Maneuvers) FW Maneuver Guide R-4

Flight Instructor Manual
Single-Engine Procedures
GENERAL SAFETY PROCEDURES & POLICIES For safety purposes these items must be followed strictly:
F-13/R-3
A maximum of one simulated system emergency is allowed below 2,000 AGL. To simulate engine failure, pull the throttle control to idle. Do not pull the mixture control to idle cutoff or turn the fuel shutoff valve off. During off-airport simulated engine failures, flight should not be continued below 500 AGL. No descents below TPA with systems disabled are allowed. When taking off, maintain V Y through 500 AGL. Checklists must be used on each and every flight. In the event of landing gear malfunction during which the gear appears to be down but no green Gear Safe light is illuminated, the PIC should contact HAI dispatch while airborne after troubleshooting using the appropriate checklist. If after contacting dispatch a decision is made to land, the pilot should come to a complete stop on the runway, shut down the airplane and contact HAI dispatch for a tow to maintenance. Pilots should not attempt to taxi to the ramp after landing. This should be treated as an emergency and the tower notified as appropriate.

Cessna 152
SPECIFICATIONS Lycoming O-235 108 BHP @ 2550 RPM Fuel capacity: 26 gal. total/24.5 usable Oil capacity: 6 qts. (dipstick) V SO VS VR V FE V NO V NE VX VY VA V CC VG 35 KIAS 40 KIAS 50 KIAS 85 KIAS 111 KIAS 149 KIAS 54 KIAS 67 KIAS @ Sea level 61 KIAS @ 10,000 feet 104 KIAS @ 1,670 lbs. 98 KIAS @ 1,500 lbs. 93 KIAS @ 1,350 lbs. 70 KIAS (cruise climb) 60 KIAS (maximum glide)
C152-1/R-3

NORMAL/CROSSWIND TAKE-OFF & CLIMB Objective: Safely and smoothly transition the aircraft into the air and complete the climb checks
C152-2/R-3
Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At V R (50 KIAS), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for V Y (67 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (70 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.

SHORT FIELD TAKE-OFF & CLIMB
C152-3/R-3
Objective: To smoothly transition the aircraft into the air using the least amount of runway and clearing any obstacles present in the departure path Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. At hold-short line set flaps to 10. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Position the airplane to utilize maximum available runway. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Apply and hold brakes. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. Release brakes. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At V R (50 KIAS), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for V X (54 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. When clear of all obstacles and at least 50 AGL, accelerate to VY (67 KIAS) and trim aircraft. As airspeed increases, announce Positive rate of climb and retract flaps. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (70 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.
Note: If practicing short-field takeoffs at a towered airport, request a short delay on the runway during the initial takeoff request. If traffic levels or controller workload do not permit a short delay, perform a normal takeoff roll and announce Simulated braking in lieu of an actual delay on the runway. At non-towered airports pilots are encouraged to consider local traffic levels when practicing short-field takeoffs and announce if a short delay on the runway will occur prior to beginning the takeoff roll.

SOFT FIELD TAKE-OFF & CLIMB
C152-4/R-3
Objective: To smoothly transition the aircraft from non-paved runway surfaces into the air Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. At hold-short line set flaps to 10. Hold the yoke full aft to transfer as much weight to the main landing gear as possible, and keep the yoke full aft until beginning the takeoff roll. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Use minimum braking and make a smooth transition from the taxi to the takeoff roll without allowing airplane to come to a stop. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. Adjust elevator pressure to keep the nosewheel just off the ground without striking the tail. Allow the airplane to rotate at minimum airspeed and level off in ground effect. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Accelerate in ground effect to V X (54 KIAS) and begin climbout. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. When clear of all obstacles and at least 50 AGL, accelerate to VY (67 KIAS) and trim aircraft. As airspeed increases, announce Positive rate of climb and retract flaps. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (70 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.
Note: If practicing soft-field takeoffs at a towered airport, traffic levels or controller workload may not permit a smooth, non-stop transition from taxi to the takeoff roll. Under these circumstances comply with controller instructions, announce Simulated non-stop takeoff roll when in position on the runway and maintain back full back pressure on the yoke until beginning takeoff roll.

ENROUTE CLIMB
C152-5/R-3
Objective: To reach the desired altitude using an airspeed calculated to provide better visibility and engine cooling. Pitch for V CC (70 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate aircraft with rudder. Monitor engine instruments to check for abnormalities. Execute gentle s-turns or short level-offs every 500 to check for traffic. Lean the mixture during climb (see section Leaning Procedures). Turn landing light off when clear of airport area unless otherwise recommended (see section Use of Aircraft Lights).
LEVEL-OFF FROM CLIMB Objective: Transition from climb to level flight. Perform standard callouts when approaching desired altitude. Announce 1000 prior to altitude, 500 prior and in 100 increments thereafter (e.g. 500 feet to go, 100 prior to altitude, beginning level-off). Lead level-off to desired altitude by 10% of vertical speed. Set the pitch for a level attitude. Let airspeed increase until desired cruise speed is reached. Set cruise power as per Pilot Operating Handbook. Trim aircraft for level flight. Lean the mixture (see section Leaning Procedures). Check all engine instruments and systems to verify proper operation. If still on, turn landing light off unless otherwise recommended (see section Use of Aircraft Lights). Call for and perform cruise checklist.

SLOW FLIGHT
C152-6/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate flight at various airspeeds and configurations. The student should be able to fly the aircraft at any given speed and configuration combination within the flight envelope of the aircraft. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Turn carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually as airspeed decreases. Below V FE (85 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. At target airspeed (50 KIAS unless specified), increase power to 2000 RPM. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Use pitch for airspeed control and power for altitude control. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, heading 10, altitude 100 feet. To recover, add full power, turn carburetor heat off and adjust pitch as necessary to maintain altitude. Retract flaps in 10 increments until completely retracted. Once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

STEEP TURNS Objective: To safely maneuver the aircraft through 360 of turn in each direction with a constant altitude, airspeed, angle of bank, and rollout on the same entry heading.
C152-7/R-3
Set altitude no lower than 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set power at 2100 RPM or less as necessary to maintain V A . Announce heading, altitude and airspeed to be maintained during maneuver. Entry airspeed should be below maneuvering speed and remain there for entire maneuver. Roll into turn with coordinated rudder and aileron. As airplane rolls past 30 of bank add approximately 200 RPM to maintain altitude. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Control bank angle with ailerons. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, altitude 100 feet, bank angle 5 (45 private, 50 commercial). Begin rollout 20 prior to entry heading. During rollout, decrease pitch attitude to maintain altitude, reduce power to 2100 RPM. Maintain entry heading 10. Repeat maneuver in opposite direction. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

POWER-OFF STALLS
C152-8/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from approach-to-landing configuration. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Turn carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. Below V FE (85 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 50 KIAS unless specified), initiate 500 fpm descent, decrease power to idle. Increase pitch gradually to hold altitude while airspeed decreases. When aircraft stalls, increase power to full. Pitch for level attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Turn carburetor heat off. Retract flaps 10 and pitch for V X (54 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue retracting flaps 10 at a time, confirming positive rate of climb each time, until fully retracted. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

POWER-ON STALLS Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from takeoff/departure conditions.
C152-9/R-3
Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Turn carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 50 KIAS unless specified), increase power to full. Turn carburetor heat off. Increase pitch promptly to approximately 20 nose-up. Maintain pitch attitude while airspeed decreases. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. When aircraft stalls, decrease pitch attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Pitch for V X (54 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue climb until at or above initial altitude. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS
C152-10/R-3
Objective: Control the aircraft solely by reference to the flight instruments, without outside visual reference. Maintain control of aircraft by cross-checking flight instruments. Use the attitude indicator as the center of the scan and verify all other instruments against it. Ensure scan does not rest on one instrument for more than one second. Maintain altitude 100, heading 10 (in straight flight). Make all turns at standard rate using turn coordinator. Turns should be performed in both directions. Climbs and descents shall be done using a constant airspeed or constant rate. With constant airspeed, maintain airspeed 10 KIAS. With constant rate, maintain rate of climb or descent 200 fpm. Stalls, slow flight and steep turns are performed using the VFR procedures while simulating instrument conditions using a view-limiting device. It is crucial for the safety pilot to ensure that the area is clear before performing any maneuvers, taking the controls to perform clearing turns if necessary (see section Clearing Turns).
UNUSUAL ATTITUDE RECOVERY Objective: Return the airplane to straight-and-level flight from potentially hazardous unusual flight attitudes by reference to the flight instruments. Unusual attitudes can be classified as either nose high or nose low and may involve turning or straight flight. In either scenario recovery should be initiate well before overstressing the aircraft or placing it into a potentially dangerous situation (i.e. spin in IMC): o Nose-high recovery: Power full, pitch level, wings level. o Nose-low recovery: Power idle, wings level, pitch level. Once airplane is in wings-level attitude, call out new target altitude, heading and airspeed. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

DESCENT
C152-11/R-3
Objective: Transition the aircraft to a lower altitude as in preparation for traffic pattern entry and landing. Plan descent to reach desired altitude at predetermined location. If entering traffic pattern, plan to reach traffic pattern altitude approximately 2 miles before entering the pattern. Review all airport information, including ATIS/AWOS/ASOS and sectional chart. Set radios to tower or CTAF. Set carburetor heat ON. Decrease power as per Pilots Operating Handbook for desired rate of descent and airspeed. Adjust mixture as necessary for descent (see section Leaning Procedures). Turn landing light on within 10 NM of airport area (see section Use of Aircraft Lights). Trim aircraft. Call for and perform descent checklist.

