorum quos Consuetudo est Romanorum castra

Quorum clamores
6.

misimus audiuntur.
nocte munlre.

Quis

tells

vulneratus est
7.

Miles cuius
in

imperator castra non munlvit.

Qu5s clamores

hac

urbe audlmus
coegit.
9.

bant audit!

Et clientes et servos ad iudicium undique Clam5res e5rum qui cum impedimentis veniesunt. 10. Quid facere cupitis ? Castra p5nere
?

8.

sub monte
II.
I.

illo

cupimus.
are heard;

come.
heard
4.
;

you (plur.) will hear; we had They have been punished; you (sing.) are being 2. the camp has been fortified. 3. What did he do
.-*

We

Who formed a conspiracy of

himself was the one^
are these

the Helvetians

5.

Orget-

orix
6.

who formed
.-'

the conspiracy.

Whose weapons

7.

With great labor they

taken.

will fortify the city that^

we have

LESSON

36

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

IV

The Death of Orgetorix after

being summoned to Trial by the Helvetian Officials on a Charge OF Conspiracy

221.

Ea

consilia sunt Helvetils per nuntios nuntiata, et

Orgetorlgem ex vinculls causam dicere coegerunt. Coniurationis accusatus est et ignl cremarl^ eius poena fuit.

Quam *

ob rem Orgetorix ad iudicium

habebat, undique coegit.
6.
^ Is

familiam et omnes clientes obaeratosque, qu5rum

omnem suam {/its) magnum

? ^

numerum
^

Per eos se {Jiimsclf^

See 183,
2,

See 196,

this a relative or a

demonstrative

quam ob

rem,

therefore, wherefore.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
e perlculo eripuit.

III
incitati

Magistratus

ob eius fugam sunt

multitudinemque hominum c5gere ex agrls coeperunt. Interea Orgetorix mortuus^ est, et de eius morte fuerunt
mult! rumores apud Helvetios.

LESSON

Z7

FOURTH DECLENSION
222.
casus, m.,
cJiaiice, ))iisfortu7ie

The Stem ends

cornu,
Jiorn,

in -u-

n.,

iving
cornucorn-

Stem
Base

casucas-

Stem
Base

SlNGULAR

SlNGULAR

Terminations Singular
Masculine
Neuter

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

casus

cornu
cornus

-us -US
-ui (u)

-u
-lis

casus
casui (u)

cornu cornu

-u -u
-ii

casum
casu
Plural

-um
-u

cornu
Plural

Plural
-US

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
1.

casus

cornua

-ua

casuum
casibus

cornuum
cornibus

-uum
-ibus
-US

-uum
-ibus

casus
casibus

cornua
cornibus

-ua
-ibus

-ibus

2.

few words of this declension have -ubus in the dative and ablative plural. Domus, f., house, home, is partly of the second and partly
of the fourth declension.
^ officers,

(See 476.)
^

magistrates, noni. plur.

mortuus

est, died.

12

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

223. Rule of Syntax.

A^oi/ns of the fourth declension

m -us are Diascnline

I.

those in -u are nenter.

Domus, honse, Idus (plur.), the Ides, manus, hand, and a few other nouns 2iX.Q feminine.
224.

Decline together exercitus

fortis,

brave

army ; tua

manus, yo7ir hand ; cornu dextrum, right wing.

225.
casus,
us,

VOCABULARY
m.,

a falling,

a dextro cornu, on the right

zuing.

chance, misfortnne.

domus,
mdiuus,

us,

f.,

honse, home.

a sinistro cornu, on the

left

exercitus, us, m., army.

XiS, i.,

wing.
convenio,
ire,

hand, band {oi

harbor.

conveni,

con-

men),
portus, us,

ventus,

come

together,

assemble.
(of

cornii, us, n., Jiorn,

wing

deus,

i,

m., god.

army).

Interior of a

Roman House

(Restoration)

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
226.
I. I.

13

REVIEW EXERCISES

Quis clamores mllitum audlvit ? 2. Hostes alii 3. Undiqiie equites ex silvis ad flumen veniebant. 4. Principis est consuetude punire eos qui coniurationem faciunt. 5. Quam urbem munient et
aliam in partem fugient.
qui

cam defendent?
illl

6.

Quorum clamdres

audiuntur atque

cur

punltl sunt
I.
?

II.

Who
2.

pitched
city.

3.

the camp that^ Caesar has keep those foot-soldiers from the Whose shouts did you hear at daybreak at the
will

fortify

We
.-'

shall

foot of the hill

4.

In

many

countries lazy

men

are pun-

ished by labor.
227.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Portubus; exercitui;
3.

manuum.

ad exercitum venerant.
missae sunt.
4.

Ad

2. Manus equitum hunc portum naves hostium

Qui mllites a dextro cornu exercitus sunt ? 5. Roman! consiho de5rum magnam Helvetiorum partem necaverunt. 6. N until qui ad Caesarem venerant el casum
exercitus nuntiaverunt.
ebant.
8. 7.

PaucI ad portas urbis conveniet

Roman! magna cum caede domos

agros

Gallorum vastaverant. 9. Nostri a sinistro cornu superat! 10. Domus sunt quod non cum virtute dimicaverant. cuius portas Gallorum ab equitibus vastabantur. 11. Urbs defendimus magnum portum habet. II. I. For the gods; on the left wing; the doors of the houses. 2. In the harbor are many ships in which ^ the army of the Romans came from the city to Gaul. 3. The
misfortune of the army was reported to Caesar.
orix,
5.
^

4.

Orget-

whose bands had assembled, was not saved from danger. The houses of the city will be defended by the army.
Is this

the relative or the demonstrative pronoun

in ivhuh

express

by the ablative of means.

ESSEN. OF LATIN

114

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON
IRREGULAR VERB
eo.

38

PLACE WHERE, WHENCE, AND

WHITHER
228.

Irregular Verb
Prin. Parts
:

eo,

go

eo, ire,

ii,

itum ^

Learn
1.

all

tenses of the indicative of eo (500).

-i-,

Notice that the

the present stem of

eo,

changes

to -e-

2.

In what forms of the present indicabefore a vowel. tive does this change occur ? Observe that the future indicative ibo is formed like the future of verbs of the first and second conjugaAre all tions, although the present infinitive is ire. other tenses of the indicative formed and conjugated
regularly
229.
?

Names

of towns

special case called the Locative,

of at or in,
I.

and a few other words have a which expresses the idea

zvJicre.

and answers the question

The

following are the locative endings for

:

names

of

towns
T^.
,

Singular
r'lrst

Plural
f j
i

T^

Declension

Romae,
Athenis,

/;/
.

-ae

Rome.
AtJicns.

-is

jji

cJ Second T>. Declension

1

Corinthi, at or in Corinth.

-1

-is

i
I

Delphis, at or

r^

DelpJii.
///

fCarthagini, at or

Car-

Third Declension

-i(e)

-ibus

tJiagc.

Trallibus, at or in Trallcs.

See note on venio (218).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Domi, at hovic ; humi, on the ground ;
are also locative forms.

II5

ruri, in tJic country,

To

express the same idea for other words than the

names
tive
tJiey
;

of

towns use the preposition

in urbe est,
Jie is

in
;

and the

abla-

i.e.

in the city

in Italia sunt,

are in Italy.
:

230.

Examine the following

ad pontem,
1.

to tJie bridge.
i7ito Italy.

in italiam, to or

Venit, he comes

Romam, to Rome. domum, home.

rus, to or into the country.

(ab) (de) ex oppido, fro})i the town.

(ab) (de) ex Italia,
2.

from

Italy.

Exit, he goes

Athenis,

from Athens.
the country.

domo, from home.

I

rure,

from

a.

Observe that to answer the questions zuJiitJier or zvJience^ no preposition is used with names of towns and domus and rus, while a preposition (in, ad, ab, de, ex) is used
with other words.
231.

Rule

of

Syntax.
rus.

With names of tozvns and domus and

1.

Place zvhere

is

expressed by the locative.

is

2.

Place whitJicr Place whence

expressed by the accusative without expressed by the ablative

ivitJiout

a preposition.
3.
is

preposition.

preposition

is

used with other words

to

express these

ideas.

Il6
232.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
VOCABULARY

Athenae,
Athens.
Carthago,
Corinthus,
i}itJi.

arum
inis,
i,

(plur.),

f.,

eo, ire,

ii,

itum, go.
ire,

exeo (ex
f.,

+ eo),
go
(trans

exii, ex-

CartJiage.
2),

itiirus,^

out.

f.

(27,

Cor-

transeo
transii,

eo),
^

ire,

transitiirus,

go

Delphi,
pJii.

orum

(plur.),

f.,

Del-

over,

go

across, cross.

impetus, us, m., attack.

equitatus (eques), us, m., cavairy.

impetum facio in (with ace), viake an attack upon.

233.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

2.

I. Donius incolarum ab equitatu Caesaris defendentur. Legiones popull Roman! in hiberna venerant. 3. Casus

navium
sinistro
5.

mllitibus, qui in hibernis erant, nuntiatus est.

4.

In

cornu exercitus sunt manus multae fortium mllitum.

Casu nostrorum hostes erant laetl. II. I. The Gauls were being conquered on the right wing. 2. The bands of the enemy that you see are assembling from all sides. 3. They were hastening to the harbor from which the ships of our (men) were seen. 4. They were killed by the cavalry with swords.
234.
I.
I.
;

EXERCISES
lerat
;

Tbunt
3.

eunt.
;

2.

Transierunt

exibatis

Tmus
4.

Ex urbe ex urbe Roma^; Roma; domo. In oppido; Romae; CarthaginI; Athenis; doml, 5. Coniimus.

sul exercitum

Roma Athenas

traduxit.

6.

Caesar legates

quos habebat in Graeciam transire iussit. 7. manorum urbem muniet atque incolas ab hostibus
^

Dux

Ro-

llberabit.

See note on careo (212).

of Rome.

Roma

is

in apposition with urbe.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
8.

117

Athenis bellum geret. 9. Helvetil e finibus exire parant, et exercitum trans flumen traducunt. 10. Caesar Roma contendit et
mittet, sed ipse

Equitatum Corinthiim

equitatum in Helvetios impetum facere iubet.

II.
I,
;

From Greece;
to the city
; ;

out of Corinth; from home.

;

2.

To

Athens
3.

into the country

;
;

into the province.

In Rome in Italy at home at Delphi. 4. We ought send the cavalry to Athens. 5. The enemy had made a brave attack on our men, but had been conquered. 6. The
to

cavalry wished to cross the river, but were kept

the banks by the enemy.

away from

LESSON

39

REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

POSSESSOR
235.

DATIVE OF

Review of the Four

list

Co.n-jugatioxs

Review the

of verbs in 169,

and review thoroughly

the meanings and principal parts of the following verbs

that have been introduced since Lesson 27
:

duco
traduc5
eo
transeo

capio

incolo
iacio

coepI

prohibeo
audio

nuntio
eripio

fugi5
facio
interficio

paro

exe5
venid

pono
careo

cogo cognosce
disced
llbero

dlco

convenio
mitto

vinco
relinquo

iube5
appello
constitu5

punio

debeo
cupio

contends
gero

munio

defends

Il8
1.

ESSEiNTIALS OF LATIN
Notice
trans,

particularly
ex,
con,

the

significance

of

the

prefixes

as

they

appear

in

the

compound

verbs.
2.

How

does the formation of the future of the first and second conjugations differ from that of the third and
?

fourth conjugations
3.

How

can you

tell

whether cupio belongs

?

to the fourth

or the third conjugation

236.
I.

Following the form suggested

first

in

170, write a

synopsis of iubeo in the

person, interficio in the second

person, munio in the third person.

Conjugate the perfect active of do, Observe that the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect active and passive of all conjugations are formed from the principal parts and conjugated in the same way.
2.

Review

92,

i.

iubeo, eo, cognosco, venio.

237.
1.

Examine the following

Miles gladium habet,
-_.,.^.
1
\

2.

Militi est gladius,

,.

the soldier has a sivord.

,.

Observe the two ways in Latin of expressing the same English idea. The first sentence corresponds word for word with the English translation. The second sen-

bad English, is "for the soldier is a sword," the possessor being dative and the thing possessed being subject of est. Never translate literally a Latin sentence thus, as there is in good English no similar contence, translated into
struction.

238.
sunt,

Rule

of

Syntax.

TJie

dative

is

used with

est,

etc., to

denote the possessor, the thing possessed being

the subject.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
239.

II9

REVIEW EXERCISES
(Give tense, voice, person, and number, and translate.)

I.

I.
;

Facient; convocabamur
caperis.
4.
3.

cogeminL
;

2.

Audiebaris;
;

puniris
nistis.

Discesserit
;

prohibuerant
coepistl.
;

convePdnetis;
iubetur.

Missum
;

erat

miserat

5.
;

capies
7.

appellabitis.

6.

Vincentur
;

punietur
erat.
8.
;

Rellqueratis

relinquent

dictum
9.

Liberatae
traducetur;
;

sunt; habueras

contendebatis.

Eripieris

monentur.
exilt.

10.

Augebat

pugnabunt; defensa erat

exit;

they wished; you (plur.) have II. I. We have said; been compelled. 2. We shall take you will leave they you (fern, plur.) have will blame. 3. It has been said; been defended. 4. It was heard we are being defended you (sing.) are fortifying. 5. We shall cross; they have gone you were going out. 6. It had been sent you (plur.)
;

have

sent.

240.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Mens amicus domum

3.

habet.

2.

Me5 amlc5

est

domus.

Helvetil,
facient.

qu5rum
4.

castra videtis, in

Caesarem
fru-

impetum mox
5.

Exercitus
Els est

magnus
6.

fuit Caesarl.

Caesar

magnum

exercitum habuit.
7.

Magnam

mentl copiam habent.

8.

magna f rumen tl

copia.

Hostes paucas naves habent. 9. Hostibus sunt paucae naves. 10. MllitI pulchrum scutum dedit.
II.
3.

5.

The farmer has ^ a horse. 2. They have ^ friends. The soldiers have come to Rome. 4. He had ^ a book. Who will go to the city ? 6. The city that the Romans
I.

fortified

was large and

1

beautiful.

Express this idea in two ways in Latin.

I20

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON
NUMERALS.
241.
(485),

40

EXTENT OF TIME AND SPACE

Learn thoroughly the cardinals as far as twenty and study the formation of the numbers beyond.
Declension of Numerals
Paradigms
Mas.
Fern.

242.

Neut.

Mas. and Fern.

tres, three

Neut.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

Onus, one
(

una
unius
uni

unum
unius
uni

tria

Linius

trium
tribus
tres, tris

trium
tribus
tria

uni

unum
uno

unam
una
I\fas.

unum
uno
Fern.

tribus
Neut.

tribus

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

duo, txvo

duae

duo

duorum
duobus duos, duo duobus
Singular

duarum
duabus duas duabus

duorum
duobus duo duabus
Plural

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
243.
I.

mille, tJioiisand

mil]lia

(milia)

mllle

mil] ium

(milium)

mille mille

mlllibus (mllibus)
mil]iia

(mIlia)

mille

mlllibus (mllibus)

The

cardinals from quattuor to centum inclusive

:

are indeclinable

quattuor puellae,/6'//r ^/r/j-/ septem pue-

rorum, of seven boys. Compare the declension of iinus with that of 2.

ille

(202).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3.

121

Mille in the singular

:

is

indeclinable,

and

is

generally

used as an adjective
In the plural
it

mille milites, a tJionsand soldiers.

:

is

a noun only

septem millia militum,

seven tJioHsand (of) soldiers.

244.
1.

Examine the following

Hannibal multos annos in Italia manebat, Hannibal mained {for) many years in Italy.

re-

2.

Hoc flumen altum quinque pedes

feet deep.

est, tJiis

river

is

Jive

a.

Observe that the accusative multos annos denotes duration or extent of time ; quinque pedes, extent of space.
245.

Rule

of

Syntax.

Extent of time or space

mercator,
trader.
oris, m.,

is ex-

pressed by the accnsative.

246.

VOCABULARY
merchant,

altitude, altitudinis,f.,/^t7>///,

depth.
eruptio, onis,
out,
f.,

a breaking

socius,
ally.

i,

m.,

companion,

sally.

incendo, ere,incendi,incensus,
set fire
to,

passus, us, ra.,pace.

mille passuum, a thousand
paces, a
hora, ae,

burn.

maneo,

ere,

mansi, mansurus,

(Roman)
Jiour.

mile.

stay, remain.

f.,

247.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Centum

vlgintl

mercatorum
2.

mille trecentls sex

;

Trium exercituum duabus legionibus quattuor equorum. 3. Murus quern vides altus est sex pedes. 4. Du5s menses eruptionem facere parabant. 6. Equi5. Caesar novem annos in Gallia manebat. tes duas horas magna cum virtute pugnabant. 7. Socii
et quadraginta militibus.
;

122

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
mlllia
8.

Helvetiorum decern

nam

iter fecerunt.

passimm per provinciam RomaLegatus cum tribus cohortibus vicos

duodecim incendit

et agros vastavit. 9. Tria mlllia militum ad flumen ab hostibus interfecti erant. 10. Id flumen centum pedes latum et duodevlginti altum fuit. 11. Hlc collis septuaginta quinque pedes est in altitudine. 12. Equitatus

Athenis Delphos

exilt.

I. Thirty-seven villages; five thousand soldiers; a II. 2. For two months the soldiers of thousand horsemen. the Roman people besieged that town. 3. The wall, which was twelve feet in height, was defended by Caesar's forces. 4. He remained eight months in that country, and then

hastened to Rome.
nineteen feet deep.

5.

6.

but the consid came to

The river that they The soldiers remained Rome.

crossed was
in

Carthage,

LESSON
FIFTH DECLENSION.
248.

41

PARTITIVE GENITIVE

Fifth Declension

The stem ends

dies, m.,

in -eres,

day

f. ,

thing
re-

Stem
Base
Sing.

diediPlur.
Sing.

Stem
Base
Plur.

r-

Terminations
Sing.

Plur.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

dies
diei diei

dies

res
rei rei

res

-es
-ei -ei

-es

dierum
diebus
dies

rerum
rebus
res

-erum
-ebus
-es

diem
die

rem
re

-em
-e

diebus

rebus

-ebus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
I.

23

Dies and res are the only nouns of this declension that

have all the forms of the plural. A few other nouns have the nominative and accusative plural.
249.

Rule

of

Syntax.

All nouns of the

is
:

fiftJi

declension

are feminine except dies, which

usually masculine in the

singular
250.
1.

and ahvays

so in the plural.

Examine the following

Satis cibi habemus,

we have

enougJi (oi)food.

2.
3.

Nihil novi

est, their is

nothing (of) nezv.

tJnus ex militibus vulneratus est, one of the soldiers

was

ivounded.
4.

Quidam de

nostris ceciderunt,

some of our moi fell.

a.

b.

Observe that the genitives cibi, novi, denote the whole Note that in of which a part (satis, nihil) is taken. I and 2 the preposition of is not used in English. Observe the construction following unus and quidam After the cardinal numerals regularly, in 3 and 4. and after a few other words occasionally, an ablative
with de or ex
251.
is

used

in place of the genitive.

Rule

of

Syntax.

The partitive genitive

is

is

used

to

denote a whole of zvhich a part

252.
acies, ei,
f.,

taken.

VOCABULARY
line of battle.

publicus, a,

um,

public.
f.,

dies, ei, m., day.

res,
rei,
f.,

res publica, rei publicae,

circuni-

thing,

the state, the republic.

nihil (indecl. noun), nothing.
satis (indecl. noun), enough.

stance, affair.
conficio, ere,confeci,confectus,

accomplish,
out.

finish,

wear

nihil reliqui, notJiing

left.

124
253.
I.
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REVIEW EXERCISES
Exercitus decern menses

Romae manebat.
3.

2.

Via

vTginti mlllia

passuum
;

est longa.

Pompeius

et

Caesar

c5nsules fuerunt
in Galliam venit.

ille

4.

Helvetil
5.

Romae manebat, hic cum exercitu cum omnibus impedlmentis

Equitatus

domum
II.
2.

Ire

coacti

sunt.
ift.

quindecim horls

Athenis Corinthum
I.

The

The

allies

city was on a hill a hundred feet high. marched^ seven miles in two hours. 3. Late
4.

at night the general set fire to all the buildings.

Be-

hind the

camp was

a river four feet deep.

254.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Caesar exercitum flumen uno die traduxerat. res multos hostes terruit, atque pars eorum domum ilt. 3. Tres dies equitatus cum Helvetils, qui flumen translbant, pugnabat. 4. Vicds et aedificia incendPrima luce pauci erant, et nihil reliqui domi habebant. 5.
2.

Haec

de eorum mllitibus iter non confecerant. 6. Finitimi els satis frumenti et cibi dederunt. 7. Res publica tribus diebus magno pericul5 llberata est. 8. Quattuor e legatls
e5 die eandem rem Caesarl nuntiaverunt. rebus
10.
9.

Omnibus

RomanI Helvetios, Primam aciem iacere

I.

qui

domd

exierant, superabant.

tela iussit.

For twenty days the legions defended the camp from the enemy. 2. The Gauls have enough soldiers, but
II.

they lack courage.

3.

The

Helvetians have^ nothing

left,

and

will will

men
1

soon go out of their territories. 4. Few of our remain in Rome. 5. In a few days we shall have

enough weapons.
iter facio.
^

Express this idea in some other way than by using

habent.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

125

LESSON

42

READING LESSON
(Those who prefer reading lessons based on Caesar's Gallic War, Book may use the lessons beginning at 451.)
II,

CHAPTER V
The Helvetii nevertheless complete their Preparations
255.
suls
^

Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii e finibus

exire constituerunt.
^

Ubi iam ad cam rem

incendunt.^

parati sunt,

oppida sua^ omnia ad

reliqua

duodecim, vicos ad^ quadringent5s,

Itaque et

privata

aedificia

domum

reditionis

spem sustulerunt* et ad bellum parati sunt. Frumentum et multa alia quemque domo efferre iubent.^
RauracI
et

TulingI et Latobrlgl flnitiml idem facere et

Boil, qui trans

e finibus exIre constituunt.^

Rhenum

in-

coluerant et in

agrum Noricum

transierant

Noreiamque

oppugnaverant, Helvetiorum amici

et socil erant.

LESSON

43

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF COMPARISON

256.

The degrees
positive
is

of comparison are

positive, compara-

tive, superlative.
I.

The
1

the simple form of the adjective

carus,

dear.
their.
2

about (with numerals).

^The
tollo.

present tense

is

sometimes used
It is

instead of a past tense to express the thought with greater vividness.

called the historical present.
^

From

126

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
is

The comparative

positive, -ior for the

formed by adding to the base of the mascuHne and feminine, and -ius

for the neuter: carus (base car-), dear, carior, carius,

dearer.

The

formed by adding to the base of the -issimum carus (base car-), dear, carissimus, a, um, dearest.
superlative
is

positive, -issimus, -issima,

Positive

Comparative
M. and
F.

Superlative

N.
latius,

latus (lat-),

latior,

latissimus, a,

um,

wide
fortis (fort-),

wider
fortior,

widest
fortius,

fortissimus,

a,

um,
um,

brave
velox (veloc-),
szvift

braver
velocior, velocius,

bravest
velocissimus,
szviftest
a,

swifter

257.

The

superlative
is

is

declined like bonus (62).

The

comparative

declined as follows
Plural M. and F.
latiores

Singular M. and F. N.

N.

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
I.

latior

latius
latioris
latiori

latiora

latioris
latiori

latiorum
lati5ribus

latiorum
latioribus

latiorem
1

latius

latiores (is) latidra

latiore (i^ latiore (i)

lati5ribus

latioribus

In what forms does the declension of the comparative

differ

from that of regular third declension adjectives

(155, 161)?
258.

Compare

altus

(alt-),

high, deep

potens (potent-),

powerful ; brevis of one of them.

(brev-), sJiort.

DecHne the comparative

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
259.
1.

12^

Examine the following:

Hie mons altior est Hie mons altior est

quam
illo,

ille, | tJiis
J

mountain

is JiigJier

2.

tJian that.
ille is
is

Observe that
while in 2

in

quam

is

used and
illo

nominative,

quam

is is

omitted and

ablative.

The

English meaning

the same in both sentences.

The
is
is

ablative can be used only

when

the

first

substantive

in the

nominative or the accusative.

When
it.

quam,

thaji,

used, the

same case follows

as precedes

Comparison is expressed by using 260. Rule of Syntax. quam, than, or by the ablative zvithoiit quam.
261.

VOCABULARY
latitudo,
inis,
f.,

velox, velocis, siuift.

tutus,
turpis,
a,

zvidth,

um,

safe.

breadth.

e,

tigly,

disgraceful,

pervenio,

ire,

perveni,
up,

per-

infamoHS.

ventus,
m., the RJione.
reach.

cojiie

arrive,

Rhodanus,

i,

quam,

adv., than.

obsideo, ere, obsedi, obsessus,

besiege.

latus,^ lateris, n., side, flank.

262.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

I.

Oppidum multos

dies a Caesare erat

oppugnatum.
3.

2.

Faucis mensibus cibi inopia hostes laborabunt.

In-

colas ob eruptionem ex oppido imperator laudat.

4.

Qui

clamdribus Gallorum terrentur

.''

5.

Tempus

anni bell5

non erat id5neum.

pedes.
II.
I.

6.

Ille

mons

in altitudine est mllle

On
1

that day Caesar left

3.

Rome.

2.

That day was

the end of the war.

He

left

the city and hastened into

um.

Do

not confuse w ith the adjective latus, a,

128
Gaul.
4.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
In that battle a few of our

men were wounded

in

the head.
263.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Helvetil flnitimls fortiores erant.
2.
3.

Hoc flumen
multls

quod

videtis altius est

quam Rhodanus.
illls

RomanI

rebus potenti5res erant

gentibus.
5.

quam

ill5s

omnes vidimus.
6.

4. Equds velociores Turpissimum est agros

illo,

sociorum vastare.

Hoc

latus castr5rum tutius erat

7.

quod hostes discesserant.

latum quingentos pedes.
9.

Caesar
8.

R5ma

contendit et
est

ad fines Helvetiorum pervenit.

Flumen Rhodanus

Vel5ci6res equites

quam

tuos

non vidL 10. Urbs, quam RomanI obsidebant, latitudine erat magna. n." I. The Celts are the bravest of all the Gauls. 2. Have you seen a more disgraceful flight.'' 3. That side of the fortifications that you see has been besieged
for

many
5.

days.

4.

The

sea
is

is

rivers.

What

road

shorter

deeper than the deepest 6. This than that.-*

month

is

shorter than that.

LESSON

44

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (Continued). OF MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE

264.

ABLATIVE

Adjectives ending in

-er

form the superlative by

inasciiline.

adding -rimus, to the iioniinative singular comparative is formed regularly (256, 2).
Positive

The

Comparative
pulchrior, pulchrius

Superlative

pulcher
acer

(pulchr-),

pulcherrimus,

a,

bemitiful
(acr-),

um
acerrimus,
a,

kcoi,

acrior, acrius

um

eazer

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
265.

129
-lis

The

following six adjectives ending in

form

their superlative

by adding

-limus, a,

um

to the base.

The

comparative
Positive similis,

is

regular.

Comparative
similior, ius

Superlative

(simil-),

simillimus,

a,

um
a,

like
dissimilis,
mil-),
facilis,

e (dissi-

dissimilior, ius

dissimillimus,

imlike
e
(facil-),

um
facilior, ius

facillimus,

a,

um
um um um

easy
dif!icilis,e(difficil-),
difficilior,

ius

difficillimus, a,

hard
gracilis, e (gracil-),

gracilior, ius

gracillimus, a,

slejider

humilis, e (humil-),
lozv

humilior, ius

humillimus,

a,

266.
1.

Examine the following

is

Hie mons centum pedibus altior est

quam

ille, t/iis inoini-

a Jinndred feet Jnuidrcd feet) than that.

taiii
2.

JiigJier (literally,

higher by a
micch easier

Hoc

iter

multo facilius est

illo,

this

road

is

(literally, easier

by innch) than that.

Observe that the ablatives centum pedibus and multo express the measure of difference between the objects compared.
267. Rule of Syntax.

The measure of

difference is ex-

pressed by the ablative

268.

zuitJiout

a prepositiott.

Sometimes the comparative and superlative are used without making a comparison between two objects. Then the comparative means too or rather, and the superlative very or exceedingly.
ESSEN. OF latin

I30
1.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
est, this

Hie mons altissimus

ingly) high.

mountain

is

very {ox exceed-

2.

Hie mons altior

269.

est, this

mountain

is ratJicr (or too^

high.

VOCABULARY
iis,

adventus,
arrival.
lenis, e,

m., approach,

animus,
inter,

i,

m., mind, courage,

spirit, disposition.

smooth, gentle.
are,

prep,

with

ace,

be-

exspecto,

avi,

atus,

await, wait for, expect.

ibi,

among, during, certiorem eum f acio, / inform

tivccn,

adv.,

in

that

place,

Jiim (literally,

/ make him

there.

more certain\

270.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Caesarl in Gallia erant multae legiones.
2.

Quod
multos

tutius consilium est

missi,

hoc

3.

Naves, quibus mllites erant

Helvetii
5.

sunt

velocissimae.

4.

flnitimos

annos flnibus prohibuerant.

discedere.
II.
I.

Turpissimum

est e proelio

enough horsemen in Rome. gone from Rome to Gaul. Caesar's army was compelled to fight for two days. 3. Late at night the general ordered the soldiers to 4. pitch camp.
There
are

not

2.

Many

soldiers

have

271.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Impetum hostium exspectare

est
3.

difficillimum.

2.

Rlpae. huius fluminis sunt leniores.

fortior
erat.
6.

De

Legatus multo Pons inter duo oppida factus est meo fratre. 4. 5. Omnium urbis viarum haec est multo brevissima. adventu navium eum certiorem fecerunt. 7. Iter

quod
8.

inter

Collis in

est altior

montes erat angustum et difificillimum erat. qu5 RomanI castra posuerant centum pedibus De casu exercitus illo qui ad vTcum est. 9.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
legates certiores fecit.
10.

131

Qui eos

certiores de Caesaris

adventu fecerunt
11.
2.
I.

There

was there an exceedingly

fierce battle.
3.

The Rhone is five feet deeper than that river. city in many respects^ is rather like^ Rome.
spirits were roused by the bravery of our men. informed them about the difficult road,

This
Their

4.

5.

We

LESSON

45

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Possum

272.

Several

common

adjectives are irregularly com.''

pared.

Which
a,

of these are irregular in English

Positive

Comparative
melior, melius
peior, peius

Superlative

bonus,

um, good malus, a, um, bad magnus, a, um,

great
parvus,
a,

optimus,

a,

pessimus,

maior, maius

maximus,
minimus,
plurimus,

um um um a,
a,

um,
um,

minor, minus

a,

um

small
multus,
vmcJi
multi, ae, a,
a,

plus

a,

um

many

plures, plijra

plurimi, ae, a

vetus, veteris, old

vetustior,vetustius

veterrimus,

a,

um

senex,

senis, old

senior (maiornatu)

maximus natu
minimus natu supremus, summus,
highest
Tnfimus, Imus,
est
lozv-

\WMQx\\s, Q,

young
a,

iunior(minornatu)
superior, superius,

superus,

um, um,
1

above
inferus,
a,

higher
Inferior,

inferius,

below

lower
See note on 49, IL
3. 2 j-gg, 3

ggg jg^

132
273.
(257).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Plus, more,
is

not declined like other comparatives

?

Wherein
Singular

is

the difference

Plural
.

Mas. and Fern

Neut.

Mas. and

Fe/n.

Neut.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
274.

plus
pluris

piures

plura

plurium
pluribus
piures, is

plurium
pluribus

plus
plure

plura
pluribus

pluribus

Possum

(pot(is)

+ sum),

/ am

able,

/ can.

Prin. Parts

possum, posse, potui,

Learn

all

tenses of the indicative (497).

Observe
1.

That the

t of

pot

becomes

before

s,

the tenses formed from the perfect stem

after the t of pot.
2.

and that the f of is dropped

That in other respects this compound and conjugated like sum (496).
275-

of

sum

is

formed

VOCABULARY
f.,

fides, ei,

trust, cojifidcnce.
f.

accedo,

ere,

access!,

acces-

potestas,

atis,

(possum),

surus,

go or

co7ne near,

poiver, authority.
nobilis, e,

approach.
hue, adv., to this place, hither.

well knozvn, noble.

amplus,

a,

um,

large, exten-

quam maximus.
sible

the greatest

sive, ample.

possible, as large as pos-

permitto, ere,

permisi,

per-

(with

superlatives

missus, give np, intrust,

quam has
possible
").

the force " as

permit.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
276.
I,

t33

REVIEW EXERCISES
E5s
difficilius iter

i.

facere coegit.

2.

Sed hostes

Galli de eius eo die impetum in eos non fecerunt. 3. consilils certiores facti sunt. 4. Panel de nostris ad

flumen latissimum pervenerant.

II.
2.
3.
I.

5.

Urbs, euius moenia

illo

obsessimus, latior mlUe passuum est

oppido.

The house

is

many

feet higher

than the wall.

We
The

have been waiting for the attack for five days. spirits of the cavalry were aroused by Caesar's
4.

speech.

We

shall

inform him of your misfortune.

277.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Poterat
;

potuerat

potestis

poterit.

2.

Caesar

quam maximis
dere vicum, qui
4.

itineribus in Galliam contendit.

3.

Acceillae

summo

in

monte positus

est,

non possunt.

Omnia

in

fidem et

potestatem
5.

popull

RomanI

nationes permlserunt.

Ubi de
ad

eius adventu Helvetil

certiores fact! sunt, legat5s

mittunt.
7.

6.

Aestate plura

eum nobiUissimos cTvitatis proelia quam hieme pugnantur.

Legionem munire summum collem iubet. 8. Helvetii ob flumina maxima transire in provinciam nostram non poterant. 9. Pompeius sex annis minor natu erat quam
Caesar.
II.
2.
I.

On

the top of the hill

was a very small house.

older than

The general was

3.

ten

years

the lieutenjourneys.

ant.
4.

Very

old

people cannot

make long
to

Very many have come

5.

hither because the fields are

all

rather extensive.
possible.
1

We

ought

do as much as

on

the Jiighest

part

of,

on the top
the

of. of.

Also imus, the lowest part

of,

the

bottom of; medius, a,

um,

middle

134

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

46

REVIEW. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

278.
lish

Compare the following

pessimus*
tutior

adjectives, giving the

Eng-

meanings
acrior

turpis*

minimus
superus
plures*
senior

asper

Imus
similis

amplus*
n5bilis*
279.
I.

velox*
vetustior

maior*
adjectives.

Adverbs are formed from

first

Adjectives of the

and second declension form the

the base. ADVERB
care, dearly

adverb by adding
Adjective

-e to

Base
car-

cams, dear
pulcher, beajitiful
miser, wretched
2.

pulchrmiser-

pulchre, beautifully

misere, ivrctchedly

Adjectives of the third declension form the adverb by

adding
Adjective
fortis,

-ter to

the stem.
Stem
forti-

Stems ending

in -nt

drop

-t.

Adverb
fortiter,

brave

bravely

prudens, wise
3.

prudent-

prudenter, wisely

In some adjectives the ablative singular serves as an

adverb, in others the neuter accusative singular:

primus, first
multus,
facilis,

primo, at first

much
easy

multum,

inucJi

facile, easily

280.

The comparative

of the adverb

is

the

same

as the

neuter singular of the comparative of the adjective; and

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
the superlative
tive
is

135

by changing

final -us to -e (note

formed from the superlative of the adjecone exception below).

comparison of the

It

is,

therefore, necessary to knoiv the

adjective in order to compare the adverb.

Adjective

Adverb
care, dearly

Comparative
carius

Superlative

carus

carissime

pulcher

pulchre, beautifully

pulchrius

pulcherrime

bonus
facilis

bene, well
facile, easily

melius
facilius

optime
facillime

acer

acriter, eagerly

acrius

acerrime

multus
I.

multum, uiuch

plus

plurimum

Form and compare

in 278.

the adverbs of the starred adjectives

281.

VOCABULARY
agmen,
agminis,
n.

ago, agere, egi, actus, drive,

lead, do.

(ago),
col-

army (on the march),

up,

instruo, ere, instruxi, instructus,

umn ; novissimum agmen,

the rear ;

draw

form, aravi,

primum agmen,
a,

range.

the van.
are,

administro,

atus,

proximus,

um,

nearest,

manage,

direct, administer.

next (163).

plurimum possum, / am very poiueiful, have most influence.

apud, prep, with ace, among,

with.

282.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Apud

Helvetios

OrgetorLv

plurimum

poterat.
3.

2.

Res ab imperatore optime administrabantur.

Hel-

vetil

multo acrius quam flnitiml cum hostibus contendebant. Caesar aciem summ5 in colle instruxit et impetum 4. exspectavit. 5. Vicus ad quem primum agmen pervenerat

136

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
6. Omnia quae legatus Ubi^ Caesar ad novissiagmen pervenit, acerrime cum hostibus equites pugna7.

proximus erat finibus Gallorum.

iusserat mllites bene egerunt.

mum
bant.
9.

8.

Summus

collis a

peditibus nostrls occupatus

est.

In eo proeli5 Orgetorlgis flliam et

10.

unum

fllils

nostrl
fortis-

ceperunt, et multos interfecerunt.

Nostrl

quam

sime pugnaverunt, sed expugnare oppidum non potuerunt. II. Nostrl socil apud finitimos ob amicitiam populi RomanI

plurimum possunt.
II.
I.

He

hastened into the territories of the Helvetii

2.

and arrived there on the fourth day.

powerful

Caesar was very

people.
3.

among
.-'

the alHes of the

Roman
4.

The
as

enemy attacked
this affair well

the rear very fiercely.

5.

Who can manage

allies to

Caesar ordered the

6.

make

long 2 marches as possible.

The
7.

general

will

draw up

the line of battle very carefully.^

The

best citizens are

not always the bravest soldiers.

1

when.

"

magnus.

ggg i^y^

^,

Agmen

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

137

LESSON
CHAPTER

47
VI

The Two Routes by which the Helvetii could

LEAVE their CoUNTRY

domo^ exire potuerunt montem luram et flumen RhodaUnum per Sequan5s num angustum et difficile erat, quod mons altissimus im283.

Duobus

itineribus Helvetii
inter

pendebat.

Alterum iter per pr5vinciam nostram multo facilius est, quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque ^ vado transltur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum proximumque Helvetiorum Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertiflnibus est Genava. ad profectionem ab Helvetils sunt comparata Omnia net.
et

ad ripam Rhodani convenerunt.

LESSON

48

PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Learn the forms of the personal and reflexive pronouns with their meanings (486) ego, /; tu, jou ; sui, 0/
284.
:

himself, Jicrself,
285.
I.

itself.

Use of the Personal Pronouns

of the
;

The pronoun
person
it

first

person

is

ego, /; of the
is,

second

tu,
e).

yon

of the third person

ea, id, Ju\ s//e,

{igo,

They
callingis

are used in Latin as subjects only

or to avoid ambiguity.

to
a.

show emphasis
Pin

Te

voco,

you.

("

"

is

unemphatic, and

therefore ego
b.

not used.)

Ego
1

te voco,
is

/(emphatic)
?

am

calling you.
^ /.^,

(Such emphasis
the river Rhone.

Why

there no preposition

See 231.

138

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
might be expressed
in

English by the translation,

c.

who am Ego eum laudo is me

" It is I
;

calling you.")
culpat,

I praise him ; he blames me.

preceding

It will

be recalled that

in the exercises of the

lessons the subjects of the verbs,

when pronouns, were

.'

not expressed.

Why

is it

pronouns as subjects
286.
1.

in

impossible to omit the personal English as often as in Latin

Use of the Reflexive Pronouns

reflexive

pronoun

is

one that refers

to the subject of

the verb.
Singular
1.

Plural

praise myself
praise yourself
/'/;//i'^//

We
You
t^,

praise ourselves

2.
f

You

praise yourselves
.

He

3.1
I

praises ^

'

\ J

They

praise themselves

^,

She praises

licrsclf

2.

In Latin the pronouns of the

iirst

and second person,

ego and tu, are used both as personal and reflexive

pronouns.

There

is

no special form for the reflexive

sui,

as in English.
is

In the third person, however, there

a special form for the reflexive,

of himself,

herself, itself.

Singular
1.

Plural

me

laudo,

I praise my-

nos laudamus,
selves

7/^ /r^'Zi-^ ^//r-

sclf
2.

te laudas,

you praise yourhim-

vos laudatis, you praise yourselves se laudant, they praise tJiemselves

self
3.

se laudat, he praises

self
3.

Review

190.

Do

not confuse

is

with

se.

The latter alv/ays

refers to the subject of the verb; the former never does.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
a.
b.

139

Vir se videt, the Vir

man sees

himself.

eum

videt,

tJie

vian sees

him (some one

else).
se.

4.

Review

207,

2.

Do

not confuse ipse with

Ipse

is

not a reflexive, but merely emphasizes the noun to which it belongs.

a.

Vir ipse

eum

vidit, the

man

Jiimself sazv him, or the

man

sazu Jdm himself.

b.
c.

Vir se vidit,

tJie

man

sazu himself.
the

Virum ipsum vidimus, we saw

287.

man

himself.

The
te
;

preposition

cum with
appended

the ablative of personal

to

and
of

reflexive

pronouns

is

them

tecum, instead

cum

nobiscum, instead of
zvJiom, instead of
:

buscum,
288.
1.

ivitJi

cum nobis. cum quibus.

So

also qui-

Examine the following

Ego, qui haec facio,

sum tuus

pater,

/,

who do

this,

am

your father.
2.

Vos, qui haec facitis, estis mei amici, yon, zuho do this,

are

my friends.
197.

Review

Observe that the verb of the

relative clause

agrees in person with the antecedent of the relative.

289.

VOCABULARY
commeatus,us,m.,/;^'^'/.y/^;/.y,

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus,

give np, surrender.

committo,
missus,
ere,

supplies.
spes, ei,
f.,

commisi, com-

Jiope.

intrust,

commit;
begin

sine, prep,

with

abl., W//^<??//.

proelium
battle.

committo,

ante,

adv.

and prep, with

ace, before.
postea, adv., afterzvards.

recipio, ere, recepi, receptus,

take back, receive ; se reci'PQXQ,ret}-eat,be take one's self.

autem, conj. (never the

word), but, hozvever.

first

I40

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Singular

Plural

1.

me

recipio,

I retreat
retreats

nos recipimus, zve retreat

vos recipitis, you retreat
se recipiunt, they retreat

2.
3.

te recipis, yoii, retreat

se recipit,

Jie

290.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Omnis

rel

publicae spes in mllitum virtute posita^

est.

2.

BrevI tempore quattuor e principibiis

Romam

mit-

3. Caesarl plus potestatis erat quam Pompeio. Haec res hostibus nuntiata est, quorum equitatus a nostrls sum mo in colle videbatur. II. I. Caesar was very powerful among the Romans on 2. There our men fought very account of his bravery. fiercely. 3. The line of battle that he had drawn up was next to the river. 4. It is very difficult to manage this.

tentur.

4.

291.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Sine vobls erimus miserriml.
3.

2.

Ego sum

miles,

tu es nauta.

N5bis

est satis cibl.

5.

4.

Post id proelium
celeritate in

hostes

domum
7.

se receperunt.

Magna cum

provinciam nos recipiemus.

6.

Vir se culpat, ego autem

fines pervenerunt, sese
^

eum
9.

laudo.

Ubi

Galll ad

e5rum

dediderunt.

8.

Caesar legiones ad

se convocarl iubet.

Paucis ante diebus legatum ipsum fugere coegerunt.

11. Quis Vos qui haec fecistis culpare vos debetis. tecum Athenas Ibit II. I. The enemy with whom you were fighting have retreated. 2. I shall compel the chief himself to come

10.

.-

to

me.
4.

3.

Caesar praised the plans that were reported

to retreat, but I

to

him.
5.

You wish

wish to begin

battle.
girl

We

shall always

herself will defend him.

^

defend ourselves bravely. 6. The 7. He will do this himself.

depends.
^ before.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

I4I

LESSON
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
292.

49

DATIVE OF SERVICE
They
are

The

possessive adjectives are as follows.

all declined like adjectives of the first

and second declension.

Plural
nostra, nostrum,

Singular

1ST Per.

meus/ mine
tuus,

a,

um, um,

my,
your,

noster,

our, ours

2D Per.
3D Per.

a,

vester, vestra, vestrum,

yours
suus, a,

your, yours
his (own),
its

um,

suus,

a,

um, their (own),

heripwn),
293.
1.

(own)

their

Use of the Possessive Adjectives

in

They agree
xvJiich

gender, number, and case with the noun

zvitJi

to

refer.
a.
b.
c.

noun to ivJiich they they belong, and not They are not used except for emphasis or contrast.
the

Suum patrem

puella vidit,

tJie

girl sazv her father.

Vestrum amicum vidimus, xve saw yonr (p\m.) friend. Tuas filias vidit, he saiv your {sxxig.) daughters.
Suus,
a,

2.

um,

is reflexive,

and refers

to the subject of the

verb.

When

"his," "her," "its," "their," does not refer

is,

to the subject, use the genitive of

eius, his, Jier, its ;

eorum, their; earum,

a.

///r/r

(referring to feminine).

Agricola
his

suum equum
horse.

laudat, the

farmer praises

his

{i.e.

own)

b.

Agricola eius

equum

laudat, the

farmer praises

///j-(some

one
c.

else's,

not the farmer's) horse.

Agricola eorum equos laudat, thefar^nerpraises their horses.

