数学分析讲义

c 2006-2010
NewtonLeibniz 1516
19
19
Cauchy, RiemannWeierstrass
20 GrassmannPoincare
Cartan
Stokes
NewtonLeibniz Taylor
Riemann
Riemann
Riemann
Kummer
Euler-Maclaurin Stirling Fourier

Fourier
ii
Parseval
Lagrange
Jacobian
Riemann
Green Gauss Stokes
Riemann-Stieltjes
Riemann-Stieltjes Riemann
Green
Gauss Stokes
Gamma Stirling
Fourier Plancherel Fourier
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.4 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
25
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
2.3 Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.4 Stolz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
65
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.2 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
3.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
3.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
3.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
3.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
iii
iv
115
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Taylor
163
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.6 LHopital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.7 Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.8 Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Riemann
6.1 Riemann
211
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
249
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
279
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
311
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9.3.2
Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
9.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
9.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Fourier
353
10.1 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

10.2 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
10.3 Parseval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
10.4 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
10.5 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
10.5.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
10.5.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
10.5.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
10.5.4
Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
10.5.5
Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
vi
387
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
11.5.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
11.5.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
11.5.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
411
12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
12.4 Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
12.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
12.7 Lagrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
12.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
12.8.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
12.8.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
453
13.1 Riemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

13.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
13.4.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
13.4.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
13.4.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
499
14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
14.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
vii
14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
14.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
14.5.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
14.5.2
Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
14.5.3
Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
14.5.4
Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
14.6 : Riemann-Stieltjes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

14.6.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
14.6.2
Riemann-Stieltjes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
555
15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
15.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
15.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
15.4 Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
585
16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
16.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
16.2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
16.2.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
16.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
16.3.1
Beta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
16.3.2
Gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
16.3.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
16.3.4
Stirling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
16.4 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
635
637
viii
, .
, . ,
.
1.1
,
.
, .
: ,
, .
, . , A , x P A x
A , x A.
1.1.1. , Z,
Z t0, 1, 1, 2, 2, , n, n, u.
, ,
: A P ,
A tx | x P u.
. ,
. , , , H .
, 20 , 20
, .
A, B . A B , A B ,
A B. A B , , B x, x
A ( x R A), A B , A B.
Z` , N, Z .
1.1.2. A . , H A A . A
B , B A , A B.
, .
. , , ,
1
, .
. , ,
(
, ). ,
, .
1.1.3. A , A , 2A :
2A tB | B Au.
, A n , 2A 2n . A 2n .
, .
: ? ,
X, X , X P X, X
. ,
(, ).
. A, B
, A B
A B , A Y B,
A Y B tx | x P A x P Bu.
A B A B
, A X B,
1.1
A X B tx P A x P Bu.
1.1.4. A t1, 2, 3u, B t4, 5, 6u ,

A Y B t1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6u, A X B H;
A t1, 2, 3u, B t3, 4, 5u ,

