Đ I Cương - Vô Cơ

Bai tap Hoa Hoc nang cao chuyen e Vo C ai Cng
Trang: 1
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Phan 1: CAU TAO NGUYEN T
BAI TAP PHAN RA PHONG XA PHAN NG HAT NHAN
Cau 1: Chat phong xa
210
Po co chu k ban ra T = 138 ngay. Tnh khi lng
Po co o phong xa la 1 Ci (S: 0,222 mg)
Cau 2: Tnh tuoi cua mot pho tng co bang go biet rang o phong xa
cua no bang 0,77 lan o phong xa cua mot khuc go co cung khoi
lng va mi chat. Biet 14
C
T 5600
nam. (S: 2100 nam)
Cau 3: Xet phan ng hat nhan xay ra khi ban pha nhom bang cac hat
:
27 30
13 15
Al P n + + . Cho biet: m
Al
= 26,974u ; m
P
= 29,970u ; m
= 4,0015u ; m
n
=
1,0087u ; m
p
= 1,0073u. Hay tnh nang lng toi thieu cua hat
can thiet
e phan ng xay ra. (S: 3MeV)
Cau 4: Mot chat phong xa co chu k ban ra T = 10s. Luc au co o
phong xa H
o
= 2.10
7
Bq. Tnh hang so phan ra phong xa, so nguyen t ban
au, so nguyen t con lai va o phong xa cua chat phong xa o sau
30s. (S: k = 0,0693s
-1
, N
o
= 2,9.10
8
nguyen t, N = N
o
/8 nguyen t, H = H
o
/8 Bq)
Cau 5: Nang lng lien ket rieng la nang lng tnh cho mot nucleon
a. Hay tnh nang lng lien ket rieng cua hat
. Cho biet cac khoi

lng hat nhan sau: m

= 4,0015u ; m
p
= 1,0073u ; m
n
= 1,0087u
b. Tnh nang lng toa ra khi tao thanh 1 gam Heli. Lay N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
,
He = 4,003 u
(S: a. 7,1MeV ; b. 6,8.10
10
J)
Cau 6: Mot mau Poloni nguyen chat co khoi lng 2 (g), cac hat nhan
Poloni ( )
210
84
Po
phong xa phat ra hat
va chuyen thanh mot hat

A
Z
Xben.
a. Viet phng trnh phan ng va goi ten
A
Z
X.
b. Xac nh chu k ban ra cua Poloni phong xa, biet trong 365 ngay no
tao ra the tch V = 179 cm
3
kh He (ktc)
c. Tm tuoi cua mau chat tren biet rang tai thi iem khao sat t so
gia khoi lng
A
Z
X va khoi lng chat o la 2:1. (S: a.
82
Pb
207
Ch b.
138 ngay )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
BAI TAP HOA LNG T MOMEN LNG CC NANG LNG LIEN KET
Cu 1: Thc nghm xc nh c momen lng cc ca phn t H
2
O l 1,85D, gc lin kt
HOH
l
104,5
o
, di lin kt OH l 0,0957 nm. Tnh ion ca lin kt OH trong phn t oxy (b qua momen
to ra do cc cp electron ha tr khng tham gia lin kt ca oxy). 1D = 3,33.10
-30
C.m. in tch ca
electron l -1,6.10
-19
C ; 1nm = 10
-9
m.
Hng dan giai:
Gi thit ion ca lin kt O H l 100%
ta c:
-9 -19
-30
0,0957.10 .1,6.10
= =4,600D
3,33.10
. => ion ca lin kt O H l 32,8%
Cu 2: nh sng nhn thy c phn hy c Br
2(k)
thnh cc nguyn t khng. Bit rng nng lng ph v
lin kt gia hai nguyn t l 190kJ.mol
-1
. Ti sao hi Br
2
c mu? Bit h = 6,63.10
-34
J.s ; c = 3.10
8
m.s
-1
; N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
.
Hng dn gii
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-7
A
c
E = h .N = 6,3.10 m
.
Do nm trong vng cc tia sng nhn thy nn phn hy c v c mu.
Cu 3: Bit
2
n 2
Z
E = -13,6 (eV)
n
(n: s lng t chnh, Z: s n v in tch ht nhn).
a. Tnh nng lng 1e trong trng lc mt ht nhn ca mi h N
6+
, C
5+
, O
7+
.
b. Qui lut lin h gia E
n
vi Z tnh c trn phn nh mi lin h no gia ht
nhn vi electron trong cc h ?
Hng dn gii
a. Theo u bi, n phi bng 1 nn ta tnh E
1
. Do cng thc l E
1
= 13,6 Z
2
(ev) (2)
Th t theo tr s Z: Z = 6 C
5+
: (E1) C
5+
= 13,6 x 6
2
= 489,6 eV
Z = 7 N
6+
: (E
1
) N
6+
= 13,6 x 7
2
= 666,4 eV
Z = 8 O
7+
: (E
1
) O
7+
= 13,6 x 8
2
= 870,4 eV
b. Quy lut lin h E
1
vi Z : Z cng tng E
1
cng m (cng thp). Qui lut ny phn nh tc dng lc ht ht
nhn ti e c xt: Z cng ln lc ht cng mnh nng lng cng thp h cng bn, bn nht l O
7+.
Cu 4: Vic gii phng trnh Schrodinger cho h nguyn t 1electron ph hp tt vi l thuyt c in ca
Bohr v s lng t ha nng lng.
2
n 2
Z
E = -13,6 (eV)
n
. cho tin s dng th cc gi tr s ca cc
hng s xut hin trong cng thc trn c chuyn ht v n v eV. iu th v l khi ta s dng cng thc
trn cho phn t heli trung ha. Trong nguyn t heli lc ht nhn tc dng ln electron b gim bt do
electron khc chn mt. iu ny c ngha l in tch ca ht nhn tc dng ln electron khng phi l Z = 2
na m s nh hn gi l in tch hiu dng (Z
eff
). Nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t heli trng thi c
bn l 24,46eV. Tnh Z
eff
.
Hng dn gii
Mi electron lp n = 1 ca nguyn t heli c nng lng Z
2
eff
= 13,6eV
Mc nng lng thp nht ca heli Z
2
eff
= 27,2eV
trng thi c bn ion He
+
c nng lng = -4.13,6 = -54,4eV
Nng lng ion ho = (-54,4 + Z
2
eff
. 27,2) = 24,46 => Zeff = 1,70
Cu 5: Bng phng php quang ph vi sng ngi ta xc nh phn t SO
2
trng thi hi c:
2
SO
1, 6D

o
o
S O
d 1, 432A ; OSO 109 5

.
a. Tnh in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t O v nguyn t S trong phn t SO
2
b. Tnh ion ca lin kt S-O
Hng dn gii
a. i vi phn t SO
2
c th xem trung tm in tch dng trng vi ht nhn nguyn t S cn trung tm
in tch m s nm im gia on thng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t O. Nh vy momen lng cc ca
phn t SO
2
:
2
SO
2 l
. Trong l l khong cch gia hai trong tm in tch v c tnh nh sau:
o
o
1, 432 cos59 45' 0, 722A l
. Theo d kin cho:
2
SO
1, 6D
nn t y rt ra:
18
8 10
1, 6 10
0, 23
2 0, 722 10 4, 8 10

Vy in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t O l -0,23 cn in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t S l +0,46 in tch
tuyt i ca electron
b. Mt khc nu xem lin kt S-O hon ton l lin kt ion th momen lng cc ca phn t l:
2
8 10
SO
0, 722 10 2 4,8 10 6, 93D

Vy ion x ca lin kt S-O bng:
1, 6
x 100% 23%
6, 93

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Cu 6: Tnh nng lng lin kt ion E
Na-F
ca hp cht ion NaF. Bit cc tr s (kJ/mol): I
Na
= 498,5 ;
F
F
= -328 ; khong cch r
o
= 1,84
o
A
, n
NaF
= 7 l h s y Born,
12
o
8,854.10
l hng s in mi trong
chn khng. E
Na-F
c tnh theo cng thc:
2
A
A B A B
o o
N .e 1
E 1 I F
4 . .r n
,
. (S: E
Na-F
= 497,2)
Phan 2: S BIEN THIEN TUAN HOAN CUA MOT SO TNH CHAT
THEO CHIEU TANG DAN IEN TCH HAT NHAN
Cau 1: Tnh nang lng mang li cua LiF da vao cac so lieu cho bi
bang sau:
Nang lng (kJ/mol) Nang lng (kJ/mol)
Ai lc elctron cua F
(k)
: A
F
= 333,000 Lien ket FF: E
lk
= 151,000
Ion hoa th nhat cua Li
(k)
: I
1
=
521,000
Sinh nhiet cua LiF
(tinh the)
= 612,300
Entanpi nguyen t hoa Li
(tinh the)
=
155,200
U
mang li
= ?
S: U
ml
= 1031 kJ.mol
-1
Cau 2: Nang lng ion hoa th nhat cua cac nguyen to chu k 2 nh sau:
a. Hay cho
biet v sao khi
i t Li en Ne, nang lng ion hoa th nhat cua cac nguyen to nhn
chung tang dan nhng t: Be sang B ; t N sang O th nang lng ion hoa
th nhat lai giam
b. Tnh ien tch hat nhan hieu dung Z oi vi mot electron hoa tr co
nang lng ln nhat trong cac nguyen t tren va giai thch s bien
thien cac gia tr Z o trong chu k. Biet rang: 13,6eV =
1312kJ/mol ;
2
1 2
Z'
I 13, 6 (eV)
n
S: 1,26 ; 1,66 ; 1,56 ; 1,82 ; 2,07 ; 2,00 ; 2,26 ; 2,52

Giai thch: Cau truc ban bao hoa phan lp s, p ben cac nguyen to Li,
N ; B, O de mat 1 e e at cau truc ban bao hoa phan lp s, p ben
Cau 3: Nang lng lien ket n gian gia hai nguyen t A va B la E
AB
ln
hn gia tr trung bnh cong cac nang lng lien ket n E
AA
; E
BB
la
AB
:
( )
AB AA BB AB
1
E E E
2
+ + . Gia tr
AB
(kJ/mol) ac trng cho phan ac tnh ion cua

lien ket AB lien quan en s khac nhau ve o am ien gia A va B, tc
la hieu so
A B

. Theo Pauling:
A B AB
0,1 . e thu c gia tr o am
ien cua cac nguyen to khac nhau, Pauling gan gia tr o am ien cua
hiro la 2,2
a. Tnh o am ien cua Flo va Clo da vao cac so lieu nang lng lien
ket sau:
HF HCl F
2
Cl
2
H
2
565 431 151 239 432
b. Tnh nang lng lien ket E
Cl-F
Hng dan giai
Nguye
n t
Li Be B C N O F Ne
I
1
(kJ/mol)
521 899 801
108
7
140
2
131
3
168
1
208
1
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a.
F F
1
2, 2 0,1 565 (151 432) 3,85
2
+ >
Cach tnh tng t c:
Cl
3,18
b.
1
Cl F
1
3, 85 3,18 0,1 x (151 239) x E 240kJ.mol
2

+ >
Cau 4: Theo Allred va Rochow, o am ien cua cac nguyen to c tnh
theo cong thc sau:
2
2
Z'
0, 359 0, 744
r
+ . Trong o: r la ban knh cong hoa tr
cua nguyen to (
o
A
) ; Z la ien tch hat nhan hieu dung tnh cho tat ca cac
electron torng nguyen t va tnh theo quy tac Slater. e tnh gia tr gan
ung Z, Slater chia cac AO thanh cac nhom nh sau: 1s | 2s, 2p | 3s ; 3p | 3d |
4s, 4p | 4d | 4f | 5s, 5p |
- He so chan gia hai electron 1s la a
i
= 0,300
- He so chan cua 1 electron cac nhom khac nhau oi vi mot
electron nhom ns, np nh sau:
o a
i
= 0 neu electron nhom ben phai nhom ns, np
o a
i
= 0,350 neu electron cung nhom vi ns, np
o a
i
= 0,850 neu electron nhom n = n 1
o a
i
= 1,000 neu electron nhom n < n 1
- He so chan cua 1 electron cac nhom khac nhau oi vi mot
electron nhom nd hay nf nh sau:
o a
i
= 0 neu electron nhom ben phai nhom nd hay nf
o a
i
= 0,350 neu electron cung nhom vi nd hay nf
o a
i
= 1,000 neu electron nhom n n 1
Hay tnh o am ien cua Clo va Flo, biet ban knh cong hoa tr cua F va
Cl lan lt la: 0,71 va 0,99
o
A
Hng dan giai
F F 2
4, 85
Z' 9 (0, 85.2 0, 35.7) 4, 85 0, 359. 0, 744 4, 20
(0, 71)
+ +
Cach tnh tng t cho Z
Cl
= 5,75 va
Cl
2, 85
Cau 5: Muliken tnh o am ien cua cac nguyen to theo cong thc sau:
1 1
I A
0,17
516
+ . Trong o: I
1
la nang lng ion hoa th nhat cua nguyen t
(kJ/mol) ; A
1
la ai lc electron cua nguyen t (kJ/mol). Tnh o am ien cua
Clo va Flo da vao cac so lieu sau (kJ/mol):
I
1
(F) I
1
(Cl) A
1
(F) A
1
(Cl)
1681 1255 -333 -348
Hng dan giai
F
1681 333
0,17 4, 07
516
+
+ . Cach tnh tng t cho
Cl
3, 28 .
Cau 6: Da vo phng php gn ng Slater, tnh nng lng ion ha th nht I
1
cho He (Z = 2).
Hng dan giai
He co cau hnh 1s
2
,
( )
2
* 2
*
He *2 2
13, 6 2 0, 3 13, 6(Z )
E 2 2 78, 6eV
n 1
1
_
1

1 ,
]
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He
+
co cau hnh 1s
1
,
2 2
*
2 2 He
13, 6Z 13, 6 2
E 54, 4eV
n 1
+

Qua trnh ion hoa:
* *
1 He
He
He He 1e I E E ( 54, 4) ( 78, 6) 24, 2eV
+
+
+
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
Phan 3: CAU TRUC MANG TINH THE
Cau 1: Tinh the NaCl co cau truc lap phng tam dien. Tnh ban knh cua
ion Na
+
va khoi lng rieng cua tinh the NaCl biet rang: canh cua o mang
c s a = 5,58
o
A
; ban knh ion
o
Cl
r 1, 810A

; khoi lng mol cua Na va Cl lan
lt la: 22,99 g.mol
-1
va 35,45 g.mol
-1
(S: r
+
= 0,98
o
A
; d = 2,23 g/cm
3
)
Cau 2: Tinh the Fe co cau truc tinh the lap phng tam khoi vi canh a
cua o mang c s la
o
a 2, 860A
con
Fe
ket tinh di dang lap phng
tam dien vi
o
a 3, 560A
. Tnh ban knh kim loai va khoi lng rieng cua sat
thuoc hai loai cau truc tren biet Fe = 55,800 g/mol
S: Fe : r = 1,24
o
A
; d = 7,92 g/cm
3
;
Fe
: r = 1,26
o
A
; d= 8,21 g/cm
3
Cu 3: Ba loi cau truc tinh the pho bien cua cac kim loai la lap phng
tam khoi, lap phng tam dien va luc phng ac kht. Hay tnh o ac
kht
ac
cua 3 loai mang tinh the nay.
S: lap phng tam khoi: 68% ; lap phng tam dien: 74% ; luc phng ac
kht: 74%
Cau 4: Tinh the MgO co cau truc kieu NaCl vi canh cua o mang c s
la:
o
d 4,100A
. Tnh nang lng mang li cua MgO theo phng phap Born-
Landre va phng phap Kapustinxki biet hang so Madelung cua mang li
MgO: a = 1,7475 ; e = 1,602.10
-19
C ;
12
o
8,85.10
; N
A
= 6,023.10
23
; n
B
= 7
Theo Born-Landre:
2
A
o B
Z Z e aN 1
U (1 )
4 R n
+

vi R = r
+
+ r
-
Theo Kapustinxki:
7
Z Z n
U 1, 08.10
R
+

Hng dan giai
Thay so vao 2 phng trnh tren ta suy ra:
Theo Born-Landre: U = 4062 kJ/mol ; theo Kapustinxki: U = 4215 kJ/mol
Cu 5: Tinh the CsI co cau truc lap phng tam khoi vi canh a cua o
mang c s la a = 4,450
o
A
. Ban knh ion cua Cs
+
la 1,69
o
A
. Hay tnh:
a. Ban knh cua ion I
-

b. o ac kht
ac
cua tinh the
c. Khoi lng rieng cua mang tinh the CsI
S: a. Khoang 2,16
o
A
; b. khoang 77,4% ; c. khoang 4,9 g/cm
3
Cu 6: St kim loi nng chy 1811K. Gia nhit phng v im nng chy ca n, st kim loi c th
tn ti cc dng th hnh v cc dng tinh th khc nhau. T nhit phng n 1185K, st c cu to tinh
th dng lp phng tm khi (bcc) quen gi l st-
. T 1185K n 1667K st kim loi c cu to mng

