Contents

GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

Overall 3 3 3 4 progress Heritability estimates of rice crosses Improved rice variety released in the Philippines Three new rice varieties for Nepal Evaluation of IRTP nurseries Adverse soils tolerance 12 Varietal tolerance for acid sulfate soils in North Vietnam

PEST MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

Diseases 14 14 14 15 15 Insects 15 15 16 17 17 Relative humidity and nematode number and survival in rice seeds Fungicidal control of rice grain discoloration Epidemiology of brown spot disease of rice in Karnataka, India Root-knot disease of rice in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Field soil as a source of rice stem nematodes Parasite of the rice slug caterpillar Sepedon sphegeus (Fabr.) ( Sciomyzidae ) and Notiphila spp. (Ephydridae ): alternate hosts of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, a rice stem borer egg parasite Populations of gall midge, whitebacked planthopper, and thrips on Pragati paddy Effects of silica level on whitebacked planthopper Disruption of striped rice borer males orientation to pheromone traps

Disease resistance 5 Resistance of rice cultivars to Xanthamonas campestris pv. oryzae at seedling and adult stages 6 Bacterial blight resistance under natural conditions 6 Varietal reaction to natural infection of rice tungro virus in Bihar 7 Identification of stable sources of resistance to blast in Nepal Insect resistance 8 Tainunga 68, the first BPH-resistant japonica cultivar developed in Taiwan 8 Correlations between silvershoots and panicle and tiller numbers 9 Resistance of modern rice varieties to the brown planthopper in Thailand 9 Reaction of selected rice varieties to whorl maggot Hyderllia spp. 10 Reaction of rice cultivars to gall midge attack in Orissa 10 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and spacing on rice gall midge and leaffolder damage 11 Influence of planting time on gall midge incidence at Aduthurai 11 Pests of hill rice in West Bengal, India Other pests 11 Hirschmanniela oryzae and other nematodes found in rice paddies of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Drought resistance 12 Using check varieties to adjust visual scores for nonuniform soil drying in drought resistance field screening

SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

18 18 18 19 Nitrogen management in flooded rice Algae in rice fields of Chingleput District, Tamil Nadu, India Effect of seedling age an susceptibility to aluminum toxicity Comparison of zinc sulfate and Zn-EDTA as foliar spray

ANNOUNCEMENT
20 New rice publication

Guidelines and Style for IRRN Contributors

To improve communication and to speed the editorial process. the editors of the International Rice Research Newsletther (IRRN) request that contributors use the following guidelines and style: Style

Genetic evaluation and utilization

OVERALL PROGRESS

Heritability estimates of rice crosses B. K. Mandal, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, West Bengal, India

Estimates of narrow-sense heritability of 9 characters in rice crosses at Chinsurah Rice Research Station, West Bengal, India. Character Plant height Effective tillers Far length Duration Grain yield Grain number Grain weight Grain length Grain breadth Narrow-sense heritability (%) 51.4 25.6 24.6 28.4 38.4 19.8 76.4 86.6 61.0

Use the metric system in all papers Avoid national units of measure (such as cavans, rai. etc. ). Express all yields in tons per hectare (t/ha) or, with small-scale studies, in grams per pot (g/pot) or grams per row (g/row). Define in footnotes or legends any abbreviations or symbols used in a figure or table. Place the name or denotation of compounds or chemicals near the unit of measure. For example: 60 kg N/ha; not 60 kg/ha N. The US dollar is the standard monetary unit for the IRRN. Data in other currencies should be converted to US$. Abbreviate names of standard units of measure when they follow a number. For example 20 kg ha. When using abbreviations other than for units of measure. spell out the full name the first time of reference, with abbreviations in parenthesis, then use the abbreviation throughout the remaining text. For example: The efficiency of nitrogen (N) use was tested. Three Ievels of N were .... or Biotypes of the brown planthopper (BPH) differ within Asia. We studied the biotypes of BPH in .... Express time, money, and measurement in number, even when the amount is less than 10. For example: 8 years; 3 kg ha at 2-week intervals; 7%; 4 hours. Write out numbers below 10 except in a series containing some numbers 10 or higher and some numbers lower than 10. For example: six parts: seven tractors: four varieties. But There were 4 plots in India, 8 plots in Thailand, and 12 plots in Indonesia. Write out all numbers that start sentences. For example: Sixty insects were added to each cage: Seventy-five percent of the yield increase is attributed to fertilizer use.
Guidelines to the IRRN should generally be based on results of research on rice or on cropping patterns involving rice. Appropriate statistical analyses are required for most data. Contributions should not exceed two pages of double-spaced, typewritten text. Two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) per contribution are permitted to supplement the text. The editor will return articles that exceed space limitations. Results of routine screening of rice cultivars are discouraged. Exceptions will be made only if screening reveals previously unreported information (for example, a new source of genetic resistance to rice pests). Announcements of the release of new rice varieties are encouraged. Use common not trade names for commercial chemicals and, when feasible, equipment. Do not include references in IRRN contributions. Pest surveys should be quantified with data (% infection, degree of severity, etc.).

Heritability estimates of nine quantitative characters were made using a halfdiallel cross involving seven parents: Sel. ADT 27, Kataktara, ADT27. Padma, IR8, TN1, and NC1626. The formula ^ ^ ^ ^ used was: (D + H1 - H2 - F); ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (D + H1 - H2 - F+ E). The estimates show that the major part of the total phenotypic variation for plant height, grain-weight, length, and breadth is due to additive genetic effects (see table). Low estimates for effective tillers, ear length, duration. grain yield, and grain number indicate the influence of nonadditive gene action in the expression of these characters. Significant epistatic effects were detected when genetic components were analyzed for duration in crosses involving Sel. ADT27 or ADT27 as one parent. By eliminating the arrays of crosses of these two parents, the narrow sense
Improved rice variety released in the Philippines International Rice Research Institute

heritability was 78.4%, against 28.4% in the presence of epistasis. This shows that nonadditive gene action with epistasis distorts the heritability estimate. Selection for characters such as plant height and grain weight may be done in the early generation. Selection for characters with low heritability, such as effective tillers, ear length, duration, grain yield, and grain number, should be deferred till plants reach homozygosity. per. Its resistance to tungro is higher than that of IR36. In field trials in Mindanao, IR56 showed tolerance for ragged stunt virus. Its gene for resistance to brown planthopper and green leafhopper are different from those of IR36, thus diversifying the genetic base of improved materials being grown in Asia.

Contributions

The Philippine Seed Board approved the release of IR56 on 10 June 1982. IR56 was the selection IR13429-105-2-2-1 from the cross IR4432-53-3-3/Ptb 331// IR36 made in 1976. IR56 had superior performance in lowland cooperative trials during 1980 and 1981. Its yield potential is comparable to that of IR36; it matures in 105 days. 2-3 days earlier than IR36; it has long, slender, translucent grains with high amylose and low gelatinization temperature, and high milling recovery. IR56 is resistant to all major diseases and insects: blast, bacterial blight, tungro, grassy stunt, green leafhopper, and three biotypes of brown planthop-

Three new rice varieties for Nepal K. P. Shrestha, agronomist, B. R. Akhikary, assistant rice breeder, B. B. Shahi, and S. Samoto, rice coordinators, National Rice lmprovement Program, P.O. Box 4, Birganj, Nepal

Through collaborative testing by the International Rice Testing Program and the national rice improvement program,

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982) 3

Agronomic characteristics of newly released varieties in Nepal. Agronomic characteristic Varieties Kanchan (IR3941) 103 143 68 21 400 81 82 22.1 5.81 R 9.6 3.4 Slender/long 78.37 72.50 High/trans. 7.60 Khumaltar Kathmandu Himali (IR2298) 110 145 61 22 275 91 91 26.9 5.38 R 10.3 3.4 Slender 75.22 72.00 High/trans. 7.18 Khumaltar Kathmandu Taichung 176 (check) 103 148 84 21 265 90 78 24.5 6.07 S 7.8 3.5 Medium/short 80.22 76.00 Medium/low with white belly 6.40 Khumaltar Kathmandu Malika (Mala/J 15) 90 120 119 22.3 305 108 85 21.3 CH-45 (check) 85 115 124 26.0 340 73 88 25.0 R 8.9 2.9 Slender/long 77.5 71.5 Coarse with white belly 4.3 Parwanipur Laxmi (check) 95 125 95 21 .0 405 73 89 24.9 R 9.2 2.9 Slender/long 78.6 73.0 Medium with white belly 4.58 Parwanipur

Days to heading Days to maturity Plant height (cm) Panicle length (cm) Panicle no./m 2 No. of filled grains/panicle Fertility (%) 1,000-grain wt (g) Straw wt (t/ha) Blast reaction Unhusked length (mm) Unhusked width (mm) Shape % of husking % of milling Appearance of polished rice Av yield Testing station

8.5 2.8 Slender/med. 78.1 72.4 High/trans. 4.9 Parwanipur

Nepal, three rice varieties were released for general cultivation by the national seed recommendation committee of Nepal in 1982 (see table). IR3941-4PLP2B (CR126-42-5/IR2061-213), which was named Kanchan, and 1R2298-PLPB-3-2-1-1 B (CICA 4/ Kulu), which was named Himali, are recommended for temperate regions up to
Evaluation of IRTP nurseries L. S. Mani, W. Wilfred Manuel, K. Ganesan, and L. Anavaradham, Paddy Experiment Station, Ambasamudram 627401, Tamil Nadu, India

1,500 m altitude. Mala/J15 (CPSL02/ Sigadis), which was named Malika, is suitable as an early crop in irrigated areas and a monsoon season crop in rainfed tropical areas. Kanchan and Himali are high yielding and blast resistant. They have early maturity and good eating quality and are easily threshable. They are as non-

lodging as the Taiwanese varieties grown in the Kathmandu valley and in areas of similar climates in temperate Nepal. Himali is an aromatic variety with good market value. Malika is early and resistant to lodging. It has high seed dormancy during rainy season harvesting, bacterial blight resistance, and good grain quality.

