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UkQG FX RE LQHP 5 0* + 5 + PD
PE + PE
PF + PF
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FX Ω = PD
PE + PE
PF + PF
PD DYHP 5 0* + 5 + Ω ≥ 6

'DF vQPXO LPLQHJDOLW LOH FX PD PE úLUHVSHFWLY PF XUP ULQGUD LRQDPHQWXO

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PD + PE
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+ PF
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PF + PE
PD + PF
PE 6HREVHUY F

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+ PE
+ PF
úL GHFL DGXQkQG LQHJDOLW LOH

5 0* + 5 + Ω L ≥ 6 L = UH]XOW

PD + PE + PF PD
+ PE
+ PF
≥ > 6 − 5 0* + 5 @

&RQVHFLQ D'DF vQ3URSR]L LDvOSDUWLFXODUL] PSH0FX*FHQWUXGHJUHXWD

WHRE LQHP PD + PE + PF ≥ 6 − 5

&RQVHFLQ D'DF vQ,0 2FHQWUXOFHUFXOXLFLUFXPVFULVUH]XOW

PD + PE + PF G + G + G ≥ > 6 − 5 − FRV $ FRV % FRV & @ GDU DSOL

FkQG LQHJDOLWDWHD WULXQJKLXOXL vQ WULXQJKLXULOH $2$
%2%
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VXVUH]XOW

5 + G + G + G G + G + G ≥ > 6 − 5 − FRV $ FRV % FRV & @ GH XQ

GH DSOLFkQG RE LQHP 5 ≥ > 6 − 5 − FRV $ FRV % FRV & @ DGLF

5 > + − FRV $ FRV % FRV & @ ≥ 6

3URSR]L LD 6 ≤ D5 + E5 + F5 ≤ S+0 + 5 +* + 5 ,,

'HPRQVWUD LH 1RW P FX $ % & SLFLRDUHOH vQ O LPLORU WULXQJKLXOXL $%& GLQ
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VLQ α VLQ β VLQ δ
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5 D − F + 5 E − D + 5 F − E ≤ $3D + F + %3D + E + &3 E + F 9RP PDMRUD
IRORVLQG&DXFK\%XQLDNRYVFKL6FKZDU]úLYRPRE LQH
5 D − F + 5 E − D + 5 F − E ≤ $3 + %3 + &3 D + E + F + DE + EF + FD
GDU DE + EF + FD ≤ D + E + F LDUFRQIRUPUH]XOW
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&RQVHFLQ D'DF vQ,90 +úL3 *UH]XOW
FRV $D − F + FRV % E − D + FRV & F − E ≤ 5
3URSR]L LD 5 − 5 5 − 5 5 − 5 ≥ S> U5 − 0* + 5 @ 9

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5 + 5 − D 5 − 5 + 5 + 5 − E 5 − 5 + 5 + 5 − F 5 − 5 ≥ GH
XQGH GH]YROWkQG UH]XOW > 5 5 5 − 5 + 5 5 5 − 5 + 5 5 5 − 5 @ +

+ D 5 + 5 + E 5 + 5 + F 5 + 5 ≥ D5 5 + E5 5 + F5 5

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IRUP vQ > 5 − 5 5 − 5 5 − 5 @ + S 5 + 5 + 5 ≥ DEF úLFRPSDUkQG
FX UH]XOW 5 − 5 5 − 5 5 − 5 ≥ SU5 − 0* − 5 FX HJDOLWDWH
FkQGWULXQJKLXOHVWHHFKLODWHUDOLDU 0 = 2 = *
&RQVHFLQ D'DF vQ9 0 = * UH]XOW

P F − P E P F − P D P E − P D ≥ S5 U − 5

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S
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5
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
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FRV $
5 5 5
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FRV $ FRV % FRV &
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
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5 5 5 U
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5 5 5
DGLF + + ≥ 5G + G + G − 5 5 + U GDU FXP 5 ≥ U UH
FRV $ FRV % FRV &
5 5 5 
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
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FRV $ FRV % FRV &
+ +

