ATTACK AND DEFENSE The midalte gome of ‘often appears chaotic, but there is order in the chaos, as this book plainly reveals. The result of a joint effort by a ‘winning, Japanese professional player and anexp writer itlaysdown a few clear principles, then goes through a wealth of applications: examples, proble ional play, The reader emerges with a > of how to choose strategy, how tc jenced America and case studies from prof thorough gr execute dual-purpose attacks, how to defend with nt into acl contact plays, how to force his oppor submission of cooperation, how to invade territorial frameworks, and when to fight a knowledge thatno player can afford tobe edu ko, Thi with ISBN 497287-14.9 aeAbout the Authors AKIRA ISHIDA vas born in 1949 in Tokyo, second son toa 2-dan profesional go player. He became a profesional pup atthe age of nine, made pro- fessional shodan eight yeas late, and has been earning api fro: motions eve snc. shodsn 1966 2den 1967 Sain 1968 ‘an 1970 San 1971 din 1973 Tedan 1975, Edin 1979, He has male his mark on the tournament sce as wel, having fished Mist or acond in fv events through 1979: 1972-won the upper division of the tes (ranking tournament 1076-finished second in the Prime Ministers Cup tournament 1977-finished 2nd in the 7-dan bracket ofthe Kise tournament 978-won the Shiia-O tite 1979-won the Shinjn-0 tte He was awarded the Kido prize for oustanding technique in 1978. JAMES DAVIES ‘as born in 1845 in Philadelphia, He studied mathematics at Obelin College and the Uninesty of Washington, but in 1970 the game of 0 drew him 0 Japan, where he has ved sac, An amatedr (S-dan) Player but a semi-professional write, he has tured ovt numerous books and countless magazine aries ong. Elementary Go Series, Volume 5 ATTACK AND DEFENSE by Akira Ishida and James Davies Kiseido Publishing Company ‘Tokyo, Santa Monica, AmsterdamPublished by iseido Publishing Company ‘CPO Bax 1140 ‘Tokyo, Japan ©Copyright 1960 by Iuhida Akira and James Davies Copyright 1997 by Ishida Akira and James Davies ‘This book is distebuted in Burope by Schaak en Gowinkel het Paaed Allsights reserved according to international law. This book ‘or any pasts thereof may not be reproduced in any form with- ‘ut written permission from the publishes. Fit Printing onary 1980 Fourth Printing September 197 Printed in Korea PREFACE ‘The dale game i he most angled and chaotic part ofthe ame ‘of go. By the tne tis tage eoehed, every game has developed in lis own pocular way, andthe same situation never seems to come vp twice, Yet despite dh vast diversity of forms, there are certain ‘sc ideas that shine through and reves order in dhe chaos pn Sipes much a» contact moves for defense, non-oatact moves for titack;tesnigues euch at Ianng and sping Knowledge of these le eset! to any plier progres: this book attempts to exriain them, Orpanication ‘Our main themes are the strategy and tactics oflarge-scale fighting. ‘Thee ate covered in Chapter Two {0 Four, which form the core of the book. Chapter One sts the stage by discussing the win balances that the fighting & all about, Chapters Five and Six, on forcing and inducing, add noes ftinements. Chapters Seven and Eight ther apply this knoweege to the iavaion and reduction of Ire ind sal frameworks, Chapter Nine considers ko fighting. Chapter Tea offers summary and revew inthe foxm of twenty fullboerd problems. Prereubites ‘We asus that the render fair wih the basic moves ofthe ame ~ the dlgonal move, han, oneepace jump, ote. ~ and that he iowa what posh, a cu, and an invasion are. If he does not, he should esd Val. 1 of his series, In he Bexinnng, and find out. We also assume that he i familar with elementary tactics —lad- {ert te, ~ and that he knows the meaning of the term ‘mia. Ac ‘ually, mo rel teal knowiedge i needed to comprehend this book inva pineal way, but some such knowledge wil prove necessary 19 folow it in dstall and even more wil te roqled when puttin "ts contents to use, Reader who are decent in tactics should work Uhvough Vol 3 of tis sees, Tesytcaution ‘At several places, such asthe ends of Chapters Two, Fie, and ‘Six, we have included rather long sequences from profesional ‘ay. We put them in because we thought the reader might ike to fee how profesional, wo the techniques being diseased, but if be finds them uninteresting or incomprehensible, he may skip past them without breaking the continuity, Reminder Go is game; you are fre to devse your ov strategies and slay wherover you want. Ifyou win ~ fine; i you lose — so what ‘The more experiments you try, the more interesting the game becomes, This book wll show you plenty of good moves, but we do rot mean to inply that they ae the only good moves, or that you ‘ust bind yourel to them We encourage every reade to develop ahs own. Acknowledgements Our thanks to ‘Richard Boralich of the [shi Press, without whose encourapement nd prodding we might never have fred. John Rower, fr proofreading and slisic improvements. ‘The many profesional payers, ving and dead, from whose ‘ames we have borrowed without always ging cet "The Nhon Klin, forthe ue of tetas, Tokyo, Japan Ara Ishida December 1979 James Deve ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS, (Chapter One Teritory and Power Cater two slacking Strategy aer Tee. wares crosses ‘Attacking Moves (chapter Four... Defense ‘Chapter Five Forcing Moves (Chapter six Induing Moves| (chapter Seven Reducing and lvaling Large Frameworks (Cuter Bight Tavaslons nto Three Space Extensions chapter Nine Ko Fights Chapter Tn Problems Guide to Further Stody se - 0 130 ua, m1 198 208 250Chapter One ‘TERRITORY AND POWER Atiack and defense provide most of the excitement in go. If stones could not be captured and groups killed, the game would be (hl indeed, Go players are supposed to bea rational calm, caleust- ing ot, but chat does not step them from enjoying the tll of at- tacking and watching their opponents wriggle and equim. It could ten be argued that go appels to the sae human emotions as Jo hunting an warfare. ‘Stately as well at emotional, attack and defense are of feat Importance in go, especialy inthe middle me. They ae, Fact, 20 deeply involved with the middle game that it would be di Fait to consider the one without conldering the other, Before rng caught up inthe subject of ata and defense, accordingly, twe ought to minke sure we Know what the base purpose of the mid. “i game is It is not to attack orto defind; thes ace mean rather than end, It sto be foun, instead, in two fundamental balances, ‘ih also comespond to human dees the balance of testory and the balance of power. “The Balance of Teitory By the balance of teritory we mean the balance of definitly cootoled areas ~ the territory that Black has secured so fara op owed to the tenitory that Whites secured. Is this balance im portant? Ye, because whoever lends init atthe end ofthe ame is the wine! The balance of territory in the mide of the game i loos decisive, but ii sil important, Since go i tetra game, the bance of terstryialway a primary factor. ‘And since go i strategic game, knowledge of the balance of ter story it primary Factor is planning srteny. Knowing how yoo Stand inthe balance of tess secured sofa tel you what you have {fo accomplish inthe ares of potential tenitory and ro-nan'eland ~ it clarifies your goals. Knowing your golspreatly increases your chances of finding winning tretepy, Profesional players in serious ‘ames koep a constant watch om the balan of eretory, sometimes ‘nluating it at almost every move. We do not sugsest that you 39 that far ~ you should not distract yourself in the mide of fight: ing sequence by worrying about unrelated teritoial questions — but wheneter the fighting dies down and you find yourself wondering What to do next, is a good idea to start by estimating the balance of terior. ‘That raises the problem of how to estinat it Since the bound aves of mort terfories fend to be somewhat unsettled during the mille game, an exact mumariel value wil be haré to obtain, One ‘am ty to mke reasonable conlectures about wha! wil happen ia the endgame and thus determiae 4 podse value for each pee of testy, perhaps usiog certain averaging technique, but this i hard for even 2 profesional to do accurately, and the exerci unlialy tobe worth the tne required ‘That lads one (o make rouph estimate of tester, to what looks ike the nearest multiple of Breton points her, thirty-five thes, ote This method ean be useful, bat it el ine contains snd it accurscy is ot too much 10 be eied upon, A few bad fimatas can distort the toll balance by ten to twenty point, ex ‘more, and 4 numerical estimate that ie that fr off ik not worth such, “The simplest way to estimate the balance of teritory, and the way we want to recommend forthe middle game, i match the ‘black and white areas agaist eachother dee. “This black tex tory Is about the same size as that white one; hat lac terior is 1 big as those two white ones put together, and soon. This method 's quicker than any numerial method and is sscurate enough to steer one away fom gras stratelc blunder, which i all tht ie required -1-Take the gxme ie Dia. 1 for example I is Blacks tur, and considering the ralave positions of the. tangled stones a move like A or B seems sppropriste. A hasty payer woul probably play at one of thes pots, What happan, however, if Back estimates the balance of testo”? Dit. “The upper sde i dvd in hal, Black has the eight haf, and we pant White contral of the Tet Hal, these two areas rvghly cee White has small tertory fo he lower sight and a framework In the lower lft The later Is not absolutly secure, bt et’ not quibble about that let's urn to the white group inthe lower right Genter I dead; Waite wood have wouble making oven one eye, Tet alone two. Since point witha pesoner on it counts double, this pce of black leritry is alot twee a» big mt looks, and most twice 2 tg as White's holdings inthe Iowa right and lower Jef combined. Black has nee tte esd, With that sonsforting lnowedge to guide us, let's opin conside- {ng Black's next move, How aboot Black A or Black 1 in Dia.) D2 Da? ‘Tae ting move, and Back pay White may fh bck by Jumping to 2 Wid 2 wl we wal of ote ag aot insneae x Buck ght end up bg eapted i bg wy The Tc that Re won Be enoanr the iit ha of he bond es not neceuriy mean that He wl win Us oe to, Ti be neg att ti i ack ep he srw Wht sg an upc. The ne ‘for Black B in Dia. 1, act re ain What then held Blk do about hs ange stone in Di 17 Wane he ey eo ede en afr tose fei can do tat ih sand p D3 Ihe Rego inthe sume pt ith 5 and he un ot a tert compensate fr th stone he ros itr! ad roman tout the sane fhe wos Fingal ik ti, Re ih tar te, Tse Jeans sing that ch man souk’ ek quer tt! The plier no land the lnc of teny on yf Ste the ume by pings pl Te ab opponent ‘ow alae coatNext It's examine the postion in Dia. 4: White to play. Who is leading in the balance ofteritory tis time? What should White 0? Consider White Aand B. Dad Dia 5 ‘White has rowing to compare with Blc’s lrg teritory inthe pet lef, 0 Black leds in territory at che moment, Can Whi fren the balance by cutng at A, ia, at 1 in Dia, 57 Black wi Force blm through 11, thon defond the lover side at 12, How do Disk’ end Waits fetes compare now? The large one White has just mado‘on the sight idee about equal to Bes lar one in the upper lft (count and edly if you wish), but Blsck's upper right comes lggr than White's all uprerside triton, Black's Tefsde teritory Is bigger than Walte's lefesde teritory, and Blick’ lower sde i, afte 12 in Di, 5, bigger than White's lover ‘de, Blick has a considerable lead 1 seems that if White les Black defend the lower side at 1, be cannot win 1 Black has aay vulnerability in this game, itis hs group in the -10- lower right, which is lrg but open at the bottom, and ack definite tye shape. White's ony chance bes in taking advantage ofits weak- ness, no in a minor way lik cutting at A, but in amajor way ke invading at B. From B White can escape to elthr the ght or the let Dia 6 ‘ia, 6, This positon fom one ofthe Japanese authors games, and the sequence shown fthe one actully payed, White invaded at 1. Blak let him out to the right, serifcing two stones in oréer 10 Play 10 and 12 in sete, then defended ot 14, bat Whit 15 meant that ho sl did not have to sure ees, oe could na stop to ca fect apainat A. White's invasion was ¢suosess. A few move ate ‘White went Back to cut at A, al what with th profit taken onthe lower side, the game becare reasonably clos. Block was stl ahead, but his group was sll weal and Waite was able to chase it toward the left, thea make a move that threatened both t and the lower left comer, Black, under preste, defended incorrectly and lost the ‘come, White's strategy was rewarded with tory,Fight, invade, and tey to generate confusion — the strategy to follow when one i tntorily behind is exacly the opposite of the strategy for when one ahead, Estimating the balance of tes tory and choosing one's strategy accordingly te not dit, but many players fl to take this ep. ‘The reason may be that they are just foo caught up in the ex sitement of the game to stop and eansder what is actully bappen- log, but peshaps they re also inthe grip of pial human wipes. auras tellus that most animals, man included, have 2 ter torial stinet. Much human history canbe vewed ass stugle for tory. Men have alvays been mos aroused whes thelr home teritory was threatened with invasion, We can see these Instincts st work onthe go board, to. ‘At one extreme we have the player who isso jealous of his own teritory chat he protects it agaist the slightest incursions wito constantly forgot attack in favor of defense; who loses throug timidity. At the other exteme we have the player whose lousy engulfs the whole board; who tris nt tolet his opponent have any teritory at all who usualy ends up losing lage groups of ovr ‘extended stones. These prople are deluded, They understand the fonoept of “entor”’, but they lack dhe flatst inking of the meaning of balance’. ‘The Balance of Power We have abeady observed tht the balance of tenitory in the riddle game isnot dees. Ic constantly sifting. What goers the way it shifts? Th two player’ silo otherwise is oe obvious factor, bat that blag equal, the way the balance of testy shits is governed by wat wo shall all the balance of power. “The player