Table 1. Performance of promising entries from the 8th IRON, Tamil Nadu, India. Designation Entry IR9763-11-2-2-3 IR9830-26-3-3 IR13525-43-2-3-1-3-2 IR15529-256-1 IR17525-278-1-1-2 IR19588-162-1 343 DT BKNBR 1031-7-5-4 BR161-2B-54 B2791-B-MR-145-1 B3063-B-TK-72-2 Chianung Si-Pi. 661020 IR5657-33-2-2-3 IR9217-6-2-2-2-3 IRl3149-71-3-2 IR19661-293-1-3-2 IR19670-57-1-1-3 Kaohsiung Sen Yu 104 MTU 7029 OR47-2 (Jajati) OR131-3-1 RP 1057-184-5-3-3 R 35-2874 Suakoko 8(2526) X 2-D T CONTINUED ON OPPOSITE PAGE Grain yield (t/ha) 5.5 7.0 5.7 5.5 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.7 6.6 5.5 6.0 5.5 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.5 7.0 5.9 6.6 7.4 6.6 5.5 6.4 6.0 5.9 % over ADT36 (local check) 100.0 127.3 103.6 100.0 103.6 112.7 112.7 103.6 120.0 100.0 109.1 100.0 116.4 110.9 107.3 100.0 127.3 107.3 120.0 134.5 120.0 100.0 116.4 109.1 107.3 Flowering duration (days) 105 103 96 95 104 105 95 105 99 105 103 98 98 95 105 98 97 95 105 95 100 125 95 100 95 Plant ht (cm) 94 83 89 84 86 92 100 146 87 131 110 93 108 110 108 96 103 104 105 122 88 116 95 134 92

Two trials International Rice Observational Nursery (IRON) and the International Rainfed Lowland Rice Observational Nursery (IRLRON) were conducted during 1981 kar (Jun-Nov). The nonreplicated observational plots were not protected from pests and diseases. For IRON, 242 genetically diverse entries and 5 checks were screened. For IRLRON, 128 entries (38 early and 90 late duration) and 7 checks were evaluated. Cultivars were sown on 18 June 1981 and transplanted on 17 July. Plot sizes were 3.25 m 0.75 m with 25- 25-cm spacing, 1 seedling/ hill. The fertilizer schedule was 100-50-50 kg N-P 2O5-K2O/ha. For IRON, IR13540-56-3-2-1 (R.

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

Table 1 continued
Designation Chianung Sen Yu 13 IR13540-56-3-2-1 RP825-45-1-3 Check IR36 BR10(BR51-46-5) IR42 IR1552 ADT36 (local) Mean (m) Std. deviation m Grain yield (t/ha) 5.9 7.8 6.2 3.0 3.9 3.3 1.4 5.5 4.2 1.2 5.4 % over ADT36 (local check) 107.3 141.8 11 2.7 54.5 70.9 60.0 25.5 100.0 76.4 21.8 98.2 Flowering duration (days) 96 91 100 95 104 106 98 96 Plant ht (cm) 94 75 84 82 105 82 83 101

Table 2. Performance of promising entries from the 4th IRLRON, Tamil Nadu, India. Designation Entry BR10(BR51-46-5) IR13146-45-2 IR13505-30-B-3 IR4744-295-2-3 IR5873-9-1 IR9763-11-2-2-3 BIET927 (RAU 38-12-3-1) BKN6990-63 BR111-140-1-1 CR1030 C424-2 IR13365-253-3-2 IR13564-109-1 IR14632-65-2 IR14875-98-5 IR19083-22-2-2 IR19431-72-2 IR3646-9-1-1 IR4819-77-3-2 IR4829-89-2 IR5857-64-IE-1-6 IR7545-27-3-2 IR9217-6-2-2-2-3 IR9763-11-2-2-3 KAU 2039 MR24 Check IR36 Cisadane Mashuri IR46 IR1552 IR20 Pelita I-1 (local) Mean (m) Std. deviation m+ Grain yield (t/ha) 4.8 5.5 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.7 4.5 5.0 4.5 6.4 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.4 4.8 5.4 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.7 4.5 4.7 4.5 3.6 3.6 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.9 3.9 3.4 1.1 4.5 % of Pelita I-1 (local check) 123.1 141.0 123.1 120.5 128.2 120.5 115.4 128.2 115.4 164.1 115.4 115.4 120.5 115.4 115.4 115.4 138.5 123.1 138.5 123.1 120.5 120.5 146.2 115.4 120.5 115.4 92.3 92.3 74.4 69.2 41.0 74.4 100.0 87.2 28.2 115.4 Flowering duration (days) 99 96 89 92 89 99 123 119 114 116 106 117 116 116 113 118 103 99 106 112 110 106 105 106 104 98 87 105 107 115 105 98 103 Plant ht (cm) 113 121 86 87 106 106 146 157 148 151 124 111 100 112 104 104 94 132 133 115 108 100 116 109 128 108 76 108 139 93 75 127 114

Heenati/IR30(BPHS)//IR2823-399-5) had the highest yield (7.8 t/ha in 121 days), 41.8% more than the local check (Table 1). Yields of 30 other entries and ADT36 ranged from 5.4 to 7.0 t/ha. For IRLRON, CR1030 (Waikoku/ CR 1014-211) had the highest yield (6.4 t/ha in 146 days), 64.1% more than the best check (Table 2). Yields of 24 other entries ranged from 4.5 to 5.5 t/ha. The only insect observed during the season was whorl maggot, within a threshold level of 20%. There was no disease incidence. Based on grain yield and ancillary characters, 28 entries from IRON and 3 entries from IRLRON, all of medium duration, have been selected for further testing.

Disease resistance

GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

Resistance of rice cultivars to Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae at seedling and adult stages
S. C. Sharma, R. G. Saini, and A. K. Gupta, Genetics Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India

The International Rice Research Newsletter (IRRN) invites all scientists to contribute concise summaries of significant rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to one or two pages and no more than two short tables, figures, or photographs. Contributions are subject to editing and abridgement to meet space limitations. Authors will be identified by name, title, and research organization.

The clipping method was used to inoculate 20-day-old seedlings of 428 cultivars with a highly virulent isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Average lesion lengths of the seedling leaves were recorded 15 days after inoculation. Adult stage damage was rated on the standard evaluation scale for rice (0-4 resistant and 4.1-9 susceptible). Thirteen cultivars showed resistance at both seedling and adult stages (see table). Cultivars carrying Xa 1, Xa 2, Xa 3, and xa 5 were resistant at seedling as well as the adult stage. IR20 carrying the gene Xa 4 was susceptible at both stages. Some cultivars showed resistance at the seedling stage only ARC 6172, ARC 6181, ARC 6615, ARC 7251, B76, IR15529-26-1-1-2, IR15529-253-2-22, NCS-2003, NCS 2014, NCS 2039,

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

NCS 2041, NCS 2043, NCS 2044, NCS 2046, NCS 2048, NCS 2049, NCS 2055, NCS 2057, NCS 2072, NCS 2107, and Palman 579. Lesion lengths ranged from 2.2 cm to 3.6 cm. Some cultivars were susceptible as seedlings but resistant at adult stage ARC 5913, ARC 5938, ARC 5951, ARC 6248, ARC 10602, ARC 11281, Denga Faram, IR2035-1173, IR15705-199-3-3, Jhinwa, Jikkoku/ Serpheke chil 52-102, Mudgo, NCS 320, NCS 332, NCS 338, NCS 335, NCS 2015, NCS 201 8, Sinna Sivappu, T 1426, Vallathil Cheera, and Vellai Langayan. Disease scores ranged from 2.2 to 3.8.