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lp phng tm din (fcc) v c gi l st-
. Trn 1167K v cho ti im nng chy st chuyn v dng

cu to lp phng tm khi (bcc) tng t st-
. Cu trc sau cng (pha cui) cn c gi l st-
1. Cho bit khi lng ring ca st kim loi nguyn cht l 7,874g.cm
-3
293K,
a. Tnh bn knh nguyn t ca st (cm).
b. c lng khi lng ring ca st (tnh theo g.cm
-3
) 1250K
Ch : B qua cc nh hng khng ng k do s gin n nhit ca kim loi.
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia nguyn t st (cc hc) trong mng
tinh th b chim bi cc nguyn t nh l cacbon. Hm lng cacbon trong hp kim ny thng trong
khong 0,1% n 4%. Trong l cao, s nng chy ca st cng d dng khi thp cha 4,3% theo khi lng.
Nu hn hp ny c lm lnh qu nhanh (t ngt) th cc nguyn t cacbon c phn tn trong mng
st-
. Cht rn mi ny c gi l martensite - rt cng v gin. D hi b bin dng, cu to tinh th ca

cht rn ny l ging nh cu to tinh th ca st-
(bcc).
2. Gi thit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c phn b u trong cu trc ca st.
a. c tnh hm lng nguyn t cacbon trong mt t bo n v ( mng c s) ca st-
trong
martensite cha 4,3%C theo khi lng.
b. c tnh khi lng ring (g.cm
-3
) ca vt liu ny.
Khi lng mol nguyn t v cc hng s:
M
Fe
= 55,847g.mol
-1
; M
C
= 12,011g.mol
-1
; N
A
= 6,02214.10
23
mol
-1
.
Hng dn gii
1. Cc bc tnh ton:
1. nh ngha cc tham s ca chiu di (a, b, c, d
1
, d
2
v r) v th tch (V
1
v V
2
) cho c hai cu to bcc
v fcc ca st.
2. Tnh th tch V
1
ca mng n v ca st - nh khi lng ring ca n (
bcc
) 293K, khi lng
mol nguyn t ca st (M
Fe
), v s Avogadro N
A
.
3. Tnh chiu di d
1
cnh ca mng n v bcc t th tch ca n.
4. Tnh bn knh nguyn t r ca st t chiu di d
1
.
5. Tnh chiu di d
2
ca cnh mng n v fcc ( 1250K) t bn knh nguyn t r ca st.
6. Tnh th tch V
2
ca mng n v fcc ca st - t chiu di d
2
ca cnh.
7. Tnh khi lng m ca s nguyn t st trong mt mng n v ca st - t khi lng mol
nguyn t M
Fe
ca st v s Avogadro N
A
.
8. Tnh khi lng ring (
fcc
) ca st - t cc ga tr ca m v V
2
. Mt hng khc tm khi lng
ring
fcc
ca st - l tnh ti l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong c hai loi mng n
v bcc v fcc,
c th thay th cc bc t 5 n 8 bng cc bc t 5 n 8 sau y:
5. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v bcc.
6. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v fcc.
7. T t l fcc/bcc ta suy ra c t l:
bcc
/
fcc
.
8. T ga tr cho trc bc 7 ta tnh c
fcc
.
2. Cc chi tit:
1. 293K st - c cu trc tinh th bcc. Mi mng n v thc s cha hai nguyn t, trong mt
nguyn t tm ca mng. 1250K, st - c cu to tinh th fcc. Mi mng n v thc s
cha 4 nguyn t v tm ca mi mt c mt na nguyn t.
- r: bn knh nguyn t ca st
- a: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v bcc.
- b: chiu di ng cho qua tm ca mng n v bcc.
- c: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v fcc.
- d
1
: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- d
2
: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- V
1
: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- V
2
: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
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- V
a
: th tch chim bi mt nguyn t.
- V
a1
: Th tch chim bi hai nguyn t trong mt mng n v bcc.
- V
a2
: Th tch chim bi bn nguyn t trong mt mng n v fcc.
- R
1
: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v bcc.
- R
2
: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v fcc.
3 2
a a1 a2 a2 a 1
3
2 2
2 2 2 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
3
2 2
2 2 3
2 2 2 2
4
V = r ; V = 2V ; V = 4V ; b = 4r ; a = 2d ;
3
16r 16r
b = d a = 3d d = V = d =
3 3
16r 16r
c = 4r ; c = 2d d = V = d =
2 2
_
+

,
_

,
2. 1,000cm
3
st c khi lng 7,874g 293K (
bcc
).
1 mol st c khi lng 55,847g (M
Fe
).
Vy 0,1410mol ca st chim trong th tch 1,000cm
3
hoc 1mol st s chim th tch 7,093cm
3
.
1 mol tng ng chim 6,02214.10
23
nguyn t.
-23 3
1
7,093.2
V = = 2,356.10 cm
6,02214.1023
mi n v mng.
1. d
1
= V
1
1/3
= 2,867.10
-8
cm.
2. Vi cu to bcc, ga tr ca d
1
c th c biu th l: d
1
= (16r
2
/3)
1/2
. Vy ga tr ca r s l:
r = (3d
1
2
/16)
1/2
= 1,241.10
-8
cm.
3. 1250K, trong cu to fcc, d
2
= (16r
2
/2)
1/2
= 3,511.10
-8
cm.
4. V
2
= d
2
3
= 4,327.10
-23
cm
3
.
5. Khi lng m ca 4 nguyn t st trong mng n v fcc s l:
m = 55,847.4/(6,02214.10
23
) = 3,709.10
-22
g
6.
fcc
= m/V
2
= 8,572g/cm
3
.
Cch gii khc tm khi lng ring fcc ca st - :
5. R
1
= [(V
a1
)/V
1
].100% = 68,02%
6. R
2
= [(V
a2
)/V
2
].100% = 74,05%
7.
bcc
/
fcc
= 74,05/68,02 = 1,089
8.
fcc
= 8,572g/cm
3
.
3. Cc bc tnh ton:
1. T phn trm cu thnh ca martensite (theo khi lng), tnh s mol tng ng ca cacbon v st.
2. a t l mol C/Fe v mt mng n v (Ghi ch: Hai nguyn t Fe trong mi mng n v).
3. Tm s nguyn be nht cc nguyn t C trong s nguyn b nht ca mng n v (khng bt buc).
4. Tnh khi lng st trong mt mng n v
5. Tnh khi lng cacbon trong mt mng n v
6. Tnh tng khi lng st v cacbon trong mt mng n v
7. Tnh khi lng ring ca martensite [
(martensite c 4,3%C)
] t tng khi lng ca C v Fe v th tch V
1
ca mng n v st - cu to bcc.
4. Chi tit:
1. Trong 100,0g martensite c 4,3%C
n
C
= 0,36mol v n
Fe
= 1,71mol.
Vy c 1 nguyn t cacbon c 4,8 nguyn t st hay 0,21 nguyn t cacbon cho mi nguyn t st.
2. Martensite c cu to tinh th bcc (2 nguyn t st cho mi mng n v). Nh vy s nguyn t
cacbon trong mi mng n v l: 2.(1/4,8) = 0,42 nguyn t.
3. 5 nguyn t C [(0,42 nguyn t C/0,42).5] trong 12 mng n v [1 mng n v/0,42).5]
4. S gam Fe trong mi mng n v l: 55,847.2/(6,02214.10
23
)= 1,8547.10
-22
g
5. S gam C trong mi mng n v l: 12,011/(6,02214.10
23
) = 1,9945.10
-23
g
Trang: 8
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
6. Tng khi lng C v Fe = 1,8457.10-22 + 0,42.1,9945.10
-23
= 1,938.10
-22
g.
7. Mi mng n v ca st - chim th tch V
1
= 2,356.10
-23
cm
3
.
8.
(martensite c 4,3%C)
= 1,938.10
-22
/(2,356.10
-23
) = 8,228 g.cm
-3
.
Cau 7: Cho cc d kin sau:
Nhit hnh thnh ca NaF
(rn)
l -573,60 KJ.mol
-1
; nhit hnh thnh ca NaCl
(rn)
l -401,28 KJ.mol
-1
Tnh i lc electron ca F v Cl. So snh kt qu v gii thch.
Hng dan giai:
p dng nh lut Hess vo chu trnh
M
(r)
MX
(r)
X
2(k)
M
(k)
M
+
(k)
X
-
(k)
H
TH
H
ML

H
HT
+
+ AE
X
(k)
I
1
+
H
LK

1
2
1
2
+
A
E (F)
> A
E (Cl)
d cho F c m in ln hn Cl nhiu. C th gii thch iu ny nh sau:
Phn t F
2
t bn hn phn t Cl
2
, do H
LK
(F
2
) < H
pl
(Cl
2
) v dn n AE (F) > AE (Cl).
Cng c th gii thch: F v Cl l hai nguyn t lin nhau trong nhm VIIA. F u nhm. Nguyn
t F c bn knh nh bt thng v cn tr s xm nhp ca electron.
Phan 4: NHIET ONG HOA HOC
BAI TAP NHIET HOA HOC
Cau 1: Tnh nang lng lien ket trung bnh cua lien ket OH va OO trong
phan t H
2
O
2
da vao cac so lieu (kJ/mol) sau:
2 2 2
o o o o
(H O,k) (H,k) (O,k) (H O ,k)
H 241, 8 ; H 218 ; H 249, 2 ; H 136, 3
Cau 2: Tnh
o
H cua phan ng sau 423K:
2(k) 2(k) 2 (h)
1
H O H O
2
+
Biet rang:
2
o 1
H O( )
H 285, 200(kJ.mol )

long
; nhiet hoa hi cua nc long:
o 1
373
H 37, 5(kJ.mol )
va nhiet dung mol

o
P
C (J.K
-1
.mol
-1
) cua cac chat nh sau:
H
2
(k) O
2
(k) H
2
O (h) H
2
O (l)
27,3 + 3,3.10
-
3
T
29,9 + 4,2.10
-
3
T
30 + 1,07.10
-
2
T
75,5
Cau 3: Lien ket trong phan t Cl
2
b pha v di tac dung cua photon co
o dai song 495nm
a. D kien tren co giai thch c v sao Clo co mau khong? Tnh nang
lng lien ClCl
Nng lng KJ.mol
-1
Nng lng KJ.mol
-1
Thng hoa Na 108,68 Lin kt ca Cl
2
242,60
Ion ha th nht ca Na 495,80 Mng li ca NaF 922,88
Lin kt ca F
2
155,00 Mng li ca NaCl 767,00
Ta c:
AE = H
HT
- H
TH
- I
1
- H
LK
+ H
ML

(
*
)
Thay s vo
(
*
)
, AE (F) = -332,70 kJ.mol
-1
v
AE (Cl) = -360 kJ.mol
-1
.
Trang: 9
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
b. 1227
o
C va 1atm, 3,5% phan t Cl
2
phan li thanh nguyen t . Tnh:
o o
G ; H cua phan ng:
2(k) (k)
Cl 2Cl
. Giai thch dau cua cac so lieu
thu c
c. nhiet o nao o phan li se la 1% (ap suat cua he khong oi)
Cau 4: Naphtalen C
10
H
8
co nhiet o nong chay la 80,22
o
C va sinh nhiet
o
s
H 19,1 kJ.mol
-1
. Hoa tan 0,9728 gam lu huynh trong 54,232 gam C
10
H
8
th nhiet
o nong chay giam 0,486
o
C. Tnh so nguyen t S trong mot phan t ton
tai trong C
10
H
8
Cu 5: Cho cc phng trnh nhit ha hc sau y:
(1) 2 ClO
2
(k) + O
3
(k) Cl
2
O
7
(k) H
0
= - 75,7 kJ
(2) O
3
(k) O
2
(k) + O (k) H
0
= 106,7 kJ
(3) 2 ClO
3
(k) + O

(k) Cl
2
O
7
(k) H
0
= -278 kJ
(4) O
2
(k) 2 O

(k) H
0
= 498,3 kJ.
k: k hiu cht kh.
Hy xc nh nhit ca phn ng sau:
(5) ClO
2
(k) + O

(k) ClO
3
(k).
Hng dan giai:
Kt hp 2 pt (1) v (3) ta c
ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) 1/2 Cl
2
O
7
(k) H
0
= - 37,9 kJ
1/2 Cl
2
O
7
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O

(k) H
0
= 139 kJ

(6) ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O (k) H
0
= 101,1 kJ
ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O (k) H
0
= 101,1 kJ
1/2 O
2
(k) + 1/2 O (k) 1/2 O
3
(k) H
0
= -53,3 kJ

(7) ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
2
(k) ClO
3
(k) H
0
= 47,8 kJ
ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O (k) H
0
= 101,1 kJ
O (k) 1/2 O
2
(k) H
0
= - 249,1 kJ

(5) ClO
2
(k) + O

(k) ClO
3
(k) H
0
= - 201,3 kJ.
l pt nhit ha (5) ta cn tm.
Cu 6: Nhiet o soi cua CS
2
la 319,200K. Dung dch cha 0,217 gam lu huynh
trong 19,31 gam CS
2
bat au soi 319,304K. Hang so nghiem soi cua CS
2
la 2,37. Xac nh so nguyen t lu huynh trong mot phan t khi tan trong
CS
2
. Cho S = 32 g/mol. (S: S
8
)
Cau 7: Entanpi thang hoa cua B-tricloborazin B
3
Cl
3
N
3
H
3
(tt)la 71,5 kJ.mol
-1
,
entanpi thuy phan cua no 25
o
C la -476 kJ.mol
-1
theo phan ng sau:
3 3 3 3(tt ) 2 (l) 3 3(aq) 4 (aq)
B Cl N H 9H O 3H BO 3NH Cl + +
. Cho biet cac so lieu sau:
2 3 3 4
o o o
H O(l) H BO (aq) NH Cl(aq)
285, 200 ; 1076, 500 ; 300, 400
(kJ/mol)
a. Tnh entanpi tao thanh cua B-tricloborazin tinh the va kh tai 298K
b. Entanpi tao thanh 298K cua B(k), Cl(k), N(k) va H(k) lan lt la:
562,700 ; 121,700 ; 427,700 va 218,000 kJ.mol
-1
. Tnh nang lng trung bnh
cua lien ket B-N trong B-tricloborazin, biet nang lng lien ket cua N-H la
386 va B-Cl la 456 kJ.mol
-1
(S: a. (tt) -1087,9 ; (k) -1016,4 kJ/mol ; b. 435,950 kJ/mol)
Trang: 10
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
Cau 8: 10 gam Na phan ng vi mot lng nc d 25
o
C toa ra 80,4 kJ.
Con 20 g Na
2
O (tt) phan ng vi nc d toa ra 77,6 kJ. Biet rang sinh nhiet
chuan tai 25
o
C cua H
2
O
long
va
aq
Na
+
lan lt la -285,200 va -240,100 kJ/mol. Tnh
sinh nhiet hnh thanh chuan cua Na
2
O
(tt)
tai 25
o
C. (S: -414,48 kJ/mol)
Cau 9: Hang so ben tong cua ion phc [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
la
b
12
4
10
tai 25
o
C
a. Tnh nong o Cu
2+
khi can bang neu nong o ban au cua Cu
2+
la
5.10
-3
M va cua NH
3
la 1M
b. Xet: [ ]
2
2 20 o o
b 298
Cu trien Cu(trien) ; 5.10 (25 C) ; 90kJ
+
+
+ . Tnh
o
298
S cua
phan ng tren
c. Xet: [ ]
2
2 o
2 298
Cu 2en Cu(en) S 22J / K
+
+
+ ; .
Trong o: Trien la Trietilentetramin H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
NHCH
2
CH
2
NHCH
2
CH
2
NH
2
, en la
etileniamin H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
NH
2
. Viet cong thc cau tao 2 ion phc tren va
giai thch s khac nhau gia hai gia tr entropi tren
Cu 10: Cho hai phn ng gia graphit v oxi:
(gr) 2(k) (k)
(gr) 2 (k) 2(k)
1
(a) C + O CO
2
(b) C + O CO
Cc i lng H
o
, S
o
(ph thuc nhit ) ca mi phn ng nh sau:
o
T
H (J/mol)
o
T
S (J/K.mol)
(a) - 112298,8 + 5,94T - 393740,1 + 0,77T
(b) 54,0 + 6,21lnT 1,54 - 0,77 lnT
Hy lp cc hm nng lng t do Gibbs theo nhit G
0
T
(a) = f(T), G
0
T
(b) = f(T) v cho bit khi tng
nhit th chng bin i nh th no?
Cu 11: Trong mt th nghim ngi ta cho bt NiO v kh CO vo mt bnh kn, un nng bnh ln n
1400
o
C. Sau khi t ti cn bng, trong bnh c bn cht l NiO (r), Ni (r), CO (k) v CO
2
(k) trong CO
chim 1%, CO
2
chim 99% th tch; p sut kh bng 1bar (10
5
Pa). Da vo kt qu th nghim v cc d
kin nhit ng cho trn, hy tnh p sut kh O
2
tn ti cn bng vi hn hp NiO v Ni 1400
0
C.
Cu 12: Cn bng gia C
gr
vi C
kc
c c trng bi nhng s liu sau:
gr kc
C C