wh leads inthe balance of power isthe player whose iroupe ae stronger, of placed where they exert more influence ‘his player finds it relatively eary to enlarge his own tenitois, reduce his opporent’s, and take the initiative. He can ply with feedom. His opponent, whose groupe are weaker or more 3 rounded, i more often ford to ve way and defend, and finds it ‘fica to extend his aes or take te iniatine. IF the balance of | a1 testory provides the goal in che game, the bance of power pro: ‘ves one ofthe Keys for eaching lusting the balance of power is canker than estimating the lunes of tevitory. Peshape for that reason, iP a Japanese pro- fessional Is asked wo i leading ina game hie response Is ky to be that Black or White Ia ctz, This word literally means “hick’ tnd thickness in go means strength, or power. What he is ying that Black or White Jas, not necessary ia th balance oftertory tthe moment, but in the balance of power, ad inthe balance of | testory to ome, ‘hore ae so many ways fm which power can be wful that its Fan to know where to start ving examples. Here are three of the ‘more common thinge that the player sho holds the balanco of| power can often do. 1 Attack Die. 7. Black hat given White ffehline teitory on the upper side in exchange for 1 power thick wall. The way for him to we this power shown i the next diagram,Dix, & He should attack and push Waite aginst hit wall, He continues attaching with 3 and 5, then doves the comer with 7. Ths gives him a nice plece of tettory that White cannot aly (nade, His thickness has yielded profit, notin is ow immediate vicinity, but in another part of the board. This i ‘often how power works, 2. vate Dia 9. Black holds the balance of power inthis local poston too. tls ‘Suter wal jr wkd and the white group howe itis thin, 0 the stago ie st for an Invasion Die 8 ‘Dis 10, Bask lavades at 1, and White har 90 choice but to let him ink up with 3 and 5, Black's power vantage i comverted into 4 terior advantage. ‘Dia. 11. If White tls to capture Black by playing 1, Black hanes at 4, connects at 6, cuts t 8, ard hs postion suddenly mskes its power felt, Giving star at «would accomplish xshing, so Whites {ou tones are dead. ‘Dia 10 -4e 3.Cut and fight ‘Dia. 12. Black's outer wall gves him great fund of power in ‘the lower ight In view of that, how should he ply hee? Dia 12 Dia 13 Dia. 13, tie shoud out with 1 and 3. IF White pays 4 to 10 he niay be able to esaps, ut his oup remains weak and Black i bullaing up power inthe canter. If be wes thie power by favading ‘ext at A, is tlckness in the Tower nght coer wll end vp erring im proton dhe upper ede "These theo examples could be summarized by saying thatthe player who holds the balance of power can play sagesively. He thould Took for weakxess in the eneny stones and strike before his opponent has a chance to defend. The payer whois bein in he balaee of power, convertely, should play with caution and restraint unt by s0 doing he has restored the power equilibrium. TF power is wef o hae, then it ea be worth spending moves to acquire. Realizing this can change one's whole attitude tomard the gtme, One leak to eluate moves, not only in tems of the amount of tentory they erate or deszey, but also in terms of aiswhat they do fo the balance of power. One leans to bud up thik ‘nes and influence, then use them to gain profit later, One learns to make moresike the felling. Dia (12) Di. 14. Tiss another of the Japanee authors games. Black 1 was probably 2 mistake, for White 2 was a beautfl epy. It may have had no direct terior value, butt beamed power througheut the iphttiand half ofthe board, ané it strengthened White's postion by desteoying Blck'stenutat A, Furthermore, st ws ete, Dis. 15. (oext page) If Blick ignored it, co play 1 it the lover eft corner for example, White would pres at 2,4, and 6, gaining power at every wep. lick’ postion would be compresed into a oncave shape and ts influence would bo rstdetd tothe Iefeedge, while White's wll would dominate twothids ofthe board, This ‘wold be too mach to allow: ‘Di. 16. So Blick answered White 2 with3, and with the balance ‘of power at stake there was nothing foreach side to do but keep thing back against the other. This kind of power strugle is = Frequent occurrence, All the moves inthis diagram were necessary. 16 Die 16(2~ 7) ‘The reader can et himself by plying through this sequence and ask- Ing himself at each step what would have happened che more had been omitted, <1Dia 17 Die 19 Dia. 20 ia, 17, AF Whit ents a, Bac plays 1 and 3. White's influence ‘completely vanishes. ‘Da. 18 If Black omits 1, White gives ta there and conness ‘Dia. 19, White omits 1, Back ts there, threatening a ia. 20, Black omits 2, White bends around him with 1 and 3, “Any of thse four sequences would be calanity for the player who allowed ito happea, ‘it, 21, (xt page) If Wate fore Black’ ast more in Di, 16, ext Black wl extend 0 1. Besides pining inuence and power, this aims othe attachment shown in the next diagram, "Dia 22. Black 1 iss teal. IF White ignores Black was him in with 3 to 7. Once this happeas White may as well resign. His pre ‘ows pushing moves po completely to waste a 18- Dia 21 Dia. 22 2eltwhore ia, 23. White, of course, did not ignore Black 7: he cut at 8 1 would teke us off our subject to fllow the suecoding moves in tal (Black 17 should probably have been xt 2), but Wale had fvceeded in evening up the balsnee of power in the center and he went on to win the game. Not that i Black next dravs out his ‘ome a1, White wil extend straight below 14, willing sacaiiing 10, 12,16, and 18in exchange for more power inthe center, Dia 25(7 20) =19-Dia. 24 ia, 24. Sappse, for comparison, that White had answered Bleck 1 at 2 Black woul have foreed hin with 30 7 the taken the hey pot inthe center a9, doing esentally what White di inthe das ‘rams above (Black shoul actually have played 1 at 9.) White 2in this diagram helps Black 10 form large framework embracing the left side, andi shows poor appreciation ofthe balance of testy White aleady leads secure teritory because of his eaptore ofthe tpper left commer, 20 Rs statey should not be to segue more tertory butt cance Black's outside pow. Tut &man fas an instinctive rang fr terior, he aso hist for power, and fmich of history ean be viewed as a stage forthe former, much can also be viewed asa struggle forthe later. Ii Interesting tht the middle sane in go can be viewed inthe sane ‘ays Wilh ctor, testary or power, is more important shard 12 Sy probably the two are about equal, What materi tobe aware ‘het hore ae such ding a a balance of territory and balance of power, to take note of how they stand during the game, and to bull {Your srategy around them Ey Chapter Two ATTACKING STRATEGY Ie offen happens that ding the opening one player wll skimp om safety inorder to bud up a testo esd. The eer player’ Job dhen becomes to overtake him by attacking his wosk groups. Ie nay also happen that both sides have weak groupe tht attack each uber. This chaptar deal withthe basic rate of stack, ‘What des it mean to atack? The obvious answer to this qvestion would be tht it means trying to capture stones and kil grou, Dut this i not always conet. One must not iat oneself become ‘bsesed with kilirg and capturing, like certain player we knew whose sole purpose in the game was the destruction of enemy Sones. Ths player was perhape an extrme cas, Terstry meant ‘othing to him unkss i contained dead group, He mastered all fox of the eyestealing tesu and terized Wesker opponents, but he generly fared badly aginst players of equal or greater strength Dia. 1 stows this player performing as Blick, Black 1 is an n+ Yeasonable plicement, but i 1s typlal of hit syle. For te next thirty-eight moves he fights doggedly 10 hold White to one ee, ven though ths means mining the getter portion of his own te hitory. He nstly soeeeds, but in the end he has no answer to 40, so White ves. Considering how mich potential tion he had before he started this aise and how ite he wa let with atthe ‘Question Wher should Black 40 instead of tis? Answer: Pay 1021, 21nd, one begins to se why he lost co frequently ‘One evening, after dropping his lneteenth consecutive game to ‘he local expert, hie player decided to swallow his pride and ask vat be was ding wrong, The expert, by way of reply laid out Dia, 2, pointed othe point marked a, and si, "Would you pay thisladder”| ‘No, af course not" why not” “Boca it doesnt work ‘Sor ‘So fay i demonstrating withthe moves in Dia 3, not only val you escape, but have driven you ght through the middle of try oom tortor” and TU ave cutng points Jf all up and down, the line where you can make double atari. 1 jst be runing my ‘own psitin." ‘Well, that’s what you keep doing every tine you ty (0 il = soap and full tho expert said. Dis. 2 Dia. 3 (Our player remnned sting tthe bourd for longtime thinking about the resemblance between Dia. 3 on this page and Dis. 1 00 the lst, Slowly the light dawned on hin. He relied that he had been modeling his syle of play aftr the Charge of the Light Brigade, ‘ie was embarateg fo think ow foolish he had been. “After al the mused to himself, t's the plyer with the weak group who =n shouldbe taking the rks, not hi opponent.” ‘After thishis game changed semsskably. He continae to attack, but no longer in the style ofa mad charg by an undormeaned troop of ewaly. Now his methods were pattersed afer a resdyifanty advance, which guns ground and takes tne to consolidate ite gai, fyen if that meant letting the enemy survive, He started to win ‘more often, and his rating went up, He sil ocesonaly brought down a Tage group ~ some of his opponénts simply refed to se ‘the need to defend, and others bad an outright death wish ~ bat these success no longer mattered much to him, for he had lesmed to exchange the please of making the enemy die big for the subir pleasure of making him ive smal. If anyone asked him now aout the purpose of attacking, hs answer would not be "To capture and Ki but To gai erty, or To galn power.” Attacking to Gala Testy How does one gain tetory by attacking? The best way 10 ex- lain sw few Simpl examples, ‘ie. J. White to pay and attack the black group on the lower ld, Should be atta from ebove with Aor bal with B?Dia? Dia 3 in, 2.(conet) White attacks from the right rection. The fea isnot to il the black group, Out to expand Wale’ center ‘while threatening the black group. A continuation lke 210 9 & posible, and White te sarng to get Inge amount of central texto "Dia. (wrong) The White 1 may keep Blick from getting wo yet at the edge, bat White has no ral chance of capturing, hm. lack turns at 2, threatening 2, and jumps to 4. While is sping hit own central framework his chief asset in this game — by casing Black into it “The basic question in attacking Is pot how to kil the enemy ‘roup — that Ss usually imposible ~ but what direction to attack From, Building up 2 tetsitral framework in one part ofthe board by attacking a group that Het in anoter par, as White docs in Dia. 2, is one of the ft satel that one sould lam. Al it ‘aes to muster thi strategy isthe ably to sein two directions at nee, ad anyone who cannot do a sxple ting lke tht hat no busines playing po. ~~ Dia 4 “Ty tno example without hints, ia, 4, White to ply. How shoul he attack the Black group in oem the black group Di. 5. White to pay. From what direction should be attack the group ia the lower lt center? WasDis. 6 Die 717 comects Dia 6, White should attack at 1, bung up his framework ove and foreing Black to travel through neutral pace with 2 and ‘Di. 7, White mast not attack by peeping at I. Black counters with 2, andthe damage Inficted by ‘Black 4 and T2ieunbearble. Dis, & Since adios tertory can be made in the lower ght quarter of the board and not tn the upper half, White attacks with 1 and 3, (Once sgsn Black sored toplay 2 and 4 in aneutral anea, Next White should tose the comer with 5, to keep. Black ffom in ding at the theetre! point Die 8 Attacking o Gain Power Just as one oan attack t0 gui teritory, so can one attack to ‘nin power. This time we shall look at only one example, but in mote deal seeing how the power was used ‘Dis. 1, Our example comes from 2 game between two pro: fesional 9-dan, Salata and Fujsnva. Black (Fujiwa) & somewhat behing inthe Blanc of testy, but it ish tua o ple and there ita weak white group in the center, To win, he needs to find away to exploits wealnes. Blck A might soem natural but that move would not attack very strongly, and would sll leave Blk’ lower sid smaller than Wale’ upperside. better way fr Black to redress the balance of teitory would be to invade the lage frameworks White has on the upper and left sides, AU the moment, however, he leks an adequate poner bate from which to lunch ay invasions. Black's strategy, accordingly, will be ar fllows. Fist he wil acquis the necesary power bate by attacking White's contr, Then he wil ide,Dia. 2/1 10) Dia 3 Dia. 2.