Agricolae suos equos laudant,
tJic

d.

farmers praise
is

///^/r (their

own)

horses.
^

The

vocative singular

mi,

142
294.
1
.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Examine the following
USUI nostris
/'/
:

Magno

fuit, it

was a great

help to our tnen

(literally,
2.

zvas for a great help to our men).

Tertiam aciem nostris subsidio misit, he seut the third line as a relief to our men (literally, for a relief to our
men).

Observe that the datives magno usui and subsidio denote the end or purpose, that for which a thing serves. Therefore this use of the dative
295.
is

called the dative of sei"vice.

is

Rule

of

Syntax.
to

The dative
Summary

used

ivith

sum and

a few other verbs

296.

denote that for ivhich a thing serves.

Personal Pronouns

Reflexive

Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

First

meus,
ego

a,

um, my, mine

nostra,

Person

mei

noster,

nostrum,

our, ours

tuus, a,

um, your, yours

vestra,

Second Person

(sing.)

tu

tuii
vaster,

vestrum,

your, yours (plur.)

suus,
her,
a,

um,
Jier

his, his

own,
its

own,

its,

Third Person

ovon,
is,

their,

their

own

ea, id

sui^

(reflexive)

When
Why

not reflexive, use

is,

the genitive of
1

ea, id.

is

there no nominative form for reflexive pronouns

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
297.

I43

VOCABULARY
opus, operis,
n.,

redeo, redire, redii, reditum,

work, labor.

go

back, return.

propter, prep, with ace, on

dimitto, ere, dimisi, dimissus,

account

of.

send

ojf,

dismiss, let go.

tamen,

adv.,

yet,

however,

reddo, ere, reddidi, redditus,

nevertheless.
ita.(iue,con'].,and so, there/ore.

give back, return, render.

sustineo,
ere,

sustinui,

sus-

inde, adv., thence, thereupon.

tentus, Jiold up, witJistand,

usus, us, m., use, advantage,

benefit.

sustain.

298.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Hoc

mihi, illud tibi est

difficile.

2.

Postea in
faciet.

silvas sese receperunt.

4.

Caesar eos

sibi

Nos de proelio certiores 3. arma dedere cogit. 5. Milites se

6.

lauda-

Nobis Romae est satis cibL I. II. Some retreated in one direction, some in another. The Gauls themselv^es had been frightened by Caesar's 2. soldiers. He himself is praising himself. 4. Will you 3. They ought themselves to go with me to Corinth.? 5.
bant sed eos culpabant.
fight.

299.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

2. TuT Caesar equitatum auxilio suls mlsit. Labienus unum mei mihi sunt carissiml. 3. latus castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat. 4. Opera nostris

amid
erant

tibi,

magn5

usul.

5.

Sustinere

impetum non poterant

itaque in suos fines redierunt.

6. Hostes Caesarl se suaque omnia dediderunt. 7. Propter operis magnitudinem flumen transire Helvetil n5n potuerunt. 8. Caesar eius milites dimlsit, suos autem in castrls tenuit. 9. Consul in fines Helvetiorum contendere quam maximis itineribus con-

144
stituit.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
10.

Caesar Helvetios adventum suum exspectare

iussit.

II.

I.

possessions^ to him.

Caesar compelled the Gauls to return all his 2. They will return everything to
general sent three cohorts as a help to his

him.

3.

The

Thereupon the Gauls attacked the rear. 5. They arrived at daybreak and began to fortify their camp.
men.
4.

LESSON

50

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. DESCRIPTIVE ABLATIVE GENITIVE

300.

AND
to

Review

195, 216.

Indefinite

pronouns are used

referred
in
to,

indicate that sovic person or thing

is

without
indefi-

indicating just zvJiat one.

niteness.

They vary

degree of

Learn the declension

of the following indefinite

:

pronouns, carefully distinguishing the meanings

Indefinite Pronouns

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

quis
aliquis

qua
aliqua

quid (quod), somebody, anybody

aliquid (aliquod),

some one
all)

quisquam quidam
quisque
qui vis
1.

quicquam, any one (at

(no plur.)

quaedam
quaeque
quaevis

quoddam, quiddam, a certain one

quidque, quodque, each one, every one
quodvis, quidvis, any one (you please)

2.

The meanings of the neuter would be some tiling, etc. Quisquam and quisque are declined like quis quivis
;

like qui.
3.

In the neuter the quid-forms are used as pronouns, the

quod-forms as adjectives.
^

Express by the neuter plural of the possessive adjective.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
301.
1
.

145

Uses of the Indefinite Pronouns

Quis,

some one, any one,

is

never the

first

word

in its clause.

It is

generally used only after

si, nisi,

ne,

num.

Si quid his accidit, if anything Jiappens to these.

2.

Quisque, each, should be distinguished from omnis,

every.
It is not often

all,

used in the plural, and reguto

larly follows the

3.

word

which

it

belongs.

Quisquam

is

used chiefly in negative and conditional

sentences.
302.
1
.

Examine the following

Vir Vir

summae

virtutis fuit,

|
J

lie

zvas a

man

of very great

2.
3.

summa

virtute fuit,

courage.
(a brave man).
virtutis,

Vir fortis fuit, he

was a man of courage

and noun vir and that an adjective modifies the nouns virtutis and virWhen a noun that describes or modifies another is tute. not modified by an adjective, an adjective in agreement with the noun is used instead of a descriptive ablative or
the ablative phrase

Observe that the genitive phrase summae

summa

virtute, describe the

genitive, as in

3.

Rule of Syntax. The ablative or the genitive of a noun, with a limiting adjective, may be nsed to describe an
303.
object.

304.
diligentia,
ae,
f.,

VOCABULARY
diligence,

alienus,

a,

um,

another's,

carefulness, industry.
gratia, ae,
i.,

strange, unfavorable.
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus,

favor, influence,

kindness.
plebs, plebis,
f.,

find, discover, ascertain.

the

common

si,

conj.,
.

if.
,

people.
ESSEN. OF LATIN

nisi, conj

ifnot, unless, except.

lO

146
305.
I.
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REVIEW EXERCISES

ilium,

Legati sua omnia Caesarldedereiubentur. 2. Auxquod a Labieno missum erat, equitatui fuit usui magno. 3. Legion! non erat satis cibi, itaque domum se recepit. 4. Galll se suaque omnia Romanis dediderunt, quod magnitudine e5rum operis terrebantur. 5. Hostes in nostram aciem impetum fecerant.
II.
I.

The general ordered

him.
3.

2.

When
love
5.

the hostages to come before^ he returned to Rome, he saw his father.

We

all

our country.

4.

We

like

our friends,

you yours.
his.

He

praised his

own

children, but

blamed

306.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Quemque domo exire

3.

iubent.

2.

Slquis eiusflliam

laudat, laetus est.

QuTdam ex
4.

Gallis

multa nocte ad

Caesarem contenderunt.

Orgetorix apud Helveti5s erat

magna
repperit

gratia.
.-*

6.

Quis de hostium casu aliquid novl^ Liberi quTque^ pugnare n5n poterant in
5.

iinum locum convocati erant.

7. 8.

Princeps diligentia

fuit

magnae
toto die

potestatis

apud

suos.

Neque

{^and not) e proelid

quisquam

discessit.
10.

9.

Si in alieno loco proelium

committent, vincentur.
esse in nos dicuntur.

FinitimI nostrl bono anim5*

Every one ought to love his country. 2. She is wretched, unless some one says something good^ about her. 3. A certain one of the merchants informed Caesar of this. 4. Caesar was a man of great influence among the common people. 5. Some fled in one direction, some in
II.
I.

another.
1

ad.

See 250,

2.

quique

= qui

(relative)

que.

''

bono animo,

well disposed.

ESSENTIALS OF LAT^IN

147

LESSON
PARTICIPLES.
307.

51

FORMS.

DECLENSION.

MEANINGS

The following outline shows how participles may be formed from the stems
from the principal parts (86)
Tense
Active Voice

the tenses of the

that are obtained

Passive Voice

Present

pres.

stem

ns

wanting
Gerundive.
Pres.
^

Future

participial

stem

+ tirus

stem

ndus

Perfect

wanting

the last one of the

principal parts

1.

Learn the

participles, with their

meanings, of the model

verbs (491-495).
2.

Participles ending in -ns are declined

of the third declension (479)

(62).

those in

Hke adjectives -us, Hke bonus

As a verb, it 308. The participle is a verbal adjective. may govern a case as an adjective, it agrees with a substantive. The tenses of the participle denote time, not
;

absolutely, as in the indicative

the time of the verb of the clause in

mood, but with reference to which it stands. The

the time of the participle

following examples will show

how

depends upon that of the main verb.

1

io verbs

have

a.

connecting vowel e before the ending;

i.e.

audiens, audi-

endus.

148
1

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Video
///;;/

eum

id agentem,
it).

/ see him as he does

// (literally,

doing

2.

Videbam eum
Videbo
309.

3.

id agentem, I saw him as he was doing it. eum id agentem, I shall see him as he w'lW be doing //.

Tenses of the Participle

1.

Present: representing an action as in progress at the

time indicated by the tense of the verb.
Pcifcct: representing an action
indicated

2.

2,^

completed 2X the time

to the

3.

Futtire

by the tense of the verb. expressing an action that is subsequent

time of the verb.

310.
ings, of

Form
:

all

the participles, giving the English meanfacio,

do,

give ; video, see ;

(500.)

make, do ; munio, for-

tify ; eo,-o.

311. Participles are used in Latin

in

more extensively than

is

English.

In Latin the participle

used to express

ideas that are often expressed in

clause,

English by a relative

by clauses beginning with "when," "after," "since," etc. Study carefully the following examples which show the various relations that the
"although," "while," "if,"
participle expresses
1.

Milites missos non culpavit, he

did not blame the

soldiers

who had
soldiers).
2.

been sent (literally, the Jiaving been sent

Videbam
zvere

eos id agentes,
this.

/ saiv them while

(or ivhen) they

doing
been

3.

Caesar consul
he

f actus in

Galliam contendit, Caesar, after

had

made

eonsnl, hastened into

Gaul (literally,

Caesar having been

4.

made

consul, etc.).

Gain his rebus permoti obsides miserunt, the Ganls, since

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
(or because) they ivcre

I49

tages (literally, the

5.

alarmed by these things, sent hosGauls having been alarmed, etc.).

interficietur,

Orgetorix

damnatus
lie

if Orgetorix

is

con-

demned,
been
6.

zvill

be killed (literally,

Orgetorix having

condemned

ivill be killed).

Vulneratus diu pugnabat, although he had been wounded, he fought for a long time (literally, having been
zvounded,
lie fought).
lie

7.

Multos vicos captos incendit,

villages (literally, 312.

captured and burned many

villages).

he burned many captured

VOCABULARY
permoveo,
ere,

aditus, us, m., approach.

permovi, pereductus,

vallum,

i,

n.,

rampart,

eartJi-

motus, influence, arouse.

educo,
ere,

works.
posterus, a,
ing.

eduxi,

um,

next, folloiv-

lead

out.

lacesso, ere, lacessivi, lacessi-

circum,

prep,

with

ace,

tus, attack, harass.

around.
circumvenio,
veni,
ire,

Sequani, orum, m. plur., the

circumvS^^?/<7;'

(a tribe of Gauls).

circumventus, come

around, surround.
313.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Hlc
gratia

2. 3.

Els aliquid consill erat quod

Si quid reperltur,

Sequanos plurimum poterat. Romanis non erat gratum. Caesar! semper nuntiatur. 4. Suam

apud

quisque melius
esse

quam alienam patriam

amat.

5.

Homines

summa
I.

virtute dicuntur.

Caesar has been informed of his arrival. 2. The day that Caesar had appointed ^ with the ambassadors has come. 3. He ordered the hostages to come to him. 4. He
II.

carried

all his

possessions with him.

^

constituo.

150
314-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
EXERCISES

I. His rebus permoti Roma exire maturant. 2. In I. legatum copias e castrls educentem Galll impetum fecerunt. 3. Postero die nostros aditus oppidi munientes hostes laces-

sent.

4.

Roman! banc urbem

5.

valid et

moenibus munltam
Legiones
e castrls

obsidere constituerunt.
lacessltus sustinere

Caesar duos dies a dextro cornu

6.

impetus poterat.

eductas Instruxit.
8.

7.

Suum amicum Athenis exeuntem videt.

Principes Gallorum victi

Romam

mittentur.

9.

Caesar de
10.

coniuratione

quam

Galli fecerant certior factus est.

Le-

gatus Gallos qui castra circumveniebant sese dedere coegit.

II.
I.

When

Caesar had been informed of

this,

he hur-

2. The general captured ^ their town and ried to Rome. fortified it. 3. The enemy harassed us as we were crossing

the river.
5.

4.

If

you are defeated, you will

retreat into Italy.

go with me into that city that you see ? 6. Although we have been surrounded, we will fight bravely.
1

Who will

Do

not use the indicative.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

151

LESSON
THE PARTICIPLE
315.

52

(Continued).

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
noun
or a

Ablative Absolute.

ablative, with a participle agreeing with

it,

express any of the ideas mentioned in struction will be understood best by a careful study of the
following examples
afte7' the

pronoun in the may be used to This con311.

Germans had

been conquered,

when he had conquered

the

Germans,
conquering
the

Caesar,
victis,

Germanis
in
hi-

after

Caesar went
into ivinter

Germans, having conquered the

Germans,
nozv that the

berna venit,

quarters.

Germans had been cojiquered, the Germans having

been conquered,
if the tozvn is captured,

by capturing the town,

Oppido expugnato,
hostes Vincent,

sijice the

town has been

they will con-

quer
enemy.

the

captured,
the

town having been

captured,
wJiile

Nobis castra munientibus, Galli

we were fortify-'
the

ing the camp,

as

Gauls

ar-

pervenerunt,

we were
the camp,

fortifying

rived.

152

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
victis,

Observe that the ablative absolutes, Germanis

variety of ways.

oppido expugnato, nobis munientibus, are translated in a

In translating an ablative absolute, one

is

must use judgment in selecting a translation that sistent with the meaning of the main verb.
Notice that the ablative absolute construction
only

con-

is

used

when

the participle does not agree with a noun of the

main
tive

clause.

The word "absolute" means

itself.

that the abla-

phrase stands by

For example, such a sentence

as

"When

the Gauls had been conquered, they returned

home" would be

rendered, Galli victi

domum

redierunt,

and the ablative absolute construction could not be used, because victi agrees with Galli, which is the subject of
redierunt.

316.

The

stantives,

sometimes omitted, and two subor a substantive and an adjective, are used in the
participle
is

ablative absolute construction

under the
Duce Caesare Romani semper vincebant,

leadership
the

of Caesar, if Caesar was

leader,

Romans

their

ahvays used
to conquer.

when Caesar was

leader.

their

317.

Remember
is

that

the

Latin

perfect participle
participle.

is

passive,

there being no perfect active

The

ablative absolute

often used to supply this lack of a per;

fect active participle

for example, the sentence " Caesar

having done
"

this returned to
It

Rome "

cannot be expressed
to the passive form,

literally in Latin.

must be changed
:

This having been done, Caesar returned to Rome," and then it may be rendered hoc facto, Caesar Romam rediit.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
318. mulier, mulieris,
f.,

53

VOCABULARY
woman.
ensign,
obtineo, ere, obtinui, obtentus,

signum,

i,

n.,

sign,

possess, obtain, retain.

standard (of the legion). quam primum, as soon as

possible.

converto,

ere,

convert!,

con-

versus, tiini abont, change.

signa converto,/r^ abo2it (litsustuli,

toUo,

ere,

sublatus,

erally, turn the

standards

lift up, raise,

remove, take

about).
occido, ere, occidi, occisus, cut

away.
reduce, ere, reduxi, reductus,

doivn, kill, slay.

lead back.
319.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

Legionem

auxilio

nostrls

diu

lacessltls

misit.

Caesar hostium clamoribus perm5tus munire aditus castrdrum coepit. 3. Consul legatum secum redire Romam
2.

iubebit.

4.

Equitatus Gall5s nostra castra circumvenientes

5.

lacessebat.
II.
I.

Legatus

nihil novl repperit.

After the Helvetii had been defeated, they were

to return

compelled
the

home.

2.

He

led his forces out of

camp and drew them up. 3. Although many of our men had been wounded they fought bravely. 4. The
Gauls could not fortify the mountain themselves.
320.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Te

imperatore, nos non dedemus.

2.

Hoc

proelid

facto, suos in

hiberna reduxit.
exilt.

3.

His Caesar!
5.

nurtiatis,

quam primum Roma

permotis
difficile."
^

4.

Pedites in castra reductos

hostes moenibus prohibere dux iubet.

Suls

ab Gallls
est

Caesar
6.

dixit "

Impetum hostium exspectare

Novissimum agmen,
1

signis conversis, laces-

Is this ablative absolute ?

154

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
7.

sere Helvetios imperator iubet

Caesar!
8.

Romam

redire

coact5 hoc proelium erat nuntiatum.

occisls,

Hostes, multls

fortiter

nostrum impetum sustinebant.

10.

spe victoriae sublata, Helvetii

domum
II.
I.

redierunt.

9. Omni cum mulieribus liberisque Commeatus quos Galli obtinebant

ab Romanis incensi erant.

Having fought this battle, Caesar led his forces 2. If you are brave, the repubhc will be preserved. When the hostages had been freed, they 3. returned to their people. 4. When their leader had been
across the river.
killed, the

Gauls surrendered to Caesar.

hill

5.

The Romans
6.

faced about and bravely attacked the enemy.

After the

had been fortified, we awaited the enemy. 7. When the Romans had fortified the hill, they returned to their camp. 8. If you burn our villages, we shall kill your leader.
top of the

LESSON

53

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

VII

Caesar attempts to check the March of the Helvetii. They send Ambassadors to Him
321.

His rebus Caesar!

nuntiatis,

atque

quam maximis

itineribus

maturat Roma exlre ad Genavam contendit.

Erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una.^

vinciam totam praebere

et

pontem qu!
1

erat

Qua ^ re proquam maximum mllitum numerum ad Genavam rescind! iubet. Ubi de

^

but (only) one,

Qua

re, therefore.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
eius adventu Helvetil certiores facti sunt, legates

155

ad eum

mittunt nobilissimos

civitatis.

Qui

legatl iter per pro-

Sed temporibus Cassium occTderant exercitumque eius sub iugum miserant. Qua re Caesar hominibus inimico animo ^ iter per provinciam n5n dedit. Tamen diem convinciam
a Caesare postulant.
antlquTs Helvetil consulem

Romanam

loquio

cum

legatls constituit.

LESSON
INFINITIVES.

54

FORMATION AND MEANINGS

The following outline 322. Review 182, 183, 184, 307. shows how the tenses of the infinitive may be obtained from
the principal parts
:

Infinitives

Tense

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Present Second one

of the

Change

final e of
i,

present

principal parts.

infinitive to

except in

third conjugation, which

changes

final ere to

i.

Future

Future active
ciple

parti-

Supine
the

and

esse.

in -um (which is same form as accu-

sative

singular

neuter

of perfect passive participle),

and

iri.

Perfect Perfect stem

+ isse.

Perfect passive participle

and
^
'1

esse.

he relative

at

the beginning of a sentence often has the force of a

^

demonstrative, hence Qui legati, these ambassadors.

See 303.

156
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Learn the infinitives, with English meanings, of the model verbs (491-495).
323.

Form

all

participles

and

infinitives,

giving the Eng-

lish

meanings, of
vincio, bind.
iacio, t/irozv.

iubeo, order.
relinquo, leave.

appello,

name,

call.

vinco, conquer.
eo,

sum, /

am

(496).

go (500).

324.

VOCABULARY
cottidianus, a,
scribo,
alere,

auctoritas, atis, f ., reputation,

influence, authority.
littera, ae,
f.,

um,

daily.
scriptus,

scrips!,

letter

of the

write.

phabet; (plur.),
ment.

letter,

docu-

cado, ere, cecidi, casurus, fall,

perish, die.
at, conj., but.

res frumentaria, rei frumentariae,

supplies of grain,

numquam,

adv., never.

provisions.

325,
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Galli

consulem
Caesare

copias

instruentem
Helvetil

lacessivit.

2.

RomanI,

signis conversls,
3.

oppidum ex

itinere

oppug-

naverunt.
faciebant.

consule

coniuratidnem

bant.

5.

German! victi finitimos virtute siiperaNostrl autem multas mulieres captas domum
4.

miserunt.
II.
2.
I.

If I

am

your leader,

will

The women

could do this themselves.

had been slain, the army was led so hope was taken away from the Gauls.

you attack the enemy } 3. After a few back to camp. 4. And

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
326.
I.
I.

57

EXERCISES
ScrlbT
;

sustulisse

casurus esse,
3.

2.

InstruT

pro-

hibuisse; missosesse; prohiberl.

dedidisse.
4.

Capl; cepi; reddidisse;

;

Missuram esse
Galli ab

misisse
6.

reducL

5.

Paiicae
culpari

de flliabus occlsae esse dicuntur.

cupimus.
teras
7.

Numquam

finitimls cottldianis proelils lacessitl

8.

ex suis finibus discedere coeperunt.

scrlpsisse

Caesar multas

lit-

dicebatur.
10.

9.

Res frumentariae

portari

navibus non poterant.

in

At

decern e nostrls cecidisse

hoc proelio dicuntur,

II.
I.

He

is

said to

be a

man

of

great reputation,
to

2.

Those women

are said to have been sent

Rome.

3. This place cannot be taken by storm by the enemy on account of its very large ramparts. 4. You were compelled 5. Caesar ordered the ships to retreat into the province,

to

be sent away. advantage to them.

6.

This

is

said to have been a great

LESSON
INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
327.

55

SIMPLE STATEMENTS

The words
is

or thoughts of a person

may be quoted
{i.e.

either directly or indirectly.

direct quotation

direct

one which gives the exact words or thoughts An indirect quotation of the original speaker or writer. {i.e. indirect discourse) is one in which the original words or thoughts are stated in the words of another, and conform to the construction of the sentence in which
discourse)

they stand.

The English
directly,
is

sentence, "
:

am
'

present,"

when quoted

stated

"

He

said,

am
form
:

present.' " "

When

quoted indirectly,

it

assumes

this

He

said that he

158

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
present tense of the verb of
is

was present," or, after a saying, " He says that he

ment, then,
is

present."

An

indirect state-

generally introduced in English by the word

"that," although this

may be

omitted, as,

"He

says (that)

he

is

coming."

328.

Examine

carefully the following

Direct Discourse

Indirect Discourse
dicit te venire, Jie

tu venis, yoii are coming.

says

tJiat

you are coming, or he says you are coming.

Note
1.

That the English expresses the indirect statement by a clause introduced by "that" (expressed or understood).

2.

3.

no word in Latin to correspond to the EngHsh. That the Latin changes the verb of the direct statement to the same tense of the infinitive, and changes the

That there

is

" that " in

case of the subject to the accusative.

329.

Rule

of

Syntax.

Simple statements, when quoted

indirectly after verbs

of saying, knozving, thinking, and per-

ceiving, are expressed by the infinitive with subject accusative.

330.

Review

308.

The
the

tenses of the infinitive do not

follow the tense

of

introductory verb.

Like

the

tenses of the participle, they merely denote time relative

to

that

of

the

main verb.

The

present infinitive
future

de-

scribes an action as going on at the time of the

main

verb

the

perfect as

completed;

the

as not yet

begun.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

159

The

following examples will

show

to

infinitive the various tenses of the indicative are

what tenses of the changed

Tense

Direct Discourse

Indirect Discourse
Present

videt

me

venire,

Jie

sees

that I

am coming
Past

Present

venio,

I am coming
vidit

me

venire, he

saw

that

I was coming
Present

Imperfect

veniebam,

audit
zvas

me

venisse,

Ju-

coming

hears that I came, or

have come
Past

/ have come, audivit me venisse, heard that I came, I came Pluperfect veneram, / had had come

Perfect

veni,

hi-

or

come
Present

sperat

me

venturum

(esse), Jic hopes that

Future

veniam,

sJiall

I shall come
Past

come
speravit
(esse),

me ventarum

he hoped that I should come

Caution.

The

subject of the infinitive should never

be omitted in Latin.

l6o
331.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
VOCABULARY
trado, ere, tradidi, traditus,

existimo, are, avi, atus, tJiink,

believe, suppose.

give
avi,

up,

surrender,

de-

demonstro,

are,

atus,

liver.

point out,

sJioxv, mentio?i.

conspectus,
viezv.

us,

m.,

sight,

spero, are, avi, atus, Iiope.

respondeo, ere, respondi, re-

complures,

(ia),

a great

sponsus, ansiver, reply.

scio, scire, scivi, scitus,

many, very many.

knoiu,

knoiv how.
332.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Gall! se

domum

recipiunt.

2.

Caesar Gallos se

domum
4.

recipere dixit. 3. Nostra arma numquam trademus. Respondemus nostra arma numquam nos tradituros
5.

(esse).

Hoc

in
6.

conspectu

sul^

imperatoris

egisse

miles existimavit.

Armis
7.

traditis, in

Caesaris potesta-

tem

Galli venerant.

traditis, in

suam potestatem

Caesar nuntiavit Gallos, armIs venisse. 8. Omnes speramus

banc rem a legato bene administratum iri. 9. Caesar suis dixit " Quis scit bunc pontem facere " 10. Imperatori nuntiatum est complures alios aliam in partem fugere. II. Legati responderunt "Nos a finitimis nostris diu lacessiti sumus." II. I. Tbe gods will give us belp 2. Tbey tbought tbat tbe gods would give tbem belp. 3. We bave sbown tbat tbe Gauls were men of tbe greatest^ courage. 4. I bope many bave not fallen. 5. We can do tbis ourselves.
.''

6.

Tbey
The

said tbey could

do

tbis tbemselves.

7.

Caesar

replied, " I
1

bope tbat tbey

will retreat."
in

reflexive

pronouns and adjectives

an indirect statement refer to

etc.

the subject of the main verb of "saying," "thinking,"

2

Do

not use

maximus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

l6l

LESSON

56
utor, fruor,

DEPONENT VERBS. ABLATIVE WITH

333.

Etc.

meanings.
tion

Deponent verbs have passive forms with active These passive forms are regular in their formaand inflection, and are classified in four conjugations,

like regular verbs.

The

principal parts are as follows

Perfect
Ind. Pass.
\iox\.2XVi?,^Mva.,

Present
IND. Pass.

Present
Inf. Pass.

1ST CoNj. hortor

hortari
vereri

2D 3D

CoNj. vereor

veritus sum,

CoNj. sequor
potior
all

sequi
potiri

4TH CoNj.
I.

I nrge, encourage I fear secutus sum, Ifollozv potitus sum, I get possession of
infinitive,

Learn

forms of the indicative,

and

partici-

ple of these four

334.

model

verbs.
2i

(503.)

of a future passive,
active

Deponent verbs have future active infinitive instead and they have the participles of both and passive voices.
Review
317.
is

335.

The

perfect passive participle of a

deponent verb
(literally,

active in meaning.

Cohortatus milites proelium commisit, after encouraging

Jiaving encouraged) his soldiers, he began the

battle.

336.

Examine the following

1

Equis iituntur, they use horses.

Vita fruitur,
Jie

2.

enjoys

life.

Observe that equis and vita are ablatives of instrument,

although the corresponding words in English are the direct
objects of their verbs.
essen. of latin

II

l62

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

337. Rule of Syntax.

TJie

instrumental ablative

is

used

with

tlie

deponent verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior,

and

vescor, atid their compounds.

338.
utor,
uti,

VOCABULARY
usus

sum,

use,

proficiscor,

proficisci,

profec-

employ.
sequor, sequi,

tus sum, set out, march, go.

secutus sum,
atus sum, en-

arbitror, ari, atus

sum, think,

folUnv.
cohortor, ari,

suppose.
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, ex-

courage, exhort.
potior,
potiri,

pel, drive azvay, rout.

potitus
of.

sum,

praesidium,

i,

n.,

defense,

get possession

guard, garrison.
f.,

fossa, ae,

ditch, trench.

339.
I. I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Caesar complures secum
2.
3.

in Ttaliam

ituros (esse)

sciebat.
sunt.
4.
5.

Hoc

proelio facto, hostes se recipere coacti

sibi

LegatI demonstrant

esse

multos equites.

responderunt sese res frumentarias dedisse. Legatus se expugnare oppidum posse sperat. II. I. The Gauls thought Caesar would not fight with 2. All those arms that you see have been given them. up. 3. Caesar saw that the enemy were being drawn up on top of the hill. 4. The ambassadors replied that many were leaving their homes.
Incolae
340.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Arbitraris
; ;

utimini
;

proficTscetur
;

proficlscitur.
3.

2.

Pepuleramus
se

arbitrari

arbitrare

usurus esse.

Cae-

sar
4.
5.

cum

tribus

legionibus

Consul

R5ma
usi

profectus in
esse

secuturum (esse) dLxit. fines Helvetiorum contendit.

equls
dicuntur.
6.

GermanI

parvis

Consul,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
exercitu pulso, a civibus culpabitur.
nostrl utebantur,
7.

163

Commeatus, quo
8.

multa nocte incensus

est.
9.

Galll oppipotlrl

dum

vallo fossaque munlri arbitrabantur.

Hostes

10. Quattuor cohortes praenon posse dux vidit. sidium castrls Labienus rellquit. II. I. After encouraging his men, Caesar began the 2. For many days the horsemen who^ were folbattle.

castrls

lowing harassed the rear.

a garrison.
to
4.

3.

He

will use these legions as

city,
is

Caesar set^ out from the

the Helvetii.
5.

and began

wage war with

It

reported that

Labienus has routed the brave Gauls.

LESSON
Fero
341.
tive,
I.

57

AND

fio.

DATIVE WITH INTRANSITIVES

Learn the principal parts and all forms of the indicainfinitive, and participle of fero (502) and fio (501).
of facio (177-179),
facio.

Review the conjugation

that fio
342.
1

and note

is

used as the passive of

:

Examine the following

.

Nobis persuadent, they persuade

Imperatori paret,
Jie

us.

2.

obeys the commander.

datives, while the

Observe that nobis and imperatori are

corresponding English words are the objects of their verbs.

343.

Rule

of

Syntax.

Most verbs signifying

;

to

favor,

help, please, trust,

S2(ade,

and

their contraries

also to believe, per-

command,

obey, serve, resist, ejivy, threaten,

pardon,

and spare,
^

take the dative.

following ; do not use a relative clause.
^

who

%ve7-e

Do

not use the

indicative.

l64
344.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
VOCABULARY
beat-,

fero, ferre, tuli, latus,

fio, fieri,

factus sum, become,

carry.
confero,

be made.
conferre,
contuli,

persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus, persuade.

pareo, ere, parui,
noceo,

conlatus,

bring

together,

gather.

obey.

nemo, dat. nemini (no gen.

or abl.), no one, nobody.

ere, nocui, nociturus,

harm,
credo,
believe,

injure.
credidi,
trust.

moror,

ari,

atus sum, delay,

ere,

creditus,

hinder.
resisto, ere, restiti,

resist, oppose,

345.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Nostrl equitatum Gallorum
2.

tria mlllia

passuum

se-

Caesar certior factus est Gallos ex vico profect5s (esse). 3. Labienus urbe vallo et fossa munlta potltur. 4. Principes Helvetiorum suos cohortati nostrum
CLitl

pepulerunt.

impetum
II.

fortissime sustinebant.

5.

Caesar su5s ex

castrls

eductos Instrul iubet.

I. They informed us that the enemy were preparing make an attack. 2. On leaving^ the camp, our men

to

crossed a river that was twenty feet wide.

3.

After

forti-

fying the camp, the

said they
346.
I.
I.

Romans awaited
to him.

their attack.

4.

He

ought

to

come

EXERCISES
Irapedlmentis in
2.

unum locum

conlatis, nostrl

aciem
3. 4.

Instruxerunt.

Parere suo imperatoriquisque debet.

Ad
Id^

castra mult5s dies morati Galli

domum

se receperunt.
5.

persuadere

els

numquam
6.
2

poterimus.

Nemo

el

haec

dicenti credit.
^

Oppidum expugnarl non

J^
is

poterat,

quod

On

leaving

after leaving.

the direct object

of persuadere.

Translate: of

this.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
incolae nostrls fortiter resistebant.

165

nocent.

8.

Caesar

litterls

BonI librl nemini 7. Labieni certior fiebat omnes

Caesar ad cos
proficlsci con-

Belgas(/>V/^m;/^) contra
facere.
stituit.
9.

populum R5manum coniurationem

Quare

{tJicrefore)

10.

Itaque re frumentaria comparata, castra movet,

is informed by them. was being formed. 3. No Children ought to obey their

diebusque qulndecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit.

II.
2.
I.

They inform Caesar

4.

Caesar

They

said that a conspiracy

one could persuade him.

elders.^
5. I

believe that they will resist us.

6.

After

fortifying the

camp, Caesar encouraged

his

men.

LESSON

58

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

VIII

Caesar erects Fortifications. The Helvetii attempt TO CROSS the Rhone, but are Repelled
347.

Interea ea legione

quam secum habebat

mllitibus-

que qui ex pr5vincia convenerant murum pedes sedecim altum et fossam a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum Infiuit, ad montem luram, qui fines Sequan5rum ab Helvetils dividit,

perducit.

Eo

opere perfects et castellls munltis,

facile eos prohibere potest.

Ubi ea
ad

dies

quam

constituerat

cum
posse

legatls venit, et legatl

iter ulll

eum

redierunt, negat^ se

per provinciam dare.

ratibusque

Helvetii autem, navifactis,

tells

bus

iunctis

compluribus

perrumpere

conatl^ operis munitione* et mllitum

^

repulsl sunt.

See 272.

From Conor, verb munio ?

a deponent verb.

negat se posse, says he cannot (literally, denies that he can^. * Can you not infer its meaning from the

l66

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON

59

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. CLAUSES

OF PURPOSE
348.

Learn the present

tense, active

and passive, of the

subjunctive of the model verbs of the four conjugations

(491-495); of

sum

(496); of possum (497); of eo (500);

of fero (502); of fio (501).

No meanings
meanings
will

for the subjunctive are given,

because the

translations vary according to the construction used.

These

be understood as the various uses of the

subjunctive are taken up in the succeeding lessons.

1.

Compare

carefully the forms of the present subjunctive

of the third

and fourth conjugations with those of the

in the

future indicative.
2.

Notice that the personal endings are the same as

indicative.

3.

The

following table will assist in fixing in mind the forms

:

of the first person singular

Present Subjunctive
Conjugation
I

II

11

iv

Active
Passive
349.

-em
-er

-eam
-ear

-am, -iam
-ar, -iar

-iam
-iar

sentence consisting of a main (or independent)

more dependent (or subordinate) clauses complex sentence. In the following examples the dependent verbs are italicized
is

clause and one or

called a

When he arrived it was late. He was so tired that he went to He came that he might see me.

sleep.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

167

The common
will

uses of the subjunctive in dependent clauses

in this lesson

be considered

and those following.

The

uses of the subjunctive in independent clauses are treated

in

Lessons
350.

6^],

71, 72, 73.

:

Examine the following

venit ut

1.

Romam

suum amicum

videat, he conies to

that he

may

sec his friend, in order that he

Rome may see

his friend, in order to see his friend, to see his friend,

for the purpose of seeing his friend.

2.

Vir in urbem f ugit ne interficiatur, the

city that

he

may

not be killed, so that he

to be killed, lest

man flees itito the may not be

killed.

killed, in
a.

order not

he be

b.

Observe that the verbs of the dependent clauses ut suum amicum videat and ne interficiatur are subjunctive, and that they express the purpose of the action of the main clauses, ut (that) introducing affirmative and ne {that not) negative clauses. Notice that the purpose clauses may be translated in a variety of ways. Purpose clauses may be translated by the English infinitive, but never nse the Latin
. . .

infinitive to express purpose.

351.

Rule

of

Syntax.

Puipose

is

expressed by the sub-

junctive
352.

zvitJi

ut or ne.

Review the principal parts and meanings of the

verbs
:

folio wins:

c5nficio

committo
converts
cohortor

dedo reddo
redeo

accedo
potior

proficiscor

fero

utor

sequor
sci5

cad5
tolls

persuadeo noce5
scrlbo
arbitror
flo

reduc5
reperio
lacesso

ago
credo

trado
pello

obsideo
Instrud

l68
353.
I. I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REVIEW EXERCISES
Mulieribus
liberlsque
in

unum locum

convoca-

impetum nostrorum exspectare constituunt. Ubi Roman! ad e5rum fines pervenerunt, Galll eis 2. restiterunt. Legatus suum cibum quemque portare 3. iubet. Orgetorlgis filia a Romanis capta certior 4. fiebat neminem sibi nociturum (esse). Quis uti illo 5.
tls,

Galll

equo potuit
II.
I.

We
2.

are informed that Labienus has persuaded

the Gauls.

On

the next day the

3.

Romans

will get pos-

session of their camp.

4.

He

did not believe his father.

He
354.
I.

did not believe his father would return.

EXERCISES
Caesar ad primum
2.

I.

agmen

proficlscitur

ut

su5s

cohortetur.

Nostrl,

sTgnIs
in

conversis,

pellere

Gallos

coeperunt.

3.

Legatum

Galliam proficlsci iubet ne

ex his nationibus auxilia convocentur.

dies

4. Ibi rex pauc5s moratur ut oppidum obsideat. 5. Redlmus domum ne ab hostibus occidamur. 6. Galll magnas copias unum in locum convocant ut bellum gerant. 7. Manesne domi ut litteras paucas scribas ? Legati in castra redeunt 8.

ut

Caesarl

persuadeant.
10.

9.

Nos sequiminT

ut

aliquid

reperiatis.

Arbitror Gallos accedere ut obsides redare

dant.
II.
I.

They
2.

coming

in

order

that

they
to

may be
wage war

praised.

Caesar hurries into the province

3.

with the Gauls.

They

are surrendering

all

their pos-

sessions to Caesar so as not to be killed.

4.

We

write

many
that

letters to

persuade our friends.

6.

5.

He

knetf that

they would not believe him.

You

are waiting in

Rome

you may not be conquered.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

69

LESSON
SUBJUNCTIVE
(Continued).

60

IMPERFECT. CLAUSES

RESULT

355.

junctive

The first person singular of the imperfect submay be found by adding the personal endings

-m

(active), -r (passive), to the present active infinitive.

Present Active Infinitive

Imperfect Subjunctive

amare munire monere

I.

amarem
munirer

monerem
of

Learn the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, the four model verbs (491-495); of sum (496); possum (497); of eo (500); of fero (502).
356.

of

Notice carefully the difference between a purpose result clause expresses the result and a result clause. Observe the or outcome of the action of the main verb.

difference as

shown

in these

examples

They shouted They shouted

so that he

might hear.

(Purpose.)
(Result.)

so that he heard.

He was

so tired that he could not go.

(Result.)
is

Some word

or phrase like so, sucJi, in such a way, etc.,

often used in the main clause to

show

that a result clause

may

be expected to follow.

357.
I.

Examine the following

tarn

Flumen

latum

est ut Galli transire

non possint, the

cross.

river is so zvide that the

Gauls cannot

170
2.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Galli transire

Flumen tam latum fuit ut the nvcr was so ividc

cross.

that

the

non possent, Gauls could not

se reciperent,

3.

Nostri

ita

fortiter

pugnabant ut hostes

our men fought so bravely that the enemy retreated.

4.

Ita graviter vulnerati erant ut

pugnare non possent,

they

had

been so severely zvounded that they could not

fight.
a.

Observe that the above clauses beginning with ut express the result, and that the verbs are subjunctive.

b.

Observe that when the main verb is present tense the dependent subjunctive is present tense, and that when the main verb is either imperfect, perfect, ox pluperfect {i.e. any tense expressing past time), the dependent
subjunctive
is

imperfect.

c.

Observe that the tense of the subjunctive is not necessarily the same as that of the main verb.
358.

Rule

of

Syntax.

Result

is

expressed by the sub-

junctive with ut or ut non.

359.

VOCABULARY
castellum,
i,

consequor, consequi, consecutus sum, pursue, overtake,

progredior, progredi,
pro-

x\.,fort, redoubt.
f.,

deditio, onis,

surrender.
f.,

calamitas, atis,
defeat.

disaster,

gressus sum, advance, proceed.

tantus,
^

a,

um,
so.

so great, such.

audeo, ere, ausus

sum, dare,

tam, adv.,
ita,

accipio, ere, accepi, acceptus,

adv., thus, so.

receive.
1

semi-deponent verb;

i.e.

the present stem

is

active,

and the perfect

stem passive.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
360.
I.
I.

171

REVIEW EXERCISES
German!
2.

in

Galliam
et

transeunt
parvis
3.

ut

eorum

fines

vastent.

Vlcis

multls

incensis,

Labienus

urbem pulcherrimam obsidebat.

castrls potiri posse.
4.

Arbitramur n5s eorum

Equitatus sociorum Caesari

magno

USUI

fuit.

5.

Caesar ex castrls profectus in

Helvetios

flumen transeuntes impetum faciet. n. I. Each soldier ought to obey his general.

2.

The
are

enemy
doing
of the
361.
I.
I.

are following us to harass the rear.

this

3.

You

for the sake of

harming me.

4.

We

are in-

formed that the enemy have taken possession

hill.

of the top

EXERCISES
Equitatus progressus erat ut Gallos fugientis conse2.

queretur.

non
tells

possit.

3.

Oppidum ita a Omnes qui

se

mllitibus munitur ut expugnari

transire
4.

Rhodanum

ausl sunt

et

sagittis

vulnerabantur.

orum timor
castra

ut

Tantus erat HelvetiCaesar suaque omnia dederent. 5.

Gall! 6. movet ne hostes inter se et flumen sint. ita operis magnitudine permovebantur ut arma legato traHaec urbs castellls munlta est ne a Romanis derent. 7. caperetur. 8. Haec urbs castellls ita munlta est ut a Romanis non caperetur. 9. Labienus in eorum fines decem

dies

progressus

multas civitates

in

deditionem

accepit.

10. Tantus hostium erat numerus ut sinistrum cornu circumvenlre possent. II. I. We shall never dare to do it on account of 2. The road is so narrow that the the width of the river.

enemy cannot advance.

place that the road

3.

was very

carry the children back to

Such was the nature of the 4. We were sent to Rome. 5. The river was so
difficult.

wide and deep that they used ships.

172

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

LESSON
Volo.
Nolo.

61

Malo.

RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE

Learn the principal parts and all forms of the inand imperfect subjunctive, infinitive, and Observe that nolo is a participle of volo, nolo, malo (499). compound of non and volo, and malo a compound of magis, more (shortened to ma), and volo. Note the irregularities in the present tense of the indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive.
362.
dicative, present

363.
1
.

Examine the following

the

chief sent

Princeps legatos misit ut pacem peterent

Princeps misit legatos qui pacem peterent

2.

ambassadors to ask for

peace.

The English

translation of these sentences

is

the same,

and the verbs of the purpose clauses are subjunctive. In 2, however, qui is used instead of ut to emphasize the ambassadors as the persons who have the purpose to perform.
364.

Rule

of

Syntax.

Purpose

may

be expressed by a

relative pronoun

and

the subjunctive.

365.
peto, ere, petivi
(ii),

VOCABULARY
petitus,
to get.
zvill-

praemitto, ere, praemisi, prae-

aiin at, ask for,

volo, velle, volui,

go
,

missus,
patch.
celeriter,

send ahead,

dis-

ing, wish, will.

nolo, nolle, nolui,

willing, ivill not.

malo,

malle,

be be unmalui, be
,

adv. (celer, sivift),

siviftly, quickly.

senatus, us, m., senate.

de tertia vigilia, about the

third watch (a watch

more
impedio,

willijig, prefer.
ire,

was

impedivi, impe-

equal to one fourth of the

night).

ditus, entangle, impede.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
366.
I.
I.

173

REVIEW EXERCISES

Flumen
alii

Rhodanum
2.

transierant

equitibus

caperentur.

Nostrl

tam

acriter

ne a Caesaris pugnabant
3.

ut Helvetil

aliam in partem fugerent.

Equitatus
4.

hostes in

fugam datos consequi non audebat.

5.

Caesar
hiberna

de Gallorum deditione certior factus legiones

reduxit.

in

Labienus se non posse Gallls credere arbitra-

batur.
II.

time, the Gauls

2.

That they might sustain our attack for a long had gathered a great abundance of grain. Such was the speed of our cavalry that the enemy
I.

could not escape.

resist
us.
4.

3.

We

are

informed that they

will

Are
?

you (plur.) returning to the city to

warn your friends

367.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Noluisse
3.
;

mavultis

nolumus.

2.

Mavis; noles
5.

malunt.
rent.
4.

Imperator mllites praemlsit qui castra pone-

Galli victi petere

pacem

nolunt.

Multl esse
6.

cum Caesare quam Romam

legates mittunt ut iter per
7.

redire malebant.

Helvetil

Sequanorum
in

fines facere possint.

Caesar equites qui Gallos

8.

fiumine impedltos lacesse-

rent praemlserat.

runt^ se

GermanI legates miserunt qui dlxepetere pacem velle. 9. Caesar his rebus ita

permovebatur ut quam celerrime ad suos contenderet. 10. De tertia vigilia Labienus eos qui hostes consequerentur
praemlsit.
II.
I.

We

are unwilling to obey him.

to

2.
3.

Caesar sends
are returnHelvetil

ahead horsemen
ing to
1

Rome
how

to

burn the villages. persuade the senate.

We
4.

The

Notice

the translation of the indicative, dixerunt, differs from that

of the subjunctive, dicerent.

174

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

preferred to seek peace rather than to be killed by the

Romans.
6.