0 0
298K 298K
H 1, 9kJ / mol ; G 2, 9kJ / mol
a. Ti 298K, loi th hnh no bn hn
b. Khi lng ring ca C
gr
v C
kc
ln

lt l: 2,265 v 3,514 g/cm
3
. Tnh hiu s
H U ca qu trnh chuyn ha trn ti p sut P = 5.10
10
Pa (S: a. C
gr
; b. -94155 J/mol)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
BAI TAP ONG HOA HOC CAN BANG HOA HOC
Cu 1: i vi phn ng : A
k1
k2
B. Cc hng s tc k
1
= 300 giy
-1
; k
2
= 100 giy
-1
. thi im t
= 0 ch c cht A v khng c cht B. Hi trong bao lu th mt na lng ban u cht A bin thnh cht B.
(S: 2,7.10
-3
s)
Cau 2: Ngay nhiet o thng gia NO
2
va N
2
O
4
a ton tai can bang
sau:
2(k) 2 4(k)
2NO N O
. 24
o
C, hang so can bang cua phan ng tren la K
P
= 9,200. Hoi tai nhiet o nay, can bang se dch chuyen theo chieu nao
neu ap suat rieng phan cua cac chat kh nh sau:
a.
2 4 2
N O NO
P 0, 900atm; P 0,100atm
b.
2 4 2
N O NO
P 0, 72021atm; P 0, 27979atm
Trang: 11
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
c.
2 4 2
N O NO
P 0,100atm; P 0, 900atm
Cau 3: Xet phan ng: I ClO IO Cl

+ + . Thc nghiem xac nh c van
toc cua phan ng nay c tnh bang bieu thc sau:
[I ][ClO ]
v k
[OH ]

. Chng
minh rang c che sau giai thch c cac s kien thc nghiem:
(1)
1
K
2
H O ClO OH HClO

+ +
(nhanh)
(2)
2
K
HClO I HIO Cl

+ + (cham)
(3)
2
K
2
HIO OH H O IO

+ +
(nhanh)
Cau 4: Cho phan ng xay ra T
o
K: 2N
2
O
5(k)

4NO
2(k)
+ O
2(k)
. Lan lt thc
hien cac th nghiem sau:
Th
nghiem
Nong o au cua N
2
O
5
(mol,.lit
-1
)
Toc o phan huy (mol.l
-1
.s
-
1
)
1 0,17 1,39.10
-3
2 0,34 2,78.10
-3
3 0,68 5,56.10
-3
1. Viet bieu thc toc o phan ng.
2. Tnh hang so toc o T
0
K.
3. Nang lng hoat hoa cua phan ng la 24,74 Kcal/mol, hang so
toc o phan ng 298K bang 2,03.10
-3
s
-1
. Tnh nhiet o T th
nghiem a tien hanh.
Hng dan giai
1. T cac ket qua thc nghiem cho thay phan ng la phan ng bac
nhat.
Bieu thc toc o:
N O
2 5
v =k C
2. Hang so toc o: k =
3
1,39.10
0,17
= 8,176.10
-3
s
-1
3. ln

2
1
2 1
2 1
K T -T Ea
=
K R T .T
ln
3
3
-
8,176.10 298
-
1,987
2,03.10
24740 T
1,987.T
-
= T = 308,28 K
Cau 5: i vi phn ng thun nghch pha kh 2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 SO
3
a. Ngi ta cho vo bnh kn th tch khng i 3,0 lt mt hn hp gm 0,20 mol SO
3
v 0,15
mol SO
2
. Cn bng ha hc (cbhh) c thit lp ti 25
o
C v p sut chung ca h l 3,20 atm. Hy
tnh t l oxi trong hn hp cn bng.
b. Cng 25
o
C, ngi ta cho vo bnh trn y mol kh SO
3
. trng thi cbhh thy c 0,105 mol
O
2
. Tnh t l SO
3
b phn hy, thnh phn hn hp kh v p sut chung ca h
Hng dan giai:
a. Xt 2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 SO
3
(1)
ban u 0,15 0,20
lc cbhh ( 0,15 + 2z) z (0,20 2z)
Tng s mol kh lc cbhh l n
1
= 0,15 + 2z + z + 0,20 2z = 0,35 + z
T pt trng thi: P
1
V = n
1
RT n
1
= P
1
V / (RT) = 3,2.3/(0,082.298) = 0,393 => z = 0,043.
Vy x
O
2
= z/n
1
= 0,043/0,393 = 0,1094 hay trong hhcb oxi chim 10,94%
b. 2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 SO
3
(2)
ban u 0 0 y
lc cbhh 2. 0,105 0,105 (y 2. 0,105).
Trng thi cbhh c xt i vi (1) v (2) nh nhau v T (v cng V) nn ta c: K = const ;
Trang: 12
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
vy: n
3
2
SO
/ (n
2
2
SO
.n
2
O
) = const.
Theo (1) ta c n
3
2
SO
/ (n
2
2
SO
.n
2
O
) = ( 0,20 2. 0,043)
2
/ (0,15 + 0,086)
2
. 0,043 = 5,43.
Theo (2) ta c n
3
2
SO
/ (n
2
2
SO
.n
2
O
) = (y 0,21)
2
/ (0,21)
2
.0,105 = 5,43. T c phng trnh:
y
2
0,42 y + 0,019 = 0. Gii pt ny ta c y
1
= 0,369 ; y
2
= 0,0515 < 0,105
(loi b nghim y
2
ny).
Do ban u c y = 0,369 mol SO
3
; phn li 0,21 mol nn t l SO
3
phn li l 56,91%
Ti cbhh: tng s mol kh l 0,369 + 0, 105 = 0,474 nn:
SO
3
chim ( 0,159 / 0,474).100% = 33,54%
SO
2
chim ( 0,21 / 0,474).100% = 44,30%;
O
2
chim 100% - 33,54% - 44,30% = 22,16%.
T pt trng thi: P
2
V = n
2
RT P
2
= n
2
RT/ V = 0,474.0,082.298/3 P
2
= 3,86 atm.
Cu 6: NOCl b phn hy theo phn ng:
( k) (k) 2( k)
2NOCl 2NO Cl
. Lc u ch c NOCl. Khi cn
bng 500K c 27% NOCl b phn hy v p sut tng cng ca h l 1atm. Hy tnh 500K
c. K
p
v
o
G ca phn ng.
d. Nu h p sut xung di 1atm th s phn hy NOCl tng hay gim? V sao?
Cau 7: i vi phn ng: A + B C + D (phn ng l n gin)
1. Trn 2 th tch bng nhau ca dung dch cht A v dung dch cht B c cng nng
1M:
a. Nu thc hin phn ng nhit 333,2K th sau 2 gi nng ca C
bng 0,215M. Tnh hng s tc ca phn ng.
b. Nu thc hin phn ng 343,2K th sau 1,33 gi nng ca A gim i
2 ln. Tnh nng lng hot ha ca phn ng (theo kJ.mol
-1
).
2. Trn 1 th tch dung dch cht A vi 2 th tch dung dch cht B, u cng nng
1M, nhit 333,2K th sau bao lu A phn ng ht 90%?
Cu 8: N
2
O
5
d b phn hy theo phn ng sau:
2 5(k) 2(k) 2(k)
N O 4NO O +
. Phn ng l bc nht vi hng s
tc phn ng l: k = 4,8.10
-4
s
-1
a. Tnh thi gian m mt na lng N
2
O
5
phn hy
b. p sut ban u ca N
2
O
5
l 500 mmHg. Tnh p sut ca h sau 10
pht
(S: a. 1444s ; b. 687,5 mmHg)
Cu 9: nhit T(K), hp cht C
3
H
6
O b phn hy theo phng trnh:
3 6 (k) 2 4(k) (k) 2(k)
C H O C H CO H + +

o p sut P ca hn hp phn ng theo thi gian ta thu c kt qu cho bi bng sau:
a. Chng minh phn ng l bc nht theo thi gian
b. thi im no p sut ca hn hp bng 0,822 atm
Cu 10: Vi phn ng pha kh:
2 2
A B 2AB (1) +
, c ch phn ng c xc nh:
(nhanh)
(nhanh)
(chm)
Vit biu thc tc phn ng (1) v gii thch.
Cu 11: Xc nh cc hng s tc k
1
v k
2
ca phn ng song song (S trn). Bit rng hn hp sn
phm cha 35% cht B v nng cht A gim i mt na sau 410 s. (k
1
= 0,591.10
-3
; k
2
= 1,099.10
-3
s
-1
)
t (pht) 0 5 10 15 ?
P (atm) 0,411 0,537 0,645 0,741 0,822
2
2 2
2
(a) A 2A
(b) A B AB
(c) A AB 2AB
+
+

k
1
A
k
2
B
C
Trang: 13
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
Cu 12: Thc nghim cho bit s nhit phn pha kh N
2
O
5

0
t
NO
2
+ O
2
(*) l phn ng mt
chiu bc nht. C ch c tha nhn rng ri ca phn ng ny l
N
2
O
5
1
k

NO
2
+ NO
3
(1)

NO
2
+ NO
3
1
k

N
2
O
5
(2)
NO
2
+ NO
3

2
k
NO + NO
2
+ O
2
(3)
N
2
O
5
+ NO
3
k
3 NO
2
(4).
a. p dng s gn ng trng thi dng cho NO, NO
3
c ch trn, hy thit lp biu
thc tc ca (*). Kt qu c ph hp vi thc nghim khng?
b. Gi thit rng nng lng hot ha ca (2) bng khng, ca (3) bng 41,570 kJ.mol
-1
.
Da vo c im cu to phn t khi xt c ch trn, phn tch c th a ra biu thc tnh k
-1
/ k
2
v hy cho bit tr s ti 350 K.
c. T s phn tch gi thit im b) khi cho rng cc phn ng (1) v (2) dn ti cn
bng ha hc c hng s K, hy vit li biu thc tc ca (*) trong c hng s cbhh K.
Hng dn gii:
a. Xt d[NO
3
]/dt = k
1
[N
2
O
5
] k
-1
[NO
2
][NO
3
] k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
]
0 (a)
[NO
3
] = k
1
[N
2
O
5
] / {(k
-1
+ k
2
)[NO
2
]} (b).
Xt d[NO]/dt = k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
] - k
3
[NO][N
2
O
5
]
0 (c)
[NO] = k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
] / k
3
[N
2
O
5
] / {(k
-1
+ k
2
)[NO
2
]} (d).
Th (b) vo (d) ta c [NO] = k
1
k
2
/ k
3
(k
-1
+ k
2
) (d).
Xt d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = - k
1
[N
2
O
5
] +

k
-1
[NO
2
][NO
3
] - k
3
[NO][N
2
O
5
] (e).
Th (b), (d) vo (e) v bin i thch hp, ta c
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = { - k
1
+ (k
-1
k
2
)/ (k
-1
+ k
2
)}[N
2
O
5
] = k`[N
2
O
5
] (f)
b. Trong (2) do s va chm gia NO
2
vi

NO
3
nn N
2
O
5
O
2
NONO
2
c ti to, tc l c s va chm ca
1 N vi 1 O. Ta gi y l trng hp 1.
Trong (3) NO c to ra do 1 O b tch khi NO
2
; NO
2
c to ra t s tch 1O khi NO
3
. Sau 2 O
kt hp to ra O
2
. Ta gi y l trng hp 2. Nh vy y s va chm gia cc phn t ng chng gp
2 so vi trng hp 1 trn.
Phng trnh Archniux c vit c th cho mi phn ng xt:
P. (2): k
-1
= A
2
e
2
/ E RT
(*); P. (3): k
2
= A
3
e
3
/ E RT
(**)
Theo lp lun trn v ngha ca i lng A trong pt Archniux c trng cho s va chm dn ti phn
ng, ta thy A
3
= 2A
2
. Ta qui c A
2
= 1 th A
3
= 2. Theo bi: E
2
= 0; E
3
= 41,570 kJ.mol
-1
; T = 350.
Thay s thch hp, ta c:
k
-1
/ k
2
= e
3
/ E RT
= e
3
41,578/ 8,314.10 .350
8.10
5
(ln).
c. Kt hp (1) vi (2) ta c cbhh: N
2
O
5

NO
2
+

NO
3
(I)
K = k
1
/ k
-1
= [NO
2
][NO
3
] / [N
2
O
5
] (I.1)
a (I.1) vo b/ thc (c): [NO] = k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
] / k
3
[N
2
O
5
] = k
2
K/k
3
(I.2).
Th b/ thc (I.2) ny v (b) trn vo (e), ta c
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = - k
1
[N
2
O
5
] +

k
-1
[NO
2
]{ k
-1
[NO
2
](k
1
[N
2
O
5
]/ (k
-1
+ k
2
)[NO]}- k
3
(k
2
K/k
3
).
Thu gn b/ t ny, ta c d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = {- k
1
+ (k
-1
k
1
/(k
-1
+ k
2
)) - k
2
K}[N
2
O
5
] (I.3)
Gi thit k
-1
>> k
2
ph hp vi iu kin E
a2

0. Cbhh (I) nhanh chng c thit lp.

Vy t (I.3) ta c
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = {- k
1
+

(k
-1
k
1
/ k
-1
) - k
2
K}[N
2
O
5
] (I.4).
Ch K = k
1
/ k
-1
, ta c:
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = {- k
1
+

(k
-1
- k
2
)K}[N
2
O
5
] (I.5).
Cu 13: Trong mt h c cn bng 3 H
2
+ N
2

2 NH
3

(
*
)
c thit lp 400 K ngi ta xc nh c
cc p sut ring phn sau y: p(H
2
) = 0,376.10
5
Pa , p(N
2
) = 0,125.10
5
Pa , p(NH
3
) = 0,499.10
5
Pa
1. Tnh hng s cn bng Kp v G
0
ca phn ng
(
*
)

400 K.
2. Tnh lng N
2
v NH
3,
bit h c 500 mol H
2.
Trang: 14
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
(S: 1. 38,45 ; -12,136 kJ.mol
-1
; 2. n

(N
2
) = 166 mol ; n (NH
3
) = 644 mol)
Cu 14: Cho phn ng A + B
C + D

(*) din ra trong dung dch 25
O
C.
o nng A

trong hai dung dch cc thi im t khc nhau, thu c kt qu:
Dung dch 1
[A]
0
= 1,27.10
-2
mol.L
-1
;

[B]
0
= 0,26 mol.L
-1
t(s) 1000 3000 10000 20000 40000 100000
[A] (mol.L
-1
) 0,0122 0,0113 0,0089 0,0069 0,0047 0,0024
Dung dch 2
[A]
0
= 2,71.10
-2
mol.L
-1
;

[B]
0
= 0,495 mol.L
-1
t(s) 2.000 10000 20000 30000 50000 100000
[A] (mol.L
-1
) 0,0230 0,0143 0,0097 0,0074 0,0050 0,0027
1. Tnh tc ca phn ng (*) khi [A] = 3,62.10
-2
mol.L
-1
v

[B] = 0,495 mol.L
-1
.
2. Sau thi gian bao lu th nng

A gim i mt na?
(S: 1. v = 4,32.10
6
mol.L
-
1
.

s
-
1
; 2 T = 8371 s)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
Phan 5: IEN HOA HOC
Cau 1: Can bang sau xay ra trong dung dch nc 25
o
C:
2 2 3
(tt )
2Cr Cd 2Cr Cd
+ + +
+ +
. Cho biet cac gia tr the kh chuan:
3 2 2
o o
Cr / Cr Cd / Cd
E 0, 410V; E 0, 400V
+ + +

.
a. ieu kien chuan phan ng xay ra theo chieu nao
b. Tron 25 ml dung dch Cr(NO
3
)
3
0,4M vi 50 cm
3
dung dch Cr(NO
3
)
2
0,02M ; 25
ml dung dch Cd(NO
3
)
2
0,04M va bot Cd. Phan ng nao se xay ra trong
dieu kien nay.
Cau 2: 25
o
C co the kh chuan sau:
2 2 2 2 2
o o
H O / H O O / H O
E 1, 770V; E 1, 230V
a. Tnh
2 2 2
o
O / H O
E
b. Tnh hang so can bang K cua phan ng trong dung dch nc:
2 2 2 2
2H O 2H O O +
Cau 3: ien phan hoan toan 1m
3
H
2
O (dung dch NaOH 30%) 25
o
C vi ap
suat P = 1atm
a. Tnh the tch kh H
2
thu c neu gia s phan ng hoan toan vi
hieu suat 100%
b. Tnh nang lng (kWh) can e thc hien s ien phan nay vi ien
the 2,200V
c. Tnh hieu suat s dung ien nang, biet rang
2
o 1
H O( )
H 285, 200(kJ.mol )

long
Cau 4: Cho phan ng: Cu
(r)
+ CuCl
2 (dd)