Disease reaction of some rice stocks at seedling and at adult plant stage at Punjab, India. Stock or cultivar MTUl5/Waiseakokku-127 ARC6044 ARC11321 ARC11367 IET6123 NCS2001 NCS2009 NCS2039 NCS1604 Kogyoku (Xa 1) Tetep (Xa 1 + Xa 2 ) Wau Qikoku-3 ( Xa 3) IR1545-339 (xa 5) IR20 ( Xa 4) TN1 (susceptible check) Source CRRI CRRI CRRI CRRI CRRI CRRI CRRI CRRI CRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI Lesion length (cm) at seedling stage Mean Range 3.65 3.75 3.68 2.75 3.40 3.50 1.43 2.48 3.98 1.50 1.20 2.23 2.95 4.78 16.68 2.0-7.0 2.5-5.0 2.0-6.0 2.0-4.5 2.5-4.5 1.5-5.0 0.5-2.5 2.0-3.5 2.0-8.0 1.0-2.0 0.5-2.5 1.0-4.5 2.0-4.5 3.0-7.0 8.5-26.5 Scores at adult stage (0-9 scale) 2.7 4.0 3.4 2.2 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.7 3.4 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.3 5.6 6.5

Bacterial blight resistance under natural conditions

R. K. Sahu, junior breeder, M. N. Shrivastava, rice breeder, V. N. Sahu and B. P. Chaudhary, junior breeders, and P. S. Shrivastava, professor of plant breeding, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, J. N. Agricultural University, Raipur, 492006, M. P., India

During the 1980 and 1981 wet seasons, bacterial blight appeared in epidemic form in several pockets of the Chhatisgarh region. During the high natural infection in 1981, germplasm accessions of early and medium duration were screened for resistance, using the Standard Evaluation System for Rice scale. Of 6,129 cultivars screened, only 1 scored 1, 24 scored 3, and the others 5-9

(Table 1). No seed could be harvested from several highly susceptible lines. No very early variety was resistant. The 25 cultivars with scores of 1 and 3 (Table 2) have been selected for further tests under artificial inoculation. They have also been crossed with varieties carrying known resistance genes to study their allelic relationship.
Table 2. Bacterial blight-resistant varieties at Raipur, M.P., India. Karhani Benikath Bhatapyagi Badshahbhog Bhatagunda Chingerchopa Chinee Kapoor Dilbaksa Gotaka Jalkesar Kesariya Kosma Kariyakora Kechana Khuraban Liktimati Ruingi Rotad Rageem 14 Safed jeera Sataka SLO Tikurdhan Vishnubhog X 11

Table 1. Resistance of germplasm accessions of rice of different maturities for natural bacterial blight epidemic in Raipur, M.P. India. Maturity group Extra early (up to 90 days) Very early (91 to 110 days) Early (1 11 to 125 days) Medium (126 to 140 days) Total
a

Accessions screened (no.) 558 496 2313 2762 6129

Accessions (no.) with given bacterial blight resistance a score 1 3 5 7 9 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 11 10 24 14 57 205 744 1020 122 138 833 1058 2151 422 298 1263 950 2933

Standard Evaluation System for Rice, % hills affected: 1 = less than 1%, 3 = 1-5%, 5 = 6-25%, 7 = 26-50%, 9 = 51-100%.

Varietal reaction to natural infection of rice tungro virus in Bihar

B. N. Singh, senior rice breeder, Y. Prasad, assistant rice pathologist, and S. P. Sahu, assistant research officer (rice breeding), Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa 848125, India

Table 1. Varietal reaction to rice tungro virus at Bihar, India. Resistance scorea 3 Released varieties Pusa 2-21, CR44-35 (Saket 4) Ratna, BR34, Janaki (64-117), BR9, Katarni, IR20 Rajendra Dhan 201 Rasi (IET1444), BR14, BR8, Type 3, Pankaj, Sita, PR106 Jaya, IR8, Mahsuri, BR46, Prasad, Bala, Cauvery, NC1626, Improved SOna Promising varieties Pusa 33, TCA4, TCA177

5 7 9

TCA80-4, IET6263, RP1045-403-1 BIET927, BIET1107, IET5656, ET5882, FH132 UPR82-1-7, IET6155, BIET724, BG90-2, TCA62-68, TCA62-10, BIET1048, BIET821, IET2707, CRMS37, IET5883, IET5890, IET6314, IET5897, IET6212

Rice tungro virus infection under natural conditions was very high during 1980-81 kharif. The disease appeared the first week of August in transplanted Taichung Native 1 in a dryland field and

1980 Standard Evaluation System for Rice scale of 0-9: 3 = 6-10% incidence, 9 = 81-100%.

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

in transplanted Bhutahi in a deepwater field. Vector green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens populations had been increasing during July. The disease later spread to varietal demonstration plots and other yield evaluation trials. The disease diagnosis was confirmed by the virologist, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack. No control measures were taken. Disease incidence was so severe that yields from some varieties were very low. Released and promising varieties were scored for resistance to tungro according to the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (Table 1). In the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Program, severe infection occurred in 2 trials, PVT3 and PVT4 with 128 entries grown in 2 replications in each trial. Four entries from the RP1125 cross (RPW6-13/Ptb 2) showed
Identification of stable sources of resistance to blast in Nepal B. P. Upadhyay, assistant plant pathologist, and B. B. Shahi, national rice coordinator, National Rice Improvement Program, Birganj, Nepal

resistance, another 11 showed moderate resistance, and 15 were intermediate (Table 2). All others were susceptible to highly susceptible. Tungro reappeared at Pusa and Patna during 1981-82 kharif. Varietal recommendations for North and South Bihar, where tungro occurrence is becoming a problem, have been changed. Depending upon land situations, the newly recommended varieties are Pusa 2-21 and CR44-35 for dryland transplanting, Ratna and Rajendra Dhan 201 for midland transplanting, BR34 for wetland rainfed, and Janaki for semideep water. Few resistant lines are available for wetland irrigated fields. Two lines. IET6263 (CR262-19) and RP1045-403, have been found promising. Resistant BR9 and Katarni fragrant, shortslender, photoperiod-sensitive rices the Kathmandu valley and in other hilly regions of Nepal, have resulted in blast becoming a major source of yield losses. It has been possible to identify blastresistant sources by using IRRI massscreening techniques (see table). These lines are used extensively in Nepalese rice breeding programs. During 1977-81, high levels of blast resistance were found in cultivars Tetep, Dawn, and Carreon

Table 2. PVT3 and PVT4 entries with resistance to rice tungro virus at Bihar, India. Scorea 1 Cultivars RP1125-1526-2-1-1, RP1125-1526-22-3, RP1125-1526-3-2-4, RP11251528-1-4-3 CR161-42-16, CR186-1, CR236-63, CR276-5, RP1064-14-2-4, IR42, R8-2535, P837, P858, SKL6, Pusa 2-21 CR98-7216-CRP 34, CR149-9177CRRP-19, CR188-10, RP974-293-2, RP1045-211-7-3-4, RP106414-2-3, RP1091-24, UPR243-63-1, AD9408, AD77496, P835, PY-1, Sonalee, RSB40

a1980 Standard Evaluation System for Rice

scale of 0-9: 1 = less than 1% incidence, 5 = 2130%.

may be recommended. Type 3, the only variety recommended for export, has been found susceptible to tungro. and in lines derived from crosses with them. Blast reactions were scored according to the Standard Evaluation System for Rice.
Individuals, organizations, and media who wish additional details of information presented in IRRN should write directly to the authors.

Use of modern Taiwanese ponlai varieties and high doses of nitrogen fertilizer, particularly in the temperate region of

Highly resistant entries observed in blast nurseries at 2 sites in Nepal. Cultivar or line Source of resistance Blast score a Khumaltar (1,327 m alt) 1977 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 b 4 9 2 8 8 8 1978 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 9 2 7 7 9 1979 0 0 0 b 0 0 b b 0 b b b 0 0 0 9 2 5 5 5 1980 3 2 1 1 3 2 2 b 1 3 1 2 1 1 b 9 1 6 4 7 1981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 3 6 8 8 1977 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 4 b c 9 1 3 4 4 Parwanipur (100 m alt) 1978 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 3 1979 1 2 1 b 2 5 b b 3 b b b 1 5 4 9 2 3 3 1 1980 c 1 c 1 1 1 1 b 5 1 1 1 1 3 b 9 0 4 4 4 1981 0 0 c c 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 9 1 5 5 6

Tetep CIAT-ICA 5 IR1544-238-2-3 Tetep Tetep IR1416-128-5-8 IR1416-1-42-2-3-3 Tetep Tetep IR1905-PP11-29-4-61 IR1905-81-3-1 Tetep Tetep IR3259-5-160-3 74-5461 Tetep IR5533-56-1-12 Tetep, Carreon Tetep, Carreon IR5533-PP850-1 Tetep, Carreon IR5533-PP854-1 IR9660-00948-1 Dawn Tetep (check) Carreon (check) Dawn (check) Sankharika (susceptible check) Pokhareli Masino (local resistant) Chainan 2 (commercial) Chainung 242 (commercial) Taichung 176 (commercial)
a Standard

Evaluation System for Rice: 0 = no lesions, 9 = all leaves dead. b Entry not used. cMissing.

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

Insect resistance
Tainung 68, the first BPH-resistant Japonica cultivar developed in Taiwan W. L. Chang, Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, TARI, Chiayi, Taiwan, China

GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

Table 1. Resistance a to disease and insect pest of Tainung 68 in Taiwan, China. Cultivar Tainung 68 Tainung 67 (check)
aR

Blast MR-S S-HS

Neck blast MR-S S-HS

Bacterial blight MR-S MS

Brown planthopper b 15 DS 45 DS S S R S

= resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible. bDS = days after

Japonica cultivars, which occupy more than 90% of the planted area in Taiwan, are susceptible to brown planthopper (BPH). Efforts to transfer BPH resistance from indica to japonica rices have resulted in the release of BPH-resistant selection Chianung 250, the first BPHresistant japonica cultivar developed in Taiwan. The Subcommittee on Varietal Registration of the Taiwan Rice Improvement Council unanimously recommended its release 1 June 1982. The new cultivar, officially named Tainung 68, was selected in 1976 from the cross Nankai-yu 114/// Nankai-yu 77//Tainan 5 2/ASD 7, made in 1973 at Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station. The resistance to BPH inherited from
Correlations between silvershoots and panicle and tiller numbers Prem Chand and R. C. Acharya, Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Bihar, India 834006

seeding. Table 2. Agronomic performance of Tainung 68 in Taiwan, China (av of 1979-81). Cultivar Tainung 68 Tainung 67 (check)
a

Maturity (days) 1st 2d crop crop 115 116 97 98

Height (cm) 1st crop 94 96 2d crop 99 103

Yielda (t/ha) 1st 2d crop crop 6.3 6.8 4.6 4.6

Recorded at Pintung, southern Taiwan.