5.
^

Why

are you unwilling to remain at

home

Although

a great defeat had been received, the Gauls

did not wish to surrender their arms.

LESSON

62

SEQUENCE OF TENSES. INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Learn the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the model verbs (491-495); of sum (496); of eo (500); of fero (502); of possum (497); of fio (501); of volo, nolo, malo (499). Observe that the first person of the perfect active subjunctive of all verbs may be found by adding erim to the perfect stem that the pluperfect active subjunctive may be found by adding the personal endings to the perfect that the perfect and pluperfect passive active infinitive subjunctive are compound forms, like the same tenses of
368.
;
;

the indicative.
369.

Examine the following

Direct Question

Indirect Question

Ubi sunt

.*

wJierc are they ?

.''

Scio ubi sint,

/ hioiv where
faceret,

Quid f acit

ivJiat is

he doing ?

they air.

Vidimus quid
zvJiat

we saiv

he ivas doing.

Observe that when a direct question is asked indirectly, depending upon some introductory verb, the verb of the original direct question becomes subjunctive in the
indirect.
1

See 311, 6

315.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Caution.

75

Do not confuse an indirect question with an

Indirect questions
interrogative

indirect statement (327).

maybe

recog-

nized by the fact that

some

word follows the

main or introductory verb.

Indirect Question Indirect Statement

Scio quis veniat,

Scio

eum

venire,

/ knoiv

who

is

coming.

I knozv

(that) he is comitig.

370.
is

Rule of Syntax.

The verb of an

indirect question

in the subjunctive.

371.

It

has been noticed in the three preceding

of the verb of the

les-

sons that the tense of a dependent subjunctive depends

upon the tense

main

clause.

This use

of the tenses follows a principle

called the Sequence of

Tenses, a principle that

is

famiUar from English usage.

Compare

He conies that I may see him. He came that I might see him.
The change from may
of the
tenses, therefore,
is

to might accompanies the change main verb from comes to came. This change of

not peculiar to Latin.

372.

All

tenses

are

divided

into

two

classes,

as

follows

Present Indicative,

Primary
time.

or

principal

tenses,
j

denoting present or future

Future Indicative, Future Perfect Indicative,

Present Subjunctive,
Perfect Subjunctive.

1/6

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Imperfect Indicative,

Secondary or

Perfect Indicative,
historical tenses,

denoting past time.

Pluperfect Indicative,

Imperfect Subjunctive,
Pluperfect Subjunctive.

373.
[

Examine the following

Jic sees,
1

Videt,

quid
Videbit,
/le

will

faciam,

zvhal

I am

see,

doing.
{

Viderit, he will

have

seen,

Videt, he sees,
|

2.

Videbit, he will see,

Viderit, he will
\

quid fecerim, zvhat I have

have

done (or did).

seen,
J

Videbat, he
Vidit,
Jie

was

seeing,

quid facerem, what I zvas

\

sazv,
lie

Viderat,
[

had seen,

do iJig.
J

Videbat, he zvas seeing,

Vidit, he saw,

quid fecissem, tvhat

I had

4-

Viderat, he

had seen.

done (or did).

Observe what tenses of the subjunctive follow primarytenses of the indicative, and what tenses follow secondary.
374.

Rule
is

for

Sequence

of Tenses.

Whenever the sub-

junctive

used in a dependent or subordinate clause, the

is

tense that should be used

rule

determined by the following

A
mary

primary tense

in the

main

clause is followed by a pri;

tense in the dependent siibjnnctive clause

a secondary

tense is folloived by a secondary tense.

I.

Sometimes the perfect

has,
. .

indicative,

when

it

means

have,

.,

is

followed by a primary tense.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
375.
procedo, ere, process!,

77

VOCABULARY

go
try,

explorator, oris, m., scout.

in reliquum tempus,

forward, advance. Conor, ari, atus sum,

attempt.
conloquor,

for the

future.
inter
se dare,
to

exchange,

conloqui, conlocutogetJier,

give each
in

other.

tus

sum, speak

flumine

pontem

facio,

confer.

build a bridge across the

] \

in

animo habeo,
est

/ have
mind,
tend.

in
in-

river.

mihi

in

rogo,
beg.

are,

avi,

atus,

ask,

animo,
376.
I.
?

REVIEW EXERCISES

bit

Quis Caesare imperatore e proeli5 discedere audeCur Roma exire vultis ? 3. Labienus cohortes ex castrls eductas Instrul iussit. 4. Caesarl est nuntiatum summum montem a Labieno tenerl. 5. Ubi^ire mecum mavis ?
I.

2.

II,

I.

He

sent forward
2.

as possible.

men to fortify the hill as quickly The enemy hastened to attack our men
3.

while impeded in the river.

Are you

willing to obey

your leader

4.

After encouraging his

men

there Caesar

hastens to the river.

377.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Helvetils est in

animo

iter

per pr5vinciam facere.

Caesar rogavit cur inter se obsides darent. 3. Principes conloquantur convenient. 4. Imperator multos dies sclverat quae Galli facere conati essent. 5. Caesar praemittet eos qui in flumine pontem faciant.
2.

ut de deditione

6.

LegatI Gallorum Caesarl dixerunt quae sibi in anim5 in reliquum tempus essent. 7. GermanI a Caesare rogaverunt
1

When.

ESSKN. OF LATIN

12

178
"

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
in nostr5s fines processisti
?

Cur

"

8.

GermanI a Caesare

rogaverunt cur in suos fines processisset. 9. Summus collis castellls multls munitus erat ne hostes impetum facerent.
II.
10.
I.

In animo

habemus obsides
is

inter nos dare.

We

know who

going

to

the

city.

2.

The

going to Rome.''" 3. I know Caesar asked what that they have returned home. 4. towns they had captured. 5. We can see why they have
Heutenant
said,
is

"Who

6. Caesar is informed through scouts that the enemy fled. have advanced. 7. When the battle had been fought, the general saw who had been wounded.

l^r*Ji^M

mMM^
A<:

^--^>?^^?^^rii/

LESSON

63

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES
one that is used as a noun. In Its use as subject or object of a verb is most common. the following English examples the substantive clauses are
378.

substantive clause

is

italicized

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
I I

179

know what he has done. know {that) he has come.

happened that
persuaded us
lie

(As (As (As

object.)

object.)

subject, or in appo-

It

2vas present.
sition

with subject)

He

to leave the city.

We
I

feared that he might die.

tJiat

do not doubt
ordered us

he will go.

He

to

leave the city.

(As (As (As (As

object.)

object.)
object.) object.)

It will

be observed from these examples that substantive

clauses are expressed in

Enghsh

in several

ways.

In Latin

substantive clauses are usually expressed either

finitive or

by the

in-

indirect

by the subjunctive. This use of the infinitive in discourse and as complementary infinitive, and of the

subjunctive in indirect questions,

379.

we have already considered.

Subjunctive clauses introduced by ut or ne are very

often used in Latin as the object of verbs signifying to ask,

command, advise, resolve, nrge, persuade, permit, strive, decree.

As an

infinitive

phrase

is

used

in

English as the object of

is

such verbs, while ut or ne and the subjunctive

Latin, this difference in usage

used in

must be carefully noted.

Examples
1
.

Helvetiis persuasit ut exirent, he persuaded the Helvetii

to leave.

2.

Suis imperat ne id faciant, he orders his

this.

men

not

to

do

3.

Milites cohortatur ut

impetum

sustineant, he urges the

soldiers to sustain the attack.

4.

Te rogo ut mihi credas, / ask you

380.

to

believe me.

The

following are the most

common

verbs of the

classes mentioned in 379.

Their meanings and principal

:

parts should be carefully learned

l8o

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus, persuade.
impero, are, avi, atus, order, conwiaiid.

mando,

are, avi, atus, order,

command.
ask.

rogo, are, avi, atus, ask, beg.

postulo, are, avi, atus,

demand,

moneo,

ere,

monui, monitus, advise, zvarn.

(ii),

peto, ere, petivi

petitus, ask, request.

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, inquire, ask.

cohortor (and hortor), ari, atus sum, ejieonragc, tirge.
permitto, ere, permisi, permissus, permit, allozv.
concedo, ere, concessi, concessus, permit, allow.
1.

The

following are exceptions to the above, and are

infinitive,

fol-

lowed by the

as in English

iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order, comtnand.

veto, are, vetui, vetitus, forbid.
2.

The

following are followed either by (i) the infinitive,

or (2) ut or ne
tive
is

and the subjunctive. more common.

Yet the

infini-

patior, pati,

passus sum, suffer, allow.

constituo, ere, constitui, constitutus, determine.

cupio, ere, cupivi, cupitus, desire.

volo (also nolo 381.

I. I.

and malo),

velle, volui, zvish.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Sci5 quid
tibi sit in

animo.
3.

2.

conlocuti

domum

redierunt.
4.

Ab els

LegatI diu inter se Caesar rogavit cur ex

proelio discessissent.
e flnibus

Helvetil responderunt sese exire

2.
3.

4.

non c6natur5s. 5. Cur hostes se receperunt } II. I.I know whom you called together on that night. If our arms are surrendered, we cannot defend ourselves. They tried to keep the Germans away from their fields. They thought we could not build a bridge over that river.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
382,
I.
I.

l8l

EXERCISES
Caesar suls imperavit ut castra munlrent 2. Imcohortatus est ne clamoribus Gallorum
3.

perator equites

permoverentur.
gerere

Caesar,

Helvetils
4.

cum Germanis

constituit.

bellum Dumnorix Sequanis

superatis,
5.

persuadet ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant.

in flumine

Helvetil e
6.
7.

finitimis quaesiverunt ut obsides inter se darent.

Suos

Rhodan5 pontem
Galll ut
in
10.

facere legatus

iussit.

Caesar

Gallos monuit ne coniurati5nem in reliquum tempus facerent.

9.
8.

Ubi Caesar

agros vetuit.

quisquam vln5 utatur non permittunt. Gallorum fines pervenit, su5s vastare Nostri magnum Galldrum fugientium

numerum
II.
I.

occlderunt.

urge you to be brave. 2. The Helvetii persuaded their neighbors to attack the Romans. 3. The
us to do this as quickly as possible. him what he was doing. 5. He was informed that the enemy were crossing the river. 6. Now ^ that the Germans have been conquered, Caesar will allow us to return to Rome. 7. They were sent to build a bridge.

We

general
4.

commands^
^

We

asked

LESSON

64

READING LESSON

CHAPTER

IX

Dumnorix persuades the Sequani to allow the Helvetii to march through their Territory
383.
invltis
^

Relinquebatur una per Sequanos

via,

qua Sequanis
his sua
^

propter angustias Ire non poterant.

.

Cum ^
. .

impero.
*

abs.

since,

when.

3 j\jo-m Use rogo ab and ablative. conquered, use abl. ^ sua sponte, by their own mea7ts, on their own account.

lS2

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

sponte persuadere non possent, legates ad

Dumnorlgem

Haeduum mittunt, ut eo^ deprecatore a Sequanls impetrarent.^ Dumnonx gratia et larglti5ne apud Sequanos pluri-

mum

poterat et Helvetils erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate

Orgetorlgis flliam in matrimonium duxerat.

Ire patiantur,

Itaque rem
SequanI,

suscipit et a Sequanls impetrat ut per fines su5s Helveti5s

obsidesque ut inter sese dent perficit

ne

itinere

Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetil, ut sine iniuria

transeant.

LESSON

65

OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF FEARING. TEMPORAL, CAUSAL, AND CONCESSIVE

384.
1.

Cum

Examine the following

2.

Timeo ne hoc faciat, Ifear that he will do this (or I fear that he is doing this). Timebam ut hoc f aceret, Ifeared that he would not do this.

Observe
a.

b.

That the clauses ne hoc faciat and ut hoc f aceret are the object of the main verb. That ne is affirmative and means that, and that ut is negative and means that not.
385.

Rule

of

Syntax.

TJie subjunctive zvith ne, that, or

vej^bs

ut, that not, is jised

as the object of

or expressions of

fearing.
386.
1

Examine the following

2.
^

Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, zvhen Caesar came into Gaul. Cum Caesar in Gallia esset, when Caesar was in Gaul.
eo deprecatore, by his tnediation
'^

(literally,

he {being) an intercessor

ablative absolute).

Do

not confuse this verb with impero.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3.

183

Cum Cum

Caesari id nuntiatum esset,

to

ivhen this

had

been

reported
4.

Caesar.

his persuadere non possent, legates miserunt, since

they could not persuade them, they sent ambassadors.

5.

Cum primi
resisted.

ordines concidissent, reliqui

tamen

resistebant,

although the first ranks had fallen,

still the others

Cum, meaning zvhen (sentences

temporal, and the verb
is

i,

2,

3),

is

called
if

cum
is

usually subjunctive

the tense

used
used.

is

imperfect or pluperfect, otherwise the indicative

Cum, meaning
is is

since or as,

is

called
4).

cum
is

causal,

and the verb

although,

subjunctive (sentence

Cum, meaning
subjuncinfer

called

tive (sentence 5).

cum concessive, and the verb The student will be able to

in a given case.

from

the meaning of the whole sentence which of the three

translations
it

cum should have mean with the indicative ?

387.
1.

What must

Rules

of

Syntax.
clause expressing time, the verb
is

In a

cum

is

usually

subjunctive if the tense used

otherivise,
2.

imperfect or pluperfect

the indicative is

7ised..

In a
is

cum

clause expressing cause or concession, the

verb

subjunctive.

388.

VOCABULARY
signa infero, charge (literally, bear the standards aga inst ).

vereor, eri, veritus sum, fear,

respect.

timeo, ere, timui,

fear, be
,

in

fidem venire,

to

put ones

afraid of
intellego,
ere,

self under the protection.

intellexi,
in-

postquam,
promise.

conj., after.

tellectus, learn, knoiv, perceive.

polliceor, eri, pollicitus

sum.

84
389.
I.
I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REVIEW EXERCISES
Caesar quibusdam e suTs imperavit ut in flumine 2. Imperator Helvetils ne iter per pro3.

pontem

facerent.

vinciam faciant mandat.

certior
5.

German! a Caesare quaesive4.

runt cur in Galliam venisset.

fit

Caesar per expl6rat5res

summum montem

a Labieno
ut,

occupatum

esse.

Helvetil flnitimls persuadebant

exTrent.
I.

aedificils

incensfs,

secum
II.

He warns us not to leave the camp. 2. The Gauls urged each man to resist the Romans bravely.
3.

We

shall

attack
^

the

enemy who

are

following.

4.

Caesar ordered

the Gauls to give up their arms.

390.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Postquam Caesar ad exercitum

2.

pervenit, milites

castra munlre coeperunt.

nostrls amicis

Cum

hoc fecerlmus, tanien a

non culpabimur. 3. Imperator verebatur ne hostes nostros in flumine impedltos lacesserent. 4. Cum
nostrl fortiter resisterent, Galll se recipere constituerunt.
5.

Helvetil

superati

in

Caesaris
laborare

fidem venire volebant.

intellegeret,
est.

6.

Caesar,

cum

suos

in

primam

aciem processit, et milites cohortatus

fecissent,

Romam

redierunt.

8.

Hoc

facto,

Cum hoc 7. Romam redieRomanI

runt.

9.

Gall! polHcitl sunt se sociorum popull

10.

agros non vastaturos esse.

versa Inferre
II.
I.

Caesar suos signa con-

iussit.

We

feared that the general would not send us

^

aid.

2.

Although

the

enemy

resisted bravely, our

men

were able to take the town. 3. When Caesar was informed of their arrival, he drew up the line of battle.
1

Use iubeo.

"^Although

resisted.

Express in two ways.

See 311.

6,

315. 3S6. 5.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
4.
6.
I I

185

fear that he

is

coming.
7.

5.

know who

is

coming.

I know that he is coming. The man that I saw in Rome

has arrived.

LESSON
COMPOUNDS OF
391.

66

SUm.

DATIVE AFTER COMPOUND VERBS

The verb sum is comReview possum (274). the prepositions ab, ad, de, in, inter, ob, prae, pounded with Review the meanings of these preposipro (prod), super. In the compound tions from the general vocabulary. Learn prosum, / benefit, prod, not pro, is found before e. the conjugation of prosum (498). 392. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of sum
absum, abesse,
afui,

adsum, desum, deesse,

adesse, adfui,
defui,

be away, be absent. be present,

, ,

aid.

insum, inesse, infui,

be lacking, fail.
be in, be

among.
be among, be present.

intersum, interesse, interfui,

obsum, obesse, obfui,

be against, injure.

praesum, praeesse, praefui,

prosum, prodesse, profui,

be at the

head
to,

of,

command.

be of use

supersum, superesse, superfui,

393.
1

benefit.

be over, survive.

Examine the following

Legatus oppido praef uit, the lieutenant zvas in charge of

the town.

2.
3.

Amicis prosumus,

ive benefit

our friends.
-f

Exercitus hostibus appropinquabat (ad

propinquo), the

army
4.

tvas approaching the enemy.

Pecuniae pudorem anteponit, he put honor before money.

86

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Observe that these compound verbs govern the dative If a verb is transitive, as in 4, it may take both an accusative and a dative.
case.

394.

Rule

of

Syntax.

Many verbs compounded with

and super
VOCABULARY

ad,

ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub,

often

govern the dative.

395.

appropinquo, are, avi, atus,

approach,

vis (no gen. or dat. sing.),

draw

near.

vim,
vires,

vi,

bellum

infero, inferre, intuli,

(476) f., plur., ium, ibus, strength,

(plur.), strength,

inlatus,

and

dative, zvage

power ;
time.

zvar upon.

iterum, adv., again, a second

396.
I. I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

popull

Veremur ut impetum sustineant. Roman! fidem ventures polHcentur.

in
4.
^

2.
3.

Gall! se in

Postquam
intel-

Caesar
lexit.

Galliam venit, gentes obsides inter se dare

II.
2. 3. 4.

Quae cum ita sint, in hostium finibus morabimur, The Gauls feared that the Romans would advance. The Gauls thought that the Romans were advancing. The camp that had been fortified was a mile wide. They persuaded the Sequani to exchange hostages.
I.

397.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Caesar cum finibus Gallorum approplnquaret,
processit.
2.

magna cum cura

poterant,
1

Pedites diu pugnare non

3.

quod A

sibi vires deerant.

relative at the

German! dixerunt
is

these things.

beginning of a sentence

often translated

by a demonstrative.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

187

Romanes

sibi

bellum

intulisse.

4.

Virl qui suTs amicis

obsunt non sunt fIdL 5. Galli mulieres liberosque unum 6. Caesar in locum convocabant ne tells interficerentur.

Labienum
oppidl,

qui

castris
traditis,

praeesset

reliquit.

7.

Incolae

armis
sunt.
^

tamen

Romanis

resistere

iterum

Cum legatus a hostium finibus non 8. duobus millibus passuum abesset, castra posuit. Omnes qui pugnae superfuerant a Caesare pacem 9. 10. Cum oppidl incolae pauci essent, expugpetebant.
conati

amplius

narl
II.

n5n
I.

potuit.

We

all

wish to benefit our friends.

2.

Labienus

commanded two legions. 3. Caesar said he intended to wage war on the Germans. 4. We persuaded them to leave Rome with us. 5. Although we are drawing near the enemy, we ought not to fear, if^ Caesar is general.
6.

Caesar called

all

the soldiers together.

LESSON

67

THE IMPERATIVE. COMMANDS AND EXHORTATIONS

398.

Forms of the Imperative Mood

Second Person

Second Person

IMPERATIVE ACTIVE
Singular
Plural

IMPERATIVE PASSIVE
Singular

Plural

ama, love mone, advise mitte, scud

cape, take
audi, hear

am ate
monete
mittite

am are,

be loved

monere, be advised
mittere, be sent

amamini monemini
mittimini

capite

capere, be taken
audire, be Jieard
^ //"
.
. .

capimini

audite

audimini

general : see 316.

88

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Observe that the present active imperative has the same form as the present stem (86), and that the present passive imperative, singular and plural, have the same forms as
the second person singular in
-re and tJic second person plural of the pjrsent indicative passive. The present active imperatives of dico, duco, facio, and

fero are die, due, fae, fer.

Give the imperative forms of gero, video,

capio, sequor, laudo.

dico,

munio,

399.
in

The

imperative

is

used to

command

or exhort
is

the second person, while the

subjunctive

used to

exhort or urge in the first

and

third persons.

For

ex-

ample

A.FFIRMATIVE

Negative
let

1ST Per.

laudem,
praise

me

ne laudem,

let

me

not praise

2D Per. 3D Per.

laud a, praise
laudet,
let

noli laudare,

do not p7'aise

him

ne laudet,

let

him

not praise

praise
1ST Per.

laudemus,
praise

let

us

ne

laudemus,

let

ns

not

praise
nolite laudare,

2D 3D

Per.

laudate, praise

do not praise
let

Per.

laudent, let

them

ne

laudent,

them

not

praise

praise

ne,

Observe that the negative used with the subjunctive is but that ne is not used with the imperative, but instead noli or nolite (pres. imperative of nolo, be umvilling) and
the infinitive.

Do

not use ne or non with the imperative to

express a negative command.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
400.
praeficio, ere,

189

VOCABULARY
praefeci, prae-

sum, dep., turn back,

turn.

re-

fectus,

set
of.

over,

put

in

charge
refero,

animadverto,
verti,

ere,

animad(ani///;;/ //''

referre, rettuli, rela-

animadversus

tus,

carry

back; referre
till late

pedem,

to retreat.

mus + ad + vert6), mind to, notice, punish.

adversus,
f'^d^igy
a,

ad multam noctem,
at night.
longe, ?idw.,far,far

urn,
;

opposite,

hostile

adverse

off.

colle, ;// the hill.

,

reverto, ere, reverti,

and

Ariovistus,

i,

m., Ariovistus,

reverter, reverti, reversus

chief of the

Germans.

401.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES

oppidum non longe a prdvincia abest. I. I Hud Hostium copiae conatae sunt castellum, cui praeerat legatus, expugnare. 3. Ariovistus dixit non sese Gallls sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse. 4. Labienus, unus ex
2.

Caesaris legatls, oppido appropinquare contendit.

proell finem

5.

Cum

nox Caesarem venerunt.

II.
I.

fecisset, viri

summa

gratia

apud suos ad

The

other captured.

man did this the Roman people

402.
I.
I.

had two daughters one was killed, the I fear that he will injure me. 3. The himself. 4. The chief said, "The power of
chief
2.
;

is

very great."

EXERCISES

ferre."

Gain responderunt, " N5llte Romanis bellum Tn3. Fortiter 2. Die mihi quid in animo vobis sit.
^

pugnemus
1

ne sub potestate Caesaris veniamus.

is

4.

Caesar

Notice that the subjunctive of exhortation

the main verb of the sentence.

See 349.

I90

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Gall5s iterum coniurationem facere animadvertisset,
5.

cum

legates ad se reverti iussit.

Cum
6.

vires sibi deessent,

hostes referre
colle

pedem

coeperunt.
7.

Signa Inferte adverse

ad hostium
8.

castra.

praefecit.

Cum

nostrl ad

Labienum urbl captae Caesar multam noctem contendissent,

9.

nemo ab hostibus occlsus est. "Cur in meos fines venis ? "

onibus in castrls
in acie
II.

Ariovistus Caesarl

dixit,

10.

Hoc

facto,

duabus

legi-

relictis,

reliquas sex legiones pro castrls

Caesar
I.

constituit.
2.

Let us wage war.

if

Do

not do

this.

3.
5.

Pur-

sue the enemy,

you wish.

4.

Let them do

this.

Labi-

enus,^ lead the forces out of camp.

6. Friends, do not remain in Rome. 7. We were afraid that our men would not be able to seize the top of the mountain.

persuade

me

to

LESSON

68

GERUND AND GERUNDIVE

403.

Carefully

distinguish

the

difference

in

English

between a verbal noun and a verbal adjective. They both end in -ing, the verbal noun being used like a noun in any of the cases, and the verbal adjective, or participle, like an adjective, always in agreement with some word. Both have the force of a verb, and may therefore take an object. Compare these examples
:

found

my
\^

friends

zvaiting for me.

(Participle,

or

verbal adjective.)

Waiting

tedious.

(Verbal noun, subject of "is.")

We

learn to do by doing.

(Verbal noun.)
is

404. In Latin, the

gernnd
1

a verbal nonn.

It

has only
the

the genitive, dative,

accusative,
Review
29,
i.

and ablative
52, 2.

cases,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
nominative case being

191

Its supplied by the infinitive. gerundive is a verbal adjective (see The gender is neuter. 308), and is passive in its meaning. Learn tiie gerunds and gerundives of the model 405.

verbs (491-495). present stem.

406.

Note that they are formed from the

Examine the following

f
\

NOM.

Videre est credere, seeing

.-

is

bclicvinsr (infinitive

as subject).

,.

Gen.

Ars Vivendi (gerund), the art of living. Venit amicorum videndorum causa (gerundive), Jie came to see his friends {for the sake of seeing
his friends).

fVix his rebus

Dat.^
I

administrandis

tempus dabatur

(gerundive), time ivas hardly given for managinsr these things.

Venit ad

pugnandum (gerund), he came

to

fight

Ace.

{for fighting, or for tJie purpose offighting). Venit ad amicos videndos (gerundive), Jie came
see his friends

to

{for the purpose of seeing his

friends).
'

Mens

discendo

alitur

(gerund),

the

mind

is

Abl.

strengthened by learning.
-1

Conlocuti sunt de consiliis faciendis (gerundive),

tJiey

conferred about forming plans.

Observe
I.

That when the gerundive is used the noun is put the proper case, and the gerundive agrees with it gender, number, and case.
^

in

in

The

use of the dative of the gerund or gerundive

is

is

not very

common

ad and the accusative

more common.

192
2.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

3.

That the gerundive is generally used instead of the gerund when there is an object. That purpose may be expressed by ad and the accusative of the gerund or gerundive, and by causa followWhat ing the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. other ways are there of expressing purpose ?
407.

VOCABULARY
causa, ae,
abl.,
f.,

conicio, ere, conieci, coniectus,

cause, reason;

throw, hurl.
deligo, ere,

for
a,

the sake (after a

delegi,

delectus,

genitive).

select, choose.

cupidus,
space,

um, desirous

of,

spatium,

i,

n.,

time,

eager for (with genitive).

denique,
?i.^v.,

opportunity.

finally, at last.
sooti.

iam, adv., now, already,

408.
I.
I.

REVIEW EXERCISES
Animadvertite quae f ecerit.
2.

Noll, hostibus appro3.

plnquantibus, castrls legatum praeficere.

superatls, in provinciam revertamur.
et

Omnibus

Gallls

4. Ubi turrim mover! approplnquare moenibus viderunt, legates ad Caesarem

5.

de pace miserunt.
II.
I.

Die nobis quos

Romae

vlderls.

Do
2.
3.

not persuade them to

Romans. tHem up.

wage war on the Lead your troops out of camp and draw
Let us always obey the general.
4.
I

fear

the Gauls will be defeated.

409.

EXERCISES

L
4.

I.

Discimus agere agendo.

fecit.
3.

2.

Legatus finem

lo-

quendl

Milites

erant cupidl potiendl oppidL

Bellum gerere hieme est difficillimum. 5. Hostes tam celeriter accesserunt ut spatium telorum coniciendorum n5n daretur. 6. Caesar locum omnibus rebus idoneum castrls delegit. 8. Com7. LegatI ad pacem petendam venerunt.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
plures prlncipes ad
runt.
9.

193

Caesarem pacis petendae causa vene-

Ad

eas res conficiendas

10.

annum

satis esse Helvetil

arbitrabantur.
silia

Galli

de bello Romanis Inferendo con-

faciebant.
I.

11.

Ne

n5s e proelio discedamus.

2.

II.

Fighting; by fighting; of fighting.

for

For the
3.

purpose of defending; for the sake of choosing.

Time

was not given

defending the
5.

city.

4.

Caesar sent
attacked our

men men

to^ fortify the camp.

The enemy

while crossing the river.

all

6.
7.

He

chose a lieutenant to
is

accomplish
difficult.

these things.

Choosing good friends

8.

Do

not leave the

city.

LESSON
Note to the Teacher.
revievjf

69

COMPLETE REVIEW OF VERB FORMS

As much time should be

It
is

given to this review

of verb forms as the needs of the class require.

suggested that this

be made by synopsis, and by quick recognition of miscellaneous verb

forms both orally and in writing.

Review 235 and 352. Review the principal parts meanings of the following verbs and
410.
:

timed

procedo
peto

conicio

impero
pareo

approplnquo
intellego polliceor

deligo

permitto
vols n5lo

animadvert
reverto

quaero

c5nsequor

conloquor
vereor

moror
obtine5
praefici5

audeo
progrodior

Conor
411.

malo respondeo

Following the form suggested below, write the synfirst

opsis of (i) tollo in the

person singular, and of (2)

Conor in the third person plural.

^

for defending : genitive case.

ESSEN. OF latin

^ to fortify

express in four ways.

194

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

FORMi FOR SYNOPSIS

Principal Parts

Tense

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative

Infinitive

Participle

Pres.

\^''-

[Pass.
J

[Act.

'"P^Mpass.
Fut.

\^'''
{

Pass.

Pass.
^

Plup.

if
1

(Pass.

Fut.
Perf.

jAct.
Pass.

LESSON

70

READING LESSON

CHAPTER X
Caesar prepares to defeat the Plans of the
Helvetii
412.

Caesari renuntiatur
et

HelvetiTs

esse in

agrum Sequanorum
1

Haeduorum

iter in

animo per Santonum fines

This form

is

merely suggested as a model

for writing the synopsis of a verb.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
facere, qui

195

civitas est in pr5vincia.

non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae Caesar nolebat homines bellicosos,
inimlcds, pr5vinciae esse finitimos.

populi

R5manl

Ob

eas

res ei muniti5ni
fecit, et
ibi

quam

fecerat T.

Labienum legatum

prae-

ipse in Italiam

magnis

itineribus contendit

duasque

legiones c5nscrlbit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiehibernls educit et

mabant/ ex
Ire in

cum

his

quinque legionibus
prohibere

ulteriorem Galliam contendit.

Ibi nonnullae nationes,

locis

superioribus occupatis, itinere exercitum

His compluribus proehls^ pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris pr5vinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die^ septimo pervenit inde in Alloconantur.
;

brogum
ducit.
1

fines,

ab Allobrogibus

in

Segusiavos exercitum

Hi sunt
Can you not

extra provinciam trans

its

Rhodanum
Why

priml.

infer

meaning from hiems

ablative

v;**-^

l\

^mmm.
Roman Harbor and
Ships (Restoration)

SUPPLEMENTARY LESSONS
Note to the Teacher.
attempted

These

lessons are designed to

meet the needs

of those classes that wish a more extensive treatment of syntax than has been
in the previous lessons. They are so arranged that they may be taken up in connection with the previous lessons, or in any order that the

teacher wishes.

LESSON

71

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. PRESENT AND PAST TIME

413.

Conditional sentences are complex sentences.

They

two clauses, the condition (or protasis) introduced by " if," "if not," "unless," and the conclusion (or apodosis). For example
consist of
:

If
If

it

rains, I shall not go.

I

he had not seen me,

will not

should have gone.

I

You

do this unless

command

you.
in

Observe that a condition may be expressed

the subject after the verb in the condition.

English

without using "if," "if not," "unless," by merely placing

For example

Had he
414.

not seen me,

should have gone.

Various classifications of conditional sentences are

possible, but for convenience they will be considered as

follows
I.

Conditions referring to prcsettt or past time.

1.

Simple.

2.

Contrary to Fact.
196

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
II.

197

Conditions referring to future time.

1.

Vivid Future.

2.

Less Vivid Future.

Simple Condition
:

415.

Examine the following

1.

Si hoc faciunt, bene est, if tJicy are doing this,

it is zvell.

2.

Si hoc fecerunt, bene fuit,

if they did

this, it %vas well.

Observe
a.

That the condition

the statement
;

(or protasis) does not

is

true or not,

i.e.

imply whether whether " they did

b.

this " or not it merely makes a supposition. That the present or past tenses of the indicative are used in both condition and conclusion.

416.

Contrary-to-fact Conditions
:

Examine the following

1.

Si hoc facerent, bene esset, if tJiey 2vere{now)

it

doing

this,

would

be well.

2.

Si hoc fecissent, bene fuisset, if they

had done

this, it

zvould have been

ivell.

Observe
a.

That the condition

that
is
;

(or protasis)

makes a supposition

obviously contrary to the actual facts of the

i.e.

case
.

the

first

sentence implies that they are not

now doing
'

this,

and the second sentence, that they

b.

had not done this. That the imperfect subjunctive is used in both condition and conclusion, when the time is present, and the
pluperfect subjunctive,

when

the time

is

past.

198
417.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
EXERCISES

(In these and the succeeding exercises, the student should use the general
vocabularies whenever
it is

necessary.)

I.

I.

Si

Helvetii acrius
adesset, exire
si

meus amicus Romae est, laetus sum. Romanis restitissent, non victi essent.

2. 3.

Si Si

Roma

parati essemus.
5.

4.
si

Laetus

fuit pater,

quis llberos laudavit.

Caesar,
6.

accedere hostes arbiSi imperator

tratus esset, aciem instruxisset.

Plures Gallorum occlsl

7.
.''

essent,
esses,
II.

'si

nostrl celerius consecuti essent.

daresne proell committendl signum

I.

If
I

they had been at home,

should have been

3. If anything happened, it was reported to the general. 4. That soldier would leave the battle, if he were not a brave man. 5. Who would not have done the same thing, had he been present }

glad.

2.

am

glad,

if

they are at home.

6.

If the general

you were

in

commands, the soldiers obey him. Rome, should you wish to be a soldier ?

7.

If

LESSON
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
418.

72

(Continued).

FUTURE TIME

Vivid Future Conditions

:

Examine the following

Si hoc facient, bene
tui/l be well.
erit,

(f tJicy do this

(i.e. zvill

do

this), it

Observe
a.

That the condition

(or protasis) states a future sup'posi{i.e.

tion vividly or strongly

b.

by using

" will ").

That the future indicative

conclusion.

is

used in both condition and

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
c.

199
often refer to
"
if

That the present tense

future time
will
{i.e.

in

English

may
"

"

if

they do this

means

they

do

this ").

419.

Less Vivid Future Conditions

:

Examine the following

Si hoc faciant, bene
well.
sit,

if

tlicy

should do

this, it ivoitld

be

Observe
a.

That the condition

(or protasis) here states a future

{i.e.

supposition in a less distinct and vivid fashion

b.

by using "should" or "would"). That the present subjunctive is used and conclusion.
420.
I.

in

both condition

Summary of Conditions
Present or Past Time.

Simple.

Present or past tenses of the

to Fact.

indicative in both parts.

,

Contrary
a.

Present time
tive in

imperfect

subjunc-

Classes of

both parts.

Conditional

-'

^-

P^st time
in

pluperfect

subjunctive

Sentences
II.
1.

both parts.

Future Time.

Vivid Future
parts.

Future indicative

in

both

2.

Less Vivid Future

in

Present subjunctive

both parts.

421.

It

that the condition (or protasis)

has been explained in 311, 5, 315, 2, and 316 may be expressed by the

participle without the use of si or nisi.

For example

200

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Principes Gallorum victi

Romam
to

mittentur, the chiefs of the

Gauls, if they are conquered (literally, having been

conquered^ will be sent

422.
I.
I.

Rome.

EXERCISES
Si equites consequentur,
2.

magnum

hostium

numerum

Occident.

magnum hostium numerum occldant. 3. Caesare imperatore, numquam terrebimur. 4. Helvetii flumen Rhodanum transiissent, nisi Caesar in Galliam contendisset. 5. Obsides llberati domum
Si equites c5nsequantur,
6. 7.

redeant,
poterunt.

Incolae,

armis

traditis,

sese defendere n5n

Si hostes flumen transeant, nostri

non con-

sequantur.
II.
I.

If

we should go
2.

to

Athens,
to

we

should see

many

beautiful buildings.

If

we go
3.

Athens, we shall see

the Helvetii tried to
4.

many

beautiful buildings.

Had

cross the river, Caesar would have prohibited them.

If

Labicnus hurries, he will be able to seize the top of the hill. 5. If Caesar should attack that town, the inhabitants would not be able to defend it. 6. If you were in the town, you would be alarmed at Caesar's approach. 7. Who will be afraid, if the town has been well fortified ?

LESSON
WISHES
423.
I.

73

Wishes may be divided

into

two classes

Those that

refer to the future,

\s>

for

something that

possible.

and express a desire For example

: !

May my
Would

friend

come

that

my

friend

would come

that

my

friend would

come

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

20I

Observe that the above expressions are different ways

of expressing the
II.

same

desire.

Those that

wish for something which

attained.

wishes.
that
1

and that impHed) is not or was not They are, therefore, sometimes called hopeless For example
refer to present or past time,
(it is
:

my '
,

friend were here

r
.

referring to present
.

wish (that)
that

Would
that
1

my friend were here my friend were here

.1
!
'

time,

j and imply

ing that he
here.

is

not

my

referring
friend had been here

to

past

wish (that)
that

Would
424.
1.

my friend had been here my friend had been here

:

time,
! !

and implying that he was

not here.

Examine the following

veniat,

Utinam meus amicus

sible).

maj my friciid come !

would
that

(pos-

2.

Utinam meus amicus

here
!

adesset,

my friend

were
is

(hopeless in present time, implying that he

not here).
3.

Utinam meus amicus

been
Jiere !

my friend had implying that he (hopeless in past time,

adfuisset,

that

was not
Observe
a.
b.

here).

That the subjunctive is used to express a wish. That the present subjunctive expresses a wish that is possible, and that the imperfect subjunctive expresses a wish that is hopeless in present time, and the pluperfect in past time.

e.

That hopeless wishes employ the same mood and tenses

as contrary-to-fact conditions (416).

202

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
is

Utinam
regularly

often omitted with the present tense, but

is

used with the imperfect or pluperfect.

is

The

negative

ne.

425. Rule of Syntax.

Wishes are expressed by

EXERCISES

the sub-

junctive, zuith or without utinam.

426.
I. I.

Utinam ne
"

Galli coniurationem fecissent

!

2.
!

Miles

e proeli5 ne discedat
vetil dixerunt,

remur
II.

"
!

5.
!

intulissent
I.

3. Utinam hoc f acerent 4. HelUtinam ne altissimis montibus contineUtinam ne GermanI populo R5mano bellum 6. Utinam Romam veniamus
!

May
to
4.

he always obey the general!

!

had gone
in

Athens

Gaul!

O
if
^

we be killed, we were able

2. I wish we we were with Caesar that he had not persuaded me! 5. May we surrender our arms 6. Would that
3.

Would

that

to

go with you

LESSON

74

INDIRECT DISCOURSE. COMPLEX SENTENCES

427.
is

Review 327-330, 349. When a complex sentence quoted indirectly, its principal or main verb follows the
Its

rule stated in 329.

dependent verb follows

becomes
subjunctive.

this

law

Each dependent verb

Its

tense

depends upon the tense of the introductory verb of saying, thinking, etc., in accordance with the principle of sequence

of tenses (374).
428. Pronouns in Indirect Discourse.
direct
to

In changing from
first

indirect
1

discourse,
if we
.
. .

pronouns of the
:

and

ai-ins

see 315,

2.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

203

second persons are generally changed to pronouns of the

pronouns refer sometimes to the subject of the introductory verb, and sometimes to the
third person.
reflexive

The

subject of the verb of their

429.

own
:

clause.

Examine the following

DiRFXT Discourse

Indirect Discourse
Present Time

Vir quern video meus amicus

Dicitvirum quern videatsuum

man my friend.
est, tJie

zvJiom

I see

is

amicum
the

esse, Jic says that

man whom
Past Time

he sees

is

his friend.

Dixit

virum quern videret

suum

amicum

esse,

he

said that the

inaji

zvhom

he sazv was his friend.

Observe
a.

b.

That the main verb est becomes esse with its subject virum in the accusative. That the dependent (or subordinate) verb video becomes
present subjunctive, videat,
verb, dicit,
is

when

the introductory

a primary tense, and imperfect subjunc-

tive, videret,

when

the introductory verb, dixit,

is

secondary tense.
c.

That the person

third person,

dependent verb changes to the and that meus becomes suum, because it
of the

refers to the subject of the introductory verb.

430. Rule of Syntax.

In

ijidirect

disanirse the
aecusative,
in

verbs are

in

the

infinitive

zvitJi

subjeet

main and

the subordinate {or dependent^ verbs are

tive.

the subjunc-

204
431.
I. I.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
EXERCISES
Mllites

quos

mecum

habul

fortissimi

fuerunt.
fuisse.

2.
3.

Dixit mllites quos

secum habuisset fortissimos

Ubi ad nostrum exercitum pervenimus, milites castra muniebant. 4. Dicunt mllites, ubi ad suum exercitum pervenerint, castra munivisse.
5.

Caesar

dLxit suos flumen,

6.

quod

altissimum esset, transTre n5n posse.

dixit,

Ariovistus

Caesarl

"

Volo de

his

rebus,

quae

inter nos agl^

7.

coeptae neque perfectae sunt, agere^ tecum."

vistus Caesarl dixit se velle de his rebus,

Ario-

quae
eo.

inter eos

agi coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere

II.
I.

cum

The
is

river that

we

see

is

very wide.

2. 3.

said that the river that they

saw was very wide.

They The
I

lieutenant
4.

frightened because the

indirectly in

enemy

are approaching.
5.

Write
I

Latin after audio.

6.

When

arrived,

saw
7.

my

friend.

Write

5 indirectly in Latin

after dixit.

Ariovistus replied that those

who have

con-

quered ought

to rule^ those

whom

they have conquered.

75

LESSON

IMPERSONAL USE OF VERBS. SUPINE. DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING PURPOSE

432. Verbs are said to be used impersonally when they do not have a personal subject. This impersonal use is more common in Latin than in English. There are some

verbs in Latin that are used only impersonally, while others

are used both personally and impersonally.

Examples
Acriter

pugnatum est, the battle was fought sharply, or was sharp fighting- {\\\.QrQ.\\y, it was sharp/y foughty
1

thej'e

because.

ago,

treat.

impero.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

205

Vos hoc facere oportet, you ought to do this (literally, it is proper that you do this). Vobis hoc facere licet, you may do this (literally, it is permitted
433.
sion,
to

you

to

do

this).

The

supine

is

a verbal noun of the fourth declenin

and has forms only

-um and

-u.
:

These forms are

used only in the following constructions

Legati venerunt Caesarem gratulatum, ambassadors came

cono-ratuhite Caesar. o

to

Hoc

diflacile est factu, tJiis is difficult to do.

-um is used to express purpose only after verbs of motion, and the supine in -u is used with a few adjectives and indeclinable nouns.
in

The supine

434.

Various

Ways

of Expressing Purpose
3.

Review

351, 364, 406,

Are there
?

several

ways

of

expressing purpose in English

Examples
ut
Helvetii legatos

pacem

peterent,
tJic
i-

qui pacem peterent,

pacis petendae causa,

Helvetii sent amto

bassadors
peaee.

seek

miserunt

ad pacem petendam,

pacem petitum,
Milites mittuntur
435.

ad pugnandum,

the soldiers are sent

to fight.
is

pugnandi causa.

TJie supine in -um Rule of Syntax. express purpose after verbs of motion.

used

to

436.
I. I. Hoc Te ad me

EXERCISES
est mirabile dictu.
2.

Ariovistus respondit,

"

venire oportet."

3.

Principes Gallorum ad

206

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Caesarem venerunt auxilium petltum. 4. Si volimt, els ex oppido exire licet. 5. In utram partem ^ flumen Arar fluat oculls iudicarl n5n potest. 6. Helvetil rogant ut iter per
provinciam
dicuntur.
II.
is
I.

sibi
8.

facere liceat.

7.

Gall! coniurationem

f acere

Gallos coniurationem facere dicitur.^

to

He went
There
is

Rome

to
3.

see his daughters.

easier to say than to do.

4.

We
It

ought

to

2. This obey the gen5.

eral.

sharp fighting on the right wing.

to

The

soldiers

may go

Rome*.

6.

was reported that the

enemy were returning home.

LESSON

jG

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS
437. The first or active periphrastic conjugation is formed by the future active participle and verb sum. It is future in its meaning, and expresses the idea conveyed in English by the phrases "about to," "going to," "intend to." For example
:

Laudaturus
or intends

est,
to

he

is

about

to praise,

or

is

going

to pj-aise,

praise.

For
It

all

has been noticed that there

forms of this conjugation, see 504. is no future or future per-

fect tense in the subjunctive.

periphrastic conjugation

The subjunctive of the first may be used in their place. For

zv/ioni Jic is

example
Scio

quem visurus
he

sit,

/ knozv

going

to see,

or

whom
438.

zuill see.

The second
2 j( (^

or passive periphrastic conjugation

It is

is

formed by the gerundive and the verb sum.

^

passive

direction,

said,

^ (o

daughters

express in four ways.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
in its

207

necessity.

meaning, and expresses the idea of obligation or For example

:

Laudandus
(literally,

est, Jic

ought

to be

praised, or he

must

be praised

he

is to

be praised\
this conjugation, see 505.

For
439.
1.

all

forms of

Uses of the Passive Periphrastic Conjugation

for

The person
is

whom

the obligation or necessity exists

expressed by the dative.

is

2.

Since the conjugation

literally of this

passive, all active English sen"

tences must be recast before they are the equivalent

Latin construction.
this
is

Thus

must
mihi

do

this "

"

For me

to

be done,"

id

agendum
3.

est.

Intransitive verbs are used impersonally in this conju-

gation in Latin.

Thus:

"We

ought

to

come," nobis

veniendum

est.