FORWARD SLIP Objective: To increase descent rate and angle without increasing airspeed.
C152-12/R-3
Decrease power to idle. Lower upwind wing into wind. Apply full rudder opposite to yoke deflection. Keep ground track aligned with the runway or reference point using aileron input. Maintain same pitch attitude in slip as in level flight to ensure appropriate approach airspeed. Note that indicated airspeed will be lower than actual airspeed due to pitot tube errors encountered in the slip. When desired altitude is reached, smoothly neutralize ailerons and rudder. Align longitudinal axis of airplane with runway centerline.
SIDE SLIP Objective: To remain aligned with runway during crosswind approach and landing. Set power as appropriate to maintain glideslope. Lower upwind wing into wind. Apply rudder opposite to yoke deflection as necessary to maintain centerline. Keep the longitudinal axis of the airplane aligned with the runway centerline using aileron input. Maintain pitch attitude in slip below the horizon to ensure appropriate approach airspeed. Note that indicated airspeed will be lower than actual airspeed due to pitot tube errors encountered in the slip. When desired altitude is reached, smoothly neutralize ailerons and rudder while remaining aligned with runway centerline.
Note: Both forward slips and side slips may be performed with full flaps extended, although they are more efficient in the clean configuration.

RECTANGULAR PATTERN
C152-13/R-3
Objective: Fly a rectangular pattern while maintaining equal-length opposite sides and a constant distance from visual reference point. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL. Determine wind direction. Pick outside visual reference. Set mixture full rich. Set power at cruise power setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Plan to enter the rectangular pattern downwind and remain the same distance away from the rectangle during the entire maneuver. Maintain altitude 100 feet. After completing one full rectangular pattern, call for and perform cruise checklist.
TURNS AROUND A POINT Objective: Fly a circle around a selected ground reference point maintaining a constant radius. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL. Determine wind direction. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Set power at cruise power setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Plan to enter the turn downwind and remain the same distance away from the reference point during the entire maneuver. During maneuver, adjust bank angle as necessary for wind to fly constant radius. Maintain altitude 100 feet. After completing one full circle, call for and perform cruise checklist.

S-TURNS
C152-14/R-3
Objective: Fly semi-circle patterns across a straight-line ground reference point maintaining turns of equal radius in opposing directions. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL. Determine wind direction. Pick outside visual reference line perpendicular to the wind. Set mixture full rich. Set power at cruise power setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Plan to enter the turn downwind, wings level, perpendicular to reference line. S-turns should look like half of a turn around a point. During maneuver, adjust bank angle as necessary for wind to fly constant radius around reference point on reference line. Airplane should always be wings-level and perpendicular to the reference line when crossing it. Maintain altitude 100 feet. After completing at least one full S-turn, call for and perform cruise checklist.

ENGINE FAILURE IN CRUISE FLIGHT Objective: Safely land the airplane in the event of an engine failure during cruise flight.
C152-15/R-3
Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. If time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist may be consulted for further reference. To simulate engine failures in cruise flight, pull the throttle control to idle. Never fail the engine by pulling the mixture to idle cutoff or turning the fuel selector valve to OFF. The following are procedures for simulating an engine failure in cruise flight; for expanded information consult the Pilots Operating Handbook. To simulate an engine failure, reduce throttle to idle. Pitch airspeed for 60 KIAS (best glide). Apply carburetor heat Select best landing site and turn towards it. Determine wind direction and plan descent to land into the wind. Perform cockpit flow check to try to restart engine: Fuel valve On Mixture Rich Throttle In Carburetor heat On Ignition switch Both Master switch On Primer In & locked If time and altitude permit, consult emergency checklist for further procedures, including engine restart. For training purposes, if simulating that the engine has not restarted at this point, continue with the following procedures. (Verbalize only) Set transponder to 7700. (Verbalize only) Set radios to emergency frequency or local ATC facility. Communicate emergency, location, nature of emergency and number on board. Perform verbal passenger briefing. Include in the briefing seatbelt and shoulder harnesses, securing of sharp or loose objects and procedures for exiting the aircraft after landing. (Verbalize only) Shut down engine as per emergency checklist. Plan go-around so airplane does not descend below 500 AGL.

EMERGENCY DESCENT Objective: Safely land the airplane in the event of an engine fire.
C152-16/R-3
Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. If time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist may be consulted for further reference. The following are procedures for simulating an engine fire in cruise flight; for expanded information consult the Pilots Operating Handbook. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Reduce throttle smoothly to idle. Pitch for descent airspeed of 85 KIAS. (Verbalize only) Pull mixture to idle cutoff and turn fuel selector valve OFF. Select best landing site and turn towards it. Determine wind direction and plan descent to land into the wind. If desired, full flaps may be lowered to increase descent angle. If using flaps, use descent airspeed of 80 KIAS (V FE -5 KIAS for training purposes). If time and altitude permit, consult emergency checklist for further procedures, including engine restart. For training purposes, if simulating that the engine fire has not extinguished at this point, continue with the following procedures. (Verbalize only) Set transponder to 7700. (Verbalize only) Set radios to emergency frequency or local ATC facility. Communicate emergency, location, nature of emergency and number on board. Perform verbal passenger briefing. Include in the briefing seatbelt and shoulder harnesses, securing of sharp or loose objects and procedures for exiting the aircraft after landing. (Verbalize only) Shut down engine as per emergency checklist. Plan go-around so airplane does not descend below 500 AGL.
GO-AROUND Objective: Abort an unsafe landing and re-enter the traffic pattern for another approach. Smoothly increase throttle to full power. Turn carburetor heat off. Pitch for a climb at V x . Immediately retract one notch of flaps. After verifying a positive rate of climb, pitch for V X (54 KIAS) and retract flaps one notch at a time until fully retracted. Verify a positive rate of climb after retracting each notch of flaps. Call for and perform climb checklist.

TRAFFIC PATTERN CONTROLLED FIELD
C152-17/R-3
Objective: Enter the airport area of a towered airport in a safe manner in preparation for landing. Obtain recorded weather information at least 10 miles away from airport. Check all known airport information from sectional chart and Airport/Facility Directory, including airport elevation and designated right traffic patterns, if any. Call tower or approach (as appropriate) before entering airspace for landing clearance. Descent to traffic pattern altitude 2 miles away from airport, unless otherwise instructed by ATC. Enter traffic pattern as directed by ATC and report entering pattern. Call for and perform before landing checklist.
TRAFFIC PATTERN UNCONTROLLED FIELD Objective: Enter the airport area of a non-towered airport in a safe manner in preparation for landing. Obtain recorded weather information or landing advisory at least 10 miles away from airport. Check all known airport information from sectional chart and Airport/Facility Directory, including airport elevation and designated right traffic patterns, if any. If landing advisory is not available, plan overflight of airport at 500 above traffic pattern altitude to determine wind direction and landing runway. Once landing runway is determined, plan to enter at a 45 angle to the downwind leg. Circle as appropriate and allow sufficient room to descend to traffic pattern altitude 2 miles away from airport. Enter traffic pattern and announce intentions on CTAF. Call for and perform before landing checklist.
Note: Self-announce frequently on CTAF, including position and intentions. Unless traffic levels dictate otherwise, make one radio call on each leg of traffic pattern. Ensure radio calls are directed at both VFR and IFR traffic, especially when reporting positions in reference to less commonly-used navigational aids. Note: Regardless of whether landing at controlled or uncontrolled airports, pilots should use increased vigilance in scanning for traffic.

NORMAL/CROSSWIND APPROACH & LANDING
C152-18/R-3
Objective: Transition the aircraft safely from air to ground, correcting for wind as necessary. Downwind leg: Set power to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (85 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 80 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 70 KIAS. Trim aircraft. Final approach: Pitch for descent at 60 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Lower wing into wind and coordinate with rudder as appropriate for crosswind conditions to keep ground track and wheel base parallel to runway centerline. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Set flaps to 30 as necessary when landing on runway is assured Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect. Decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. If landing in a crosswind, touchdown will be on the upwind wheel first, then the downwind wheel, then the nosewheel. Touchdown should be within 200 of a pre-selected landing point. Slow to taxi speed using gentle braking before exiting runway.

SHORT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground using minimal runway. Downwind leg: Set cruise power as required (2300 RPM). Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (85 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 75 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 65 KIAS and trim aircraft.
C152-19/R-3
Final approach: Set flaps to 30. Pitch for descent at 54 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Glidepath will be steeper than that of normal approach. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to the ground. Once all three wheels are in contact with the ground, apply firm but even braking. Touchdown should be within 100 of a pre-selected landing point. Simultaneously bring yoke full aft and retract flaps using an open-handed palm. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway. Note: If practicing short-field landings at a towered airport, request a stop and go in lieu of landing clearance. If traffic levels or controller workload do not permit stopping on the runway, perform a normal landing roll and announce Simulated maximum braking in lieu of an actual stop on the runway. At non-towered airports pilots are encouraged to consider local traffic levels when practicing short-field landings and announce if a short delay on the runway will occur prior to beginning the takeoff roll.

SOFT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground on non-paved surfaces. Downwind leg: Set cruise power as required (2300 RPM). Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (85 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 80 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 70 KIAS and trim aircraft.
C152-20/R-3
Final approach: Pitch for descent at 60 KIAS (use 54 KIAS and 30 flaps if short field) and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to approximately 1000 RPM and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, pull power to idle and hold the nosewheel off the ground for as long as possible. Keep yoke full aft during taxi and use minimal braking. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway.

Cessna 172P
SPECIFICATIONS Lycoming O-320 160 BHP @ 2700 RPM Fuel capacity: 43 gal. total/40 usable (standard) or 54 gal. total/50 usable (long range) Oil capacity: 7 qts. (dipstick) V SO VS VR V FE V NO V NE VX VY VA V CC VG 33 KIAS 44 KIAS 55 KIAS 110 KIAS for 10 85 KIAS for 20 and 30 127 KIAS 158 KIAS 60 KIAS @ Sea level 65 KIAS @ 10,000 feet 76 KIAS @ Sea level 71 KIAS @ 10,000 feet 99 KIAS @ 2400 lbs. 92 KIAS @ 2000 lbs. 82 KIAS @ 1600 lbs. 80 KIAS (cruise climb) 65 KIAS (maximum glide)
C172P-1/R-3

NORMAL/CROSSWIND TAKE-OFF & CLIMB Objective: Safely and smoothly transition the aircraft into the air and complete the climb checks.
C172P-2/R-3

C172P-3/R-3
Objective: To smoothly transition the aircraft into the air using the least amount of runway and clearing any obstacles present in the departure path Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. At hold-short line set flaps to 10. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Position the airplane to utilize maximum available runway. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Apply and hold brakes. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. Release brakes. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At V R (55 KIAS), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for V X (60 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. When clear of all obstacles and at least 50 AGL, accelerate to VY (76 KIAS) and trim aircraft. As airspeed increases, announce Positive rate of climb and retract flaps. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (80 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.