(1 ~ 10) Forth next few dsgrams we sal follow the sequence actualy pliyed. Black began his attack with 1. White squicmed tothe eght with 2 and 4, then wriggle tothe left with 6 and 8. Black pursed his strategy of containing White and ining power with 3, 5,7, and 9 ‘After White 10 Black faced a decison. Should he keep plying fiom the ouside with A, or should he connect at B? Which mone would the reader Bave made? ‘ie. 3. If Black wore gong to ty to Kl White, 1 would be the ‘move, but White has the contact jump a 2,andbeeauseo the cutting pois at a and & Black wal find it ipossible to hold him in. Once Whi gts out, Black's own cater postin i ft dangerously thin. ‘ie. 4 (11 ~ 12) (ext page) Black played 11, Whit 12 captured ‘vo stones, but two stones ae only four ponis of teritory, and only one eye, White’ group was ale, but jut barely, As for Black, since the beginning of Dia. 2 he had suceeded in sacng four stones (1, 7,9, and 11) in the center fcing he np in White's Frameworks on the upper and let sds, He had hs power tase, and naw be was ready to Invade, 28 Bia. 4(11- 12) Dia. 513-27) <29- Dia 5 (13 — 29) Back began by invading the upperside at 13. White attempted to maintain hi territorial sdvantage by saving hs sone on the right side with 16 to 24, but Black was able to bal ance that to some ox feat by playing 17, sd got tents to Hovade the ‘left side at 2. White defendedthe ow. cr left comer with 25, but Black jgnored him and played 77, With this, the power ‘hat Black had puined by. attacking in the enter ha enabled him to break up all Whit’ former terior rare works, Wite’s best Femaling prospect wat of securing Inge cor ter in the lower lft, but before he could slay another stone fhe to do 40, be ad to defend it wal in the upper et, which Black was pow threat ening to capture enti.Dia. 6 (28-44) Dias. 6 and 7 show how all thi turned out. Wile saving the upper left with 28 ~ 38, White damaged his own. postion to the night by huving Black play 35 10 39. (Question: why Black 33, making an empty telangle and not Blak o? Answer: to keep Whit fom playing bin sente) Next, whe saving the wpe ight with 44 to 48, Whit loc his second eye ia the center, Then while svg his ‘enter group, he damaged his own lower lft comer, eo inich that after 65 Black was Guvatening to take over the once lower left ‘quarter of the board Black ha lot four stones i the upper sight = if Black ain Ds. 7, White — but he wae in poston to compe sate for this by playing Black c, White a, Black d and capturing the sgt side, He won by a comfortable margin. ‘This game is 2 beautiful example of what might be called the bilad-ball effet, Back earoing from one attack to the nxt. What st ch whole chainceaction off was his nil powersining attack in he center, ming Bates Dia. 1. (ottom of facing page) We have seen that one can at= tack fr either cenitory or power. Here ia postion tn which Blase 20. Dia 7/4565), has a choice botwoun these two aims. He ean go for titory with ‘Aor, ore can go for power with B, Which move iscorect?Dia? Dis, 2 Black 1 is eorect, The season Is that this 2 running bate between two Weak group, the black one and the wtecne in the center. The balace of power betweea then is dhe cues Black I strengthens the former group and weakens the ler. Asa side benefit, induces 2105, ving Blick some soli teritory on the right eds, Black 7 the sme type of move a Blick 1, tacking the enemys roaning sroup wile deending Hak’ ‘Dia (oext page) If Back turns a 1 he pushes White int a tacking with 2. Then he has foun with 3 wile White makes testory ‘with 4, just the opposite of what happened in Dia 2. He cannot con tinve with Black @ because White b would threaten c. Wore ye, White i ene agaist the lower night corner, 9 White can invade ate wih a ponsibeIinkup tf. Dias, 2 and 3 show very clearly how trsitory tends co fall at rally tothe sie chat holds the balance of power. ‘Dux 4 This Back 1s an endgare-type move. Again Whit wil take the key polat at 2, ané again he can phy @ in sens, which ‘means he can easly invade at -32- Dia 7 Dia 4 ia, 5. A running battle is a struggle for supremacy between ‘vo opposing groups. inthis postion the two gxoups are the wie one inthe upper right andthe back one coming down from the ‘ppersde. It Blacks mow, and he hae «good chance toga the ‘oper hand inthe power strug. Should he play A, or BYDia.6 Dia.7 ‘ia. 6, Black 1s correct, Beenie It concerns the eye space of both runing groupe, Once Blac plays here he i practically alive, Mile White has no eyes andi threatened with Black Ihe defends Ith 2 to 6, Black prt teseltory on the right ‘Dia 7 it Black plays 1 here, White fakes the key pont st 2, and row just one ove (White) avay rom Living, Back an attack vy but he doesnot want to because Wale bin reply would unde ‘ino is own running group, Nor would Black B, White a, Black 6, ‘White de pod, Black c could not escape and Waite would be ais ‘The point of this example that runing bates donot always have to be waged by runing inthe enter. Atul for power is basis: Iya struggle for eye space. Triect or Leaning’ Attacks ‘Duy 1. (vex page) This poston from a professional tite pane: Black 10 play, He has a te target to attack in the form of the ite group in he Lower ht. ie try to apply the srtepies we have sen so far the fst move tat Toots good Black A, building up the tito frame tron on the Tower ade while attaching. But then we notice a wet (four coattng of five black stones inthe center, Attacking fom the direction ofA ould have undesired consequences for ‘Our next ea, accordingly, 10 fllow the strategy ofthe pre ‘ous section and ply B, strengthening the Black group whi aitask- Ing, That, however, WOH induce White A. Blak does not want to push White ino Bis ova framework. oe Dia. Dia.2 ‘The diet moves, A and B, ae both undesirable, of Blacks to ‘anda move that works he wl have to ty an ndzetepproach ‘Dia, 2 Black 1 10 5 provide the solution to this problem. By leaning agunat Whites center group, Black swings the balance of power between his own center group and White's righlde group to something approaching equality. Thea he can attack from the diree ‘om he wants o with 7. Now he has a tategy thst works, an sit oe got are oman prin or stack on anther snr cage. Try apg oh Dia 3. White to play. Aor BY Try to imagine the continuation. Dia 4. Black to ply. Should ho run with Aor BY 7Dis.3 Die. 6 ia, 5, Wits 1 is comect. Black answers at 2, White 3 shutsin Is eghtaie group and it wil have to stugl starting wih ust, tole Dia. 6. If Black jumps out at 2, however, White ean capture an important pir of eating stones with 3. This would bea catastrophe for Black. ‘Dia? Dia 8 Die. 7.8 White plays 1 ere, Black escapes with 2 (nex if White 4, Black 2), Waite cannot capture anythin, and his centr group is Te weak. Dig, Black 1 is comet, leaning agsns the cane ston, If White pushes back with 2 and 4, lack extends at 3 and S while the {wo white stones tothe left fe into oblivion is, 9, (oext page) If White runs out with 2 Uhrough 8, Black ‘makes another lining attack at 9. From a basicaly defensive start ‘eas captured the offense. ‘ia. 10, Bick 1 fee 1h Joos 1 has no leaning effect, and A 36- Da 9 ‘ia 10 oie dost Bis 9. As further punishment fer Blacks anes nes Wt a lay ain set, oy Ih ore to lem gant srg, 3ou hve fo make snat vith oa ea cae le so cot pps (1 tn Di $a) dnd shoulder moves (1a Dis, nd 9) ae he most common en i ata, Hee we a cuple more enn, tent rm ‘ing at es ut fom pre stacking stators, ie, Bak top. How shoul he sack the white group on lowe set Diz 12 ak ay, tacking the wie eon coming fram the lower side. ‘ne rE.Diz 15 Dia. 14 ia. 13. Black Listhe comect eaningattack, and Whites best reply ‘storun tosfery with 2and 4, Ifhe plays at 3, Hack can play 2. ‘Dua 14, Uf White hanes with 1 het, inducing Back 2, be makes ‘Blacks attack much stronger. To fore the enemy out he way White Toots Black ot st 6 amon aways wrong. Dia, 15. Hore the shoulder move at 1 i effective, Once agtin White's best reply i probably to ran out with ? and 4 and gv up his stone onthe eft sie. Ihe plays 4 at 5, Blac wil of course keep leaning on hi with ‘Dia. 16. If White answers Back 1 at 2, he pushes Black into at- {tacking him further with 3, After Waite 4, Black ans again a5. His attack i aining weight, nd he heaton to start a econd attack at 4, White 2 is doubifl for these reasons and alto because Whites tecitorial prospects were bad ere to Begin with, since Black can slide 1, Leaning attacks lke these re the esse of go. The stiaction of toying with an enemy group — not attacking it directly but circling around i, away from it, and foring the enemy to cede Stones and tertery while protecting it ~ canbe jot a ret as the satsfiction of killing it though brute fore, Brute for attacks sre fine when they suceed, but when they fl the result tends to Be lke Dia 1 a she bepinning of tis chapter, Leaning attacks cannot faiso badly The attackers not taking any bi iss Di. 17. A fulboard postion: Black 10 play and attack the white woup inthe center. The brute: force move would be ck, but Wate wouldespe towards his two ‘ones on th sight tie with White 8, ‘ack c, Waite d? Aer White ee capes, Blacka loses nos of its value, Can the reager im see ter =39-Dig 18 How shout leaning st Black 1° That i what the Japanese Suthor id in this position during 3 Teoent tle mate, White copied at 2 and Blick ept Jesning on wt 3, S,and 7.ACths point Wite could ‘no longer ignore the danger t0 his center, 40 he de- fended with to 12 Dia. 18 'Now in a very narowsminded sense Black's attack had falled, because he had not done any damage to the right side and he could not capture the center, but even in fale he had suszseded, bcause Black 9 fo 13 ea to his geting ove forty points af testy inthe lower right, This drastically ups the balance of tritory. In adiion, Whites center remained cut off by Black 1~7 and susceptible (0 pressure, None of Backs stones went to wate, This attack wom him the game, ‘Woald the render have played 1 at 5, or atthe point above that? If, god enoogh — he ha the ight ies, lack Iwas chosen beat ‘it tlated wel withthe framework below. Black 1 at 7 mit alo do ‘the tok, though t would probably fal to eat off the center. Divide and Conquer So far we have been talking about atackng one enemy group, but the fun increases When there ae two, When one ean theaten two groups simultaneously, it becomes mich had for the enemy ‘defend. The base technique sus to play betwee the two roUDE and keep them divided, We ell all nach attacks spliting attacks, ‘or double stack 40 Dia Dia? Bie 5 Tho ws rp ht th chins fie sone the Sta The one may fo ek the wuld oe ior ie Back Wit wel on up a8, ad te te of ht framion woul ae ‘Shey tae Dis. 2. But suppose Black attacks by --1\ split ih If hte np 2, Black keeps splitting him with 3. The ‘ertom half of Whites roup ts beng ina fect Yo esd the lope donee nor actly cape ye hs oe Ft meh nt ead ei i We ets th he het 1 fh kp impr hd Now te toon tie peoptinaiae Die Ths poston ey rn fo cer or pt atc How oul Bick pon he ne atDis 5 Diab Dig. 3. Bask | bisets White's postion. (Black A would do the same.) Blick 3 continues the double attack. With 5 Black begins to bear doom on the lower white group, but he isnot abandoning the “pper ons He is pocting leaning tse at B He wil probly not al either group, but he i pining power and ls nt letting White ‘make ay sgiisnt amount of triton. If Black fied to play here, White would goaflly cross under ath ia 6, Black to play. This postion coms from a clas game between Go Sean (black) and Kitanl, but the move is one the reader should have no dificalty weing, Where an Black make 2 spbting attack? Dig. 7, (oest aps) Blick played 1 — even go penises ate not above avaling themselves of obvious moves lke this, Hck con- Solidted his position with 3 and 5 wie White had io defend with 2, 4, and 6, Hlack T Wasa for rove incidental tothe low of | play, But Black 9 was another spiting attack. Of course Black's fpliting statoy Gi not lead to the capture of either group — that ‘wouldve Been foo much to expest but by attacking in this way ‘he wat able to keep the native and eventually won, =a Dia 7 ia. & Black to ply. This tne the poston fom aa amateur fre, What should Black's stategy be? ~43-Di 9 ‘ia. 9, Blak shoud pay to split the two white groups exposed inthe lower haf ofthe Boar, Blick 1 look ike the bes attack; vith the groupe farthor apart, a ply on the mine between them would ot be so severe. If White reps t 2, Black keep ha ivd- od with 3. We have been stening that o attack des not necessary mean to il, but inthis cae ther He hance that one of the white groups wil actually dl. IF White pys 2 at A, Black 2 eum the shape of hi lower group ‘What if dhe two enemy groups are even farther apa thin in Dia 9, s0 that one stone ean x0 longer attack both of them? In this se the trick isto chase them toward each othr, wait en the ‘Bp has sufcienty narrowed, then st between them, When it ‘works, tis an be ane af the mort devastating maneuver the gue, ‘Dia 10. (oext page) Ia thie poston «move like Back A would not be much of treat to either the white rosp in te upper left ‘or the one on the lower si, ‘Dia. 11, But watch what happen Black chaes the upper group Into the center with 1, then seer towacd the lower sige with 3 and 5. With White 6 de distance has closed enough fora sling stack, Di 10 Dia IT ‘ia 12 Bac ses a 7. This makes mil of A, trapping the per Boop and, teppng ewer oe Ta Wate dr ager pop wh 8 ant 10 Back 9 a1 hf the vale, which tl ety bi I tesealy dng bv two weak soups onthe oar. Th tiagam shows wy. te =45—cus ‘The ultimate form of splitting attack sth cut, When one cut, the two enemy groupe area com together a they could possibly ‘be and the esalting double attack takes on maximum fee ia, 1. Ina positon like this White can do a great dea of dae by cutting. Dia. 1 Dia? ia. 2, He cuts at 1. If Black answers from below with 2, White ‘extends at 3. Now A and B ae ia, and Black is probably golng to lose one group or the other, ‘ia. 2. I Back defends from above with 1, White vs atari st 2 and connects at 4, The lower back group is dead and the upper one ‘mot ental out of danger (White). “The cut in Di, 2 worked very nidly; both Dia 2 and Dia 3 are sfondi ens for White. One should not cosclude, however that all ets ae good. Ifyou eu off something that de enemy can afford 1 give up the cut may actully be counter productive, helping him tw strenehen his poston, Dia. 4 A white cut here, for instance, would be atrocious. The ‘wo stones White cats off get captured all ight, but the capcure ot very big, and Black 2,4, and 6 do wonder for Bask’ position 8 whole if you ae going to cut small ike this, you ad better ot uta al, Dis. 5. Sometimes iti more effective to herd the enemys stones ‘ogether thn to hack thera apart. Here, for example — ie 5 Di. Dia 7 ia. 6, Back can cay capture one stone by coscuting with 1 ‘nd 2, but a8 compensation White gts to play 4,6, and Sin sete, ‘emow has much beter defensive shape than he stared With Dia. 7 Instead of eutting Waite apart, Black should ph him ‘opether with 1, ten undermine his aye space with 3 and chase hima tut into dhe center, Black is sil alin profit nd White iin much mor trouble. Can you tell the difference between good eut and bad — be- ‘ween what the enemy can afford to saree and what he cannot? (On the next two pages we have collected sx example of eu, ome ood and some not, Which are which? a7Dias Dia 9 ‘ia. 8 Should Back eat st A? Dia. 12 ‘Dia. 9. How about White A? Dia. 12, The white stones on the upper sde are weak, Should ‘Dia. 10, Black A would cut off one stone. Isit worthwhile? Black cut aA? ia. 11. This tine Black A would cutoff wo stones, ‘Dia. 13, Should Whit cu at A? Dia 