A Y B t1, 2, 3, 4, 5u, A X B t3u.
, , .
1.1.1. A, B, C ,
p1q pq A Y B B Y A, A X B B X A;
p2q pq A Y pB Y Cq pA Y Bq Y C, A X pB X Cq pA X Bq X C;
p3q pq A X pB Y Cq pA X Bq Y pA X Cq, A Y pB X Cq pA Y Bq X pA Y Cq.
1.1
A X , X A A
X , Ac ,
Ac tx P X | x R Au.
1.1.5. X Z, A t1, 2, u,
Ac t0, 1, 2, u,
A Z` .
A, B X , A B A
B , A B AzB. , A Ac X A.
1.1.2. A, B X ,
p1q pAc qc A, Ac Y A X, Ac X A H;
p2q A B A X B c , pA Bq Y pB Aq A Y B A X B;
p3q pDe Morgan q pA Y Bqc Ac X B c , pA X Bqc Ac Y B c .
. , De Morgan
. x P pA Y Bqc , x R A Y B, x R A, x R B. x P Ac , x P B c ,
x P Ac X B c . pA Y Bqc Ac X B c . , x P Ac X B c , x P Ac , x P B c ,
x R A, x R B, x R A Y B, x P pA Y Bqc . Ac X B c pA Y Bqc .
pA Y Bqc Ac X B c . De Morgan
, .
A , A .
. A ,
A tx1 , x2 , , xn , u,
A . A , A ;
.
1.1.6. N, Z` ;
;
1.1.7. Z ; .
. Z :
Z : 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, , n, n,
Z . X , X . a1 P X, X
, X ta1 u , a2 P X ta1 u. , X ta1 , a2 u ,
a3 P X ta1 , a2 u. , an pn 1q,
A X .
1.1.8. pq n 1 , n 1 ,
n . .
. () ,
p1 2, p2 , p3 , , pk .
n 1 ` p1 p2 pk . n pi p1 i kq, n .
pi , pi n. n , .
, . A, B . px, yq,
x A , y B .
, A B , A B,
A B tpx, yq | x P A, y P Bu.
A B , A B .
1.1.9. A t1, 2, 3u, B t4, 5u,
A B tp1, 4q, p1, 5q, p2, 4q, p2, 5q, p3, 4q, p3, 5qu,
A B 6 . , , A, B m, n ,
A B mn .
1.1.3. A, B , A B .
. A, B ,
A ta1 , a2 , , ai , u, B tb1 , b2 , , bj , u.
A B
A B tpai , bj q | i, j 1, 2, u.
A B :
A B : pa1 , b1 q, pa1 , b2 q, pa2 , b1 q, pa1 , b3 q, pa2 , b2 q, pa3 , b1 q,
1.2
i ` j k ` l i ` j k ` l i k , pai , bj q
pak , bl q . , A B .
1.1
1. X , a P X. X a a ,
(: a a a
).
2. , n 2n .
3. :
p1q pAc qc A, Ac Y A X, Ac X A H;
p2q A B A X B c , pA Bq Y pB Aq A Y B A X B.
4. , , :
p1q A X B A X C, B C;
p2q A Y B A Y C, B C;
p3q A pB Cq pA Bq Y C.
5. , , .
6. , A, B , A Y B .
7. , A, B m, n , A B mn .
8. A , B , A B .
1.2
, .
. . ,
,
1, 2, 3, . ,
. : a ` b b ` a, ab ba ();
a ` pb ` cq pa ` bq ` c, apbcq pabqc (); apb ` cq ab ` ac ();
a ` c b ` c, a b () .
.
. , , ,
.
p
, p, q , q 0. ,
q
p, q 1 , q 0. Q .
. L ,
0, . L 1. 0 1 , L
. , 1 0 .
0
1.2
0 1 . ,
, L . ,
, . P x, P 0
x , |x| ,
$
&x,
x 0,
|x|
%x, x .
. x y L y x . x
y . : L
, L P . ,
1
q, L , P
q
p`1
p
p
. P
, P
q
q
q
1
, q , .
q
L , L . ,
?
, l, l 2,
p
: l , p, q ,
q
12 ` 12 l2
p2
, p2 2q 2 ,
q2
p 2k ,
2k 2 q 2 ,
q , p, q 2 , . ,
1.2
1.2.1. pq n , n ,
n .
. () n ,
?
?
, k2 n pk ` 1q2 . n k ` pq , k, p, q , p{q n
, 0 p{q 1.
p p2
n k 2 ` 2k ` 2 ,
q
q
p2 qpnq k 2 q 2kpq ql, l nq k 2 2kp.
l ,
l ?
p
l
p
,
nk` k` .
q
p
q
p
p{q l{p , .
, q ( q 1 ).

?
l 2 .
, .
().
. 19 ,
Dedekind . Dedekind Dedekind
, ,
, L . Dedekind
(). Dedekind , Cantor
. , ,
, . Cantor
, , .
R . a b ,
ra, bs tx P R | a x bu,
a, b ;
pa, bq tx P R | a x bu,
a, b ; ra, bq, pa, bs (),
ra, `8q tx P R | x au, pa, `8q tx P R | x au,
p8, bs tx P R | x bu, p8, bq tx P R | x bu,
, . R p8, 8q. : I
a b P I, ra, bs I. |I| I .
A R (). M P A, x P A,
x M , M A , M max A; m P A,
x P A, x m, m A , m min A. A
, A A .
A , , A p0, 1q
. : ,
.
A . M P R, x P A, x M ,
A , M A ; m P R, x P A,
x m, A , m A ; A ,
. , A M , x P A, |x| M .
1.2.1. p8, 0q , 0 ; p1, `8q , 1 ; p0, 1q
.
, () , () . , M
A , 0, M ` A . ,
, .
1.2.2 (). A , ,
A , sup A; A , , A ,
inf A.
1.2.2. A p0, 1q .
. , 0 A . a 0,
a
a`1
P p0, 1q,
a
a`1
a, a
A . 0 A , A 0. , 1
A .
, (),
.
.
, A , sup A `8; A ,
inf A 8. , A , ; A ,
. , :
1.2
p1q A M , x P A, x M ; , M
A , x1 P A, x1 M .
p2q A m, x P A, x m; , m `
A , x1 P A, x1 m ` .
p3q A , A tx | x P Au , inf pAq sup A;
A , A tx | x P Au , sup pAq inf A.
,
1.2.3. A, B ,
infpA ` Bq inf A ` inf B; suppA ` Bq sup A ` sup B.
A ` B tx ` y | x P A, y P Bu.
. . x P A, y P B, x sup A, y sup B,
x ` y sup A ` sup B.
sup A ` sup B A ` B . , 0, x1 P A,
y 1 P B,
x1 sup A , y 1 sup B ,
x1 ` y 1 sup A ` sup B 2.
M A ` B , M x1 ` y 1 ,
M sup A ` sup B 2.
(1.1)
M sup A ` sup B, sup A ` sup B A ` B