C172P-4/R-3

ENROUTE CLIMB
C172P-5/R-3

SLOW FLIGHT
C172P-6/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate flight at various airspeeds and configurations. The student should be able to fly the aircraft at any given speed and configuration combination within the flight envelope of the aircraft. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Turn carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually as airspeed decreases. Below V FE (110 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. Ensure airspeed is below 85 KIAS before extending flaps beyond 10. At target airspeed (55 KIAS unless specified), increase power to 2000 RPM. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Use pitch for airspeed control and power for altitude control. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, heading 10, altitude 100 feet. To recover, add full power, turn carburetor heat off and adjust pitch as necessary to maintain altitude. Retract flaps in 10 increments until completely retracted. Once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

C172P-7/R-3

POWER-OFF STALLS
C172P-8/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from approach-to-landing configuration. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Turn carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. Below V FE (110 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. Ensure airspeed is below 85 KIAS before extending more than 10. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 55 KIAS unless specified), initiate 500 fpm descent, decrease power to idle. Increase pitch gradually to hold altitude while airspeed decreases. When aircraft stalls, increase power to full. Pitch for level attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Turn carburetor heat off. Retract flaps 10 and pitch for V X (60 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue retracting flaps 10 at a time, confirming positive rate of climb each time, until fully retracted. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

POWER-ON STALLS
C172P-9/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from takeoff/departure conditions. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Turn carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 55 KIAS unless specified), increase power to full. Turn carburetor heat off. Increase pitch promptly to approximately 20 nose-up. Maintain pitch attitude while airspeed decreases. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. When aircraft stalls, decrease pitch attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Pitch for V X (60 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue climb until at or above initial altitude. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

C172P-10/R-3

DESCENT
C172P-11/R-3

C172P-12/R-3

RECTANGULAR PATTERN
C172P-13/R-3

S-TURNS
C172P-14/R-3

C172P-15/R-3
Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. If time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist may be consulted for further reference. To simulate engine failures in cruise flight, pull the throttle control to idle. Never fail the engine by pulling the mixture to idle cutoff or turning the fuel selector valve to OFF. The following are procedures for simulating an engine failure in cruise flight; for expanded information consult the Pilots Operating Handbook. To simulate an engine failure, reduce throttle to idle. Pitch airspeed for 65 KIAS (best glide). Apply carburetor heat Select best landing site and turn towards it. Determine wind direction and plan descent to land into the wind. Perform cockpit flow check to try to restart engine: Fuel valve Both Mixture Rich Throttle In Carburetor heat On Ignition switch Both Master switch On Primer In & locked If time and altitude permit, consult emergency checklist for further procedures, including engine restart. For training purposes, if simulating that the engine has not restarted at this point, continue with the following procedures. (Verbalize only) Set transponder to 7700. (Verbalize only) Set radios to emergency frequency or local ATC facility. Communicate emergency, location, nature of emergency and number on board. Perform verbal passenger briefing. Include in the briefing seatbelt and shoulder harnesses, securing of sharp or loose objects and procedures for exiting the aircraft after landing. (Verbalize only) Shut down engine as per emergency checklist. Plan go-around so airplane does not descend below 500 AGL.

C172P-16/R-3
GO-AROUND Objective: Abort an unsafe landing and re-enter the traffic pattern for another approach. Smoothly increase throttle to full power. Turn carburetor heat off. Pitch for a climb at V x . Immediately retract one notch of flaps. After verifying a positive rate of climb, pitch for V X (60 KIAS) and retract flaps one notch at a time until fully retracted. Verify a positive rate of climb after retracting each notch of flaps. Call for and perform climb checklist.

C172P-17/R-3

C172P-18/R-3
Objective: Transition the aircraft safely from air to ground, correcting for wind as necessary. Downwind leg: Set power to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (110 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 85 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft. Final approach: Pitch for descent at 65 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Lower wing into wind and coordinate with rudder as appropriate for crosswind conditions to keep ground track and wheel base parallel to runway centerline. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Set flaps to 30 as necessary when landing on runway is assured. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. If landing in a crosswind, touchdown will be on the upwind wheel first, then the downwind wheel, then the nosewheel. Touchdown should be within 200 of a pre-selected landing point. Slow to taxi speed using gentle braking before exiting runway.

SHORT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground using minimal runway. Downwind leg: Set cruise power as required (2300 RPM). Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (110 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 80 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 70 KIAS and trim aircraft.
C172P-19/R-3
Final approach: Set flaps to 30. Pitch for descent at 61 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Glidepath will be steeper than that of normal approach. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. Once all three wheels are in contact with the ground, apply firm but even braking. Touchdown should be within 100 of a pre-selected landing point. Simultaneously bring yoke full aft and retract flaps using an open-handed palm. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway. Note: If practicing short-field landings at a towered airport, request a stop and go in lieu of landing clearance. If traffic levels or controller workload do not permit stopping on the runway, perform a normal landing roll and announce Simulated maximum braking in lieu of an actual stop on the runway. At non-towered airports pilots are encouraged to consider local traffic levels when practicing short-field landings and announce if a short delay on the runway will occur prior to beginning the takeoff roll.

SOFT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground on non-paved surfaces. Downwind leg: Set cruise power as required (2300 RPM). Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (110 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 85 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft.
C172P-20/R-3
Final approach: Pitch for descent at 65 KIAS (use 61 KIAS and 30 flaps if short field) and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to approximately 1000 RPM and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, pull power to idle and hold the nosewheel off the ground for as long as possible. Keep yoke full aft during taxi and use minimal braking. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway. Note: If practicing soft-field landings at a towered airport, traffic levels or controller workload may not permit an extended landing roll while waiting for the nosewheel to contact the ground. Under these circumstances comply with controller instructions, announce Simulated soft-field landing roll, and promptly transition to either exiting the runway or continuing with a touchand-go.

Cessna 172S
SPECIFICATIONS Lycoming IO-360 180 BHP @ 2700 RPM Fuel capacity: 56 gal. total/53 usable Oil capacity: 8 qts. (dipstick) V SO VS VR V FE V NO V NE VX VY VA V CC VG 40 KIAS 48 KIAS 55 KIAS 110 KIAS for 10 85 KIAS for 20 and 30 129 KIAS 163 KIAS 62 KIAS @ Sea level 67 KIAS @ 10,000 feet 74 KIAS @ Sea level 72 KIAS @ 10,000 feet 105 KIAS @ 2550 lbs. 98 KIAS @ 2200 lbs. 90 KIAS @ 1900 lbs. 80 KIAS (cruise climb) 68 KIAS (maximum glide)
C172S-1/R-3

NORMAL/CROSSWIND TAKE-OFF & CLIMB Objective: Safely and smoothly transition the aircraft into the air and complete the climb checks.
C172S-2/R-3

C172S-3/R-3
Objective: To smoothly transition the aircraft into the air using the least amount of runway and clearing any obstacles present in the departure path Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. At hold-short line set flaps to 10. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Position the airplane to utilize maximum available runway. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Apply and hold brakes. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. Release brakes. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At V R (55 KIAS), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for 56 KIAS and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. When clear of all obstacles and at least 50 AGL, accelerate to VY (74 KIAS) and trim aircraft. As airspeed increases, announce Positive rate of climb and retract flaps. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (80 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.

C172S-4/R-3

ENROUTE CLIMB
C172S-5/R-3

SLOW FLIGHT
C172S-6/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate flight at various airspeeds and configurations. The student should be able to fly the aircraft at any given speed and configuration combination within the flight envelope of the aircraft. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually as airspeed decreases. Below V FE (110 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. Ensure airspeed is below 85 KIAS before extending flaps beyond 10. At target airspeed (55 KIAS unless specified), increase power to 2000 RPM. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Use pitch for airspeed control and power for altitude control. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, heading 10, altitude 100 feet. To recover, add full power, turn carburetor heat off and adjust pitch as necessary to maintain altitude. Retract flaps in 10 increments until completely retracted. Once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

C172S-7/R-3

POWER-OFF STALLS
C172S-8/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from approach-to-landing configuration. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. Below V FE (110 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. Ensure airspeed is below 85 KIAS before extending more than 10. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 55 KIAS unless specified), initiate a 500 fpm descent, decrease power to idle. Increase pitch gradually to hold altitude while airspeed decreases. When aircraft stalls, increase power to full. Pitch for level attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Retract flaps 10 and pitch for V X (62 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue retracting flaps 10 at a time, confirming positive rate of climb each time, until fully retracted. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

POWER-ON STALLS
C172S-9/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from takeoff/departure conditions. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 55 KIAS unless specified), increase power to full. Increase pitch promptly to approximately 20 nose-up. Maintain pitch attitude while airspeed decreases. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. When aircraft stalls, decrease pitch attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Pitch for V X (62 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue climb until at or above initial altitude. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

C172S-10/R-3

DESCENT
C172S-11/R-3
Objective: Transition the aircraft to a lower altitude as in preparation for traffic pattern entry and landing. Plan descent to reach desired altitude at predetermined location. If entering traffic pattern, plan to reach traffic pattern altitude approximately 2 miles before entering the pattern. Review all airport information, including ATIS/AWOS/ASOS and sectional chart. Set radios to tower or CTAF. Decrease power as per Pilots Operating Handbook for desired rate of descent and airspeed. Adjust mixture as necessary for descent (see section Leaning Procedures). Turn landing light on within 10 NM of airport area (see section Use of Aircraft Lights). Trim aircraft. Call for and perform descent checklist.