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FRV $ FRV % FRV &
+ +
U
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
FRV $ FRV % FRV &
+ +
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≥ 5 + U
FRV $ FRV % FRV &
+ +

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⇒ − E YX + E Y = ⇒ E Y Y − X = ⇒ Y = VDXY XúLVHUD LRQHD] FDPDLvQDLQWH
)LH$(⊥&'&XP$%⊥&'⇒&'⊥$%(⇒&'⊥%(

ÌQ∆$(&úL∆%('⇒ $& + %' = $( + (' + (& + %( $

⇒ $& + %' = $' + %& 1RW P $& E %' D
$' F%& G⇒DE FGúL D + E = F + G ⇒
F E
⇒ D + E − DE = F + G − FG ⇒ DE = FG ⇒ D = F úLE G
VDXD GúLE F⇒⇒ D Q + E Q = F Q + G Q ∀Q∈1 '
D (

Ä⇒´)LH^2` $&∩%'ÌQ∆0$&02HVWHPHGLDQ ⇒ % G &
0$ + 0&
$&
0% + 0' %'
⇒ 02 = ÌQ ∆0%' 02 = = 'DU$%&'

− −
HVWHGUHSWXQJKL⇒$& %'⇒ 0$ + 0& = 0% + 0'

ÄV´3UHVXSXQHPF 0$ + 0& = 0% + 0' ∀0/X PSHUkQG0 $0 %
0 &úL0 '2E LQHP
$& = $% + $'
⇒ $% + $' = &% + &'
$& = &% + &'

%$ + %& = %'
⇒ $% + %& = '$ + '& ⇒ $% = &'
'$ + '& = '%

$QDORJ$' %&úLDSRL$%&HVWHGUHSWXQJKLFvQ%
Q + + Q + Q + + Q
DLDE ⇒ D = LL D = > úL E = < ⇒ D > E
E Q + + Q Q + + Q +
Q + + Q Q +
EE ⇒>E@ D < = ⇒ >D @ = D + E = úL
Q + + Q Q++ Q
DE⇒>DE@
&ODVDD,;D
'DF 0HVWHRPXO LPHILQLW YRPQRWDFX|$|±FDUGLQDOXOPXO LPLL$$SOLF PIRUPXOD
OXL3RLQFDUp $ ∪ $ ∪ ∪ $ Q = $ + $ + + $ Q − ∑ $ L ∩ $ M +
L< M
∑ $ L ∩ $ M ∩ $ N − + − Q +
$ ∩ $ ∩ ∩ $ Q 'LQ FRQGL LLOH L úL LL RE LQHP
L < M< N
Q Q − Q Q +
Q
$ ∪ $ ∪ ∪ $ Q = ∑ $ −∑ $ ∩ $ M = Q − ∑ = Q

N L − =
N = L< M L< M
3XWHPSUHVXSXQHI U DUHVWUkQJHJHQHUDOLWDWHDF ODWXUDS WUDWXOXLHVWH&RQVLGHU P
XQVLVWHPGHD[H;2<DVWIHOvQFkWODWXULOHS WUDWXOXLV VHDIOHSHD[H3UHVXSXQHPF SXQF
WHOHVXQW ^$ N [ N \ N `N = Q úLPXO LPHD 0 = ^[ [ [ Q \ \ \ Q ` ∩4
S S S 
'DF 0 ≠ ∅ ⇒ILH 0 =  U  $OHJHP P = TT T U + úLvPS U LPvQPS
 T T TU 