.
. : M sup A ` sup B,
1
psup A ` sup B M q 0
2
(1.1) .
, A, B , A B, min A min B, max A
max B. .
1.2.4. A B, B inf A inf B; B

sup A sup B.
10
. . x P A, x P B, x sup B. sup B
A , A , sup A sup B.
, . Newton
(n ):
pa ` bqn
Cnk ak bnk , @ a, b P R.
k0
, ,
|a ` b| |a| ` |b|, @ a, b P R, |x y| |x z| ` |z y|, @ x, y, z P R.
Cauchy ,
ab
` a ` b 2
a2 ` b2
, @ a, b P R, ab
, @ a, b P R.
2
2
1.2
1.
2`
3 ; , n,
n`
n ` 1
. (: .)
2. n,
n`1`
n 1 .
3. , r0, 1s
. (: .)
4. , , ; .
?
5. :
p1q
1
(
n P N ; p2q tx P R | x2 3x ` 1 0u.
n
6. a, b, c (). P p0, 1q,

a ` c b,
a b.
7. A , A tx | x P Au , inf pAq sup A; A
, A tx | x P Au , sup pAq inf A.
1.3
11
8. A , x P R,
infpx ` Aq x ` inf A, suppx ` Aq x ` sup A.
9. A, B ,
infpA ` Bq inf A ` sup B suppA ` Bq.
10. a, b, c, d ,
c
a
,
b
d
a
a`c
c
.
b
b`d
d
11. x P ra, bs, y P rc, ds,
1
|x y| pb aq ` pd cq ` |c a| ` |d b| .
2
12. a, b, c P R,
a
a
a2 ` b2 a2 ` c2 |b c|,
.
13. a, b, c, d P R,
pa2 ` b2 qpc2 ` d2 q pac ` bdq2 ` pad bcq2 ,
1.3
.
. ,
.
1.3.1 (). X, Y . x P X, Y
y , X Y ,
f : X Y, y f pxq,
f : X Y, x f pxq,
y f pxq x f , x y . X
f , f f pXq Y , f
,
f pXq tf pxq | x P Xu.
12
. , Y R .
y f pxq f pxq, x , y .
X, Y R , f : X Y
.
: , x y
; , , f
tpx, f pxqqu; , . ,
.
1.3.1. A .
A X , A : X R
$
&1, x P A,
A pxq
%0, x P X A.
A . , A B A B .
1.3.2. .
sgn : R R
sgnpxq
1, x 0,
&
0,
%1,
x 0,
x 0.
.
1.3.3. a, b p q,
f : R R, f pxq ax ` b,
.
1.3.2 (). f : X Y , x1 x2 P X,
f px1 q f px2 q, f ; f pXq Y , y P Y , x P X,
y f pxq, f .
. f : X Y , , f .
.
1.3.4. Z` N .
1.3
13
. f : Z` N :
f pnq n ` 1, @ n P Z` ,
f .
. , X X N .
.
1.3.5. a, b p q,
f : R R, f pxq x2 ` ax ` b,
`
a 2
a2
a2
`b
b , @ x P R,
f pxq x2 ` ax ` b x `
2
4
4
f . f .
1.3.6. pq n ,
f : R R, f pxq xn ,
f .
. x y xn y n , f . f .
y0 0, x0 P R, y0 xn0 .
A tr P R | rn y0 u,
0n 0 y0 , 0 P A, A . , py0 ` 1qn y0 ` 1 y0 ,
y0 ` 1 A . , A , x0 .
, 0, r1 P A,
r1 x0 ,
f (x) = xn
y0
px0 qn pr1 qn y0 .
rn
, 0 1 ,
n
px0 q
xn0
n1
x
Cnk px0 qk pqnk
k0
xn0
n1
k0
r x0
1.3 n
Cnk |x0 |k ,
14
, 0 1,
xn0
n1
Cnk |x0 |k px0 qn y0 ,
k0

xn0 y0 .
xn0 y0 , 0,
px0 ` qn xn0 `
n1
Cnk |x0 |k y0 ,
k0
x0 A . xn0 y0 .
1.3.7. n ,
f : r0, `8q r0, `8q, f pxq xn
.
. , .
1.3.3 (). f : X Y , y P Y ,
x P X, y f pxq,
f 1 : Y X, f 1 pyq x,
f .
. , . .
1
, n , f pxq xn , f 1 pxq x n ;
1
n , f 1 pxq x n x 0 .
1.3.8.

f: ,
r1, 1s, f pxq sin x
2 2
, x arcsin y.
1.3.4 (). f : Y Z, g : X Y ,
f g : X Z, f gpxq f pgpxqq, x P X,
f g .
1.3
15
f g
1.4
. , f : X Y
g : Y X, f g idY , g f idX ,
idX : X X, idX pxq x; idY : Y Y, idY pyq y
X Y .
1.3.9. n , hpxq xn px 0q
1
f pxq xn gpxq px 0q .
x
p
, (p, q , q ),
q
p
x q pxp q q px 0q, x q p1q q p|x|p q q px 0q,

p
, p p1q q 1, p p1q q 1. q ,
x 0 .
.
, , , ,
.
1.3.5 (). f, g : X R .
p1q , ,
f ` g : X R, x f pxq ` gpxq
f g ;
p2q
f g : X R, x f pxqgpxq
f g ;
p3q gpxq 0, @ x P X,
f {g : X R, x f pxq{gpxq
f g .
16
. ,
.
1.3.6 (). :
p1q f pxq C f pxq x p P Rq;
p2q f pxq ax pa 0, a 1q;
p3q f pxq loga x pa 0, a 1q;
p4q f pxq sin x, cos x, tan x ;
p5q f pxq arcsin x, arccos x, arctan x .
.
. .
. , a 0, x ax .
p
a 1 , ax 1. a 1, a0 1. x 0, x (p,
q
q ) , ax , q ap ; x
,
ax suptar | r P p0, xq X Qu;
x 0 ,
ax
1
;
ax
a 1,
ax
` 1 x
a
. , x
px 0q, .
.
. f px, f pxqq (x
f ) , R2 R R .
. :
p1q . f , f ; f ,
f ; .
1.3
17
y
1.5
p2q . x1 x2 , f px1 qpq f px2 q, f
() ; x1 x2 , f px1 qpq f px2 q,