13 ~4 ~49—Dis. Dia Die 15 Dia 14, Good! Black 1 isan ideal eat, White cannot easly suuteader ether group, but he wl havea hard tine saving both of them, Black 3 alms toward AandB. ‘Dis, 15, Bad! Blick wilingly gies up two stones, even ang = third at 4 in onder to squeze White more effectively. White hat ipined a pittance in the comer and lost a fortune on the outs ‘Note inckdentally ha ack threatens 2—b-<. "Dia 16. If White playe $i the last lagna 1 here, Blacks ‘outed poston becomes even stron ‘Diz 17. (ext page) lastead of cutag, White should approach att ~ the eyesteling ten If Bick connects at 2 is best ely) ‘White can link under a3. "Die 18. Good! Altsough Black 1 cuts af only one stone, p- ‘uring It would be very blg. White accordingly tre to save it with 2 through 6 but Black 7 thyeatos Aand B. ‘Di. 19, Bad! White Ignores Black 1 and invades the right de with 2, Adding to Blck’s problems in the comer isthe fact that White A threatens B. "Dia. 20, Far from cutting, Black should connect at and ssc fice three stones to wal off the right side in snte, This tine if ‘White plays 2 ato Black wedges in at 7 Dia 17 Die 18 Dia 19 ia. 21 Bad! Back 1 veatens A, so White has to answer at 2 sn Black etches four stones with 3 to 7 for «grand total of about {etre points. In view of the tance of tetory thi isnot nea Jy enough to win the game. White 8 begins to threaten the triangled _zoup and wipes out the influence of the black wal in the lower Teftand the main par of White's poup is wslysuongthened. Ko =~Dia. 22 ia 22, Black should attack White's group at a whole with 1 ‘He may not be able to lit, but he is building 2 wall that coor nates with he wall inthe Tower left and may lad to hi geting lage tecitory in the center, ‘Dia 23. (aext page) Good! The ladder i broken, so White 1 Avis the tinged collection of stones Into two stackable pare, Deither part may be eaptuable, but as erent unfold White can look ferward to double attacks at A and C. White A would stack te lefnd tlangled group and dhesten a comer invasion at 1, White C would attack both the righthand tangled group and te two stones onthe upperside (White D).Inadtion, White has leaning attacks at Er F. White 1 isa promising cut, ‘his problem comes fom a game batween the Japanle author (bite) nd Chan Zid, 2 leading payer of the Chine sninand To conchude this chapter, we would like to follow the attack that began with 1 out to i conclusion, Note that White starts with ‘very litle in te way of tertory, while Black hat tertory oF potential testory almost everywhere, 30 if White can win i wll be testimony to what canbe accomplished by attacking. -s2- Dia 25 ia. 24. (1 ~ 5) Blick answered the ot a 1 with addr block st and White gave atari at 3. White could have made «double atari st 4, but then Black 3 would have ended the wsfulnes ofthe cutting stone at 1. White 3 was played to prevent Black 3, Next Whit 5 threatened to capre the tree tagged stones. Dia. 24/1 ~ 5) asDia 25/5 — 15) Dis. 26. Dia, 25. (6 ~ 15) Black defended with 6 an White continved to Aevsiop his cutting group with 7 through 15. At the end ofthis tequence Blick’ aray in the lower right was in acite dancer. I had no eye yet and White could eut it off with a Dia 26. One way to defend It woud be to link at Back 1, but this would merely fvte the double attck at 4, one of White's slo when he oviialy ct ‘ia. 27, (16 ~23) So Black attempted to lve locally with 16 ask 20 captured one whit stone for ene sue oye anchalf-captured White 17 for s eeond, If White rescued 17 with a, Black could resort toa ko — Blok D, White , Black ~ for life Rather than fore the ko at ace, White made the two double at- tacks he had been planning with 21 and 23, White 21 thesteed e, whereas White 23 meant that Black's lowercight group was effective Iy sale in and the ko from Whit to Black wa a serious sve. Dia, 2. (24 ~ 34) Black answered the worst teat by ving with 2 and 26, Now if White payed a lark could ade from fighting ‘he ko, make an unconditional eye with. White shifted his attack to the upper lft with 27 to 33. Black ignored White 33 to playin the contrat 34 This was 2 good mow, defending by threatening Black but the fst that 33 had not been —s4~ Dia. 27(16 ~ 23) F Dia. 28/24— 34) answered meant thatthe lower left omer was that mich more ‘ulnerable to invasion, During the course ofthese moves, both White 27 and31 threatened the sequence shown n Dia, 29 on the next page. as-Die. 20 Dis. 30/35 $3), Teonmects ‘takes ko ia, 29, If Black answer the tranged move at 1, White wedges 8 2, squeezae with 4, 6, and 8, and cust 10. Dias 30, (35 ~ $3) White 38 protected the center and Black 36 the bottom left comet. Hore White desided to sete the ko onthe lower sde and played 37, He had ot of ko threats, starting wit 39. Connecting at 44, Black offered him a chance to play and make the ko a Beordeath aff, but White dedined this mbit and ap- tured st 45, By deing 2 he put Ms ova lowerside group out of any posible danger and made Black live a 52. ‘So far all White's attacking ha not brought him much atl te story, Dut hie atacks were becoming progressively severe. White 53 twas the deah-bow, Now that both the tangled stone and White 43, had been pled, Black's oo stones in the upper right were in an extremely bad poston, ‘Dia, 31, As'a side not, instead of playing 36 in Dia. 30 Back ‘ould have captured four Hones with 1 to 7, but aside from not fefending the bottom left comer, these plays would let White Kil the tangled stones with 8, = 56 iS or ‘Dia 3 Dia 32/54 ~ 5) Dia. 32 (34 — 85) This shows the ial denouement. Black’ uppe- side roup died and be resigned, Note the lniag moves at 57,65, tnd 67 that helped White caput it, White 57 was a kind of probe. Depinding on how Black answered it, White might ave chosen to pay 5960. ==Chapter Three ATTACKING MOVES Inthe last chapter we considered the stuatgy of stack. In his fone we tum to the tacts for implementing the satgy. Make Non-Contact Moves In the realm of human combst, the bate technique of attack i to mae forceful contact with the thing you ae attacking. A boxer ttiacks hit opponent by punching him, a wrestler by rapping ith hin neither ean do anything by hovering out of reach Caesar's sumer used swords, sper, and battering rams all contact weapons = to conquer Gaui. Modsim waefresubttetes bombs and mes, ‘bt forceful, sachin contact emsins the basi ies. By analogy with ths, a begining go payer might sesonsbly sume that the strongest attacking mores cn the go board recon tact moves, which actually touch the stenes being attacked. This ‘sumption may become strengthened through experience when the bepinner finds thit his opponents’ contact moves are the ones ‘hat cause him the most trouble, “Cut and thrust becomes his syle, and ‘ntack in contact” his motto, Thi is dangerous, because its ‘The reader might lke to look back through the Iast chapter and see how many of the attacking moves shown there were son tact moves, IP he does 50 he will make aweful dcoery,Exoept for the exis, almost al were non-contact moves, and thos that were contact moves were mostly leaning sttachmests, which made contact with something other than the group blag attacked. This 1 not a coincides. Begnsen” intuition notwithstanding thee Is 1 basic principle ofthe game which sys, ‘Don’ ouch wht you ae stinking? -s8- “The resto for this is that when one makes a conast move, she enemy generally reyponds wih slid extension ora sold cansec tion, 0 he soles — strengthens ~ his poston, That in ise makes the cintict attack a contradictory move, and a probable Talure, To make matters worse, the attacking stone, ince itis eft siting tn contact wih a strengthened enemy’ stone, i: very ely to find tell counterstuacked, The best the cantact player can ‘tually hope for isa backandorth oven ght ln which both ides tack and defend simultaneously Diz 1, For concrete example, let's take this postion, White ‘wants to attack the Foose black group inthe lower right, What wil Inappen if he choores one of the three kel looking eanact pays, atA,BorCt Dia 1 Dia? ‘ie. 2. (A) Suppose he plays the hane at 1. He can ink up along the right eds, but while he is marching, or father erewing, along the second line, Black's formesty loose group is acquiring saliiy, teritory, and eye space. This i the worst posible way for White tophy. -9-Dia. 7 Die ia 3. (B) Next inline for apps isthe ext at 1, but this ls the type of cut the reader was warned in the last chapter not to make beeruse the enemy’ can afford to srifce what is eut off. Black responds with 2 to 6. This tne he may not get terior of ye spe, ut he doss gin slity, White gets jut one stone, the los of which causes Bac no pats, is. 4. (C) Third comes the waite clamp at 1. Thi 1s the mest interesting of the duce contact moves — it does the most damage (0 Black's shapo — but note how once apsn Black's group becomes solid ashe responds with 2t0 10, Note alto how Whit 1 i left in 4 weak poslion. Note Sally that Blak 2 inflet lage loss on Whice at the edge ~ nearly twenty poins. Petre Black jumping ‘to. and dding to din sent inthe endgame, White 1 is an overpay. -roroking a response White doesnot want toe, ‘None ofthese contact plays lea to good results, How then should Whi stack? ‘Dia. 5. (oext page) He should keop his ditance and play 1. For comparison withthe last diagram, let's soppone Bac descends a 2. White can jump to 3. This looks Uke Di. 4, bat thee aze two Importan¢ differences. The fst stat Blacks group isnot a od 1 White made ic before: conser Whita fr example. The second that Wate 1 loft in wetong, nota weak position, Tis result ich bette for White, Dia, 6. (cext page ) Rather than descend, Black wall more likely respond with a Jump like 2 fn the center, sat to defend aginst -«- Dia 5 Dia 6 White, but once agin if lear that White hss etter ssl than In Dis, 2104, Black's group fil nou nd devo of eve shape, What was true here i true in general. Contact attacks tend to buckfie. Comparatively innocentooking non-contact moves are ‘much more effete. Seok Severity Avolding contst, however, docs notin itslf make fora strong atack, More s required, An attscking move must be severe; it mast fit the enomy where It hurts. Indeed, severity is the heart ofthe ‘mater, whe being anon-contact move smote surface ssc. ‘Die. One might ask why In the previous example White aid fot attack fom the drection of 1, $0 28 to gain testy on the lower side. This would’ em to make sense srateialy, but if we Took deeper, we detect a ack of severity. Blick ean extend to 2. IF ‘White continues hisattack with 3, Blak lve with 4, White's attack te now over and Black was never ‘n trouble, Black fae even gained profit while ving or ate he ean play eet in ent, a‘Anyone can tll the diference batween 2 contact and # non- contact play, but distinguishing between severe and a nn-severe stack isa litle harder. Could the reader find the vere attack in {he following poston? ‘Diz 2, This happened to the Japanese autho. His opponent, ‘White, had just played the tangled move. Apparently he wanted Blick to respond at aso thet he could tae b fore in sent, then protect the upper right with d.Blck’s upperside roup, however, ‘wes notin mortal danger, so rater than respond a8 White hoped, Tooked beter to take the offensive in the upper ght, and thi the author did. To make the most of his opportuni, Back needs to attack severely, Where? Dia.2 Dia 3 ie. 3. Not here, Although Black 1 it a standard move, i gies White an easy defense at 2. Blak attacking frm the ight genera ‘recon, but getting only a medioce esl. Dis, 4 (next page) Wel then, for more severe move, how about ‘damping at 1? The eacer, however, seady knows tht tht contact lay i unlkely tobe correct White wal espané at 2 and let himself | ‘be pushed out into the center, eiving Black teritory but becoming strong in sent in compensation Thi stil not stisfctory. ‘Dia. 5. The severest attack ies here, only ane ine sway from each ofthe two incorrect moves just considered, Its severity comes party from the fet that White eannot jump in front of a he din Die 4 ~o- Dia 4 Dias and parly from the way it prepares fora cut ata. Black makes ft inndvsble for White to try to push past | into the eht de wth ia, 6. If he does try, thie the result, White may have broken ‘hough, bat he has lot half is group in the proces, and the other half has no eye shape andi silvery much under attack. Dias Dia 7 Dia 7. In the actual game, White decided he had no good re- sponte to Black I, 9 be ignored it and played 2 Back 3 to 7 were the continustlon, White 4 and 6 area tnt combination, but in spite of than White's group was lft eyeless and poorly developed hile Black but toward a large territory onthe right. The attack takes certain amount of searching o find moves like Black 1 in Di. 5, but with experience one leas where to look. ft helps that some attacking moves rur frequently encugh to quay as standard formulas. Fie ofthe most common are desrbed ext. -6-‘The Eye Stealing Tesh ‘The strongest attacking moves a tote that rin the enemy’ eye shape, and foremost ameng them she eyesteliag tsi. ‘ia. 1 Black to play and attack the white group om the right” side, There ia key point hee that should leap fo one's mind, Die 1 Dia? ‘Dia ia 2 That point Is Black 1, The reaton withthe ranged sone mes this the eyesteaing tes, ia. 3, White's standard eeply i 1. Black jumps back o2,and now what can White do for eyes? Waite, Black would gt him nowhere. White, Black c, White « would be bate, bet he ean stil make no ‘more than one eye on the edge. He must therefore turn toward the canter with 3 ‘The reader may be wondering If White doesnot have a stronger reply than 1 in Dia 3, but asthe tones sit, he doe not ‘ia. 4 (ext page) The placement at Ii concvable, but doubt: fa, because after 3 and 5 White canaot Ine unconditionally atthe side and Back gest play 6, ‘Dia. 3, The outer attachment is also doubt, Black hanes under- neath at 2, and his connection a4 threaten o cu. This ime White cannot get ven one ee atthe edge, a Die 7 Dis 5 Dia 6 Dia. 6, Take avay the black sone at A, however, snd White 2 be. comes effective, Now White answors 3 by extending at 4. Black can link wp with 5 and 7 (if White plays 6 below 7 to block hin, Blak t,o his attsck: snot exactly ald, but White's ist bad ‘ithe. Without Black A, then, there i question ofthe timing of Buck 1. ‘Anyway, when