WU HOHFXODWXUD 'DF 0 ∅SXWHPDOHJHXQP ∈1VXILFLHQWGHPDUHGHH[HPSOX
P

P > Q úLvPS U LPS WUDWXOvQPS WU HOHFXODWXUDHJDO FX
P

D)LH D Q = + + + $WXQFL D Q = + + + = + + + + + D Q
Q Q Q −

− + − + + = + + + − D Q = D Q − D Q − D Q =
Q − Q Q −
−

D Q − D Q = + +
Q + Q + Q
+

E ÌQ LGHQWLWDWHD − + − − + + vQORFXLP
Q Q + Q + Q + Q +
+ = +
 
Q 2E LQHP − + − − + + +
 
+ = + = +
     P
  + +   =  + +  =

     Q
+ + +
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
'HRDUHFHHVWHXQQXP USULPUH]XOW F PHVWHGLYL]LELOFX
F9RPIRORVLLQHJDOLWDWHD D + E + F ≤ D + E + F ∀DEF∈52EVHUY PF
[ ⋅ \ ⋅ ]
[ + \ + ] = [ + \ + ] ≥ [ + \ + ] ≥ [ + \ + ] ≥

≥ [\] [ + \ + ]
9RPIRORVLvQUH]ROYDUHXUP WRDUHOHGRX SURSULHW LFXQRVFXWH
30
3'DF 0 ∈31FX = N DWXQFLSHQWUXRULFHSXQFW7GLQSODQHVWHDGHY UDW UHOD LD
01
N
70 = 73 + 71
N + N +
3'DF *HVWHFHQWUXOGHJUHXWDWHDOWULXQJKLXOXL$%&DWXQFLSHQWUXRULFHSXQFW0GLQ
SODQHVWHDGHY UDW UHOD LD 0* = 0$ + 0% + 0& UHOD LDOXL/HLEQL]
$SOLFkQGUHOD LDOXL/HLEQL]WULXQJKLXULORU$%& $%& %&$ &$% ** * $%&
SHQWUXRULFHSXQFW0GLQSODQRE LQHP 0* = ∑ 0$
0* = 0$ + 0% + 0& 0* = 0$ + 0% + 0& 0* = 0$ + 0% +
+ 0& 0*
= 0* + 0* + 0* 0*

= 0$ + 0% + 0& $GXQkQGUH
OD LLOHRE LQHP ∑ 0* = ∑ 0$ + ∑ 0$
úLIRORVLQGUHOD LLOH
RE LQHP 0*
= 0* + 0*

DGLF 0*
= 0* + 0*

DÌQIDFHP0 *′′úLRE LQHP *

*
= *

* FHHDFHvQVHDPQ F **′*′′VXQW
FROLQLDUHúL*′′* *′′*′
E)RORVLQGUHOD LD *

*
= *

* DYHP* *′⇔ *

*
= *

*
⇒ *

*
= ⇔

⇔ *
= *

úLDWXQFLHVWHGHDMXQVV GHPRQVWU P* ≠*′'LQUHOD LLOHúLRE LQHP
UHOD LD 0*
= 0* + ∑ 0$ vQFDUHIDFHP0 *úLRE LQHP **
= ∑ *$

)RORVLQG3DYHP *$ = *% + *& *% = *& + *$ úL *$ = *$ + + *%


$WXQFL UHOD LD GHYLQH **
=  *$ + %* + *&  úL IRORVLQG UHOD LD FXQRVFXW

 
*& = −*$ − *% ⋅ ⋅ (∑ *$ = )UHOD LDGHYLQH **
=  *$ + *% ≠ SHQWUXF
YHFWRULL *$ úL *% QXVXQWFROLQLDUL'HFL **
≠ DGLF *≠*′
3ULQXUPDUH*≠*′≠*′′≠*

&ODVDD;D

− ] − ] − ] + ] + ]

− ]
D < ⇔ − 5H ] + ] < + 5H ] + ] ⇔ 5H] >
+ ] + ] + ] + ] + ] + ]
= ⋅ =
E1RW P σ = ] + ] + ] σ = ]] + ]] + ] + ] = ]] ] 2EVHUY PF
$ =
∑ − ] K + ] U + ] V = ∑ + ] U + ] V + ] U ] V − ∑ ] K + ] K ] U + ] K ] V + ] K ] U ]V =
π + ] M π + ] M
− ]
+ σ + σ − σ − σ − σ − σ − σ + σ − σ