Examples
Urbs est munienda,
Nobis fortiter
tJie

city

must
est,

be fortified.
to (or

pugnandum

we ought
had
to

must) fight

bravely (literally, /i^r ns

it is to

be fought bravely\
to

Caesari omnia erant agenda, Caesar

(literally, yi?;'

do everything

Caesar everything zuas

be done\

440.

EXERCISES
;

L
2.

Visurl eramus amatura f uit moniturae erant. I. Nobis cum Gallls bellum gerendum est. 3. Incolae
;

oppidi eruptionem erant facturl. 4. Caesari omnia uno tempore agenda erant acies Instruenda, signum dandum, mllites ab opere revocandl erant. 5. Si victur! sumus, nobis fortissime contendendum erit. 6. Sciebam quid vos facturl
;

208
essetis.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

8. Incolis qiilnque 7. Sciebam quid vos faceretis. oppidum defendendum fuit. 2. They were about II. I. We intend to go to Rome. to fortify the top of the hill. 3. They must fortify the camp. 4. It was reported to Caesar that the Gauls were

dies

5. We ought to hurry to the city. Labienus had to cross the river. 7. Caesar asked who was going to remain with him. 8. The ambassadors will have to answer.

about to attack him.

6.

SELECTIONS FOR READING

STORIES
441.
1

FROM ROMAN HISTORY

Early Boyhood of Romulus and Remus

Numitorem
et

Proca, rex Albanorum,

habuit.

Amulium
regnum

flHos

Numitorl, qui natu maior erat,

rellquit

sed Amulius, pulsd^ fratre, regnavit et

eius flliam,
et

Rheam

Silviam,

Vestae sacerdatem
edidit.

Remum geminos

quae^ tamen Romulum Quare Amulius ipsam in vincula

fecit,

coniecit, parvulos alveo impositds* abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus sed, relabente fiumine,
;

eos aqua in sicco rellquit.

dines erant.
gessit.

Vastae turn in ils locis s5lituLupa ad vagltum accurrit, matremque^ se

1

Cum
tulit in

lupa saepius*' ad

parvulos veluti ad catulos re-

verteretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, re

animadversa eos
dedit.

casam

et

Accae Larentiae coniugl

Adultl"

^ deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicrls^ certaminibus vires auxerunt, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a
1

15

These

stories are

Little faith

from the traditional accounts of Rome's early history. should be put in them as a true historical record, at least as far as
2
^

details

are concerned.

puls5 (pello) fratre,

*

abl.

absolute, after he
:

had

See 311, 7. impositos abiecit translate ^ matremque se as if they were two coordmated verbs, imposuit et abiecit. very often. adulti (adolescd), when grozun gessit, acted like a mother.
driven out his brother.
hut she.
''

(literally,

^ iQdicris certaminibus, having grown). From VIS do not confuse with vir, viri.
;

7vith

playful

contests.

ESSEN. OF LATIN

I4

209

210

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Quare cum
iis

pecoribus arcere coeperunt.

latrones,

Insidiatl essent

Remus

captus

est,

Rdmulus

vi se defendit.

Tum
^

Faustulus indicavit Romul5 quis esset^ eorum avus, quae

mater.
5

Romulus

statim armatis pastdribus

Albam

pro-

peravit.

442.

The Founding of Rome

latrones ad

Interea
runt,

Remum

Amulium regem

perduxe-

eum

accusantes quasi ^ Numitoris

agros Infestare

solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad supplicium traditus est at Numitor, adulescentis vultum con10 siderans, baud ^ procul erat quin nepotem agndsceret.
;

Nam Remus

oris llneamentls^ erat matrl simillimus aetas-

Ea res dum que expositionis temporibus congruebat. Numitoris animum anxium tenet,^ repente Romulus supervenit,
15

fratrem

llberat,

avum Numitdrem

in

regnum

restituitJ

Deinde Romulus

et

Remus urbem
n5men novae
^^

in ilsdem locis, ubi

;

expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt^

sed orta inter

^^

eos contcnti5ne, uter

urbl daret

eamque
prior sex

regeret, auspicia decreverunt

20

adhibere.

Remus

vultures,

victor

Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus, Ad novae urbis augurio, urbem R5mam vocavit.
sufficere

tutelam
inrldens

vallum

videbatur.

Cuius

^^

angustias

cum Remus

saltu id traiecisset,
:

eum

Iratus^^

Roqul-

mulus interfecit, his increpans verbis 25cumque alius transiliet moenia mea " est imperio ^^ Romulus.
!

" Sic deinde,

Ita s5lus potitus

* 6

haud dum,
;

For mood and tense, see 369-374. ^ See 231. ^ on the grotmd that. ^ See 157. agnosceret, came very near recognizing his grandson.
.

7i'kile,

regularly takes the pres. ind.

fect
t'MO.

translate
^^

" was keeping.'^

subjunctive
?
^^

''

restituo.

Why

decemo.

where the English uses the imper^ as to which of the ^ condo. i^ " For case, its. ^^ anger.
^'^

see 337.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Romulus, First King of the Romans
War
with the Sabines

211

443.

Romulus imaginem
incolae deerant.
fecit.
git.

magis quam urbem fecerat; proximo lucus hunc asylum Et statim eo mira vls^ latronum pastorumque confuCum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,
urbis
in
^

Erat

legates circa viclnas

gentes misit,
peterent.^

qui societatem conu-

biumque novo populo

legatio est; ludibrium etiam

Nusquam benigne audita additum "Cur non feminis

:

bium."
parat
;

quoque asylum aperuistis ? Id enim compar foret^ c5nuRomulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos
10

Multi indlcl ^ deinde f Initimis spectaculum iubet. convenerunt studio videndae novae urbis, maxime Sablnl

cum

llberls et

coniugibus.
"

eoque ^ conversae mentes

dato iuvenes

cum

Ubi spectacull tempus venit oculis erant, tum signo

Sablnl enim ob virgines
et
15

RomanI

discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.^

belli.

Haec

f uit

statim causa

raptas^ bellum

adversus

Romanos sumpserunt,
moenia petltum
arcl.
^^

cum

Romae
pater

approplnquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti

forte extra
ierat.

sunt,^*'

quae aquam

Huius
20

Romanae

praeerat

Titus Tatius, Sablnorum

si ^^

dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit,

in Capit5lium perduxisset.
stris

exercitum suum
in sini-

Ilia petilt

quod Sablnl

manibus gererent,^^ videlicet aureos anul5s et armillas. Quibus dolose pr5missls, Tarpeia Sablnos in arcem per1

in proximo, Jiear by.

ntiinber.

^
^

See 364.
eo

esset, zvoald
"

l>e.

'

Pres.

pass, infin. of indico, to be

announced.
(literally,

in spectaculum.
zvit/i

mentes cum

oculis,
is

minds and eyes alike

minds

eyes).

The

connective, et,

often omitted in rapid historical narrative.

the seizure

ob virgines raptas, on account

of
^''

nanciscor.

of the maidens (literally, on account of the seized ?naidens'). 11 Supine to denote purpose 12 gj perdiixisset, see 438.
; _
_

if she

would

lead,

^^

wore.

212

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
^

duxit, ubi Tatius scutis earn

obrul iussit

nam

et^ ea in
vindi-

laevis habuerant.

Sic impia proditio celerl

poena

cata

est.

444.

Romulus, First King of the Romans

Peace with the Sabines.

Death of Romulus

Deinde Romulus ad certamen pr5cessit, et in eo loco ubi Primo nunc Romanum Forum est pugnam conseruit. impetu vir inter Romanos Insignis, nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans
runt.
^

cecidit*; quare
"

RomanI fugere

coepe-

lam Sablnl clamitabant:

Vicimus perfidos hospites,^

imbelles hostes.
lorapere, aliud

Nunc sciunt longe^ aliud esse virgines pugnare cum virls." Tunc Romulus, arma ad
lovl

caelum

tollens,

aedem
;

vovit,

et exercitus

restitit.'^

Itaque proelium redintegratur

sed raptae mulieres ausae

sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc viros

orantes,^
15

pacem conciliaverunt. Romulus Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum cum Tatio sociavit. Verum baud ita multo post, occlso Tatio, ad Romulum potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex
senioribus elegit, quos senatores nominavit propter senectu-

tem,
20

Tres equitum centurias

constituit,

populum

in

tri-

ginta curias distribuit.

His
e

ita ordinatis,

cum ad ^ exercitum
est.^*^

lustrandum c5nti6nem in campo haberet, subit5 coorta est

tempestas
et

Romulus

conspectu ablatus
est.^^

Ad

deos

transTsse vulgo creditus

Aedes

in
^^

colle

Quirinali

Rdmulo
25

^^

constituta, ipse pro de5 cultus

et Quirlnus est

appellatus.
1

earn obrui iussit, ordered her

*
.

to be

buried.

^
.

gt gg^ ///^ also.

. .

tvhile

fighting.

cado.

^ hosts.
'

longe aliud esse

its

aliud, that

it is ^

one

thing
406,
lus,

quite another.

resisto, held

ground.

^
'^'^

by beseeching. in honor of

See

3.
13

1'^

aufero.

^^

creditus est, he was believed,

Romu-

(;()1q_

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
445.

21

NuMA

PoMPiLius, Second King of the

(716-673 B.C.)

Romans

Successit
et religione.
est.

R5mul5 Numa

Pompilius, vir incluta iustitia^

Is Curibus,^ ex

oppido Sabinorum, accTtus

populum ferum religione ^cra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum ^ virginibus dedit. Flaminem * lovis sacerdotem creavit eumque Inslgnl veste Dicitur quondam ipsum lovem e et curuli sella adornavit. Hic, ingentibus fulminibus in urbem demiscael5 elicuisse. sis, descendit in nemus Aventlnum, ubi Numam docuit quiQui cum
venisset, ut

Romam

mitigaret,

bus sacrls f ulmina essent ^ procuranda, et praeterea imperi carta pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promlsit. Numa laetus rem popul5 nuntiavit. Postrldie omnes ad aedes^ regias convenerunt silentesque exspectabant quid

10

Atque sole ort5' delabitur e caelo scufuturum esset. Id ne furto auferrl 15 tum, quod ancTle appellavit Numa. ^ posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerfabricare iussit.
dotes
legit,

qui

ancllia,

secreta

ilia

imperi

pignora,

CListodlrent.

446.

Numa
in

Pompilius, Second King of the

Romans

Annum
land
1

duodecim menses ad cursum lunae

;

Numa
;

Pompilius descrlpsit
^^

nefastos

fastosque dies fecit

portas
;

20

gemind

aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli

2

nam
kept.

For

case, see 303.

;

Curibus

Sabinorum, from Cures, a /own

Curibus
?
"^

of the Sahines
*

why
be

is

the

prep, omitted with

to

he

Flaminem

z\k^\\.,

he appointed a priest as flamen for Jupiter.

averted.
^

^assent
sole
.

procuranda, should
(orior), at sunrise.

aedes regias, the palace.

:

"^

orto

eadem forma

see 303.

nefast5s
^'^

fecit, he

made a

distinction between business days

and

sacred days.

lano gemino,

in honor of two-headed /anus.

214
apertus,^
in

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
armis esse civitatem, clausus,
pacatos
circa

omnes popul5s, significabat. Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut ver5 maiorem institutls suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit
ssibi^ cun> dea

Egeria esse conloquia nocturna eiusque^

monitu se omnia quae ageret facere.

Lucus

erat,

quem

medium

fons

perenni^ rigabat aqua;

eo saepe

Numa

congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea^ pietate imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum lonon minus quam legum et poenarum metus elves contiBellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati neret. profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in laniculo monte sepultus " est. Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bell5, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et trlginta
sine arbitrls se inferebat, velut ad
15

regnavit annos,

Numa
447,

tres et quadraginta.

MUCIUS SCAEVOLA
(507 B.C.)

Cum
necem

Porsena
regis

Romam

obsideret, Mucins, vir

^

Romanae

veniam transfugiendi petiit, Accepta potestate^ cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba prope 20 tribunal constitit.^'' Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur
constantiae, senatum adilt et

repromittens.

et scriba

cum

rege pari fere ornatu sedebat.

^^

Mucins, Igno-

rans uter rex esset, ilium pr5 rege occldit.

et

Apprehensus

ad regem pertractus

foculo iniecit, velut

^

manum
is

dextram accenso ^^ ad sacrificium puniens, quod in caede peccas-

Agrees with lanus understood, subject of significabat, when opened,

sibi esse, that he

*

had : why

sibi dative

eiusque monitii, at her sug'"

:

gestion.
^

quem medium,
(to the

the

middle of which.
''

ea pietate, with such piety.

to

sepelio.

perenni aqua see 303. veniam transfugiendi, per^'

mission
12

go o-rr

enemy),

^privilege.

consisto.

1^

pertraho.

accens5 foculo, in a brazier that was hurtling.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
set.

21

Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus Turn Mucins, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait iussit.
trecentos adversus
ille

eum

sul

similes coniuravisse.

Qua

re

territus

bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit.

est.

Mucio
Statuas

prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia appellata.

quoque

el

hondris gratia constituta

448.

PuBLius Decius
(343 B.C.)

P. Decius, Valeric^

Maximo
fuit.

et Cornelio

Cosso consuliin

bus, tribunus mllitum

tiis

Exercitu

R5mano

angus-

Gaurl mentis clause Decius editum collem conspexit

castrls.

imminentem hostium

Accept5 praesidio verticem^

Ipse, coUe

10

occupavit, hostes terruit, consul! spatium dedit ad subdu-

cendum agmen
per**

in

aequidrem locum.
armatis

quem

insederat undique

circumdato, intempesta nocte

medias hostium custodias somno oppressas incolumis^ Qua re ab exercitu donatus est cor5na civica, quae evasit. dabatur ei quT^ cTves in bell5 servasset. C5nsul fuit bello
Latino
consull

15

cum Manli5 Torquato.

proelio
in cecidisset,

H5c

bello cum'' utrlque

somni5 obvenisset, eos victores futures, quorum

convenit inter eos
is

dux

in
^

ut,^ utrlus

cornu

acie

laboraret,

dils

se
et

Inclinante
dev5vit.

sua parte Decius se

Manibus devoveret. 20 hostes dils Manibus

Armatus
;

in

equum

Insiluit

ac se in medios hostes

immisit
1

corruit obrutus
^

tells et
.

victoriam suls rellquit.

of, etc.,

Refers to Mucius.
;

Valerio
'^

consulibus, in the consulship

the hill.
*

abl. absolute

see 316.

the

summit of

per

custodias,
"^

obvenisset
to

^ safely. ^ because. through the midst of the enemy's pickets. when the two consuls had dreamed (literally, when
; .
.
.

Cum

it

had come

^ ut devoveret is subject of each of the two consuls by a dream'). translate " it was agreed among them that he whose (utrius), etc., convenit
;

should,'''' etc.

Nominative.

2l6

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Gaius Duilius
(260 B.C.)

449.

I.

Qui cum videret

superarl,

Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus ^ devlcit. naves Romanas a Punicis velocitate

ferreas, machinam ad comprehendendas tenendasque utilem, excogitavit. Quae smanus^ ubi hostllem apprehenderant navem, superiecto ponte transgrediebatur Romanus^ et in ipsorum ratibus comminus dimicabant, undo'' R5manls, qui robore prae-

manus^
naves

hostium

fuit. Celeriter sunt expugnatae mersae^ tredecim. 10 Duilius victor Roniam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invictl^ terra iam etiam marl plurimum ^ possent. Itaque Dullio^ concessum est, ut per omnem vltam praelucente funali et praecinente tiblcine a cena rediret. II. Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navl quae iam 15

stabant, facilis victoria

triginta,

naves Punicae

capiebatur, in

scapham

saltu

se

demittens

Romanorum

^ amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex ilia InfelicI pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum pervenlret 2oquendam ex amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam

manus

eff ugit.

Veritus autem ne in patria classis

curiam
venerit,

intravit, " Consulit "

^"

inquit " vos Hannibal,

cum

dux Romanorum magnis

copils

maritimis Instructis ad?

num cum

eo confllgere debeat

"

Acclamavit

universus senatus non esse dubium quin

^

^^

cdnfligl oporte-

primus
^
'"

devicit, 7uas the first to conquer.

the

irons.
^

Romans,

collective

noun.

invicti terra, victorious on land. mergo. ^ Duilio COncessum est ut, etc., Duilius ivas allowed to, etc, were supreme. 1 Consulit 9 classis amissae, /or /o^/;?^//;^/^^/. n\xxa., asks vos
"^

manus ferreas, grappling * and as a consequence. plurimum possent, they

.
.

your advice as

to

whether.

^1 that.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
ret.

217
Ita

Turn

ille

" ConflLxit " inquit " et superatus est."

non potuerunt factum damnare, quod ipsi fieri debuisse Hannibal victus crucis supplicium Sic iudicaverant. effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud
Poenos adficiebatur.
5

450.

Appius Claudius Pulcher

(249 B.C.)

Appius Claudius,

vir stultae temeritatis, consul

adversus

Poenos profectus pri5rum ducum c5nsilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo ^ die hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam navale proelium
committeret, auspicia^ haberet pullariusque
ei

nuntiasset,

10

puUos non exire e cavea neque

vesci, inrldens iussit eos in

aquam mergi, ut saltern biberent, quoniam esse^ nollent. Ea res cum, quasi* iratis dils, mllites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso proelio magna clades a
Romanis accepta
viginti
mlllia

est

oct5
re

eorum

miUia

caesa

sunt,

15

capta.
est

Qua

Claudius postea a popul5

^ f uit

condemnatus

damnationisque Ignominiam voluntaria

morte praevenit.
consulis sor5ri
:

Ea

res calamitati

etiam Claudiae,^

quae a ludls publicis revertens in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit 20 ut frater suus Pulcher revlvlsceret atque iterum classem Ob vocem amitteret, qu5^ minor turba Romae foret.' illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata gravisque ^ ei dicta
est multa.
1

quo

die,
^

on

the

same day

that.

auspicia haberet, was consulting the

*

auspices.

Infinitive of edo, to eat.

^

quasi iratis

diis, because {as they

'

thought) the gods were angry.

*

gravisque

^ quo, so that. See 294, 295. multa, and a heavy fine was im/>osed upon her.

esset.

2l8

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

CAESAR.

GALLIC WAR.
CHAPTER
I

BOOK

II

{Adapted)

451.

The Belgae form a Confederacy against the Romans

Caesar in Gallia
in hibernis est,^

Dum

omnes Belgae

contra populum
se dabant.

Romanum

coniurabant obsidesque inter ^

adducl,*^

Coniurandl^ hae erant causae: primum noledeinde ab n5n-

bant* nostrum exercitum ad se^

5

nullls Gallls sollicitabantur.

Hi populi RomanI exercitum

in Gallia nolebant.
"^

hiemare atque inveterascere

Nonnulli

mdbilitate et levitate animi novis

imperils studebant.

Ab

nonnullis etiam sollicitabantur, quod in Gallia a potentibus

atque ab

iL':

qui conducere homines poterant

vulgo regna

looccupabantur, qui minus facile earn rem imperio^ nostr5

cdnsequi

^*^

poterant.

CHAPTER
452.

II

Caesar proceeds against the Belgae

litterlsque
^^

His nuntils
teriorem
15

commotus

est

Caesar.

Duas
In
in-

legiones in citeri5re
^^

Gallia novas

conscripsit.^^

Galliam

cum

his legionibus
^*

Quintum Pedium

legatum
venit.

misit.

Ipse panels post

diebus ad exercitum

Senones, qui finitimi Belgis erant, ea quae apud

"

Belgas geruntur c5gn6scunt, atque Caesarl omnes nuntiant

:

Manus

coguntur, et exercitus in

unum locum

con-

ducitur."
1

Turn vero Caesar contendit ad eos

'^

proficlscl.^^
^

was.

inter se, each other (literally, behveen themselves).

of con-

spiring.
'

From

nolo.

^ thevi.
^

"

Present passive

infinitive, to be led.
^

novis imperiis, revolution.

'^^

Imperfect of possum.

imperio nostro,
^^

tinder our rule.

scribo.
^3 tJig

to

obtain.
of.
1*

^^

See

map

of Gaul, page lO.

i''

From

con-

interior

after-wards.

to set out.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

219

Itaque castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines

Belgarum pervenit.

CHAPTER
453.

III

The Remi immediately submit to Caesar

de improvlso celeriterque venit Caesar. Rem!, qui proximi Galliae ex^ Belgis sunt, ad eum legat5s Iccium et

Eo

Nos omnia in 5 fidem atque in potestatem popull RomanI permittimus, neque contra populum Romanum coniuravimus. ParatI sumus obsides dare et tua imperata facere et te oppidfs^
Audecumborium
recipere
et

miserunt, qui dLxerunt, "

omnes Belgae
incolunt, sese

frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare. GermanT, qui cis in armls sunt.

ReliquI

Rhenum 10
est eoriim

cum

his coniunxerunt.*

Maximus
"

omnium

furor, et

n5n potuimus prohibere Suessiones, fratres

c5nsanguine6sque nostros, cum his consentire.^

CHAPTER
454.

IV

Caesar learns from the Remi the Strength of THE Enemy's Forces
sic

Caesar ab his legatls esse ortos ab Germanis

propter loci fertilitatem

reperiebat

pler5sque Belgas
15

Rhenumque
ibi

antlquitus traductds

consedisse Gall5sque expulisse,

atque Teutonls^ Cimbrlsque intra fines suos ingredl^ prohibitls

in re mllitarl
1

earum rerum^ memoria magnam auctoritateni sibi sumere. De numero eorum omnia ^ se habere
i.e.

there,

recipere
^

in
.

ad fines Belgarum. oppida recipere.

.
.

2 *

gx Belgis, of the Belgae.

'"from
the
stating

oppidis
cause.

From coniungo.

conspiring.
or

Teutonis

prohibitis,
^

abl.

absolute,

reason

''from entering.
^

deeds

refers to

repelling the Teutones and Cimbri.

omnia explorata,

ftdl information.

220
explorata

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

RemI

dicebant.

Plurimum
mlllia

inter eos Bellovacos,

;

et virtute et

auctoritate et

hominum numerd posse

centum.

hos

posse conficere armata

esse finitimos
5
;

Suessiones su5s
^

latissimos feracissimosque agr5s possidere,

Apud
ad
2

eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria

:

Diviciacum,

t5tlus Galliae

potentissimum nunc esse regem Galbam hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque totius belli sumvoluntate deferrl.

mam omnium

CHAPTER V
455-

Caesar receives Hostages from the Remi and ENCAMPS ON THE BaNKS OF THE AxONA

10

Caesar Remos cohortatus omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque llberos obsides ad se adduci iussit. Quae omnia ab his dlligenter ad^ diem facta sunt. Ipse
Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus monet ut manus hostium distineantur. Id fieri potest, si suas copias Haedul in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint^ et eorum

15

His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in iinum locum coactas ad se venire neque iam longe abesse vidit, flumen Axonam
agros popular! coeperint.

exercitum

traducere

maturavit atque

ibi

castra

posuit.

Quae ^
20 et

res et latus

quae^ post

unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat eum essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat. In
erat.

e5 flumine pons
hortibus relinquit

Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera

parte fluminis Q. Titurium

;

castra in altitudinem

Sablnum legatum cum sex copedum duodecim

iubet.
18, ablative ?
^

valid fossaque duodevIgintT

1

pedum munire
Why
*

Ablative of time within which.

^

is

memoria, 454, Hne

.

on.

ad diem,
i.e.

to

the very day.

Future perfect indicative.

Quae

res,

this position,

crossing the river.

quae

essent, the rear.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

221

CHAPTER
456.

VI

The Belgae lay Siege to

THE Remi
his castrls

Bibrax, a

Town

of

oppidum Remorum ndmine Bibrax aberat passuum oct5. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae millia Aegre eo die sustentatum ^ est. oppugnare coeperunt. Gall5rum atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. Circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus ^ undique in 5 murum lapides iaci coeptl sunt. Ubi mums defensoribus nudatus est, testudine^ facta portas succedunt murum-

Ab

que subruunt.

Quod

turn facile flebat.

Nam cum

tanta

multitude lapides ac tela conicerent, in murd consistendl Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, potestas erat nullL'*
Iccius Remus, qui tum oppido praefuerat, nuntium ad eum mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere

10

n5n posse.^

CHAPTER
457.

VII

The Belgae abandon the Siege of Bibrax

15

de media nocte Caesar Tsdem ^ ducibus usus " qui nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio ^ oppidanis mittit; quorum Itaque adventu hostibus spes potiundl oppidi discessit.

Eo

paulisper apud

oppidum morati agrosque Remorum

de-

populatl, multls vicTs aedificilsque incensTs,

saris
^

ad castra Cae20

omnibus

c5piis contenderunt et
est, the attack
^
*

ab^ mlllibus passuum

(literally, it zvas

sustentatum

was sustained

sustained).

Why

dative ? See 394.

soldiers.

This was done by placing the shields over the

^ Infinitive

heads of the
course
after
t/te

Dative of possession.
implied
''

in indirect dis

the

idea

of saying

in

nuntium
^

mittit.

isdem

ducibus,
295.
^

same persons as guides.

adverb, azvay,
off.

using.

For construction, see 294,

An

222

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
;

minus duobus castra posuerunt

in latitudinem patebant,

quae castra ut

fumo

atque ignibus slgnificabatur, amplius miUibus passuum oct5

CHAPTER
458.

VIII

Description of Caesar's Camp. He awaits the Attack of the Belgae

et propter oplnio-

Caesar propter multitudinem hostium

5nem
trl

virtutis

proelio

supersedere
^

statuit,

cottidie

tamen

equestribus proelils quid

hostis virtute posset et quid nos-

Nostros non esse inferiores Locus pr5 castrls ad aciem instruendam erat natura id5neus, quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, paulolulum ex planitie editus tantum* adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies Instructa occupare poterat. Ab^
auderent perlclitabatur.^
intellexit.

utroque latere eius

citer

transversam fossam obduxit cirpassuum quadringentorum et ad^ extremas fossas

collis

15

constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem Instruxisset, hostes ab^ lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent. Hoc facto, duabus legionibus quas proxime conscrlpserat in castrls relictis, reliquas sex legiones castella

pro castrls in acie constituit.

castris eductas" Instruxerant.

Hostes item suas copias ex

CHAPTER
459.
20

IX

The Belgae try to

magna
inter
si

cross the

Axona

Palus erat non

citum.
1

nostrum atque hostium exer-

Hanc

nostri translrent hostes exspectabant^;

^

as

ut with the indicative means " as " or " w/ien."

quid
"

posset,

w/iai the

enemy could do by
loci,

their valor,

he tried
as.
^

to

ascertain.
^

tantum

patebat quantum

spread over as much space

''

on.

ad extremas
to see.

fossas, at the ends of the trendies.

See 31

1, 7.

ivere

waiting

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
nostrl

223
fieret,

autem,

si

ab

illls

initium

transeundi

ut^

impedltos aggrederentur, parati in armis erant.

proelio

Interim

equestrl

inter

duas

acies

contendebatur.

Ubi

equitum Hostess proelid nostrls Caesar suos in castra reduxit. pr5tinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi
neutrl

transeundi

initium

faciunt,

secundiore^

partem suarum copiarum

traducere

c5natl

sunt,

ut,

si

possent, castellum, cui praeerat Quintus Titurius legatus,

expugnarent pontemque interscinderent si minus ^ potuissent, ut agros Rem5rum popularentur * commeatijque

;

10

nostr5s prohiberent.*

CHAPTER X
460.

The Belgae are defeated

Follows

in

the Battle that

equitatum et funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in e5 loco

Caesar

omnem

pugnatum est. Nostrl hostes impedltos in flumine aggressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt reliquos per eorum
;

15

corpora audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum

reppulerunt; prlmos, quitransierant.equitatu circumventos^
interfecerunt

Hostes, ubi et de^ expugnando oppido et

se
fefellisse

de flumine transeundo spem

intellexeruntzo

neque nostros

in locum iniquiorem ' progredl pugnandl causa viderunt atque ubi ipsds res frumentaria deficere
^

ut

aggrederentur,
. .

to attack,

cundi5re
able to

nostris, abl. absolute; since the cavalry battle

^

^ sedepending upon parati erant. was more favor-

our men.

not.
^

These subjunctives
7.
.

also express the purpose of

.

traducere conati sunt.

they

See 311,

^de
.

spem

se fefellisse, that

had

been disappointed in the hope of

,
.

(literally, that

hope had failed

them about

.).

''

unfavorable.

224
coepit,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
concilio

convocato

constituerunt

optimum ^

esse

domum suam quemque

ut potius in suls

reverti ad su5s fines defendend5s,

in

quam
rei

alienls finibus

decertarent et

domesticis
5

c5piis

frumentariae

uterentur.

Ad cam

sententiam haec ratio ^ eos deduxit, quod Di viciacum atque

Haeduos finibus Bellovacorum approplnquare cognoverant. Hls^ persuader! ut diutius morarentur neque suls auxilium ferrent non poterat.

CHAPTER
461.

XI

The Romans pursue the Belgae

Disperse

as they

Ea

re constituta

secunda

vigilia

magno cum

strepitu ac

lotumultu castrls egress! nullo cert5 ordine neque imperio

fecerunt* ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur.
statim Caesar

Hac

re

per speculatores

cognita

insidias

veritus,

quod qua ^ de causa discederent nondum perspexerat, exercitum equitatumque castrls continuit. Prima luce, c5n15

firmata

re

ab

explorat5ribus,

omnem

equitatum,

qu!

novissimum agmen moraretur,^ praemlsit. Titum Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi novissimos adorti et multa mlllia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conclderunt. 20 Ita sine ull5 perlculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostrl interfecerunt quantum*^ fuit die! spatium, sub occasumque solis destiterunt, seque in castra, ut^ erat imperatum, receperunt.
^

optimum
*

esse,

^/laf

it

was

best.

consideration.
(literally, it

His persuader!

non poterat,
these').

these

could not be persuaded

.

could not be persuaded

fecerunt ut

profectio videretur, they made their departure

^

seem.
the

"

qua de causa, why.

''

quantum

spatium, as

the length of

day allowed.

as.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

22$

CHAPTER
462.

XII

Caesar marches against the Suessiones, and captures the town noviodunum
eius
diel

Postrldle

Caesar in

fines

Suessi5niim,

qui

proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit, et

confecto ad oppidum

magno

itinere

Noviodunum

contendit.

Id ex itinera

oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murlque altitudinem expu-5 Celeriter vinels ^ ad oppidum actls,^ gnare non potuit. ^ iacto, turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum aggere et celeritate Romanorum permoti Suessiones legatSs ad Caesarem de dediti5ne mittunt et petentibus^ RemIs ut
conservarentur impetrant.
10

CHAPTER
463.

XIII

The Bellovaci also surrender to Caesar

Caesar obsidibus acceptis armlsque omnibus ex oppido traditis in deditionem Suessiones accepit exercitumque in

suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque cum ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter millia passuum quTnque abesset, omnes
Bellovacos ducit.

Qui cum

se

15

natu ex oppido egress! manus ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac

maidres

potestatem venire neque contra populum

Romanum
passis*'

arnils

Item cum ad oppidum mulieresque ex mur5 suo mdre pacem ab Romanis petierunt.
contendere.
ibi

accessisset castraque

poneret, puerl

manibuszo

Wooden
^

frames covered with hides, to protect the besiegers.

movedf

from ago.

The

principal

work

for a formal siege.

it

It

was begun

at a dis-

tance from the wall and gradually built up until

was equal

to the height of
abl. ab-

the fortification.
solute.
5

petentibus RemTs, at the request of the Reini,

For comparison, see 272.

ESSEN. OF LATIN

pando.

226

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

CHAPTER XIV
464.

DiVICIACUS SPEAKS IN BeHALF OF THE BeLLOVACI

facit

Pro his Diviciacus

verba

Bellovac5s omnI tempore

fuisse
:

impulses ab suls principibus ab Haeduls defecisse et populo Romano bellum intulisse. Eos qui eius consili principes ^ fuissent,^

in fide atque amicitia civitatis

Haeduae

quod ^ intellegerent ^ quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse. Petere non solum Bellovacos, sed etiam pro his Haeduos, ut sua dementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod* si fecerit,^ Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum 10 quorum auxilils atque opibus, si^ qua bella inciderint,^
5

sustentare consuerint.^

CHAPTER XV
465.

Caesar's Reply.

Description of the Nervii

Caesar hondris DiviciacI atque Haeduorum causa sese

eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat
civitas
15

magna

inter

Belgas auct5ritate^ atque

hominum

multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides poposcit.

traditis

fines

His omnibusque armis ex oppidd conlatis ab eo loc5 in Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora

dediderunt.
20

E5rum

fines Nervii attingebant

quorum de

natura moribusque Caesar

cum

quaereret, sic reperiebat

'^

nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus pati nihil vini^ reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium Inferri esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis increpitare atque
; ;

incusare reliquos Belgas, qui^ se populo

1

Romano
^ si
''

dedidis^ be-

authors.
*

For the construction of these subjunctives, see 427.

. . .

cause.

Quod

fecerit,
^

if he should do

this,

inciderint,
*

whatever wars occurred.

251.
^

For construction, see 303,

See 238.

See

because.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
sent
;

22/

confTrmare sese patriamque virtutem proiecissent neque legates missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis

accepturds.

CHAPTER XVI
466.

The Nervii await the Approach of Caesar

per eorum fines triduum
iter fecisset,

Cum

inveniebat ex
5

captlvis Sabim flumen ab castrls suls n5n amplius mlUia passuum decern abesse trans id flumen omnes Nervios con;

sedisse

adventumque

ibi

R6man5rum

exspectare una^
;

cum

Atrebatis et Viromanduls, finitimls suls

exspectari etiam
;

ab

his

Aduatuc5rum copias atque

per aetatem^ ad
coniecisse
esset.

esse in itinere

mulieres
10

qulque'"^

pugnam

inutiles viderentur in

eum locum
aditus

quo* propter paludes exercitul^

non

CHAPTER
467.

XVII

The Nervh plan to take Caesar by Surprise

His rebus c5gnitls expldratores centurionesque praemittit Cum complures ex qui locum idoneum castrls deligant. Belgis reliqulsque Gallls Caesarem secuti una^ iter faceHis rent, quidam ex his nocte ad Nervids pervenerunt.
demonstraverunt inter singulas
'^

15

impedlmentorum neque esse quicquam^ negoti, cum prima legio in castra venisset, banc sub sarqua pulsa impedlmentlsque dlreptls f uturum ^ 2 cinls adorlrl Nervii autem contra consistere non auderent. ut reliquae
legiones

magnum numerum
;

intercedere,

antlquitus,
1

quo

^^

facilius
^vith.
*

finitimorum equitatum impedlrent,

and
^

una cum, along

-atis.
'

those u<ho.

Do

not confuse this

^ ^

word
ivith

with aestas,

where.

Dative of possession, 238.

along
^^

him.
negoti,

inter

singulas legiones, betiveen each two legions.

"

quicquam
quo

any

trouble.

futurum

ut,

the

result

ivottld

be

that.

facilius, that they

might the more

easily.

228
fecerant
rent.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
saepes^ quae
iter

Instar

murl munimenta

praebeNervil

His rebus

agminis nostrl impeditum^

Irl

existimaverunt.

CHAPTER
468.

XVIII

Description of the Roman Camping Ground

Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostrl castrls dele5

gerant.

Collis

ab

summo

aequaliter declivis ad flumen

Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat.

Infimus^ apertus, ab* superiore
facile introrsus perspicl posset.

Ab

eo flumine
ut

par! accllvitate collis nascebatur, passus circiter ducentos

parte

silvestris,

non

Intra eas silvas hostes in

^

loocculto sese continebant

in

aperto loco secundum

flumen
alti-

paucae stationes equitum videbantur. tudo circiter pedum trium.

Flu minis erat

CHAPTER XIX
469.

The Nervii carry out their Plan of Attack

15

Caesar equitatii praemissS subsequebatur omnibus copils. Sed quod ad hostes appropinquabat, consuetudine sua post eas totlus Caesar sex legiones expedltas ducebat inde duae legiones, exercitus impedimenta conlocaverat quae proxime conscrlptae erant, totum agmen claudebant
; ;

praesidioque^ impedlmentis erant.

equitatu proelium commlserunt.
silvas

Equites nostrl,
se

funditoribus sagittariTsque flumen transgress!,

20

cum cum hostium

identidem in
nostros

Cum
"*

illl

ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex

facerent, nostrl cedentes

silva in

impetum
1

InsequI non audebant.

//edges,

briers to
8

a^ the

made by bending down young trees and allowing brambles and ^ impeditum iri future passive infinitive. grow among them. * ab superiore parte, in the upper part. ^ along. ^ See foot.
;
''

294, 295.

Agrees with hostes understood.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

229

Interim legiones sex, quae prlmae venerant, opere^ dimenso

castra munire coeperunt.

Ubi prima impedimenta

nostrl

exercitus ab

ils

qui in

silvls abditi

latebant visa sunt, subito

in nOstros equites
5

omnibus
fecerunt.
ritate

copils provolaverunt

impetumque

His
flu

facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibill cele-

ad

men

decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad

silvas et in flumine et

iam

in

manibus^

nostrls hostes vide^

rentur.

Eadem autem

celeritate adverse

coUe ad nostra
'

castra atque ad eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

CHAPTER XX
470.

Quick

Work

Splendid Discipline by Caesar. OF THE Troops

Caesarl omnia uno tempore erant agenda^: vexillum proponendum, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi mllites, acies instruenda, mllites cohortandl, signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas His difficultatibus duae et successus hostium impediebat. ^ sciential atque usus^ mllitum, quod res erant subsidia

15

superioribus proelils exercitati n5n minus

sibi

commode
;

ipsl"

praescrlbere

quam ab

alils

doceri poterant

et

quod ab

opere singullsque^ legidnibus singulos^ legates Caesar disHi propter propInqui-20 cedere nisi munltis castrls vetuerat.

tatem

et celeritatem

hostium nihil
^^

^^

iam Caesaris imperium

exspectabant, sed per se quae

1

videbantur administrabant.
Dimenso frwm dimetior.
the hill.
*

opere dimenso, a//er laying out the wo>-k.

in

manibus
5
.
. .

nostris, close

upon

us.

adversd coUe, up
'

See

438, 439.

bere

(ipsi).

^ in apposition with res. ipsi sibi praescrlSee 294, 295. poterant, they could direct themselves on their own respotisibility i^^ ^^ quae videbantur, ^ each, 8 jiis (^respective). any. not
.
. .

whatever seemed

best.

APPENDIX
TABLES OF DECLENSION, CONJUGATION, ETC.
NOUNS
471-

First Declension or Stems in

Singular

-a-

Terminations
-a

Plural
Stellae

Terminations
-ae

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
472.

Stella

stellae

-ae

stellarum
stellis

-arum
-is

stellae

-ae

stellam
Stella

-am
-a

Stellas
stellis

-as
-is

Second Declension or Stems

Singular
MASC.

in -0-

TERMINATIONS
-us
-i

neut.

TERMINATIONS

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

hortus
horti

donum
doni

-um
-i

horto

-0

dono

-6

hortum
horto

-um
-0

donum
dono
Plural

-um
-6

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

horti

-i

hortorum
hortis

-orum
-is

dona donorum
donis

-a

-orum
'

-is

hortos
hortis

OS
-is

dona
donis
230

-a
-is

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
a.

231

The

vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second

-e
:

declension has a special form in

horte.

Singular

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

puer
pueri

ager
agri

vir
viri

filius
fili, -ii

puero

agro

viro

filio

puerum
puero

agrum
agro
Plural

virum
viro

filium
filio

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
a.

pueri

agri

viri

filii

puerorum
pueris

agrorum
agris

virorum
viris

flliorum
flliis

pueros
pueris

agros
agris

viros
viris
is fili.

filios
filiis

The

vocative singular of filius

473a.

Third Declension

CONSONANT STEMS
Singular

Terminations for Consonant Stems

M.

and

f.

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

dux
ducis

miles
mllitis
mlliti

virtus
virtu tis
virtuti

caput
capitis
capiti

(-S)
-is
-i

-IS
-i

duci

ducem
duce

mllitem
milite

virtutem
virtute

caput
capita

-em
-e

Plural

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

duces

milites

virtutes

capita

-es

-a

ducum
duces
ducibus

mllitum
milites

virtutum
virtutes

capitum
capita
capitibus

-um
-es

-um
-ibus
-a

ducibus mllitibus virtutibus capitibus -ibus

mllitibus

virtutibus

-ibus

-ibus

232

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
1

Singular

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

consul
consLilis

homo
hominis

pater
patris
patri

corpus
corporis

consuli

homini

corpori

cdnsulem
consule
consules

hominem
homine
Plural

patrem
patre

corpus
corpora

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

homines

patres

corpora

consilium
consulibus

hominum
hominibus homines
hominibus
b.

patrum
patribus
patres

corporum
corporibus

consules

corpora
corporibus
Termina-i-ions for i-SlEMS
M.

consulibus

patribus

I-STEMS

Singular

and

I'.

N.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

collis
collis
colli

caedes
caedis

mons
montis monti

animal
animalis

-s
-is
-i

-is
-1

caedi

animali

coUem
colle

caedem
caede
caedes

montem
monte
Plural

animal
animali

-em
-e
-i

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
474-

colles

montes

animalia

-es

-ia

collium
collibus

caedium
caedibus
caedibus

montium
montibus
>

animalium -ium -ium

animalibus -ibus -ibus
;

collis, es caedis, es

montis, es animalia

-is,es -ia

collibus

montibus animalibus -ibus -ibus

in -u-

Fourth Declension or Stems

MAS.

Singular terminations
-us -us
ii

NEUT.

TERMINATIONS
-u

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

casus
casus
casui,

cornu
cornus

-us
-ii

-ui,

cornu

casum
casii

-um
-\k

cornu
cornu

-u
-ii

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
TERMINATIONS
-us
neut.

233

MAS.

terminations

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
475Sing.

casiis

cornua

-ua

casuum
casibus

-uum
-ibus
-us

cornuum
cornibus

-uum
-ibus

casus
casibus

cornua
cornibus
!

-ua
-ibus

-ibus

Fifth Declension or Stems

Plur.
Sing.

in -e-

Terminations
Plur.
Sing.

Plur.
-es

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
476.

dies
diei

dies

res
rei

res

-es
-ei

dierum
diebus
dies

rerum
rebus
res

um
-ebus
-es

diei

rei

-ei

diem
die

rem
re

-em
-e

diebus

rebus

-ebus

Special Paradigms
Singular
vir
viri

NOM.
Gen. Dat.
Ace. Abl.

viro

vi

vis

deus
dei

deo

virum
viro

vim
Plural

deum
deo
dei, dii, di

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

viri

vires

virorum
viris

virium
viribus
vires

deorum, deum
dels, diis, dis

viros
viris

deos
dels, diis, dis

viribus

Singular

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

senex
senis

iter

itineris
itineri
iter

domus domus
domui,

seni

senem
sene

domum
domo, u

itinera

234

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Plural

NOM.
Gen. DAT.

senes

itinera

senum
senibus

itinerum
itineribus
itinera

domus domuum, orum

domibus
domos, us

Ace. Abl.

senes

senibus

itineribus

domibus

ADJECTIVES
477.
MASC.

First AND Second Declensions

Singular
FEM.
NEUT.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

bonus
boni

bono

bona bonae bonae

bonum
boni

bono

bonum
bono
boni

bonam
bona
Plural

bonum
bono

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

bonae

bonorum
bonis

bonarum
bonis

bona bonorum
bonis

bonos
bonis
MASC.

bonas
bonis
Singular
FEM.

bona
bonis
NEUT.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

liber
llberi

libera

liberum
llberi

llberae
liberae
libera

llbero

llbero

liberum
llbero
.

liberum
llbero

libera

Plural
llberae

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

llberi

libera

liberorum
liberis

llberarum
liberis

liberorum
liberis

liberos
liberis

liberas
liberis

libera
liberis

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Singular
MASC.

235

FEM.

NEUT.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

niger
nigri

nigra
nigrae
nigrae

nigrum
nigri

nigro

nigro

nigrum
nigro

nigram
nigra
Plural

nigrum
nigro

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
478.

nigrI

nigrae

nigra

nigrorum
nigris

nigrarum
nigris

nigrorum
nigris

nigros
nigris

nigras
nigris

nigra
nigris

Third Declension
Singular
MASC.

FEM.

NEUT.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

acer
acris acri

acris acris

acre
acris
acri

acri

acrem
acri

acrem
acri

acre
acri

Plural

NOM.
Gen. DAT.

acres

acres

acria

acrium
acribus
acris, es

acrium
acribus
acris, es

acrium
acribus
acria

Ace. Abl.

acribus
MASC.

acribus
Singular
NEUT.
MASC.

acribus

AND FEM.

AND FEM.

NEUT.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

facilis
facilis
facili

facile
facilis

ferax
feracis
feraci

ferax
feracis

facili

feraci

facilem
facili

facile
facili

feracem
feraci, e

ferax
feraci, e

236
AND

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Plural
MASC. FEM.
MASC.

AND FEM.

NEUT.

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
479-

faciles

facilia

feraces

feracia

facilium
facilibus
facilis, es

facilium
facilibus
facilia

feracium
feracibus
feracis, es

feracium
feracibus
feracia

facilibus

facilibus

feracibus

feracibus

Present Active Participles

Singular

Plural
masc.

masc.

and fem.

neut.

and fem.

NEUT.