the tne does com to atc, Black 1 isthe point, ia, 7 Difeent position, sae tes White to attack, Dia 8 The move is White I. Once again there is question of timing, because ven certain conditions onthe lef side or in the ‘enter White might prefer tolean at Ainstead, butifhe wants attack ‘he lower sd, 1 isthe mow. Hack anemersat Bor C, but even playing on both these points would add ony fale ee to his poston ~6s~The Ange Tesi This is another move that strikes atthe ecemy’'s + aye shape. Abstacly itis 1 at ght, forming an angular V with the two enemy’ stones. ‘Dia. 1. White to play and task the bisk group onthe ht Dia 1 Dia.2 Dia3 is, 2 This clear cas forthe ange teu, ig, 3, 1 Black eras with 1 and 3 White draws back 8 shown, Black cannot got more than one eye along the right edge (Black 2, White ® for example) and there 2 good chance that his nt group wld ‘ia. 4. (next page) If Black plays 1 and 3 on top, Whit cn shift toa leaning attack at 4. Once agal, Black cannot get more than one yen the ght ede ‘Dia. 5. Black's svongot, oe lost teint, defense 1, which makes misi of 2 and 3. White's responses from 2 to 6, however, leat Black with not even one eye on the elge, aad ashe eure nto the oenter White can make the same leaning ntsk a n Di. 4.1 Black pliys 3a 4 inthis sequence White wil play 3, Black a, White 5, and Black wil be dead, ‘ia. 6 For comparion, suppose White attacks more conservative ly at L Black thon tks ihe kay point at 2, and after 6 hein no ‘rouble at al, 66 Dia d Dia.S Diab ‘The Knights Attack. ‘This attack doesnot ht diel s the enemys eye shape. Rather, itis wed to drive him toward or against something, orf buld ¢ framework while attacking, orto do both, ia. A typical example is this night's attack, which was made ‘gins the Japanese author during a televised gam Blacks eiming to drive White towaré the upper ie. ~6-Dia.2 Dia. 3 ‘Dia, 2 White defended at 2, and Black atacked with «second Sight’ move at 3. Dia, 3. Whit defended x4 and Black ket attaching with kight’s moves a 5,7, and 9. Here the attack began fo endanger the upper side ~ this had bean Blak’ purpose all along ~ and White had {to defend with 10 and 12. The white group below had grown 190 big to tackle as whe, but Black was ale to cut at 13, which led to. difcle Si (ne could not atk for @ better ilutstion than this of what night's ticki. ‘ia. 4 (ext pas) Hee it another typical knights tack, Blick ‘hs a wal inthe upper lft He wants to make us of iby pushing ‘White against it, hence the knight's move at 1. ‘ia. 5. If White flees wih 2, Black leans gaat the upper sie with 3 and, then attacks with a second Knight's move at 7. White cannot get out, 0 perhaps he wil defend with 8 to 4. This makes thm seure, but i algo gives Back a nice outer position which he can ase to build an ideal large scale framework with 15. A result like thisis aug suees forthe attacker. 6 Dia, 4 Dia 5 “The Capping Attack Whereas tho alm of the Knight's attack i 0 chase the enemy, ‘the capping attack stops him headon, i. 1. White to play and attack the two Mack stones in the Jower eft. The more should be obvious. Dia. 2, Whitecaps Blackat 1. Blacks tapped. He cannot pet out te cent, ME we nest hapter wheter not he 2Da Dia 4 Dia. 5 ia, 3, Tho eapng attack canbe efictive even when it does not completely contain the enemy, asin this eas, Blak i not actually tapped, bot — ‘Dia. 4. If he moves to sscape wih 1, Whitecaps him agen with 2. Although Black can get out with 3 he leaves a weakness at Ain his tear and is group at whole isbeing strony attacked, ‘Dia. 5. IF Black mes in the other dvetion with 1, Whit aket tentiony with 2, White 4 keeps Black under fe, making it impos tle fr him fo invade the lower it comer ‘Di. 6, (oext page) The capoing atack can een be used against ‘soated eno stones, as ere, Can White escape tis time? ‘Dia. 7.1 White plays 3 Black pays 2 ~ a capping atack followed by a dnigh’s attack, If White pushes wth 3 and 5, Black contains ‘him with 6, Paying this way, Waite wil probably dle. Note that, ‘Black aie siting on his ange point. ‘Dia. 8. White is not really doomed for he has a saving taut 1 ‘The render may explore the variation on hi wm, White can sc4p6, atthe posible secifice of one or two stones, but Black ean make ‘roi and keep wp his attack, Dia 6 Die 7 Peeping Atacks Finally we have peeping attacks, which canbe used fora vaoty of purposes. Th fist sto spoil the enemy's eye shape, asin the allowing example. Dia. . Black to play and attack the white center group. ‘ia. 2. Black peeps at 1. Whit has lite cholce but to connect ‘a 2, But then Black Jumps forward to 3, Whe, with hs empty tangle, has very poor shape; this sa diet result ofthe 1~2 ex- ‘hnge Black has ance attack going. -n-Die 3 Dia 4 Dia. 5 ‘Dia, 3. When the enemy hat the treestone formation consisting ‘of # twospace extension and a one-puce jump, the peeping attack a1 is frequently made. This time the peep i aot an asault on DBlac’seye shape but probe tase how he connects. Dia. 4 he ansvers a 1 White cat a this ie, pach trough lmmedatly with 2. The ladder at «does aot work, so Blick hs no vod way to continue. If he defends his stones on the left ade, White going to gt aarp etry below. ‘Die. 5, Blok wil terforeconnost atl, but then it saffics for ‘White to play 2 The fact that Black has conpected at 1 inetoad of| Playing asin Din. 4 means that he as Wit tft to worry about. Dia. 6, (next page) Combisation in which the first move le 8 ‘beeping move andthe second is something else ae common form of attack. We have sea seen two examples, and ere i a hid Now the purpose of the peep i to contain Black. White continset ith 3, building toward lage terior above and to the ht. ‘White 3 isthe principle move, but White 1s equally important. ‘Dia. 7.1 White just attacked t 1, without pooping, Black could se past him ith 2, Now White's ramework-bllding sategy would -n- be much es likly to suecend. This completes our rundown of standard attacking mover; next come some problems. Dia 6 Di? -n-Problems ‘The following ten problems are applications ofthe five stacking moves presented onthe preceding pages, In some probes the moves ear independently but in some Wey ae combined, fr example, 2 foght’s attack may be a the same tie an ange tes. Answers fellow on pages 78 0 85, In doing these problems, bear mind that the moves you choose should be stratoicaly ab well ag facially corect, tat thy should attack from the ght dieston, Several of the problems ‘omcer rang bates. Ia these dhe direction of attack is partic 1y important, Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 1, White to pay. Despite ts pons shape, the back up inthe upper ght ipo for attacking ‘Problem 2. Blick to play. This tie iis the white group in ‘he middle ofthe right side that is tobe atacke, Problem 3 Problem 4 Problem 3. Black to atack the two white tomar onthe et sie Problem 4, Blok to play aalast the two white stones in the lowerleft ‘Problem 5, Blak to play. This time he as lrgor group to attack, consisting of the four white tones on the right see, Problem 5 75Problem & Black to pay, Bow should he attack he three while stones on the Probier 6 Problem 5. White to de? ‘Problem © ing Mite to py. Th ou atk the Wack oe "pote 9, Mite to py. Wi «Gro age, esol Problen 7. White to stack the black grou attack the larger one: the lack group inthe lower left, ees reo iin each. ‘Problem 10, White to attack the Back group in te upper igh. poet? Problem 9 Problem 10 - 6 -n-continston knights attaccand ale ei hits ‘Black at's pind point. Ihe gore thie attack, White capires him 10 — ‘Dia T Din ‘Dia. 2. He ans out with 2,4, and 6, but inthe processhe has to sh White into the valuable area ia front of the lower right comer ‘ncloure, White strengthens his uppee posion with 7 and swaits| further atseking opportunities, ‘Answer to problem 2 ‘ie. 3. (next page) The move that gives Black the upper hand in this unning bt she eyesteling tena 1, 1¢theaens 4 Cu ‘tha Whe cannot allow. is 4. White defends with 2 he cannot avoid making n empty triangle ~ and Blick develops hs group wth 3, laring White ting Dia 5 Dia 6 munfwonqueeae cm roup. White accorinly defends with 4 and 6, letting [Anawer o protien 3. a ideal presicg move at. : Dia. 5. Black 1's a natu peping stack. If White connects, "Dia 6 if White wants to be defiant he can resist Black’s pop Bick follows with slung aack at 3,1 Wate anowers that at ‘wth I, But the result this Teds to has ite to recommend i, Con- 4 Back \eeps leaning with; this could ead to trouble fr White's Desig tin Dia, 5s cect. 18~ =19-Answer to prolem 4 ‘ia 7. Tiss a perfect setup fo Back 1, which could be called tithr alah atack ora capping attack. Enlaring Back’ area on fe lower side whle driving White toward the thicknes inthe upper Ie fi, Back 1 oes exactly what a good stack should do, Dia? Dia. 8 Dia. & If White defends with 2, Black keops attacking fom the same dtection wih the kalgh's move at 3, “Answer to problem S ‘ia, 9. Black sizes conte with the capping attack at 1, This postion hasan from runing bate on the right ie, and lack Vis the key point that defends the friendly group wl attacking ‘he enemy ove ‘ia. 10.1 White seis with 2, Black makes a second eapping attack at 3. Besides hs group onthe ight side, White has to Wery shout the large framework Black hes but In the upper left, the ren larger extension of tthe can make onthe left sie, and Black «and 0 on the lover se. Black practically has the game won steady, 90 Dia. 9 Dia. 10 Answer to problem 6 is, 11. The correct moves th knights move st 1. Whiesttacking ‘the group above i thwarts any pans Black may have had fer the angled ston below and buds toward a alc tito inthe center. Bia 1Dia. 12. (previous page) IF Black defends with 2, White plays Sand 5 see, then enlarges his oeatr aa wat 7 “Answer to problem 7 ‘ia. 12. Here we have the eyestealng tes sgl This the key polnt If White attacked from any other diesen, Black Would defend by playing 1 hime, instanly achieving good shape Dia 13 Dia 14 Dia. 1, Before connocting at 3 Black plays the hane at 1 — if hn played 1 after 3 White might respond at a — but cespite the cutting stone at 1 White has Back in serous diffu, White 4 takes anoter key pont in is shape. ‘ia. 15. (nex page) If Black jrps to 1, White cps him with 2 Black may live, but te power White acquire inthe center, wher he an capture four stones at wil with a, means that the upper side stands naked to invasion, “Answer te problem 8 ‘Dia 16, The key point this tuning bate is the capping play 1, whlch defends the blak group while attacking the white one ‘To make this clearer, before looking atthe continurtion fom 1 Jee'senumine two other concuvabe but incorrect ways of atacking ~~ Dia 15 Dis 16, ie. 17, Suppo Black tack fom this rection wih 1. White's ‘escape at 2 fosss Blak fo fee with 3, and White continies to chase ‘him with 4nd 6, pushing his agaist tho solid position on the lower sid, Black's plays have noclfect onthe already feted white group there, while White rmoveshives lgeefct fon the open upper se Tn addition, the upper tight comer is sll Invadable at 20 Bac’ strategy is completely bankruptDia 18 Dia 9 is, 18. Anotbor attack to avoid isthe peeping attack at 1. White 2 and 4 greatly weaen the black group below, and Blick salso vu- ‘erable to leaning attack at ¢ from above, Note tt Black cannot lay 394, becaus of White & ‘is, 19) That brings wu back tothe comsct capping attack at 1. ‘hls problem was taken from one ofthe Japanese author sgames, and wien he played 1 Waite defended with 2 and 4 Blck was then able Yo continve witha ice angle artack at 5. The ensuag ght gare Black strong center position and a ele. ‘Answer to problem 9. ‘is, 20. The best moves the peeping tack at 1. If Bask connects 1 2, Whites descent at 3 leaves him with lle in the ny of ee Shape. Black thon must exape, and by husag him White shoud be abl to make lage capure of troy inthe center. ‘is, 2, Black should probably defend with 1 and 3,leting White cut at 4. By throvinghalf his group overboard, he glnssmooth sailing for the other hal. Stil, Whites center prospect are growing very lange, not to mention the twenty-five points snfely captured by 6 and &, The reason for White 8 i to prevent a black wedging teu tetween 2 and 6 -4 ae i. 20 ia.21 Answer to prolem 10, Dia. 22: White an ng attack, fe most severe Ie very had to see how Black can live after this, Hs can got am eye in gote onthe Upper edoe (Blick 2 toe) but to make another eye in sent fst, seemsjust about impossible. Dia. 23. The mistake to avo is the peeping move at 1. That would be ine if Black connected, but he doesnot connect; ke plays 2. This threatens to link with the group in the lower right, and Diack’ chances of ving improve markely Dia, 22 Dia 23 sageQhapter Four DEFENSE Having talon Tong and detailed look tthe strategy and tactic of atlack, 1s imo for to turn the problem around and view i fiom the side ofthe defendo, This wil quite ls space. The main ints wll be covered in one chapter. ‘One reason for this is that defense is intrinsically easier chan attack, To ss why, consder the simplest posible cate, the a {ack and dfense ofan lated stone, I take for mores to cape fone stone, een In the efickn shape shown in Dia 1, t would take only one move to defend it ~ Black 4 after White 3 for example scape i easy, capturing hard. Kling groupe that consis of several stones is even ater. That is what makes the indirect and doube- sticking strategies of chapter two necessary. In go, the odds are weighed in favor ofthe defender. Becaue of this, one muy develop a tendency 1 sit defesie Autes~ to letnon fatal weaknesses go unprotected in ones to keep forging ahead, To an extent this isa healthy thing. Defense i ess predetve than offense, and the compubive defender geerally {oats On the ater hand, mlecting defense can easy be cried 00 far We have seen numerous examples of how te attacker ean make tevitory or gnin other advantages without actualy Kling the group hes attacking, Thee ‘sige effec” must not be forgotten. One of the fst things ane notees about the way professionals play i that they do Jefend, fequenty even when iacume that they coud get by without defending Dia? Di. 2, This postion arose ina game inthe second Nein Lego between Kita and Go Sein. Is White's (Kian) move, Should Ine ivade the framework Black s bulding on the upperside, or