M
π + ] M π + ] M π + ] M ∏
M = + ] M
= = =− =−

− ]K − ]K
'DF 5H ] K > K DWXQFL < GHFL $ = ∏ + ] <
+ ]K K = K

− ]K − ]K
'DF 5H ] K < K DWXQFL > GHFL $ = ∏ + ] >
+ ]K K = K
'DF ] ] ] ∈ $ α úL ] + ] + ] = DWXQFL <

] ] ] VXQWDIL[HOHYkUIXULORUXQXLWULXQJKLHFKLODWHUDO
$]
GHRDUHFH FHQWUXO FHUFXOXL FLUFXPVFULV DU FRLQFLGH FX
FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH 'HFL $] %] &] úL ILH
0] FX 0 VLWXDWH SH FHUFXO FLUFXPVFULV ∆$%& &RQ 2 ;
IRUPWHRUHPHLOXL3WROHPHXGDF GHH[HPSOX0VHDIO &] 0]
SHDUFXOPLF$%DWXQFL0& 0$0%úLDWXQFL %]
(] 0$0%0& 0&≤&&′ αXQGH&′HVWH
SXQFWXDOGLDPHWUDORSXVOXL&(JDOLWDWHDDUHORFGDF 02&VXQWFROLQLDUH⇔] ±]VDX
] ±]VDX] ±]ÌQFRQFOX]LHSHQWUX]∈^ −] − ] − ] `H[SUHVLD(]HVWHPD[LP
D )LH J 1 → 5 1RW P J Q = Q> J + + J Q + @ J Q = J Q − J Q Q ∈ 1
$WXQFL J J VXQWVWULFWFUHVF WRDUHúL J = J − J )LH ϕ4 →1ELMHFWLY úLI4 →4

1RW P J = I $ ϕ − 1 →4'HFLH[LVW J J 1 →4VWULFWFUHVF WRDUHFX J = J − J

'HFL I = J $ ϕ − J $ ϕ XQGH I = J $ ϕ úL I = −J $ ϕ I = I + I I I LQMHFWLYH
N N
N −   SHQWUX [ =

E)LHS±SULPN∈^«S±`úLGHILQLPI4→4 I [ =   S
 LQ UHVW

3UHVXSXQHP SULQ DEVXUG F H[LVW I I PRQRWRQH DVWIHO vQFkW I = I + I /X P
S −
 N +  N   N +  N  N + N
$= ∑ I   −I  ≤ ∑ I   − I   + ∑ I   − I   ≤
S   S  S  S  S  S

N =  
≤ I − I + I − I 3HGHDOW SDUWH$ ≥S±'HXQGH S − ≤ I − I +
+ I − I FRQWUDGLF LHGHRDUHFHSHVWHDUELWUDU
3HQWUX Q Q úL Q VH YHULILF SURSULHWDWHD 3UHVXSXQHP F
ORJ DN E + ORJ NE F + ORJ FN D ∈4∀ N = Q 8WLOL] PLGHQWLWDWHD [ Q + + \ Q + + ] Q +
= [ + \ + ] [ Q + \ Q + ] Q − [\ + \] + ][ [ Q − + \ Q − + ] Q − + [\] [ Q − + \ Q − + ] Q −
Q∈1Q≥vQFDUHOX P [ = ORJ D E \ = ORJ E F ] = ORJ F D úLIDSWXOF ORJ D E ⋅ ORJ E F +

ORJ E F ⋅ ORJ F D + ORJ F D ⋅ ORJ D E = >ORJD E + ORJ E F + ORJ F D − ORJD E + ORJ E F + ORJ F D @ ∈

∈4 ORJ D E ⋅ ORJ E F ⋅ ORJ F D = ∈4 ⇒ ORJ DQ + E + ORJ QE + F + ORJ FQ + D ∈4'HFLSURSULHWDWHD
DUHORFSHQWUXQ∈13HQWUXQ∈=REVHUY PF ORJ D− Q E = ORJ QE D