2CuCl
(r)
. 25
0
C phan ng xay ra
theo chieu nao, neu tron mot dung dch cha CuSO
4
0,2M ; NaCl 0,4M vi
bot Cu lay d. Cho T
CuCl
= 1.10
-7
; E 2+ +
0
Cu /Cu
= + 0,15V; E +
0
Cu /Cu
= + 0,52V
Cau 5: Cho gian o Latime cua ioxi (O
2
) trong moi trng axit)
O
2
H
2
O
2
0,695V
H
2
O
1,763V
Trang: 15
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
Trong o O
2
, H
2
O
2
va H
2
O la cac dang oxi hoa kh cha oxi mc oxi hoa
giam dan. Cac so 0,695V va 1,763V ch the kh cua cac cap oxi hoa kh
tao thanh bi cac dang tng ng: O
2
/H
2
O
2
; H
2
O
2
/H
2
O.
a. Viet cac na phan ng cua cac cap tren
b. Tnh the kh cua cap O
2
/H
2
O.
c. Chng minh rang H
2
O
2
co the phan huy thanh cac chat cha oxi
mc oxi hoa cao hn va thap hn theo phan ng: 2 H
2
O
2
O
2
+ 2 H
2
O
(S: b. E
o
= 1,23 V ; c. G
o
= -1,068F < 0 ; G
o
< 0, phn ng phn hu ca H
2
O
2
l t din bin v phng
din nhit ng hc).
Cau 6: xc nh hng s to phc (hay hng s bn) ca ion phc [Zn(CN)
4
]
2-
, ngi ta lm nh sau:
- Thm 99,9 ml dung dch KCN 1M vo 0,1 ml dung dch ZnCl
2
0,1 M thu c 100ml dung dch
ion phc [Zn(CN)
4
]
2-
(dung dch A).
- Nhng vo A hai in cc: in cc km tinh khit v in cc so snh l in cc calomen bo ho
c th khng i l 0,247 V (in cc calomen trong trng hp ny l cc dng).
- Ni hai in cc vi mt in th k, o hiu in th gia chng c gi tr 1,6883 V.
Hy xc nh hng s to phc ca ion phc [Zn(CN)
4
]
2-
. Bit th oxi ho - kh tiu chun ca cp Zn
2+
/Zn
bng -0,7628 V. (S:
1,4
= 10
18,92
)
Cu 7: Dung dch A gm CrCl
3
0,010 M v FeCl
2
0,100 M.
a. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
b. Tnh pH bt u kt ta v kt ta hon ton Cr(OH)
3
t dung dch CrCl
3
0,010 M (coi mt ion
c kt ta hon ton nu nng cn li ca ion trong dung dch nh hn hoc bng 1,0.10
-6
M).
c. Tnh 2
4 2
o
CrO / CrO
E
. Thit lp s pin v vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong pin c ghp bi cp
2- -
4 2
CrO /CrO v
-
3
NO /NO iu kin tiu chun.
Cho: Cr
3+
+ H
2
O
CrOH
2+
+ H
+
1
= 10
-3,8

Fe
2+
+ H
2
O
FeOH
+
+ H
+
2
= 10
-5,92
Cr(OH)
3

Cr
3+
+ 3 OH

KS
= 10
-29,8
Cr(OH)
3

H
+
+ CrO
2
-
+ H
2
O

K = 10
-14
H
2
O

H
+
+ OH
-

K
w
=10
-14

2
4 3 3
o o o
CrO / Cr(OH) ,OH NO ,H / NO
RT
E 0,13V; E 0, 96V; 2, 303 0, 0592(25 C)
F
+

p s: a. pH = 2,9
b. e kt ta hon ton Cr(OH)
3
t dung dch Cr
3+
0,010 M th: pH 7,2
c. E
o
= -0,13 V ; s o pin: (-) Pt | CrO
4
2-
1M ; CrO
2
-
1M ; OH
-
1M || NO
3
-
1M

; H
+
1M | (Pt) NO, pNO =
1atm (+)
Cau 8: Mot pin ien gom mot ien cc la mot si day bac nhung vao
dung dch AgNO
3
va ien cc kia la mot si day platin nhung vao dung dch
muoi Fe
2+
va Fe
3+
.
a. Viet phng trnh phan ng khi pin hoat ong.
b. Tnh E
0
cua phan ng.
c. Neu [Ag]
+
bang 0,100 M; [Fe
2+
] va [Fe
3+
] eu bang 1,000 M th phan ng
co dien bien nh phan (a) hay khong? Biet E +
0
Ag /Ag
= + 0,8 V va E 3+ 2+
Fe /Fe
0

= + 0,77 V
Hng dan giai:
a. Viet s o pin () Pt | Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
|| Ag
+
| Ag (+)
Viet phan ng xay ra moi ban ien cc, roi to hp c:
2 3
Fe Ag Fe Ag
+ + +
+ +
b. Xet:
o o o
pin ( ) ( )
E E E
+

Trang: 16
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
o
pin
o o o
pin pin
E 0, 8 0, 77 0, 03(V)
E 0 G nFE 0

> <
Vay phan ng t xay ra trong ieu kien chuan theo chieu phan ng
tren
c. Tnh lai E
pin:
3
o
pin pin 2
0, 059 [Fe ]
E E lg 0, 029V 0
n [Fe ][Ag ]
+
+ +
+ <
Vay phan ng xay ra theo chieu ngc lai:
3 2
Fe Ag Fe Ag
+ + +
+ +
Cu 9: Trong khng kh dung dch natri sunfua b oxi ho mt phn gii phng ra lu hunh. Vit phng
trnh phn ng v tnh hng s cn bng.
Cho: E
0
(O
2
/H
2
O) = 1,23V ; E
0
(S/S
2-
) = - 0,48V; 2,3 RT/F ln = 0,0592lg
Cu 10: sn xut 1 tn nhm ngi ta in phn boxit cha 50% Al
2
O
3
. Hi cn lng Boxit v nng
lng kWh l bao nhiu, bit rng in p lm vic l 4,2V. Tnh thi gian tin hnh in phn vi cng
dng in 30000A
(S: 12509 kWh ; t = 99h)
Cu 11: Thit lp mt pin ti 25
o
C: Ag | [Ag(CN)
n
(n-1)-
] = C mol.l
-1
, [CN
-
] d || [Ag
+
] = C mol.l
-1
| Ag
1. Thit lp phng trnh sc in ng E (n,[CN ], p )
f ,
l hng s in li ca ion phc

2. Tnh n v
p
, bit E
pin
=1,200 V khi [CN
-
] = 1M v E
pin
= 1,32 V khi [CN
-
] = 10M
Cu 12: Da vo cc s liu th kh chun sau xy dng gin th kh chun ca
Urani (gin Latime) v cho bit ion no khng bn trong dung dch.
2
2 2
UO / UO
+ + 4
2
UO / U
+ + 4
U / U
+ 3
U / U
+
E
o
, V 0,062 0,612 -1,5 -1,798
Cu 13: 25
o
C xy ra phn ng sau:
2 4 3 3
Fe Ce Fe Ce
+ + + +
+ + .Cho cc s liu v th kh chun ca cc
cp: 3 2 4 3
o o
Fe / Fe Ce / Ce
E 0, 77V; E 1, 74V
+ + + +

1. Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng
2. Tnh th phn ng ti thi im tng ng, bit ban u s mol ca Fe
2+
v Ce
4+
l bng nhau.
(S: K = 2,76.10
16
; E = 1,255V)
Cu 14: Thit lp gin Latime ca Vanai da vo cc d kin sau:
2
2
/ SO Zn / Zn
V / V V / V
0,170V 0, 760V
1,180V
+

2- 2+
4
2+ 3+
+ 2+ 2- o
4 2 4 2
+ + 2+ 2+ o
4 2
o o
SO
o o
(1) 2V(OH) +SO 2VO + SO +4H O ; E =0,83V
(2) 2V(OH) +3Zn +8H 2V +3Zn +8H O ; E =1,129V
E ; E
E ; E 0, 255V

Cu 15: Chun 10 cm
3
dung dch FeCl
2
0,1 N bng dung dch K
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N 25
o
C. Phn ng c theo
di bng cch o th in cc platin. Tnh th im tng ng bit rng gi tr th in cc chun:
3 2 2 2
2 8 4
o o
Fe / Fe S O / SO
E 0, 77V; E 2, 01V
+ +

(S: 1,62V)
Cu 16: Cho bit cc s liu sau ti 25
o
C:
2 2
o o
O / H O
Au / Au
E 1, 7V; E 1, 23V
+

. Hng s in li tng ca ion phc
[Au(CN)
2
]
-
l 7,04.10
-40
. Chng minh rng khi c mt ion CN
-
trong dung dch kim th
2
o
[Au(CN) ] / Au
E
nh hn
2
o
O / OH
E
ngha l oxi c th oxi ha c vng.
(S: -0,61V < 0,404V => pcm)
Cu 17: xc nh s tn ti ca ion thy ngn s oxi ha +I trong dung dch, ngi ta thit lp mt pin
sau ti 25
o
C: Hg | Hg
n
(ClO
4
)
n
2,5.10
-3
M || Hg
n
(ClO
4
)
n
10
-2
M| Hg. Sut in ng o c l 0,018V. Tnh gi
tr ca n t suy ra s tn ti ca
n
n
Hg
+
trong dung dch. (S: n = 2)
Trang: 17
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
Cu 18: 25
o
C ta c: 2 2
2
o o
Hg / Hg Hg / Hg
E 0, 85V; E 0, 79V
+ +

; 2
2 2 4
-28 30
t (Hg I ) 4[HgI ]
T =10 ; 10

;
2
4
4[HgI ]

l hng
s in li tng ca [HgI
4
]
2-
.
1. Tnh 2 2
2
o
Hg / Hg
E
+ +
2. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau trong dung dch:
2 2
2
Hg Hg Hg
+ +
+ . Ion
2
2
Hg
+

bn hay khng bn trong dung dch.
3. Trong dung dch
2
2
Hg
+
10
-2
M cha I
-
s to ra kt ta. Tnh nng I
-
khi bt u kt ta
Hg
2
I
2
4. Tnh
2 2
o
Hg I / Hg
E
. Thit lp phng trnh
2 2
o
Hg I / Hg
E ([I ])
f
5.
2 2
4
Hg 4I [HgI ]
+
+ , nng no ca I
-
th
2 2
4
[Hg ] [HgI ]
+
6. Tnh 2
4 2 2
o
HgI / Hg I
E
. Thit lp phng trnh 2
4 2 2
o 2
4
HgI / Hg I
E ([HgI ],[I ])

f
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
Phan 6: NONG O DUNG DCH S IEN LI
Cau 1: Suc kh H
2
S (pK
1
= 7,02 ; pK
2
= 12,92) vao H
2
O. Dung dch bao hoa H
2
S
pH bat k eu co nong o la 0,100M
a. Thiet lap phng trnh
2
pS lg[S ] (pH)
f
b. Mot dung dch cha cac ion: Pb
2+
; Zn
2+
; Fe
2+
va Mn
2+
eu co nong o
10
-2
M. Cac gia tr tng ng pT
t
= -lgT
t
la 28 ; 22 ; 17 va 10. Hoi pH
1
nao th bat au ket tua tng sunfua mot va pH
2
nao th tng
sunfua ay ket thuc s ket tua (s ket thuc ket tua coi gan ung khi
[M
2+
]=10
-4
M)
Cau 2: Tnh pH cua dung dch KHSO
3
1M biet cac hang so ien li cua axit
H
2
SO
3
lan lt la:
1 2
-2 -7
a a
K =1,3 10 ; K =1,23 10
Cau 3: Tnh o tan cua FeS pH = 5 cho biet: Fe
2+
+ H
2
O
[Fe(OH)]
+
+ H
+
co lg = -5,92 T
FeS
= 10
-17,2
; H
2
S co K
a1
= 10
-7,02
; K
a2
= 10
-12,9

(S: S =
2,43.10
-4
M)
Cau 4: Cho 0,01 mol NH
3
, 0,1 mol CH
3
NH
2
va 0,11 mol HCl va vao H
2
O c 1 lt
dung dch. Tnh pH cua dung dch thu c ? Cho +
4
NH
pK =9,24
, +
3 3
CH NH
pK =10,6
,
2
H O
pK =14

Hng dan giai
Xet cac can bang sau:
CH
3
NH
2
+ HCl
CH
3
NH
3
Cl
0,1 0,1 0,1 (mol)
NH
3
+ HCl
NH
4
Cl
0,01 0,01 0,01 (mol)
Do V= 1 (l) nen C
M
= n.
Dung dch cha CH
3
NH
3
Cl 0,1M va NH
4
Cl 0,01M
CH
3
NH
3
Cl
CH
3
NH
3
+
+

Cl
-
NH
4
Cl
NH
4
+
+

Cl
-
CH
3
NH
3
+

CH
3
NH
2
+ H
+
K
1
= 10
-10.6
(1)
NH
4
+

NH
3
+ H
+
K
2
= 10
-9.24
(2)
Bang phep tnh gan ung va do (1) va (2) la s ien li cua 2 axt yeu
nen ta co:
Trang: 18
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
10,6 9.24 6
1 1 2 2
H C .K C .K 0,1.10 0, 01.10 2,875.10
pH lg H 5, 54
+
+
1 + +
]
1
]
Cau 5: Cho 2 mui Ag
2
SO
4
v SrSO
4
vo nc ct ri khuy u cho n khi t c dung dch bo ha
nhit phng. Xc nh nng cc ion Ag
+
v Sr
2+
. Bit rng nhit nghin cu tch s tan ca
Ag
2
SO
4
l 1,510
-5
v tch s tan ca SrSO
4
l 2,810
-7
. (S: [Ag
+
] = 3,1.10
-2
M ; [Sr
2+
] = 1,8.10
-5
M)
Cau 6: Them 10 ml CCl
4
vao 1 lit dung dch I
2
10
-3
M. Lac eu, sau o tach
rieng hai pha. Chuan o I
2
trong pha hu c can 9,48 ml dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1M
a. Tnh he so tach
4
2 CCl
2 H2O
[I ]
Q
[I ]
b. Hoa tan mot t I

2
trong dung dch KI 0,45M. Chiet I
2
bang CCl
4
. Lay 10ml
dung dch I
2
trong moi pha e chuan o bang Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1M. Can 40,2 ml
cho pha nc va 14,4ml cho pha hu c. Tnh hang so can bang cua
phan ng trong pha nc. (S: a. Q = 90 ; b. K = 1000)
Cu 7: nh gi kh nng ha tan ca HgS trong:
a. Axit Nitric HNO
3

b. Nc cng toan
Bit: - 2
2
3 4
0 0 -51,8 7 12,92 14,92
S/H S HgS 2 a1 a2
NO /NO HgCl
E = 0, 96V ; E = 0,17V ; T =10 ; H S: K =10 ; K 10 ; =10

Cu 8: Tnh pH ca dd NH
4
HCO
3
0,1M. Cho bit: +
4
6,35 10,33
2 3 a1 a2
aNH
H CO : K =10 ; K 10 ; pK = 9, 24
Cu 9: Ion
2
2 7
Cr O

b thy phn theo phng trnh sau:
2 2
2 7 2 4
Cr O H O 2CrO 2H
+
+ + ; K = 10
-14,4
1. Thm KOH vo dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
nng ban u ca hai cht u bng 0,1M. Tnh pH ca
dung dch thu c
2. Trn 20 ml dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,1M vi

20 ml dung dch Ba(NO
3
)
2
1M s to kt ta BaCrO
4
(T
t
= 10
-
9,7
) Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi trn.
(S: 1. pH = 6,85 ; 2. pH = 1)
Cu 10: Dung dch MgCl
2
0,01M 25
o
C bt u kt ta Mg(OH)
2
ti pH = 9,5.
1. Tnh tch s tan ca Mg(OH)
2