ry to breakup Black's more established loverside testy, or should he enfarge his own aes on the lft sie? What would the reader have done? -—Di 5 Du, 3. Kita played White 1. Admitely this move does nt Hoke like much, It dstoys no blac terior, it ereatesno white etry ‘it just sits there out inthe open, Wha business, one might ask, di ¢ ‘uous San professional have playing a move ike this? Dia. 4 The answer become clear when we imagine White not Abefencog and Black attaching with I ad 3, Thi ithe clase a= tay of expanding» lestral famework in one place (he lower side) by attacking an enemy group in anther place, and Black is ‘making perfect use of his thickness inthe upper dight by pushing ‘White aginst it, OF course he cannot actualy kill the white gxoup, but if he ges fity points of titory on the lover sie he will net need to kl tbe wl wn anyway ‘Seen inthis light, White 1 in Di 2 bepne to look much better, but thar is more to consider. For oe thing there the Balance of terior. White has sur feritory in thre comers and good prox cts onthe left side, she does aat have ofnvade immediately he an aflord to defend, For another thing, Fhe ever does have oineade ‘he upper o lowers, White 1 wil Furnish valuable backup suppor, ‘Dia. 5. This is + Honinbo ttle game between Sasa (whl) and ‘Takagawa — White to play. One notes rome slightly weak stones on ‘he board, but Sakata’ famous fr his abt to escape from trouble, so seems to en for him to defend Surly he extended on the lover or left ie, or perhaps moved to reduce Blak’ framework the upper se. -9-Die ia, 6, Sakata, however id nothing ofthe kind, He defended the small knot of white stones in the lower mide ares by plying and if Black had responded at, he was planning to defend his ight Side group with ‘White 1 is no the kind of defensive move that one fel aihamed {ome I is clearly a major point a regards the balance of power, witha lag iniect effet onthe Toney, let, nd upper sides, Once fone ses it played i loks quite impressive Stl, te main function i to defend Dia, 7. Black 1, i permitted, would attack both the five white ‘Hones below, iting their angle point, andthe lage group onthe fight sie, White could undoubtedly sae both groupe, but he would fhe to scramble, and while he was serambling he would not be able {odo anything else. Paychologaly too, beng attacked strongly i not an enjoyable experience. Look at the expression on 2 player’ face when he is onthe verge of losing a large group — the tightly clenched jaw muses, the Jaitied brow, the lint of despir inthe eyes, Ie is much easier on the meres to hp the attack nthe bud by ‘defending early, before t becomes wvee, ae Sakata didn Di. 6 =90— Di.7 Dia, &, This is a more rece Honindo game, the players being ‘Yoshio Iida (white) and Rin Katho, Walt to play. BY now the reader must realize tht Isis next move is going tobe defensive, but even so, he may be surped when e sees Dia 5 ~~Dad Dia 10 ‘ia. 9. Ishida payed 1. Surely, one fel, his was a mistake — he was plying inside his own tenitory — but White 1 was corel Note firstly that this move, and no other, makes he rightside wie ‘zou absolutely ale, Note secondly that Wate has another weak ‘oup in the lover lef, so by defending a1 he ispreventng «double stack. Note thirdly tat White 1 not small in terms of terior, for next White ean jump into the upper right comer at, nd onthe "ight side he as a sont pay at. Paying 1 it worth moe than Playing in the Ingely neviral ze inthe center would be. ‘ia, 10, Suppose Black blocks fist at I, White 2is the comet response, but Black gives stan st 3, Compare this with Black c, ‘Whit din Di, 9. The danger of being rendered eyes by a black cement at 2 instead of 1 isan addtional argument in favor of ‘scupying this key point cay. 4 even topaahing professional players make defensive moves ike hese und go on to win (White won all three of the games shore), thete must be something basally correct about them. 1 ‘mes down to the balance of power, When you defend your weak ‘zoups you gain power, and tat bape you to do whatever you have =o todo next. Ifyou lave you groups weak, you keep having to ay ‘ound them — to strict your scvides elaewhere to avo geting them Into trouble, We put attack before defense inthis book, but in brite iti generally the other way around. Firs to defend and Iake sure that your ove groups te all heathy, then to go forth nd ftlack with confidence sone ofthe bal stetee ofthe pe, Tt takes no special al to defend in good time Hike this. The moves commonly required ar one pace jumps extension, hanes — ‘haves that everyone knows, Spi kil i needed only when one {sfigting for one's ite. ‘So the ied tt stay out of trouble and never be called upon to cxerie spacial sells ~ bata very go player knows, thats impos {ble The gals too comple, and making the most of your postion ‘sometimes reqs that you play’ clase tothe is batween life and ‘eat, For tha eton, we tn next tothe subject of defensive tess. Defend with Contact Plays We saw inthe ltt chapter that the stengurt attacking moves ‘ually avoid making contst with the group blag attacked. One hight expect mower made forthe opposite purpose to have the ‘oposite property, and infact they do, Contet lays, ornear-sontact, plays, are amonly strongest for fsfena They ato the mores 10 ‘use in emergencies. We shall look st a number of standard ones, then examine 4 few eases from professional ay, ‘Dia. I. Wiite to play. How can the defnd his two stones inthe upper sight? ‘Dia. 2. The contact play at 1 tho tena. Since it threatens to link Whites two postions together, Black wall ely with a Inne above o below. -%Di. 8 He can escape by playing 1 and 3, but then he faces a double attack at 4. If he i to save his letside roup, he wll hve to abandon the stone on the lower side, so this nota very satsfctory defense, White Ils conect, but White 3 isto slow. Dia 3 Dia 4 Die 5 Dia 6 Dis, 3. If Black reps at 2, Whit» peep a 3 then drs back tS, Blick has to connect in bad shape with 8. The order of White's ‘moves bear noting. ‘Dia. 4. If White drew back st 1 first, then peeped at 3, Block would make « bamboo joint with 4, getting 00d shape. ‘ie. 5 Continuing from Dia. 3, White pays 7 in sent, then les with 9. Black # huss nites lower positon somewhat, but this ‘a pice that ean easly be paid, Di. 6. IF Black hanes from sbore with 2, White can link up with 3 t0-7, The te suit is an exchange, eich ede damaging the thers posiden, but White has the bes of Ft, becanse his stoner are connected. and Back’ ae badly cot up. Black should stick ‘with the lest driste line of pley shown in Diss 3 and, ie. 7. This poston mht are ins hand cap game. White har to defend hi invading stone on the lft de Dia 8 Dia 9 Dia 10 Die 1 Dia, 9. The right play i the contact pay at 3, Against Black 4, White desconés st S. This attachment and descent area muchused efershe combination, ‘ia. 10. 1f Black pests at 1, White can get out with 2 and 4, “This i not at all ike Dis. 8, White has better shape and Black’ ‘comer staring to ook weak. IF Black pays 3 at , White cus at 3 and captures hs way Into the open, The reader should work it out for hnset. Dia. 11, Black does better to connect at 1, Now he can cut at 5 when White hanes at 4, but White ves and has several cuts of| hs own to al towards. Most important, he has managed to avoid Jnuting hs stone on the Tower ads. 94 95Die 2 Dis 13 Dia ‘Dia. 12, Hore Walt has to ace Tor his two stones onthe rght side is inl tex isthe sume 38 befor, ‘Dia 13, Ho makos the attachment at 1 I Black hanes at 2, White oscuts at 3, From this there ae many varatios, and White may Jose a stone o two or three, but there sno way he can be destroyed 2 whole, By starting» fight, Black 2 atlly maker teaser for ‘White to deen. ‘Di. 14, Black doe better to bane on thi sid with 1: White hanes back at him with 2and 4, playing contact moves tothe hil ‘Dia 15, Black can captures stone with 1 and 3, bat then White ‘ays 4, which ates him a satsetory postion Dia. 16, If Back tris to prevent White 4 inthe last dagam by extending at 1 here, White lives a shown. Next he can invade the comer at A; this esi isintlerabl for Black. ‘Dia.17 i. 17, Anotie: continuation from Dia 14 ses Black scfng 1 and 3, hoping to make 7 and 9 sate, White spurs the setice and jumps into th center wih 10 Either this sequence othe oe a Dia. 15 would be resonable for both sds, Dis, 18. What if Black answers White 1 by connecting at 27 He expects White 4, Blick 3 leaving White with inadequate eye shape, ‘but White extends at 3 and exchanges the outside Tor the corner. ‘The exchange favors him: the corer i large and Blick is et with ‘aous cutting points and weaknese, ‘is. 19, Hving sen three examples of attschnents made under ‘neath enemy stone, let's look a two examples of attachments made on top, Hee White wants to give his group ox the lft ide t more sold footing in the comer, Dia 19 Dia. 20 ia 21 Dig. 20. He does this with the contact playa 1 By playing 2-6 ‘Blick gins ene and forces White to make an empty trang, but he sls aps White ot ye shape; visualize Whiteain tine of need, There sale the ext. White has seinforced himself que succesfully ‘Di. 21. If Black rples t 2, White's postion inproves consider ably even without farther play. For example, Blick ean o longer Deep at ain sent After White, hebas to pny ono moe at 9-Dia, 22, This is a running battle. Black's immediate concern {sto defend his Lshaped group of fou stones, and therein etandard contact tesa for him to te. Dia. 2 Dia. 23 Dia. 24 Dia, 23, Backs play is 1. f White draws back at 2, Black can srance to 3 inthe center with no fear of being cut. Biace 1 may algo rove wseful in making eyes Inter oa, or ln helding down what ver territory White test take on the upper ade. Dia. 24 1 White seis Black 1 with the ane at 2, Black makes the counter hane at 3, Second contact teu, ie. 25.(nest page) White gves atari at, but Blick gives counter ata at § ~ third contact tej. White 6 snd Black 7foiow, The ko isnot very attractive to White, s0 he wil generally connect t 8, By ging his stones on top of White’ ke this Black has worked his way neatly into the center. The diagonal connection at 9 completes ls shape and gives him xoed next moves at and, Sucking unimportant stones, as Black does in Dis. 25, isan Important defensive technique. A player who committed himself to defend every stone that he put oa the board would be sssuming 2 imposible, Laing tse on of hey toleing 98 Dia. 25 Dia 25 Dia.27 Seonwctt For White, whether to answer Black 1 with 2 in Dia. 23 or 2 in Dia, 24 ita fica choos. There is seve in which Dis. 23| is rather submisive, but there is x sense in which Dia, 24 just helps Black to develop. Sometimes one play is preferable, sometimes the othe ‘A lose relative of the contact play i the shoulder play, which lies diagonally adjgoent to an enemy stone, Since contact plays 20 such useful defensive moves, itis reasonable to expect shoulder bays to come in handy too, We do not want to give the false i ‘reson that contact plays are correct 100 per cat of the ime, 10 ‘ext isan example in which a shoulder play is better. ia, 26, White has to defend his group on the let sie One satualy reals the contact tamu ata whlch he wed In Das. 1 10 before, but ater Black, White e, Black hee not glist have ‘ch an ay time as he dé then. The reader can try this sequence and discover White's problems for himself. ‘ia 27 The alteraive to playing atthe ee would sdem tobe to jump into the centr with White 1, but that invites the peep at 2 sud diagonal play at 4, 2 nice attacking combination, White Ive alte slow; one has to move faster when under attack. -9-Di. 28 Dia 29 Dia 30 Dia, 28 The correct moves the shoulder move at thls much ‘more vigorous and effective than the one-space jump in the lst agram. I Black iors, White has a strong continuation at ‘Dia. 29, IF Black makes the natural expanse of pushing with 2, White meets him in contact at 3. Afar 4% 9 (more contact play), 4@and bate mal and White has escaped, Tis is beter for him than Dis. 27, ‘ia. 30, What if Black wes to pero the gap at 12 White ex- changes 2 for 3 in preparation, then pues throw at 4, Aer 12, ‘White @and dar al and Black's attick as fled bly, Case Studies from Profesional Games Fanally let use some of these cosast and shoulder tre blag ‘wed in professional psy. The fllowing ae fie ease ston. ‘ia, 1. Case 1: White to pay. Black is thentening to play dhe sequence Black a, White b, Black e and make fertory on both the right and lower sides while stacking, o White has to defend his two ‘Hones. The reader can probably guess what hisnext move wil be, ‘ia 2 tis the contact pay at 1. Black want to get a decent amount of terstory on the’ tight side, so he hans at 2. This i = 100- not the place for him fo drawback at One might now poet White to erosseut At a, ut here tht foes not work out 80 wel Te is beter for ‘lm to play, threaten- Ing to crossut. Blac defends with 4 and ‘Whit dorslopetoward the cantar wth 5, ‘Dix 1 Takemiva white) ¥. Sugucht Dia. 3 Whit croseat at 1, Black would descend at 2. Next would come White 3 and Black White's positon isa Ile bet than after 3 and 4 in Dia, 2— he can ge tal above 3 — but the Improvement in Black's poston is obviowly much greater. That ex ‘iain why White stcks with the plala moves of Di. 2Dia. 4 A. Lids black ) >. Yamashiro Dia. 4, Cate 2: Black topay. The urgent problem cancers the two stones onthe lower sie, How should Black go about sevag ther? ‘Dia. 5. The shoulder move st |e routine inthis type of configu ation. If White responds at 2, Black plays ancther shoulder now st 3. This combination may lok thin, but it i unexpectedly relent; can the reader find any way for White to break trough? 