&ODVDD;,D
'DF $∈0&UH]XOW F $YHULILF HFXD LD $ − WU$$ + WU$ ∗ $ − GHW $, = 2

'LQ $ = , ⇒ ⇒ GHW $ = ⇒ GHW $ ∈ ^ ε ε ` XQGH ε = −
+L 6 SUHVXSX

GHW $ −
QHPF GHW$ ∈ ^ε ε `DWXQFLWU$ ⇒WU$ $ GHW$±, ⇒ $ = ,
WU$
WU$ ≠GHRDUHFHGHW$≠GHXQGHWU$≠IDOV'HFLGHW$∉ ∉ ^ε ε ` 8UPHD] F
GHW$ (FXD LD QHG WU$ $ = 2 GHXQGHWU$ 'DUGHW$ $ , ⇒
⇒ $ − = $ ⇒ $ = $ ⇒ WU$ = WU$ = 5HFLSURFGDF WU$ OX P$ %úLRE
LQHP % = , WU% = ⇒ WU% = GDU % = $ = $ ⋅ $ = $ ⇒ WU$ =
D[ ∈>±DD@ ⇒H[W ∈> π@XQLFDVWIHOvQFkW [ = D FRV W 3ULQLQGXF LHVHRE LQH

− W
[Q = Q D FRV 6HRE LQHLPHGLDW OLP [ Q =
Q
Q Q →∞


W  = Q + ⋅  D  Q  − FRV W  − Q +   D  Q −  =
 −   
− [ Q =
Q Q
− D FRV Q
Q Q
   Q   
         
  
 

 D  Q

W

 VLQ Q   −
 
 D  Q  ⋅ W ⋅ Q − ⋅   D


⋅  GHDLFL OLP Q − [ Q = − OQ
   W
= 
 Q Q →∞
 Q Q
 

Q + Q + + Q Q  
E)LH [ Q = Q≥)LH P Q = Q  3XWHPVFULH
Q  
P − P Q + Q − P Q Q P − Q + Q − P P + Q
≤ [Q − ≤
Q Q
P − P Q Q − P Q Q P − Q Q − P P + Q
≤ [Q − ≤
Q Q Q Q
+ +
OQ Q
Q − PQ Q P − Q
'DU OLP = OLP = OLP P+ Q = OLP H P+ = OLP HOQQ + −OQ Q = H =
Q →∞ Q Q →∞ Q Q →∞ Q →∞ Q →∞
P − P Q
OLP = $úDGDU OLP [ Q =
Q →∞ Q Q →∞
Q
D D 
DSULQLQGXF LHEL OLP D Q − Q =
LL OLP Q = LLL OLP  Q  = H
Q →∞ Q →∞ Q Q → ∞ Q 
/HP $ ∈0Q& $ = Q ⇒ $ = Q N ≤QHVWHHYLGHQW)LHN!Q'DF SHVWHSROL

N Q
QRPXOFDUDFWHULVWLFDOPDWULFLL$úL T $ SROLQRPXOPLQLPDODWXQFL $ N = Q ⇒ T $ _ ; N ⇒
⇒ T $ = ; U U ≤ Q ⇒ $ U = Q _ $ Q −U ⇒ $ Q = Q
)LH % = [$ + [ $ + + [ Q $ Q [ [ [ Q ∈ & DUELWUDUL $WXQFL H[LVW P ∈ 1
P! N + N + + N Q DVWIHOvQFkW % P = Q &RQIRUPOHPHL %Q = Q ⇔ [$ + + [ Q $Q Q =
2QGDUDFHVWDHVWHXQSROLQRPvQ [ [ [ Q ∈&QXOSHQWUXRULFH [ [ Q ∈&⇒DUH
WR L FRHILFLHQ LL GH IRUPD λ [ [ Q $U $ U $ UQQ FX U + U + + UQ = Q 'DU H[LVW XQ
WHUPHQSHQWUXFDUH U = U = = UQ = ⇔ λ$$ $ Q = Q ⇔ $$ $ Q = Q