f () ; .
y
1.6
p3q . f pxq f pxq, f ; f pxq f pxq,
f .
p4q . T 0, f pxq f px ` T q, f ,
T . .
1.3.10. f pxq x3 ; gpxq
1
1`x2
p8, 0s , r0, `8q .

1.3.11. R .
. f pxq,
gpxq
1
1
rf pxq f pxqs, hpxq rf pxq ` f pxqs,
2
2
18
gpxq , hpxq , f pxq gpxq ` hpxq.
1.3
1. Z Z` ? (: .)
2. : m n ,
m n, .
?
3. A, B X ,
Ac 1 A , AXB A B , AYB A ` B AXB .
4. n , f : p0, `8q p0, `8q, f pxq xn .
5. f : X Y , B Y .
f 1 pBq tx | x P X, f pxq P Bu,
B .
p1q f 1 pC Y Dq f 1 pCq Y f 1 pDq, f 1 pC X Dq f 1 pCq X f 1 pDq;
p2q f pf 1 pBqq B, f 1 pf pAqq A.
6. f pxq |x| px P Rq ?
7. , ?
p1q f pxq ?
x
x2
`1
, p2q f pxq
1
.
x`1
8. X , f : X R,
f
X
f pxi q, X tx1 , x2 , , xn u.
i1
(i) f, g , , ,
pf ` gq
f `
g.
X
X
X
(ii) A X ,
A #A, #A A .
X
(iii) A, B X , #pA Y Bq #A ` #B #pA X Bq.
. ?
1.4 :
19
1.4

, . R
, ,
. Q . ,
, ,
, , .
Dedekind 1872 , Dedekind
.
1.4.1 (Dedekind ). Q ,
p1q H, Q;
p2q p P , q P c , p q;
p3q p P , q P , p q;
Q , R.
. p1q Q , p3q ,
: p1q p2q, ,
.
1.4.1. Q .
p1q p q, q P , p P ;
p2q w 0, n, nw P , pn ` 1qw P c .
. p1q () p P c , q p,
.
p2q r P , m r{w, mw r , p1q mw P . s P c ,
m s{w mw P c . ,
tm P Z | mw P u
, n, n .
1.4.1. .
r P Q ,
r ts P Q | s ru,
r , r .
20
1.4.2. Q tr P Q | r2 2u Y tr P Q | r 0u,
.
, . ,
, : r 0, r 1, 1 P ;
r 0, r2 2,
rsr
s2 2
2r ` 2
r2 2
,
r`2
r`2
2pr2 2q
0,
pr ` 2q2
s P , r s.
xn :
x0 1, xn`1
2xn ` 2
, n 0,
xn ` 2
, txn u ( xn xn`1 ),
0 2 x2n`1
1
2p2 x2n q
p2 x2n q,
pxn ` 2q2
4
1
, n 1.
(1.2)
4n
Q R , .
0 2 x2n
, P R, , , .
, .
, , . .
, P R, :
, ,
, , , r P , r R .
s P , s r, s P , , ,
.
r, s P Q, r s r s , r s r s .
. .
A R R , P R. P A, ,
A . A , A 1 ,
1 , A , sup A. ,
1.4 :
21
1.4.2 (). R .
. A R , A ,
Q,
PA
. , A , ,
Q. .
r P , s R . P A, r P , s R , r s.
. : r P , P A, r P , s P ,
r s, s P .
A . , A .
1 , 1 , @ P A. 1 .
1.4.3. .
r P Q ,
A ts P R | s r, s P Qu ts | s P r u,
r sup A. ,
sup A
sr
tt P Q | t su tt P Q | t ru r .
sr
, P R ,
suptr | r P u.
Q R .
, P R,
` tr ` s | @ r P , s P u,
, ` Q . r1 P c , s1 P c , r P , s P , r r1 ,
s s1 , r ` s r1 ` s1 , r1 ` s1 R ` , ` Q.
p r ` s P ` , r P , s P . q P p ` qc , p q.
, q p, q s r, q s P , q pq sq ` s P ` ,
, p q.
` : p r `s P `, t P , r t, q t`s P `,
p q. , ` , . :
22
r, s P Q, r ` s pr ` sq . .
() ` ` . Q ` `
.
() p ` q ` ` p ` q. Q .
() ` 0 . r P , s P 0 , s 0, r ` s r, r ` s P ,
` 0 . , r P , r1 P , r r1 . r r1 P 0 ,
r r1 ` pr r1 q P ` 0 , ` 0 , ` 0 . 0 .
() P R,
tr P Q | s 0, r s P c u.
. q P c , r q 1, r 1 q P c ,
r P , . p P , r P , s 0, r s P c ,
p r s, r p s p, , p P c , Q.
.
` 0 . p P , r P , , s 0,
r s P c , p r s, p ` r s 0, p ` r P 0 , ` 0 .
, t P 0 , t{2 0, n, nt{2 P , pn ` 1qt{2 P c .