1f White cannot break through, then Black has linked hs two weak groups together and White, insted of tacking, will have to defend the If White plays 2 at @ to keep Bick slit apart, Black pushes st 2. next White, Black c, White may have isolated Black's Jeftside group, but it should bo safo becaus the white leftside ‘soup is qualy wea, and Whit’ loss onthe lower ies enormous, ‘Dia. 6 This wae the actual continuation. White played 4 t0 8 in sent, then attacked by peeping at 10. Although he sucseded ‘in breaking through, Black ved wth profit on the lower sd, snd Bisck 11 and 17 weakened the lefts white group, ao that White Ina to defend i with 18, =102— Dia 5 Di 6 ‘Dia 7. Cae 3: Bac to pay. His wo stones on the left side have just been capped by White; can they te rescued? ‘Digs It thy oan, only by Buck 1, The ensuing vasitons ‘provide some good examples of efensve technique, s0 we sal ‘examine them in detail, Fiat there she question of White's reply. ‘Dia. 7A. hide (black) ». Cho 02Dia.9 Dia. 10 ia 9. Suppose White nays 1, He want Black to answer at 2,80 that e can cut at b, but Black dodges this trap wit the attachment at 2, Tht makes mish of Black a inking tothe center) and Black (ving slag the side), so Wit 1 doos not work. ia. 10, That leaves White only this han fo 1. Black naturally cuts at 2 White 3 and $ ae a tesut combination, but Black plays 6 and 8; Te has no objection to sacriieing 4 and aif he can thersby save his main group, IF White cus ata, Black replies at b. White Black, White e would then pickup one stone, bus White would be left with fn the comer agin the centr to contend with ~ a bad rent forhin ia I Or White pes at 1, uestenng, Black counters with 2. The 3-4 exchange snot god for White, Dla 1 Dia. 12 Die 15 Dia 14 ‘ia, 12,1 ho actual pe aftr Black 1 and 3 White extended at 4to Keep Blak fom ging tsi thove and escaping. That let Black fice to pve atari to White 2, but fist he jumped to 5. White a, Black eapes with ,Hlck Bw the immediate threat behind Black but its deeper purpose was to help Black form eye shape, 38 We shall see "Dia 13, White played 6 to povent Black a Black pve aaa 7, and now thre were two possible mores fr White: Banc ‘Da. 14. White chose the former, coming out at 8. Bick drove tim ahead with 9 and 11 then haved at 13 and 15.Withe and ds tna, he wasalive, Here we see the reason forthe tangled stone; it ‘Combines wih Black 2 to ake an ee below 9. ‘Dit, 15. If White bad attacked / from the outside with 1 and 3,/ Ft ack ws ey with haseurns| shown, The ley moves ar tect tingacross tea at 12 and the | ane at 14,1 Wale penis with \} 15-19, Black eoafines im with 20 and win the eaptring race. ‘The render ig catsinly not shed to far these sequences by heart, ut the way Black dodges ‘White in Dis, and 11 and dives him around ia Dia, 14 is worth Dia. 15 remembering. Stakes ko, connects. —105—Dia 165 Paso fit) Vs Dia T7 ia 16. Case 4 Wate to ay Te ple inte hover lee Ht mth ht fs me ed Se ‘pita hat ea op san i ‘shape in the area as a whole. 7 SEE ‘i 17 The dad way to bps wth the cont lay t against the camer enclose. Deere ‘Di 18 lack exe 2, We exten in contact at ‘ting the widest possible eye space in the room rai Lett “i the en how wh We nein wn td fren ad ten pr, sme ch ‘the cutting potential at 2 7 sami Dia 20 Dia. 21 S connec ‘ia 20. Inthe actual game Black haned from underneath with 2 to destoy White's eye space long the edge. White replied by sacrificing a tone at 3,30 sto play Sand in sate. ‘ia. 21. White followed with nother tachment and erssut at 9 and 11 Serifieing 11 let him play 13 inset then draw bac at 15s and with this he bad defended the loper dein such x way a 10 simultaneously develop his framework if the upper left. Hs only Femaining worry was the tat A. We shall see how he handled that, but fit let's go back fora closer look at 11 ‘Die 22 Withoot serifcing, White cansothane at 1. Ire simply slays 1 Black 2and 4 weparate bis lowerside group fom the tangled ‘Mone and eee the later ina ta state. Sb Dia, 22 = 107-Dia. 23 (revious page) White 1, copying the atachand-xtend jose, i also bad. The reader should be able to recognize 6 at strong et. ‘Dia. 24, Following White 15 in Di. 2, Black cut at 16 Bete (ote that the ladder at fvered him). White's response was to ‘more contact plays at 17 atd 19, then 21. If Black now excaped ‘with , White would fellow with 5, Black c, White d, Back e, White fat which point Black faces ether a white ane above 20 ort capturing mote below ‘What White didn Dias 20,21, nd 24 we o beat a swift oes, sprinling stones in his wear to'slow down Blacks pura, Tas type of ligt play epitomizes skifl defense. Black hat captured ® couple of the stones White srnkied, and cond easly pce up ' few more, but he has no atsck om Whit’ rouras x whele Dia. 24 Dix K.Kobayadhi (Black) ». 4. foie ia. 25. Cas: Back to pay. His problem is to defend the stone inthe mile ofthe lt si is, 26 (next rag) He bogan witha shoulertype move att and flowed wit contact pays at 3 and $, pushing for maximum space White $ was aight mistake A was cect. Not that White A would have led Bc, but White 4 gave him shepfal eal to play next. ~ 108 ree ie 36 Dia 27 ie. 27, Tesh asthe cat a 7, We a od, Back se ao play 9a sate efore making th lag conection a Ti We 1 wa he oly way o ordi he tack, bat Back ied 18 nd Sand wa of ane r ‘Dia. 28, When Black sacrificed 7 in Dia. 27, White was free to. cere tht en Rack wo ky th 2 an "Bs 39 I Hak mate the dan conection at 1 wiht she ie tA, Whe cul reply 2 Buck wuld now baer igen teesChapter Five FORCING MOVES Inthe course of doing al the things described inthe preceeding hapten, 2 payer has fequent opportunites to make sal, un related, but coercive moves that vill help his cae and late his ‘opponent. We have already alladea to them, But they ae sch @ etasve prt of che game that Gey deserve chapter of thelr own, ‘ia. 1. White to play. The big now is White Black has apap st ‘inthe fower lo, but White cannot divide hin by wedging there, for Backs reply would be «double trl, Sl, dhisgap sa defect ia Black's shape, and thove ie » way for White to explait it before extending 0 Dai Dia? Dia 3 ‘Dia. 2, White peeps at 1. Black has litle choie but to connect st 2, What isthe effect of this exchange? On the one hand it is clear that White 1 in some way holps the white group on the left side, it nterferes with Black a, White b, Black for example, Or if fight =110~ ‘woaks out, it may become the cru stone shat gies White an extn liberty, ot puts Black in ata. It may also affet ladders AAC any tate, {U8 In a position where st wl probaly do White tome good and caraot do him say har, Black 2, on the other hand, isa worthless stone, It conneeis where Black was effectively connected anyway, a huniaing move to Bave to make, To Black, the 1~2exchange fel ike aap on the Ick. ‘aying scored of Black in this way, White simply forgets about 1 nd tune say to 3. Thief nt Heklsnest on hi parte ental {or him to sbandon White 1. ‘Dia. 3 It he allows he attention to become snagged on 1 and defends it with second move at 3, Blck ges to make the large ex- tension at 4, The whole point of White 1 is that it does not ned to be defended: Even it actualy gets captured and removed, so tht, its alue to White fl to zero, thats tl no les than the ae of 2 to Black. Once plied, 2 store ike White 1 should be regarded 5 ‘expendable and ef alone ‘White 1 called forcing mov (in Japanese kita), A forcing move may be defined as a sente move that ings ite payer some potential advantage without having to be folowed up or defended. Peeping plays lke White 1 in Dia. 2 are one common variety of forcing move Atrix are another, With thal for shhn, can he reader find the forcing mover (four i all) for White to make ia the next {hres diagrams before he plays an each? Be careful ofthe orden Bia.Hy t Dia. 7 Dias Dia 9 ‘ia, 7, White 1 is the forcing move; Whit play it then lees it and shipeto 3. Later on it may help him by affecting ides, ‘orructeg, Black’ movensnts, et, while Black 2 has no soch positive value "Din 8. Wie 1 i the forcing move. By making it possible 19 Aetach the to marked stones, White 1 increases the value of Whi {For any other move White makes in this are. Note lo how Black {freed into an empty tang. ‘Dig If White playe 1 without forcing ata he loves his chance Waite 3 at # would be too Inte, since Black woud reply at 4 and White would then be unable 0 play 3 in ent, After 1 to4, if White cts at @ Blick can nt im with & bie 710, White 1s the frst forcing move. Black ha t connect became Wito 2 would be anata, (rat Teast if he gets fancy and flayed at, Wise b becomes tent instead of gte), The value of Fis ehat it may laterhelp White invade the core. Dia Dia 12 -n- ‘ia, 11, White 3 the secon forcing mov. Is valve wll become spyarent ia the continuation, but before looking at that e's se ‘why the onder of and 3 i impertant ‘ia. 12, It White gives atr, then peep, Instead of vce versa, Blick replas at 4, This x dzastous, In other words, White cannot pep at a has to play a fit, Nor can he poop at 3 after playing Irene lack epi at band ¢,sobeloeshisforeingmove entirely. [Now bac to ia 11, ‘ia 3, tn the continuation from Di. 11, Black ges ata at 1 sd gigs White with 3. White 2, however, serves its purpue by ‘uaking Wie 4 absolute sente, forcing Black to answer at Sao that ‘White can punt onward at 6. In aditon, a the end of he diagram ‘White remains ins potentilly uf postion wile Black ashe stone twas exchanged fore practialy eles. ‘ia, 14, I Black decides tod biel of White by captusig lt, White ca. press around him at 2. Black's group is starting to resemble alum. ‘Dia, 15. White neglected to fore Black a 3 befor playing S J Dis, 11, Black could now conseet at 3 after 1. Then he could tect White at 5, on ener It ihe Wkod, Compare cis with Dia. 13 tnd you can se the difference White's forcing move males. Din. 13, Dia 14 =113-‘Dla 16. A pot that would be a fording move for ether ide i particularly important. Sich spain exists in this position. Can the {eader find it, and thereby find White's next move? Di 16 Dis. 17 Dis. 18 ‘Dia. 17, White 1 ie not the point. OF cone White hast play hore, but if he des so Immediately, Black can Tore him wise at 2 fd &. Talis rather bad, Blak tare comer and White can stil breattackod sta ‘Dia 18 doesnot help for White to capture with 1 instead of playing 3 in the last diagram, This keeps Black from foreing at, but FE petits the angle teu at 2, which seven worse (White becomes seniaurounded). Tho correct way for White to ave being forced tata doesnt ental such a high cos. ‘Dia 79. (ext page) Whit 1 he Key point, and White should start by taking it for himel, Now Black sth one tobe foroed — he Isto answot at 2. After 3 and 5 Whites much better of, for both terory and eye shape, than in Dis 17. ‘Da. 20, When White pays 1, heros the isk that Black wl eply at 2, but then White tale the corer with 3. Thefeasbity of Black's laying thie way depends on the rurrounding conditions, particularly tn the adder ato, but even ifthe ladder works, White esto pay @ Teer block, and this exchange is better for him than being forced athe was in Dia 17. ‘Dia 21 ciently, after paying 1 and forcing Bac to reply at 2, Whe could extend fo 3 and thus voi being freed by Bask ‘hut this would te unis, lack could then play bin vente, or attack from the other sie with = 1 1s ction dyn wy tram ou icy eh wa pt wold be frig merrier ae Here one more anes Wile opi, Theminhnghewanio dott erate net nrc inp ould fc nfo Bac ayn be ao othe reser cline chat he id one usDia 23 ia. 23. The forcing move is White 1.1 i forcing because i Buck ignoves it, White can continue at orb and ruin his ony Tage tector ‘Diz 4. Bick answers a 2, but White can also play 3 in sete, again threatening b. After Blak defends with 4 White goes back to the main Hue, which is dhe pushing battle inthe center. In that White 9s another forcing move setting up a possible ladder after 11, Gring Black an empty tlangle, and in general performing the same Sort oF duty atid White 3 1s Da 1 2 few pages back, ia.24 = 16- Dia 25 ia. 25. What if White played 1 without making the forcing ove Black woald take it fo msl wih 2 and White would have ‘o answer at 3 to save the comer Black would then leave 2and 3 2 * orcing exchange and proceed with 4, Clearly he would have gined in comparison wath Dis. 26 ‘ia, 26. If Walt eid not angwer Black A, Baek 1 would kil li endgame terminology White 1 fn Dia, 23 or Blick 2a Dis. 25 wuld be called » double sete point. Sch poate ao pure pri For hicheverside gre ther, =u7=Resistance ‘So fr, the forcing moves we have sean have gone smoothly, the ‘enemy eplying as expected. The enemy replies gudsnely however sje docs not enjoy being fred ~30 whenever posible he wll ty to reat ‘Dia. 7. This poop was once played aginst the American author. Blak is tying fo free White as prelude to invading the Yower fight IF White connects a he widest have been force, Dia. Di? ie, 2, White, however, i not glng to beso obedient. He rests with 2. Now he is the one to prot fom the exchange: White 2 ocr grat dealt enlarge is loworsight framework, while Blsk docs not do much of anything, Black's attempted forcing move Iasbackived. ‘Before White rst like thi he mst check that he isnot en- angering he pon, bt in hit case that is airy obvious. "Dia 3 (oxt pags) Hf Black cuts, White squeezes him in sent, ‘thon els the comer at 8.Thie i ceraaly not what Black intended ton be pesped a is Dis. 1 =118- Dis 5 Din 4 7 eomecte Dia 4. Fora second example of resistance, take this joel pos ton. Whice peeps a - How shoul Black ey? ia 5. 1he connects at 2, hes forced Dia 6. Ho ean resist, however, wth this shoulder move. IF White Jot be captured, hie intened forcing stone becomes ito Black. ‘Din 7 Bat if he excapes wih Iand 3, he saddles hel with as unvanted weak group to care for Areal forcing move stands by t- fall does not drag one into complications Ike this. White Tin Dia 4 is accordingly fale ~ provide, that is, Black answers it ropes by resting. 119‘Thank-You Moves ‘The ewsntal quality of a foreng move Ie that it forces the enemy to answer against his will ~to give In, to suffer some ind ff lot, When the enemy i lad to answer, the term *orcing® no onger apis. ‘ia. 1, Iedoes rot apply thi Wale 1 for example, which only forces Blick t0 do what be warts to do anyway, namely defend ‘the cutting point at 2. White may be planing fo comtiaue with something like a, but now that Black has connected, any white Invading force wil come under faily heay fe, White 1 may be sente, but it is not a forcing move. Tecnically speaking, tis 2 potetialdestroying move ~ White loss the potential of cutting st 2: In simple language White 1 ie “thankyou” move ~ Black chinks ‘White for playing i Da. Dia 2 i, 2. What White should do ete i to ext dectly at 1, divide Bask in two, and sttack, That put Blick ia an uncomfortable portion on the night side. Looking at this sequence, one ean sp. revit the depth of Backs ratitade to White im Dia. 1 ‘Once bonne learns to. make forcing moves he ends to make them at random, whish leads to mites like the above. There It a to proverb that warms one nt to play next oa cutting point. 