ASD7 is expressed at late growing stages. Tainung 68 also has some resistance to blast and bacterial leaf blight diseases (Table 1). Most agronomic characters are desirable, with good yields in the second crop, particularly in the southern part of the island (Table 2). using a multiple covariance model. Tillering correlated positively with silvershoots (see table). Estimates of correlation coefficients varied from 0.1326 to 0.8402, significant in 9 cases. The pooled correlation coefficient was 0.4718, significant at the 0.01 level. Tillers correlated positively with pani-

Currently grown cultivar Tainung 67 is susceptible to BPH, which occurs severely in southern Taiwan during the hot, wet second crop season. Tainung 68, is a promising alternative and an important source of BPH resistance in breeding programs. cles. Estimates of coefficients varied from 0.1731 to 0.6898, significant in 9 cases. Estimate of the pooled correlation coefficient (0.5518) was significant at the 0.01 level. Of 11 estimates of the correlation coefficient between silvershoots and panicles, only one was significant. This sug-

Gall midge infestation is thought to stimulate profuse tillering. Therefore the association among silvershoots and tiller and panicle numbers was assessed. Data on the three attributes were taken on variety Sita on 27 randomly selected hills from each of 11 plots, 10 treated with insecticides and 1 untreated. Data were collected after the emergence of panicles, about 1 month after insecticides were applied. Total correlation coefficients between silvershoots and tillers, silvershoots and panicles, and tillers and panicles and partial correlation between silvershoots and panicles were determined. Estimates of total and partial correlation coefficients for the 11 treatments were pooled

Estimates of total and partial correlation coefficientsa between silvershoots, tillers, and panicle numbers at Bihar. India. Treatment Foratox BPMC Ekalux Carbofuran Carbaryl Lindane Diazinon Tamaron CFVP Monocil Control Pooled
al

r12 0.8402** 0.1326 ns 0.4002* 0.5604** 0.7960** 0.4099* 0.6723** 0.3408ns 0.5467** 0.5467** 0.5581** 0.4718**

r23 0.6056** 0.5227** 0.6898** 0.3551 ns 0.1731 ns 0.5548** 0.5035** 0.6370** 0.5563** 0.5563** 0.4650* 0.5518**

r13 0.0880 ns 0.0096 ns ns 0.1438 0.2573 ns 0.0828 ns 0.2604 ns 0.4743* 0.2242 ns 0.2653 ns 0.2095 ns 0.0937 ns 0.0029

r13 2 0.9751** 0.0936 ns 0.3536* 0.5608** 0.6428** 0.6428** 0.2125 ns 0.6089** 0.2444 ns 0.7381** 0.2257 ns 0.3156*

= silvershoots, 2 = tillers, 3 = panicles. * = significant at 5% level. ** = significant at 1% level. ns = not significant.

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

gests no association between the two characters. The pooled estimate was also nonsignificant. The absence of correlation between silvershoots and panicles and the significant correlation between silvershoots and tillering support the popular belief that silvershoots increase tillering, compensating for panicle loss. But it also may be argued that a hill containing a greater number of tillers is more susceptible to gall midge attack, because it provides more points. As such, more
Resistance of modern rice varieties to the brown planthopper in Thailand Nipha Chansrisommai, Rice Insect Pest Branch, Entomology and Zoology Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand; and Weerawooth Katanyukul, Entomology Department, International Rice Research Institute

tillers would be the cause of silvershoots. Estimates of partial correlation coefficients between silvershoots and panicles after eliminating the effect of tiller differences were made. All estimates except one were negative, varying from 0.9751 to -0.0936 and significant in 5 cases. The only positive estimate was also small and nonsignificant. The pooled estimate of the partial correlation coefficient was 0.3156, significant at the 0.05 level. A partial regression analysis using the covariance model y = f (Tr,; X1 X2 X3 )

where y stands for panicle, X 1 for silvershoot, and X 2 for tiller estimated the loss due to silvershoots for the pooled data. The result was y = 1.84 0.3975 X 1 + 0.4584 X 2 . The estimate of R, the multiple correlation coefficient, was 0.7791, significant at the 0.01 level. Both partial regression coefficients were also significant at 0.01. The partial regression equation suggests that the expected net effect of a unit increase in the number of silvershoots is a drop of 0.4 in the number of panicles. Reaction of selected rice varieties to whorl maggot Hydrellia spp.
S. Uthamasamy and P. Karuppuchamy, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India

Outbreaks of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens have caused a rapid spread of ragged stunt disease in the central Thailand plain since 1973. But RD9, the first BPH-resistant variety released in 1975, has not been widely accepted because of its susceptibility to many diseases and its poor grain quality. A greenhouse experiment was designed to determine the resistance mechanism in three varieties released in 1981 RD21 (DML 105/Nang-Mol S-4//IR26), RD23 (RD7/IR32//RD1), and RD25 (DML 105/IR2061-214-2-3-3 // DML l05/IR26) and in an RD7 mutant developed by gamma-irradiation which had shown BPH resistance. Experimental procedures were those used in the International Brown Planthopper Biotype Collaborative Project. A free-choice feeding experiment showed no significant difference in the number of insects feeding on resistant and susceptible varieties. Antibiosis was indicated: BPH survival after 12 days was 6% on RD21, 7.5% on RD7 mutant, 14% on RD9, 20% on RD23, 20% on RD25, and 36% on RD1 (Fig. 1). The population buildup study also confirmed antibiosis reaction in RD21, RD23, RD25, and RD7 mutant. RD25

1. Survival of brown planthopper on modern rice varieties in Thailand.

During 1981 kharif, 22 varieties were grown in 20-hill rows. Two plantings were done, one at the usual time and the second 15 days later. Recommended management practices were followed. The number of whorl maggotdamaged leaves was recorded on 10 hills/ variety at 30 and 45 days after transplanting (see table). Ptb 12 and Ptb 21 had the least damage, Ptb 19 the most damage.
Incidence of whorl maggot damage on rice varieties at Aduthurai, India. Variety ARC6632 Banglei Chemban Chempan Chitteri Cheriya Chitteri Kula Peruvela L x H/2-281 Leaung 152 Nagrasal Ptb 12 Ptb 19 Ptb 21 Ptb 33 Parakulam Sulai T 10 Vellai Langayan Valsara Champara Vellathil cheera Lal Basumati TN1 (susceptible check) Whorl maggot incidence (%) 10.1 8.5 9.3 11.6 10.7 11.4 11.4 12.4 11.7 12.9 3.4 16.5 5.5 13.0 10.5 12.9 8.8 11.4 14.3 11.7 10.3 11.1

2. Population buildup of brown planthopper (BPH) on different rice varieties 4 weeks after release of 3 pairs of adults, Thailand.

showed the highest resistance (no population increase) to BPH; RD1 produced 247 insects 4 weeks after release of 3 mated BPH pairs (Fig. 2).

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

Reaction of rice cultivars to gall midge attack in Orissa B. C. Jena, research scholar, and N. C. Patnaik, entomologist, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar; and N. Panda, senior research fellow, Entomology Department, International Rice Research Institute

Reaction of rice cultivars to gall midge infestation at 3 locations in Orissa, India, 1980 and 1981. Cultivar Donors Eswarkora Leuang 152 Ptb 18 Ptb 21 Siam 29 W1263 Resistant varieties Kakatiya Shakti Phalguna Surekha Samlei Promising cultivars ORSJR-214 OR127-3 ORl40-9-3 ORl32-3-1 CR199-1 CR401-6 CR404-24 RP8-9 Susceptible checks Jaya IET5656 RP356-112-1-1 IR8/W1263 Ptb 18/Ptb 21//IR8 IR8/Siam 29 IR8/Siam 29 IR8/Leuang 152 IRI/Leuang 152 RPW 6-13/Hema RPW 6-13/CR94-MR 1550 Rajeswari/CR57 RPW 6-1 3/Supriya Vijaya/CR94-15 12-6 CR94-1512-6/Pusa 2-21 IR8/W1257 TN1/T141 RPW 6-13/Sona IR8/Siam 29//Ptb 18/Ptb 21 Parents Av silvershoots (%) at 55 DT a Bhubaneswar (Puri) 1.10 0.00 0.03 0.00 5.69 1.10 4.95 1.21 0.41 0.38 0.16 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.07 0.95 0.10 10.19 13.40 16.76 17.10 Rampur (Bolangir) 3.34 0.07 1.10 0.19 7.28 1.08 2.30 3.24 1.40 1.40 0.26 0.96 0.06 0.15 0.33 0.00 1.29 0.00 13.08 23.26 12.78 18.07 Chakuli (Sambalpur) 2.89 0.24 0.55 0.19 10.18 0.60 4.29 1.99 0.46 1.04 0.07 0.71 0.00 0.55 0.89 0.13 1.47 0.06 4.46 22.32 16.42 8.19

Rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae is a serious pest in the wet season, but activity is also observed in the dry season in areas receiving perennial flow irrigation. Varieties in the coastal tract appear to differ in level of susceptibility from varieties in the inland districts. A trial in the 1980 and 1981 wet seasons at three representative sites Bhubaneswar (Pun district), Rampur (Bolangir district), and Chakuli (Sambalpur district) studied cultivar reactions to variable insect population pressure. The trial had 6 donor cultivars, 5 resistant varieties, 8 promising cultivars, and 3 susceptible checks grown in a completely randomized block design replicated 3 times with 100 hills/replication. Silvershoot infestation was measured at 55 days after transplanting. Siam 29 and Eswarkora exhibited higher levels of silvershoot incidence at all three sites in both years (see table). Infestation level in Leuang 152, Ptb 18, and Ptb 21 was less than 1%. Resistant Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and spacing on rice gall midge and leaffolder damage
R. Saroja and N. Raju, Paddy Experiment Station, Tirur 602025, Chingleput District, Tamil Nadu, South India

a Mean of 3 replications. DT = days after transplanting.

variety Kakatiya had high infestation at all three sites. Shakti had high level of infestation only at Rampur. RP8-9 had high infestation at all three sites. Infestation in susceptible varieties was very high. Variability in level of infesta-

tion among donors, resistant varieties, promising cultivars, and susceptible checks with respect to test sites was very low. Fluctuations in silvershoot incidence were mostly ascribable to environmental influences.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and spacing on gall midge and leaffolder damage at Tirur, India, 1979-80 samba. Nitrogen (kg/ha) 0 75 150 225 Av Gall midge silvershoots (%) 10 x 10 cm 11.2 14.0 15.2 14.8 13.8 20 x 20 cm 8.8 11.0 10.3 12.2 10.5 30 x 30 cm 7.9 10.8 10.5 10.7 10.0 2.37 2.05 4.12 Av 9.3 11.9 12.0 12.0 Leaffolder-damaged leaves (%) 10 x 10 cm 24.4 48.3 48.0 47.4 42.0 20 x 20 cm 20.2 29.1 30.8 37.6 29.4 30 x 30 cm 18.7 23.3 24.8 31.9 24.7 6.81 5.90 11.81 Av 21.1 33.6 34.0 39.0

The effect of four nitrogen levels and three plant spacings on rice pest damage was studied in a field trial at Tirur during the samba season, July-August to November-December 1979-80. The twofactor experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Thirty-day-old seedlings of IR8 were planted in 9-m 2 plots with 50 kg P 2 O 5 /ha and 50 kg K2O/ha. The crop

CD for N level CD for spacing CD for interaction

received no insect protection. Gall midge damage was measured as the number of silvershoots to total tillers on 50 hills/ plot at 60 days after transplanting (DT). Leaffolder damage was measured as the number of leaves damaged to total leaves on 25 hills/plot at

75 DT. Damage by gall midges and leaffolders was rather high and increased significantly when nitrogen was added to the plot (see table). Damage also increased significantly at closer spacings.

10

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

Influence of planting time on gall midge incidence at Aduthurai P. Karuppuchamy, S. Uthamasamy, and G. Chakkaravarthy, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612 101, Tamil Nadu, India

Pests of hill rice in West Bengal, India P. K. Banerjee and P. B. Chatterjee, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah 712 102, West Bengal, India

Rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae incidence was measured on CO 40 in the samba season and on IR20 in the thaladi season. Plot size was 50 m2 with 4 replications. The number of silvershoots in total tillers was counted. During the samba season, maximum gall midge incidence was on the crop planted 1 September 1981 followed by crops planted on 16 September and 16 August (see figure). Incidence was less on crops planted on 2 and 17 October. During the thaladi season, maximum incidence was on the crop planted 16 September. The 50- to 70-day-old crop in the samba season and the 30- to 60-day-old crop in the thaladi season were more prone to gall midge infestation.

Rice is grown in the hilly areas of Darjeeling district on bench terraces up to 1,335 m altitude. Annual precipitaInsect pests of hill rice in West Bengal, India. Insect Stem borers White stem borer Scirpophaga innotata (Walker) Gold-fringed borer Chilo auricilia (Dudgeon) Rice bug Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) Green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Distant) Nephotettix nigropictus (Stl.) Big white leafhopper Tettigella spectra Distant Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) Gall midge Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) Swarming caterpillar Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval) Jul-Oct Aug-Oct

tion ranges from 2,800 to 3,900 mm. The annual maximum temperatures range from 15 to 24 C and minimum temperatures from 75 to 19 C depending on the altitude. Only one medium to late duration rice crop is grown during the monsoon season. Economically important insect pests of hill rice are in the table.
Economic importance Damage varies from 30% to 80% of tillers.

Seasonal incidence Jul-Oct, peak season in September

Loss estimated at 25-35% of panicles.

Minor.

Oct-Nov Sep-Nov

Minor. At altitudes from 650-1000 m about 25-40% leaves damaged. Late crop most damaged. At altitudes below 1000 m, 25-30% silvershoots. Humid areas near perennial springs at lower altitudes are more infested, seedling damage.

Aug-Oct

Jul-Aug

Other pests

GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

Hirschmanniella oryzae and other nematodes found in rice paddies of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Dang-ngoc Kinh and Bui-yan Ngoc, Plant Protection Department, University of HauGiang, Vietnam

Gall midge incidence during samba and thaladi seasons in Tamil Nadu, India.

Seven species of nematodes have been found in rice plants and soil in the Mekong Delta: Dirylenchus angustus. Aphelenchoides besseyi, Meloidogyne

graminicola, Hirschmanniella oryzae spp, Criconemella sp., Tybenchorhynohus sp., Helicotylenchus sp. Populations of H. oryzae were studied from about 1,000 soil samples and rice roots from 100 paddy fields. Sampling was done from tillering in the 1981 rainy season main crop to tillering in the 1982 second crop. Main crop varieties were Tau-bun, Tauchen, Nang-quot, Chumran, Gay-xe, Chet-cut, Lem-lun, Bangsenx. Second crop varieties were IR36,

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

11

IR42, IR2823-399-5-6, IR9129-163-3-22, IR9129-192-2-3-5, and IR2307-247-22-3. Nematodes were found in all samples. Populations in 50-gram root samples
GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

of local varieties ranged from 12 to 380 at tillering, increasing to 50 to 7,000 at flowering, and to 300 to 7,500 at ripening. In the second crop, populations at transplanting were 204 to 9,000; at tiller-

ing, 860 to 11,200. Populations in 100-ml soil samples averaged 71 throughout the sampling period, with a range of 5 to 450 nematodes.

Drought resistance
Using check varieties to adjust visual scores for nonuniform soil drying in drought resistance field screening
Nopporn Supapoj, Chaluay Boonwite, J. C. OToole, S. K. De Datta, and B. R. Jackson, joint contribution of the Rice Division, Dept. of Agriculture, Bangkok-9, Thailand; The International Rice Research Institute, Los Baos. Philippines; and Rockefeller Foundation/IRRI Cooperative Projects with the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, G. P.O. Box 24.53, Bangkok, Thailand.
Variation in soil drying across field is illustrated by changes in responses of IR20 (susceptible check) and BKN6986108-3 (resistant check). IRRI.

In many areas of monsoon Asia, the dry season allows use of irrigation (surface or sprinkler) to control timing (growth stage) and duration of water stress in drought resistance screening of germplasm in the field. But variability in soil drying results in problems in interpreting visual scores among entries. Using soil moisture measurements (tensiometers, gypsum blocks, or gravimetric sampling) to indicate relative soil water deficits within a field has inherent technical problems and is not generally satisfactory. A method using frequently spaced check varieties to adjust or normalize field screening results for heterogeneity of soil drying has been developed. Field screening for drought resistance was conducted in the 1980 dry season at the Klong Luang Rice Experiment Station, Thailand. Localized deviations of IR20 (susceptible check) and BKN6986108-3 (local resistant check) from their overall means were used to adjust scores of entries in nearby plots. The figure illustrates the heterogeneity of soil drying across the field that was identified by the response of check varieties and deviations from their respective overall means.

Statistical analysis of original (A) and adjusted (B) visual drought resistance scores of 77 entries in 1980 dry season field screening for drought resistance at Klong Luang Rice Experiment Station, Thailand. s V2 s E2 A B 0.5603 1.0377 CV (%) 29.9 24.0 F-value 2.12** 3.08** DMRT (5%) discrimination range (no.) A-G (7) A-M (1 3)

At any place in the field, the average of the check varieties deviations from their respective means was applied to the scores of adjacent entries, normalizing varietal response for soil moisture heterogeneity. The ratio of varietal variance ( s V2) to expenmental variance (s E2) was used in evaluating the capabilif he adjusted data to better differentiate entries. Adjusting the original visual drought resistance scores for field soil moisture conditions increased the s V 2/s E2 ratio, decreased the CV, and increased the capability of Duncans Multiple Range Test (5% level) to differentiate between entries (see table). This method uses check varieties which are usually well known by the individual scorer to systematically cope with the problem of inherent variability in drought screening caused by non-

uniform soil physical properties or by inequity of irrigation water distribution.

GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTI LlZATION

Adverse soils tolerance

Varietal tolerance for acid sulfate soils in North Vietnam
Dao The Tuan, plant physiologist, and Nguyen Huu Nghia, geneticist, Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam

Varieties were screened for acid sulfate soil tolerance during the 1977, 1978, and

12

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

1979 dry seasons at Haiphong, 100 km east of Hanoi. Soils had pH 3.1-3.4 with 4.45-6.20 meq exchangeable aluminum (Al)/ 100 g. The 245 varieties and lines screened were selected from among local germplasm and 1RRl lines tolerant of salinity, drought, iron (Fe) toxicity, and phosphorus (P) deficiency. Iron toxicity was evaluated on the Standard Evaluation System for Rice scale 4 and 8 weeks after transplanting. Most tolerant of acid sulfate soils were local varieties Bu, Pokkali, Cut, Cuom, and Chim da. (Table 1). Most tolerant lines were IR2151-96-1-5-3, IR2 153-26-3-5-6, IR1529-680-3-2, and B9C-Md-3-3. Tolerance for Al and Fe toxicity and P deficiency was tested among 15 varieties and lines at Thanh t experiment station. Al toxicity was determined by soaking germinated seeds in 3 and 30 mg Al/ liter soil solution. Fe toxicity and P deficiency tests were done in pots. Local variety Ba was tolerant of all three factors (Table 2). IR2151-96-1-5-2, which was less tolerant in the field at 8 weeks, also was less tolerant of iron. A close relationship was found between Al toxicity and P deficiency (correlation coefficient 0.747). Tolerances for Al and Fe toxicity were not related (correlation coefficient 0.299). One month after transplanting, with soil pH 4.0 and Al in the soil solution at 7.8 mg/ liter, field evaluation scores correlated with AI toxicity tolerance (r = 0.917). But 2 months after transplanting, with soil pH 4.9. field evaluation scores did not correlate with Fe toxicity tolerance (r = 0.376), probably because both factors had some influence. IR lines with IR1416-131-5, CR94-13, and Indonesian variety Sigadis in their parentage are tolerant of Fe toxicity. In these studies, tolerance of Al toxicity and P deficiency seemed to be related to the presence of Sigadis genes. It appears that acid soil tolerance is related to tolerance for Al toxicity, Fe toxicity, and P deficiency. Three varieties IR2 I5 1-96 1-5-3, IR2153-26-3-56. and B9C-Md-3-3 were selected for yield trials in North Vietnam. IR2 153 also can be cultivated

Table 1. Field scores a of representative varieties and lines in varietal screening on acid sulfate soilsb in North Vietnam. Variety or line CSSR-1 IR2058-78-1-3-2-3 (IR46) IR2061-464-24-46 IET5 2 3 3 BG94-1 IR1529-430-2 IR2053-160-1-2-2 IR2070-719-3-5 IR2153-26-3-5-2 IR2053-436-1-2 KI49 Pokkali M1-48 IR28 IR2153-43-2-5-3 IR2071-586-5-6-34 IR2153-26-3-5-6 IR2823-399-56 IR4573-4-3-7-14 IR4595-4-1-13 IR4630-22-2-17 IR4763-73-1-11 IR1514A-E666 IR2031-2384-1-3-2 IR26 IR2061-214-2-24-1 IR1529-680-3-2 IR994-102-2-3-2-2-2 IR2151-190-3-5-5 lR2151-96-1-5-3
a 1980

Score 5 5 5 8 6 7 5 6 3 7 4-5 2 8 9 4 5 2 6 6 6 8 7 5-6 3-4 6 6 2-3 5 5 2

Variety or line IR40 IR42 312151-598-3-5-5 IR2863-38-1 IR4227-164-1-1 lR4613-54-5 B9C-Md-3-3 IR1529-430-3 IR1750-F5B-5 IR2035-117-3 IR2035-242-1 IR2061-522-6-9 IR3839-1 IR3880-13 IR3880-17 IR9575 IRATl3 C22 C46-151IR24 2 lR36 A4 IR8 386 (NN75-7) Bu cut Cuom 424 (NN75-2) Sai duong Chiem da B541-bkn-19-34

Score 4 5 4 3-4 6 9 2-3 3 4-5 5 5 7 4-5 8 4 3 3 3 4 5-6 3 7 7 1 2 2 5 4-5 2 3

Standard Evaluation System for Rice scale of 1-9: 1 = growth and tillering nearly normal, 9 = almost all plants dead or dying. bMean of 3 dry seasons.

Table 2. Tolerance a for acid sulfate soils and other stresses of different varieties and lines in greenhouse tests in North Vietnam. Variety or line Bu IR2151-96-1-5-2 IR2153-26-3-5-6 A4 B9C-Md-3-3 424 (NN75-2) B541-bkn52-3-3 IR1529-680-3-2 IR42 IR46 386 (NN75-7) IR9575 IR4683-54-3-3-2 IR2797-105-2-2-3 IR8
a 1980

Acid sulfate soils tolerane a 1 mo 1 1 2 2 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 2 mo 1 2 3 3 3 5 3 4 6 7 7 5 5

Al toxicity tolerance 1 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 7

P deficiency tolerance 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 5

Fe toxicity tolerance 1-2 3-4 4 2-4 4 5 4-5 3-5 5 5 3 3 7 7 5

Standard Evaluation System for Rice scale of 1-9: 1 = growth and tillering nearly normal; 5 = growth and tillering retarded, many leaves discolored; 9 = almost all plants dead or dying.

in saline soils. IR2 I5 I, with tolerance for P deficiency and resistance to brown planthopper biotype 1, also is accepted in regions where IR8 cannot be cultivated.

Individuals organiozations and media who wish additional details of. information presented in IRRN should write directly to the authors.

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

13

Pest management and control

Relative humidity and nematode number and survival in rice seeds Nguyen-ti Thu Cuc and Le-Thanh Giang, Plant Protection Department, University of Cantho, Hau Giang, Vietnam

DISEASES
ity were examined. In Lua Tieu, nematode counts were 7 nematodes/ 100 unfilled grains and 25/ 100 filled grains. In Nep mua, nematode count was higher, 63 nematodes/ 100 unfilled grains and 167/100 filled grains. When infested seeds were dried in the sun (44-45 C) for 4 days (6 hours/ day), seed humidity decreased to below 12% and nematodes were killed.

Seeds of rice nematode D. Dong Thanp (the Mekong

varieties infested with angustus were collected in and Hau-Giang Province Delta) and soaked in dis-

tilled water for 2 hours. Then, the husk was separated from the albumen and seeds were resoaked for 1 hour. Nematodes were found inside filled and unfilled grains, between the tegmen and albumen. They also can cling outside the tegmen. Nematode populations in the seeds varied with variety of rice. Two-day-old seeds of local varieties Nep mua and Lua Tieu with 16.5-17% relative humid-

Fungicidal control of rice grain discoloration V. S. Duraisamy, agricultural officer, Training and Visit Programme, Mattupalayam 641 301, India

Yellow or brown discoloration of grain is caused by fungi Helminthosporium oryzae, Trichoconis padwickii, and Curvularia lunata. Seven fungicides carbendazim, Baycar, mancozeb, 34% mancozeb, IBP, edifenphos, and quazaEpidemiology of brown spot disease of rice in Karnataka, India S. Sannegowda and K. T. Pandurangegowda, Plant Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences, Regional Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, India

tine were tested for control of grain discoloration. Kannagi was the test variety. Panicles at the milk stage were sprayed with spore suspensions of H. oryzae, T. padwickii, and C. lunata. After 24 hours, they were sprayed with the fungicides. Percentage discoloration was calculated at panicle maturity. Application of 0.2% quazatine, IBP, and mancozeb prevented discoloration in the field (see table). Baycar and carbendazim were not effective. Incidence of brown spot was 2.5% from January to September, then suddenly increased to 45% during October, peaked at 50% in November, and dropped gradually to 40% in December (see table). The variability in disease incidence might be attributed to weather

Fungicidal control of grain discoloration at Mettupalayam, India. Fungicide Application rate (%) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Discolored graina (%) 4.1 3.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 2.8 0.2 8.7

Carbendazim Baycar Mancozeb 34% mancozeb IBP Edifenphos Quazatine Control CD (0.05) = 0.097
aMean

of 3 replications.

factors. October to December had maximum temperatures of 27-29 C and minimum temperatures of 15-20 C, relative humidity of 86-90 at 0730 hours and 5862 at 1430 hours, 0.2-2.6 mm rainfall, and average daily sunshine of 7-9 hours.

The development and spread of brown spot disease were studied in the field and the relationship between disease incidence and weather factors was examined. Highly susceptible rice variety Binnybhog was sown monthly, from 1 January to 31 December 1980 at Mandya. Periodic observations of disease development were made and daily maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity at 0730 hours and 1430 hours, rainfall, and sunshine were averaged for each month.