C172S-12/R-3

RECTANGULAR PATTERN
C172S-13/R-3

S-TURNS
C172S-14/R-3

C172S-15/R-3
Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. If time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist may be consulted for further reference. To simulate engine failures in cruise flight, pull the throttle control to idle. Never fail the engine by pulling the mixture to idle cutoff or turning the fuel selector valve to OFF. The following are procedures for simulating an engine failure in cruise flight; for expanded information consult the Pilots Operating Handbook. To simulate an engine failure, reduce throttle to idle. Pitch airspeed for 68 KIAS (best glide). Turn fuel pump on. Select best landing site and turn towards it. Determine wind direction and plan descent to land into the wind. Perform cockpit flow check to try to restart engine: Fuel valve Both Mixture Rich Throttle In Ignition switch Both Master switch On Auxiliary fuel pump On If time and altitude permit, consult emergency checklist for further procedures, including engine restart. For training purposes, if simulating that the engine has not restarted at this point, continue with the following procedures. (Verbalize only) Set transponder to 7700. (Verbalize only) Set radios to emergency frequency or local ATC facility. Communicate emergency, location, nature of emergency and number on board. Perform verbal passenger briefing. Include in the briefing seatbelt and shoulder harnesses, securing of sharp or loose objects and procedures for exiting the aircraft after landing. (Verbalize only) Shut down engine as per emergency checklist. Plan go-around so airplane does not descend below 500 AGL.

C172S-16/R-3
GO-AROUND Objective: Abort an unsafe landing and re-enter the traffic pattern for another approach. Smoothly increase throttle to full power. Pitch for a climb at V x . Immediately retract one notch of flaps. After verifying a positive rate of climb, pitch for V X (62 KIAS) and retract flaps one notch at a time until fully retracted. Verify a positive rate of climb after retracting each notch of flaps. Call for and perform climb checklist.

C172S-17/R-3

C172S-18/R-3
Objective: Transition the aircraft safely from air to ground, correcting for wind as necessary. Downwind leg: Set power to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (110 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 85 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft. Final approach: Pitch for descent at 65 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Lower wing into wind and coordinate with rudder as appropriate for crosswind conditions to keep ground track and wheel base parallel to runway centerline. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Set flaps to 30 as necessary once landing on runway is assured.
Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. If landing in a crosswind, touchdown will be on the upwind wheel first, then the downwind wheel, then the nosewheel. Touchdown should be within 200 of a pre-selected landing point. Slow to taxi speed using gentle braking before exiting runway.

SHORT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground using minimal runway. Downwind leg: Set cruise power as required (2300 RPM). Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (110 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 80 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 70 KIAS and trim aircraft.
C172S-19/R-3
Final approach: Set flaps to 30. Pitch for descent at 61 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Glidepath will be steeper than that of normal approach. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. If landing in a crosswind, touchdown will be on the upwind wheel first, then the downwind wheel, then the nosewheel. Once all three wheels are in contact with the ground, apply firm but even braking. Touchdown should be within 100 of a pre-selected landing point. Simultaneously bring yoke full aft and retract flaps using an open-handed palm. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway. Note: If practicing short-field landings at a towered airport, request a stop and go in lieu of landing clearance. If traffic levels or controller workload do not permit stopping on the runway, perform a normal landing roll and announce Simulated maximum braking in lieu of an actual stop on the runway. At non-towered airports pilots are encouraged to consider local traffic levels when practicing short-field landings and announce if a short delay on the runway will occur prior to beginning the takeoff roll.

SOFT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground on non-paved surfaces. Downwind leg: Set cruise power as required (2300 RPM). Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. Call for and perform the before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (110 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 85 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft.
C172S-20/R-3
Final approach: Pitch for descent at 65 KIAS (use 61 KIAS and 30 flaps if short field) and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to approximately 1000 RPM and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, pull power to idle and hold the nosewheel off the ground for as long as possible. Keep yoke full aft during taxi and use minimal braking. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway. Note: If practicing soft-field landings at a towered airport, traffic levels or controller workload may not permit an extended landing roll while waiting for the nosewheel to contact the ground. Under these circumstances comply with controller instructions, announce Simulated soft-field landing roll, and promptly transition to either exiting the runway or continuing with a touchand-go.

Cessna 172RG
SPECIFICATIONS Lycoming O-360 180 BHP @ 2700 RPM Fuel capacity: 66 gal. total/62 usable Oil capacity: 8 qts. (dipstick) V SO VS VR V FE V NO V NE V LO V LE VX VY VA V CC VG 42 KIAS 50 KIAS 55 KIAS 130 KIAS for 10 100 KIAS for 20 and 30 145 KIAS 164 KIAS 140 KIAS 164 KIAS 67 KIAS @ Sea level 68 KIAS @ 10,000 feet 84 KIAS @ Sea level 77 KIAS @ 10,000 feet 106 KIAS @ 2650 lbs. 98 KIAS @ 2250 lbs. 89 KIAS @ 1850 lbs. 90 KIAS (cruise climb) 73 KIAS @ 2650 lbs. (maximum glide) 67 KIAS @ 2250 lbs. 61 KIAS @ 1850 lbs.
C172RG-1/R-3

NORMAL/CROSSWIND TAKE-OFF & CLIMB
C172RG-2/R-3
Objective: Safely and smoothly transition the aircraft into the air and complete the climb checks. Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At V R (55 KIAS), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for V Y (84 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. Retract landing gear when no usable runway remains to land on. Maintain physical contact with the landing gear handle until amber gear unsafe light extinguishes. At 500 AGL reduce power to 25 MP, propellers to 2,500 RPM. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (90 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.

C172RG-3/R-3
Objective: To smoothly transition the aircraft into the air using the least amount of runway and clearing any obstacles present in the departure path Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. At hold-short line ensure flaps are up. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Position the airplane to utilize maximum available runway. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Apply and hold brakes. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. Release brakes. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At V R (55 KIAS), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for 63 KIAS and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. When clear of all obstacles and at least 50 AGL, accelerate to VY (84 KIAS) and trim aircraft. As airspeed increases, announce Positive rate of climb and retract landing gear when no usable runway remains to land on. Maintain physical contact with the landing gear handle until amber gear unsafe light extinguishes. At 500 AGL reduce power to 25 MP, propellers to 2,500 RPM. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (90 KIAS).

C172RG-4/R-3
Objective: To smoothly transition the aircraft from non-paved runway surfaces into the air Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. At hold-short line ensure flaps are up. Hold the yoke full aft to transfer as much weight to the main landing gear as possible, and keep the yoke full aft until beginning the takeoff roll. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Use minimum braking and make a smooth transition from the taxi to the takeoff roll without allowing airplane to come to a stop. Perfom HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Smoothly apply full power (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. Adjust elevator pressure to keep the nosewheel just off the ground without striking the tail. Allow the airplane to rotate at minimum airspeed and level off in ground effect. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Accelerate in ground effect to V X (67 KIAS) and begin climbout. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. When clear of all obstacles and at least 50 AGL, accelerate to VY (84 KIAS) and trim aircraft. As airspeed increases, announce Positive rate of climb and retract landing gear when no usable runway remains to land on. Maintain physical contact with the landing gear handle until amber gear unsafe light extinguishes. At 500 AGL reduce power to 25 MP, propellers to 2,500 RPM. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (90 KIAS).

ENROUTE CLIMB
C172RG-5/R-3
Objective: To reach the desired altitude using an airspeed calculated to provide better visibility and engine cooling. Pitch for V CC (90 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate aircraft with rudder. Monitor engine instruments to check for abnormalities. Execute gentle s-turns or short level-offs every 500 to check for traffic. Increase throttle with altitude as needed to maintain climb power setting. Lean the mixture during climb (see section Leaning Procedures). Turn landing light off when clear of airport area unless otherwise recommended (see section Use of Aircraft Lights).
LEVEL-OFF FROM CLIMB Objective: Transition from climb to level flight. Perform standard callouts when approaching desired altitude. Announce 1000 prior to altitude, 500 prior and in 100 increments thereafter (e.g. 500 feet to go, 100 prior to altitude, beginning level-off). Lead level-off to desired altitude by 10% of vertical speed. Set the pitch for a level attitude. Let airspeed increase until desired cruise speed is reached. Set cruise power and propeller RPM as per Pilot Operating Handbook. Trim aircraft for level flight. Lean the mixture (see section Leaning Procedures). Check all engine instruments and systems to verify proper operation. If still on, turn landing light off unless otherwise recommended (see section Use of Aircraft Lights). Call for and perform cruise checklist.

SLOW FLIGHT
C172RG-6/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate flight at various airspeeds and configurations. The student should be able to fly the aircraft at any given speed and configuration combination within the flight envelope of the aircraft. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propeller to 2500 RPM. Turn carburetor heat on. Set throttle to 15 MP. Open cowl flaps. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually as airspeed decreases. Below V LO (140 KIAS) extend landing gear. Below V FE (130 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. Ensure airspeed is below 100 KIAS before extending flaps beyond 10. At target airspeed (55 KIAS unless specified), increase power to 20 MP. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Use pitch for airspeed control and power for altitude control. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, heading 10, altitude 100 feet. To recover from slow flight, increase throttle to 23 MP, turn carburetor heat off and adjust pitch as necessary to maintain altitude. Retract flaps one notch at a time to 10. Retract landing gear. Retract last 10 flaps. At cruise airspeed, reduce power and propellers to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Close cowl flaps. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

STEEP TURNS
C172RG-7/R-3
Objective: To safely maneuver the aircraft through 360 of turn in each direction with a constant altitude, airspeed, angle of bank, and rollout on the same entry heading. Set altitude no lower than 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propeller at 2300 RPM and throttle at 21 MP, or as necessary to maintain V A . Announce heading, altitude and airspeed to be maintained during maneuver. Entry airspeed should be below maneuvering speed and remain there for entire maneuver. Roll into turn with coordinated rudder and aileron. As airplane rolls past 30 of bank add approximately 2 MP to maintain altitude. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Control bank angle with ailerons. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, altitude 100 feet, bank angle 5 (45 private, 50 commercial). Begin rollout 20 prior to entry heading. During rollout, decrease pitch attitude to maintain altitude, reduce power to 19-20 MP. Maintain entry heading 10. Repeat maneuver in opposite direction. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