r pn ` 2qt{2, r pt{2q P c , r P ,
t nt{2 ` r P ` ,
0 ` .
, .
R` t P R | 0 u, , P R` ,
tp P Q | 0 r P , 0 s P p rsu,
, P R` .
1.4.4. tr P Q | r2 2u Y tr P Q | r 0u, 2 2 ,
?
2 .
, ,
tp P Q | 0 r, s P Q, r2 2, s2 2, p rsu.
1.4 :
23
r, s 0, r2 , s2 2 prsq2 4, rs 2, 2 . , t P 2 ,
n p2 tq1 ,
4n n p2 tq1 ,
1.4.2 (1.2) ,
0 2 x2n 4n 2 t,
t xn xn , 0 xn P Q, x2n 2, t P , 2 .
P R, 0 0 0 . ,
$
pqpq,
0 , 0 ,
&
rpqpqs, 0 , 0 ,
%rpqs,
0 , 0 .
. :
r, s P Q, prsq r s . r, s 0 : ,
r s tp P Q | r1 , s1 P Q, 0 r1 r, 0 s1 s p r1 s1 u
tp P Q | p rsu prsq .
() . , .
() pq pq.
() 1 . 0 : ,
1 tp P Q | p rs, 0 r P , 0 s 1u
tp P Q | 0 r P p ru .
() 0 , P R, 1 . , 0 ,
ts P Q | r P c s r1 u,
, 1 . , 1 .
r , pr q1 pr1 q .
() p ` q ` .
24
, ,
R , . , Q ,
f : Q R, r r
Q R , R Q ,
, ,
, R
. , .
1.4.3 (Archimedes ). 0 x P R, y P R, n,
y nx.
. r r . R
A tnx | n P Nu,
A . () , A ,
. 0 x, x , m, x mx,
pm ` 1qx P A, A .
A , y A , n, y nx.
1.4.4 (). a b P R, c P Q, a c b.
. a b 0 b a, Archimedes , n, 1
npb aq. Archimedes , m1 , m2 , na m1 , na m2 .
,
A tm1 P Z | na m1 u Z
, m P A, m
m 1 na m.
na m 1 ` na npb aq ` na nb,
c m{n P Q a c b.
, Dedekind.
, Cantor Cauchy
. ,
, .
, , , .
, N
. ,
, . , ,
, .
2.1
,
, , () ,
.
2.1.1
a1 , a2 , , an ,
, tan u. an n , .
,
tan | n 1, 2, u
, tan u , M ,
|an | M, @ n 1.
. tan u N f : N R, f pnq an .
n an , .
2.1.1 (). tan u , A P R. 0,
N N pq, n N ,
|an A| ,
tan u A , tan u A,
lim an A an A pn 8q.
n8
, , , n
, an .
25
26
n , N , N
. N .
, : lim an A 0,
n8
tan u pA , A ` q . , 0 0,
tan u pA 0 , A ` 0 q , tan u A
(, A).
, N tan u A :
0 0, N , n0 N |an0 A| 0 , tan u
A .
2.1.1. tan u , .
. tan u A , B , 0, N1 ,
N2 , n N1
|an A| ,
n N2
|an B| .
, n maxtN1 , N2 u ,
2 |an A| ` |an B| |A B|.
A B, |A B|{2, , A B.
, .
. , ,
.
2.1.1. tan u, an a, a , lim an a.
n8
. 0,
|an a| 0 , @ n 1.
, lim an a.
n8
2.1.2. tp1qn u .
. . , x0 P R, 1 1
px0 1, x0 ` 1q , p1qn .
2.1.3. |q| 1, lim q n 0.
n8
2.1
27
. q 0 . 0 |q| 1, 0, N log|q| ,
n N ,
|q n 0| |q|n |q|N ,
lim q n 0.
n8
.
1
1
: 0 |q| 1 ,
1.
1 0.
|q|
|q|
1
0, N
, n N ,
|q n 0| |q|n
1
1
,
p1 ` qn
n
,
1
p1 ` qn 1 ` n ` npn 1q2 ` ` n n.
2
lim q n 0.
n8
.
2.1.4. 0, lim
n8
. 0, N
1
1
1
0.
n
,nN
1 1 ,
0
n
n
N
, lim
n8
1
0.
n
2.1.5. q 0, q 1. lim
n8
1
0.
logq n
1
. q 1. 0, N q , n N
1
1
1
logq n
logq n
logq N
lim
n8
1
0.
logq n
2.1.6. C , lim an 0, lim Can 0.

n8
n8
. 0, 0
. lim an 0, N , n N
n8
|C| ` 1
|an | 0 ,
28
n N ,
|Can | |C||an | |C|0 ,
lim Can 0.
n8
.
2.1.2 (). tan u, tbn u, tcn u ,
an bn cn , @ n N0 ,
N0 .
lim an A lim cn ,
n8
n8
lim bn A.
n8
. 0, tan u tcn u A, N1 , N2 , n N1
A an A ` ,
n N2
A cn A ` .
N maxtN0 , N1 , N2 u, n N , an bn cn ,
A an bn cn A ` ,
lim bn A.
n8
. |an | bn , lim bn 0 lim an 0.