&ODVDD;,,D
/HP 'DF *HVWHXQJUXSFXQHOHPHQWHúL+HVWHXQVXEJUXSDOOXL*FXQHOHPHQWH
DWXQFLSHQWUXRULFH[∈*UH]XOW [∈+
'HPRQVWUD LHOHP 6 SUHVXSXQHPSULQDEVXUGF H[LVW [∈*DVWIHOvQFkW[∈*±+
5H]XOW LPHGLDWF [ ∈*±+2EVHUY PF +úL[+IRUPHD] RSDUWL LHDOXL*úLF +úL
[+IRUPHD] RDOW SDUWL LHDOXL*5H]XOW F [+ [+GHFL[ ∈+FRQWUDGLF LH'HDLFL
UH]XOW F [∈+

'LQ DILUPD LD GH PDL VXV UH]XOW [ ∈ +L SHQWUX RULFH L P 'HFL [ ∈
∈ + ∩ + ∩ ∩ +P = ^H` 5H]XOW F [ H∀[∈*SULQXUPDUH*HVWHXQJUXSFRPXWDWLY
'LQ I [ ) − [ = D[ + E ∀[ ∈5UH]XOW I − [ ) [ = D − [ + E ∀[ ∈5
6F ]kQG FHOHGRX UHOD LL RE LQHP I [ ) − [ − I − [ ) [ = D[ − D ⇒ >) [ ) − [ @
=
D[ − D ⇒∃F ∈5DVWIHOvQFkW ) [ ) − [ = D[ − −D[ + F ∀[ ∈5'LQFRQGL LD
LQL LDO UH]XOW F I[≠úL)[≠∀[∈5úLF±D≥'HGXFHPDSRL
I [ D[ + E D[ + E D[ + E
⇒ >OQ ) [ @
= ⇒ OQ ) [ = G[ 1RW PJ[
∫
) [ D[ − D[ + F
=
D[ − D[ + F D[ − D[ + F
D[ + E
∫ G[ ⇒ ) [ = H J [ ⇒ ) [ = ± H J [ GH XQGH I [ = ± J
[ H J [ XQGH
D[ − D[ + F
D − F D [ −
J [ = [ + OQ D[ − D[ + F + ⋅ DUFWJ + &
D F − D F − D
D(YLGHQWE= !HVWHJUXSFLFOLF3HQWUX*⋅JUXS7* ^[∈*_[HVWHGHRUGLQ
ILQLW`'DF * ⋅HVWHL]RPRUIFX* ⋅DWXQFL 7 * = 7 * 7= ^`7= ×8Q
^`×8Q$FXP_7=_ _7=×8Q_SHQWUXQ (YLGHQW==×^`⇒Q
)LH ) , → 5 R SULPLWLY D OXL I 3HQWUX RULFH W ∈ [ ] FRQVLGHU P IXQF LD

J W [ = − W ) [ − ) − W [ + W\ [∈,2EVHUY PF J W
[ ≥ ∀[∈,∀W∈
− W
∈[]∩4'HFLJWHVWHFUHVF WRDUHSHQWUXRULFHW∈[]∩45H]XOW F JWHVWHFUHVF
WRDUHSHQWUXRULFHW∈[]úLSULQXUPDUH J W
[ ≥ ∀[∈,∀W∈[]5H]XOW F I
HVWHFRQYH[ 'HRDUHFHIDUHSURSULHWDWHDOXL'DUERX[UH]XOW F IHVWHFRQWLQX

3UHPLDQ LLFRQFXUVXOXL
&ODVDD,9D
3UHPLXO, ,9$10$5,$16F1U&UDLRYD
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Arhimede 11-12 2004

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