POWER-OFF STALLS
C172RG-8/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from approach-to-landing configuration. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propeller to 2500 RPM. Turn carburetor heat on. Set throttle to 15 MP. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. Below V LO (140 KIAS) extend landing gear. Below V FE (130 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. Ensure airspeed is below 100 KIAS before extending more than 10. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 55 KIAS unless specified), initiate a 500 fpm descent, decrease power to idle. Increase pitch gradually to hold altitude while airspeed decreases. When aircraft stalls, smoothly increase power to full. Pitch for level attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Turn carburetor heat off. Retract flaps 10 and pitch for V X (67 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Retract next 10 flaps and confirm positive rate of climb. Retract landing gear. Retract last 10 flaps. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power and propellers to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

POWER-ON STALLS
C172RG-9/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from takeoff/departure conditions. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propeller to 2500 RPM. Turn carburetor heat on. Set throttle to 15 MP. Open cowl flaps. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. If a turning stall is to be performed, enter a standard-rate turn until the stall break. At target airspeed (V R , 55 KIAS unless specified), increase power to 25 MP. This will be simulated maximum power, and no further increases should be made. Turn carburetor heat off. Increase pitch promptly to approximately 20 nose-up. Maintain pitch attitude while airspeed decreases. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. When aircraft stalls, decrease pitch attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Pitch for V X (67 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue climb until at or above initial altitude. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Close cowl flaps. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

CHANDELLES
C172RG-10/R-3
Objective: To safely maneuver the aircraft through a 180 maximum-performance climbing turn. LAZY 8S Objective: To maneuver the airplane through two 180 turns while constantly changing pitch attitude and bank angle. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point off wingtip. Set propeller at 2300 RPM and throttle at 21 MP, or as necessary to maintain V A . Roll into turn with coordinated rudder and aileron. Coordinate with rudder. Both pitch and bank should be constantly changing. First 45 of maneuver: Increase bank angle to 15, pitch to maximum nose-up. Second 45 of maneuver: Increase bank angle to 30, decreasing pitch to level. Third 45 of maneuver: Decrease bank angle to 15, pitch to maximum nose-down. Last 45 of maneuver: Decrease bank angle and pitch attitude to level. During rollout, maintain initial entry altitude 100 feet, heading 10. Repeat maneuver in opposite direction. Call for and perform cruise checklist. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point off wingtip. Set propeller at 2500 RPM. Roll into turn with coordinated rudder and aileron. As airplane reaches 30 of bank increase throttle to 25 MP. This will be simulated maximum power. Coordinate with rudder. First half of maneuver: Maintain constant bank angle, increase pitch attitude. Second half of maneuver: Maintain constant pitch attitude, decrease bank angle. During rollout, decrease pitch attitude to maintain altitude 100 feet, heading 10, rollout airspeed should be just above a stalling airspeed. Repeat maneuver in opposite direction. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

STEEP SPIRALS
C172RG-11/R-3
Objective: Demonstrate sufficient planning as to maneuver the airplane through at least three 360 descending turns while tracking a constant radius circle. Set altitude as necessary to ensure at least three complete 360 turns with recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Ensure cowl flaps are closed. Pick outside ground reference point. Below V LO (140 KIAS) extend landing gear. Set propeller at 2500 RPM. Turn carburetor heat on. Pull throttle to idle and pitch for best glide (73 KIAS). Passing over reference point, roll into turn with coordinated rudder and aileron. During descent, adjust bank angle as necessary to maintain constant radius around reference point. Bank may be increased up to 60. Maintain airspeed in descent 10 KIAS. Plan recovery (or transition into power-off 180 accuracy landing) by 1500 AGL. During rollout maintain heading 10.
POWER-OFF 180 ACCURACY LANDINGS Objective: Safely maneuver the airplane from abeam a landing point to a successful power-off touchdown. Set altitude no more than 1000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set propeller at 2500 RPM. Turn carburetor heat on. Pull throttle to idle and pitch for best glide (73 KIAS). Maintain airspeed in descent 10 KIAS. Plan descent as in normal traffic pattern, unless terrain and wind conditions dictate otherwise, to touchdown within 200 of designated landing point.

C172RG-12/R-3
UNUSUAL ATTITUDE RECOVERY Objective: Return the airplane to straight-and-level flight from potentially hazardous unusual flight attitudes by reference to the flight instruments. Unusual attitudes can be classified as either nose high or nose low and may involve turning or straight flight. In either scenario recovery should be initiate well before overstressing the aircraft or placing it into a potentially dangerous situation (i.e. spin in IMC): o Nose-high recovery: Simulated full power (25 MP), pitch level, wings level. o Nose-low recovery: Power idle, wings level, pitch level. Once airplane is in wings-level attitude, call out new target altitude, heading and airspeed. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

DESCENT
C172RG-13/R-3

C172RG-14/R-3

RECTANGULAR PATTERN
C172RG-15/R-3
Objective: Fly a rectangular pattern while maintaining equal-length opposite sides and a constant distance from visual reference point. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL. Determine wind direction. Pick outside visual reference. Set mixture full rich. Set power and propeller at cruise power setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Plan to enter the rectangular pattern downwind and remain the same distance away from the rectangle during the entire maneuver. Maintain altitude 100 feet. After completing one full rectangular pattern, call for and perform cruise checklist.
TURNS AROUND A POINT Objective: Fly a circle around a selected ground reference point maintaining a constant radius. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL. Determine wind direction. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Set power and propeller at cruise power setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Plan to enter the turn downwind and remain the same distance away from the reference point during the entire maneuver. During maneuver, adjust bank angle as necessary for wind to fly constant radius. Maintain altitude 100 feet. After completing one full circle, call for and perform cruise checklist.

S-TURNS
C172RG-16/R-3
Objective: Fly semi-circle patterns across a straight-line ground reference point maintaining turns of equal radius in opposing directions. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set altitude between 600 and 1000 AGL. Determine wind direction. Pick outside visual reference line perpendicular to the wind. Set mixture full rich. Set power and propeller at cruise power setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Plan to enter the turn downwind, wings level, perpendicular to reference line. S-turns should look like half of a turn around a point. During maneuver, adjust bank angle as necessary for wind to fly constant radius around reference point on reference line. Airplane should always be wings-level and perpendicular to the reference line when crossing it. Maintain altitude 100 feet. After completing at least one full S-turn, call for and perform cruise checklist.
8S-ON-PYLONS Objective: To fly a figure-eight pattern around two reference points while keeping the point fixed on the wingtip. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Set altitude to pivotal altitude (800 AGL). Determine wind direction. Pick outside visual reference point. Set mixture full rich. Set power and propeller at cruise power setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Plan to enter the turn downwind perpendicular to the reference point. Passing abeam the reference point, bank aircraft so point is on wingtip. During maneuver, adjust altitude as necessary to keep reference point in same spot. Bank angle will not be constant and will be adjusted as necessary to maintain visual contact with the point (approximately 30 - 40 at the steepest point). After completing one turn around the reference point, roll wings-level and maintain level flight while selecting reference point. Pick new reference point off opposite wingtip and repeat maneuver in other direction. Call for and perform cruise checklist.

C172RG-17/R-3
Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. If time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist may be consulted for further reference. To simulate engine failures in cruise flight, pull the throttle control to idle. Never fail the engine by pulling the mixture to idle cutoff or turning the fuel selector valve to OFF. The following are procedures for simulating an engine failure in cruise flight; for expanded information consult the Pilots Operating Handbook. To simulate an engine failure, reduce throttle to idle. Pitch airspeed for 75 KIAS (best glide). Apply carburetor heat and turn fuel pump on. Select best landing site and turn towards it. Determine wind direction and plan descent to land into the wind. Perform cockpit flow check to try to restart engine: Fuel valve On Mixture Rich Throttle In Carburetor heat On Ignition switch Both Master switch On Primer In & locked If time and altitude permit, consult emergency checklist for further procedures, including engine restart. For training purposes, if simulating that the engine has not restarted at this point, continue with the following procedures. (Verbalize only) Set transponder to 7700. (Verbalize only) Set radios to emergency frequency or local ATC facility. Communicate emergency, location, nature of emergency and number on board. Perform verbal passenger briefing. Include in the briefing seatbelt and shoulder harnesses, securing of sharp or loose objects and procedures for exiting the aircraft after landing. (Verbalize only) Shut down engine as per emergency checklist. Extend landing gear at 1500 AGL. Plan go-around so airplane does not descend below 500 AGL.

C172RG-18/R-3
Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. If time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist may be consulted for further reference. The following are procedures for simulating an engine fire in cruise flight; for expanded information consult the Pilots Operating Handbook. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Reduce throttle smoothly to idle. Pitch for descent airspeed of 105 KIAS. (Verbalize only) Pull mixture to idle cutoff and turn fuel selector valve OFF. Select best landing site and turn towards it. Determine wind direction and plan descent to land into the wind. If desired, full flaps and landing gear may be lowered to increase descent angle. If using flaps, use descent airspeed of 95 KIAS (VFE -5 KIAS for training purposes). If time and altitude permit, consult emergency checklist for further procedures, including engine restart. For training purposes, if simulating that the engine fire has not extinguished at this point, continue with the following procedures. (Verbalize only) Set transponder to 7700. (Verbalize only) Set radios to emergency frequency or local ATC facility. Communicate emergency, location, nature of emergency and number on board. Perform verbal passenger briefing. Include in the briefing seatbelt and shoulder harnesses, securing of sharp or loose objects and procedures for exiting the aircraft after landing. (Verbalize only) Shut down engine as per emergency checklist. Plan go-around so airplane does not descend below 500 AGL.
GO-AROUND Objective: Abort an unsafe landing and re-enter the traffic pattern for another approach. Smoothly increase throttle to full power. Turn carburetor heat off. Pitch for a climb at V x . Immediately retract one notch of flaps. After verifying a positive rate of climb, pitch for V X (67 KIAS) and retract one more notch of flaps. Verify a positive rate of climb. Retract landing gear. Retract last notch of flaps. Call for and perform climb checklist.