n8
n8
bn an bn .
2.1.7. A 0.99999 , : A 1 ?
. , A . , A
. , A tan u ,
an 0.99 9 (n 9).
|an 1| 10n ,
, tan u 1. , A 1.
. , A 1 . ,
, .
2.1.8. 0 1, lim rpn ` 1q n s 0.
n8
2.1
29
. n 1 ,
`
1
0 pn ` 1q n n 1 `
1
n
`
1
1
n 1`
1 1 .
n
n
lim rpn ` 1q n s 0.
n8
n
0.
n8 an
2.1.9. 0, a 1, lim
1
. a 1 ` , 0. n 1 ,
1
1
p1 ` qn 1 ` n ` npn 1q 2 ` ` n npn 1q 2 ,
2
2
n
n
2
,
n
n
2
a
p1 ` q
pn 1q
n
0.
n8 an
lim
an
0.
n8 n!
2.1.10. a 0, lim
. N0 |a|, n N0 ,
an |a|N0 |a|
|a|
|a|N0 |a|

,
n!
N0 ! N0 ` 1
n
N0 ! n
an
0.
n8 n!
lim
1
0.
2.1.11. lim ?
n
n8
n!
. 1 k n pk 1qpn kq 0, kpn k ` 1q n,
pn!q2 p1 nqp2pn 1qq pkpn k ` 1qq pn 1q nn , @ n 1.
1
1
0 ?
? , @ n 1.
n
n
n!
1
lim ?
0.
n8 n n!
2.1.12. a 0, lim
n8
?
n
a 1.
30
. a 1 ,
?
n
a 1 ` n , n 0.
a p1 ` n qn 1 ` nn ` ` nn nn ,
lim
?
n
n8
?
n
a 1 ` n 1 `
a
,
n
a 1.
0 a 1 , ,
c
1
n 1
1
1`
,
a
na
lim
?
n
n8
?
n
n8
?
n
a 1.
2.1.13. lim
.
?
1
n a 1,
1 ` na
n 1.
n 1 ` n , n 1 ,
1
1
n p1 ` n qn 1 ` nn ` npn 1qn2 ` ` nn npn 1qn2 ,
2
2
c
0 n
2
.
n1
, n 1 ,
1
lim
n8
?
n
?
n
c
n 1 ` n 1 `
2
,
n1
n 1.
2.1.14. a, b 0, lim
?
n
n8
an ` bn maxta, bu.
. a b,
a
?
n
an
?
n
an ` bn
lim
n8
?
n
?
n
2an a 2,
an ` bn a maxta, bu.
2.1.15. pq lim an A, lim

n8
?
n
n8
a1 ` a2 ` ` an
A.
n
2.1
31
. 0, lim an A, N0 , n N0 ,
n8
|an A|
.
2
(
N max N0 , 21 |a1 ` ` aN0 N0 A| ,
n N ,
a1 ` ` an
a1 ` ` aN0 N0 A paN0 `1 Aq ` ` pan Aq
A
`
n
n
n
|a1 ` ` aN0 N0 A| |aN0 `1 A| ` ` |an A|
`
n
n
|a1 ` ` aN0 N0 A| n N0
`
N
n 2

` .
2 2
a1 ` a2 ` ` an
A.

n
. , A, n A.
lim
n8
, , tan p1qn u, , n
0, tan u .
2.1.16. pq .
. A . A , an A pn 1q . A
,
an
rnAs
, @ n 1.
n
rxs x , an . A ,
nA 1 rnAs nA, @ n 1.
1
rnAs
an
A, @ n 1.
n
n
lim an A.
n8
2.1.2
,
.
2.1.3 (). tan u , tan u .
32
. tan u A. 1, , N , n N
|an A| 1,
|an | |A| ` 1, @ n N.
(
M max |ai | p1 i N q, |A| ` 1 ,
|an | M , @ n 1.
, . ,
. , tan u , A 0, N , n N ,
an A, tan u `8, tan u `8,
lim an `8, an `8 pn 8q.
n8
, A 0, N , n N , an A, tan u
8, tan u 8,
lim an 8, an 8 pn 8q.
n8
t|an |u `8, tan u 8,

lim an 8, an 8 pn 8q.
n8
2.1.17. |q| 1, tq n u .
. q 1 , q 1 0. A 0, N
A
, n N ,
q n p1 ` qn 1 ` n ` ` n n N A,
q n `8 pn 8q.
q 1 , |q|n `8, q n 8 pn 8q.
2.1.18. q 1, lim logq n `8.

n8
. A 0, N q A , n N ,
logq n logq N A,
lim logq n `8.

n8
, ,
. .
2.1
33
2.1.4 (). tan u A, t|an |u |A|.

