Project report

Submitted for the partial Fulfillment of

CHEMISTRY
ON

ALLOYS
CLASS XII (NON-MEDICAL) SESSION: 2008-09
Submitted To:Mr. Devender Malik Head of Chemistry Department Submitted By:Niti Jain Class XII Roll No. 2649490

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY SATYANAND PUBLIC SCHOOL

Acknowledgement

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and intentness to all of those who helped me in preparation of this project report. I am extremely thankful to Mr. Devender Malik Head of Chemistry Department in Satyanand Public School, Gohana helping in the completion of this project. He has not only provide the original ideas for this but constantly guided me throughout and provide much needed encouragement. I am thankful to him. I am also thankful to our Principal Madam, Smt. Rekha Vij for encouragement in this work and I also extend my obligatory gratitude to my parents,

relatives and friends for giving me useful advice. Heena Chugh CLASS XII ROLL NO. 2649492 SATYANAND PUBLIC SCHOOL, GOHANA

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Heena Chugh Class XII (NonMedical) has successfully completed this project under my supervision by putting in more than 20 periods of hard works. She has worked on the project very sincerely and honestly. This project is expected to be considered as a part of Chemistry paper of Senior Secondary

examination conducted by Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi.

Signature . Mr. Devender Malik (Head of Chemistry Department)

INDEX

 Introduction Classification of Alloys

Alloys of Aluminum

Alloys of Iron Alloys of copper Other examples of Alloys Purposes of Alloys Qualitative Analysis of brass

INTRODUCTION

An ALLOYS is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. An alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam. Alloys are usually harder than their components but very often less ductile malleable. For example, aluminum metal is light but not strong, but an alloy of aluminum with copper, magnesium and manganese (called duralium) is light as well as strong. Similarly, aluminum metal is light but not strong, but an alloy of aluminum with magnesium (called magnalium) is light as well as hard. Alloys have properties which are different from the constituent metals. The melting point of an alloy is always lower than the melting point of constituent metals. Other properties such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture, mechanical strength, ductility, color etc. also undergo a change when an alloy made from its constituent metals. This change in the properties is very useful and makes alloys beneficial.

CLLASIFICATION OF ALLOYS
Alloys are classified in many ways

ALLOYS OF ALUMINUM Aluminum is a very light metal but is nit5 strong. So its alloys with strong metals are strong and yet light. The important alloys of aluminum are Duralium (or Duralumin) and Magnalium. A third alloys is Alnico.
1} Duralium (or duralumin): Duralium is an alloy containing Aluminum, Copper and traces of magnesium and (Al, Cu, Mg, Mn).the percentage composition of Duralumin is : Aluminum 95% Copper 4% Magnesium 0.5% Manganese 0.5% Duralium alloy is much stronger than pure aluminum. In fact, duralium compares with mild steel in strength and at the same time it is very light. Since duralium is light and yet strong. It is used for making the aircraft bodies and parts, space-satellites, and kitchen-ware like pressure cookers, etc. duralium is also resistant to Seawater corrosion, so it is us3ed for making bodies of ships. 2} Magnalium:

Magnalium is an alloy containing Aluminum and Magnesium (AL, Mg). The percentage composition of magnalium is: Aluminum 95% Magnesium 5% Magnalium is much harder then pure aluminum, and yet very light. It can be worked on lathes. Magnalium is used to make light instruments. 3} Alnico: Alnico is an alloy containing Aluminum, Nickel, Cobalt and Iron (Al, Ni, Co, Fe). It is used for making magnets.

ALLOY OF IRON

The important alloys of iron are steel and stainless-steel

1} Steel:
Steel is an alloy of iron with 0.5 to 1.5% of carbon. Thus, the constituents of steel are iron and carbon. Pure iron is not very hard and strong but steel is very hard and extremely strong. Steel is used for making nails, screws, girders, bridges and railway lines etc. It is also used for the construction of building, vehicles and ships. 2} Stainless steel: Stainless steel is an alloy of iron with chromium and nickel. It contains up to 18% of chromium and nickel. Stainless steel is an alloy of steel. This is one of the most important alloys of iron. Pure iron is not very hard and strong and it rusts on exposure to humid air. On the other hand stainless steel is hard and strong and does not rust. Since stainless steel resists corrosion, it is used for making cooking utensils, knives, scissors, tool and ornamental pieces. Stainless steel is also used for making equipments for food processing industry and dairy industry.

ALLOY OF COPPER

The important alloys of copper are brass, bronze, German silver and gun metal. 1} Brass: Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. It contains 80% copper and 20% zinc. Brass is more malleable and stronger than pure copper. Its color is also more golden. Brass is used for making cooking utensils, screws, nuts, bolts, wires, tubes, scientific instruments like microscopes and ornaments. Brass is also used for making vessels like flower vases and fittings like that of fancy lamps. 2} bronze: Bronze is an alloy of copper and Tin. It contains 90% copper and 10% tin. Bronze is very tough and highly resistant to corrosion. It is used for making ststus, coins, medal, cooking utensils and ships propellers. 3} German silver: German silver is an alloy of copper, zinc and nickel. It contains 60% copper, 20% nickel. German silver contains no silver. German silver is

used for making silver-wares, utensils and for electroplating. 4} Gun metal: Gun metal is an alloy of copper, zinc and tin. It contains 85% copper, 3% zinc and 12% tin.

SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF ALLOYS

SOLDER Solder is an alloy of Lead and Tin. It contains 50% lead and 505tin. The alloy solder is used for soldering joints. AMALGAM An alloy of mercury metal with one or more other metals is known as an Amalgam. An amalgam consisting of mercury, silver, tin and zinc. It is used by dentists for filling of teeth. A solution of sodium metal in liquid mercury metal is called sodium amalgam.

PURPOSE OF ALLOYS
To modify chemical reactivity When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be used but its alloys with mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used as reducing agent. To increase hardness Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. To increase tensile strength Nickeloy, an alloy of nickel (1%), copper (4%) and aluminum (93%) has high tensile strength. To Lower The Melting Point Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn (30%) and Pb (70%) has very less Melting point as compared to melting points of tin and lead.

 To Modify The Color Aluminum, bronze, an alloy of copper and aluminum has beautiful golden color. To Resist Corrosion Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with time but stainless steel which is an alloy of iron and carbon does not get rusted.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A SAMPLE OF BRASS

REQUIREMENTS: China dish, test tube, funnel, filter paper and common laboratory reagents. THEORY: A small piece of brass is dissolved in 50% nitric acid when metals gets converted to their nitrates. After the removal of excess nitric acid, the solution is tested for Cu+2 and Zn+2 ions. 4zn + 10 HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O 3Cu + 8 HNO3 3Cu(No3)2 + 4N2O + 2NO

PROCEDURE: 2. Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely. 3. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained.

4. Dissolve solid residue in dilute HCL and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate.
5.

Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained. Separate the black precipitate and keep the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions. Dissolve the black precipitate by heating them with 50% HNO3. to this solution add ammonium hydroxide solution. Appearance of deep blue color in solution shows the presence of copper ions in the solution.

6.

To test for Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solid NH4CI to this and heat to dissolve NH4CI. Add excess of NH4Oh so that a solution is ammonical. Now pass H2S gas through this ammonical solution. Dirty white or grey precipitate indicate zinc. Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum amount of dilute HCI. Boil to expel H2S gas and add potassium ferrocyanide solution, white or bluish white precipitate confirm the Zn+2 ions in the solution.