C172RG-19/R-3

C172RG-20/R-3
Objective: Transition the aircraft safely from air to ground, correcting for wind as necessary. Downwind leg: Set power to 23 MP and propeller to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. At midfield and below V LE (140 KIAS), lower the landing gear. Perform first GUMPS check (Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Props, Switches). Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 15 MP. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (130 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 85 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Set propeller full forward to high RPM. Pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft. Perform second GUMPS check. Final approach: Pitch for descent at 65 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Lower wing into wind and coordinate with rudder as appropriate for crosswind conditions to keep ground track and wheel base parallel to runway centerline. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Perform final GUMPS check. Set flaps to 30 as necessary once landing on runway is assured. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. If landing in a crosswind, touchdown will be on the upwind wheel first, then the downwind wheel, then the nosewheel. Touchdown should be within 200 of a pre-selected landing point. Slow to taxi speed using gentle braking before exiting runway.

SHORT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground using minimal runway. Downwind leg: Set power to 23 MP and propeller to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. At midfield and below V LE (140 KIAS), lower the landing gear. Perform first GUMPS check (Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Props, Switches). Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 15 MP. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (130 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 85 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Set propeller full forward to high RPM. Pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft. Perform second GUMPS check.
C172RG-21/R-3
Final approach: Set flaps to 30. Pitch for descent at 63 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Glidepath will be steeper than that of normal approach. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Perform final GUMPS check. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. Apply firm but even braking while bringing yoke full aft. Do not retract the flaps! Touchdown should be within 100 of a pre-selected landing point. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway.
Note: If practicing short-field landings at a towered airport, request a stop and go in lieu of landing clearance. If traffic levels or controller workload do not permit stopping on the runway, perform a normal landing roll and announce Simulated maximum braking in lieu of an actual stop on the runway. At non-towered airports pilots are encouraged to consider local traffic levels when practicing short-field landings and announce if a short delay on the runway will occur prior to beginning the takeoff roll.