2. Tnh th kh ca cp Mg
2+
/Mg khi pH = 11, bit rng th kh chun ca n l 2,36
3. Gii thch ti sao khi ghp Mg vo cc thit b bng thp th c th bo v c thp khi b n mn
S: T
t
= 10
-11
;
2
2 2
Mg(OH) o
2 Mg / Mg Mg / Mg
T
0, 0592
E E lg 2, 51V
n [OH ]
+ +
+ ; 2 2
o o
Mg / Mg Fe / Fe
E E
+ +
<
=> n mn in ha
Cu 11: Tnh nng ti thiu ca NH
3
c th ha tan hon ton 0,1 mol AgCl bit rng T
AgCl
= 10
-10
, hng
s in li tng ca phc [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
bng 10
-7,2
(S: 2,7M)
Cu 12: Tnh ha tan (mol.l
-1
) ca AgCl trong dung dch NH
3
1M bit rng T
AgCl
= 10
-10
, hng s bn tng
ca phc [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
bng 1,6.10
7
(S: 0,037M)
Cu 13: Hg
2+
to vi I
-
kt ta mu HgI
2
(T
t
= 10
-28
). Nu d I
-
th HgI
2
tan to thnh [HgI
4
]
2-
(
30
4
10
)
Thm dung dch KI 1M vo 10 ml dung dch Hg
2+
0,01M. Tnh th tch V
1
dd KI cn thm vo bt u kt
ta HgI
2
v th tch V
2
dung dch KI cn thm vo HgI
2
bt u tan ht. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung
dch khi cn bng trong c hai trng hp
S: Khi bt u kt ta V
1
= 10
-12
cm
3
; [Hg
2+
] = 0,01M ; [I
-
] = 10
-13
M ; [HgI
4
]
2-
= 10
-24
M
Khi kt ta bt u ha tan ht: V
2
= 0,5 cm
3
; [HgI
4
]
2-
= 0,01M ; [I
-
] = 0,1M ; [Hg
2+
] = 10
-24
M
Cu 14: Dung dch cha ion Fe(SCN)
2+
c mu bt u t nng 10
-5
M. Hng s bn ca ion Fe(SCN)
2+
l
2
b
2 10
1. Trong 500 cm
3
dung dch cha 10
-3
mol FeCl
3
v 5.10
-3
mol KSCN. Tnh nng ion
Fe(SCN)
2+
ti trng thi cn bng. Hi dung dch c mu khng
Trang: 19
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
2. Ha tan tinh th NaF vo dung dch trn (th tch dung dch khng bin i) to thnh ion
FeF
2+
vi hng s bn l
5
b
1, 6 10 . Hi bt u t lng no th mu bin mt.
S: 1. 1,27.10
-3
M > 10
-5
M nn c mu ; 2. 0,0938 gam
Cu 15: Mt sunfua kim loi MS c tch s tan T
t
. Tnh pH ca dung dch M
2+
0,01M bt u kt ta MS
bng dung dch H
2
S bo ha 0,1M v pH ca dung dch khi kt thc s kt ta ca sunfua ny, nu chp nhn
nng ca M
2+
cn li trong dung dch l 10
-6
M
S: Bt u kt ta :
t
1
pH lgT 12
2
+ , kt thc kt ta:
t
1
pH lgT 14
2
+
Cu 16: Thm 1 ml dung dch
4
NH SCN
0,10 M vo 1ml dung dch
3
Fe
+
0,01 M v
F
1M. C mu ca
phc
2+
FeSCN
hay khng? Bit rng mu ch xut hin khi 2+
6
eSCN
7.10
>
F
C M
v dung dch c axit ha
s to phc hidroxo ca Fe (III) xy ra khng ng k. Cho
1 13,10
3 eF
3
10
F
;
1
2 3,03
eSCN
10
F
+
(
l
hng s bn).
Cu 17: nh gi thnh phn cn bng trong hn hp gm Ag
+
1,0.10
-3
M;
3
NH
1,0 M v Cu bt. Cho
3 2
7,24
2
Ag(NH )
10
+

; 2
3 4
12,03
4
( )
10
+

Cu NH
; 2
0 0
Ag /Ag Cu /Cu
E 0,799V;E 0,337V
+ +

( 25
0
C)
Cu 18: Cho: H
2
SO
4
: pK
a2
= 2 ; H
3
PO
4
: pK
a1
= 2,23 , pK
a2
= 7,21 , pK
a3
= 12,32
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng v xc nh thnh phn gii hn ca hn hp khi trn H
2
SO
4
C
1
M
vi Na
3
PO
4
C
2
M trong trng hp sau: 2C
1
> C
2
> C
1
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,1M
3. Cn cho vo 100ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,1M bao nhiu gam NaOH thu c dung dch c
pH= 4,72.
TRNG THPT CHUYN THNG LONG K THI HC SINH GII QUC GIA LP 12 THPT
LP 12 HA NM HC 2008 2009
KIM TRA S 1
MN THI: HA HC
HA HC I CNG
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (Khng k thi gian pht )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cu 1: (2.0 im)
1. Ti sao ion phc spin thp [Co(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
li c mu. Gii thch da vo
1
o
22900(cm )
. Cho bit:
1 1
1cm 11, 962 J.mol

.
2. Da trn m hnh VSEPR, gii thch dng hnh hc ca NH
3
, ClF
3
, XeF
4
.
3. Qu trnh: O O 1e
+
+ c I
1
= 13,614 (eV). Da vo phng php Slater xc nh hng s chn ca
cc electron trong nguyn t i vi electron b tch. So snh bn tng i ca hai cu hnh electron
ca O v O
+
, gii thch.
Cu 2: (2.0 im) Thit lp biu thc ph thuc gia th oxi ha kh vi pH ca mi trng trong 2
trng hp sau:
1. 2 3
2 7
2 3
2 7 2
Cr O / 2Cr
Cr O 14H 6e 2Cr 7H O 1, 33V
+
+ +
+ + + +
o
; E
. pH = 7,
2
2 7
Cr O

c oxi ha c
I
khng? Bit rng:

2
o
I / 2I
E 0, 6197V

2.
3 2
3 2 Co(OH) / Co(OH)
Co(OH) 1e Co(OH) OH 0,17V
+ + +
o
; E
Bit tch s ion ca nc K
W
= 10
-14
v
RT
2, 303 ln x 0, 0592lg x
F
( ti 25
o
C, 1atm)
Cu 3: (1.5 im) Cho phn ng: A B C D + + (1) l phn ng n gin. Ti 27
o
C v 68
o
C, phng trnh
(1) c hng s tc tng ng ln lt l k
1
= 1,44.10
7
mol
-1
.l.s
-1
v k
2
= 3,03.10
7
mol
-1
.l.s
-1
, R = 1,987
cal/mol.K
Trang: 20
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
1. Tnh nng lng hot ha E
A
(theo cal/mol) v gi tr ca A trong biu thc
( )
E
RT
k A e

mol
-1
.l.s
-1
.
2. Ti 119
o
C, tnh gi tr ca hng s tc phn ng k
3
.
3. Nu C
oA
= C
oB
= 0,1M th
1/2
nhit 119
o
C l bao nhiu.
Cu 4: (2.5 im) in phn dung dch NaCl dng in cc Katode l hn hng Hg dng chy u v dng
cc titan bc ruteni v roi l Anode. Khong cch gia Anode v Katode ch vi mm
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ti in cc khi mi bt u in phn pH = 7. Tnh cc gi tr th
in cc v th phn gii
2. Sau mt thi gian, pH tng ln n gi tr pH = 11. Gii thch ti sao. Vit cc phng trnh xy ra ti
pH . Tnh th in cc v th phn gii
Cho bit:
2 2
3 2
o o o
O / H O
Na / Na 2H O / H
E 2, 71V ; E 0, 00V ; E 1, 23V
+ +

. Vi dung dch NaCl 25% v 0,2% Na
trong hn hng Na/Hg:
o
Na / Na(Hg)
E 1, 78V
+

.
2
o
Cl / Cl
E 1, 34V

cho dung dch NaCl 25% theo khi lng
2
H
1, 3V
trn Hg ;
2
O
0, 8V
trn Ru/Rd
Cu 5: (1.5 im) Trong cc tinh th
(cu trc lp phng tm khi) cc nguyn t cacbon c th chim

cc mt ca mng c s
1. Bn knh kim loi ca st l 1,24
o
A
. Tnh di cnh a ca mng c s
2. Bn knh cng ha tr ca cacbon l 0,77
o
A
. Hi di cnh a s tng ln bao nhiu khi st
c
cha cacbon so vi cnh a khi st
nguyn cht
3. Tnh di cnh mng c s cho st
(cu trc lp phng tm din) v tnh tng chiu di

cnh mng bit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c th chim tm ca mng c s v bn knh kim loi st
l 1,26
o
A
. C th kt lun g v kh nng xm nhp ca cacbon vo 2 loi tinh th st trn
Cu 6: (1.5 im) Kt qu phn tch mt phc cht A ca Platin (II) cho bit c: 64,78 % khi lng l Pt,
23,59 % l Cl, 5,65 % l NH
3
v 5,98 % cn li l H
2
O
1. Tm cng thc phn t ca phc cht bit rng A l phc cht 1 nhn v Pt c s phi tr l 4. Vit
cng thc cu to 2 ng phn cis v trans ca n
2. Entanpi t do chun to thnh 25
o
C ca cc ng phn cis, trans ln lt l: -396 v -402 kJ.mol
-1
.
Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng sau: cis
(A)

trans
(A)

3. Tnh nng mol/lit mi ng phn trong dung dch, bit rng lc u ch c ng phn cis nng
0,01M. Cho Pt = 195 ; Cl = 35,5 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; H = 1
Cu 7: (2.0 im) Nitramit c th b phn hy trong dd H
2
O theo phn ng: NO
2
NH
2

N
2
O
(k)
+ H
2
O
Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy vn tc phn ng tnh bi biu thc:
2 2
3
[NO NH ]
v k
[H O ]
+
1. Trong mi trng m bc ca phn ng l bao nhiu

2. Trong cc c ch sau c ch no chp nhn c:
a. C ch 1:
1
k
2 2 2 (k) 2
NO NH N O + H O
b. C ch 2:
2
3
k
+
2 2 3 2 3 2
k + +
2 3 2 3
NO NH H O NO NH + H O
NO NH N O + H O
+
+

c. C ch 3:
4
5
6
k
+
2 2 2 2 3
k
2 2
k +
3 2
NO NH H O NO NH + H O
NO NH N O + OH
H O OH 2H O
Cu 8: (3.0 im)
1. C 3 nguyn t A, B v C. A tc dng vi B nhit cao sinh ra D. Cht D b thu phn mnh
trong nc to ra kh chy c v c mi trng thi. B v C tc dng vi nhau cho kh E, kh ny tan
Nhanh
Chm
Nhanh
Chm
Nhanh
Trang: 21
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
c trong nc to dung dch lm qu tm ho . Hp cht ca A vi C c trong t nhin v thuc loi
cht cng nht. Hp cht ca 3 nguyn t A, B, C l mt mui khng mu, tan trong nc v b thu phn.
Vit tn ca A, B, C v phng trnh cc phn ng nu trn.
2. kho st s ph thuc thnh phn hi ca B theo nhit , ngi ta tin hnh th nghim sau y:
Ly 3,2 gam n cht B cho vo mt bnh kn khng c khng kh, dung tch 1 lt. un nng bnh B
ho hi hon ton. Kt qu o nhit v p sut bnh c ghi li trong bng sau:
Nhit (
o
C) p sut (atm)
444,6 0,73554
450 0,88929
500 1,26772
900 4,80930
1500 14,53860
Xc nh thnh phn nh tnh hi n cht B ti cc nhit trn v gii thch.
Cu 9: (1.5 im) C th vit cu hnh electron ca Ni
2+
l:
Cch 1: Ni
2+
[1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
]
Cch 2: Ni
2+
[1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
].
Trang: 22
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
p dng phng php gn ng Slater, tnh nng lng electron ca Ni
2+
vi mi cch vit trn (theo n v
eV). Cch vit no ph hp vi thc t. Ti sao.
Cu 10: (2.5 im)
1. Phng th nghim c mu phng x Au
198
vi cng 4,0 mCi/1g Au. Sau 48 gi ngi ta cn mt
dung dch c phng x 0,5 mCi/1g Au. Hy tnh s gam dung mi khng phng x pha vi 1g Au
c dung dch ni trn. Bit rng Au
198

c t
1/2
= 2,7 ngy m.
2. Hy chng minh rng phn th tch b chim bi cc n v cu trc (cc nguyn t) trong mng tinh
th kim loi thuc cc h lp phng n gin, lp phng tm khi, lp phng tm din tng theo t l
1 : 1,31 : 1,42.
Trang: 23
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
Cu Ni dung im
1
1 Tnh c: 437nm . S hp th nh sng nm trong ph nhn thy nn c mu. 0,5
2
Cu to ca NH
3
cho thy quanh nguyn t N trung tm c 4 vng khng gian khu
tr electron, trong c 1 cp electron t do (AB
3
E) nn phn t NH
3
c dng thp
y tam gic vi gc lin kt nh hn
o
109 28' (cp electron t do i hi mt
khong khng gian khu tr ln hn)

Cu trc thp y tam gic tm l nguyn t N
Phn t ClF
3
c 5 khong khng gian khu tr electron, trong c 2 cp electron t
do (AB
3
E
2
) nn phn t c dng ch T (Cc electron t do chim v tr xch o)

Phn t XeF
4
c 6 vng khng gian khu tr electron, trong c hai cp electron t
do (AB
4
E
2
) nn c dng vung phng (trong cu trc ny cc cp electron t do phn
b xa nhau nht)

0, 25 3
= 0,75
3
- Cu hnh electron: O 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
km bn hn O
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
do lc y ln nhau
ca 2 trong mt orbital ca phn lp 2p v do O
+
t cu hnh bn bo ha
phn lp 2p nn bn
- t b l hng s chn ca cc electron trong nguyn t i vi electronb
tch. Ta c:
*2
*2 2 2
1 2
Z
I 13, 6 13, 614 Z n 4 (8 b) 4 b 6
n

0,25
0,5
2.0
2 1
2 3 2 3
2 7 2 7
2 3
2 7
2 3
2 7
14
2
2 7
2 Cr O / 2Cr Cr O / 2Cr
3
2
14
2 7
2 Cr O / 2Cr
3
2
2 7
2 Cr O / 2Cr
3
Cr O H
0, 0592
lg
6
Cr
Cr O
0, 0592 0, 0592
lg H lg
6 6
Cr
Cr O
0, 0592
0,138pH lg
6
Cr
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 1
] ]
+
1
]
1
]
1 + +
]
1
]
1
]
+
1
]
o
o
o
E =E
E
E
t: 2 3 2 3
2 7 2 7
Cr O / 2Cr Cr O / 2Cr
0,138pH
+ +

' o
E E
2 3
2 7
'
Cr O / 2Cr
E
+
l th iu kin v ph thuc vo pH. pH cng gim th dung dch

cng c mi trng axit th E cng tng, tnh oxi ha ca
2
2 7
Cr O

cng mnh.
- Ti pH = 0, [H
+
] = 1M th E = E
o
= 1,33V
- Ti pH = 7 th E = 0,364 <
2
o
I / 2I
E 0, 6197V

nn khng oxi ha c I
-

0,5
0,25
0,25
2
3 2 3 2
Co(OH) / Co(OH) Co(OH) / Co(OH)
1
0, 0592lg
[OH ]
+
o
E =E
. Thay
W
K
[OH ]
[H ]
ta c:
3 2 3 2
3 2
3 2
Co(OH) / Co(OH) Co(OH) / Co(OH)
W
Co(OH) / Co(OH) W
Co(OH) / Co(OH) W
[H ]
0, 0592lg
K
0, 0592lg[H ] 0, 0592lgK
0, 0592pH 0, 0592lgK
+
+
+
+

o
o
o
E =E
E
E
. Thay
3 2
o
Co(OH) / Co(OH)
14
W
0,17
K 10
E =
3 2
Co(OH) / Co(OH)
0, 996 0, 0592pH E =
pH cng tng th E cng gim ngha l tnh oxi ha ca Co(OH)
3
gim, tnh kh ca
0,25
0,5
r
a
a d
Trang: 24
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
DNG CU HI L THUYT
Cu 1: Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong nhng trng hp sau:
1. Ozon oxi ha I
-
trong mi trng trung tnh
2. Sc kh CO
2
qua nc Javel
3. Cho nc Clo qua dung dch KI
4. Sc kh Flo qua dung dch NaOH long lnh
5. Ha tan Photpho trng trong dung dch Ba(OH)
2
, sau axit ha dd sau phn ng bng H
2
SO
4

6. Cacborunum tan trong dung dch KOH nng chy khi c mt khng kh
7. Ion Fe
2+
ph hy phc iclorotetraamincoban(II) trong mi trng axit
8. Sc Clo n d vo dung dch FeI
2
Hng dn gii
1. O
3
+ 2I
-
+ H
2
O
O
2
+ I
2
+ 2OH
-
2. CO
2
+ NaClO + H
2
O
NaHCO
3
+ HclO
3. Cl
2
+ 2KI
2KCl + I
2
; Nu KI cn d: KI + I
2

KI
3
4. 2F
2
+ 2NaOH
(long, lnh)

2NaF + H
2
O + OF
2
5. 2P
4
+ Ba(OH)
2
+ 6H
2
O
3Ba(H
2
PO
2
)
2
+ 2PH
3
; Ba(H
2
PO
2
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4

BaSO
4
+ 2H
3
PO
2
6. SiC + 4KOH
(nng chy)
+ 2O
2
K
2
SiO
3
+ K
2
CO
3
+ 2H
2
O
7. [CoCl
2
(NH
3
)
4
]
+
+ Fe
2+
+ 4H
+