. lim an A, 0, N , n N
n8
|an A| ,
|an | |A| |an A| , @ n N.

lim |an | |A|.

n8
2.1.5. tan u 0 |an | 0; tan u A

|an A| 0.
. .
2.1.6 (). tan u A, tbn u B,

p1q N0 , n N0 an bn , A B;
p2q , A B, N , n N an bn .
. p1q 0, N1 , N2 ,
|an A| , @ n N1 ; |bn B| , @ n N2 .
N maxtN0 , N1 , N2 u, n N ,
A B pA an q ` pan bn q ` pbn Bq pA an q ` pbn Bq 2,
, A B 0, A B.
p2q A B,
AB
2
0, N1 , N2 ,
|an A| , @ n N1 ; |bn B| , @ n N2 .
N maxtN1 , N2 u, n N ,
an bn pan Aq ` pA Bq ` pB bn q ` pA Bq 0,
an bn , @ n N .
2.1.7. lim an A, A 0, N , n N ,
n8
1
3
|A| |an | |A|.
2
2
34
. ,
1
3
|A| lim |an | |A| |A|,
n8
2
2
.
logq n
2.1.19. q 1, lim
0.
n8
n
. 0, ,
lim
?
n
n8
n 1 q ,
, N , n N ,
?
n
n q ,
logq n
, @ n N.
n
lim
n8
logq n
0.
n
2.1.8 (). tan u A, tbn u B,

p1q tan ` bn u A ` B, , ;
p2q tan bn u AB;
p3q B 0 , tan {bn u A{B.
. p1q 0, N1 , N2 ,
|an A|
, @ n N1 ; |bn B|
, @ n N2 .
2|| ` 1
2|| ` 1
N maxtN1 , N2 u, n N ,
|pan ` bn q pA ` Bq| |||an A| ` |||bn B|
||
` ||
2|| ` 1
2|| ` 1
1
1
` .
2
2
lim pan ` bn q A ` B.
n8
p2q , M ,
|bn | M, @ n 1.
0 |an bn AB| |pan Aqbn ` Apbn Bq| M |an A| ` |A||bn B|,
2.1
35
p1q lim an bn AB.

n8
1
1
p3q p2q, lim
. ,
n8 bn
B
|B|
.
N , n N , |bn |
2
1
1 |bn B|
2
|bn B|, @ n N.
bn
B
|bn ||B|
|B|2
lim
n8
1
1
.
bn
B
n2 n
.
n8 4n2 3n ` 1
2.1.20. lim
. ,
1 n1
n2 n
lim
n8 4n2 3n ` 1
n8 4 3 ` 12
n
n
10
1
.
400
4
lim
,
.
a1 , a2 , , an ,
,
1 n1 n2 nk
,
an1 , an2 , , ank ,
tan u , tank u. ta2k u ta2k1 u

.
2.1.9. p1q tan u A, tank u A.
p2q tan u A, tan u A.
. , .
(
1
2.1.21. an r1 ` p1qn s .
2
. a2k 1, a2k1 0, tan u ,

tan u .
2.1.22. pq tsin nu .
36
. . () lim sin n A,
n8
2 sin 1 cos n sinpn ` 1q sinpn 1q A A 0 pn 8q.
sin 1 0, cos n 0 pn 8q,

sin 2n 2 sin n cos n 2A 0 0 pn 8q,
A 0,
sin2 n ` cos2 n 0 ` 0 0 pn 8q.
sin2 x ` cos2 x 1 .
2.1
1. , :
p1q 0, N , n N , |an A| , lim an A;
n8
p2q P p0, 1q, N , n N , |an A| , lim an A;

n8
p3q 0, N , n N , |an A| 2, lim an A;

n8
1
,
p4q m, N , n N , |an A|
m
lim an A;
n8
2. :
3n2 ` 2n
3
1
; p2q lim
0;
n8 2n2 1
n8
2
npn ` 1q
?
n2 ` 2n
p3q lim
1; p4q lim arctan n .
n8
n8
n
2
p1q lim
3. :
?
?
p1q t n ` 1 n 1u;
p4q
p2q tsinpn2 qu; p3q t
pn ` 1q3 pn 1q3 (
; p5q tcos nu;
n2
a
n
n2 ` 1u;
1(
p6q p1qn `
.
n
4.
p1q
(
1
;
kpk
`
1q
k1
p2q
2n 1 (
sin n (
; p3q ?
;
3n 2
n
?
? ?
p4q t np n ` 1 n 1qu; p5q tn2 2n u;
p6q
k1
(
2k .
2.1
37
5. tan u `8 .
6. :
b
?
p1q lim n n `8;
n2 4n ` 1
`8;
n8
n8
2n 1
?
n3 pn ` 1q3
p3q lim
8; p4q lim p1qn p n 1q 8.
n8
n8
n`1
p2q lim
7. an A bn , lim pbn an q 0,
n8
lim an A lim bn .
n8
8. a, b, c 0, lim
?
n
n8
n8
an ` bn ` cn maxta, b, cu.
an
A.
n8 n
9. pq lim pan`1 an q A, lim

n8
10. pq :
p1q lim
n8
?
n
an A 1, lim an `8;
n8
an`1
p2q lim
A 1, lim an 8;
n8 an
n8
1
p3q lim an `8, lim pa1 ` a2 ` ` an q `8;
n8
n8 n
?
p4q lim an `8, an 0 pn 1q, lim n a1 a2 an `8.
n8
n8
?
p5q lim an 0, an 0 pn 1q, lim n a1 a2 an 0.
n8
n8
11. pq lim an A,
n8
lim
n8
1
1
pa1 ` 2a2 ` ` nan q A.
n2
2
12. :
`
p1q lim log2 pn ` 1q log2 n ;