Weather factors and brown spot disease incidence at Mandya, Karnataka, India. Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Brown spot incidence (%) 2 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 45 50 40 Weather factors (av) Temperature (C) Max 30 31 32 34 32 31 29 28 28 29 28 27 Min 14 19 20 22 22 21 20 20 20 20 20 15 Relative humidity 0730 h 81 85 82 82 81 89 86 89 91 90 87 86 1430 h 47 41 44 43 51 60 62 66 65 60 62 58 Rainfall (mm) 0 0 0 0 2.5 2.9 2.7 4.4 11.0 2.6 1.2 0.2 Sunshine/day (h) 10 12 12 10 10 10 8 6 8 7 9 8

14

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

Root-knot disease of rice in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Dang-ngoc Kinh, N. M. Huong, and N. V. Ut, Plant Protection Department, University of Cantho, Hau-Giang, Vietnam Local and improved rice varieties have been found infested with root-knot nematodes in the Mekong Delta. The summer and winter crops using improved varieties were more seriously attacked than the main crop. Despite galls in the root systems, the main crop was seldom damaged, because it had
Field soil as a source of rice stem nematodes

standing water in the field. Floating rice varieties such as Nang-Tay also were infested. The nematode on Nang-Tay was identified by C. Germani as Meloidogyne graminicola. Two studies of damage to height and yield of rice variety TN 73-2 and methods of control were done in the field in Kien-Giang Province. At 30 days after sowing, gall numbers averaged 1315/plant. The nematode decreased plant height by about 3 148% and rice yield by about 65%. Either continuous flooding or application of carbofuran and diazinon in irrience of rice stem nematode Ditylenchus angustus in submerged field soil in the infested rice-producing region of AnGiang and Hau-Giang Provinces. Infested soil contained 8-12 living nematodes in 90 ml of soil at the 0-20 cm depth and 3-7 nematodes at 204 cm depth. D. angustus was not observed in soil

gation water was highly effective control, increasing yield 100-160% over that in the untreated plots and 70-90% over that in the nondiseased plots. Both chemicals gave good control at 10 and 20 kg commercial product/ha to 20 days after treatment. Then, gall numbers began to increase but did not cause damage. Continuous flooding gave slower results, but the longer the flooding, the fewer the number of galls. Flooding the field with tidewater was not effective. Neither control method had much effect at booting.

Nguyen-thi Thu Cuc, Plant Protection Department, University of Cantho, HauGiang, Vietnam The Baermann-funnel extraction method was used to determine the pres-

samples dried for 1.5 months. Dried infested soil was used to grow rice plants in the greenhouse. Disease symptoms were recorded 2 months after transplanting. Infected seedlings were 14.2% to 18.1% in dry soil from the 0-20 cm depth and 12.1% to 14.4% in dry soil from the 20-40 cm depth.

Pest management and control

Parasites of the rice slug caterpillar P. B. Chatterjee, entomologist, All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, Chinsurah R. S. 712102, West Bengal, India

INSECTS
In the Philippines, Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead is a common egg parasite of rice stem borers Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo suppressalis, and C. polychrysus. Eggs of two genera of flies that inhabit rice fields Sepedon sphegeus (Fabr.) (Sciomyzidae) and Notiphila latigenis Hendel, N. similis Meijere and N. spinosa Cresson ( Ephydridae) were collected in the field in

Sepedon sphegeus (Fabr.) (Sciomyzidae ) and Notiphila spp. ( Ephydridae ): alternate hosts of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, a rice stem borer egg parasite Alberto T. Barrion, research assistant, and James A. Litsinger, entomologist, Entomology Department, International Rice Research Institute

A slug caterpillar, Latoia ( Parasa ) bicolor Walker (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), regularly appears on rice in Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, and in the plains of Darjeeling near the foothills of the subHimalayan ranges. The spined caterpillars cause extensive foliar damage from July to October, often necessitating retransplanting. Grubs cause severe dermal itching and urticaria on touch. The arthropod enemies of L. bicolor are two hymenopterous parasitoids: Brachymeria euploeae Westwood (Chalcidoidea: Chalcididae) and Goryphus busilaris Holmgren [Ichneumonoidea: Ichneumonidae]. They parasitize 24% of the pest's pupae in the field. In general, third and fourth generations of L. bicolor are more parasitized.

Incidence of parasitization by Trichogramma japonicum on eggs of Sepedon sphegeus and Notiphila spp. collected from 6 fields in the Philippines, 1981-82. Sepedon sphegeus Province Municipality Sampling date Eggs held (no.) 6 11 5 18 24 0 0 0 6 Parasitization (%) 0 36.4 20.0 5.5 8.3 0 Notiphila spp.a Eggs held (no.) 14 52 181 162 234 24 36 22 18 Parasitization (%) 14.3 8.0 2.0 7.4 10.3 0 6.0 5.0

Cagayan Laguna

Solana Los Baos

Agusan del Sur Bukidnon North Cotabato Zamboanga del Sur

aNotiphila

Del Monte Kalilangan Kabacan Pagadian

23 Sep 1981 23-27 Nov 1981 7-17 Dec 1981 18-29 Jan 1982 8-24 Feb 1982 26 Jul 1981 29 Jul l981 4-6 Jan 1982 3-4 Aug 1981

latigenis Hendel, N. similis Meijere, and N. spinosa Cresson.

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

15

1981-82 in six provinces. T. japonicum occurred in at least one fly species (see table). Sepedon and Notiphila lay egg masses on rice leaves in a similar manner as the rice stem borer. Trichogramma wasps Populations of gall midge, whitebacked planthopper, and thrips on Pragati paddy
S. K. Shrivastava, C. L. Patidar, B. C. Shukla, D. J. Pophaly, U. K. Kaushik, P. D. Deshmukh, and G. A. Gangrade, Zonal Agricultural Research Station (ZARS), Agriculture College, Raipur, Madhya Pradesh, India

encounter both. Even though fly eggs are much larger than stem borer eggs, they are acceptable to the wasps. Low rates of parasitization in fly eggs indicate that stem borer eggs are preferred. But such alternate hosts as these

two fly genera would maintain Trichogramma in the field at times of low stem borer populations, enhancing its effectiveness as a natural enemy of stem borers.

Populations of silvershoots, whitebacked planthoppers (WBPH), and thrips on transplanted Pragati paddy, with or without malathion 50 EC 0.05%. Madhya Pradesh, India.

Pragati paddy was transplanted on 25 August 1979 at the ZARS Labhandi Farm, Raipur. Three sets of 50 hills each were monitored at intervals of 1, 4, and 7 days beginning 1 day after transplanting (DT), for gall midge, whitebacked planthopper, and thrips infestation. Another 100 hills were treated with malathion 50 EC 0.05% on 9 and 24 September, 16 October, and 3 November 1979, and monitored. In untreated hills, gall midge infestation started on 10 September (16 DT). Beginning 17 September, there was a sudden increase in silvershoot development, peaking 25 September (30 DT). In treated hills, silvershoot development also peaked 25 September, then declined (see figure). Whitebacked planthopper populations on untreated hills began to increase on 11 September (17 DT), peaked on 10 October (45 DT), then declined sharply. In treated hills, the increase was the same as in untreated plants, but populations declined temporarily after each spraying, then increased again but did not attain the level of untreated hills. By 14 November, populations were very low. Thrip populations were heavy up to 10 September (16 DT) on untreated plants, then declined to near zero on 10 October (45 DT). After 31 October (62 DT), populations again increased rapidly, peaking on 7 November (69 DT). In treated plants, populations were negligible.

16

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

Effects of silica level on whitebacked planthopper Hong-Sun Kim, research scholar, and E, A. Heinrichs, entomologist and department head, Entomology Department, International Rice Research Institute

Survival of whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) nymphs on rice seedlings growing in culture solution with three silica (SiO 2 ) levels was examined.

from 5.5 to 6.0. Each silica level was replicated five times. When plants were 15 and 30 days old, 10 first-instar nymphs were introduced in each cage. On plants treated with silica, very few nymphs developed into adults (Table 1). At 15 days after infestation, the highest number of adults was recorded on plants with no silica. For population buildup counts, 5 pairs of 3- to 5-day-old WBPH adults

were introduced in each cage. Surviving adults were counted 5 days after caging. Progeny were counted when plants were 35 days old. The number of nymphs was highest at 0 ppm SiO 2 and lowest at 150 ppm (Table 2). The number of males increased as silica concentration increased. Apparently SiO2 induces development of males but inhibits feeding of WBPH.

Table 1. Effect of silica on survival of whitebacked planthoppersa at IRRI. SiO2 (ppm) in culture solution 0 50 100 150 Av no. leaves/plant 6.8 5.2 4.2 4.2 a Surviving whitebacked planthoppers b (no.) 10 DAI N 8.6 8.0 6.6 6.4 a a b b A 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 a b b b N 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.6 a a a a 15 DAI A 4.2 2.2 1.8 1.2 a b b b N 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 b b ab a 20 DAI A 9.2 a 7.0 b 5.8 c 5.0 c N 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 a a a a 25 DAI A 9.2 7.0 6.2 5.8 a b b b NG 53.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 a b b b

b b b

a Av of 5 replications. Separation of means in a column and under each level by Duncans multiple range test at the 5% level. b DAI = days after infestation, N = nymphs, A = adults, NG = new generation.