Co
2+
+ Fe
3+
+ 2Cl
-
+ NH
4
+
8. 2FeI
2
+ 3Cl
2

2FeCl
3
+ 2I
2
; 5Cl
2
+ I
2
+ 6H
2
O
2HIO
3
+ 10HCl
Cu 2: Nu phng php ha hc tch:
a. Kh N
2
ra khi kh NO
b. Ion Be
2+
ra khi ion Al
3+
trong dung dch mui nitrat ca chng. Nu c s khoa hc ca phng php
tch dng.
Hng dn gii:
1. Cho qua dd FeSO
4
, NO b hp th, N
2
bay ra: FeSO
4
+ NO
Fe[NO]SO
4
un nng dd li c NO
2. Cho Na
2
CO
3
n d vo dung dch. Al
3+
tch ra di dng Al(OH)
3
cn Be
2+
cn li di dng
[Be(CO
3
)
2
]
2-
. Ha tan Al(OH)
3
vo HNO
3
ly li Al
3+
. Axit ha dung dch ly li Be
2+
Al
3+
+ 3
2
3
CO

+ 3H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+ 3CO
2
Be
2+
+ 2
2
3
CO

[Be(CO
3
)
2
]
2-
tan
Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+

Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O [Be(CO
3
)
2
]
2-
+ 4H
+

Be
2+
+ 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Trang: 25
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C s ca phng php ny l: Ion Be
2+
c bn knh b c kh nng to phc vi ion cacbonat cn Al
3+
th khng c kh nng ny
Cu 3: Mt dng tinh th ca Bonitrua [cng thc (BN)
n
] c tn gi l than ch trng. Hy cho bit tinh th
than ch trng c nhng im g ging tinh th than ch en.
Hng dn gii:
- Cc nguyn t B, N u lai ha sp
2
, to nn cc lp bng lc gic u. Lin kt gia cc nguyn t
trong mt lp l lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt gia cc lp l lin kt vandervan
- Khong cch gia cc nguyn t trong mt lp v khong cch gia cc lp cng tng t cacbon
than ch, gn ging vng benzen
- M hnh:

Bonitrua Cacbon than ch
Cu 4: Phim en trng cha lp ph bc bromua trn nn l xenluloz axetat.
1. Vit phn ng quang ha xy ra khi chiu nh sng vo lp AgBr ph trn phim.
2. Trong qu trnh ny th lng AgBr khng c chiu sng s b ra bng cch cho to phc
bi dung dch natri thiosunfat. Vit phng trnh phn ng.
3. Ta c th thu hi bc t dung dch nc thi bng cch thm ion xianua vo, tip theo l km.
Vit cc phn ng xy ra.
Hng dn gii:
1. Phn ng:
h
(r) (r) 2
2AgBr 2Ag + Br /2Br

2. AgBr(r) + 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
Na
3
[Ag(S
2
O
3
)
2
] + NaBr
3.
3
2 3 2 2 2 3
[Ag(S O ) ] + 2CN [Ag(CN) ] + 2S O

2 +
2 4
2[Ag(CN) ] + Zn [Zn(CN) ] + 2Ag

Cu 5: Mt vi tnh cht ca mt hp cht v c cha bit A c lit k di y:

- A l mt cht rn mu trng hi vng, d chy ra v thng hoa khi un nng. A c KLPT l 266.
- A phn ng mnh lit vi nc cho dung dch B.
- Khi mt dung dch hn hp gm NH
4
OH v NH
4
Cl c thm vo dung dch B th nhn c kt ta keo
mu trng.
- Mt mu dung dch B phn ng vi dung dch hn hp nitric axit v bc nitrat cho kt ta vn cc mu
trng C. Kt ta trng ny nhanh chng tan i khi thm vo dung dch NH
4
OH mc d khi ta cho d
NH
4
OH th li xut hin kt ta trng D.
- Kt ta D c lc v ho tan trong NaOH thu c dung dch trong sut E.
- Khi cho kh CO
2
li qua dung dch E th li sinh ra kt ta D.
- Cht A ho tan khng in ly trong ete khng ln nc. Khi dung dch ny phn ng vi LiH th s to
thnh sn phm F. Nu dng d LiH th F s chuyn thnh G.
a. Xc nh cht A.
b. Xc nh cc cht t B n G v vit tt c cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Hng dn gii
a. Trong bc th ba ca php phn tch ta thu c kt ta trng keo, iu ny chng t rng
dung dch B c cha Al
3+
v dung dch B cng to kt ta trng vi AgNO
3
, kt ta ny tan i khi ta thm
NH
4
OH vo chng t rng dung dch B c cha Cl
-
. Vy cht A s l Al
2
Cl
6
(M
A
= 266).
b. Cc phn ng xy ra:
Trang: 26
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Al
2
Cl
6

+ 12H
2
O = 2[Al(H
2
O)
6
]
3+

+ 6Cl
-
6AgNO
3

+ 6Cl
-

= 6AgCl + 6NO
3
-
AgCl + 2NH
4
OH = [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
Cl
-
+ H
2
O
Al
3+

+ 3NH
4
OH = Al(OH)
3

+ 3NH
4+
Al(OH)
3

+ NaOH = Na
+
[Al(OH)
4-
]
[Al(OH)
4
]
-

+ CO
2

= Al(OH)
3

+ HCO
3
-
Al
2
Cl
6
+ LiH = (AlH
3
)
n
+ LiH
d

= LiAlH
4
Cu 6: Canxi xianamit (CaCN
2
) l mt loi phn bn a nng v c tc dng tt. N c th c sn xut rt
d dng t cc loi ha cht thng thng nh CaCO
3
. Qa trnh nhit phn ca CaCO
3

cho ra mt cht rn
mu trng X
A

v mt kh khng mu X
B

khng duy tr s chy. Mt cht rn mu xm X
C

v kh X
D

c hnh
thnh bi phn ng kh X
A

vi cacbon. X
C

v X
D

cn c th b oxy ha to thnh cc sn phm c mc
oxy ha cao hn. Phn ng ca X
C

vi nit cui cng cng dn ti vic to thnh CaCN
2
.
1. Vit tt c cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
2. Khi thu phn CaCN
2
th thu c cht g? Vit phng trnh phn ng
3. Trong ha hc cht rn th ion CN
2
2--
c th c ng phn. Axit ca c hai anion u c bit (ch
tn ti trong pha kh). Vit cng thc cu to ca c hai axit v cho bit cn bng chuyn ha gia hai
axit trn dch chuyn v pha no?
Hng dn gii
1. CaCO
3

CaO + CO
2

CaO + 3C
CaC
2

+ CO
CaC
2

+ N
2

CaCN
2

+ C
Qu trnh trn c gi l qu trnh Frank Caro. Qu trnh ny rt quan trng trong k thut.
2. CaCN
2
+ 3H
2
O CaCO
3
+ 2NH
3
3. Cng th ca hai ng phn l:
HN = C = NH
N C NH
2
Hp cht u tin l axit ca anion cacbondiimit v hp cht th hai l xianamit.
Cn bng s chuyn dch v pha to thnh hp cht c tnh i xng cao hn.
Cu 7: Nguyn t X (c nhiu dng th hnh) c mt anion cha oxy ng vai tr quan trng trong nhim
nc. m in ca n nh hn oxy. N ch to hp cht phn t vi halogen. Ngoi hai oxit n phn t
cn c nhng oxit cao phn t. X c vai tr rt quan trng trong sinh ha. Cc obitan p ca n ch c mt
electron.
1. l nguyn t no?. Vit cu hnh ca n.
2. X c th to c vi hidro nhiu hp cht cng ha tr c cng thc chung l X
a
H
b
; dy hp cht
ny tng t nh dy ng ng ca ankan. Vit cng thc cu to 4 cht u ca dy
3. Mt trong s 4 hp cht trn c ba ng phn lp th (tng t axit tactric), Xc nh hp cht ny.
4. Nguyn t X to c nhng axit c cha oxy (oxoaxit) c cng thc chung l H
3
XO
n
vi n = 2, 3 v
4. Vit cng thc cu to ca 3 axit ny. nh du (du sao hoc mi tn) cc nguyn t H axit v ghi s
oxy ha ca X trong cc hp cht ny.
5. Mt hp cht d vng ca X, vi cu trc phng do J. Liebig v F.Wohler tng hp t nm 1834,
c to thnh t NH
4
Cl vi mt cht pentacloro ca X ; sn phm ph ca phn ng ny l mt kh d
tan trong nc v phn ng nh mt axit mnh Vit phng trnh phn ng v vit cng thc cu to ca
hp cht (NXCl
2
)
3

6. Hp cht v c va nu trn c tnh cht khc thng khi b un nng: n si 256
o
C khi b un
nng nhanh. Nu un nng chm n bt u nng chy 250
o
C; lm ngui nhanh cht lng ny th ta
c mt cht tng t cao su. Gii thch tnh cht c bit ny.
Hng dn gii:
1. Phopho c cu hnh electron: [Ne]3s
2
3p
3
2. Cng thc cu to ca 4 hp cht u tin
Trang: 27
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3. 4
4. Cng thc cu to ca cc cht
5.
4 5 2 3
3NH Cl + 3PCl (NPCl ) + 12HCl
6. un nng mnh
cht nng chy khng b gy vng

un nng nh
vng b b gy thnh cc phn t polime c h lin hp pi

Cu 8: Gii thch cc hin tng sau: SnS
2
tan trong (NH
4
)
2
S ; SnS khng tan trong dung dch (NH
4
)
2
S
nhng tan trong dung dch (NH
4
)
2
S
2
.
Hng dn gii
SnS
2
l sunfua axit nn tc dng vi (NH
4
)
2
S l sunfua baz:
SnS
2
+ (NH
4
)
2
S (NH
4
)
2
SnS
3
(*)
SnS l sunfua baz nn khng tc dng vi (NH
4
)
2
S (sunfua baz). Tuy nhin, i vi dung dch (NH
4
)
2
S
2
phn ng c th xy ra v, trc ht (NH
4
)
2
S
2
oxi ho SnS:
SnS + (NH
4
)
2
S
2
(NH
4
)
2
S + SnS
2
sau SnS
2
to thnh s phn ng vi (NH
4
)
2
S nh phn ng (*).
Cu 9: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
1. Ion I
-
trong KI b oxi ho thnh I
2
bi FeCl
3
, O
3
; cn I
2
oxi ho c Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
2. Ion Br
-
b oxi ho bi H
2
SO
4c
, BrO
3
-
(mt axit) ; cn Br
2
li oxi ho c P thnh axit tng ng.
3. H
2
O
2
b NaCrO
2
kh (trong mi trng baz) v b oxi ho bi dd KMnO
4
(trong mi trng axit).
Hng dn gii
1. 2KI + 2FeCl
3
2FeCl
2
+ 2KCl + I
2
2KI + O
3
+ H
2
O 2KOH + O
2
+ I
2
I
2
+ 2Na
2
S
2
O
3
2NaI + Na
2
S
4
O
6
2 2Br
-
+ 4H
+
+ SO
4
2-
( c)
Br
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
5Br
-
+ BrO
3
-
+ 6H
+
3Br
2
+ 3H
2
O
5Br
2
+ 2P + 8H
2
O 10 HBr + 2H
3
PO
4

3 3H
2
O
2
+ 2NaCrO
2
+ 2NaOH 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 4H
2
O
5H
2
O
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 5O
2
+ 8H
2
O
Cu 10: Nung chy Fe
2
O
3
vi hn hp NaNO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
thu c mt cht rn mu tm , lu trong
khng kh cht ny to thnh kt ta nu v c kh thot ra. Vit cc phng trnh xy ra
Trang: 28
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Cu 11: e phat hien oxi co trong mot hon hp kh ngi ta dung dung dch
phc ong. Dung dch phc ong nay c ieu che bang cach cho cac
phoi ong vao dung dch hon hp NH
3
ac + NH
4
Cl trong bnh kn. ay, ban
au, khi co mat NH
3
+ NH
4
Cl, Cu b oxi co trong nc oxi hoa tao ra phc
ong mau xanh, sau o phc ong nay b Cu kh thanh mot dung dch
phc ong khac khong mau va khi tiep xuc vi oxi, dung dch se co
mau xanh tr lai. Khi ngng tiep xuc vi oxi dung dch lai mat mau do tnh
kh cua ong. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng e giai thch cac hien
tng tren. Trong th nghiem, neu thay phoi ong bang phoi kem hoac bac
th co phat hien c oxi hoac clo khong? Viet cac phng trnh phan ng
e giai thch.
Cau 12: Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong cc qu trnh ho hc sau:
1. Ho tan bt ch vo dung dch axit sunfuric c (nng > 80%)
2. Ho tan bt Cu
2
O vo dung dch axit clohidric m c d.
3. Ho tan bt st vo dung dch axit sunfuric long, sau thm nc clo n d vo dung dch thu
c.
4. mt vt lm bng bc ra ngoi khng kh b nhim kh H
2
S mt thi gian.
Cu 13: HA la hp chat kh rat oc, co the nhan biet khi khoi thuoc la tr
nen cay hoac co trong cu san m va khi ot chay cho ngon la mau tm.
Trong nc, HA la mot axit yeu va con xay ra phan ng thuy phan tao
thanh muoi amoni cua axit hu c. Trong phong th nghiem, HA co the ieu
che bang cach nho t t dung dch muoi NaA vao dung dch H
2
SO
4
un
nong. Trong tong hp hu c, ieu che HA bang cach un nong 500
0
C
va di ap suat mot hon hp CO va NH
3
. Muoi cua HA e ngoai khong
kh co mui kho chu v chung b phan huy cham bi CO
2
luon co mat
trong khong kh. Khi co mat cua oxi ion A
-
co the tac dung vi vang kim
loai nen dung e tach vang ra khoi tap chat.
a. Viet phng trnh phan ng e minh hoa cac tnh chat hoa hoc
tren.
b. Trong t nhien HA ton tai ong thi hai dang ong phan ma
khi un nong o dai lien ket gia hai nguyen t tao thanh A
-
tang dan.
Xac nh cong thc cau tao cua ong phan cua HA (co giai thch).
Cu 14: Mot chat X mau xanh luc nhat, tan trong nc tao thanh dung dch
phan ng vi NH
3
luc eu cho ket tua, sau o ket tua tan dan trong NH
3
d tao thanh dung dch mau xanh am. Them H
2
SO
4
ac vao dung dch X va
un nhe th hi bay ra co mui giam.
Cho biet X la chat g.
Cau 15: Hp chat X dang tinh the mau trang co tnh chat hoa hoc sau :
- ot nong X nhiet o cao cho ngon la mau vang .
- Hoa tan X vao nc c dung dch A . Cho kh SO
2
t t vao dung dch
A thay xuat hien mau nau. Tiep tuc cho SO
2
vao th mau nau mat i,
thu c dung dch B. Them mot lng d AgNO
3
vao dung dch B thay xuat
hien ket tua mau vang.
- Hoa tan X vao nc, cho them vao mot t dung dch H
2
SO
4
loang va KI,
thay xuat hien mau nau va mau nau b mat i khi them dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
vao.
a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng co the xay ra dang phan t va ion
thu gon.
b. Biet trong phan t X, nguyen to trung tam the hien so oxi hoa dng
cao nhat. Xac nh cong thc phan t cua X.
Trang: 29
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Cau 16: Nung mot mau quang cha MnO, Cr
2
O
3
va cac tap chat tr vi
lng d chat oxi hoa manh Na
2
O
2
thu c hon hp cha Na
2
MnO
4
va
Na
2
CrO
4
. Hoa tan cac chat thu c sau phan ng vao nc thu c ket
tua MnO
2
va dung dch B co cha ion
2
4 4
MnO , CrO

. Cho them dung dch H
2
SO
4
d vao dung dch B thu c dung dch C co cha cac ion
2
4 2 7
MnO , Cr O