NoM.
Gen. Dat.
Ace. Abl.

amans
amantis

amans
amantis amanti

amantes

amantia

amantium
amantibus
amantis, es
i

amantium
amantibus amantia amantibus
euntia

amanti

amantem
amante,
lens
i

amans
amante,
iens

amantibus
euntes

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
480.

euntis

euntis
eunti
iens
eunte,
i

euntium
euntibus
euntis, es

euntium
euntibus

eunti

euntem
eunte,
i

euntia

euntibus

euntibus

Irregular Adjectives
Singular
fem.
neut.
masc.
alii

Plural
fem.

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

alius alius
alii

alia

aliud
alius
alii

aliae

alia

alius
alii

aliorum
aliis

aliarum
aliis

aliorum
aliis

alium
alio

aliam
alia
FEM.

aliud
alio

alios
aliis

alias
aliis

alia
aliis

MASC.

NEUT.

MASC.

AND FEM. NEUT.

tria

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

unus
unius uni

una
unius
uni

unum
unius
uni

tres

trium
tribus
tris, tres

trium
tribus
tria

unum
uno

unam
una

unum
ijno

tribus

tribus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Irregular Adjectives {Continued')
MASC.

237

FEM.

NEUT.

SING.

PLUR.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

duo

duae

duo

mllle

mlllia

duorum
duobus
duos, duo

duarum
duabus duas duabus

duorum
duobus

mlUe
mllle
mllle

mlUium
mlUibus
mlllia

duo duobus

duobus

mllle

mlUibus

481.
Positive

Comparison of Adjectives
Comparative
latior, latius

Superlative

latus (lat-)
fortis (fort-)

fortior, fortius

fortissimus, a,

velox (veloc-)

vel5cior, velocius

pulcher (pulchr-) pulchrior, pulchrius

similis (simil-)
similior, similius

um um vel5cissimus, a, um pulcherrimus, a, um simillimus, a, um

latissimus, a,

482.

Declension of Comparatfves
Singular
M.

Plural
N.

AND

F.

M.

AND

F.

N.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

latior
latidris
latiori

latius
latioris
latiori

latiores

latiora

latiorum
latiaribus
latiores, is
i

latiorum
latioribus
latiora

latiarem
latiore,
i

latius
lati5re,

latioribus

latidribus

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

plus
pluris

plures

plura

plurium
pluribus
plures, is

plurium
pluribus

plus
plure

plura
pluribus

pluribus

238
483Positive

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Irregular Comparison
Comparative
melior,
Superlative

um malus, a, um magnus, a, um parvus, a, um multus, a, um

bonus,
a,

mlelius

peior, peius

maior, maius minor, minus

,

plus

um um maximus, a, um minimus, a, um plurimus, a, um

optimus,
a,

pessimus,

a,

multi, ae, a vetus, veteris

plures, pilura
vetustior. vetustius

plurimi, ae, a

veterrimus,

a,

um

senex, senis
iuvenis, e

senior (maior natu)

iunior (minor natu)
exterior

maximus natu
minimus natu
extremus
extimus
Tnfimus

exterus

inferus

Inferior

posterus

posterior

supcrus
[cis, citra]

superior

Imus postremus postumus supremus

summus
citerior

citimus

[in, intra]

interior

intimus

[prae, pr5]

prior

primus

[prope]
[ultra]

propior
ulterior

proximus
ultimus

484.
POSITIV'E

Comparison of Adverbs
Comparative
carius
Superlative
ADJ.

care (carus)

carissime

pulchre (pulcher)
fortiter (fortis)
facile (facilis)

pulchrius
fortius
facilius
-

pulcherrime
fortissime
facillime

bene (bonus)

melius
peius

optime
pessime

male (malus)

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive
ADJ.

239

{Continued')

Comparative

Superlative

multum (multus)
parum,
little

plus

minus
diutius

plurimum minime
diutissime

diu, long,

for a long time

saepe, often
485.

saepius

saepissime

Numerals
Cardinals
I.

Ordinals

unus,

a,

um

primus,

a,

um

2.
3-

duo, duae, duo

tres, tria

secundus {or alter)

tertius

45-

quattuor

quartus
quintus
sextus

quinque
sex

6.
7-

septem
octo

Septimus
octavus

8.

9-

novem
decern

10. II.
12. 1314.
15. 16.

undecim duodecim
tredecim

quattuordecim

quindecim sedecim
septendecim
duodevlgintl
undevlginti
viginti
vlgintT

1718.

19.

nonus decimus undecimus duodecimus tertius decimus quartus decimus quintus decimus sextus decimus Septimus decimus duodevicesimus undevicesimus
vicesimus

20.
21.
t

unus or

Jvicesimus primus or
\

unus

et viginti

unus

et

vicesimus

viginti

duo or

22.
\ duo

Jvicesimus secundus or
\

et viginti

alter et vicesimus

240

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Cardinals
28.

Ordinals

duodetrlginta
undetrlginta
trlginta

duodetrlcesimus

29.
30.

undetrlcesimus
tricesimus

40.
50.

quadraginta

quinquaginta
sexaginta

60.
70.

septuaginta
octoginta

80.
90.

nonaginta

quadragesimus quinquagesimus sexagesimus septuagesimus oct5gesimus nonagesimus

centesimus centesimus primus or centesimus et primus

100.
lOI.

centum centum unus or centum et unus

ducenti, ae, a
trecenti

200,
300.

ducentesimus
trecentesimus

400.
500.

quadringentl
quingentl
sescenti

quadringentesimus

quingentesimus
sescentesimus

600.
700. 800.

septingenti
octingentl

septingentesimus

octingentesimus

900.
1

nongenti

nongentesimus
mfllesimus
bis millesimus

mi lie 2,000. duo mlllia 100,000. centum mlllia

,000.

centies millesimus

PRONOUNS
486.
Sing.

Personal
Plur.
Sing.

Plu R.

Sing.

Plur.

NoM. ego
Gen.

nos
r

tu
tul

vos
vestrui11,
SUl
SUl
sibi

mei
mihi

nostrum,
nostri

\
[

vestrl
tibi

Dat. Ace. Abl.

nobis

vobls

sibi

me me

n5s
n5bTs

te te

vos
vobTs

se(sese)
se(sese)

se(sese)
se(sese)

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
487.

241

Demonstrative
Singular

Plural

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

hlc

haec
huius
huic

hoc
huius
huic

hi

hae

haec

huius
huic

horum
his

harum
his

horum
his

hunc
hoc

banc
hac

hoc hoc

hos
his

has
his

haec
his

Singular

Plural
istud
istlus
isti
isti

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

iste
istlLis
isti

ista
istlus
isti

istae

ista

ist5rum
istis

istarum
istis

istorum
istis

istum
isto

istam
ista

istud
isto

istos
istis

istas
istis

ista
istis

Singular

Plural
illud
illlus
illl illl

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

ille

ilia

illae

ilia

illlus
illl

illlus
illl

ill5rum
illls

illarum
illls

illorum
illls

ilium
illo

illam
ilia

illud
illo

illos
illls

illas
illls

ilia
illls

Singular

Plural
id
el, il

NoM.

is

ea
eius
el

eae

ea

Gen. eius Dat. el Ace. eum Abl. eo

eius
el

edrum
els, ils

earum
els, ils

eorum
els, ils

earn

id

eos
els, ils

eas
els, ils

ea
els, ils

ea

eo

ESSEN. OF LATIN

242

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Singular

Plural

NoM. Idem

eadem

idem

eidem (.^ eaedem eadem idem

,

Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiiisdem

feorun- earun1

eorun-

dem

dem

dem
eisdem

Dat. eldem

eidem

eldem

Ace. eundem eandem idem

Abl. eodem

eadem
Singular

eodem

Jelsdem elsdem [isdem Isdem eosdem easdem elsdem elsdem Isdem isdem
Plural

isdem

eadem
elsdem Isdem

NoM.

ipse

ipsa
ipslus
ipsI

ipsum
ipslus
ipsI

ipsI

ipsae

ipsa

Gen. ipslus Dat. ipsi Ace. ipsum Abl. ipso

488.

ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum

ipsis ipsIs
ipsIs

ipsam
ipsa

ipsum
ipso

ipsos
ipsIs

ipsas
ipsIs

ipsa
ipsIs

Relative
Singular
MASC.

Plural
NEUT.
MASC.

FEM.

FEM.

NEUT.

NoM. qui
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
cuius
cui

quae
cuius
cui

quod
cuius
cui

qui

quae

quae

quorum
quibus

quarum
quibus

quorum
quibus

quern

quam
qua

qu5

quod quo

quos
quibus

quas
quibus

quae
quibus

489.

Interrogative
Singular
MASC.

Plural
NEUT.

FEM.

MASC

FEM.

NEUT.

NoM.
Gen. Dat. Aee. Abl.

quis (qui) quae

quid (quod) qui

cui

quae
quibus

quae
quibus

cuius
cui

cuius cuius
cui

quorum quarum quorum

quibus
quibus

quem
quo

quam
qua

quid (quod) quos

quas
quibus

quae
quibus

qu5

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
490.
Indefinite

243

Singular
MASC.

FEM.

NEUT.

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

aliquis

aliqua
alicuius
alicui

aliquid, aliquod

alicuius
alicui

alicuius
alicui

aliqiiem

aliquam
aliqua

aliquid, aliquod

aliqu5

aliquo

Plural

NOM.
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.

aliqul

aliquae

aliqua

aliqu5rum
aliquibus
aliquos

aliquarum
aliquibus

aliquorum
aliquibus

aliquas

aliqua
aliquibus

aliquibus

aliquibus

Singular
MASC.

FEM.

NEUT.

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

quidam cuiusdam cuidam

quaedam
cuiusdam cuidam

quiddam, quoddam cuiusdam

quendam quodam

quandam quadam
Plural

cuidam quiddam, quoddam

quodam

NOM.
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

quidam quorundam quibusdam quosdam quibusdam

quaedam quarundam quibusdam quasdam quibusdam

quaedam qu5rundam
quibusdam

quaedam quibusdam

244

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REGULAR VERBS

491.

First Conjugation

492.

Second Conjugation
:

Prin.

Parts

amo,

amare, Prin. Parts

moneo, monere,

amavi, amatus

monui, monitus

INDICATIVE
Active
present
/ love, am loving, do love
S.

INDICATIVE
Active
PRESENT
I advise, am advising, do advise
s.

Passive

Passive

am

loved,

/ (z; advised,

am

being loved

am

being advised

amo

amor
amaris, re

am as
amat
P

amatur

moneo mones monet

moneor
moneris, re

monetur

amamus
amatis

amamur
amamini amantur
imperfect
/ was loved, was being loved

p.

monemus
monetis

monemur
monemini monentur

amant
/ was loving,
loved, did love S.

monent
I was advising, advised, did advise
s.

IMPERFECT
/ was advised, was being advised

amabam
amabas amabat

amabar
araabaris, re

monebam
monebas monebat

monebar
monebaris, re

amabatur

monebatur

amabamus
amabatis

amabamur
amabamini amabantur

p.

monebamus
monebatis

monebamur
monebamini monebantur
/ shall be advised

amabant
/ shall love s

monebant
/ shall advise
s.

FUTURE
/ shall be loved

FUTURE

amabo
amabis amabit

amabor
amaberis, re

monebo
monebis monebit

monebor
moneberis, re

amabitur

monebitur

amabimus
amabitis

amabimur
amabimini amabuntur

p.

monebimus
monebitis

monebimur
monebimini monebuntur

amabunt

monebunt

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REGULAR VERBS
493.

245

Third Conjugation
:

494.

Fourth Conjugation

Prin. Parts

duco,

ducere,

Prin.

Parts

audio,

ire,

duxi, ductus

audivi,
1

auditus

INDICATIVE
Active
present
/ lead, am leading, do lead
s.

INDICATIVE
Active
PRESENT
Passive

Passive
I

am

led,

/ hear,

am

being led
s.

am hearing, do hear

am

am

heard, being heard

duco
ducis
ducit

ducor
duceris, re

audio

audior
audiris, re

audis
audit
p.

ducitur

auditur

p.

ducimus
ducitis

ducimur
ducimini

audimus
auditis

audimur
audimini

ducunt
/ was leading, led, did lead
s.

ducuntur
imperfect
/ was
led,

audiunt

audiuntur
imperfect

was being led

/ was hearing, heard, did hear

s.

/ zuas heard,

was being heard

ducebam
ducebas
ducebat
diicebamus
ducebatis

ducebar
ducebaris.re

audiebam
audiebas
audiebat

audiebar
audiebaris, re

ducebatur

audiebatur

p.

ducebamur
ducebamini
ducebantur

p.

audiebamus audiebamur
audiebatis

audiebamini
audiebantur

ducebant

audiebant

FUTURE
/ shall lead
s.

future
I shall be led
/ shall hear
s.

/ shall be heard

ducam
duces
ducet

ducar
duceris, re

audiam
audies
audiet

audiar
audieris, re

ducetur

audietur

p.

ducemus
ducetis

ducemur
ducemini
ducentur

p.

audiemus
audietis

audiemur
audiemini
audientur

ducent

audient

246

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

Cont. 492. Second Conjugation Cont. 491. First Conjugation Active Passive Active Passive PERFECT PERFECT
/ have loved,
loved
s.

I have been loved, I ivas loved

/ have advised, advised

s.

1 have been advised, I

was advised

amavi
amavisti

amatus sum
es
est

monui
monuisti

monitus sum
es
est

amavit
p.

monuit
p.

amavimus
amavistis

amati sumus
estis

monuimus
monuistis

moniti sumus
estis

amaverunt, ere

sunt
loved
s.

monuerunt, ere

sunt
advised

PLUPERFECT / had loved I had been

s.

PLUPERFECT / had advised I had been

amaveram

amatus eram

monueram
monueras monuerat

monitus eram
eras
erat

p.

amaveras eras amaverat erat amaveramus amatI eramus

amaveratis
eratis

p.

monueramus monitT eramus

monueratis
eratis

amaverant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have
loved
s.

erant
I shall have been loved

monuerant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have advised
s.

erant
I shall have been advised

amavero amaveris
amaverit

amatus ero
eris
erit

monuero
monueris
monuerit

monitus ero
eris
erit

p.

amaverimus amati erimus

amaveritis
eritis

p.

monuerimus moniti erimus

monueritis
eritis

amaverint

erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
s.

erunt monuerint SUBJUNCTIVE

PRESENT
s.

amem
ames amet

amer
ameris, re

moneam
moneas moneat

monear
monearis, re

ametur

moneatur

p.

amemus
ametis

amemur
amemini amentur

p.

moneamus
moneatis

moneamur
moneamini moneantur

ament

moneant

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Co7it. 493. Third Conjugation Passive Active PERFECT

247

Cont. 494. Fourth Conj. Passive Active PERFECT

/ have heard,
I have been heard,

/ have
led
s.

led,

I have been led, was led

heard
s.

I was heard

duxi
duxisti

ductus

sum
es
est

audlvi
audlvisti

audltus

sum
es
est

duxit
p.

audlvit
p.

duximus
duxistis

ducti sumus
estis

audivimus
audivistis

auditi

sumus
estis

duxerunt.ere
PLUPERFECT
/ had led
s.

sunt
I had been led

audlverunt, ere

sunt

PLUPERFECT I had been heard / had heard

s.

duxeram
duxeras
duxerat

ductus eram
eras
erat

audiveram
audiveras
audiverat

audltus eram
eras
erat

p.

duxeramus
duxeratis

ducti

eramus
eratis

p.

audiveramus auditi eramus

audiveratis
eratis

duxerant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have led

erant
I shall have been led

audiverant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall

erant
I shall have been

have heard

heard
s.

duxero
duxeris
duxerit

ductus er5
eris
erit

s.

audlvero
audlveris
audiverit

audltus ero
eris
erit

p.

duxerimus
duxeritis

ducti erimus
eritis

p.

audlverimus
audlveritis

auditi erimus
eritis

duxerint

erunt
PRESENT

audlverint

erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE
s.

SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
s.

ducam
ducas
ducat

ducar
ducaris, re

audiam
audias
audiat

audiar
audiaris, re

ducatur

audiatur

p.

ducamus
ducatis

ducamur
ducamini ducantur

p.

audiamus
audiatis

audiamur
audiamini
audiantur

ducant

audiant

248

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

491. First Conjugation

Cont.

492. Second Conjugation

Active

Cont.

Active imperfect
s.

Passive

Passive

imperfect
s.

amarem
amares amaret

amarer
amareris, re

monerem
moneres moneret

monerer
monereris, re

amaretur

moneretur

p.

amaremus
amaretis

amaremur
amaremini amarentur

p.

moneremus moneremur
moneretis

amarent

monerent

moneremini monerentur

PERFECT
s.

amaverim
amaveris
amaverit

amatus sim
sis
sit

s.

monuerim
monueris monuerit

monitus sim
sis
sit

p.

amaverimus amatl sTmus

amaveritis
sitis

p.

monuerimus moniti simus

monueritis
sitis

amaverint
PLUPERFECT
s.

sint

monuerint
PLUPERFECT
s.

sint

amavissem
amavisses amavisset

amatus essem
esses
esset

monuissem
monuisses
monuisset

monitus essem
esses
esset

p.

amavissemus amatl essemus

amavissetis
essetis

p.

monuissemus monitl essemus

monuissetis
essetis

amavissent

assent

monuissent

essent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
s. 2.

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
s. 2.

ama, love
tJioii

d,xx\3xe,bcthou

mone, ad- monere,

vise thou

be

loved

thou advised

p. 2.

amate,^7''r

amamini,

be

P. 2.

monete,
advise ye

ye

ye loved

monemini, be ye advised

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
493- Third Conjugation
Active

249

Cont.

494.
ACTIVE

Fourth Conj.
IMPERFECT

Cont.
Passive

Passive

imperfect
s.

ducerem
duceres
duceret

ducerer
ducereris, re

audlrem
audires
audlret
p.

audlrer
audlreris, re

duceretur

audlretur

p.

duceremus
duceretis

duceremur
duceremini
ducerentur

audiremus
audlretis

audiremur
audiremini
audlrentur

ducerent

audlrent

PERFECT
s.

PERFECT
s.

duxerim
duxeris
duxerit

ductus sim
SIS
sit

audiverim
audlveris
audlverit

audltus sim
sis
sit

p.

duxerimus
duxeritis

ducti simus
sitis

p.

audlverimus
audiveritis

audlti sImus
sItis

duxerint
PLUPERFECT
s.

sint

audlverint
PLUPERFECT
s.

sint

duxissem
diixisses

ductus essem
esses
asset

audlvissem
audlvisses
audlvisset

audltus essem
esses
esset

duxisset
p.

diixissemus ducti essemus

duxissetis
essetis

p.

audivissemus auditi essemus

audlvissetis
essetis

duxissent

essent

audlvissent

essent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
s. 2.

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
be
s. 2.

duc,^ lead

ducere,
t/iou

audi, Jiear
thoii,

audire, be
tJion

thou
p. 2.

led
be
p. 2.

heard

ducite,

ducimini,

audlte,

audlmini, be

lead ye
1

ye led
have

hear ye

ye heard

dico, duco, faci5, fero,

as present imperatives die, due, fae, fer;

-e, as

the regular form of other verbs ends in

gero, imperative gere.

250

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN

491. First Conjugation

Active

Cont.
Jie

492. Second Conjugation

Active

Cont.

Passive

Passive

FUTURE
s. 3.

FUTURE
s. 3.

amato, he
shall love

amator,

moneto,
he shall
advise

monetor, he
shall be ad-

shall be loved

vised

p. 2.

amatote, yoii
shall love

p. 2.

monetote, you
shall advise

3.

m a n 1 0,

amantor, they
shall be loved

3.

monento,
they shall

monentor,
they

they shall
love

shall

advise

be advised

INFINITIVE
PRESENT

INFINITIVE
PRESENT
to

amare,

to love

amari,

be monere, to advise

moneri,

to be

loved
FUTURE

advised
FUTURE

amaturus
to be

esse,
to

amatum
loved

Irl,

to

moniturus
advise

esse,

monitum
to be

Irl,

about

be about to be to be about to

about

to

love

be advised
PERFECT
/"<?

PERFECT

amavisse,

to

have loved

amatus esse, monuisse, to monitus esse, to have been have advised have been adloved
vised

PARTICIPLES
PRESENT

PARTICIPLES
PRESENT

amans,
loving

antis,

monens,
advising

entis,

FUTURE

FUTURE

amaturus,

Ger. amandus, moniturus, Ger. monendus,

to be

um, about
to

loved about
vise

to

adPERFECT

to

be

ad-

love
PERFECT

vised
monitus, Jiavifig been
advised, advised

amatus,

having

been loved, loved

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
493. Third Conjugation
Active
s. 2.

251

Cont.

494.

Fourth Conj.

Cont.
Passive

Passive

Active
s. 2.

FUTURE ducito, ducitor, tJiou

FUTURE audits, auditor, tJiou

thou shall shall be led

thou shall

shall be heard

lead
s. 3,

hear
ducitor, he
3.

ducito, he

audlto,

Jie

auditor,

Jie

shall lead
p. 2.

shall be led
p. 2.

shall hear
audltote,

shall be heard

ducitote, j^

shall lead
P. 3.

you shall hear

ducuntor,
I hey

ducunto,
I

3.

audiunto,
they shall

audiuntor,
they shall be

hey shall

shall be

lead

led

hear

heard
INFINITIVE
present

INFINITIVE
PRESENT

ducere, lo lead

duci, lo be led audire, lo

hear

audiri, lo be

heard
FUTURE
ductiirus esse,
lo

FUTURE
lo

ductum Irl,
led

auditurus esse,

audltum
lo be

Irl,

be about to

be about to be lo be about lo

about

to

lead
duxisse, lo

hear

PERFECT

be heard perfect

led

have ductus esse, audlvisse, to lo have been have heard

audltus esse,
lo have been heard

led PARTICIPLES
PRESENT

PARTICIPLES
present audiens, ientis,

ducens, entis,

leading
FUTURE

hearing
FUTURE

ducturus,

about

to

Ger. ducendus, auditurus, Ger. audiendus, lead lo be led about lo hear to be heard
PERFECT PERFECT
Jiavled,

ductus,

audltus,

having

ing been
led

been heard,

heard

252
491
.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
First Conjugation

Cont.

492. Second Conjugation

Cont.

GERUND
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
amandi, of loving amando, for loving

GERUND
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
monendi, of advising monendo, for advising monendum, advising

amandum, loving
amando, by loving
SUPINE

monendo, by advising
SUPINE

amatum

amatu

monitum

monitu

495.

Third Conjugation
Verbs
in io

Prin.

Parts

capio, ere, cepi, captus

INDICATIVE
Active
r

Passive

/ take,
Singular

ai/i

takmg, do take
Plural

am

taken,

am

being taken
Plural

Singular

capio
capis
capit

capimus
capitis

capior
caperis, re

capimur
capimini
capiuntur

capiunt

capitur
IMPERFECT

/ ivas

taking, took, did take

I was

taken,

was

being taken

capiebam
capiebas
capiebat

capiebamus
capiebatis

capiebar
capiebaris, re

capiebamur
capiebamini
capiebantur

capiebant

capiebatur

/ shall take

/ shall be taken
capiar
capieris, re

capiam
capies
capiet

capiemus
capietis

capiemur
capiemini
capientur

capient

capietur

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
493. Third Conjugation

253

Cont.

494.

Fourth Conj.

Cont.

GERUND
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
ducendi, of leading ducendo, for leading

GERUND
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
audiendi, of hearijig

ducendum,
SUPINE

leadijig

audiendo, for hearing audiendum, Jiearing

audiendo, by hearing

ducendo, by leading

SUPINE
ductu

ductum

audltum

auditu

495-

Third Conjugation

LNDICATIVE
Active

Continued

Passive

/ have
Singular

taken, took
Plural

/ have
captus

been tak ?,

/ was taken
Plural

Singular

cepi
cepisti

cepimus
cepistis

sum
es
est

capti

sumus
estis

cepit

ceperunt, ere
pluperfect

sunt

/ Iiad taken

I had been taken

ceperam
ceperas
ceperat

ceperamus
ceperatis

captus eram
eras
erat

capti

eramus
eratis

ceperant
future perfect
taken

erant
been taken

/ shall have
cepero
ceperis
ceperit

I shall have

ceperimus
ceperitis

captus ero
eris
erit

capti erimus
eritis

ceperint

erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE

capiam
capias
capiat

capiamus
capiatis

capiar
capiaris, re

capiamur
capiamini
capiantur

capiant

capiatur

254

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
SUBJUNCTIVE Continued
IMPERFECT

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

caperem
caperes
caperet

caperemus
caperetis

caperer
capereris, re

caperemur
caperemini
caperentur

caperent

caperetur
PERFECT

ceperim
ceperis
ceperit

ceperimus
ceperitis

captus sim
sis
sit

capti simus
sitis

ceperint
PLUPERFECT

sint

cepissem
cepisses
cepisset

cepissemuE
cepissetis

captus essem
esses
esset

capti essemus
essetis

cepissent

essent

IMPERATIVE
Active
PRESENT
Singular
2.

Passive

cape, take tJiou

capere, be thou takefi

Plural

2.

capita, take
,

ye

capimini, be ye taken
FUTURE
Singular

2.
3.

capito, capito,

tJioti sJialt

take

capitor, thou sJuxlt be taken

Jie

shall take

capitor,
Plural

lie

shall be taken

2. 3.

capitote,

ye shall take
capiuntor, they shall be taken

capiunto, they shall take

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
INFINITIVE
PRESENT

255

capere, to take

capi, to be taken

FUTURE

capturus esse,
take

to be

about

to

captum
taken

IrT,

to be

about

to be

PERFECT
cepisse, to

have taken

captus esse,

to

have been taken

PARTICIPLES
PRESENT

capiens, ientis, taking

FUTURE

capturus, about

to

take

Ger. capiendus,

to be

taken

captus,

having been

taken,

taken

GERUND
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
capiendi, of taking

capiendo, for taking capiendum, taking capiendo, by taking

SUPINE

captum

captu

256

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
IRREGULAR VERBS

496.

Prin. Parts

sum,

esse, fui, futurus, be

INDICATIVE
Singular

Plural

sum, I
es, yoii

am
are
she, if) is

sum us,
estis,

zue a7'e

you are

est

{lie,

sunt, tJiey are

IMPERFECT

eram, / was
eras,
erat,

eramus, %ve were

eratis,

you

zvere

you were
were

he was

erant, tJuy

FUTURE

/ shall be eris, you will be

ero,
erit,

erimus,
eritis,

we

shall be
zvill be

you

he

zvill be

erunt, they will be

PERFECT

fuI,

fuisti,

I have bceu, was you have been, were f uit, he has been, was

fuimus, zue have been, were

fuistis,

you have
1
[

been,
,

were

fuerunt
fuere

they have been,

.;

wen

PLUPERFECT
f ueram, f ueras,

/ had been you had been

f ueramus, zve

had

been

fueratis,
f uerant,

f uerat, Jie

had

beeti

you had been they had beejt

FUTURE PERFECT
f uero,
f ueris,

/ shall have been you zvill have been

will have been

fuerimus, zve shall have been

fueritis,

you

zvill

f uerit, Jie

f uerint, tJiey zvill

have been have been

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
Singular
Plural

257

IMPERFECT
Singular

Plural

sim
sis
sit

Sim US
sitis

essem
esses
esset

essemus
essetis

sint

assent
PLUPERFECT

PERFECT

fuerim
fueris
fuerit
'

fuerimus
fuerltis

fuissem
fuisses
fuisset

fuissemus
fuissetis

fuerint

fuissent

IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
es, In
'

FUTURE
esto,
tJioii

tJion

slialt be

este, be

ye

esto, lie shall be

estote,

ye shall be

sunto, they shall be

INFINITIVE

participle

Pres.

esse, to be
fuisse, to

Perf.

have been
to

FuT.

futurus esse,

be

futurus, about to be

about
497.

to

be

Prin.

Parts

possum, posse, potui,

am

able,

can

INDICATIVE
Singular

SUBJU NCTIVE
Singular

Plural

Plural

Pres. I

am

able,

can

possum
potes
potest

possumus
potestis

possim
possis
possit

posslmus
possltis

possunt

possint

Impf. / luas able, could

poteram
FuT. /
sJiall be able

poteramus
poterimus

possem

possemus

potero

ESSEN. OF LATIN

258

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
ab/e,

Perf. / Jiave been

potui

could

potuimus
able,

potuerim
potuissem

potuerimus
potuissemus

Plup. / Jiad been

potueram
potuerd

potueramus
potuerimus

F. P. / shall have been able

INFINITIVE

Pres.
498.

posse, to be able

Perf.

potuisse, to

have been able

Prin.

Parts

prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus, benefit

INDICATIVE
Singular
Plural

SUBJUNCTIVE
Singular

Plural

Pres. / benefit

prosum
prodes
prodest
Impf.

prosumus
prodestis

prosim
prdsis
prosit

proslmus
pr5sltis

prosunt

prosint

FuT.
Perf.

Plup.
F. P.

proderamus prodessem prodessemus proderimus prodero pr5fuerim profuerlmus profuimus profui profueram profueramus profuissem prdfuissemus

proderam

profuerd

profuerimus

imperative
Pres.
prodes, prodeste

Fut.

prodesto, prodestote

infinitive

Pres.

prodesse

Perf.
pr5futurus esse

profuisse

Fut.

participle

Fut.

profuturus

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
499.

259

Prin.

Parts

Vols, velle, volul,

be Nolo, he will not Malo, malle, malui, be more willing, prefer

,

zvilling, tvill, zvish

nolle, n5lul,

ninvilliug,

LNDICATIVE
Pres.
vols
vis

n5l5

vult

volumus
vultis

non vis non vult nolumus non vultis

nolunt

malo mavis mavult

malumus

ma vultis
malunt

volunt
Impf.

volebam
volam,
volul
es, etc.

nolebam
nolam,
nolul
es, etc.

malebam
malam,
malui
es, etc

Put.
Perf. Plup.
F. P.

volueram
voluero

nolueram
n5luero

malueram
maluero

SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres.
velim
veils
velit

nolim
noils
nolit

malim
malls
malit

vellmus
velltis

nollmus
nolltis

mallmus
malltis

velint

nolint

malint

Impf.

vellem
velles
vellet

nollem
nolles
nollet

mallem
malles
mallet

vellemus
velletis

nollemus
nolletis

mallemus
malletis

vellent

nollent

mallent

Perf.
Plup.

voluerim
voluissem

ndluerim
noluissem

maluerim maluissem

260

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
IMPERATIVE

Pres.

noil

nollte

FUT.

[nolito, etc ]

INFINITIVE

Pres.

velle

n5lle

malle
maluisse

Perf.

voluisse

noluisse

PARTICIPLE
Pres.
volens

500.

Prin.

Parts

eo, ire,

ii,

itum, go

INDICATIVE
Singular

SUBJUNCTIVE
earn

IMPERATIVE
Singular
i

Plural

Plural
ite

Pres.

eo
is
it

imus
Itis

eunt
ibat, etc.

Impf.

ibam, ibas,

irem

rto

itote

Ito

eunto

FuT. Perf. Plup.

F. P.

ibo, ibis, Ibit, etc.

ii,

isti, ilt,

etc.

ierim

ieram
ier5

issem

INFINITIVE

PARTICIPLES
iens, euntis

Pres.

ire

Perf.

isse

itum
iturus

FuT.

iturus esse

GERUND
Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.
eundi

SUPINE

eundo

eundum
eundo

itum

Essentials of latin
501.

261

Prin.

Parts

fio, fieri,

factus sum, be made, become, happen

indicative
Singular

SUBJUNCTIVE
flam

IMPERATIVE
Sinoular
fl

Plural

Plural

Pres.

fio

fite

fit

flimt

Impf.

fiebam
flam,
fies, etc.

fierem

Put.
Perf.
Plup.
F. P.

factus
factus

sum eram

factus sim factus essem

factus er5

INFINITIVE

PARTICIPLES

Pres.

fieri

Perf.

factus esse

Ger. Perf.

faciendus
factus

FuT.
502.

factum

Irl

Prin. Parts

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear,

cany

INDICATIVE
Active
Singular

Passive
Singular

Plural

Plural

Pres.

fero
fers
fert

ferimus
fertis

feror
ferris, re

ferimur
ferimini

ferunt

fertur
Passive

feruntur

Active
Si??gular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Impf.

ferebam
feram,
tull
es, etc.

ferebar
ferar, eris, etc

FuT.
Perf. Plup.
F. P.

latus latus

sum
eram

tuleram
tulero

latus ero

262

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
subjunctive

Pres.
Impf.

feram ferrem
tulerim
tulissem

ferar
ferrer
latus sim latus

Perf.

Plup.

essem

imperative
Pres.
fer ferto
ferte

ferre
fertor fertor

ferimini

Put.

fertote

ferto

ferunt5

feruntor

infinitive

Pres.

ferre
tulisse

ferri

Perf.

latus esse

FUT.

laturus esse

latum

Irl

PARTICIPLES
Pres.
ferens
laturus

FUT.

Ger.
Perf,
.

ferendus
latus

gerund
Gen. DAT. Ace. Abl.
503-

supine

ferendl

ferendo

ferendum
ferendo

latum
lata

Deponent Verbs

Prin.

Parts

hortor, hortari, hortatus

sum, urge, entreat

vereor, vereri, veritus

s,^xxss.,fcar

sequor, sequi, secutus sum, folloiv

potior, potiri, potitus s\xm,

get possession of

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
INDICATIVE
Pres. hortor
hortaris, re

263

vereor
vereris, re

sequor
sequeris, re

potior
potiris, re

hortatur

veretur

sequitur

potitur

hortamur
hortaminl

veremur
veremini
verentur
verebar
verebor

sequimur
sequimini

potimur
potimini
potiuntur
potiebar
potiar

hortantur
hortabar

sequuntur
sequebar
sequar

Impf.

FUT.

hortabor

Perf. hortatus

sum

veritus veritus

Plup. hortatus eram

F. P.

sum secutus sum eram secutus eram

secutus ero

potitus potitus

sum
eram

hortatus ero

veritus er5

potitus ero

SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. horter
Impf. hortarer

verear
vererer veritus sim

sequar
sequerer

potiar
potirer

Perf. hortatus sim

secutus sim

potitus sim

Plup. hortatus essem veritus essem secutus essem potitus essen

IMPERATIVE
Pres. hortare
verere

sequere
sequitor

potire

FUT.

hortator

veretor

potitor

INFINITIVE
Pres. hortari
vereri

sequi

potiri

Perf. hortatus esse

veritus esse

secutus esse

potitus esse

FuT.

hortaturus esse veriturus esse secuturus esse potiturus esse

PARTICIPLES
Pres. hortans

verens
veriturus
veritus

sequens
secijturus

potiens

FuT.

hortaturus

potiturus
potitus

Perf. hortatus

secutus

Ger.

hortandus

verendus

sequendus

potiendus

GERUND
hortandi, etc.
verendi, etc.

sequendi, etc.

potiendi, etc.

264

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
SUPINE
hortatum
hortatu

veritum
veritu

secutum
secutu

potitum
potitu

504.

First or Active Periphrastic Conjugation

INDICATIVE
Pres.
Impf.

FuT. Perf.
Plup.
F. P.

amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus

sum, /

am

about

to love

cram, / ivas about to love ero, / shall be about to love

ful,

/ have been or zvas about

been about

to love

fueram, / had
f uero,

to love to love

sJiall

have been about

SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres.
Impf.

Perf.

Plup.

amaturus amaturus amaturus amaturus

sim

essem
fuerim
fuissem
infinitive

Pres.

Perf.

amaturus esse amaturus fuisse

For the Other Conjugations

Pres.

moniturus sum, I am about to advise ducturus sum, / am about to lead capturus sum, / am about to take auditurus sum, I am about to hear, etc.

505.

Second or Passive Periphrastic Conjugation

indicative
Pres.
Impf.

Fut.

amandus sum, / am to be, must be, loved amandus eram, / zvas to be, had 10 be, loved amandus ero, / shall have to be loved

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
INDICATIVE
Perf.
Continued

265

Plup.
F. P.

amandus f ui, / ivas to he, had to be, loved amandus fueram, / Jiad had to be loved amandus f uero, / sJiall have had to be loved
SUBJUNCTIVE

Pres.
Impf.

Perf.

Plup.

amandus amandus amandus amandus

sim

essem
fuerim
fuissem

INFINITIVE

Pres.

Perf.

amandus amandus

esse, to

have

to

be loved
to be

fuisse, to

have had

loved

For the Other Conjugations

Pres.

raonendus sum, / ain

to be,

must

be,

advised

ducendus sum, I
capiendus sum,

audiendus sum,

am to be, viiist be, led I am to be, must be, taken / am to be, must be, heard,

etc.

ABBREVIATIONS
abl.

ablative.

loc

locative.

ace

accusative.
adjective.

in
;/., 7ie2{i.
. . .

masculine.
neuter.

adj

adv canp
conj

adverb.

neg

negative.

comparative.
conjunction.
dative.
defective.

nom

nominative.

num
part pass
//., pliir.

numeral.
participle.

dat
def.

passive.
perfect.
.
.

dent

demonstrative. perf.

dep

deponent.
determinative.
diminutive.
feminine.
future.

plural.

determ

pr
prep
pres

proper.
preposition.
present.

dim
f.

fut
gen impers
indecl
indef.

Pron
refl.

pronoun.
reflexive.
relative.

genitive.

impersonal.
indeclinable.

rel
sing.

singular.

....

indefinite.

subjv
stibst

subjunctive.

inter
ititr

interrogative.
intransitive.
irregular.

substantive.
superlative.
transitive.

Slip

irr

tr

266

VOCABULARY
LATIN ENGLISH
[Numbers
a,

refer to Sections.]

ab, prep. w.
on,
in.

abl.,

from, by, with,

at,

acclivitas, atis (acclivis),/, ascent,

slope.

abditus.

See abd5.

accurro, ere, accurri,

accursum (ad

abd5, abdere, abdidi, abditus (ab

do, place),
tr.,

+ curro,
to.

run), intr., run up, hasten

put away, conceal.

tr.,

abicio, ere, abieci, abiectus,

hurl.

throw,

acciiso, are, avi,

tr.,

atus (ad

+ causa),

accuse, reproach.

ablatus.

See aufero.
afui, afuturus, intr.,

acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, eager,

fierce.

absum, abesse,
ac.

be away, be distant, be absent.

See atque.

acerrime.
acies, aciei,

See acriter.
y",

edge

line of battle.

Acca, ae, /, pr. name, Acca Larentia,

acriter (acer), adv., sharply, eagerly,

fiercely; co inp. a.cxias; j/.

foster

mother of Romulus and

acerrime.

Remus.
accedo, ere, access!, accessQrus (ad

actus.

See ag5.
to,

ad, prep. w. ace,

against
als,
;

toward,
;

at,

near,

+ cedo),
approach,

intr.,

go near, come near,

according to

w. numer-

about.

accendo, ere, accendi, accensus (ad

addo, addere, addidi,>additus (ad

do, place),
tr.,

+ +

candeo, glow),

tr.,

set

on

fire

add.

accensus, burning.
accido, ere, accidi,
intr.,

adduce, ere, adduxi, adductus (ad

tr.,

(ad

cad5),

diico),

/;'.,

lead

to,

lead,

influ-

happen.

ence.

acci5, ire, accivi, accitus (ad

set
vite,

cieo,
in-

adeo, adire, adii, aditum (ad

intr.,

+ eo), +

in

motion),

summon,

go

to,

approach.

adficio, ere, adfeci,

adfectus (ad

accipio, ere, accepi, acceptus (ad

facio),

/r., affect

poena

punish.

capio),

tr.,

receive

suffer,

undergo.

adhibeo, ere, adhibui, adhibitus (ad

-f

acclam5, are, avi, atus (ad

cry),
tr.,

clam5,

habeo),
lis

tr., call

in, use.
//;.,

shout, cry out.

aditus,
access.

(adeo),

approach,

acclivis, e (ad

clivus, slope), rising.

267

268
administro,
ministr5,
are,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
avi,

atus
tr.,

(ad

+
+

agger,

aggeris

(ad

+ gero),

w.,

manage),

manage,

mound, agger.
aggredior, aggredi, aggressus

direct, administer.

sum

adolesco, ere, adolevi, adultus (ad

OlesCO, grow),
i)ilr.,

(ad

gradior, go),

/;-.,

go against,

grow

up.

attack.

adorior,

iri,

adortus

sum
atus

(ad + orior),
(ad

inir., attack.

ad5rD0, are, avi,

equip),
ir.,

agmen, agminis (ago), ;/., army on the march primum agmen, van novissimum agmen, rear, orno,
;
;

equip, adorn.

agnosco, ere, agnovi, agnitus (ad

adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus (ad [gjnosco, know), /;-., recognize. + sum), intr., be present, aid. ago, ere, egi, actus, tr., drive, lead, Aduatuci, orum, m., a tribe of Belgic move forw ard, do, treat trium;

Gaul,

phum
young man, youth.
adveni,
intr.,

agere, celebrate a triumph,

adulescens, entis (adolesco), young;

as subst.,

agricola, ae (ager + colo), m., farmer.

aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def., say.

advenio,
reach.

ire,

+ veni5),

adventum (ad Alba or Alba Longa, come tu, arrive, ancient Latin town.
Albanus,
arrival,
subst.,

ae,

/,

an
as

a,

um

(Alba), Alban
i,

adventus, us (^advenio), m.,

approach.

Albanus,

w., an Alban.

albus, a,

um,

white.
(alius), another's, un-

adversus, a,

um

(adverto, turn to),

;

alienus, a,

um

in front, opposite

adverse coUe,

favorable, strange.

up the

hill.

aliquis

adversus (adversus), prep. w. ace,

opposite, against, facing.

and aliqui, aliqua, aliquid ami aliquod, indef.pron., some one,

any one.
alia,
.

aedificium,

(aedific5),

;;.,

building.

alius,

aliud,

other,
.
.

another;
.

aedifico, are, avi, atus (aedis

/;'.,

+ facio)
;

alius
alii
. .

alius, one
.

another;
.

build, construct.
is,

aedis or aede*,

/, temple

//.,

aedes regiae, palace.

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick.

some some, some others; alii aliam in partem, some in one direction, some in another. AUobroges, um, w., a Celtic tribe of
.

alii,

aegre

(aeger), adv.,

scarcely,

with

Gaul.
alo,

difficulty.

ere,

alui,

altus,

tr.,

nourish,

aegritiidd, inis (aeger),

/, sickness,
adv.,

strengthen.
altaria, ium,
alter, altera,
t7l'0).
;/.

vexation, mortification.

//., altar.

aequaliter

(aequalis,

equal),

alterum, the other {of

(altus),

uniformly, equally,

aequus,

a,

um,

equal, favorable,

altitude,

inis

/,

height,

aestas, atis,/, summer.

depth.
altus, a,

aetas, atis,/, age.

um
/n.,

(alo), high, deep, basket, trough.

ager, agri, m.,

field,

land, territory.

alveus,

i,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Ambiani, orum,
alliance.
vi.

269
apprehendi, appre-

pL, a Belgian tribe:

apprehends,

ere,

amicitia, ae (amicus),/!, friendship,

hensus (ad
hold

prehend5, seize), lay

of, seize.

amicus,

(amo), m.,
amisi,
lose.

friend, ally.

appropinquo, are, avi, atus (ad

amitto, ere,
mitto),
//'.,

amissus

(a

propinquus), approach, come near.

apud,
p>'ep-

w. ace, among,
of.

in

the

amo, are, avi, atus, /;-., love, like. amoveo, ere, amovi, amotus (a moveo), tr., take away, remove. amplified, are, avi, atus (amplus
facio),
//'.,

presence

+ +

aqua, ae,/, water.

Aquileia, ae,
Gaul.
aquilo, 5nis, m., the north wind.
f.,

town of Cisalpine

increase, extend.
large, extensive, ample.

amplus,
ancile,

a,

um,

Aquitania, ae,/i, a division of southern Gaul.

Amulius,

i,

w., king of Alba Longa.

a small oval shield.
//.,

is, .,

Aquitanus,
ara, ae,
/.',

i,

w., an Aquitanian.

angustiae,

(angustus), /. narrowness, narrow pass.

a,

arum

altar.

Arar, Araris, m., a river of Gaul, the

angustus,

um, narrow,
ere,

contracted.

modern Saone.
arbiter, arbitri, w., witness.
arbitror,
ari,

animadverto,

animadverti, aniadverto,
turn one's
in,

madversus
turn toward),
to,

(animum +
tr.,

atus

sum
,

(arbiter),

mind
pun-

intr., think, consider,

suppose.
shut up, hin-

notice;

animadvertere
life), n.,

arceo, ere, arcui,

der, prevent.

tr.,

ish.

animal, alis (anima,

animal.

Ariovistus,

i,

w., a

German

king.

animus,

i,

m., mind, disposition, cour-

arma, 5rum,

. //., arms,

weapons.
arm,

age, spirit;

in

animo

esse, in

animo armilla, ae,/,

equiji.

bracelet.
tr.,

habere, have in mind, intend.

armo, are, avi, atus (arma),

aro, are, avi, atus,
ars, artis,/, art.
artiis,

annus,

i, ;.,

year.
70.

ante, adv.

and prep.
pono),

ace, before.

/;.,

plow.

antepono, ere,anteposui, antepositus

(ante

/;-.,

put before.

artuum, m.

pi., joints.

antequam,

conj., before, until.

arx,
in
for-

arcis

(arceo),

/, stronghold,

antiquitus (antiquus), adv.,

citadel.

mer

times, anciently.

asper, aspera, asperum, rough, fierce.

astutia,

antiquus, a, um, old, ancient.

anulus,
anxius,
i,

ae

(astutus,

cunning), /,

m., ring.

shrewdness, cunning.

a,

um um
;.,

(ango, vex), troubled,

open.

asylum,

i,

.,

asylum, place of refuge.

anxious.

at, coijj., but, yet.