SOFT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground on non-paved surfaces. Downwind leg: Set power to 23 MP and propeller to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 85-95 KIAS. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. At midfield and below V LE (140 KIAS), lower the landing gear. Perform first GUMPS check (Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Props, Switches). Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Pull carburetor heat on. Reduce power to 1500 RPM. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (130 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 85 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 20. Set propeller full forward to high RPM. Pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft. Perform second GUMPS check.
C172RG-22/R-3
Final approach: Pitch for descent at 65 KIAS (use 63 KIAS and 30 flaps if short field) and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Perform final GUMPS check. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect, decrease power to approximately 1000 RPM and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, pull power to idle and hold the nosewheel off the ground for as long as possible. Keep yoke full aft during taxi and use minimal braking. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway.
Note: If practicing soft-field landings at a towered airport, traffic levels or controller workload may not permit an extended landing roll while waiting for the nosewheel to contact the ground. Under these circumstances comply with controller instructions, announce Simulated soft-field landing roll, and promptly transition to either exiting the runway or continuing with a touch-and-go.
Maneuver Manual
Seminole Multi Engine Procedures
GENERAL SAFETY PROCEDURES & POLICIES For safety purposes these items must be followed strictly:
PA44-1/R-4
A maximum of one simulated system emergency at any time is allowed below 2,000 AGL. Use a minimum altitude of 4000 AGL for complete engine shutdowns, V MC or drag demos. No descents below TPA with systems disabled are allowed. To simulate landing gear failure, pull the 25 Amp Landing Gear circuit breaker. Do not pull the 5 Amp Gear Pump circuit breaker. Extreme caution must be exercised to ensure the gear is extended prior to landing. Both fuel selectors must be ON below 4000 AGL unless there is an actual emergency. Simulated engine failures should not occur below 400 AGL. Low-altitude engine failures (below 4000 AGL) should only be performed by reducing one of the throttles to idle. Do not turn the fuel selectors off or move the mixture to idle cutoff. Simulated engine failures on the runway should not occur above 40 KIAS. During takeoff, maintain V Y (88 KIAS) through 500 AGL. Exceptions Lower speed for Short Field climb, Vx or barrier clearance may be used as published in the AFM. Checklists must be used on each and every flight. Selecting the gear to the down position should be accomplished using a flat hand. Gear handle will move to the down position without being pulled out of the detent. Leaving one finger on the gear handle without undue pressure will ensure that the gear handle locks into the detent. When cycling the gear, keep one finger on the landing gear lever until the gear is locked up or down as desired and verified with the three green indicator lights, no red gear unsafe warning, no warning horn and visually in external mirror. In the traffic pattern, landing gear is to be extended no later than midfield on the downwind. GUMPS check lists (reference normal and short landing procedures in this manual) shall be performed on each leg of the traffic pattern. On final approach Pilot Flying will verbally inquire Verify 3 green? Pilot Monitoring will respond 3 green verified after visual confirmation. In the event of landing gear malfunction during which the gear appears to be down but fewer than 3 green Gear Safe light is illuminated, the PIC should contact HAI dispatch (122.85) while airborne after troubleshooting using the appropriate checklist. If after contacting dispatch a decision is made to land, the pilot should come to a complete stop on the runway, shut down the airplane and contact HAI dispatch for a tow to maintenance. Pilots should not attempt to taxi to the ramp after landing. This should be treated as an emergency and the tower notified as appropriate.
Maneuver Manual
Operational Concerns These items will help increase the life of the aircraft and reduce overall operational costs: One complete engine shutdown to full feather during rating. Limit number of gear cycles on touch-and-goes. Avoid back-to-back V MC and drag demos to reduce wear on engines.
PA44-2/R-4
Maneuver Manual
Seminole (PA-44)
PA-44 SPECIFICATIONS References: PA44 AFM revision VB-860 Lycoming O-360 and LO-360 180 BHP @ 2700 RPM Fuel capacity: 110 gal. total/108 usable Oil capacity: 6 qts. (dipstick, per engine) V SO V MCA VS VR V SSE V FE V NO V NE V LO V LE VX VY V XSE V YSE VA V CC 55 KIAS 56 KIAS (note that this is a stalled condition) 57 KIAS 75 KIAS (value may vary based on takeoff weight) 88 KIAS 111 KIAS 169 KIAS 202 KIAS 140 KIAS (down) 109 KIAS (up) 140 KIAS 82 KIAS @ Sea level 88 KIAS @ Sea level 82 KIAS @ Sea level 88 KIAS @ Sea level (blue line) 135 KIAS @ 3800 lbs. 112 KIAS @ 2700 lbs. 105 KIAS (cruise climb)
PA44-3/R-4
Maneuver Manual
CONFIGURATION AND POWER SETTING TABLE PA-44
Situation NORM OPS VFR/IFR Takeoff climb cruise cruise descent App. Cruise VFR PROC. Down wind abeam #'s Base Final IFR PROC. App. Dec. Final app. ILS VOR/NDB Level MDA 1 dot down level 1 dot down600'/min 2 dot down900'/min level 105 21" 2500 rich 105 13" 2500 rich 120 105 105 15" 16" 17" 2300 2300 2500 " " rich " " " " " " " " 80-105 80-105 15"-18" 13"-15" 23002700 2700 " rich " 1/2 dot down 88-105 15"-18" 2300 " " Gear down 10-25 deg flaps Gear down 25-40 deg flaps 1 dot down 40 deg flaps 5-10 up 5-10 up level 1 dot down level 75-105 105 140 140 120 30" 25" 23" 20" 19" 2700 2500 2300 2300 2300 " " " rich as required " " " clean/cowl flaps open clean/cowl flaps open clean/cowl flaps closed " " " " Attitude KIAS M.P. RPM Mixture Configuration
PA44-4/R-4
Gear down 25 deg flaps Gear dwn 10 deg flaps Gear down 10 deg flaps
SE OPS IFR/VFR Climb Level flight App. Descent. ILS VOR/NDB Level MDA Straight in/ Circle land 1 dot up 5deg bk 1/4 dot up 2-5deg bk 1/2 dot down 2-5 deg bk-500'/min 1 dot down 2-5 deg bk-600'/min 1 dot down900'/min 1/4 dot up 2-5 bank as required 105 88-105 27" as req. 2500 2700 rich rich " " 105 17" 2500 rich gear down 105 18" 2500 rich gear down 105 19" 2500 88 105 30" 25" 2700 2500 " rich as required " " " clean/cowl flaps open " "
Gear down flaps as req.
Maneuver Manual
NORMAL/CROSSWIND TAKEOFF & CLIMB Objective: Safely and smoothly transition the aircraft into the air and complete the climb checks.
PA44-5/R-4
Perform line-up check. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Smoothly apply full power on both engines (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At V R (75 KIAS), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for V Y (88 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. Call the Go Decision Point. Retract landing gear when no usable runway remains to land on. Maintain physical contact with the landing gear handle until red gear unsafe light extinguishes. At 500 AGL reduce power to 25 MP, propellers to 2,500 RPM. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (105 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.
Maneuver Manual
SHORT FIELD TAKEOFF & CLIMB
PA44-6/R-4
Objective: To smoothly transition the aircraft into the air using the least amount of runway and clearing any obstacles present in the departure path Perform line-up check. Set stabilator trim slightly nose-high. Check that final approach is clear to avoid runway incursions. At hold-short line set flaps to 0 (25 flaps may be used if obstacles dictate additional clearance). Taxi onto the runway and align the nosewheel with the centerline. Position the airplane to utilize maximum available runway. Perform HITTS checklist. Adjust ailerons as appropriate for wind conditions. Apply and hold brakes. Smoothly apply full power on both engines (4-5 seconds from idle to takeoff power). Check all engine instruments to ensure correct indications. Listen for engine irregularities. Release brakes. As the takeoff roll begins, verify the airspeed is increasing and announce, Airspeed alive. As airspeed increases, adjust rudder and ailerons as necessary to keep the aircraft aligned on centerline. At 70 KIAS (63 KIAS with 25 flaps), pull back smoothly on the yoke until the nose lifts off the runway. With significant surface wind, increase V R up to 5 KIAS to facilitate more positive control. The aircraft should be positively rotated and allowed to crab into the wind immediately after liftoff to maintain centerline. Pitch for 75 KIAS (67 KIAS with 25 flaps) and trim aircraft. Coordinate using rudder and aileron. Maintain ground track over runway and extended centerline. When clear of all obstacles and at least 50 AGL, accelerate to VY (88 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Call the Go Decision Point. Retract landing gear when no usable runway remains to land on. Maintain physical contact with the landing gear handle until red gear unsafe light extinguishes. At 500 AGL reduce power to 25 MP, propellers to 2,500 RPM. Make first turn 300 below traffic pattern altitude. At 1000 AGL transition to V CC (105 KIAS). Call for and perform climb checklist.
Maneuver Manual
PA44-7/R-4
Soft field takeoffs are not typically practiced in multi-engine aircraft and are not required by PTS. ENROUTE CLIMB Objective: To reach the desired altitude using an airspeed calculated to provide better visibility and engine cooling. Pitch for V CC (105 KIAS) and trim aircraft. Coordinate aircraft with rudder. Monitor engine instruments to check for abnormalities. Execute gentle s-turns or short level-offs every 500 to check for traffic. Increase throttle with altitude as needed to maintain climb power setting. Lean the mixture during climb (see section Leaning Procedures). Turn landing light off when clear of airport area unless otherwise recommended (see section Use of Aircraft Lights).
LEVEL-OFF FROM CLIMB Objective: Transition from climb to level flight. Perform standard callouts when approaching desired altitude. Announce 1000 prior to altitude, 500 prior and in 100 increments thereafter (e.g. 500 feet to go, 100 prior to altitude, beginning level-off). Lead level-off to desired altitude by 10% of vertical speed. Set the pitch for a level attitude. Let airspeed increase until desired cruise speed is reached. Set cruise power and propeller RPM as per Pilot Operating Handbook. Trim aircraft for level flight. Lean the mixture (see section Leaning Procedures). Check all engine instruments and systems to verify proper operation. If still on, turn landing light off unless otherwise recommended (see section Use of Aircraft Lights). Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
SLOW FLIGHT
PA44-8/R-4
Objective: Demonstrate flight at various airspeeds and configurations. The student should be able to fly the aircraft at any given speed and configuration combination within the flight envelope of the aircraft. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propellers to 2500 RPM. Set throttles to 15 MP. Open cowl flaps. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually as airspeed decreases. Below V LE (140 KIAS) extend landing gear. Below V FE (111 KIAS), add flaps in 10 increments until full flaps are extended. At target airspeed (65 KIAS unless specified), increase power to 18 MP. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Use pitch for airspeed control and power for altitude control. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, heading 10, altitude 100 feet. To recover from slow flight, increase throttles to 20 MP, turn carburetor heat off and adjust pitch as necessary to maintain altitude. Retract flaps one notch at a time to 10. Retract landing gear below V LO (109 KIAS). Retract last 10 flaps. At cruise airspeed, reduce power and propellers to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Close cowl flaps. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
PA44-9/R-4
Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propellers at 2300 RPM and throttles at 21 MP as necessary to maintain V A . Announce heading, altitude and airspeed to be maintained during maneuver. Entry airspeed should be below maneuvering speed and remain there for entire maneuver. Roll into turn with coordinated rudder and aileron. As airplane rolls past 30 of bank add approximately 2 MP to maintain altitude. Trim aircraft and coordinate with rudder. Control bank angle with ailerons. Maintain airspeed 10 KIAS, altitude 100 feet, bank angle 5 (45 private, 50 commercial). Begin rollout 20 prior to entry heading. During rollout, decrease pitch attitude to maintain altitude, reduce power to 21 MP. Maintain entry heading 10. Repeat maneuver in opposite direction. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
POWER-OFF STALLS
PA44-10/R-4
Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from approach-to-landing configuration. Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propellers to 2500 RPM. Set throttle to 15 MP. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. Below V LO (140 KIAS) extend landing gear. Below V FE (111 KIAS), add flaps incrementally until full flaps are extended. At target airspeed (V R , 75 KIAS unless specified), initiate a 500 fpm descent, decrease power to idle. Increase pitch gradually to hold altitude while airspeed decreases. When aircraft stalls, smoothly increase power to 25 MP. Pitch for level attitude, level the wings and coordinate aircraft with rudder. Turn carburetor heat off. Retract flaps one notch and pitch for V X (82 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Retract next notch flaps and confirm positive rate of climb. Retract landing gear. Retract last 10 flaps. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power and propellers to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
POWER-ON STALLS Objective: Demonstrate proper stall recovery technique from takeoff/departure conditions.
PA44-11/R-4
Set altitude no lower than 2000 AGL and plan recovery by 1500 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propellers to 2500 RPM. Set throttle to 15 MP. Open cowl flaps. Maintain altitude by increasing pitch gradually. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. At target airspeed (V R , 75 KIAS unless specified), increase power to 20 MP. This will be simulated maximum power, and no further increases should be made. Turn carburetor heat off. Increase pitch promptly to approximately 20 nose-up. Maintain pitch attitude while airspeed decreases. Coordinate airplane with rudder and keep wings level. Announce first indication of stall (buffet, stall warning horn or loss of control effectiveness) and promptly begin recovery. Do not perform a full stall. Decrease pitch attitude and pitch for V X (82 KIAS). Establish and announce Positive rate of climb. Continue climb until at or above initial altitude. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Close cowl flaps. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
V YSE GEAR AND FLAP DRAG DEMO
PA44-12/R-4
Objective: The drag demo is used to determine performance characteristics of the aircraft in different configurations while operating on one engine. It is very useful to determine the order in which items should be cleaned up in the event of an engine failure of a single engine go around. When making configuration changes, allow the airplane to become established before noting the VSI reading. Set altitude no lower than 4000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propellers to 2500 RPM. Set throttle to 15 MP. Simulate failure of right engine by moving throttle to idle. Control aircraft with rudder and aileron and pitch for blue line (88 KIAS) Increase left throttle to 25 MP. Open left cowl flap. Check and note VSI reading. This is the value with a windmilling propeller. Pitch for blue line 5 KIAS. Check and note VSI reading each time. Return to blue line. Simulate feathering the right propeller by increasing throttle to 11 MP and decreasing propeller to 2000 RPM. Check and note VSI reading. Lower landing gear. Check and note VSI reading. Raise landing gear. Lower flaps one notch at a time. At each position check and note VSI reading. With flaps fully extended, lower landing gear. Check and note VSI reading. Simulate un-feathering right propeller by decreasing throttle to idle and increasing propeller to full forward. Check and note VSI reading. Recover by increasing right throttle to 15 MP, reducing left throttle to 20 MP and setting propellers to 2300 RPM. Do not make significant power changes or increase the right throttle above 15 MP before cylinder head temperature is in the normal operating range. Retract landing gear. Retract flaps one notch at a time. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