Them
dung dch FeSO
4
d vao dung dch C. Cho dung dch H
2
SO
4
va dung dch FeSO
4
vao ket tua MnO
2
. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra trong th nghiem
tren.
Cu 17: Kim loi A c mu trng bc v c nh kim. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta dng kim loi A m ln
cc vt bng kim loi bo v cho kim loi khng b g, lp m thng ch dy vo khong 0,005mm.
Hiroxit ca A l cht B c dng A(OH)
2
, B l cht kt ta mu vng nhng thng ln tp cht nn c mu
hung. Khi tip xc vi khng kh, B chuyn thnh C l cht nhy c mu lc nht, khng tan trong nc
nhng tan c trong c dung dch kim cng nh dung dch axit. Cht B tan trong dung dch HCl d cho
dung dch D c mu xanh lam nhng khi c cn dung dch th li c mui rn khan mu trng, ht m
mnh. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch CH
3
COONa c thu c kt ta t tan mu E. E dng
ime l hp cht c cu to c bit v l mt trong nhng hp cht d iu ch v bn nht ca A(II). Nu
bn cht lin kt ca A trong ime E. Tm cc cht t A n E v vit cc phng trnh xy ra.
Cu 18: MnO l cht bt mu xm lc, khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dd axit to thnh mui
Mn(II). Khi un nng MnO trong khng kh 200-300
o
C, n bin thnh cht B c mu en. un nng B
trong dung dch KOH c, n to nn dung dch mu xanh lam C cn nu un nh B trong HCl c d th thu
c dung dch D v thy c kh mu vng lc bay ra. Cho lng d dung dch KOH vo dung dch D.
- Nu thc hin phn ng trong kh quyn hiro th to kt ta mu trng E
- Nu thc hin phn ng trong khng kh th li thu c kt ta mu nu F
Sc Cl
2
vo hn hp ca E v KOH li thu c B. Xc nh B, E, F v thnh phn cc dung dch C, D. Vit
cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Cu 19: Cht A mu trng, khng nhy. Khi A trong khng kh, A chuyn thnh hn hp cht B c mu
lc ri chuyn thnh cht C c mu nu . Ha tan A trong dung dch HCl d, sau c cn v cho lng
d dung dch NH
3
bo ha vo thu c dung dch D. Thm nc d vo dung dch D li thu c A. Nung
A trong khng kh thu c cht rn E. E cng c to thnh khi nung C. E khng tan trong kim long
nhng tan trong kim nng chy to thnh cht F. Ha tan F trong nc thu c C. Xc nh cc cht v
vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra bit A l hp cht ca Fe.
Cu 20: Kim loi X chy trong khng kh to thnh X
1
c mu en. Ha tan X
1
trong dung dch HCl thu
c dung dch X
2
c mu xanh lam. C cn dung dch X
2
c cht X
3
dng tinh th c mu nu v l
polime v c. Cn nu kt tinh dung dch X
2
li c X
4
li l nhng tinh th mu lc cng c cu trc
polime. Ha tan X
1
trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
thu c dung dch X
5
c mu lam. Sc NH
3
vo dung dch X
5
ban u c kt ta mu xanh sau tan ra to dung dch X
6
. Dung dch X
5
phn ng vi NaCN thu c ixian.
Vit cng thc polime X
3
, X
4
. Xc nh cc cht, thnh phn cc dung dch v hon thnh tt cc cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra.
Cu 21: Vit cc phng trnh xy ra trong cc trng hp sau:
1. AuCl
3
c tnh oxi ha mnh, c th tham gia phn ng vi cc dung dch H
2
O
2
, FeSO
4
, Na
2
S
2
O
3
2. Khi un nng vi SnCl
2
, FeCl
2
th ng (II) oxit b kh thnh mui ng (I)
3. Cu
2
O tan trong kim c to thnh cuprit
4. Au c th tan trong dung dch NaCN khi c mt O
2
khng kh
5. Au(OH)
3
c tnh cht lng tnh, c th tan trong dung dch NaOH cng nh dung dch HNO
3

Cu 22: Xc nh cc cht v hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1. A + O
2

o
t
B + SO
2
2. A + CaO
o
t
B + CaSO
4
+ CaS
3. A + K
2
S
(c)

Kali thiomecurat
4. C + H
2
S
A + HCl
Trang: 30
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
5. A + HNO
3
+ HCl
o
t
C + H
2
SO
4
+ NO + H
2
O
6. C + NH
3(c)

Hg(NH
3
)
2
Cl
2
(NH
3
c trong lng d NH
4
Cl)
Cu 23: Vit cng thc dng cis v trans ca ion phc bt din [Co(NH
4
)
4
Cl
2
]
+
. Nhn xt v v tr tng i
ca 2 nguyn t Cl i vi nguyn t Co trung tm
Cu 24: S oxi ha I
-
bi
2
2 8
S O

c xc tc bi ion Fe
2+
cng nh Fe
3+
1. Cn lm nhng th nghim no thy r vai tr xc tc ca ion Fe
2+
cng nh Fe
3+
2. Gii thch c ch xc tc
3. Hy rt ra kt lun v th oxi ha kh ca cht xc tc
Cu 25: C hin tng g xy ra khi cho Bari kim loi vo cc dung dch sau: MgCl
2
, FeCl
2
, Al(NO
3
)
3
,
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng di dng phng trnh ion minh ha.
Cu 26: Gii thch:
a. V sao khi cho d NH
4
Cl vo dung dch NaAlO
2
ri un nng th c kt ta keo trng xut hin.
b. Cho bit: Ion Fe
3+
to vi ion thioxyanat SCN
phc Fe(SCN)
3
mu mu, v to vi ion
F
phc
3
6
FeF

bn hn Fe(SCN)
3
. Gii thch hin tng xy ra khi thm tng git NaF vo dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
v KSCN cho n d.
Cu 28: Cho cc dung dch sau u c nng 0,1M (ti t = 25
o
C, p = 1atm)
- NaHCO
3
(H
2
CO
3
c K
1
= 4,5.10
-7
; K
2
= 4,7.10
-11
)
- NaHSO
3
(H
2
SO
3
c K
1
= 1,7.10
-2
; K
2
= 6,0.10
-8
)
- NaHC
2
O
4
(H
2
C
2
O
4
c K
1
= 5,6.10
-2
; K
2
= 5,3.10
-5
)
Bit rng c th dng cng thc gn ng:
1 2
1
pH (pK pK )
2
+ tnh pH mi dung dch trn.
1. Xc nh pH ca cc dung dch
2. Dng qu tm (khong pH i mu t 6 n 8) v metyl da cam (khong pH i mu t 3,1 n 4,4).
Nhn bit cc dung dch trn
Cu 28: C 6 ng nghim ng cc dung dch c nh s t 1 n 6 khng theo th t gm: NaOH,
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
, Ba(NO
3
)
2
, CaCl
2
, Pb(NO
3
)
2
. Xc nh ng no cha dung dch g bit rng:
- Dung dch (2) cho kt ta vi (1), (3), (4)
- Dung dch (5) cho kt ta vi (1), (3), (4)
- Dung dch (2) khng to kt ta vi (5)
- Dung dch (1) khng to kt ta vi (3), (4)
- Dung dch (6) khng phn ng vi (5)
- Cho t git dung dch (3) vo (6) thy c kt ta, lc u th tan ra
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng dng ion thu gn.
Cu 29: Cn bng cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau bng phng php thng bng ion electron hoc phng
php cn bng electron:
a. Cr
2
O
3
+ NaBrO
3
+ NaOH
Na
2
CrO
4
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O
b. Au + NaCN + H
2
O + O
2

Na[Au(CN)
2
] NaOH
c. Cl
2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ H
2
O
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

d. C + O
2

CO + CO
2
Cu 30: Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1. 2LiH + B
2
H
6

?
2. 2MnO
2
+ 4KOH + ?
o
t
? + 2H
2
O
3. FeSO
4
+ ?
Fe(CN)
2
+ ?
4. 4KH + AlCl
3

? + ?
5. ? + 8HCl
3CoCl
2
+ 4H
2
O + ?
6. 3HN
3
+ 11HCl + 2Au
? + ? + ?
7. ? + 6KHSO
4

o
t
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ ? + 3H
2
O
Trang: 31
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
8. Na
2
S
2
O
4
+ O
2
+ H
2
O
?
9. Fe
2
O
3
+ ? +4KOH
o
t
nc
? + 3KNO
2
+ 2H
2
O
10. 2NH
3
+ NaClO
? + ? + ?
Cu 31: Phn t SO
3
c cu trc tam gic phng, trong S trng thi lai ha sp
2
, rt d chuyn thnh
trng thi sp
3
l trng thi lai ha c trng ca lu hunh. V vy SO
3
rt d hnh thnh nhng phn t c
hnh t din khi kt hp vi H
2
O, HF, HCl, NH
3
. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra v CTCT sn phm.
Vit cng thc ca SO
3
dng trime v polime bit S cng dng lai ha sp
3

Cu 32: Hon thnh cc phng trnh sau v cho bit vai tr ca cc cht trong phng trnh:
1. N
2
H
4
+ HgCl
2

2. N
2
H
5
Cl + SnCl
2
+ HCl
NH
4
Cl +
3. NH
2
OH + I
2
+ KOH

4. NO + CrCl
2
+ HCl
NH
4
Cl +
Cu 33: A l cht bt mu lc khng tan trong axit v kim long. Khi nu chy A vi KOH c mt khng
kh chuyn thnh cht B c mu vng, d tan trong H
2
O. Cht B tc dng vi dd H
2
SO
4
to thnh cht C c
mu da cam. Cht C b S kh thnh cht A v c th oxi ha axit clohiric thnh kh Clo. Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
2Cr
2
O
3
+ 3O
2
+ 8KOH
4K
2
CrO
4
+ 4H
2
O
2K
2
CrO
4
+ H
2
SO
4

K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
S + K
2
Cr
2
O
7

o
t
Cr
2
O
3
+ K
2
SO
4

14HCl + K
2
Cr
2
O
7

3 Cl
2
+ 2CrCl
3
+ 2KCl + 7H
2
O
Cu 34: Vit cc phn ng nhit phn ca cc mui amoni sau:
NH
4
Cl, NH
4
HCO
3
, NH
4
NO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, NH
4
NO
2
, (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
Cu 35: Hon thnh s phn ng sau:
S
Na
2
S
2
O
3

S
SO
2
SO
2
Cl
2

H
2
SO
4
SO
2
SOCl
2
HCl
H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
3

Na
2
SO
4

Na
2
S Na
2
S
2
O
3

Na
2
SO
4
HCl Cl
2

Cu 36: HClO la mot axit yeu, kem ben va co tnh oxi hoa manh
a. Viet 2 phng trnh chng minh HClO la 1 axit yeu.
b. Viet cac phng trnh phan huy HClO di tac dung cua anh sang,
nhiet o va chat hut am.
c. Viet 2 phng trnh chng minh HClO la mot chat oxi hoa manh.
d. Neu phng phap hoa hoc tach ri HCl va HClO ra khoi hon hp cua
chung.
Cu 37: Neu hien tng va viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra trong cac
qua trnh hoa hoc sau:
a. Hoa tan bot sat trong dung dch HI va u, them tiep nc clo en d
vao dung dch thu c.
b. Cho dung dch HCl t t en d vao dung dch Kali aluminat.
c. Hoa tan hon hp ong so mol Al va K vao nc, them tiep dung dch
H
2
SO
4
vao en khi thu c dung dch trong suot. Lam bay hi nc cua
dung dch bang cach ha ap suat.
d. Cho hon hp KI va KIO
3
vao dung dch AlCl
3
.
Cu 38: Hon hp X gom Ca(NO
3
)
2
va M(NO
3
)
2
trong o M la kim loai. Nung 83, 5 g
X nhiet o, ket thuc phan ng thu c 2 oxit kim loai va 1,2 mol hon
Trang: 32
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
hp kh Y Cho Y qua dung dch NaOH d, thay the tch hon hp kh giam 6 lan.
Viet phng trnh phan ng, xac nh kim loai M
Cu 39: Cho kh Clo i qua mt dung dch axit mnh A gii phng n cht B v dung dch c mu thm.
Tip tc cho kh Clo i qua, B bin thnh axit C v dung dch mt mu. Xc nh A, B, C v vit cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra
Cu 40: Mt n cht A nh mu trng bc, dn nhit v dn in tt, phn ng vi H
2
O khi un nng to
thnh 2 cht: Mt n cht v mt hp cht B. B phn ng vi axit to mui. Dung dch mui ny to kt ta
trng vi BaCl
2
, kt ta ny khng tan trong axit v kim. Hi A, B, C l nhng cht g? Vit cc phng
trnh phn ng xy ra.
DNG BI TP
Cu 1: Ha tan hon ton 2 gam mt hn hp cha Na
2
S.9H
2
O, Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O v tp cht tr vo H
2
O, ri
pha long thnh 250 ml dung dch (dd A). Thm tip 25 ml dung dch iot 0,0525M vo 25 ml dung dch A.
Axit ha bng H
2
SO
4
ri chun iot d ht 12,9 ml dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,101M. Mt khc cho ZnSO
4
d
vo 50 ml dung dch A. Lc b kt ta. Chun dung dch nc lc ht 11,5 ml dung dch iot 0,0101M.
Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp rn ban u.
Cu 2: t chy hon ton 4,4g sunfua ca kim loi M (cng thc MS) trong oxi d. Cht rn sau phn ng
em ho tan trong 1 lng va dung dch HNO
3
37,8% thy nng phn trm ca mui trong dung dch
thu c l 41,72%. Khi lm lnh dung dch ny th thot ra 8,08g mui rn. Lc tch mui rn thy nng
phn trm ca mui trong dung dch l 34,7%. Xc nh cng thc mui rn. (S: Fe(NO
3
)
3
. 9H
2
O)
Cu 3: Cho m
1
gam hn hp gm Mg, Al vo m
2
gam dung dch HNO
3
24%. Sau khi cc kim loi tan ht
c 8,96 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X gm NO, N
2
O, N
2
bay ra ( ktc) v dung dch A. Thm mt lng va
O
2
vo X, sau phn ng thu c hn hp kh Y. Dn Y t t qua dung dch NaOH d c 4,48 lt hn hp
kh Z i ra ( ktc). T khi ca Z i vi H
2
bng 20. Nu cho dung dch NaOH vo A c lng kt
ta ln nht thu c 62,2 gam kt ta. Tnh m
1
, m
2
. Bit lng HNO
3
ly d 20% so vi lng cn thit.
Cu 4: Nung hn hp A gm st v lu hunh sau mt thi gian c hn hp rn B. Cho B tc dng vi
dung dch HCl d thu c V
1
lt hn hp kh C. T khi ca C so vi hidro bng 10,6. Nu t chy hon
ton B thnh Fe
2
O
3
v SO
2
cn V
2
lt kh oxi.
1. Tm tng quan gi tr V
1
v V
2
(o cng iu kin)
2. Tnh hm lng phn trm cc cht trong B theo V
1
v V
2
.
3. Hiu sut thp nht ca phn ng nung trn l bao nhiu phn trm.
4. Nu hiu sut ca phn ng nung trn l 75%, tnh hm lng phn trm cc cht trong hn hp B.
Cu 5: ot chay hoan toan m
1
gam than co 4 % tap chat khong chay ta thu
c hon hp kh A gom CO va CO
2
. Cho kh A i t t qua ong s ng 46,4
gam Fe
3
O
4
nung nong. Kh ra khoi ong s b hap thu hoan toan bi 2 lt dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
0,175 M thu c ket tua va dung dch muoi. Cho dung dch muoi
tac dung vi Ca(OH)
2
d lai thay tao thanh them ket tua na. Tong khoi
lng ket tua 2 lan la 83,95 gam. Chat ran con lai trong ong s c chia
thanh 2 phan bang nhau. Hoa tan het phan mot bang dung dch HCl thay
ton het 330 ml dung dch HCl 2M va co 672 ml kh kc thoat ra. Phan th
hai hoa tan het bang dung dch HNO
3
loang th thu c V lt kh NO duy nhat
thoat ra kc va m
2
gam muoi nitrat. Tnh V, m
1
, m
2
va tnh t khoi cua
hon hp kh A so vi H
2
.
Cau 6: Hoa tan hoan toan 3,6 gam mot chat vo c X trong HNO
3
ac, nong
thu c dung dch A. Pha loang dung dch A bang nc cat va chia dung dch
thu c thanh hai phan bang nhau:
- Them vao phan 1 lng d dung dch amoniac. Loc, roi ra va nung
ket tua thu c nhiet o cao ti khoi lng khong oi thu c 1,2
gam chat ran la mot oxit kim loai. e hoa tan hoan toan lng oxit o
can dung t nhat 30 ml dung dch HNO
3
1,5 M va thay phan ng khong
tao kh.
Trang: 33
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
- Them vao phan 2 lng d dung dch BaCl
2
loang thu c 6,99 gam ket
tua trang khong tan trong dung dch axit manh.
a. Xac nh cong thc phan t cua X, biet cac phan ng xay ra
hoan toan.
b. Hoa tan hoan toan hon hp gom X va FeCO
3
bang dung dch
HNO
3
ac, nong thu c hon hp kh B gom hai kh Y, Z co ty khoi so vi
H
2
= 22,805 ; lam lanh hon hp kh B xuong nhiet o thap hn thu c
hon hp kh C gom 3 kh Y, Z, E co ty khoi so vi hiro bang 30,61. Tnh %
khoi lng moi muoi trong hon hp ban au va phan tram so mol kh Y
chuyen thanh E.
c. Hoan thanh 4 phng trnh phan ng cua s o sau:
X
0
1700 C, chan khong
X
1