//.,

aperio, ire, aperui, apertus,

Athenae, arum,/, Athens.

atque, ac,
conj.,

apertus,

a,

(aperio), open.
tr., call,

and.

appello, are, avi, atus,

name.

Atrebas, atis,

;.,

one of the Atrebates,

Appius,

i,

Roman

surname.

a Belgic tribe.

2/0

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
+
bellum i, ;/., war wage war. bene (bonus), adv., well
bellum,
;

attingo, ere, attigi, attactus (ad

inferre,

tango,

touch),

/;-.,

touch,

join,

border on.
attonitus,
a,

comp.

um,

thunderstruck,

melius, sup. optime. beneficium,

i

astounded.
auctoritas, atis (augeo),y;, authority,
influence, reputation.

(bene

facio),

.,

favor, service.

benigne (benignus, kind), adv., kindly,

bibo, ere, bibi,

audacter (audax, bold), adv., boldly,

courageously;
(Y)//.

tr.,

drink.

audacius; sup.

Bibrax, Bibractis,

n.,

a town of the

audacissime.

Remi.
i,

Audecumborius,
of the Remi.

w.,

an ambassador
intr., dare.
/;-.,

Boil,

orum, m.
a,

pi.,

a tribe associated

with the Helvetii.

audeo, ere, ausus sum,

audio,
ire,

bonus,

um, good.
i, ;/.,

audivi, auditus,

hear.

Bratuspantium,
BellovacT.

a town of the

aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus (ab

+ fer6),
augurium,
aureus,
a,

tr.,

take away, carry

tr.,

off.

brevis,

e,

short, brief.

augeo, ere, auxi, auctus,

i

increase,
.,

brevitas, atis (brevis),/, shortness.

(augur, soothsayer),

Britannia, ae,/, Britain.

tlivination, augury.

um
i

(aurum, gold), golden.

(avis

auspicium,
.,

specio,

look),

cado, ere, cecidi, casurus,

jjerish.

tr., fall,

die,

divination by noting the cries or

flight of birds.

caedes,

is

(caedo),/, slaughter.
tr.,

ausus.

See aude5.
,

caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus,

pieces, slay.

cut to

autem, coij but, moreover, however,

auxilium,
i,

n.,

help, aid.

caelum,

i,

;/.,

sky, heavens.
i.,
;

Aventinus,

a,

um,

of the Aventine,
hills

Caesar, aris,
Julian gens

a family

name

of the

one of the seven

of

Rome,

Gaius lulius Caesar,

the conqueror of Gaul.

averto, ere, averti, aversus (ab

vert5), turn away, remove.
avis, is,/, bird.

100-44

B.C.,

calamitas, atis,/, disaster, defeat.

campus,

i,

m., plain.
tr,,

avus,

i,

m., grandfather, ancestor.

ae,/., a river of Gaul, the

capio, ere, cepi, captus,

ture, seize
;

take, cap-

Axona,

mod-

form (a plan).
.,

ern Aisne.

Capitolium,

i,

the Capitol, a great

at

B
Balearis,
e, Balearic.
;.

temple of Jupiter
hill

Rome, and

the

on which
i

it

stood.

Belgae, arum,
tribe

//.,

Belgians,

captivus,

(capio), m., captive.

;/.,

of northern Gaul. bellicosus, a, um (bellum), warlike.

Bellovaci, orum,
of Gaul.
;;/.,

caput, capitis,

head.

care (cams), adv., dearly.

careo, ere, carui, cariturus, intr. w.
abl.,

a Belgic

tribe

be without, be in need

of, lack.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
carpentuin,l,., two-wheeled carriage.
carrus,
i,

271

ceteri, ae, a, //., the rest, the others.

w.,

wagon,

cart.

cibus,

i,

m., food.
;.,

Carthago,
city

inis, /., a great

Phoenician

Cimbri, orum,
circiter, prep.

a Germanic tribe.

on the northern coast of Africa.

circa, prep. w. ace, around, about.

carus, a,

um,
i,

dear.

w. ace, about, nearly.

casa, ae,y!, hut.

circum, adv. attd prep. w. ace, about,

Cassius,

m., a
i

Roman name.
of castrum),
chief.
.,

around.

castellum,
fort,

{ditjt.

circumdo,
surround.

circumdare,

circumdedi,

redoubt.
i,
i,

circumdatus
Sequanian
;

(circum

do),

tr.,

Casticus,

m., a

castrum,

., fort

//. castra,

orum, circumicio,

ere, circumieci,

circumthrow

camp.
casus, us (cado), m., falling, chance,
misfortune.

iectus (circum

iacio),

tr.,

about, place around.

circumvenio,
cub.

iri,

circumveni, circum-

catulus,

i,

ni.,

ventus (circum
for

venio),

tr.,

come

causa, ae,/, reason, cause, case; qua

around, surround,
cis,

de causa, why,

this

reason;
of, for,

prep. w. ace, on this side

of.

causa, w. gen., for the sake

citerior, citerius, hither,

citra, prep. w. ace,

on account
cecidi.

of.

on

this side of.

cavea, ae (cavus, hollow),/, cage.

See cado.
ere, cessi,

civicus, a,
civis, is,

um

(civis), civic,
citizen.

m.

and p.,

cedo,

cessum,

?/;-.,

go,

civitas,
state.

atis

(civis), /, citizenship,

yield, retire, retreat.

celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick.

clamito, are, avi, atus (clamo, cry

out),
tr.,

celeritas,

atis

(celer),

/,

speed,

cry out, shout.

quickness.
celeriter (celer) adv., quickly, swiftly
,

clamor, oris

(clamo, cry out),

;.,

shouting, cry.
classis, is,/, fleet.

comp. celerius; sup. celerrime.

Celtae, arum, m., Celts, one of the
three great peoples of Gaul.

Claudia,

ae,

/,

sister

of

Appius

Claudius Pulcher.

cena, ae,y., meal, dinner.

Claudius,

centum, indecL, hundred.

centuria, ae (centum), /, a division
of the people, or army, containing

i, w., a Roman family name; Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul

249

B.C.

claudo,
close.

ere,

clausi,

clausus,

shut,

one hundred
rion,

century.

centurio, onis (centuria), m., centu-

dementia, ae (clemens, mild), /,

kindness, mildness.
cliens, clientis,
vassal.
in,

commander

of a century.
w.,

certamen, inis (certo, contend),

contest.

and f, dependent,

certus, a,

um (cerno, perceive), certain,

coepi,

coepisse,

coeptus sum, def,

appointed; certiorem facere, inform.

began.

272
cognosce, (con
ere,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
cognovl,

cognitus
ir.,

concidS,

ere,

concidi,
fall,

(con +
kill.

[gjnosco, know),

rec-

cado), intr.,

be killed.
cut down,
/;
.,

ognize, learn, discover, ascertain.

concido, ere, concidi, concisus (con-f-

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus (con

ag5),

caedo, slay),

tr.,

drive together, collect, force,

pel.

com-

COncilio, are, avi, atus,

gain, win,

procure.

cohors, cohortis, /, cohort (the tenth

part of a legion).

concilium,

i,

.,

assembly, council.

cohortor,
hortor),
coUis,
is,

ari,
/;-.,

atus

sum

(con

condemno, damno),
condicid,

are,
tr.,

avi, atus condemn,

(con

-j-

exhort, encourage.

onis

(condico,

agree), /,

m.,

bill.

agreement, proposal, terms.

condo, ere, condidi, conditus (con
d5, put),/;-., found, establish.
-f

col5, ere, colui, cultus, tr., cultivate,

worship.

commeatus,
plies.

iis,

m., provisions, sup-

conduce,
(con

ere,

conduxi,
tr.,

conductus

duco),

bring together,

comminus
hand
(con
join,

(con
hand.
ere,

manus),

(ui7'.,

hire.

to

confero,

conferre, contuli, conlatus

fer5),
/;-.,

committo,

commisi, commissus mitto),/;-., commit, intrust

;

(con

-1-

bring together,

gather;
self,

se

conferre, betake one's

begin (battle).
useful), adv.,

go.

commode (commodus,
advantageously,
easily.

confertus, a,

um

(confercio, crowd),

crowded, dense.
c5nfici6,
ere,

commoveo,
(con

ere,

commovi, commotus
to

confeci,
tr.,

confectus
fin-

moveo),

move, influence,

(con
ish,

facio),

accomplish,

disturb.

complete, furnish, wear out.

are,

compar, comparis (con

ting, suitable.

par),

fit-

confirmo,

avi,

atus
tr.,

(con

firmo, strengthen),

strengthen,

comparo,
tr.,

are, avi, atus (con

+ paro),

establish, assure, encourage.

prepare, provide.

c6nflig5,
intr.,

ere,

conflixi,
fight.

conflictus,

compleo, complere, complevi, completus (con

complete.
-f

contend,

ple5,

fill), tr., fill

up,

confugio, ere, confiigi,

intr., flee.

congressus,
ia,

us

(congredior,

meet),

complures,

many, very many, a

w., meeting.

great many.

congruo, ere, congrui,

intr., agree,

comprehendo, ere, tally. comprehend!, comprehensus (con -)- prehendo, conicio,

seize), tr., seize, arrest.

ere, conieci, coniectus (con 4/;-.,

iaci5),

throw, hurl.

con.

See

cum.
ere,

coniungo, ere, coniunxi, coniiinctus

concessi,
yield,

concede,

concessus

(con

iungo),

tr., join.

(con

cedo),

grant, allow,

coniiinx,
wife.

coniugis

(coniungo),

/,

permit.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
coniuratio,
spiracy.

273
intr.,

onis

(coniuro), /,
m.,

con-

sisto,

place),

take a stand,

hold a position, stop.

i

coniuratus,
spirator.

(coniuro),

con-

conspectus,
view.

iis

(conspicio), w., sight,

coniurS, are, avi, atus (con -f iuro,

cSnspicio, ere, c5nspexi, conspectus

swear), intr., conspire, plot.

conlatus.
See confero.

(con
ceive.

-\-

specio, look),

//-.,

see, per-

conloco, are, avi, atus

place),
tr.,

(con

-f loco,

constantia,
firmness.

ae

(consto,

stand), /,

place, put, station.

i

conloquium,

(conloquor),

n.,

in-

constituo, ere, c5nstitui, constitiitus

terview, conference.

(con

-f

statuo),

/;.,

place,

erect,

conloquor, conloqui, conlociitus

sum

construct,
point.

station,

determine,

ap-

(con

loquor, speak), intr., speak

together, confer.

consuesco, ere, c5nsuevi, consuetus

/;-.,

Conor, ari, atus

sum,
i

attempt, try.

(con
intr.,

suesco,

be

accustomed),

consanguineus,

(con

sanguis,

be accustomed.

blood), m., relative, kinsman.

consuetudo, inis (consuesco),/, custom, habit.

c5nsul, consulis, m., consul.

c6nscrib5, ere, conscripsi, conscrip-

tus (con
consecro,

scribo),
avi,

/;-.,

levy, enroll.

are,

atus

(con

consulo,

ere,

consului,

consultus,

sacro, set apart),

tr.,

consecrate.

ask advice, consult.

ere,

consentio,

ire,

consensi,
feel),

consensum contendo,
intr.,

contendi,

contentus

(con

sentio,

agree,

(con
gle;

tendo),

intr., strive, strug;

conspire.

hasten, hurry

march.

consequor, consequi, consecutus

(c5n
4-

sum

contentio, onis (contendo), /, contest,

sequor;, tr

pursue, over-

controversy.

take, obtain.

continenter

(contineo),

adv.,

con-

conser5, ere, conserui, consertus (con

tinually, constantly.

sero, bind),

tr.,

join (battle).

contineo,
-|-

ere,

continui,
tr.,

contentus
in,

conservo,
servo),

are,
tr.,

avi,

atus

(con

(con

teneo),

hold
in,

hold

keep

safe, preserve.

together, restrain,

hem

keep.

considers,

are,

avi,

atus, consider,

contio, 5nis (convenio),/, meeting.

examine, look
consido,
ere,

at closely.

contra, adv.

and prep.

w. ace, against,

consedi,
seat),

consessum
intr.,
settle,

opposite.

(con

-I-

sido,

contuli.

See confero.
i

take up an abode.

c5niibium,
.,

(con

niibo,

marry),/,

consilium,
vice,

(c5nsul5),

plan, ad-

marriage.

prudence.
e

convenio,
-f

ire,

conveni,
intr.,
;

conventus

consimilis,
like.

(con

similis), very

(con

venio),

come

to-

gether, assemble
ere,

inipers. convenit,

consisto,

constiti,

(con +

it

is fit,

agreed.

274
converto,
ere,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
converti,

conversus

cursus,

lis

(curro, run),

tn.,

course.

(con + verto), turn (about), change;

curiilis,e (currus, chariot), curule.

signa convertere, face about.

convoco, are, avi, atus (con
tr., call

ciistodia,
),

ae (custos, guard),/, guard.

ciistodivi,
tr.,

voco
(con

custodio, ire,

ciistoditus

together,
iri,

summon.

(ciistos, guard),

watch, guard.

coorior,

coortus

sum

Orior), ind-., rise, break out.

D
damnati5, onis (damno),/, condemnation.

copia, ae,

f.,

supply, abundance; //.,

forces, troops.

Corinthus, i,/, Corinth.

Cornelius,
family.
i,

damno,
of a

are, avi, atus,

/;-.,

condemn,

m., the

name

Roman

sentence.
de, prep. w.
abl.,

See Cossus.
n.,

from,

down from;
to, for;

cornu, us,
C0r5na,

horn, flank, wing,

concerning, in regard
dea, ae, /, goddess. debe5, ere, debui,
fall),

about.

Slq,/.,

crown.
.,

corpus, corporis,

body.

corruo, ere, corrui,

in/r., fall,

(con-|-ru5,

debitus
with
inf.,

(de

-f-

habeo),

tr.,

owe

ought.

be

slain.

decern, indecL, ten.

ere, decrevi,
/;-.,

Cossus,

1,

m.,

Aulus Cornelius Cossus, decerno,

decretus (de

-f-

consul 343 u.c. cottldianus, a,

cerno, separate),
(cottidie), daily.

decide, decree.
-t-

um

decerto, are, avi, atus (de

certo,

cottidie, i7<h\, daily.

contend),
/;-.,

intr., fight,
,

contend.

credo, ere, credidi, creditus,

lieve, trust.

be-

Decius,

i,

w
(

Piiblius

Decius Mus,

consul 340 B.C.

/;-.,

cremo, are, avi, atus,

creo,

burn.
appoint,

declivis, e

de -t- clivus, slope), sloping,

are,

avi,

atus,

/;.,

decrevi.

See decerno.

choose.
Cretes, Cretum, m. pL, Cretans.

decurrS, ere, de(cu)curri,

decursum
run down,

(de

-\-

curro, run), intr

crux, crucis,

yi, cross,

gallows.

hasten down.
deditio, onis (dedo),/, surrender,

culpo, are, avi, atus (culpa, fault),

tr.,

blame.
with
conj.,

dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus (de

do),
abl.,
;

-t-

cultus, see colo.

tr.,

give up, surrender.

/;-.,

cum,

p7-ep.

711.

in composince,

defends, ere, defendi, defensus,

defend; protect.

sition, con-, CO-

when,

although, because.

defensor,
fender.

oris

(defendo),

m.,

de-

Cupidus,a,um(cupi5), desirous, eager.

cupio, ere, cupivi or cupii, cupitus,
tr.,
ciir,

defero, deferre, detuli, delatus (de-1fero),

defici5,
/;.,

wish, desire, be eager for.

carry

off

bestow, confer.

adv.,

why.

ere, defeci,
//'.

defectus (de

-f

cura, ae,/, care.

faci5,

and
adv.,

intr., fail,

be lacking.
next,

Cures, Curium,///., a Sabine town.

curia, ae,/, senate.

deinceps,

successively,

thereafter.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
deinde (de
next,

275

inde), adv., afterwards,

dies, ei,

w. and f., day.

e

dif&cilis,

(dis

facilis),

difficult,

delabor, delabi, delapsus

labor),
slip, intr.,

sum
fall
tr.,

(de

hard.
difficultas,
culty.

glide or

down.

atis

(dif&cilis),

/,

diffi-

delecto, are, avi,

delight.

atus,

please,

diligenter

(diligo,

esteem),

adv

deligo, ere, delegi, delectus

lego, collect),
tr.,

(de

carefully, attentively.

select, choose.

diligentia,

ae

(diligo,

esteem), /,

Delphi, orum, m., Delphi.

carefulness, diligence, industry.

demitto,

ere,

demisi, demissus (de

+
;

dimetior,

iri,

dimensus

sum,
intr.,

tr.,

mitto),

tr.,

send down,

let

down

measure.
dimico, are, avi, atus,
fight,

se demittere, jump.

demonstro, are, avi, atus (de

stro,

+ monshow,

contend.
dimitto, ere, dimisi, dimissus (dis

show),

//-.,

point

out,

+ +

mention.

mitto),
at last, finally.

tr.,

send

off,

dismiss, let go.

denique, adv.,

diripio, ere, diripui, direptus (dis

depono, ere, deposui, depositus (de

rapio),

tr.,

lay waste, pillage, ravage.

p6n5),

/;'.,

lay

down, give up.

dis-, di-, insep. neg. prefix, apart, not,

depopulor,
populor),

ari,
tr.,

atus

sum

(de

un-.

lay waste, ravage,

discedo, ere, discessi, discessum (dis

-j-cedo),
leave,
i)itr.,

deprecator, oris (deprecor, mediate),

in.,

depart,

withdraw,

intercessor

eo

deprecatore,

through his mediation.

descends, ere, descend!, descensum
(de

discipulus,

(disco), m., pupil.

disc5, ere, dedici,

tr.,

learn,

scando, climb),

z';//;'.,

descend.

discurro, ere, dis(cu)curri, discursum

(dis -f curro, run), intr., run in different directions,

describe, ere,

descripsi,
tr.,

descriptus

(de

+ scribo),

describe.

desisto, ere, destiti,

(de

+ sisto,

dissimilis, e (dis -f similis), unlike,

dissimilar.

stand), intr., cease, leave

off.

desum, deesse, defui, defuturus (de dissimulo, are, avi, atus (dissimilis), /;-., conceal, disguise. + sum), ii2tr., be lacking, fail.
deus,
i,
;;/.,

god.

distineo,

ere,

distinui,

distentus
apart.

devinco, ere, devici, devictus (de

vinco),
tr.,

+
+

(dis

-\-

teneo),/r.,

keep

subdue, conquer.

distribuo, ere, distribui, distribiitus

devove5, ere, devovi, devotus (de

voveo),
tr.,

(dis-f tribuo, assign),

divide.

/;-.,

distribute,

vow, devote.
;

dexter, dextra, dextrum, right

tra,
di-.

dex-

diu, adv., long, for a long time

iomp.

ae,/, right hand.

diutius, sup. diiitissime.

See dis-.
tell,

Diviciacus,

i,

w., achief of the

Haedui.
divide,

died, ere, dixi, dictus, say,

speak

divid5, ere, divisi, divisus,

separate.

tr.,

impose (a

fine).

276
do, dare, dedi, datus,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
/;.,

give

poenas
teach,

effugio, ere, effiigi,

tr.

(ex

fugio),

dare, suffer punishment.

and

intr.,

escape.

doceo, ere, docui, doctus,

inform.

tr.,

effund5,

ere,

effudi,
/;-.,

effusus
forth,

(ex

fundo, pour),
trick), adv.,
craftily,

pour

spread

dolose

(dolus,

out, overflow.

by trickery.
domesticus,
tic
;

Egeria, ae, /, a

a,

um

(domus), domes-

give revelations to
egi.

nymph reputed Numa.

I.

to

from their
1,

own
f.,
;

country.

See ago.

dominus,
domi,

in.,

master, lord.
i,

ego, mei, pers. pron.,

eius.
eliciS,

domus, us or
at

house,

home

home domum, (to)

/;.,

See

is.

ere,

elicui,
tr.,

elicitus

(ex

home, liomeward.
dono, are, avi, atus (d5num),
present, give.

lacio, allure),

lure forth, bring

out, call

down.

eligo, ere, elegi, electus (ex

., gift.

lego,

d5num,

(do),

choose),/;'., select, pick out, choose.

dubius, a,

um,

doubtful.

emigr5, are, avi, atus (ex

migro,

ducenti, ae, a (duo

centum), two
/;-.,

migrate), inlr., emigrate, remove.

hundred.
duco,
ere,
diixi,

enim,
ductus,
lead,

conj., for.

eniintio, are, avi, atus (ex

tr.,

nunti5),

bring.

announce, reveal,
ii,

Duilius,

i,

w.,

Gaius Duilius, a Roman

eo, ire,

itum,
adv.,

intr., go.

general, victor over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, 260 B.C.

eo

(is),

there,

to

that

place,

thither.

dum, conj., Dumnorix, Haeduan

duodecim,

while, until.
igis,

eques, equitis

(equus),

m.,

horse-

m.,

brother of the

man

//., cavalry.

Diviciacus.

equester, equestris, equestre (eques),

of the cavalry, equestrian.

duo, duae, duo, two.

indecl., twelve.

equitatus, us (eques), m., cavalry,

duodeviginti, indecl., eighteen.

equus,
eripio,

i,

m., horse.
eripui,

dux, duels (diico), m., guide, leader,

general.

ere,
tr.,

ereptus

(ex

rapi5),

snatch away, save,

See

E
e.

ero, erim, etc.

sum.
sally,

See ex.

eruptio, 5nis (erumpo, break forth),

editus, a,

um

(edo), high, elevated.

f..

breaking out,
See

edo, edere, edidi, editus (ex

tr.,

do),

esse.

sum and
;

edo.
.

give out, give birth to, bear.

tr.,

et, conj.,

and
(et

at

et,

both

and.

edo, edere or esse, esi, esus,

eat.

etiam
still,

iam),

conj.,

besides,

educo,

ere,

eduxi,

eductus

(ex

+
+

even.

diico), tr., lead out, lead.

effero,

effere,
tr.,

extuli,

elatus (ex

fero),

carry out,

Europa, ae,/, Europe. evado, ere, evasi, evasus (ex go), intr., go out, escape.

-|-

vado,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
ex or
e, p7-ep.

277
tr.,

w. abl., out

of,

from, of
;

fabrico,

are, avi, atus (faber),

liuild.

una ex
itinere,

parte,

on one side

ex

make, construct,
facile
(facilis),

on the march.

fabula, ae (for, speak),/, story.

excogito, are, avi, atus (ex

think),
tr.,

cogito,

adv., easily

comp.

think out, contrive.

facilius, sup. facillime.

exeo, exire, exii,

intr.,

exitum (ex
atus

eo),

facilis, e (facio), easy.

go

out, depart, leave.

facio, ere, feci, factus,

tr.,

make, do,

exercito,
train),

are,
tr.,

avi,

(exerceo,

form, build

verba facere, speak.

tr.,

exercise, train.

factum,

(faci5), ., deed.

exercitus, us (exerceo, train ), w., army.

fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus,

deceive;

existimo, are, avi, atus

(ex

aes-

spem
familia,

se fefellisse, that they

were

timo, consider),/;-., think, suppose,

believe,

disappointed in their hope.

ae

(famulus,

slave),

/,

expeditus,

a,

um

(expedi5, free), un-

household, vassals.

incumbered, without baggage.

expello, ere, expuli, expulsus (ex

fastus,a,um(fas, right), legal, court

Faustulus,

i,

m., the shepherd

who

pell5)

tr.,

drive out, expel.

brought up Romulus and Remus.

fefelli.

explorator, 5ris (explore), m., scout.

See fallo.

exploro, are, avi, atus,

ascertain, reconnoiter.

tr.,

search,

femina, ae, /, woman.

ferax,
feracis
(fero),
fertile,

pro-

exp5no,

ere, exposui,
tr.,

expositus (ex

ductive.
fere, adv., nearly, about, almost. fero, ferre, tuli, latus,
tr.,

p5no),

expose, abandon.

expositio, onis (expono),/, exposure,

bear, carry;

abandonment.

legem ferre, propose,

institute a law.

expugn5, are, avi, atus (ex

/;'.,

+ pugno),
+ specto),

ferreus, a,
iron
;

um

(ferrum, iron), of iron,

capture, take by storm, storm.

ferreae manus, grappling-

exspecto, are, avi, atus (ex

irons.

look, wait for, await, expect, wait to

see.

fertilitas,
fertility.

atis

(fertilis,

fertile),

/,

exstinguo, ere, exstinxi, exstinctus

ferus, a,
fides, ei

um,

fierce, wild,

barbarous.
faith,

(ex

stingu5,

put
kill.

out),

/;-.,

ex-

(fido, trust),
;

/,

con-

tinguish, destroy,

fidence, trust

in fidem venire, put

exterus,

extera,

exterum,

outer
last,

one's self under the protection of.

fidus, a,
filia, ae,

cojnp. exterior, sup.

extremus,
of,

um,
/.,

faithful, loyal.

end

of.

/, daughter.
son.
m., limit,

extra, prep. w. ace, outside

beyond.

filius,

i,

extremus.

See exterus.

finis,

is,

end, boundary;

//., territory.

finitimus, a,
faber, fabri, m., mechanic,
artisan.

um
;

(finis), adjoining,
i,

workman,

neighboring
;.,

as subst., finitimus,

neighbor.

278
fio, fieri,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
factus

sum

{used as passive
;

furtum,
f uturus.

i (fiir,

thief),

;;.,

theft,

of facio), be made, become tior fieri, be informed. flamen, flaminis,

i.,

cer-

See sum.

Flamen, a
of

priest

devoted
special

to

the

worship

one

G.

Gaius,

i,

w., a

Roman name.
lieutenant
ot

god.
(fluo), ., river.

Galba, ae, w.:

Caesar
siones.
;.,
;

(1) ^

flQmen, fluminis
foculus,
fire

(2)

a king

of the Sues-

fluo, ere, flQxi, fluxus, i>itr., flow.

i

{dim. of focus, hearth),

Gallia, ae,

/, Gaul,

pan, bra/ier.

Gallus,

a,
i,

um,

Gallic

as

snhst.,

f5ns, fontis, w., fountain, spring.

Gallus,

m., a Gaul.
river

fore

foret

= futurum = esset.

esse.

Garumna. ae, /, a modern Garonne.

Gaurus,
pania.
i,

of

Gaul,

forma, ae, f, shape, form, forte, by fors, fortis, /, chance

;

w., a

mountain of Cam-

forte erat effusus, hapchance pened to have overflowed.

;

geminus, a, um, twin, two-headed as subst., gemini, orum, in. pL, twins.
;

fortis, e, brave.

fortiter (fortis), adv., bravely,

fortiina,

Genava, ae,/, a city of the Allobroges, modern Geneva.

gener, generi, w., son-in-law.

ae (fors), f, fortune, good

w., market place, forum.

fortune.

gens, gentis (gigno, bear),

nation, race.

/,

tribe,

forum,

i,

fossa, ae(fodi6, dig),/, ditch, trench.

frater, fratris,
tn.,

genus, generis (gens),

;/.,

kind, class.

brother.

Germanus,
carry on,

i,

(German.
tr.
,

friimentarius,
of grain
;

a,

um

(friimentum),

gero, ere, gessi, gestus,

bear, carry,

res frumentaria, supplies

wage

pass,

go on, take

of grain, provisions.

place
self

matrem
i,

se gessit, bore her-

friimentum,
fuga, ae, /,
put to
fugio,
ere,

(fruor), ., grain,

or acted as a mother.
m., sword.

fruor, frui, friictus

flight

sum,
;

tr.,

enjoy.

gladius,

in

fugam

dare,

gracilis, e, slender.

flight.

fiigi,

,intr.,

Graecia, ae, /, Greece.

flee,

run

Graecus,
gratia,

i, ///.,

Greek.

away.

ae

(gratus),

/, favor,

in-

fulmen,

inis

(fulgeo,

flash),

.,

fluence; kindness; gratia, w.

for the

^'., of.
/;-.,

thunderbolt, lightning.

sake

of, for

the purpose

fumus,

T,

m., smoke.

gratulor, ari, atus

congratulate.

sum

(gratus),

fUnale, is (fiinis, cord), w., torch.

funditor,
slinger.

oris

(funda,

sling),

m.,

gratus, a,

um,

pleasing, acceptable,

agreeable.
(furo,

furor,

oris

rage),

w.,

rage,

gravis,

e,

heavy, hard.
), adv., severely.

madness.

graviter (gravis

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
H
habe5, ere, habul, habitus,
hold
;

279

humilis, e (humus), low.

tr.,

have,

humus,

i,

/, ground;
I

humi, on the

consult (auspicia).

ground.

Haeduus, i, m., Haeduan. Hannibal, alis, ;. (i) a Carthaby ginian commander defeated
:

iacio,

ere,

ieci,

iactus,

tr.,

throw,

hurl;

construct (aggerem).

Duilius; (2) a Carthaginian general,

iactito, are,

(iaeto, boast),
,

intr.,

son of Hamilcar, 247-183

hasta, ae,

B.C.,

de-

boast, brag.

feated by Scipio at Zama, 202 B.C.

yr, spear.

iam,

adz.^.,

now, already, soon.

i,

laniculum,
lanuarius,
lanus,
ity,

w., one of the hills of

baud, adv., not.

Helvetius,
a,

Rome, west of the

;

Tiber.

um, Helvetian
;/.

as suhst.,

(lanus), w., January.

Janus, an old Latin divin-

Helvetii, orum, m. pL, Helvetians.

i, jn.,

hiberna, ae (hiems),
quarters.
hie, haec, hoc,
latter;

//.,

winter

represented with two faces.

ibi,

adv., there, in that place.

i, in.,

dem. pron., this; the

it.

lecius,

one of the Remi.

(is

he, she,

idem, eadem, idem

inir.,

dem), dem.

hiem5, are, avi, atus (hiems),

winter, pass the winter.

pron.

and adj.,

the same.

identidem, adv., again and again.

idoneus,

hiems, hiemis, /, winter. hinc (hie), adv., hence;

hine, in one place

hine

idiis,

...

in another,

a, um, suitable, fit. iduum,///., the Ides (15th of March, May, July, and October, 13th

here

there.

of the other months),

ignis,
is,

Hispania, ae,/, Spain.

m.,

fire.

hodie (hie
being.

-f dies), adv.,

to-day.

ignominia, ae,/, dishonor, disgrace.

are, avi, atus (ignarus, ignotr.,

homo, hominis, m, andf., man, human ignord,

honor, 5ris,
;.,

rant),

not to know.

honor.

ille, ilia, illud, de/n.

pron.

and

adj.,

hora, ae,/, hour.

hortor, ari, atus

that;

he, she,
inis,

it;

the former.

sum,

tr.,

urge, en-

imago,

courage.

imbellis, e (in neg.

/, likeness, semblance. -f bellum), un/;.,

hortus,

1,

1)1.,

garden.

warlike, cowardly.

hospes, hospitis, m.
host.

and

f.,

guest,

imbuo,

ere,

imbui, imbutus,

wet;

inspire.
i,

Hostilius,
family;
in

tn.,

the

name

of a

Roman immineo,
immitto,
-f

ere,

imminui,

-,

intr.,

Hostus Hostilius, a general the time of Romulus Tullus

;

overhang.
ere,

immisi, immissus (in

/;'.,

Hostilius, third king of

hostis,
is, VI.,

Rome.

mitto),

send into,

let

into,

enemy.

hurl.

Hostus.

See Hostilius.

impedimentum,
drance;
//.,

(impedio),

.,

hin-

hiic (hie), adv., hither, to this place.

baggage.

28o
impedio,
(in
ire,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
impedivl,
tr.,

impeditus
hinder,

incline, are, avi, atus, tr.

and

intr.,

pes),

entangle,

bend,

incline, yield.

impede.
impell5, ere, impuli, impulsus (in
pello),
/;'.,

inclutus, a,

um, famous.
and
yi,

incola, ae (incolo), w.
itant.

inhab-

urge, impel, incite.

impended,
hang),

ere,

(in

pendeo,

incolo,
live.

ere,

incolui,

tr.,

dwell,

intr.,

overhang.

imperator, oris (impero), m., com-

incolumis,

e,

unharmed,
(in ^^.

safe.
-f-

mander, commander
eral.

in chief, gen-

incredibilis, e

credibilis,

believable), incredilile.

imperatum, i (impero), ., order, increpito, are, avi, atus (increp5), command. //-., exclaim, upbraid, taunt. imperium, i (imper5), ., order, com- increpo, are, increpui, increpitus, mand, power, government, rule; sound, scold, exclaim. nova imperia, revolution. inciiso, are, avi, atus (in -h causa),
impero, are, avi, atus (in
/;-.,
-i-

paro),

tr.,

accuse, blame.

command,

order, rule.
/;-.,

inde, adv., thence, thereupon, then.

obtain,

impetro, are, avi, atus,

secure, gain.

index,

indicis

(indico),

m.,

sign,

mark.

impetus,
impius,

iis

(impet5,

attack),

m.,

indicium,

(indico),

v.,

information

assault, attack, onset.

a,

per indicium, by informers.

indico, are, avi, atus (in
clare),
tr.,
-f-

um

(in neg. 4- pius, rever-

dico, de-

ent), wicked, impious.

announce, reveal.
indixi,

impono,

ere,

imposui, impositus (in

place
in.

indico,

ere,
tr.,

indictus

(in -f

-fpono),
improvisus,

tr.,

dico),
neg. -f pro;

proclaim, announce, ap-

a,

um

(in

point. infelix,

visus, foreseen), sudden

de im-

infelicis

(in

m^^. -f felix,

provis5, unexpectedly, suddenly.

happy), unhappy,
inferior.

ill-fated.

imus.
not.

See inferus.
inseparable prefix, un-,

See inferus.

in-, negative

infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus (in -f

fero),
tr.,

carry

in,

bring

in

se

in, prep.

w. ace,

and

abl.;

%v.

ace,
;

inferre, betake one's self; inferre, charge.

signa

into, against, toward,

abl.,

forward

w.

in,

on, upon, over.

-\-

inferus, a,

um, below
;

comp. infesup. infimus

of, foot of,

incendo, ere, incendi, incensus (in

rior, lower, inferior

candeo, glow),
incido, ere,
intr., occur.

tr.,

incidi,

set fire to, burn.

or imus, lowest, bottom

at

(in -h cado),

the foot

of.
/;-.,

infesto, are, avi, atus (infestus),

incito, are, avi,

swiftly),
/;-.
,

atus (in

-|-

cito,

move

annoy.
infestus, a,

urge on,

incite,

encour-

um,

hostile.

age, arouse, rouse.

infimus.

See inferus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
influo, ere,

281

influxi,

influxus

(in

instruo, ere, instruxT, instructus (in

fluo), itttr,, flow into,

empty

into.

struo, build),

/;.,

arrange, draw

ingens, ingentis, huge, vast.

ingredior,
(in
ingredi,

up, fuim.

ingressus

sum

insula, ae, /, island.

gradior, go), intr., go into,

insum, inesse,

infui, infuturus (in

enter.
inici5, ere,
tr.,

sum),
inieci,

intr.,

be

in,

be among.

iniectus

(in

intellego, ere, intellexi, intellectus

iaci5),

put

in.

(inter
Wf-^.

+ leg5),
a,

tr.,

learn, perceive,

inimicus,
hostile.

a,

um

(in

+ amicus),
-f

know.
intempestus,

um

(in

neg. 4-

iniquus, a,

um

(in

neg.

aequus),

tempus), stormy.
inter, prep.
iv.

unfavorable, disadvantageous.

ace, between, among,

se,

initium,
ning.

(ineo, begin), n., begin-

during

dare inter

exchange

cohortati inter se, encouraging one

another.

iniuria, &&,/., injury, violence.

inopia, ae (inops, without means),/,

intercedo, ere, intercessi, intercessus

(inter

want, lack.

cedo), intr.,

lie

between,

inquam,
inrided,
rideo,

def., say.

intervene.

ere,

inrisi,

inrisus
at,

(in

interea (inter

is), adv.,

meantime,

laugh),

tr, laugh

jeer,

meanwhile,
interficio, ere, interfeci, interfectus

ridicule.

insanus,

a,

um

(in

jieg.

sanus,

(inter

facio),

tr., kill.

sound), mad.
insequor, insequi, inseciitus

interim, adv., meanwhile,

sum

(in

interior, interius (inter), inner, interior of

;

+ sequor),
insidiae,

/;-.,

follow, pursue.
sit

sup. intimus.
ere,

arum

(insidio,

in),

/ //.,
+

interscindo, scissus

interscidi,

inter-

ambush, treachery.
insideo, ere, insedi, insessus (in

(inter
/;.,

scindo,

break

down),

cut

down, destroy.

sedeo),
insidior,
tr.,

tr.,

occupy.

ari,

atus

sum

(insidiae),

intersum, interesse, interfui, interfuturus (inter + sum), intr., be

lie

in wait

insignis,

for, ambush. (signum), remarkable,

among, be present.
intimus.
See interior,
in,

distinguished.

intra (inter), prep. w. ace,

dur-

msilio, ire, insilul,

salio, leap),
//-.,

insultus

(in

ing,

leap on.
likeness
;

intro, are, avi, atus,

tr.,

enter,

Instar,

indecL,

instar

introduce, ere, intrdduxi, introductus

(intro, within

muri, like a wall.

instituo, ere, institui, institutus (in

diico),

//'.,

lead in.

introrsus

(intro,

within

versus),

+ statuo),
institiitum,
i

tr.,

form, estabhsh.
.,

adv., inside, within.

intuli.

(instituo),

purpose,

See infero.
(in neg.

custom, institution.

inutilis, e

+ utilis),

useless.

282
invenio,
ire,
Ir.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
inveni, inventus (in

venio),
find.

and

intr.,

iumentum, come upon, iungo, ere,

-j-

(iungo),

.,

pack animal,
/;-.,

iunxi, iunctus,

join,

fasten together.
iiinior,

inveterasco.are, inveteravi, invetera-

comp. (/iuvenis.

tus
intr.,

(in

+ veterasco,

grow

old),

luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, chief of

the
liira,

become
a,

established.

Roman

gods.

invictus,

um

(in

wt-^.

+ vinco),

unconquered.
invitus, a,
lovi.

ae,/, the Jura Mountains, reaching from the Rhine to the Rhone.

um,

unwilling.

iiisiurandum, iurisiiirandi (ius, law

See luppiter.

+
;

iuro, swear),

;/.,

oath.

ipse, ipsa,

ipsum,

deter m. proit., self, he, she, it;

iustitia, ae

(iustus, just), /, justice,

himself, herself, itself

uprightness.

very
iratus,

even.
a,

iuvenis,
(irascor,

e,

young

comp. iunior
m.,

as

um

be angry),

subst.

iuvenis,

is,

young man,
help, aid.

angered, in anger.
is,

youth.

ea, id, determ. pron.

she,
it
;

and

adj., he,

iuvo, are,

iiivi, iiitus, tr.,

this, that

is qui,

he (one,

man) who.
ista,

iste,

istud, detenu, pron.

and Labienus,
tenants.

i,

m., one of Caesar's lieu-

adj., that

(of yours).

ita (is), adv., thus, so.

Italia,

labor, oris, w., labor, work.

ae,/,

Italy.

lab5ro, are, avi, atus (labor), intr.,

so, accordingly,

itaque {\&),conj., and

therefore.

work,
Iacess5,
tr.,

toil, suffer,

he hard pressed.
lacessitus,

ere,

lacessivi,

item
iter,

(is), adv., likewise, also.

attack, harass.

itineris,

.,

journey,

road,

way

iter

facere,
;

march march

lacus, us, m., lake.

;

laetus, a,

ex itinere, on the march

iter, forced

magnum

laevus,

a,

um, glad. um, left.

march.

lapis, lapidis, m., stone.

largitio, onis (largior, lavish),/, liberality
tr.,
;

iterum, adv., again, a second time.

itum, iturus.
iubeo,
bid,
ere,

See eo.
iussi,

bribery.
latui,
hid.

iussus,

order,

Iate5,

ere,

i)i(r.,

be con-

command.
i

cealed,
.,

lie

iudicium,

(iudex, judge),

judg-

Latinus,
latitude,

a,

um,

Latin.

ment,

trial.

inis

(latus),

/",

width,

iiidic5, are, avi,

tr.,

atus (iudex, judge),

breadth.

judge.
i

Latobrigl, orum,
.,

tn. pi.,

a Gallic tribe

iugum,

iugum
yoke

yoke; sub mittere, send under the

(iungo),
in

near the Helvetii.

latro, onis, m., robber, brigand.

(jnade of spears crossed,

latus, a,
latus.

um, broad, wide.

See fer5.

token of complete surrender).

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
latus, lateris,
;;.,

283

side, flank.

lupa, ae,/, she-wolf.

lustro, are, avi, atus,
tr.,

laudo, are, avi, atus (laus, praise),

tr.,

purify;

re-

praise,

commend.
/.,

view, inspect.
liix,

legatio, onis (lego, commission),

liicis,

/,

light,

daylight;

prima

embassy, deputation.
legatus,
i

liice, at
/;/.,

daybreak.
/.,

(lego, commission),

am- luxuria,

ae,

excess, luxury.

bassador, envoy; lieutenant.

legio, onis (lego),/, legion.

M
machina, ae,/, engine, contrivance,
{fotiip.

Ieg5, ere, lexi, lectus,

tr.,

choose.

Lemannus,

i,

lacus

Lemannus, Lake magis

^/multum),

adv.,

more,

of Geneva.
lenis, e, smooth, gentle.

rather.

magister,

magistri,

m.,

master,

levitas, atis

(levis, light),

/, lightferre,

teacher.

ness, fickleness.

magistratus, us (magister), w., mag-

lex, legis (lego),/, law;

legem

istrate, officer.

propose, establish a law.

liber, libri, w., liook. liber, libera,
liberi,

magnitiid5, inis (magnus), /,

greatness.
subst.

size,

liberum, free; as
chil'lren.

magnopere (magnus + opus),

very greatly.

adv.,

orum. ni.pL,

libero, are, avi,

erate, free.

atus (liber),

/;-.,

lib-

magnus,
maior,

a,

sitp.

um, large, great; comp. maximus; maior na-

libertas,
liberty.
licet,

atis

(liber),

/, freedom,
it

tu, older;

maximus
magnus.
adv.,

natu, oldest.

maior.
licuit,

See

licere,

impers.,

is

male (malus),

badly;

comp.

allowed, permitted.

peius, sup. pessime.

line),

lineamentum,
feature. littera,

(linea,

m.,

malo, malle, malui (magis

tr.

-f

vol5),

and intr., be more

a,

willing, prefer,

ae (lino, smear),/,
;

letter (of

malus,

um, bad,
i,

evil,

wicked

comp.

the alphabet)

//., letters (epistles),

peior, sup. pessimus.

documents.
locus,
i,

Mamurius,
loci

w., a

Roman

smith in

7)1.; pi.,

and\QC&,

place,

the time of Nunia.

position.

longe (longus), adv.,

longus, a,
lucus,

far, far off.

um,
i

long, distant.

mandatum, i (mando), command. mando, are, avi, atus,

.,

order,

tr.,

order,

i. III.,

grove.
(liidus),
;/.,

ludibrium,
ery.

jest,

mock-

command. maneo, ere, mansT, mansiirus,

remain, stay.

intr.,

ludicer,

liidicra,

liidicrum

(liidus),

Manes, ium, m.
of the dead.

pi.,

the Manes, shades

sportive, playful.
liidus,
i,

m., play, sport,

game.

Manlius,

i,

m., Titus

Manlius Tor-

luna, ae, y^ moon.

quatus, consul 343

B.C.

284
mansuetudo,
f.,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
inis

(mansuetus, tame),

mihi.

See ego.

mildness, clemency.
us,

miles, militis, w., soldier.

manus,
Marcus,

/, hand, band;

manus

militaris, e (miles), military.

ferreae, grappling irons.

i,

mille,

indecl. adj.
;

and noun,

thou-

m., a
.,

Roman name.
sea;

sand

//.

millia, always

mare, maris,
maritimus,
maritime.
a,

mari, by sea.
sea,

mille

passiis,

noun; mille passuum, a

See -^dSMVi.
as sup.

um

(mare), of the

Roman

mile.

minime (minimus).

Mars, Martis, w., Mars, the

Roman minimus,

a,

um
{see

{iised
least.

of

god of war.
mater, matris, /, mother;
mother.
se gessit, bore herself, acted like, a

parvus), smallest,

matrem minor, minus

less
;

parvus), smaller,
younger.

minor
nihilo
if

natii,

minus {used
less
si
;

as coutp. (?/"parum), adv.,

matrimonium, 1 (mater), ;/., marriage; in matrim5nium ducere,

marry,

minus, nevertheless
not.

minus,

mirabilis, e (miror,
/////.,

wonder), won-

maturo, are, avi, atus,

hurry.

hasten,

derful.

miraculum,

(miror,

wonder),

n.,

maxime
maximus. Maximus,
me, mel.
medius,
a,

(maximus),
.S'^v
i,

adv.,

very

wonder, prodigy.
mirus,
a,

greatly, es])ecially.

um, wonderful,

surprising.

magnus.

miser, misera, miserum,

poor.

wretched,

w., a

Roman cognomen.