120 ia. 3, ace | In this diagram Is another common mistake. No matier how Trcing” i appears, White is grateful to Black for Playing fra eat dhs reasons 1. Black oes a bert. 2, lak loses ako that 5) Blak loses the potent show inthe next diagram, Dia. 2 Dia.4 Dia 4 11 lack leaves the postion alone, be can ply 1 here, atoning 2 nlacoment at a. This placement option is much more fl to hm than the move which destroyed itn Dia. 3. ‘Sometimes i shard to raw the line betwee forcing moves and ‘hankeyou move. Stonger players tend to hold of in borderline tse ot wanting to comm shemseves to forcing move of doubt {il val, Weaker players gnerally do the opposite, playing see Inoves wherover they find them with le regard for which se Seti the more. ‘Dias 5 and 6. What woud the reader make of the two moves in nese dlgrams? Which of tem ra forlag move and which thank sou ane? Or are they both freingmoves,orboth thankyou movest =iDin 7 Dia. 8 Dia.9 ie 7. Blac 1 sa ponuine forcing move, When White connects 312, White becomes a wasied stone. (White may omit 2,0 play ‘line lower, but ten Back has defend his cutting points). is. & This tn Black | isa thankyou move, becnueitetength- ns White's wall. Blac, for his pr, sl needs to connect at, but In thot cae Dis, 9. Wt would be beter to pay 1 alone and lave the euting point at «open. More Examples fom Actual Ply Forcing mores may sce like sie ives inthe game as whole, but in scious pley they siseme great importance If ene can out force one’s opponent and theby aoqirea series of mal advantages that in itself’ may be sufficient to decide the outcome. Maying forsing mows becomes instinct, So dows esting ter; the player who avays lis himself be forced never wins, Iti not unas to ind ina profesional game along sequence of moves each of which 's «forcing move, a reply to or restane to a forcing move, ot & ‘continuation from a foring move. Fo example — ‘gure 0. The Japanese author vas white i tis game, Its low postoned an there sno sgh going on, 0 bot ses are presing hard for any advantage they can get. Note the black area in the lower right. Tis terior ~ theres ao way for Whit a invade it. What White would like to do, then, io play moves like a,b and, hich would threaten invasions and force Blick o defend a well at making the black tervitory smaller and the surrounding white groups ager and suoagee, =m. Tiere 0. Kiar (black) A ide Feure (1-2) ‘re Wt beanat Ly nich heated ove ata Blick sed 92 a "hr 1 Tx al exon to White 1 it lok t 2, but Hs spt ey comply fern. The 1-2 exchange ety Itt’ ovr and Wie can fre aga sa Back sins noting freompenaton Sk Pin Figure 1 its eng force Whe defending asst hts a soem mening hetns 0 pep a SS Wake notte to fre Blast a wo more pint, cand htt oer import Wc shuld ely stDiz2 Dia 3 i, 2. White 1s comect. IF Black reps at 2, White can force ‘isn again at 3. White 1 sihly reduces Black's tentory, and also edocs the thet of Black a ia. 3. IF White plays 1 here fs, Black wil ot have to answer White 3, Nox if Wise a, lack 2 Figure 2. (oext page) Wale played 3 coreety, but instead of snswering a expected Bhek seated by jumplag ou 104. To po: Sesion this is only natural. If Blick meekly submits asin Di 2 above, his lower right teitory sinks 1 barly fifteen points nd the advantage ill White's He cannot expect to win by plying that vy ‘White, for hs part was not going to st sil and let 3 be svallowed up. Black fd left his tenitory exposed, 0 the natu thing would be to try to invade it Inthe next two figures we shale ow White ‘went about doing this. Figure 3 He started with preparatory shove a5, then pushed at 7 and wedged at 9. Black could not capture 9 with abeeatae ofthe sequence shown in Dia. 1m- Ti sa) 7 7 S connects 4; ck ck ttn trot do ening bt one aint: Wate Vite man he captor of al grou. Note EES 3 rere ate =135—Figure 4(70— 16) Figure 510723) Figure 4 Black connacted a 10, White tok profit wth 11 to 15, and Black 16 captured two white stones, Yow should vsfy that they cannot espe. Bact compensation for White's profit was these two stones ples the trtgled pit stone White had to throw in to make the whole sequence work. White’ attempted forcing ‘move and Black's esstance had led to an intresting exchange. ‘igure 5. Whiteford Black at 17,19, and 23. Besides reducing Black's teritory, these moves prevenied Blck a, Tit time Blak had no way’to ress, but had to answer at 18 an 20. Inthe midst of this equenee White sllpped ina forcing move in the upper sight corner at 21. Is funetion Is explained in he next four cag. ia. 5 (nest page) Fst of al, White does not play 21 in the figure, Black can force hm with 1 and 3. Apart fom the Imerits or otherwise of 1 and 2, the 34 exchange is pure profit Toe Black. =126- Dia.5 Dia 6 Dia 6. Laer if Back connect tS, White may have to make two yee wih 6. ‘ia, 7. Once White has made the tangled exchange, ho i safe fiom Di. 5. Although Bick can trade I for 2 sbefore, ths ha ne ‘aloe in si, and Black cannot continue a ass be did in Dia. 5 White would ery with ‘ia. 8. If lick captors at 3 and White bas to make two eves, ow i ls move, The gies him more teary and better deve ment toward the center than in Dia, 6 ~ al this rom the foreing move t 21 fa Fgure §. Dia.5 -10-Dia? ‘eure 6 (24 — 28) Dia 10 Figure 6, Back sill had to reply to White 23 inthe provious figure, but before he did so by consctng at 26 be forced White at 24, With 26 the log sequence inthe ower right came toa bat Next, evn though White was oxgally intended as forcing move, White followed it up and conzacted at 27. Tis connection ‘watextrmely large for the following reson, it, 9. If Blac ignores it, White 1 tvestens an invasion of the comer, Blak’s position is 50 weak tate has to answer at 2, (se ‘Whi 2), but he is being egreplousy forced. To preven this Blick ‘layed 28 in Figure 6, Inthe next diagram. Diu 10. Blacks ides tn playing 1 wat to force White If White answers at 2, lek 3 defends the comer in sents, White having 10 connects 6, Theresa big difference between Dist 9and 10, Figure 7. (next page) So 8 aot to be forced, White played 29 Instead of, forced Black again at 31 (hreatening 8), and Analy Fayed 33, which obviously age thine He did noi howeve, ty ‘o force Blac st; that would have vn a thank-you moe. = 18- Figure 729-33) Dia. 11, The 1-2 exchange helps Black by elininating what potenti il exit inthe corner, White 1 enlarges White's tetany iahy, bt fenot an wget oly ‘ia. 12 Back would hardly be likely to make abadahape move like 1 an i he did White cold Ignore it, abandoning the tangled one wth clear onsen, ‘ia. 13. By not ghing alal at a White leaves this potential if Ick angers 1at 2 and 3 at 4, White becomes sate, threatening the vason frm 5011, Dia 12 Dia 12 Dia 13, Sconncets A this point we shall stop following the game, but the render should be pleased to Know that tho final result vas = 34 point etry for White, -109-Chapter Six INDUCING MOVES. toe related to the forcing moves of the last chapter are what we shall cll inducing moves. They can be looked at asa special Kind of foreing move, but with the difference that instead of simply ‘uying to make the enemy suit they ty to make him cooperate ‘ia, 1. Black to pay, andi is obvious that he has to jump out at Ato protect his lane group. What is less obvious is that he has 8 way fo prepare the ground for this jump and make it more effec the Dis. Dia? ‘ia, 2. First he hanes a1, Black 3 then becomes natural and Iecesiry response to. White 2. Blck 1 induces White 2 which In tum Induces 3, the move Black wanted 10 make in the fet ace. Another way of looking ati i hat f Black ie going to play 3 he can afford to have Whit play 2, 0 he may aswel gt the max ‘mam oat of he move by forelng White a ist Blak 1 increases his potential en the ight sie; ater Black A, threatening B, may become ‘1 g00d contimatio, = 130 ia 3. 1f Black jumps directly (o 1, White extends to 2, ending ‘ny "relstonship» between the (clang. stone andthe center woup and. leaving. Black with Inch less potential on the sight sie, Falstng the enemy’s coopes ation for a move you te planaing by mking im make you make i ‘sa useful techalgue, Here are two more exanles Diz 4. Black wants to play |A. How should he induce ths ‘Di. 5, Black wants to pay A. Dito. Dis. $ 1aDia. 6 Dia. 7 Dia, 6. Black 1 induces White 2 which indues Black 3, If Black simply piyed 3, White would attack at 1 and sandwich the tangled ‘ack group against the tangled white one, ‘Dia. 7. Black | induows 2 whic odes 3; the sequence runs like Lockwork. Having White play 2st eie the efficiency of Black 3 ‘Black 1 big terstorlly, and st wecares the eye pace ofthe lower sid group, Force Before Defending ia. (next page) Black neds to defend bis formation by adding stone tot at 3. To induce this move he forces White by pooping at 1. IE White doos not connect at 2, Blac can push through there and wall not have ¢o play 3, whe if White does connect at 2, the added strength that get him is canceled by Black 3. Black 1 wil tb wef inthe center, particularly i Black gets to playa (White, Black ), which is what he ising at nex, Dia. 2.1f Black plays 1 fist, then te to Force Whitt 3, White wl eit with 4, or pethaps even ignore Black 3 completly. la this . Kudo 205 -Dia 1 Dia? Die. 1. (come) White 1 is good way to start educng the large feamewrk Black has on the left side. ack canbe expected t fit hack with 2 and 4, following which Whitecaps the center of his famework at 5. Ti ply may Tooklose, but — ‘is. 2. Next if Blick plays 1, White ean push at 2, den ut into the let side with 4 Black may be able to capture the two tangled stones, but White 4 mre than makes up for that, Black 1 is not a ‘00d move. ‘Dis. (aext pape) Neither i White 1 in thi dingram. In fact ‘White 1 is newer conect in this joa postion, because Black can always free the 2-3 exchange, after which 1 becomes redundant. ‘White 1 at 3 would be beter, Nalther move, however, hs any effect fon the rocksdid black group In the lower right, so tis Ia que ‘onableaiection fr Waite te payin, a Dia. Problem 19: Blak to pay 'S.Fujoewo (Back). Y. Miyamoto ~us—Diet Dis. 1 (ome) This center-ovented game, sot makes sense {for Bick to pny toward the centr, and Black isa beat move Besides reaching a bolping hand toward Blac’s post at attacks the wite group on the sight ade and ives Black a nie framework lathe Lower right quarter ofthe boud. That pis Black's tenitory inthe other three corer is mare than enough to counter Whites center, "Dia 2 (next page) This Hack 1 goes in exactly the wrong deo: tion. White ignores ft and takes the key poiat at 2. Hs exnter is ‘begining to lok dangerous large. “There are tes, not only in the endgame but in the middle game aswell whan a diagonal move like 1 is extremely good. In centes- ‘vented game like this on, however, sch aoe is ielevant 16 - Takemiya back)». Rin =7-Die 1 ia 1. (coneet) Bosldes taking sxthsine texitory on the lft ‘do, Black 1 attacks the weak white group inthe center, I Blak next closes the upper right come, he wil have a big testa ead, but i White plays there with, sy and 6, Black ean renew his attack 37, ‘ia. 2, (oext page) The upper sight comer i big, But White will, say 2 and and tent Bitk down tothe fourth ine in sete while Bing he center group same neoded eye space, The diferenc tie ‘alas in tentory alone is over ten points, andthe safety White fae worth ae muuch again, Bedell thst, Black {dees not lose the comer propel. ‘ia. 3, White stil has room to avade with 1 and 3, Black will, find it haré to capture him because White a and b are seats. ‘ia. 4. Because of thie f Black wants to core the corer he ‘ould told hime to 1, or vena ~ 18 - 19Guide to Further Study Books published in English eating to the middle game are listed below, roughly inorder ofinezeasing difficult. A are ‘wallable fom Kisco Publishing Company. The letters “ASD” inthe reviews refer tothe book you havejust ead. Lessin the Eunidamentals of Goby Kageyama Toshiro ‘At times Kageyama conrives to make the profound seem superficial or rude, but he knows exactly what he i talking, about and what he says is very basic and important. Easy ‘eading, with lots of diversions. Highly recommended, espe- iy to readers who found A&D over their heads, Worth buying or the appendix alone. Te by ames Daves ‘hows the eae step-by-step how torecognize taj and coud out tactical sequences Lots of problems, mst not foo Alficult May be considered a presequste for A&D. Strategie Concepts of Go, by Nagahara Yosbiaki “Matty of the topics in ARD are discusred here, but with dlllerent emphasis, different examples, and different termi- ‘olgy. Recommended to readers who disliked these aspects of ‘AD. The second half of the book consists of seventy-two, problems and solutions Get Strong at buading, by Richard Bozalich ‘This bookcontsins 171 problems, coveringinvasiors on the side, invading comer enclosures, and ceducing territorial Frameworks, Rasucing Tevtoril Frameworks, by Fujisawa Shuko (Covers much of the samme material as Get Strong tlneading, but at amore advanced level. 250— Game Collections ‘Once a certain level has been reached, perhaps around 2-kyu, a great deal can be learned by playing through profes- sional games. An ample supply are available inthe quarterly magazine Go World. Most back issues are available from 1985, sont lowing: some game colton published ibook Appreciating Famoss Games ‘Famous games of some ofthe great masters ofthe past ‘Commentaries watlen for kyuslevel players, Imvac Te Games of Shs Sasa considered tobe lhe greatest go playerin kis is game ane ommend the est elo apg prion iy Cena 14 gues ow fe fl commentare, ‘Tournament Go 1992: A Yearbk of Prjessianal Go ‘One of the best introductions availabe f the professional _go-playing scene, Contains 45 detailed game comentaries, Your Own Games ‘The mos important games fr you, however, are the ones youplay youre iy recording some others, replaying then inter and comeeting your own mistakes Tie ooo he ways inyshch professionals et toes strong they are ll nat costyouanythingbut ine rffr ani wil daintely lp you improve. I sothing ese, will improve your memory Since wring «game down while actual ite too distracting to be practical, yee =21-