HCl
X
2

4
2
KMnO / HCl
H S
FeCl
3
Cu 7: ot chay hoan toan 4,741 gam n chat X trong oxi roi cho toan bo
san pham thu c hap thu het vao 100 ml dung dch NaOH 25% co khoi
lng rieng d = 1,28 g/ml c dung dch A. Nong o cua NaOH trong dung
dch A giam i so vi nong o cua no trong dung dch ban au. Dung dch
A co kha nang hap thu toi a 17,92 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Xac nh n chat X
va san pham at chay cua no.
Cu 8: Mt hn hp gm Cu v Fe c t l khi lng 7:3. Ly m (gam) hn hp ny cho phn ng hon
ton vi dung dch HNO
3
thy c 44,1 gam HNO
3
phn ng, thu c 0,75m (gam) rn, dung dch B v
5,6 lt hn hp kh (iu kin tiu chun) gm NO v NO
2
. Hi c cn dung dch B thu c bao nhiu gam
mui khan
Cu 9: Khi thm 1 gam MgSO
4
khan vo 100 gam dung dch MgSO
4
bo ho 20
0
C lm cho 1,58 gam
MgSO
4
kt tinh li dng khan. Hy xc nh cng thc ca tinh th mui ngm nc kt tinh. Bit tan
cu MgSO
4
20
0
C l 35,1 gam trong 100 gam nc.
Cu 10: Mc toi thieu cho phep cua H
2
S trong khong kh la 0,01 mg/lit. e
anh gia s o nhiem khong kh mot nha may ngi ta lam nh sau:
ien phan dung dch KI trong 2 phut bang dong ien 2 mA. Sau o cho 2 lt
khong kh loi t t qua dung dch ien phan tren cho en khi iod hoan
toan mat mau. Them ho tinh bot vao bnh va tiep tuc ien phan trong 35
giay na vi dong ien tren th thay dung dch bat au xuat hien mau
xanh. Giai thch th nghiem va cho biet s o nhiem khong kh nha may
tren nam di hay tren mc cho phep. Tnh ham lng H
2
S trong khong kh
theo the tch.
Cu 11: Trong qua trnh xac nh kh oc H
2
S trong khong kh ngi ta lay 30 lt
khong kh nhiem H
2
S

(co

d = 1,2 g/l) cho i cham qua bnh ng lng d dung
dch CdSO
4
e hap thu het kh H
2
S. Tiep theo em axit hoa hoan toan lng
ket tua trong bnh, roi hap thu het lng kh thoat ra bang cach cho vao
ong ng 10 ml dung dch I
2
0,0107M. Lng iod con d phan ng va u vi
12,85 ml dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,01344M. Hay viet phng trnh phan ng xay ra
va tnh ham lng H
2
S trong khong kh theo ppm. Biet rang ppm la so
microgam chat trong 1g mau. (1 ppm = 10
-6
g)
Cu 12: Cho mot mau khoi lng 1,234 gam cha PbO, PbO
2
va tap chat tr.
Them vao coc cha hon hp o 20 ml dung dch H
2
C
2
O
4
0,25M e kh hoan
toan PbO
2
thanh Pb
2+
va e hoa tan PbO. Sau o them dung dch NH
3
va
coc e ket tua hoan toan PbC
2
O
4
. Loc ra e tach ket tua khoi dung
dch, thu c ket tua A va dung dch B. Axt hoa dung dch B bang lng d
dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Dung dch nay phan ng va u vi 10 ml dung dch KMnO
4
0,04M. Hoa tan ket tua A bang lng d dung dch H
2
SO
4
loang. Dung dch thu
Trang: 34
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
c phan ng va u vi 30 ml dung dch KMnO
4
0,04M. Viet cac phng
trnh phan ng va tnh phan tram khoi lng cua PbO va PbO
2
trong mau.
Cu 13: Phan ng gia 24,71g muoi clorua cua mot nguyen to phan nhom
chnh (phan nhom A) vi 10,9g amoniac tao ra mot hon hp cac san pham
gom 25,68g NH
4
Cl ; 2,57g mot nguyen to the ran va 7,37g muoi nitrua
ket tinh mau vang cua nguyen to o ; phan ng xay ra theo phng trnh
sau: nA
w
Cl
x
+ mNH
3
pNH
4
Cl + qA + rA
y
N
z
(Trong o n, m, p, q, r, w, x, y, z la cac he so va cac ch so phai xac
nh). Mot mau Nitrua tren no manh khi ap bang bua, nhng khi polime
hoa co kiem soat bang cach un nong tao thanh mot chat ran, dang si,
mau o hong, co kha nang dan ien nh kim loai. Xac nh nguyen to A.
Viet va can bang mot phng trnh ay u cho cac phan ng gia muoi
clorua vi amoniac noi tren.
Cu 14: A, B la 2 nguyen to khong phai la hiro. Tong so hat proton, ntron,
electron cua AB
x
nhieu hn cua A
x
B la 3 (x la so nguyen dng). Trong phan
t AB
x
: A chiem 30,435% ve khoi lng va so hat mang ien cua B nhieu
hn cua A la 18.
1. Xac nh ten cua A, B va viet cong thc cau tao cua AB
x
, A
x
B.
2. Hoan thanh phng trnh phan ng: M + XAB
x+1
M(AB
x+1
)
n
+ A
a
B
b
+
C (M l kim loi)
Vi 5a 2b = 8 th A
a
B
b
co the la AB
x
hay A
x
B? Viet lai phng trnh tren.
Cu 15: Cho 88,2 gam hon hp A gom FeCO
3
,FeS cung lng khong kh a c
lay d 10% so vi lng u tac dung vao bnh kn the tch khong oi. Tao
nhiet o thch hp cho phan ng xay ra e thu c Fe
2
O
3
(gia thiet c 2
muoi ban au co kha nang nh nhau trong cac phan ng). a bnh tr ve
nhiet o trc khi nung, trong bnh co kh B, chat ran C. Kh B gay ra ap suat
ln hn 1,45% so vi ap suat kh trong bnh o trc khi nung. Hoa tan chat
ran C trong lng d H
2
SO
4
loang, c kh D (a lam kho) ; cac chat con
trong bnh phan ng c tac dung vi lng d dung dch KOH. e chat ran
E co trong bnh sau qua trnh tren ra ngoai khong kh sau thi gian can thiet,
c chat ran F. Biet rang trong hon hp A ban au 1 muoi co so mol gap
1,5 lan so mol cua chat con lai.
1. Viet phng trnh cac phan ng xay ra.
2. Kh B nng hay nhe hn kh D ? Tnh cu the.
3. Tm % cua hon hp F.
Cu 16: Hn hp A gm Fe, Al c t l khi lng m
Fe
: m
Al
= 7:3. Ly m gam hn hp A cho phn ng vi
dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng. Sau mt thi gian th lm lnh dung dch, n khi phn ng kt thc, thy lng
axit tham gia phn ng l 68,6gam H
2
SO
4
v thu c 0,75m gam cht rn (khng cha lu hunh n cht),
dung dch B v 5,6lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm SO
2
v H
2
S. Tnh m?
Cu 17: Mot hon hp A gom 3 kim loai Mg, Al, Zn. Hoa tan het 7,539 gam A vao
1 lit dung dch HNO
3
sau phan ng thu c 1 lt dung dch B va hon hp kh D
gom co NO va N
2
O. Dan hon hp kh D vao bnh kn dung tch 3,2 lit co cha
N
2
0
o
C, 0,23 atm th thay nhiet o trong bnh tang len 27,3
o
C, ap suat tang
len 1,1 atm va khoi lng bnh tang len 3,72 gam. Neu cho 7,539 gam hon
hp A vao 1 lt dung dch KOH 2M ket thuc thay khoi lng tang len 5,718
gam. Tnh % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp A ban au.
Cu 18: Ha tan ht 2,25 gam hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A (ha tr I) v B (ha tr II) vo lng d dung
dch hn hp gm HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
(c) thu c 2,205 gam hn hp kh Y gm NO
2
v mt kh Z. Bit Y
chim th tch 1,008 lt (ktc). Hy tnh khi lng mui khan to thnh.
Trang: 35
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
TRNG THPT CHUYN THNG LONG K THI HC SINH GII QUC GIA LP 12 THPT
LP 12 HA NM HC 2008 2009
KIM TRA S 1
MN THI: HA HC
HA HC V C
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (Khng k thi gian pht )
H v tn th sinh:........................................................................................................
S bo danh:.................................................................................................................
( thi gm c 2 trang)
Cu 1: (3.0 im)
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Dung dch long ClO
2
trong nc khi gp nh sng to thnh 2 axit
b. Trong dung dch kim NaOH, ClO
2
nhanh chng to ra hn hp 2 mui
c. ClO
2
c iu ch t phn ng ca KClO
3
, H
2
C
2
O
4
vi H
2
SO
4
long
d. ClO
2
trong cng nghip c iu ch bng cch cho NaClO
3
tc dng vi SO
2
khi c mt H
2
SO
4

2. So snh tnh bn, tnh axit v tnh oxi ha ca HClO
3
, HBrO
3
, HIO
3
. Ly v d minh ha
3. Bng phng php no c th tch c HClO ra khi hn hp vi HCl. Trnh by c th
Cu 2: (2.0 im)
1. So snh lin kt NitNit trong hirazin N
2
H
4
v kh ci N
2
O v bn v chiu di lin kt
2. Gii thch ti sao NaCl, KCl tan nhiu trong nc trong khi AgCl, Hg
2
Cl
2
, PbCl
2
li rt t tan
3. Trong mi chn s A, B, C ng mt mui Nitrat. Nung cc chn nhit cao trong khng kh n khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau lm ngui chn ngi ta nhn thy:
- Trong chn A khng cn du vt g c
- Cho dung dch HCl vo chn B thy thot ra kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh
- Trong chn C cn li cht rn mu nu
Xc nh cc mui Nitrat trong cc chn A, B, C v vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
(Ch : Vi chn A bin lun 3 trng hp, chn B 1 trng hp, chn C 2 trng hp)
Cu 3: (2.0 im)
xc nh lng Nit c mt trong thp di dng N
3-
, ngi ta ha tan 5 gam thp trong dung dch HCl.
Ion
4
NH
+
c hp th hon ton bng 10 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
5.10
-3
M. Lng d H
2
SO
4
c xc nh
bng lng d KI v KIO
3
. Iot gii phng ra s c chun bng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,012M v dng
ht 5,14 ml. Tnh % khi lng Nit c trong thp.
Cu 4: (2.0 im)
Trn 2 dung dch va vi nhau gm ch axetat v clorua vi. Sau phn ng lc, tch kt ta mu en ri
ra sch. Ha tan kt ta vo lng d dung dch hn hp MnSO
4
v H
2
SO
4
thy c kt ta nh mu trng
v dung dch c mu tm. Mun lm mt ht mu tm ny cn dng 10 ml dung dch FeSO
4
0,05M trong
H
2
SO
4
. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra di dng ion v dng phn t. Tnh khi lng ch axetat v
clorua vi dng trong th nghim trn.
Cu 5: (2.0 im)
A l cht rn tan trong nc to dung dch mu sm. A l cht oxi ha mnh, nht l trong cc axit. un nng
A c cc sn phm B, C, D u l cht oxi ha mnh. Nu cho dung dch B mu lc tc dng vi kh Clo
th c dung dch A c mu m. Nu nung chy cht rn C vi kim v c mt oxi th s to mt cht chy
mu lc. Nu un nng cht rn C vi axit sunfuric th s c kh D thot ra v c mt dung dch mu hng
ca cht E. Cht E l sn phm kh ca A khi iu ch kh clo t KCl c mt axit sunfuric. Cc cht A, B, C
u cha cng mt kim loi
1. Vit cng thc ca A, B, C v nu tn ca chng
2. Vit cc phng trnh cho cc phn ng chuyn ha di y
a. A
B+ C + D
b. B
A
c. C
B
d. C
E
Trang: 36
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************
e. B + H
2
O
A + C f. A
Cl
2
+ E
Cu 6: (2.0 im)
Cho bit ion phc Co(III) c cu trc bt din.
1. V tt c cc ng phn ca [Co(NH
3
)Br(en)
2
]
2+
(en: etyleniamin)
2. Nhng ion phc
3+
3 6
Co(NH ) v
3
6
CoF

ng trong nhng ng mu ring t trn mt ci cn. y cc
ion phc c mt nam chm in vy quanh. Khi kch hot nam chm in th khi lng ca
3
6
CoF

tng ln cn khi lng ca
3+
3 6
Co(NH ) khng b nh hng g. Gii thch.
Cu 7: (3.0 im)
Khi Clo ha hon ton 1,44 gam cht A bng thionyl clorua ngi ta c 2,735 gam dn xut clo l B. Khi
c mt hp kim Cu/Al, cht B tc dng c vi CO to ra nhng tinh th C trong sut, bn trong khng kh,
c cha 27,27% cacbon theo khi lng. Dng Natri trong bipiriin kh 2,36 gam C ta c 2,31 gam mui
D nghch t cha 23,16% cacbon, khng bn trong khng kh. em oxi ha C vi oxi trong nhng iu kin
nht nh s c A v CO
2
. Khi kh A bng hiro s c nc v 0,96 gam n cht E
1. Xc nh cc cht A, B, C, D, E.
2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Cu 8: (4.0 im)
A l mui clorua khan ca mt kim loi c cng thc l MCl
n
(mu hoa o) khng ha tan trong nc tinh
khit (a) ngay c khi trong nhiu ngy hoc cho thm HCl. Khi cho thm mt lng nh ion thic Sn(II),
hoc cht tng t Cr(II), s c s ha tan to thnh B (b) mt dng hirat ca A. Dung dch B ny
(c pha ch t 1,000 gam cht A) cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d s cho ra 0,905 gam kt ta AgCl
(c). Lc tch AgCl ra, cn li dung dch lc B (trong cn cha AgNO
3
) em un qua m (d). Mu dung
dch chuyn qua mu xanh l cy sng (C), sau chuyn qua mu tm (D). Ngi ta li lc ly tip
AgCl. Qu trnh c biu din theo s sau:
( )
( )
2
3
II II
3 2

H O
AgNO
Sn ,Cr ,ZnO
AgNO H O, ,24h
a b c d d
xanh l cy + AgCl xanh l cy
A B B' C D tm

+ AgCl

1. Hy cho bit phn ng (a) l phn ng nhit ng hc khng t pht hay phn ng b cn tr do
nguyn nhn ng hc, gii thch? V sao phn ng (a) khng xy ra. Mt cch tng qut, gii thch ti
sao cc phn ng ca M trng thi oxi ha li din ra chm. V sao khi c mt mt kng nh Sn(II)
trong dung dch phn ng (a) li xy ra?
2. Da vo kt qu thu c, hy bin lun tm MCl
n

3. Vit cc dng ng phn phi t ca B v cho bit cc ion phc no tn ti trong dung dch B, C, D
Xt tip cc qu trnh sau:
( )
2 4( )
2 2
2
3
H SO
OH / H O H / pH 2
e f g
Zn/ H trao anion
cho CH COO tinh
xanh lam
+

D E F G
D H I

Kt qu phn tch nguyn t ca I: ( )
2
2
2
M OAc .H O
+
1. Cho bit cc sn phm ca phn ng e, f, g v cu trc ca G
2. H c th c nhng cu hnh electron nh th no?
3. Axetat I kt tinh c tnh nghch t. Hy gii thch hin tng nghch t ca I
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ht - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cho: H = 1 ; C = 12 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; Na = 23 ; S = 32 ; Cl = 35.5 ; Ca = 40 ; Sc = 45 ; Cr = 52 ;
Mn = 55 ; Fe = 56 ; Co = 59 ; Cu = 64 ; Br = 80 ; Mo = 96 ; Tc = 98 ; Ag = 108 ; Ba = 137 ; Pb = 207
i
kt
c
thm sng
Trang: 37
*****************************************************************************************************************************************************

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Bai tap Hoa Hoc nang cao chuyen e Vo C ai Cng

. Cho biet cac khoi

va chuyen thanh mot hat

S: 1,26 ; 1,66 ; 1,56 ; 1,82 ; 2,07 ; 2,00 ; 2,26 ; 2,52

(kJ/mol) ac trng cho phan ac tnh ion cua

. T 1185K n 1667K st kim loi c cu to mng

. Trn 1167K v cho ti im nng chy st chuyn v dng

. Cu trc sau cng (pha cui) cn c gi l st-

. Cht rn mi ny c gi l martensite - rt cng v gin. D hi b bin dng, cu to tinh th ca

va nhiet dung mol

0. Cbhh (I) nhanh chng c thit lp.

l hng s in li ca ion phc

b. Hoa tan mot t I

khng? Bit rng:

(cu trc lp phng tm khi) cc nguyn t cacbon c th chim

(cu trc lp phng tm din) v tnh tng chiu di

1. Trong mi trng m bc ca phn ng l bao nhiu

l th iu kin v ph thuc vo pH. pH cng gim th dung dch

Cu 5: Mt vi tnh cht ca mt hp cht v c cha bit A c lit k di y:

cht nng chy khng b gy vng

vng b b gy thnh cc phn t polime c h lin hp pi

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