See Valerius.
See ego.

misere (miser), adv., wretchedly.

mitigo, are, avi, atus
(mitis, mild

um, middle; per medias

ago),

//'.,

soften, civilize.
tr.,

custodes, through the midst of the

guards;

mitto, ere, misi, missus,

send, hurl.

quem medium,
See bonus,
See bene,

the middle

mobilitas,
able),
f.,

atis

(mobilis,

change-

of which.

fickleness.
n. pi.,

melior.

moenia, moenium,
tifications.

walls, for-

melius.

memoria, ae,/, memory. mens, mentis, /, mind. mensa, ae, /, table.

mensis,
is,

moneo,

ere,

monui,

monitus,

tr.,

warn, advise.

monitus, us (mone5), m., warning,

counsel, suggestion.

m., month.

mercator, oris

mons, montis, ;., mountain. trader, merchant. mora, ae, /, delay. Mercurius, i, m.. Mercury, god of morbus, i, m., sickness, illness morbo trade, and messenger of the gods, exstinctus, died a natural death. mergo, ere, mersi,mersus,/'/-., dip, sink, morior, mori, mortuus sum, inh-., die.
(mercor, trade), m.,
;

metus,

lis,

m., fear, terror.

pass, adj.,

moror,

ari,

atus

sum (mora),

intr.,

meus,

a,

um,

my, mine.

delay, hinder.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
mors, mortis, /, death. m5s, m5ris, m., custom, habit.
natii

285

(nascor), in age; maior natu,

;

older

minor natu, younger.

ae
(nascor),

moveo,
camp.

ere,

movi, motus,
castra

tr.,

move,

natiira,

/,

nature,

influence;

movere, break

character.

nauta, ae (navis), m.,

sailor.

mox,

adv., soon.
i,

navalis, e (navis), of ships, naval.

Mucius,

in., the name of a Roman navis, is, /, ship. Gaius Mucius Scaevola, -ne, enclitic, sign of an interrogative. after a Roman who attempted to kill ne, conj., not, so that not, lest

family

Porsena.
Miicius, a, urn (Mucius), Mucian.

verbs of fearing, that. neco, are, avi, atus

(nex)

tr.,

kill,

mulier, mulieris, /, woman, wife.

put to death.

multa, ae, /,
multitiido,

tine,

penalty.

nefastus,

a,
;

um

(nefas, crime), un;

inis

(multus), /,

num-

hallowed

unpropitious

dies nebusi-

bers, multitude.

fastus, a day on

which public
tr.

multo

{abl. <?/

multus), adv., much.

adv.,

ness could not be transacted.

multum
greatly.

(multus),

much,

nego, are, avi, atus,

deny, say
. . .

and

intr.,

not.

multus,

a,

um, much
late
till

//.,

many
;

negotium,

i,

;/.,

business, affair; quic-

multa nocte,
Munatius,
i,

at

night

ad

multam noctem,
m.,

late at night.

quam negoti, any trouble. nemo, neminem (ne + homo),

and f., no
nepos,
one, nobody.
;/.,

m.

Lucius Munatius
n.,

Plancus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.

nemus, nemoris,
scendant.

grove.

miinimentum,
fortification.

(munio),

defense,

nepotis, m.,

grandson,

de-

miinio, ire, miinivi or munii,

tus,
ir., fortify,

munitio,
fication.

onis

muni- neque, nee, conj., and not, but not; nor. neque, neither neque (munio), /, forti- Nervii, orum, m., a powerful tribe of
defend.
. .
.

Belgic Gaul.
., gift,

miinus, eris,

reward.

neuter, neutra,

neutrum (ne

-\-

uter),

murus,

i,

m., wall.

neither (of two).

N
nactus.
See nanciscor.

nex, necis, /, death, murder.

niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
nihil, indecl. ., nothing.

nam,

conj., for.
tr.,

nihilo, adv., in

no respect

nihilo

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum,

get, obtain.

minus, nevertheless.
nisi

(ne

-f-

si),

conj.,

if

not, unless,

nascor, nasci, natus sum, intr., be

born, be produced
natio, 5nis (nascor),
;

except.
n5bilis, e (nosco,

rise.

know), noble.
f.,

/, nation,

tribe,

nobilitas, atis (nobilis),

nobles,

nobility,

people.

286

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
/;-.,

noceo, ere, nocui, nociturus,

injure,

hurt,

Numida,
Numitor,

ae, w.,

Xumidian.
king of Alba Longa,
ever),

harm.
a,

oris, w.,

nocturnus,

um

(nox), by night, in

grandfather of Komulus and Remus.

the night.
n51o, nolle, nolui (ne
intr.,

numquam

(ne

+ umquam,

volo),

tr.

and
;

adv., never,

not to wish,
IV.

Ije

unwilling

nunc, adv., now.

niinti5, are, avi,

nolite,

infin.,

do

not.
;/.,

atus (niintius),

/;-.,

nomen, n5minis (nosco, know),

name.

report, announce.

niintius,
are, avi,
call.

i,

m., messenger.
lately.

nomino, name,

atus (nomen),

/;-.,

nuper, adv., recently,

niisquam (ne
adv.,

+ usquam,

anywhere),

n5n, adv., not.

nowhere, on no occasion.

nondum,

adv., not yet.

a,

nonnullus,

um

(non

nullus),
Ob, prep.
70.

some, several.
N5reia, ae, /, a town of the Xorici,

ace, for, on account

of,

because

of.
i

Noricus, a,

modern Neumarkt. um, Norican

obaeratus,
;

(ob

aes,

money), w.,

ager N5ri-

debtor.

CUS, a couiitry

between the l)anul)e

obduco, ere, obdiixi, obductus (ob

diiCO),/V-.,

and the Alps.

n5s, nostrum, pers. pron., we, ourselves.

extend, make.

obruo, ere, obrui, obrutus (ob

rush),
/r.,

ru5,

overwhelm, bury, crush.

noster, nostra,
adj.,

nostrum (nos),
;

poss.

Obses, obsidis (obsideo), w., hostage,

pledge.

our, ours

//., nostri,

orum,

our men, our troops,

obside5, ere, obsedi, obsessus (ob

+ +

novem, indecl., nine. Noviodunum, i, n.,

Suessiones.

sedeo),
a

tr.,

besiege.

town of the obtineo,

ere, obtinui,
tr.,

obtentus (ob

teneo),
;

pussess, obtain, retain.

a, um, news novissimum, obvenio, ire, obveni, obventum (ob + novissimum agmen, the rear. venio), intr., come to, meet, come. nox, noctis, y;, night; multa.nocte, obsum, obesse, obfui, obfutiirus (ob late at night; ad multam noctem, + sum), be against, injure.

novus,
last

till

late at night.

occasus,

iis

(occido, fall),

///.,

setting

nQdo, are, avi, atus (nudus, bare),

tr.,

(of the sun). occid5,

ere,

make

bare, clear.

occidi,

occisus
/;-.,

(ob

-f-

nullus, a,

um

(ne

ullus), no, not

Caedo, cut
kill,

down),

cut

down,

any, none, no one.

slay.

num,

interrog. particle, implying the

'

occultus, a,

um, hidden;

in occultd,

answer

no.'

concealed.
See Pompilius.

Numa,

ae, m.
i,

occupo, are, avi, atus (ob

tr.,

capio),

Humerus,

m.,

number.

take possession

of, seize,

occupy.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Oceanus,
1,

287
tr.,

w., ocean.
;/.,

oro, are, avi,

atus (5s),

beseech,

Ocelum,
Gaul.

i,

town of Cisalpine

beg.
ortus.

See orior.

OCtO, indecl., eight.

OS, oris, .,

mouth,

face.

OCUlus,

i,

eye.

odium,
mity.

(odi, hate), n., hatred, en-

P.
adv., altogether, at

= Publius.
tr.,

omnino (omnis),
all.

paco, are, avi, atus (pax),

pacify,

subdue.
e, all,

omnis,

every, whole.

paene,

ad7<.,

almost, nearly.

opinio, onis (opinor, think),/, notion,

belief, impression.

palam,
pando,
out
;

adv., openly, publicly.

paliis, udis,y',

marsh, swamp.
/;-.,

oportet, oportere, oportuit, impers.,

it

ere,

pandi, passus,

spread

is

necessary,
i

it

is

proper.
m., inhab-

passis

manibus, with out-

oppidanus,
itant of a

(oppidum),

stretched hands.
par, paris, equal (to).

town, townsman.

oppidum, i, ., walled town. paratus, a, um (paro), prepared, opprimo, ere, oppressi, oppressus (ob ready. + premo, press),/;-., crush, fall upon. pareo, ere, parui, paritiirus, intr. oppugnati5, onis (oppugno), /, asIV. dat., obey.
sault, storm, siege.

paro, are, avi, atus,

vide.

tr.,

prepare, pro-

oppugno,
tr.,

are, avi, atus (ob-f pugno),

attack, besiege.

pars, partis,/, part, side, direction.

//.,

ops,

opis,

/,

aid;

resources,

wealth,

parum, adv., little Slip, minime.

parvulus,
a,

comp.

minus
little

optime (optimus),
See bene.

best, excellently.

um
um,

(parvus), very
i,

as subst. parvulus,

m.,

little

fellow.
cotnp.

optimus,

a,

um,
.,

sup. (?/bonus.

parvus,
passus.

a,

little,

small;

optio, onis (opt6),y:, choice.

minor;
fortifica-

sup.

opus, operis,
tion.

work, labor,

.W
lis,

minimus. pando <7(/patior.

;

passus,

m., pace

mille passiis,

opto, are, avi, atus, wish, choose.

oratid, 5nis (6r5),/, speech, words.

mille passuum, a mile.

pastor, oris (pasco, feed), m., shepherd.

ordino,

are,

avi,

atus

(5rdo),

/;.,

arrange, regulate.
5rd6, 5rdinis, m., line, rank.

pateo, ere, patui,

extend.

intr.,

be open,

Orgetorix, igis,
Helvetii.
orior, oriri, ortus

;.,

chief of the

pater, patris, m., father.

patior, pati, passus

sum,

tr.,

suffer,

sum,

intr., rise.
in.,

allow, endure.

ornatus, us (orno, adorn),

decoration.

attire,

patria, ae (patrius),/, country, native

land.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
patrius, a,

um

(pater), ancestral.

perpetuo
ad7'.,

(perpetuus,

continuous),

pauci, orum, few,

continually, forever.

paulisper, adv., for a short time,

paululum
little,

(paulus,

small),

adv.,

perrumpo, ere, perrupi, perruptus (per + rumpo, break), tr., break

through.
perspicio, ere, perspexi, perspectus

somewhat.

pax, pacis, /, peace.

pecc5, are, avi, atus, intr., transgress,
offend.

(per

specio, see),

tr.,

see through.

persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus

(per
dat.,

pecunia, ae (pecus),/, money.

pecus, pecoris,
;/.,

suadeo,

persuade),

/;-.

7^.

cattle,
;.,

herd.
foot soldier;

persuade, prevail on.

ere,

pedes, peditis (pes),

//., infantry.

pertineo,

pertinui,

(per

tene5), intr., extend, pertain, relate.

Pedius,

i, ;;/.,

Quintus Pedius, one of

pertractus.

See pertrahS.

Caesar's lieutenants.
peior, comp. of malus.

pertrah5,
(per

ere,

pertraxi,
tr.,

pertractus

+ traho),
ire,

drag, lead.

peius, comp. of male,

pellc, ere, pepuli, pulsus, tr., drive
out, expel, rout, conquer.

pervenio,

perveni, perventus (per

intr., arrive at, reach.

+ venio),

pes, pedis, m., foot.

per, prep. w. ace, through, over, by,

by means

of.

pessime, sup. of male. pessimus, sup. of malus.

peto, ere, petivi or petii, petitus,
tr.,

peragro, are, avi, atus (per

/;.,

+ ager),

wanilcr through, roam over.

ere,

aim

at,

seek, ask,

demand,

request.

perdiic5,

perdiixi,
/r.,

perductus

pietas, atis (pius,

tion, loyalty.

pious), /., devo-

(per+ duco),
construct.

lead, lead through,

piger, pigra, pigrum, slow, lazy.

perennis, e (per

annus), perpetual,
perfectus
fin-

pignus, pignoris,
ance.

.,

pledge,

assur-

never
perfici5,

failing.

ere,

perfeci,
tr.,

pilum,
pirus,

i, i,

n., javelin.

(per
ish,

facio),

accomplish,

/, pear
i.

tree.

complete.

Plancus,

See Miinatius.

perfidus, a,
less,

um
ari,

(per-f fidus),
atus sum,
danger.

faith-

planities, ei

(planus,

flat),

plain,

treacherous.
tr.,

level ground.

periclitor,
trial
of,

make

plebes,

ei,

or plebs, plebis, /, com-

try.
i,

mon
skillful.

people.

periculum,
peritus, a,

n.,

plerusque,

pleraque,

plerumque,
of multus),
posse,
in-

um,
tr.,

most, very many.

a,

permitto, ere, per misi, permissus (per pliirimus,

-f

um

{^sup.
;

mitt5),

give up, intrust, permit.

most, very

many

plurimum

permoveo, ere, permovi, permotus (per + moveo), tr., move, arouse,

influence, alarm.

be very powerful, have most

fluence, be supreme.

plus, comp.

c/multum.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
plus, pluris {comp. o/multus), more;
//., several,

289
{pres.
able.

potens,

potentis

part,

of

more.
drinking cup.

possum), powerful,
potentatus,
lis

poculum,

i,

n.,

(potens), m., supreme

poena, ae,

f.,

punishment, penalty;
suffer
p!.,

power,

rule.

poenas dare,

punishment.
Carthaginians.

potestas, atis (potis, able),/, power,

authority, privilege.
potiri,

Poeni, orum, m.

polliceor, eri, poUicitus

sum, promise. potior,

Pompilius,

potitus

sum

(potis,

Pompeius,
Pompilius,

i,

w.,
i,

Pompey.

able), w. ahl., get possession of.

tn.,

Numa

prae, prep. w.

ad/.,

before.

second king of Rome.

pono, ere, posui, positus,
put, pitch (a
/;.,

praebeo,
place,

ere,

praebui,
/;-.,

praebitus
sup-

(prae
ply.

habeo),

furnish,

camp).

pons, pontis, /, bridge. See pOSCO. popOSCl. populor, ari,

ti'.,

praecino, ere, praecinui,

cano, sing),
tr.,

(prae

play before.
spoil.

atus

sum

(populus),

praeda, ae,y;, booty,

praeficio,
ere,

ravage, lay waste.

T,

praefeci,
tr.,

pracfectus
over, put

populus,

m., people.
/.,

(prae
in in

+ facio),
of.

set

Porsena, ae,
Etruria.

king of Clusium

charge

praeliiceo, ere.-praeliixi,
gate.

(prae

porta, ae, /,
porto,
bring,
are,

luceo, shine),

2>ttr.,

shine before.

avi,

atus,

tr.,

carry,

praemitto, ere, praemisi, praemissus (prae -f mitto), tr., send ahead,

dispatch.

portus, us, m., port, harbor.

posco, ere, poposci,

/;.,

ask, de-

praemium,
praescribo,

i,

n.,

reward.
praescripsi,

mand.
possideo, ere, possedi,
occupy.

ere,

prae-

tr.,

hold,

scriptus (prae
order.

scnhb),tr., direct,

possum, posse, potui,

can
;

be able,
be
very

praesidium,
.,

(praesideS,

defend),

plurimum

posse,

guard, defense, garrison.

praestare, praestiti, prae-

powerful.
post, adv., afterwards, later.
post, prep.
7U.

praesto,
stitus

(prae

sto,

stand),
excel;

/;//;.,

ace, after, behind.

adv., afterwards.

stand before,

surpass,

tr.,

postea (post
posterus,
a,

+ is),
um,
(post

show.

following,

next

comp. posterior;

sup. postremus.

praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefutiirus (prae + sum), /;//;-., be at

head
of,

postquam
after.

quam),

conj.,

be

in

charge

of,

command.

praeterea

(praeter,

beyond

is),

postridie (posterus
the following day.

+ dies),
tr.,

ad<>.,

on

adv., besides.

praeveni5,

ire,

praeveni, praeventus
tr.,

postulo, are, avi, atus,

ask.

demand,

(prae

venio),

come

before,

outstrip, forestall.

ESSEN. OF LATIN

IQ

290

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
proicio, ere, proieci, proiectus (pr5

pratum, i, ., field, meadow. primd (primus), adv., at first,

+
first;

iacio),

//'.,

throw

forth,

abandon.

primum (primus), quam primum, as

primus,
a,

adv.,

at

promittd,
(pro

ere,

promisi,
/r.,

promissus
ay///, pro-

soon as possible.

+
;

mitto),

promise.

um, first; prima liice, at prope, daybreak; primus devicit, was the pior
first

ad?'.,

near, nearly;

sup.

proximus.
htir., hasten.

to conquer.

propero, are, avi, atus,

princeps,
capi5),

principis
in.,

(primus

propinquitas,

atis

(propinquus,

chief, leader, author.

near),yC, nearness, relationship.

prior, prius (pro), former, previous,

propior, propius (prope), nearer.

priusquam
privatus, a,
private.

(prius, sooner

+ quam),
deprive),

propius

{covip.

of prope), adv.

and

couj., before,

sooner than.
(privo,

prep. w. ace, nearer.

um

propono, ere, proposui, propositus

(pr5

pono),

tr.,

set forth, declare,

pr5, prep.
for,

7V. ad/.,

before, in front of,

propose.

in behalf of, in proportion to,

;

in place of

row/, prior

jzc/.

pri-

mus.
Proca, ae,
proced5,
"/.,

propter, prep. w. ace, on account of. pr5sum, prodesse, profui, profutiirus (pro + sum), in/r., be of service or use to, benefit.

king of Allia Longa.

processi,
ni/r.,

ere,

(pro

cedo),

pr5cessum protinus, adv., ahead, directly. go forward, proturbo, are, avi, atus (pr5 + turbo,
confuse),
/;-.,

proceed, advance,
procul, adv., far
off,

drive away, dislodge,

from

afar,

repulse.
ciiro),

procuro, are, avi, atus (pr5

/;-.,

+
;

provincia, ae,/., province.

provold,
are, avi,

take care

of,

attend to

avert.

(pro

volo),

proditio,

onis

(prod5,

betray), /,

inir., fly fiirth,

rush out.
adv.,
last,

treachery, treason.

proxime (proximus),
cently.

re-

proelium,

i,

., battle.

profecti5, onis

(proficiscor), /, set-

proximus,
next;

a,

um

(prope), nearest,

ting forth, departure.

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus
(proficio, advance),
/;//;-.,

in proximo, near by.

-f

sum

prudens, prudentis (pr5

foreseeing, wise.

videns),

set out,

go, march.

prudenter (priidens), adv., wisely,

profugi,

profugio,
fugio),

ere,

(pr5

piiblicus, a,

um

(populus), public;

/;//;., flee,

escape.

res piiblica, the state, republic.

pr5gredior, progredi, progressus

sum

Piiblius,

i,

w., a

Roman name.
sense
of

(pr5

+
+

gradior, go),

i/itr.,

proceed,

pudor,

oris,

m.,

shame,

advance.

honor,
puella, ae (puer),/,
girl.

prohibeo, ere, prohibui, prohibitus

(pro

habeo),

/r.,

keep

(away)

puer, pueri, w., boy.

from, prevent.

pugna,

ae, /, fight, battle.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
pugn5, are, avi, atus (pugnus,
intr.,
fist),

291

quidem,
quin,

adv., indeed, truly.

tight;

pugnatum

est,

they

conj.,

that

not

that

from

fought.

\after verbs of hindering).

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful, pretty.

quindecim

(quinque + decem),
five
five.

indecL, fifteen.
;.,

Pulcher,

Pulchri,

P.

Claudius

quingenti, ae, a,

hundred.
a

Pulcher, consul 249 B.C.

quinque, indecL,
Quintus,
i

pulchre (pulcher), adv., beautifully. pullarius, i (pullus), w., keeper of the

sacred chickens.
pullus,
i,

(quintus,

fifth),

;.,

Roman name.
Quirinalis,
the
hills
is,

m.,

Quirinal, one

of

m., chicken.

of
i,

Rome.
.,

pulsus.

See pello.
a,

Quirinus,

the

name given
qui,

to

Punicus,
punio,
tr.,

um, Punic, Phoenician,

Romulus
qua,

after his deification.

Carthaginian.
ire,

quis, quae, quid

and

quae or
indef.

punivi, punitus (poena),

quod,

interrog.

and
;

punish.
a,

pron., who, which, what

any, any

Pyrenaeus,

um,

(of the) Pyrenees.

one, some one. quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or quodquam, indef. pron., any, any one.

quadraginta, indecL,
quadringenti, ae,

forty,

a, four

hundred.

quisque, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef. pron., each (one), every

(one).
quivis, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, to

seek, ask.

quam, than
possible.

ivith

a sup., as possible,

(qui

vis,

front

volo),

indef.

quantus,

a,

um, how

great, as.
adv.,
for

pron., any one you please.

quare (quae
quasi

+ res),
si),

which
the

reason, therefore.

qu5 (qui), adv., where, whither. quod (qui), conj., because.

(quam +

adv.,

on

quondam,
quoniam,

adv., once, formerly.

conj., since,

ground

that, because.

because.

quattuor, indecL, four.

quoque, adv.,
proii.,

also, likewise.

-que, enclitic
qui,

conj.,

and.
re/,

quae,

quod,

who,

R
rapio,ere,rapui,raptus,i';-.,seize,steal.
ratio, onis (reor, think),/., consideration,

which, what, that;

quam

ob rem,

wherefore, therefore.

quicquam. See quisquam. quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque,

rel. proi!.,

method.
a Celtic tribe near

ratis, is,/, raft.

whoever, wliatever.

Rauraci, orum,
the Rhine.

;.,

quidam, quaedam, quoddam or quiddam, indef. proii., certain, a

certain one, somebody.

recido, ere, recidi,

fall

(cado),
to.

intr..,

back,

fall,

come back

292

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
repente, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly.
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus (pari5,

recipio, ere, recepT, receptus (capio),

/;.,

take back

se recipere, betake

one's

self, retreat.

produce),
tain.

/;-.,

find,

discover, ascer-

reddo,reddere,reddidi,redditus (do),
tr.,

give back, return, render.

(eo),

reppuli.

See repello.
ere,

redeo, redire, redii, rediturus

intr.,

reprehends,
censure.

reprehendi, repre-

go back,
tr.,

return.

hensus (prehendo, seize),/;-., blame,

(integer,

redintegro, are, avi, atus

whole),

restore, renew,

repromitto,

ere,

repromisi,
//.,

repro-

reditio, 5nis (redeo),/, return.

missus (promitt5),
return.
res, Tel,/., thing, affair,

promise in

reduc5, ere, reduxi, reductus (duco),

/;'.,

lead back.

circumstance

refero, referre, rettuli, relatus (fero), carry back

;

res

frumentaria, provisions, sup;

pedem

referre, retreat.

plies of grain

res piiblica, state,

regina, ae (rex),/, queen.

regius, a,

republic

quam
ere,

ob rem, wherefore,
rescissus
/;-.,

um

(rex), kingly, royal;

jialace.
///-.,

therefore.

aedes regiae,
be king, reign,

rescinds,

rescidi,

regn5, are, avi, atus (regnum),

(scindo, break

down),

break

down, destroy.
.,

regnum, i (rex), kingdom.

royal

power,

resisto, ere, restiti,

intr.,

(sisto, place),

oppose,

resist,

hold

one's

rego, ere, rexi, rectus,

tr.,

guide, rule.
(labor,

ground.

relabor, relabi, relapsus

slip),
;;;/;-.,

sum

respondeo, ere, respondi, resp5nsus

sink back, subside.

;

(spondeo,
answer.
restituo,
ere,

promise),

tr.,

reply,

religiS, onis,/, piety

//., rites.

relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus (linquo,

leave),
tr.,

restitui,

restitiitus

leave behind, leave.

(statuo),
the

/;.,

renew, restore.

reliquus, a,
rest of;

um, remaining,

left,

retined, ere, retinui, retentus (teneo),

tr., ht)ld

nihil reliqui, nothing

left;

back, detain, retain.

in

reliquum tempus,
ere,

for the future.

reverts, ere, reverti,

ter, reverti,
intr., turn

remaned,
iiitr.,

remansi,
atus

and

rever-

(maneo),
(mixnus),

reversus

sum

(verto),

remain, stay.
ari,

back, return.

remuneror,
tr.,

sum

revivisco, ere,

(viv5), intr.,

repay, reward.
i,

be alive again.
revoco, are,
recall.

Remus, Remus,

m., the brother of Romulus.

m., a

avi,

atus

(voco),

tr.,

i,

Reman, one of the

trilie

Remi, a Belgic
report.

of Gaul,
tr.,

rex, regis, w., king.

renuntio, are, avi, atus (niintio),

Rhea, ae,/, Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus.

repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus (pello),

tr.,

drive back, repulse.

Rhenus, i, Rhodanus,

w., the Rhine.

i,

m., the

Rhone.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
rigo, are, avi, atus,
ir.,

293

wet, moisten.

satis, adi'.,

enough.
rock, stone.

ripa, ae,/,

bank (of a robur, roboris, )i., oak

rogo, are, avi, atus,

river).
;

saxum,
m., a

i,

;/.,

strength,
ask, beg.

Scaevola, ae (scaeva, left-handed),

tr.,

surname of Gaius Mucius.

scapha, ae, /, skiff, boat, R5ma, ae, /, Rome. R5manus, a, um (Roma), Roman; scientia, ae (scio), /, knowledge, skill. as subst. Romanus, 1, in., a Roman.

Romulus, i, of Rome.
rumor,

in.,

the reputed founder

sci5, scire, scivi or scii, scitus, tr.,

know, know how.

scriba, ae (scribo),
>n.,

rosa, ae,/, rose.

oris, m.,

writer, scribe,

rumor, report.
ruri, in

secretary.

riirsus (reverto), adv., back, again,

scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus,

tr.,

write,

rus, riiris, m., the country

sciitum,
se.

i,

n., shield.

the country.

See sui.

secretus, a,

um
um

(secerno, separate),

concealed, hidden, secret.

Sabinus,
Sabis,
the

i,

m.

i.

Sabine.

2.

See

secundum (secundus),
secundus,
a,

adv., along,

Titurius.
is,

(sequor), following,

m. a river of Belgic Gaul,

,

second; favorable.
secUtus.
See sequor.

modern Sambre.
holy,

sacer, sacra, sacrum,

as subst.

sacred;

sed, conj., but.

sacrum,

i,

.,

a holy thing,

sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, intr.,

sit.

religious rite.

sedecim,
(sacer),
?n.

indecl., sixteen.

sacerdos, otis

and

f.,

sedile, is (sedeo), n., seat,

priest, priestess.

segnis,

e,

slow, sluggish.
pi.,

sacrificium,
sacrifice.

(sacer

facio),

n.,

Segusiavi, orum, m.
Celtic Gaul.

a tribe of

sacrum.
saepe,
often.

See sacer,
adz'.,

sella,

ae (sedeo),/,

seat, chair;

sella

often;

saepius,

very

curiilis,

a portable chair, opening

Its

like a camp-stool.

use belonged

saepes, is,/, hedge, fence,

sagitta, ae,y;, arrow. Sagittarius,
Salii,
i

at

first

only to the king, but later

to curule aediles, praetors, consuls,

(sagitta), w.,

bowman.
dancing

dictators,

and the Flamines.

senator,

orum

(salio, leap), w.,

semper,
senatus,

adv., always, ever,

;.,

priests of Mars.

senator, oris (senex),

iis

saltem, adv., at
saltus,
lis

least,

(senex),

in.,

senate,

(salio,

leap),

m.,

jump;

senectiis, utis

(senex),/, old age.

comp.

ravine.

senex, gen. senis, old, aged;

senior
;

Santones, um, w. //., a Celtic tribe near the Garonne,

sarcina, ae,/, bundle, pack.

sup.

maximus
pi.,

natii.

Senones, um, m.
Gaul.

a tribe of Celtic

294
sententia, ae

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
(sentio, discern), /.,
soci5,

are,

avi,

atus

(socius),

/;.,

opinion, decision.
sepelio,
bury,
ire,

join, share.
tr.,

sepelivi, sepultus,

socius,
ally.

(sequor),

/;/.,

companion,

septem, indecL, seven,

septuaginta, indecL, seventy.
sepultus.
See sepelio.
a,

sol, s51is, i.,

rise.

sun; sole ort5, at sun-

soleo,

ere,

solitus

sum,

iuir.,

be

Sequanus,
of

um, Sequanian;
i,

as subst.

accustomed.
s51itudo, inis (solus),
solitus.
f.,

Sequanus,
the

>n.,

a Sequanian, one

wilderness.

Sequani, a tribe of Belgic

See soleo.
/;-.,

Gaul.

soUicito, are, avi, atus,

o-.,

stir

up,

sequor, sequi, seciitus sum,

low.

fol-

arouse, provoke.
solus, a, um, only, alone, sole. somnium, i (somnus), n., dream.

servo, are, avi,

atus

(servus),

(?.,

keep, preserve, save.

somnus,
spatium,

i,

w., sleep.

servus,
sese.

i, ;.,

slave, servant.

soroi*, oris, /., sister.

i,

See sui.
six.

.,

space, distance, time,

sex, indecL,
si, conj., if;

opportunity.
if

si

minus,

not.

spectaculum,
sight,

(specto, behold),

n.,

sibi.

See sui.

show, spectacle.

sic, adv., thus, so.

speculator, 5ris, w., scout, spy.

in sicco, on dry

siccus, a,

um,

dry;

spero, are, avi, atus (spes),

expect.

tr.,

hope,

ground.
significo, are, avi, atus

(signum

spes, spei, /, hope.

facio),

tr.,
i,

signify, declare.

sponte

{all.), of one's

own

accord.

signum,

.,

sign, signal, standard,

statim

(sto),

adv.,

forthwith,

im-

ensign;

signa

convertere,

face

mediately.
statio, onis

about; signa inferre, charge,

silens, silentis (siled, be still), silent,
quiet.

(sto),

/,

post,

picket,

guard.

statua,

ae

(statuo),

/,

image,

silva, ae, /,

wood,

forest,

statue.

silvestris, e (silva),

wooded,

statuo, ere, statui, statiitus, tr

decide, determine.
/;.,

place,

similis,

e, like, similar.

simulo, are, avi, atus (similis),

pretend.
sine, prep. w. ahl., without.

Stella, ae,

/, stipendium,
pay),
n.,

star.
i

(stips, gift

-f-

pendo,

pay, tribute.
in.,

singuli, ae, a, one by one, individual,

strepitus, us,

noise.

each,
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum,
left.

studeo, ere, studui,

for, desire.

intr.,

be eager

socer, soceri, w., father-in-law.

studium,
ness.

(studeo),

.,

zeal, eager-

societas, atis (socius),/, alliance.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
stultus, a,

295

um,

silly, foolish.

superior.
:
;

See superus.
/;.,

sub, prep.

zu. abl.

and

ace.

u>. zv.

abl.,

supero, Jlre, avi, atus (superus),

surpass, overcome, conquer.

under, below, at the foot of

ace,

under, up

to, to

the foot

of.

supersedeo, ere, supersedi, superses-

subduco, (sub

ere,

subduxi,
O-.,

subductus
a(h<.,

sus

(super

sedeo),

intr.,

be

duco),

bring up.
sud-

superior, refrain from.

subito (subitus, sudden),

denly.

supersum, superesse, superfui, superfutHrus (super + sum), intr., be

over, survive.

sublatus.

Set' tollo.

subruo, ere, subrul, subrutus (sub + ruo, overthrow), tr., dig under,

superus,
coiiip.

a,

um

(super),

above

superior, ius, upper, former;

undermine.
subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus
(sub

Slip,

supremus, summus, highest,

ire,

sum
aid,

very great, top of

sequor),
i

tr.,

follow, pursue,
.,

supervenio,

superveni, supervenintr., arrive.

subsidium,
relief

(sub

sedeo),

tum

(super
i

+ venio),

supplicium,
ere,

(supplex, suppliant),
above,

succedo,

success!,
tr.

(sub

cedo),

and

intr.,

successum ;/., punishment, death. come supra, adv. and prep. w.

before.
i.,

ace.,

up, approach.

successus,
proach.

us

(succedo),

ap-

supremus.

See superus.

suscipio, ere, suscepi, susceptus (sub

Suessiones, um,
Belgic Gaul.

m. pL, a tribe of

capio),

tr.,

unilertake.

sustento, are, avi, atus (sustineo),

sufficio, ere, suffici, suffectus

(sub

/;.,

endure, withstand.
ere,

faci5), inir., he sufficient.

SUl,

sustineo,

sustinui,
//'.

sustentus
intr.,

pers. pron., of himself (herself,

(sub

+ teneo),

and

hold

itself,

themselves)

he, she,

it
;

dat.

up, withstand, sustain.

sustuli.

sibi, ace.

and

abl. se,

sese

inter

See tollo.

se, to

one another.
futurus,
intr.,

suus, a,

um
all

(sui), his, her,

its,

its,

their;

sum,
w.

esse, fui,
dat.

be;

his

(her,

their)

own;

suaque

ofpossessor, have.
the whole
;

omnia,

their possessions.

summa, ae (summus), /,
leadership, supremacy.

summus.
sumo,

See superus.

T.
tr.,

Titus.
never-

ere, siimpsi,

sumptus,

take,

assume, begin (battle).

super, prep.

tam, adv., so. tamen, adv., however,

theless.

yet,

w.

ace.
to.

and

abl.,

over,

upon, in addition

tantus,
such.

a,

um

(tam),

so

great,

superbus,

a,

um, haughty, proud.

iacio),
tr.,

supericio, ere, superieci, superiectus

(super

throw across.

Tarpeia, ae, /".. a Roman time of Romulus.

girl

in

the

296
Tatius,
i,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
m., Titus Tatius, a Sabine

trado, ere, tradidi, traditus (trans

king, joint ruler with Romulus.

te, ace.

do),

/;'.,

give over, give up, deliver,

of
T,

tu.

surrender.

telum,

., missile,
f.,

weapon.
y;, storm,

traduc5,

ere,

traduxi,
tr.,

traductus
lead
over,

temeritas, atis,

rashness.

(trans

duco),

tempestas, atis (tempus),

tempest.

transport.
traicio, ere, traieci, traiectus (trans

templum,

i,

n., temple.
;/.,

iacio),

tr.,

throw or carry across,

a

tempus, temporis,

time, occasion.

pass over, transfix.

tendo, ere, tetendi, tentus (inJ tenSUS, spread out, stretch.

Tralles,
Lydia.
trans,

Trallium, /,
w.
ace,

town

of

tener, tenera, tenerum, tender, young.

terra, ae,
/.,

prep.

across,

over,

earth,

land,

country;

through.
transed,
ire, transii,
tr.

terra, by land.

transitus (trans
cross,

terreo,

ere,

terrui,

territus,

ir.,

e5),

and

iittr.,

go over,

frighten, terrify.

pass over, go across.

tertius, a,

um

(tres), third.

transfugio, ere, transfixgi,

(trans
tr.,

testOdo, inis,/, tortoise;

shed.

+
>n.

fugi5), intr., flee over, go over,

Teuton!,
pi..

orum

or Teutones,

um,

transgredior, transgredi, transgres-

Teutons, a Germanic people on

sus

sum

(trans

gradior, go),

the Baltic.
Tiberis,
tibi, dat.
is,

go over, pass over.

transilio, ire, transilui,
salio,

w., the Tiber.

(trans +
over,

of tu.
i.,

leap),

tr.,

leap

jump

tibicen, inis,

piper, Hute player.

across.

timeo, ere, timui,

fear,

//-.

and

intr.,

transversus, a,
across),

um

(transvert5, turn

be afraid

of.

transverse;

transversa

timidus, a,
Titurius,
i,

um (timeo), afraid,
w.,

timid.

fossa, cross ditch,

trecenti, ae, a (tres

Quintus Titurius Sa-

centum), three
thir-

binus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.

hundred.

Titus,

i,

/.,

Roman name.
/;-.,

tredecim (tres
lift

decem), /;/^/t'(7.,

tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus,

teen,
tres, tria, three.
tribiinal,

up, raise;

remove, destroy.
//.,

Tolosates, ium, w.

Tolosates, in-

alis

(tribiinus),

.,

judg-

habitants of Tolosa
louse).

(modern Tou;/.,

ment

seat, tribunal.
i

tribiinus,
i

(tribus, tribe), w., tribune,

tormentum,
Torquatus,
Manlius.
totus, a,

(torqueo, twist),

a military officer.

military engine for hurling missiles.

i

triduum,

(tres

dies), ., interval

(torquis, necklace), w.,

See

of three days.
triginta, indecl., thirty,

a surname of Titus Manlius.

triumphus,
all.

i,

ni.,

triumph,

um, whole,

tu, tui, pers. proii., you, thou.

ESSENTIALS OF LATLN
tuba, ae,/, trumpet.
tuli. uti.
uti.
i.

297

See ut.

See fero.
pi.,

See utor.

Tulingi, orum,
tribe near the

a Germanic

utilis, e (utor), useful.

upper Rhine.

utinam,
may.

adv.,

that,

would
use,

that,

turn, adv., then, in the next place.

tumultus,

i,

m., uproar, disturbance.

utor, uti, iisus

sum,

ir.,

employ.

tunc, adv., then, at that time.

uxor, 5ris, /, wife.

turba, &&,/, throng, crowd.

turpis,
e,

ugly, disgraceful, infamous.

turris, is,/, tower.

vacuus,

a,

um, empty,
shoal, ford.

destitute

of,

tutela, ae (tueor, protect), w., guardian, protection.

vacant.

vadum,
safe.

i, ;/.,

tutus, a,

tuus, a,

um (tueor, protect), um (tu), your, yours.

vagitus, us (vagio, cry), w., crying,

squalling.

Valerius,

i,

w..

Marcus Valerius Max(valeo, be strong),

U
ubi, adv., where,

imus
validus,

Corvintls, consul 343 b.c.

a,

when.
sztp. ulti-

um
n,

uUus,

a,

um,

any, any one.

;

strong, sturdy.

ulterior, ulterius, farther

vallum,
works.

i,

wall,

rampart,

earth-

mus,

a,

um.

ultra, adv.
farther.

and

prep.

iv.

ace, beyond,

vasto, are, avi, atus (vastus),

waste, ravage.

tr.,

lay

una

(iinus), adv., together with.

vastus,

a,

um,

vast,

enormous.
speed,

unde, adv., whence.

velocitas,

atis

(velox), /,

undecim
eleven.

(unus

decem),

indecl.,

swiftness.

velox, velocis, swift, quick.

all sides.

undique, adv., from or on

universus,
a,

velut, veluti, adv., as

if,

just as

if.

um

(unus

verto,

venia, ae,
venio,
ire,

/.,

favor, permission.

turn), whole, entire,

veni,

ventum,
of.
/;.,
;

iutr.,

come;

unus,

a,

um, one.

in fidem venire, put one's self un-

urbs, urbis, /, city.

der the protection

usus, a,

um.

See utor.

venor,

ari,
i,

atus sum,
.,

hunt, chase.

usus, us (utor), m., use, advantage,

benefit,

verbum,
speak.

word

verba facere,
/;., fear,

help;

Usui

esse,

be

of

service.
ut, uti, (l) adv., as

vereor,

eri,

veritus sum,

be

when

(2) conj.,

afraid of.

that, in order that, so that.

vergo, ere,
incline.

intr.,

lie

toward,

uter,

utra,

utrum, which (of two),

which one.
uterque,

veritus.

See vereor.
true), adv., in fact,
in-

utraque,

utrumque, each vero (veru?,

(of two), both.

deed, however.

298
vertex,
verticis
crest.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
(verto,
turn),

m.,

vindico,
inflict

are,

avi, atus,

/;-.,

punish,

summit,

punishment.
y.,

verum
but.

(verus, true), adv., certainly,

vinea, ae,

a military shed.

vinum,

i,

.,

wine.

vescor, vesci,

def., eat.

vinxi.

See vincio.

Vesta, ae,

/.,

goddess of the hearth,

state.

vir, viri, vi.,

man.
virgin,

and hence of the family and

vires.

See vis.
f.,

Her

sacred
in

fire,

kept

continually

Virgo, virginis,

maiden,

girl.

burning

her temple

near

the

Viromandui, orum,
Belgic Gaul.
virtus,

>u. pi.,

a tribe of

P'orum, was watched by six priestesses, called Vestals.

virtutis

(vir),

/'.,

manhood,
pi.

vester, vestra,
yours.

vestrum (v6s), your,

virtue, bravery, courage.

vis, vim,y;, power, force,

number;

vestis,

is, y],

{garment, clothing.
ir.,

vires, strength.

veto, are, vetui, vetitus,

forbid.

vita, ae,y.",

life.

vetus,

veteris,

old,

ancient;

comp.

vivo, ere, vixi,

/;//;.,

live.

vetustior;

sup. veterrimus.
;/.,

vix, adv., hardly, barely.

vixi. jour-

vexillum,
via,

I,

a military ensign.

See vinco.
tr.,

ae, f.,

way,

road, street,

voco, are, avi, atus (vox),

call,

ney.
vici.

sunmion.
See vinco.

Vocontii. 5rum, m.
1.

pi.,

a tribe of Gaul.
,

Vicinus, a,
near.

um

(vicus), neighboring,

V0I6, velle, volui,

wish, desire,

be willing.
(vinco), m.,

victor, oris
victor.

conqueror,

2.

volo, are, avi, atiirus,

a,

iiitr., fly.

voluntarius,
y', victory.

um

(voluntas),

will-

victoria, ae (victor),

ing, v(jluntary.

victus, victurus.

See vinco.

voluntas, atis

(i. vol5),

/,

desire,

vicus,

1,

m., village.

consent, favor.
adv.,

videlicet

(video
is.

-f licet),

of VOS, pi. o/tu.

course, that

vove5,
tr.,

ere,

vovi,

votus,

tr.,

vow,

video, ere, vidi, visus,

see

pass.,

promise.

seem, appear.
vigilia,

vox, vocis,
(a

/.,

voice

//.,

words.
rt'f/j'.,

ae, f., watching, watch fourth part of the night).

vulgo (vulgus, multitude),

erally,

gen-

everywhere.
tr.,

viginti, indecl., twenty.

vulnerd, are, avi, atus (vulnus),

tr.,

vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus,

bind.

wound.
vulnus, vulneris,
vultus,
.,

vinco, ere, vici, victus,

/;-.,

conquer,

wound.
looks,

overcome.

vultur, vulturis, m., vulture.

(vinci5),
n.,

vinculum,

chain, fetter

us,

w.,

expression,

in or ex vinculis, in chains.

countenance.

VOCABULARY
ENGLISH LATIN
[Numbers
refer to Sections.]

agreeable, gratus,
able, potens, potentis;

a,

um.

be able, pos-

aid, auxilium,

1,

sum, pusse, potuT.

aid, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus.

about

to, be, active periphrastic con-

jtigation (437); fut. participle. above, superus.

aim, peto, ere, petlvi or petii, petltus. alarm, permoveo, ere, permovl, permotus.
all,

absent, be, absum,

afuT, afutiirus.

omnis, e; totus,

a,

um.
per-

abundance, copia,
fecl,

ae, /.

alliance, amlcitia, ae,/.

accomplish, conficio, conficere, conconfectus.

of, on, abl.

allow, patior, pati, passus sum;

mitto, ere, permTsT, permissus;

con-

account
ter,

of cause

ob, prop-

ced5, ere, concessi, concessus.

ally, socius,
I,

w.

ace.

m.

across,

trans,

w.

ace. ;

(a bridge)

alone, solus,

a,

um.
subjv.; abl, abs., 314.

across the river, in flumine.

already, iam.

adjoining, finitimus,

a,

um.
avT, atus.

although, cum,

'lU.

administer, administro, are,

always, semper.

advance, procedo,
cessus;

ere, process!, pro-

am, sum,

esse, fuT, futurus.

T,

progredior,

progredi, pro-

ambassador, legatus,

m.

gressus sum.

advantage,

lisus, us,
T,

m.
.

among, inter, apud, w. ace. ; be among, Insum, inesse, infuT, Infuturus

;

advice, consilium,

intersum, interesse, interfuT,

advise, moneo, ere, monuT, monitus.

affair, res, rei, /.

interfuturus.

afraid, be, timeo, ere, timuT,

after, prep., post,
70.

ample, amplus,
and,

a,

um.

ancient, vetus, veteris.

et,

ace

conj., post-

-que, at que;

and
are,

not, neque.
it.

quam.
afterwards, adv., postal.
against,
in,

animal, animal, animalis,

announce,
ace.
;

nuntio,

avT,

atus;

contra,

w.

be

enuntio, are, avT, atus.

against, obsum, obesse, obful, obfuturus.

another,

alius, a,

ud

to one another,
a,

inter se;

another's, alienus,

um.

299

300
answer, respondeo,
sp5nsus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
ere, respond!, re-

authority, auctoritas, atis,// postestas, atis, yr

any, any one,

aliqua,

lillus,

a,

um

aliquis,
;

await, exspecto,

are, avi, atus.

afuT,

aliquid

or aliquod
;

quis-

away,
turus.

be,

absum, abesse,

afu-

quam, quicquam
quodvTs.

cjuivis,

quaevis,

B
bad, malus,

appoint, constitud, ere, cdnslitui, constitutus.

approach, adventus,
US,

us,

in. ;

aditus,

um. baggage, impedimenta, orum, band, manus, us, f.

a,

n.

plur,

m.

bank
appropTnqu6,
ere,

(of river), ripa, ae,/

a,
,

approach,
atus;
surus.

are,

avT,

barbarous, harbarus,
battle, proelium,
i,

um.
pugna, ae, f.
;

accedo,

accedi,

acces-

;/.

line of battle, acies, aciei,/

T,

Ariovistus, Ariovistus,

tn.

be, sum, esse,

fui,

futurus.

arm, armo,

are, avi, atus. . //;-.

bear, fero, ferre, beautiful,

tull, latus.

arms, arma, orum,

pulcher,

pulchra,

pul-

army, exercitus, us, ;. / army on the march, agmen, agminis, ;/.

around, circum, w.
arouse,
incite,
ere,
ace. avT,

chrum.
beautifully, pulchre.

because, ciuod
atus
;

all.

of cause

be-

are,

per-

cause
before,

of, propter, lu. ace.

moveS,
arrange,

permovT, permotus.
ere,

jiro, 7v. abl. ;

ante, w. ace.

instruS,

instruxl,

In-

beg, peto, ere, petlvl or petil, petitus;

rogo, are, avi, atus.

structus.

arrival, adventus,

iis,

m.
perveni,
per-

begin, coepi, coepisse, coeptus

sum

arrive,

pervenio,

Ire,

begin battle, proelium committo,

ere,

ventus.

commlsl, commissus.
of, in, pro, 2v. abl.
ace.
tn.

arrow,

sagitta, ae,

/
ire,

behalf

art, ars, artis,

/
repperl, reper-

behind, post, w.

ascertain, reperio,
tus.