One 10-day-old seedling of variety N22 ( Wbph 1 gene for resistance to WBPH) was transplanted to each pot containing a culture solution. Each pot was put in a cage. A 60-liter culture solution contained 100 ml N, 100 ml P, 100 ml K, 100 ml Ca, 100 ml Mg, 10 ml microelements, 60 ml Fe EDTA. Graded levels of silica as sodium metasilicate (Na 2SiO35H2) were added to the culture solution and the pH adjusted
Disruption of striped rice borer males orientation to pheromone traps J. O. Lee, H. G. Goh, Y. H. Kim, and J. S. Park, entomologists, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ORD; and J. H. Kim and C. H. Park, scientists, KAIST, Korea

Table 2. Population buildup of whitebacked planthopper on N22 rice variety grown with different levels of SiO 2 at IRRI. a SiO2 (ppm) in culture solution 0 50 100 150
a Av

Leaves (no.) 1.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 a b b b

Mortality (%) 5 DAI 16.0 36.0 24.0 28.0 a a a a

Nymphs (no.) 188.2 100.6 91.8 61.4 a ab b b

Males (no.)

25 DAI Females (no.) 25.4 a 21.8 b 17.4 c 18.2 c

Total 249.2 a 164.8 ab 167.8 abc 133.4 bc

35.6 c 42.4 bc 52.6 ab 53.8 a

of 5 replications. Separation of means in a column under each level by Duncans multiple range test at the 5% level. DAI = days after infestation.

Disruption by microencapsulated pheromone of male striped borer moth orientation to monitoring hap. a Korea, 1981. Time after pheromone application (days) Before treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total trapped
a Trap

Males trapped (no.) 10 mg Treated 5 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 30 mgb Not 19 4 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 12

b 30

treated

Treated 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 2 3 10

Not treated 11 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 0 4 2 3 25

Treated 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 5

treated
19 6 8 6 10 7 2 3 4 1 2 4 0 1 3 57

Not

Disruption of male striped rice borer (Chilo suppressalis) orientation to monitoring traps by a single spray application of pheromone was investigated in paddy fields in 1981. Microencapsulated pheromone formulation as a mixture of (z)-11-hexadecenal and (z)-13octadecenal at 4.5:1 was prepared by urea (1) formalin (2) copolymerization, mixed with a spreader, and sprayed at 10 mg and 30 mg on weeds of paddy

areas.

baited with 100 g pheromone as the attractant source.

mg applications in two different

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

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bank around a monitoring trap containing 100 g attractant. Males caught were counted daily

from 10 days before application to 15 days after. The ability of male moths to locate the trap source was suppressed at

30 mg for 7-10 days (see table). The pheromone had lost much of its disruptive effect 10 days after application.

Soil and crop management

Nitrogen management in flooded rice
B. Mishra and R. D. Sharma, Soil Science Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145 India
Yield of rough rice at 60 kg N/ha.a Nitrogen source None Urea Urea Urea Urea briquet Urea briquet Margosa seedcakecoated urea Margosa seedcakecoated urea Shellac-coated urea Sulfur-coated urea FYM + urea (30 + 30) FYM + urea (30 + 30) S.Em C.D. 5%
a

Method and time of application Broadcast, 3 splits Broadcast, 2 splits (transplanting and tiller initiation) Broadcast, 2 splits (tiller initiation and panicle initiation) Placement at 5 cm, 1 wk after transplanting Placement at 5 cm, 3 wk after transplanting Broadcast at transplanting Broadcast 2 splits (transplanting and tiller initiation) Broadcast at transplanting Broadcast at transplanting Broadcast and mixed in soil before transplanting FYM mixed with soil before transplanting and urea broadcast 3 wk after transplanting

Grain yield (t/ha) 3.32 3.98 4.21 4.24 4.85 5.37 3.98 3.81 4.24 4.43 3.64 3.99

N use efficiency (kg grain/kg N) 11 15 15 25 34 11 8 15 18 5 11

A field experiment on flooded rice in the 1981 monsoon season evaluated urea briquet placement (5 cm below soil surface), margosa seedcake-coated urea, shellac-coated urea, sulfur-coated urea, farmyard manure (FYM) + urea, and urea split application. Experimental field soil was silty clay loam (Mollisol). Each nitrogen source was applied at 60 kg N/ha. There was no yield advantage in 3 split applications of urea over 2 splits at 60 kg N/ha (see table). Margosa seedcake-coated urea and shellac-coated urea also did not offer any significant improvement in yield over urea applied in three split doses. Urea + FYM was equal to urea alone (3 splits). Sulfur-coated urea produced significantly higher yields than did ordinary urea applied in three split doses. Urea briquet placement 1 week after transAlgae in rice fields of Chingleput District, Tamil Nadu, India
J. Venkatakrishnan and K. Narayanan, Paddy Experiment Station, Tirur - 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India

0.15 0.45

FYM = farmyard manure.

planting was also significantly superior to ordinary urea (2 or 3 splits), but gave lower yields than placement 3 weeks after transplanting probably because of the relatively long growth period (144 days) of the rice variety (Jaya) grown.
Abundance of nitrogen-fixiing algae (Cyanophyta species). Tamil Nadu, India. Species Gloeocapsa decorticans Anabaena oryzae Cylindrospermum muscicola Nostoc sphaericum Aulosira prolifica Calothrix sp.
ax

The highest yield was with urea briquet placement 3 weeks after transplanting. Nitrogen use efficiency with urea briquet was more than 2 times as high as 2 or 3 split applications of ordinary urea. Effect of seedling age on susceptibility to aluminum toxicity
Mai Van Quyen and S. Yoshida, International Rice Research Institute

Relative abundancea x xx x x x

Samples of algae were collected during October and November 1981 (monsoon season). Rainfall during the period was 370.9 mm, maximum temperature range was 39.0-25.5 C, and minimum temperature range was 24.5-16.5 C. Standing water of 1-2 cm was maintained in the fields by lift irrigation from an open well.

= rare, xx = moderate.

Species of algae identified consisted of 11 Cyanophyta, 6 Chlorophyta, 2 Euglenophyta, and 5 Bacillariophyta. Of the 11 Cyanophyta species, 6 are known to be nitrogen-fixing algae (see table).

Although aluminum toxicity is rarely a problem in wetland rice, it may impair growth even in flooded soils when soil pH remains low because of strong acidity and low microbial activity. Relatively young seedlings may fail to establish on some acid sulfate soils. Solution culture technique was used to examine the effect of seedling age on

18

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

susceptibility to aluminum toxicity. Two varieties (IR26 and IR36), 3 plant ages (10-, 20-, and 30-day-old seedlings), and 3 aluminum concentrations (0, 30, and 60 ppm) were used. At a specified plant age, seedlings were transferred to a plastic tray containing culture solution and different levels of aluminum. They were grown for 14 days in a glasshouse room maintained at 29/21 C (day/night) with natural light and 70% relative humidity. IR26 and IR36 showed a similar trend. A larger difference was found in shoot weight than in root weight (see table). Stunted growth in 10-day-old seedlings was noticed at 60 ppm Al. Comparison of zinc sulfate and Zn-EDTA as foliar spray
P. C. Srivastava, R. S. Sachan, and M. S. Gangwar, Soil Science Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and TechnoIogy, Pantnagar-263145, India

Effect of seedling age and aluminum concentration on average root and shoot weights of 2 rice varieties grown in culture solution at IRRI. a Seedling age (days) 10 Al added (ppm) 0 30 60 0 30 60 0 30 60 Root weight mg/plant 83 69 62 298 272 238 677 544 499 % of check 100 83 74 100 91 79 100 80 73 Shoot weight mg/plant 266 171 132 908 878 830 2143 2032 2159 % of check 100 64 49 100 96 91 100 94 100

20

30
a

Figures are mean values of IR26 and IR36.

These results indicate that, in soils where aluminum toxicity is a potential problem, planting dapog (about 11 days

old) seedlings is not advisable. Twentyday-old or even older seedlings would minimize risk of stand failure.

1. Effect of zinc foliar sprays on rice dry matter yield and zinc uptake.

Chelated formulations of zinc (particularly Zn-EDTA) have been recommended as foliar spray. The absorption efficiencies of Zn-EDTA and conventional ZnSO4 + lime spray were compared in a pot experiment. A silty clay loam soil containing 1.30 ppm DTPA extractable Zn was used at 2 kg/pot. Two 20-day-old Jaya seedlings in each of 20 pots were sprayed with one of 5 Zn treatments 15 days after transplanting. Treatments, replicated 4 times, were: control (no Zn); 100 ppm Zn as 0.044% ZnSO 4 + 0.022% lime spray; 100 ppm Zn as chelated Zn (manufacturers recommended rate); 1,130 ppm Zn as 0.5 ZnSO4 + 0.25% lime (recommended spray), and 1,130 ppm Zn as chelated zinc (Sukshmin-Z). Both ZnSO4 and chelated Zn foliar spray increased dry matter and Zn uptake over the control (Fig. 1). Yield with 100 ppm chelated Zn was 37% higher than the control. Dry matter yield and Zn uptake did not differ significantly with 100 ppm and 1,130 ppm Zn as ZnSO4, nor with 100 ppm and 1,130 ppm chelated Zn.

2. Effect of zinc foliar sprays on rice uptake of copper, iron, and manganese.

IRRN 7:4 (August 1982)

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