V MC DEMO
PA44-13/R-4
Objective: Develop the knowledge and skills required to safely handle a minimal controllable airspeed situation. The student will learn the feel of the aircraft leading up to V MC and the proper corrective action should it be encountered. Set altitude no lower than 4000 AGL. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Pick outside visual reference point. Set propellers to 2500 RPM. Set throttle to 15 MP. Simulate failure of left engine by moving throttle to idle. Control aircraft with rudder and aileron and pitch for blue line (88 KIAS) Increase right throttle to 25 MP. Open right cowl flap. Turn left carburetor heat on. Establish a 3-5 bank towards operating engine. Slowly decrease airspeed 1 KIAS per second by increasing pitch attitude. Maintain directional control using rudder pressure until full rudder is applied. Announce the first indication of loss of yaw or roll control, stall warning, or buffet and immediately initiate recovery. Recover promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine while decreasing the pitch attitude as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control with a minimum loss of altitude. Recovery should not be attempted by increasing the power on the simulated failed engine. Recover within 20 of the entry heading. Advance power smoothly on operating engine and accelerate to V XSE /V YSE , as appropriate, 5 KIAS during recovery. Pitch for level flight and, once reaching cruise airspeed, reduce power to cruise setting as per Pilots Operating Handbook. Close cowl flaps. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Note: The most critical point for a pilot to lose an engine is close to the ground. This maneuver is designed to teach the pilot to recognize the onset of a loss of control due to asymmetrical thrust. Due to the potential of loss of altitude if loss of an engine occurs close to the ground during a go-around or takeoff, proper technique must be learned. When simulating this maneuver it is imperative to stress a minimal altitude loss as a V MC condition is most likely to occur close to the ground.
Maneuver Manual
ENGINE FAILURE IN-FLIGHT (SIMULATED)
PA44-14/R-4
Objective: Simulate in-flight failure of an engine to demonstrate adequate aircraft control and proper troubleshooting procedures. Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. An engine failure at low altitude may necessitate identifying, verifying and feathering the inoperative engine solely using cockpit flows; however, if time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist should always be consulted for further reference. The first indication of an engine failure should be detected by noting yaw and/or roll towards the inoperative engine. Controlling the airplane should include establishing a 3-5 bank towards operating engine and adequate rudder pressure to produce a zero-sideslip condition. Control aircraft with Rudder and Aileron and Pitch for blue line (88 KIAS). Mixtures full forward. Propellers full forward. Throttles full forward. Flaps up. Landing gear up. Identify the inoperative engine (Dead foot, dead engine). Verify the inoperative engine by cross-checking the engine instruments and reducing the throttle on the suspected inoperative engine. The throttle should be retarded halfway and, if no additional yaw is detected, all the way. If altitude permits, troubleshoot the inoperative engine using a cockpit flow and an approved checklist. Ensure fuel selectors are on. Open cowl flap on operative engine, close cowl flap on inoperative engine. Ensure primers are in and locked. Turn Carburetor heat on. Check engine instruments for appropriate indications. Turn boost pumps on. Ensure magnetos are on. Simulate feathering the propeller on the inoperative engine by increasing the throttle to 11 MP and reducing the propeller to 2000 RPM. (Verbalize only) Secure the inoperative engine as per the checklist and/or Pilots Operating Handbook. To simulate a restart of the inoperative engine, increase throttle to 15 MP, reduce throttle on other engine to 20 MP and setting propellers to 2300 RPM. Do not make significant power changes or increase the throttle above 15 MP before cylinder head temperature is in the normal operating range. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
ENGINE FAILURE IN-FLIGHT (COMPLETE SHUTDOWN)
PA44-15/R-4
Objective: Perform complete shutdown of one engine to demonstrate adequate aircraft control and proper engine securing and restarting procedures. Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. An engine failure at low altitude may necessitate identifying, verifying and feathering the inoperative engine solely using cockpit flows; however, if time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist should always be consulted for further reference. The first indication of an engine failure should be detected by noting yaw and/or roll towards the inoperative engine. Controlling the airplane should include establishing a 3-5 bank towards operating engine and adequate rudder pressure to produce a zero-sideslip condition. Control aircraft with Rudder and Aileron and Pitch for blue line (88 KIAS). Mixtures full forward. Propellers full forward. Throttles full forward. Flaps up. Landing gear up. Identify the inoperative engine (Dead foot, dead engine). Verify the inoperative engine by cross-checking the engine instruments and reducing the throttle on the suspected inoperative engine. The throttle should be retarded halfway and, if no additional yaw is detected, all the way. If altitude permits, troubleshoot the inoperative engine using a cockpit flow and an approved checklist. Ensure fuel selectors are on. Open cowl flap on operative engine, close cowl flap on inoperative engine. Ensure primers are in and locked. Turn Carburetor heat on. Check engine instruments for appropriate indications. Turn boost pumps on. Ensure magnetos are on. If restarting is unsuccessful, feather the propeller on the inoperative engine. Ensure propeller is above 950 RPM. Retard propeller control halfway and, if no additional yaw is detected, move the propeller control into the detent. Secure the inoperative engine as per the checklist and/or Pilots Operating Handbook. Restart engine as per checklist and/or Pilots Operating Handbook. After restarting inoperative engine, increase throttle to 15 MP, reduce throttle on other engine to 20 MP and setting propellers to 2300 RPM. Do not make significant power changes or increase the throttle above 15 MP before cylinder head temperature is in the normal operating range. Call for and perform cruise checklist.
Maneuver Manual
PA44-16/R-4
Note: Items marked in bold are considered memory items and should be committed to memory. If time and altitude permit, the emergency checklist may be consulted for further reference. The following are procedures for simulating an engine fire in cruise flight; for expanded information consult the Pilots Operating Handbook. Perform Pre-Maneuver Checklist. Close cowl flaps. Reduce throttles smoothly to idle. Extend landing gear below V LE (140 KIAS). Pitch for descent airspeed of 140 KIAS. Set propellers full forward. (Verbalize only) Pull mixtures to idle cutoff and turn fuel selector valves OFF. Select best landing site and turn towards it. Determine wind direction and plan descent to land into the wind. If time and altitude permit, consult emergency checklist for further procedures, including engine restart. For training purposes, if simulating that the engine fire has not extinguished at this point, continue with the following procedures. (Verbalize only) Set transponder to 7700. (Verbalize only) Set radios to emergency frequency or local ATC facility. Communicate emergency, location, nature of emergency and number on board. Perform verbal passenger briefing. Include in the briefing seatbelt and shoulder harnesses, securing of sharp or loose objects and procedures for exiting the aircraft after landing. (Verbalize only) Shut down engine as per emergency checklist. Plan go-around so airplane does not descend below 500 AGL.
GO-AROUND Objective: Abort an unsafe landing and re-enter the traffic pattern for another approach. Smoothly increase throttles to full power. Ensure carburetor heat is off. Pitch for a climb. Immediately retract one notch of flaps. Once verifying a positive rate of climb, pitch for V X (82 KIAS) and retract one more notch of flaps. Verify a positive rate of climb. Retract landing gear. Retract last notch of flaps. Call for and perform climb checklist.
Maneuver Manual
INSTRUMENT APPROACHES
PA44-17/R-4
Objective: Transition the aircraft from the enroute structure of the IFR system to the airport with acceptable terrain clearance and safety. Prior to procedure turn: Call for and perform descent checklist. Slow to approach cruise (120 KIAS) on while being vectored or during procedure turn. Tune and identify primary navaid. Established inbound on final approach course: Check for flags on navigation instruments. Set throttles to 17 MP. Set flaps to 25 for precision approach (10 for non-precision). Set propellers to 2500 RPM. Establish approach airspeed of 105 KIAS and maintain 10 KIAS. Adjust altitude deviations with pitch and airspeed deviations with power. At final approach fix (FAF): (Precision approach) At one dot below glideslope, extend landing gear. (Non-precision approach) Extend landing gear. Inside final approach fix (FAF): Establish appropriate rate of descent for approach (1000 fpm for non-precision approaches, 500 fpm or glideslope for precision approaches). Call for and perform before-landing checklist. Announce 1000 prior to MDA/DH. Announce 200 prior to MDA/DH. If runway environment is in sight, continue with landing, otherwise promptly execute missed approach procedure upon arrival at missed approach point. Short final or circling-to-land: Set flaps to 40. Perform final GUMPS check. Perform final flow check of mixture controls, propeller controls and landing gear by announcing Forward, forward, down and locked while physically verifying each lever and 3 green landing gear lights. Pitch for 80 KIAS and trim aircraft. Note: Self-announce frequently on CTAF if practicing IAPs at uncontrolled airports, including position and intentions. Ensure radio calls are directed at both VFR and IFR traffic, especially when reporting positions in reference to IFR-only navigational aids. Regardless of whether landing at controlled or uncontrolled airports, pilots should use increased vigilance in scanning for traffic.
Maneuver Manual
INSTRUMENT APPROACHES (SINGLE-ENGINE)
PA44-18/R-4
Objective: Transition the aircraft from the enroute structure of the IFR system to the airport with acceptable terrain clearance and safety while simulating the loss of one engine. Prior to procedure turn: Call for and perform descent checklist. Slow to approach cruise (120 KIAS) on while being vectored or during procedure turn. Tune and identify primary navaid. Established inbound on final approach course: Check for flags on navigation instruments. Set throttle on operating engine to 18 MP. Do not extend flaps. Set propeller on operating engine to 2500 RPM. Establish approach airspeed of 105 KIAS and maintain 10 KIAS. Adjust altitude deviations with pitch and airspeed deviations with power. At final approach fix (FAF): (Precision approach) At one dot below glideslope, extend landing gear. (Non-precision approach) Extend landing gear. Inside final approach fix (FAF): Establish appropriate rate of descent for approach (1000 fpm for non-precision approaches, 500 fpm or glideslope for precision approaches). Call for and perform before-landing checklist. Announce 1000 prior to MDA/DH. Announce 200 prior to MDA/DH. If runway environment is in sight, continue with landing, otherwise promptly execute missed approach procedure upon arrival at missed approach point. Short final or circling-to-land: Set flaps to 25. Perform final GUMPS check. Perform final flow check of mixture controls, propeller controls and landing gear by announcing Forward, forward, down and locked while physically verifying each lever and 3 green landing gear lights. Pitch for 85 KIAS and trim aircraft.
Maneuver Manual
PA44-19/R-4
Maneuver Manual
PA44-20/R-4
Objective: Transition the aircraft safely from air to ground, correcting for wind as necessary. Downwind leg: Set power to 20 MP and propellers to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 120 KIAS or less. Establish crab angle into wind so ground track is parallel to runway. At midfield and below V LE (140 KIAS), lower the landing gear. Verify gear is down in mirror. Perform first GUMPS check (Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Props, Switches). Turn auxiliary fuel pumps on. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Reduce power to 15 MP. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (111 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 100 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 25. Set propellers full forward to high RPM. Pitch for descent at 90 KIAS and trim aircraft. Perform second GUMPS check. Final approach: Set flaps to 40, pitch for descent at 80 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Note: For single-engine landings limit final approach speed to 90 KIAS and flap setting to 25. Lower wing into wind and coordinate with rudder as appropriate for crosswind conditions to keep ground track and wheel base parallel to runway centerline. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Use VASI or PAPI for glideslope guidance. Perform final GUMPS check. Perform final flow check of mixture controls, propeller controls and landing gear by announcing Forward, forward, down and locked while physically verifying each lever and 3 green landing gear lights. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect and roll trim nose-up two turns. Slowly decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. If landing in a crosswind, touchdown will be on the upwind wheel first, then the downwind wheel, then the nosewheel. Slow to taxi speed using gentle braking before exiting runway.
Maneuver Manual
SHORT FIELD APPROACH & LANDING Objective: Transition the airplane from air to ground using minimal runway.
PA44-21/R-4
Downwind leg: Set power to 20 MP and propellers to 2300 RPM. Maintain traffic pattern altitude 100. Set airspeed 120 KIAS or less. At midfield and below V LE (140 KIAS), lower the landing gear. Verify gear is down in mirror. Perform first GUMPS check (Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Props, Switches). Turn auxiliary fuel pumps on. Call for and perform before landing checklist. Downwind leg, abeam touchdown point: Reduce power to 15 MP. Maintain altitude with pitch by slowly pitching up. When airspeed is below V FE (111 KIAS), set flaps to 10. Begin descent, pitch for 95 KIAS in descent and trim aircraft. Base leg: Set flaps to 25. Set propellers full forward to high RPM. Pitch for descent at 85 KIAS and trim aircraft. Perform second GUMPS check. Final approach: Set flaps to 40, pitch for descent at 75 KIAS and trim aircraft. Increase approach airspeed as necessary to incorporate gust factor. Glidepath will be steeper than that of normal approach. Use pitch for airspeed control, power for altitude control. Perform final GUMPS check. Perform final flow check of mixture controls, propeller controls and landing gear by announcing Forward, forward, down and locked while physically verifying each lever and 3 green landing gear lights. Flare & touchdown: Level off in ground effect and roll trim nose-up two turns. Slowly decrease power to idle and begin flare. Touch down on main wheels first, then gently lower nosewheel to ground. Apply firm but gentle braking while bringing yoke full aft. Flaps may be retracted to increase braking effectiveness. Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway.
Note: If practicing short-field landings at a towered airport, request a stop and go in lieu of landing clearance. If traffic levels or controller workload do not permit stopping on the runway, perform a normal landing roll and announce Simulated maximum braking in lieu of an actual stop on the runway. At non-towered airports pilots are encouraged to consider local traffic levels when practicing short-field landings and announce if a short delay on the runway will occur prior to beginning the takeoff roll.
Maneuver Manual
PA44-22/R-4

Maneuvers) FW Maneuver Guide R-4

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