Belgae, Belgae, arum,

believe,
existimo,

are,

avi,

atus

ask, rogo, are, avi, atus

petTvi or petiT, petitus
avi, atus.
;

peto, ere,

cred5, ere, credidi, creditus.

mando,

are,

below, Inferus,
benefit,

a,

um.
prodesse,
proful,

prosum,

assemble,

convenio,

ire,

convenT,

prdfuturus.
benefit, usus, us, n.

conventus.
at, ad, w. ace.
;

sign of abl. of time.

2it\xm,

besiege, oppugno, are, avi, atus

sideo, ere, obsedl, obsessus.

ob-

Athens, Athenae,
attack,

f phtr.
avi,

attack, impetus, us, m.

best, optimus,

a,

um

adv., optime.

oppugno,
ere,
ari,

are,

atus

betake one's

self, confero, conferre,

{refl.').

lacesso,

lacessTvT, lacessitus.

contull, conlatus

attempt, c5nor,

atus sum.

between,

inter,

w.

ace.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
bid, iube5, ere, iussT, iussus.

301
;

capture, capio, ere, cepT, captus

ex-

bind, vincio,
bird, avis,
is,

Ire, vinxi, vinctus.

pugno,

are, avi, atus.

/
are, avT, atus.

black, niger, nigra, nigrum.

care, cura, ae, f. carefully, cum cura.

blame, culp5,
book,

carefulness, diligentia, ae,/

carry,
porto,
are,
;

body, corpus, corporis.

liber, librl,

avT,

atus

fero,

w.
f.
. .

ferre, tuli, latus

carry back, refero,

relatus
;

booty, praeda, ae,

referre, rettulT,
.

carry on,

both

and,

et
a,

et.

gero, ere, gessT, gestus.

bottom

of,

imus,

um.
plur.

Carthage, CarthagS,
case, causa, ae, f. cause, causa, ae,

inis,

/
equites,

boundary,
brave,

fines, \\xm, f.

boy, puer, puerT, w.

fortis, e.

/
;

cavalry,

equitatus, us, m.

bravely,

fortiter.

um,
onis,

in.

plur.;

of

the

cavalry,

bravery, virtus,

iitis,/

equester,

equestris,
in.

equestre.

breaking out, eruptio,

bridge, pons, pontis,
brief, brevis, e.

/
porto,
infero,

Celt, Celta, ae,

///.

certain, a

one, quidam, quaedam,

quoddam
tulT,

or quiddam.
I
;

bring, fero, ferre,

are,
avT,

latus
in,

chain,

vinculum,

in

chains,

ex

atus
intulT,

bring
inlatus
;

vinculis.

Inferre,

bring to-

chance, casus,

ijs,

in.

gether, confero, conferre, contuli,

conlatus.

change, converts,
versus.

ere, convertT, con-

broad,

latus, a,

um.
m.
;

charge, signa Infero, Inferre,

inlatus.
facio,

intull,

brother,

frater, fratris,

build, aedifico, are, avT, atus

ere, feci, factus.

charge
of,

of,

be

in,

praesum, praeesse,
;

pracfui, praefutfirus
T,

put in charge
prae-

building, aedificium,

praeficio,

ere,

praefecl,

burn, incendo,
sus.

ere,

incendi,

incen-

fectus.

chief, prlnceps, principis, m.

at,

but, sed,

autem
;

{postpositive).
7v. ahl. ;

children, llberl, 5rum, m. plur.

by, sign of ahl.

a or ab

by choose,

deligo, ere, delegl, delectus,

res,

means oi,abI. of means ;

per, w. ace.

circumstance,
citizen, civis,

rei,/

is,

m.

andf.

citizenship, civitas, atis,/

Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris, w.

call,

city, urbs, urbis,/

voco,

are,
;

avT,

atus

appello,

cohort, cohors, cohortis,

are, avi, atus

call together, con-

collect, cogo, ere, coegi, coactus.

voco, are, avT, atus.

camp,

castra,

orum,

n. plur.

column, agmen, agminis, n. come, veni5. Ire, veni, ventum; come

around, circumvenio.
Ire,

can, possum, posse, potuT,

circum-

302
veni,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
circumventus
ere,
;

come near,
accessurus
;

cry, clamor, oris, ;.

accedo,

access!,

cup, poculum,

i,

n.

come together, convenio, ire, con- custom, consuetudo, inis, yi come up, per- cut down, occldo, ere, occisi, veni, conventus
;

occisus.

venio.

Ire,

perveni, perventus.
n.
iussT,
;

command, imperium, i, command, iubeo, ere,

impero, are, avT, atus
avl, atus
fui,
;

iussus

daily, cottidianus,
tidie.

a,

um
;/.

adr'.,

cot-

niando, are,

praesum, praeesse, prae{70.

danger, perTculum,

T,

praefuturus

dat).
ni. ;

dare, audeS, ere, ausus sum.

commander,

dux, ducis,

impera-

daughter,
day,

filia,

ae,/
w.

tor, oris, ;.

dies, dief,

commit, committo,
missus.

ere,

commisl, corn-

daybreak,

at,

prima luce,
lucis,

daylight, lux,
people, plebs, plebis,/
socius,
T,

/
gratus,
a,

common

dear, earns,

a,

um

um.

companion,

ni.

dearly, care.

compel, cogo,

ere, coegi, coactus.

death, mors, mortis,/

deed, factum,
1,

complete, compleo, complere, complevl, compietus.

;/.

deep,
ahl.

altus, a,

um.
ere,

concerning, de,

-u.

defeat, calamitas, atis.yl

condemn, damnd,
tus

are, avT, atus.

defend,
fc'iisus.

dCfendd,

defend!,

de-

confer, conloquor, conloquT, cunlocu-

sum.
fides,

defense, praesidium,

i,

//.

confidence,

ei,/
ari,

delay, moror,
atus sum.
;

ari,

atus sum.

congratulate, gratulor,

delight, delects, are, avi, atus.

conquer, supero, are,

ere, vTcT, victus.

avT, atus

vinco,

deliver
atus
(

(=

set free), libero, are, avi,

;

= hand over)

trado, tradere,

conspiracy, coniuralio, dnis,

conspirator, coniuratus,
consul, consul, c5nsulis,
T,

yC

tradidT, traditus.

m.
contendl,

Delphi, Delphi, orum, m.

ni.

demand,

postulo, are, avi, atus

peto,

contend,

contends,
;

ere,

ere, petlvi

or

petiT, petitus.

contentus

dlmico, are, avT, atus.

a,

depart, discedo, ere,discessi,discessus.

contracted, angustus,

um.

dependent,
desire,

cliens, clientis,

w.
or
cupiT,

convert, converts, ere, convert!, conversus.

depth, altitudS, inis,/

cupio,
ere,

cupivT

Corinth, Corinthus, T,/

cupitus.
patria, ae, f.
ruri.
;

country,

terra, ae, f.
;

desirous (of), cupidus,

a,

um.
const itui,

rus, riiris

in the country,
1,

determine, cSnstituS,
constitutus.
die, morior, mori,

ere,

courage, animus,

;/.

cross, transeo, ire, transii, transitus,

mortuus sum

cado,

crowd, valgus,

i,

n.

multitiido, inis,/

ere, cecidi, casiirus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
difficult, difficilis, e.

303

enough,

satis, i tided.
I,

diligence, diligentia, ae,/;

direct, adiuinistro, are, avi, atus.

ensign, signum,

ti.

entangle, impedio,
pedltus.
re-

ire,

impedlvl, im-

disaster, calamitas,

atis,

y".

discover,
pertus.

leperiS,

Ire,

repperi,

equal, par, paris.

equestrian, equester, equestris, equese.

disgraceful, turpis,

tre.

dismiss, dlmitto, ere,

dispatch,
praemitto,

diniTsT,

dimissus.

equip, armo, are, avi, atus.

establish, cSnflrmo, are, avi, atus.

ere,

praemisi,

praemissus.

Europe, Europa, ae,y;

I,

disposition, animus,

m.

even, express by ipse,

ever, semper.

a,

um.

dissimilar, dissimilis,
ditch, fossa, ae,y;

e.

every, omnis,
;

e.

do, facio, ere, feci, factus

egl, actus.

ago, ere,

evil, inalus, a,

um.

exceedingly, express by superlative.

arum,/////;-.
ahl.

document,

litterae,

except,

nisi.

down
draw draw

from, de, w.
up, Tnstruo,

exchange,
TnstruxT,
In-

inter se dare,
ari,

near, appropinquS, are, avi, atus.

ere,

exhort, cohortor,

atus sum.

expect, exspecto, are, avi, atus.

expel, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus.

struct us.

drive away, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus.

during, inter,

iv. ace.

E
que
;

face about, signa confero, conferre,

contull, conlatus.

each (one), quisque, quaeque, quid- facing, adversus, a

each (of two), uterque, utraeager
for,
sus, zv. ace.
fail,
;

um

prep., adver-

que, utrumque.

desum, deesse, deful, defuturus.

cado, ere, cecidi, casurus.
vi.
ille, ilia, illud.

eager, acer, acris, acre

cupidus,
a,

faithful, fidus, a, um.

fall,

um
;

{tv.gen.^.

eagerly, acriter

cum
I,

studio,
w.

falling, casus, us,

earthworks, vallum,
easily, facile.

famous, express by
far, far off, longe.

easy,

facilis, e.

farmer, agricola,
sum.
atus
;

ae,

m.
ni.
1,

eight, octo.

father, pater, patris,

employ,

iitor, uti, fisus

father-in-law, socer,

m.

encourage,
cohortor,

hortor,
arl,

arl,

sum
incite,

favor, gratia, ae,

atus

sum

fear, timeo, ere, timuT,

eri,

vereor,

are, avT, atus.

veritus sum.
ferax, feracis.
ae, a (//r.).

end,

finis, Is,y;

fertile,
is,

enemy,

hostis,

enjoy, fruor,

frul,

m. and f. frfictus sum.

few, pauci,

field, ager, agri,

w.

304
fierce, acer, acris, acre

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
;

asper, aspera,

free, iTber, libera, iTberum. free, libero, are, avl, atus.

asperum
fight,
fill

ferus, a,

um.

fiercely, acriter.

freedom,

libertas, atis,/

pugno,

are, avT, atus.

frequently, saepe.
friend, amicus,
1,

up, compleo, complere, complevT,

;;/.

completus.
finally, denique.
find,

friendship, amicitia, ae,y;

frighten, terreo, ere, terruT, territus,
inveni, inventus
;

invenio,
Irl,

ire,

from, sign of
de, w. abl.

abl. ;

a or ab, e or ex,

reperio,

repperT, repertus.

finish, conficio, ere, confeci, confectus.

fire, ignis, is,

future, for the, in reliquum tempus.

m.

set fire to, incendS,

ere, incendl, incensus.

first,
fit,

primus,

a,

um

at

first,

prlmo.

garden, hortus,

i,

/n.
i,

idoneus,

a,

um.

garrison, praesidium,
gate, porta, ae, y;

n.

five,

quinque.

flank, latus, lateris, .

flee, fugio, ere, fugl,

put to
flight, in

gather,

cdnfero,

conferre,

contulT,

conlatus.

flight, fuga, ae,

//

Gaul (the country),

general, dux, ducis,
oris,

C.allia,
I,
,

ae,

f;

fugam dare
follow, sequor, sequi, secutus sum.

(inhabitant), GalUis,

m.
imperator,

w.

following, posterus,
food, cibus,
T,

a,

um.

m.
e.

in.
,

gentle, lenis,

foot, pes, pedis, w.

at the foot of, sub,

70. ace.

gift,
girl,

w.

abl.

to the foot of, sub,

;.

donum, i, ;/. puella, ae,/

do,
dare,

foot-soldier, pedes, peditis,

for, sign
w. abl.

give,
;

ded",

datus

give
;

of

dat. ;

ob, w. ace.

pro,

back, reddo, ere, reddidi, redditum give up, dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus
permitto, ere, permTsi, permissus
trado, ere, tradidl, traditus.

forbid, veto, are, vetuT, vetitus.

force, cogo, ere, coegT, coactus.

forces, copiae, arum, y!

forest, silva, ae,

glad, laetus,
go, eo,
ire,

a,
ii,

um.
itum
;

/
cepT,

proficTscor,

T,

form, capio, ere,

captus

in-

profectus
transeo,

sum
Ire,

go across or over,
transitus
redil,
;

struo, ere, Tnstruxi, instructus.

transit,

go
;

former,

ille, ilia, illud.

I,
;/.

back, redeo, redire,

reditum

fort, castellum,

fortifications, moenia, ium, n.plur.

fortify, muni6,Tre, muni(v)i, munitus.

go forward, procedo, ere, process!, processum go near, accedo, ere, accessi, accessus go out, exeo, ex; ;

fortune, fortuna, ae,

forty, quadraginta.
four, quattuor.

Tre,

exii,

exitus

let

go,

dimlttS,

ere,

dimlsT,

dimissus;

be

going

to, active periphrastic conjugation

a,

fourth, quart us,

um.

(437)-

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
god, deus,
T,

305

m.
a,

help, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutiirus,

goddess,

(lea, ae, yC

w. dat.
help, auxilium,
T,

good, bonus,

um.
e.
T,

n.; usus, us, m.

graceful, gracilis,

Helvetians, Helvetii, bxnm, piur.

n.
;

grain, frfimeiuum,

supplies of
rei

her,

hers,

eius

suus,

a,

um

her

grain, res frumentarla,

tariae, yl

friimen-

(own),

suus, a,

um.

herself, see self.

a,
ia,

great, magnus,

um

great many,
SO
great,

high, altus,
hill,

a,
is,

um.
tn.;

complures,
tantus,
a,

plnr.;

coUis,

up the

hill,

ad-

um.
Tnis, f.

verso colle.

greatness, magnitudo,
Greece, Graeck, ae,

himself, see self.

/
n

hindrance, impedimentum,
his, eius
;

T,

n.
a,

Greek, Graecus,

i,

7>t.

huius

illius

suus,

um.
hold
;

ground, on the, hum!.

guard, praesidTum,
T,

hither, hue.

hold, teneo, ere, tenuT, tentus

guest, hospes, hospitis, m.

back, retineo, ere, retinui, retentus

hold together, contineo,

tinuT, contentus;

ere, con-

hold up, sustineo,

habit, consuetudo,

inis, f.

ere, sustinuT, sustentus.

hand, manus, us, / Hannibal, Hannibal,

home, domus, us or
is, ;.

i,

at home,

domi.

happen, accido,
sltus.

ere, accidi,

honor, pudor,

oris,

m.

harass, lacesso, ere, lacessivi, lacesharbor, portus, us, m.

hope, spero, are,

hope, spes, spel,
horse, equus,

avi, atus.

/
m.
equitis,

horn, cornu, us, n.

T,

hard,

difficilis, e.

hardly,

vix.

horseman, eques,
ere,

m.

harm,
rus.

noceo,

nocui,

nocitu-

hostage, obses, obsidis, m.

hour, bora, ae,/

and f.

hasten, matiiro, are,

avi, atus

con-

house, domus,

iJs
;

or

\,

f.

tendo, ere, contend!, contentus.

however, autem
dat.

tamen.
conicio,

haughty, superbus,

a,

um.
;

hundred, centum.
hurl, iacio, ere, iecT, iactus
ere, conieci, coniectus.
;

have, habeo, ere, habuT, habitus

of possessor ; have
he,
hie
ille;

to, passive peri-

phrastic conjugation (438-9).

is
;

hurry, contends, ere, contendi, contentus;

he whO,
n.
;

is

qui.

mature, are,

avi, atus.

head, caput,

capitis,

be at the
I,

head

of,

praesum, praeesse, praefuT,

ego, met.
Ides, Idus,
if, si
;

praefuturus.

hear, audio,

ire,

audlvl, auditus.

Iduum, / phir.

height, altitudo, inis,/.

ESSEN. OF LATIN

if

not, nisi.

20

3o6
impede, impediS,
ditus.
in, sign
Tre,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
impedivT, impe-

K
keen, acer,
acris, acre.

of abl. ; in, w. abl. ; be sum, inesse, inful, Tnfuturus.

in, in-

keep, servo, are,

avi,

atus

keep

(away) from, prohibeo,

hibui, prohibitus.
kill,

ere, pro-

incite, incite, are, avi, atus.

increase, augeo, ere, auxi, auctus.

neco, are, avi, atus

interficio,
;

industry, dlligentia,

a.t,

f.

ere,

interfecT, interfectus

occldo,

infamous,
influence,
atis,/,-

turpis, e.

ere, occTdl, occisus.

infantry, pedites, um, m. plur.

gratia,
ae, /. ;

kindness, gratia, ae, /

king, rex,
regis,

auctoritas,

m.
intel;

have most
permoveo,

influence, pluri-

know,

scio, scire, scTvT, scitus;

nium

posse.
ere,

lego, ere, intellexT, intellectus

perf.

influence,

permovT,

of cogn5sco, ere, cognovT, cognitus.

permotus.

inform, certiorem
tus.

facio, ere, feci, fac-

Labienus, Labienus,

T.

inhabit, incolo, ere, incoluT,

labor, labor, oris, m.

opus, operis, n.

inhabitant, incola, ae, w.

injure, noceo. ere, nocui, nociturus

lack, inopia, ae,

y."

lack, careo, ere, caruT, cariturus.

obsum, obesse, obfuT,

esse,
dat.

obfutiirus.
;

lacking, be, desum, deesse, defuT, defuturus,

7v.

intend, in animo habere

~t>.

in

animo

dat.

land, terra, ae, /./

tria, ae,

native land, paamplus,

into, in,

iv.

ace.

/
a,

intrust, committo, ere, commTsi,

com- large, magnus,

um

a,

um.
late

missus
missus.

perniitto, ere, permTsi, per-

last, at. deniquf.

late at night, multa nocte

till

island. Insula,
it, is, ea, id.

ae,/

at night, ad niultam noctem.

latter, hic, haec, hoc.

Italy, Italia, ae,

its, eius
;

/
a,

law,

lex,

legis,/

suus,

um.

lazy, piger, pigra, pigrum.

lead, duco, ere, diJxi, ductus
;

lead
tra-

across or over, traduco, ere,

duxl,

traductus

lead

back, re;

January, lanuarius,
javelin, pllum,
T,

T,

m.
join
ere,

duco, ere, reduxT, reductus

lead

;/.

out, ediico, ere, eduxi, eductus.

;

join, iungo, ere, iunxT, iunctus

leader, dux, ducis, m.

cipis,

princeps, prln-

battle,

proelium

committo,

m.
intellego, ere, intellexT, intel;

commTsT, commissus.
joint, art us, us, n.

learn,

lectus

disco,

ere,

didicT,

journey,

iter, itineris, n.
T,

learn of, cognosco, ere, cognovi,

cognitus.

judgment, iudicium,

n.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
leave, intrans., discedo, ere, discessi,
discessus
;

307

march,
tus

proficTscor, proficTscT, profec;

exeo, exTre,

exil, exitus

sum

iter faci5, ere, feci, factus;

trans., leave,

leave behind,

relln-

contendo, ere, contend!, contentus.

quo, ere, relTquT, relictus.

left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum.

Marcus, Marcus,

i,

in.
i. ;

master, magister, magistri,

domi-

left

remaining),

reli(iuus, a,

um

nus,

i,

m.

nothing
lest, ne,
let, sign

left, nihil reliquT.

legion, legio, onis,/.'

may, sign of wish ; utinam, w. subjv. means of, by, abl. of means ; per,7y. ace.
mention, dem6nstr5, are,
av!, atus.

w.

siibjv.

of

impel-, or suhjv. ; let gO,

merchant, mercator,

oris,

m.
tn.

dlmitto, ere, dlmisT, dimissus.

letter (of alphabet), littera,
s.e,

Mercury,
f.;

INIercurius,

MercurT,
T,

messenger,

nfintius,

w.

(epistle), litterae, ^.xMxa, f. pliir

liberate, llbero, are, avT, at us.

middle
suum.

of,

medius,

a,

um.

mile, mille passus; pliir., millia pas-

liberty, llbertas,

atis,
I,

f.

lieutenant, legatus,
life, vita, ae,

m.

lift

up, toll5, ere, sustull, sublatus.

mind, animus, T, m. ; mens, mentis,/! ; have in mind, in animo habere; in animo esse, 70. dat. ; turn the mind
to,

light, lux, lucis,/

like, similis, e, like,

animadverts, ere, animadverti,

animadversus.

amo,

are, avi, atus.

el,

mine, meus,

a,

um.
us,
;;/.

line of battle, acies,

little,

misfortune, casus,

parvus,

a,

um.

live, VIVO, ere, vIxT,

long, longus,

a,
T,

um
vi.

adv., diu.

money, pecunia, ae,y; month, mensis, \%,f moon, luna, ae,yi

more, plus, pluris moreover, autem
;

lord, dominus,

sign of com.

love,

amo,

are, avT, atus.

e.

(^postpositive').

low, humilis,

loyal, fldus, a, um.

most, sign of superlative. mountain, mons, montis, m.

M
mad, Tnsanus, a, um. make, facio, ere, feci, factus. man, vir, virT, w. , homo, hominis, w. and f. : a man who, is qui. manage, administro, are, avT, atus. manhood, virtus, utis, / many, plural of multus, a, um very many, complures, compluria. march, iter, itineris, n.; on the march,
;

move, moveo, ere, movT, motus. much, multus, a, um adv., multum,

;

multo.

multitude, multitudo,

inis,yl

must, passive periphrastic conjugation, to. dat.

of agent (438-9).

my, meus,
myself,

a,

um.

see self.

N
name, nomen, ndminis, name, appello, are, avI,
n.
atus.

ex itinere.

3o8
narrow, angustus,
nation, natio, onis,
a,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
um.
gens, gentis,
y^

old, vetus, veteris

senex, senis.

y; ,

on,

in,

w.

abl.
a,

native land, patria, ae/

near, ad, w. ace.
;

one, unus,

um

one who,
.
.

is

qui;

come
a,

near, go near,

one

another, alius

alius;

the

accedo, ere, accessi, accessurus.

nearest, proximus,

one
ere,

the other, alter ... alter; to

se.

um.
of,

need,

be

in

need
T,

care5,

only, solus,

one another, inter a, um.

caruT,

m.
a,

opportunity, spatium,
oppose,

I,

n.

neighbor, fTnitimus,

resisto, ere, restiti,

neighboring, flnitimus,
neither
never,

um.
neque.

order

to, in, ut, iv. subjv.

neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum.

. . .

order, iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus

are,
atus.
avI,

impero,
are,
avT,

nor,

neque

atus

mand5,
Tgis,
;

numquam.
a,

nevertheless, tamen.

Orgetorix, Orgetorix,
other,
alius,
alia,

m.
(of two),

new, novus,
next,
a,

um.
a-,

aliud

proximus,

um

posterus,

alter, a,

um.
debitus impers.
;

um.

ought, debeo, ere, debuT,

night, nox, noctis,

//

late at night,

oportet,

ere,

oportuit,

multa nocte.
nineteen, undeviginti.
no,

passive

periphrastic

conjugation

(438-9).
nullus, a,

non no one, none, nemo, dat. nemini.

;

um

our,

ours,

noster,

nostra,

nostrum

our men, nostri, orum, m. plur.

ourselves, nos, nostrum
;

nor, neque.

ipsi, ae, a.

north wind, aquilo,

not,

dnis, ;.

out of,

e or ex, 7v. abl.

'V.

non

and

not, but not,

;

neque

over,

in,

abl. ;

trans, w. ace.

be

not

to, ne, iv. subjv.

if not, nisi

over, supersum, superesse, superful,

that not, ne, w. subjv.

superfuturus.

nothing,

nihil, indecl.

overcome, supero,
secutus sum.

are, avi, atus.

notice, animadverts, ere, animadvert!,

overtvike, consequor,

consequi, con-

animadversus.

now, nunc, iam. number, numcrus,

inis, f.

owe, debeo,
T,

ere, debut, debitus.

m.

nmltitudo,

pace, passus, us,

that, utinam, w. subjv.

in.

part, pars, partis,/

obey, pareo, ere, paruT,

obtain,
tentus.

obtinul,

peace, pax, pacis,yl ob-

obtineo,

ere,

pear

tree, pirus, \,f.

T,

people, populus,
are, avi, atus.

m.
in-

occupy, occupo,
of, sign

perceive, intellegS, ere, intellexl,

tellectus.

of gen.

de, w. abl.

often, saepe.

perish, cado, ere, cecidi, casiirus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
permit, permitto,
missus
;

309

ere,

permTsT,
ere,

per-

present, be, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus

fui,
;

concedo,

concessT,

intersum, interesse, inter-

concessus.

interfuturus.

persuade, persuades,
persuasus,
7v.

ere,

persuasi,

preserve, servo, are, avT, atus.

pretty, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum.

dat. ere, posui, posi-

pitch (camp), pono,

tus.

proceed, cSnsequor, cSnsequT, consecutus sum.

place, locus,

T,

m.

plur., loci or loca

;

promise, polliceor,
proper,
be,

eri, pollicitus

sum.

in that place, ibi

to this place,

oportet,

ere,

oportuit,

hue.
place, pono, ere, posuT, positus
loco, are, avi, atus
;
;

iinpers.

con-

protect, defendo, ere, defendT,defensus.

constituo, ere,

protection, praesidium,

I, ;;.

fides, el,

constituT, constitfitus.

/
ere,
dixl,

put one's self under the proa,

plan, consilium,

I,

n.

tection of, in fidem venire, w. dat,

dico,

plead

(a

cause),

proud, superbus,

um.
avi, atus
;

dictus.

provide, paro, are,

com-

please, delecto, are, avI, atus.

paro, are, avT, atus.

pleasing, gratus,

a, urn.

province, provincia, ae,yl

provisions,

pledge, obses, obsidis, m. or f.

commeatus,
rel

us,

m.

;
_/!

res

plow, aro,

are, avT, atus.

avT, atus.

frumentaria,

frumentariae,
I,

point out, demonstro, are,

prudence, consilium,
punish, puiiio,

11.

Pompey, Pompeius,
possess,
tentus.

I,

w.
obtinuT,

public, publicus, a, um.

Ire,

poor, miser, misera, miserum.

obtineo,
ere,

punlvl, piinitus

ob-

aniniadverto, ere, animadverti, ani-

madversus.
of,

possession, take possession

cup5, are,
avi, atus
;

oc-

punishment, poena, ae,/

pupil, discipulus,
I,

get possession

w.
w. ace. of

of, potior, potirT,

potitus

sum, w.

purpose

of, for the, ad,

gen.
possible, the
. .
.

gerundive.
-est possible, as
70.

pursue, c5nsequor, cSnsequi, consecutus sum.

... as
of adj.
;

possible, quam,

superl.

as soon as possible, cpiam

put to

flight, in

fugam do.

prTmum. power,
./
potestas, atis, f.; imperium,
T,

vis,

ace, vim.
;

queen, reglna, ae,

f.

powerful, potens, potentis

praise, laudo, are, avT, atus. prefer, malo, malle, maluT,

be very

quickly, celeriter.

powerful, plurimum posse.

quickness,

celeritas, atis,yC

R
comrace

prepare, paro, are,

pare, are, avi, atus.

avT, atus

(=

nation), gens, gentis,

raise, toUo, ere, sustuli, sublatus.

3id
rampart, vallum,
i,
;;.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
trans.

(=

give back), reddo, red-

rank, ordo, ordinis, w.

dere, reddidl, redditus.

ravage, vasto, are,

avi, atus.

reveal, enuntio, are, avi, atus.

reach,perveni5,Tre,pervem,perventus.
rear,

reward, praemium,

i,

novissimum agmen,

Rhine, Rhenus,
accep-

T,

m.
i,

reason, causa, ae, f.

receive, accipio, ere,
tus
;

Rhone, Rhodanus,
accepT,

in.

right, dexter, dext[e]ra, dext[e]rum.

river, flumen, fluminis,
;/.

recipio, ere, recepT, receptus.

recognize,
cognitus.

cognosco,

ere,

cognovT,

road, via, ae, /I;

rock, saxum,
1,

iter, itineris, .

;/.

redoubt, castellum,
relief, subsidium,

I,

n.

Roman, Romanus,

a,

um

as subst.,

T, ;/.

remain, maneo,
remaned,

ere,

mansT,

mansum

Romanus, i, in. Rome, Roma, ae, /

rose, rosa, ae,

ere, remansi, remansurus.

a,

remaining, reliquus,

um.

rough, asper, aspera, asperum.

rouse, incito, are, avT, atus.
rout, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus,
rule,

remove, toUo,
reply,

ere, sustull, sublatus.

render, reddo, ere, reddidl, redditus.

respondeo, ere, respondl,

re-

regd,
are,

ere,
avi,

rexT,

rectus

im-

spnnsus.
report, nuntio, are, avT, atus
are, avi, atus
;

pero,
;

atus.
ere, fugl, fugitus.

enuntio,

run away, fugio,

renuntio, are, avT,

atus.

republic, res publica, rel pidilicae, y^

safe, tutus, a,

reputation, auctoritas, atis,yi

request, peto,
petTtus.
ere,

sailor, nauta, ae,

petiT,

um. m.
w. gen.
;

petivi

or

sake
7V.

of, for the, causa,

ut,

subjv.

require, postulo, are, avT, atus.

resist, resisto, ere, restiti,

sally, eruptiS, om%,f.

same, idem, eadem, idem,

save

respect, vereor,

eri,

veritus sum.

(=

preserve), servo, are,

avT,
eri-

respects, in all, omnibus rebus,

rest of, reliquus,
a,

atus;

(=

rescue), eripio, ere,

um.

puT, ereptus.

restrain, contineo, ere, continuT, contentus.

say, dlco, ere, dlxT, dictus.

scare, terreo, ere, terruT, territus.

retain, obtineo, ere, obtinuT,

tus
;

obten-

scout, explorator, 5ris,

sea, mare,
is,

vi.

retineo, ere, retinuT, retentus.

n.
n.
a,

retreat, recipio, ere, recepi, receptus

{refl.);

seat, sedlle,

is,

pedem

refero, referre, ret-

second, secundus,

um

for

the

tulT, relatus.

second time, iterum.

redeo,
redire,
rediT,

return,

intr.,
;

see, video, ere, vidT, vTsus.

reditum

reverto, ere, revertT,

revertT, reversus

seek, pet5, ere, petTvi or petiT, petTtus;

and reverter,

sum

quaero, ere, quaesivl, quaesltus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
seize, occupo, are, avT,
ere, cepi, captus.

311

atus

capio,

slay, occldo, ere, occidi, occisus.

slender, gracilis,

e.

select, deligo, ere, delexi, delectus.

self,

slow, piger, pigra, pigrum.

himself, herself, itself, themipse,

a,

small, parvus,

a,

um.
eripio,
ere,

selves,
{refi.);

um

(^inkns.)

sul

smooth,
snatch
SO, ita

lenis, e.

myself,

yourself,

our-

away,
tarn
so,

eripuT,

selves, ipse {intens.); pers. pi-on.

ereptus.
; ;

SO great, tantus,
;

a,

um;

senate, senatus, us,

in.
;

and
send
IV.

itaque

so

as not, ne,

send, mitto, ere, misT, missus

subjv.

ahead,

praemitto,
;

ere,
off,

praemlsi,

soldier, miles, mllitis,

sole, s5lus, a,

m.

praemlssus

send

dimitto, ere,

um.
quis,

dlmlsl, d:missus.

some (one),
(quod)
;

quae (qua), quid

aliqua,
. .
.

Sequani, SequanT, orum, m. plur. servant, servus, I, w.

set fire to, incendo, ere, incendi, incensus.

aliquis,

aliquid

(aliquod);
.

alii

others, alii some some in one direction,

some
son,

in

another,

alii

aliam

in

set out, proficTscor, proficTscT, profectus sum.

partem.
fllius, fill

or

filii,

m.
in.

set over, praeficiS, ere, praefecT, praefectus.

son-in-law, gener, generi,

soon, iam
;

mox

as soon as, quam

seven, septem.

primum.
space, spatium,
T,

seventy, septuaginta.
severely, graviter.

n.
;

speak, dico,

ere, dL\I, dictus

speak

sharp, acer,
she, ea
;

acris, acre,

together, conloquor, conloqui, conlociitus

ilia.

sum.

ship, navis, is,y;

short, brevis,
e.

spear, hasta, ae, yC

speech, oratio, om%,f.

shout, clamor,

oris,

m.
aegrum.

speed, celeritas,
spirit, animus,
T,

atis, /;

show, demonstrS,
sick, aeger, aegra,

are, avT, atus.

m.

spoil, praeda, ae, y^

side, latus, lateris, n.;

from

or

on

all

stand before, praesto, praestare, praestitT,

sides, undique.

sight, conspectus, us, m.

sign, sTgnum,
T,

star, Stella, ae,

/
;

n.
e.

state, cTvitas, atis, f.

res pf.blica, rei

similar, similis,
six, sex.
size,

publicae,y;

station, conloco, are, avT, atus

inis, f.

con-

magnitudo,

stituo, ere, constituT, constitutus.

skillful, peritus, a,

um.
is,

stay, maneo, ere, mansT,

mansum.
;

slaughter, caedes,
slave, servus,
1,

storm, oppugno, are,

avT, atus

take

w.

by storm, expugno,

are, avi, atus.

312
story, fabula, ae,/.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
away,
um.
atus
;

tolls, ere, sustulT,

sublatus

strange, alienus,
street, via, ae,

a,

take by storm, expugnS,

are, avT,

/
vim,/

take possession

of,

occupo,

strength,

vis,

are, avi, atus.

strengthen,al6,ere,aluT, alitusoraltus.
strive, contends, ere, contend!, contentus.

teacher, magister, magistri,

tell, dico, ere, dixi, dictus.

t.

temple, templum,
a, uni.

T,

n.; aedes, aedium,

strong, validus,

f.

plur.

struggle,

contendo,

ere,

contendl,

ten, decern.

contentus.

tender, tener, tenera, tenerum.

a,

sturdy, validus,
such,
talis, e
;

um.

territory, fines, flnium, in. plur.

tantus, a,

um.

than,
;

quam
;

abl. after
is,

comparative.
;

suffer, patior, patl,

passus

sum

la-

that, demonstr.,
illud
rel.,

ea, id

ille,

ilia,

boro, are, avT, atus.

suitable, idoneus, a, um.

qui, c|uae,

quod.
ut,

that, in order that, so that,

subjv.
;

w.

summer, aestas, atis,/ summon, convoco, are,

supplies, commeatus,

after verbs of fearing, ne, w.

avi, atus.

subjv.;

that not, ne,

that, utinam.

7v.

subjv.;

ijs, tn. ;

supplies

would
their

of grain, res frumentaria, yC

(own), theirs, suus,

see self.

a,

um

supply, copia, ae,/

suppose,
surpass,
iii/r.,

eorum, earum.
are,
avi,

exTstinio,

atus

themselves,
thence, inde.
;

arbitror, ari, atus

tr.,

sum.

supero, are, avT, atus

there,
lated.

ibi

introductory, not trans-

))raest6,praestare, praestiti,

surrender, deditio, onis,/

therefore, itaque.
tradidi,

surrender,
traditus
;

trado,

tradere,

thereupon, inde.
they,
thing,
iT,

dedo,

dedere,

dedidl,

eae, ea

illT,

illae, ilia.

deditus.

res,

re!,/
;

surround,

circumvenio,

Tre,

circum-

think, existimS, are, avi, atus

tror,
ari,

arbi-

venl, circumventus.

atus sum.
a,

survive, supersum, superesse,

fuT,

super-

third, tertius,

um.

superfuturus.
suslineo, ere,
sustinui, sus-

thirty, triginta.
this, hic, haec, hoc.

sustain,
tentus.

thou,

tu.

swift, velox, velocis.

thousand, mllle
or milia.
three, tres, tria
centl, ae, a.

(Jndecl.')

plur., mlllia

swiftly, celeriter.

sword, gladius,

T,

m.

three hundred,

tre-

through, per,
table, mensa, ae,

%v. ace.
;

/
;

throw,
take

iacio, ere, ieci, iactus

conicio,

take, capio, ere, cepT, captus

ere, coniecl, coniectus.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
thus,
ita.
is,

313
ari,

urge, cohortor,

atus

sum; urge on,

to,

Tiber, Tiberis,

m.
;

incite, are, av!, atus.

time, tempus, temporis, n.

I,

spatium,

use, usus, us, m.

be of use

prosum,

n. ; for

a long time,
in,

diu.
ace. ; sign

prodesse, profu!, profuturus.

use, Gtor,
ut!,

to, sign

of dat.; ad,

w.

usus sum.

of subjv. ofpurpose.
to-day, hodie.

top

of,

summus,
turris,

a,

um.
an.

van, primum agmen, primi agminis,

vassal, cliens,
clientis, in.
;

n.

toward
tower,

(s)i ad, w.

is,/
1,

very, adj. or adv. in superl.

n.
tn.

intens.,

town, oppidum,

ipse, a,

um.
us, tn.
!, vi.

trader, mercator, oris,

view, conspectus,
village, v!cus,

Tralles, Tralles, Trallium, m. pi.

transport, traduco, ere, traduxi, traductus.

treat, ago, ere, egi, actus.

virtue,

virtiis, utis,

f.

W
wage, gero,
ere, gessi, gestus
;

trench, fossa, ae,

trial, iudicium,
T,

/
n.

wage

war upon, bellum

tul!, inlatus.

!nfer6, !nferre, in-

tribe, gens, gentis,/

troops, copiae, arum,/.//.

trust, fides, ei,/ trust, credo, ere, credidl, creditus.
try, Conor, ari, atus sum.

wait

for, exspecto, are, av!, atus.

1,

wall, murus,

m.

walls, moenia, nioenium, n.

turn about, converts, ere, convert!,

conversus
revert!,
;

war, bellum, 1, ;/. warn, moneo, ere, monui, monitus.

waste, lay, vasto,
are, avi, atus.

turn back, reverto,

,

ere,

and
;

revertor,

revert!,

watch,

vigilia, ae,

/
plur.,
*

reversus
to,

sum

turn

the

mind way,

via, ae, /.

animadverto, ere, animadvert!,

animadversus.

we, nos, nostrum. weapon, telum, i,

orum,
;/.

arma,

twelve, duodecim.

twenty,

v!ginti.

wear

out, conficio, ere, confec!, con-

two, duo, duae, duo.

fectus.

well, bene

well known,
qu!
,

nobilis, e.

U
ugly, turpis,
e. a,

what
when,
um.

{rel.),

quae,

quod;

{inierrog.), quis,
ubi. ubi.
{rel.),

quae,

quid,

unfavorable, alienus,
unless,
nisi.
e.

where,

which

qui,
quis,

quae,

quod
quid

unlike, dissimilis,

{inierrog.),

quae,

unwilling, be, n5l5, nolle, nolu!,

which

of two, uter, utra, utrum.

a,

upon,

in, 7U. ace.

and abl.

white, albus,

um.

314
who
{rel.^,

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
qui,

quae

{interrog.),

withstand,
sustentus.

sustineo,

ere,

sustinui,

quis, quae.

whole,

totus, a,

um
a,

omnis,

e.

woman,
wood,
(

femina,

ae,

f. ;

mulier,

why,
wide,

cur.

mulieris, f.

wicked, malus,
latus, a,
a,

um.

forest), silva, ae,

/
n.

um. um.

wild, ferus,

work, labor, bn%,f.; opus, operis, work, laboro, are, avi, atus.

will, volo, velle, voluT,

will not,

n6l5, nolle, noluT,

willing, be, volo, velle, voluT,

more willing, maid, malle, maluT,

wine, vinum,
T,

would that, utinam, w. subjv. wound, vulnus, vulneris, . be wound, vulnero, are, avi, atus,
wretched, miser, misera, miserum.
write, scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scriptus.

n.

wing, cornu,

us, .

winter, hiems, hiemis, y".

winter quarters, hiberna, orum,

wisely, prudenter.

n. pi.

year, annus,
yet, tamen.

T,

m.

wish,

cupio,

ere,

cuplvi,

cupTtus

vols, velle, volui,

cum,
la.

you,

tu, vds.

young,
abl.
;

iuvenis,

is.

with, sign of apud, 7U. ace.

cessum.

ahl. ;

your,

yours,

tuus,

a,

um

vester,

vestra, vestrum.

withdraw, discedo,

ere, discessT, dis-

yourself,

tia,

vos

ipse.

within, sign of abl. of time. without, sine, w. abl. be without,

;

careo, ere, carul, cariturus.

zeal, studiuni;

I,

n.

INDEX
[Numbers
Ablative, of agent, 142;
of refer to Sections.]

of cause, 118;

passive participle
ing. 335-

of,

active in

mean-

comparison, 260; of manner, 148; of means, 94 of measure of difference,

;

Descriptive ablative and genitive, 302303-

267; of separation, 211;

tion, 157;
tive,

of specifica-

of time
;

when, 131; descripablative

domi, 229.

315-317
potior,

302-303 with
;

absolute,

domus, 222, 2
eo,

476.

utor,

fruor, futigor,

228

500.

and

vescor, 337.

Exceedingly, expressed by superlative,

268.
;

Accent, 20.
Accusative, of time and space, 245 of limit of motion, 231 subject accusa;

Fearing, verbs
fero, 502.
fio, 501.

of,

384, 385.

tive,

184

329.

Active periphrastic conjugation, 437; 504. Adjectives, agreement, 65 demonstrative,

;

fruor-, 337.

201

interrogative, 216, 217; possessive,

fungor, 337. Gender, rules

of, 27.

292; as nouns, 203; with dative, 163.

Genitive, descriptive, 302-303; partitive,

251-

Adverbs, formation,
280.

279;

comparison,

Gerund and Gerundive, 403-406.

htc, 201.

Agent, expressed by ablative with ab,

142.

huml, 229.
Idem, 189.
ille,

Apposition, 58.
bonus, comparison, 272.

202.

Cause, ablative

of,

118.

Commands,
of,

399.
43,
;

Impersonal use of verbs, 432. Indefinite pronouns, 300-301.

44
;

Comparison, lessons,
260
;

ablative

Indirect

discourse,

327-330;

369-370;

irregular, 272

of adverbs, 280.

427-430.
Indirect object, 58.

Compound

verbs, construction, 393-394.

Concessive clauses, 386-387. Conditional sentences, 413-421.

Indirect question, 369-370.

Infinitive,

formation,

322;

as

subject,
of,

Cum

clauses, 386-387.
;

183 b;

complementary, 184; tense

Dative, of possession, 238

of service,
163;

in indirect discourse, 330.

294-295;

with

adjective,

with
verbs,

Interrogative adjective
Ipse, Qfyj
is,

and pronoun, 216.

verbs, 342-343; with

compound

393-394Demonstratives, 201.

188.
208.

iste,

Deponent

verbs,

333-335, 503;

perfect

Locative, 229.

31 5

3i6
fnalo, 499.

ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
qui, 195.
of,

Measure
-ne, 40.

of difference, ablative

267.

quis, 216; 301.

quisquam, 301.
quisquc, 301.
82.

nolo, 499.

Order of Words,

Participles, formation, 307;

tenses, 309;

Rather, expressed by comparative, 268. Reflexive pronouns, 284, 286.

Relative, 195
;

use, 311; of deponents, 334; perfect passive participle, active in meaning,

relative clause of purpose,

363-364.
Result, expressed
358.

335

as protasis, 311, 315, 316, 421.

by subjunctive, 356-

Partitive genitive, 251.

Passive periphrastic

conjugation, 438-

rurl, 229.

439; 505Personal pronouns, 284, 285. Place where, whither, whence, 231.
plus,
q:]-^.

Separation, ablative

of,

211.

Sequence
245.

of tenses, ^68.
of,

Space, extent

expressed by accusative,

Possession, dative

of,

238.

Subjunctive, of purpose, 350-351

363-

Possessive adjectives, 292-293.

possum, 497.
potior, 337.

364 of result, 356-358. Substantive clauses, 378

;

with verbs of

fearing, 384-385.
;

Pronouns, demonstrative, 201 indefinite, 300-301; inter. ogative, 216; personal,

284;
reflexive,

sum, 496.
Supine, 433-435-

286;

relative,

195;

Time, extent
tive,

of,

expressed by accusaexpressing
time,

agreement, 197;
428.

in indirect discourse,

245;

clauses

386-387.

prosum, 498. Purpose, expressed by subjunctive, 35035^^ 363-364 by gerund or gerundive, 406 by supine, 433-435.
1

Too, expressed by comparative, 268.

iifor,

337.

V'ery,

expressed by superlative, 268.

viscor, 237volo, 499.

Quantity, 16.

Questions, 40; indirect, 369-370.

Wishes, 423-425.

LANE'S LATIN
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