n8
`1
1
1
`
` `
;
2
2
n8 n
pn ` 1q
p2nq2
`
1
1
1
`? 2
` ` ? 2
;
lim ? 2
n8
n `1
n `2
n `n
`
1 `
1 `
1
lim 1 2 q 1 2 1 2 ;
n8
2
3
n
1
lim
p1 ` 2 ` ` nq;
n8 n2
?
?
?
lim p n ` 2 2 n ` 1 ` nq.
p2q lim
p3q
p4q
p5q
p6q
n8
38
13. lim an 0, N , n N an 0.
n8
14. tan u lim an A, lim

n8
n8
an
A.
1
rnan s A, rxs x .
n
an`1
?
16. pq an 0, lim
A, lim n an A.
n8 an
n8
15. lim an A, lim
n8
n8
17. , tan u .
18. tan |n 1, 2, u , tan u tank u `8.
2.2
, . , ,
, ,
.
, ,
: , .
tan u ,
a1 a2 an ,
tan u , tan u
;
a1 a2 an ,
tan u , tan u
; .
2.2.1 (). tan u .
p1q tan u , lim an suptak | k 1u;
n8
p2q tan u , lim an inftak | k 1u.

n8
. p1q M suptak | k 1u, M . 0,

, aN ,
M aN M,
tan u , n N
M aN an M M ` ,
2.2
39
lim an M suptak | k 1u.

n8
M `8, A 0, , aN , aN A.
tan u , n N an aN A,
lim an `8 suptak | k 1u.
n8
p2q p1q , tan u p1q.
:
2.2.2. p q .
2.2.1. pq .
. tan u A. tan u A,
. , tan u , an A,
an A. , tan u an A,
. , an A, @ n 1.
tan u .
: n1 1. lim an A, n2 n1 1,
n8
an2 P pa1 , Aq. , n3 n2 , an3 P pan2 , Aq. ,

() tank u.
2.2.2. a1
2, an`1
an`1
2 ` an , n 1. tan u .
2 an 2, @ n 1.
2 ` an
2an an ,
tan u , , A, A
2 0.
2 ` A lim p2 ` an q lim a2n`1 A2 ,

n8
n8
A 2, tan u 2.
1`
1
2.2.3. a1 0, an`1 an `
, n 1. tan u .
2
an
. an 0, @ n 1.
an`1 1
1 `?
1`
1
1 2
an `
2
an ?
0,
2
an
2
an
n 2 ,
an`1
1 1
1`
an `
pan ` an q an ,
2
an
2
40
tan u n 2 , . A, A 1.
,
1`
1 1`
1
an `
A`
,
n8 2
an
2
A
A lim an`1 lim

n8
A 1, tan u 1.
2.2.4. a1 1, an`1
1
, n 1. tan u .
1 ` an
1
an 1, ta2k1 u , ta2k u ,
2
, A, B.
1
1
,
1 ` a2k1
1À
1
1
lim
,
k8 1 ` a2k
1`B
B lim a2k lim

k8
k8
A lim a2k`1
k8
51
A B
, tan u
2
.
51
.
2
`
`
1 n`1
1 n
, bn 1 `
, n 1.
an 1 `
n
n
tan u , tbn u . ,
n
`
1 n
1
an 1 `
Cnk k
n
n
k0
n
npn 1q pn k ` 1q 1
k!
nk
k1
`
1`
1
1`
1
n 1
1`1`
1
` `
1
1
2!
n
n!
n
n
1`
1
1`
1
n 1
1`1`
1
q ` `
1
q p1
2!
n`1
n!
n`1
n`1
`
`
1
1
n
`
1
1
pn ` 1q!
n`1
n`1
1`
an`1 ,
tan u . , n 1 ,
0 an 1 ` 1 `
2`
2`
1
k!
k2
1
pk 1qk
k2
n
`
k2
1
1
1
3 3.
k1 k
n
2.2
41
tan u , e, .
, (,
)
e 2.7182818284590 .
1
n1
` n1
1`
1
1`
1 n
n
1
1` 2
1`
2
n 1
n 1
n
`
bn1 1 `
1 n`1
1 n `
1`
bn ,
n1
n
tbn u ,
`
1
lim bn lim an 1 `
lim an e,
n8
n8
n
n8
`
`
1 n `
1 n`1
1 n`2 `
1 n`1
1`
1`
e 1`
1`
, @ n 1. (2.1)
n
n`1
n`1
n
2.2.5. ten u e,
en 1 `
1
.
k!
k1
. an en , @ n 1. k 1,
n k ,
1`
1
2!
1`
1`1`
1
2!
an 1 ` 1 `
1
` `
n
1
` `
n
`
1`
1
n 1
1
1
n!
n
n
`
1`
1
k 1
1
1
,
k!
n
n
n 8,
e lim an 1 ` 1 `
n8
1
1
` ` .
2!
k!
k ,
an en e, @ n 1.
lim en e.
n8
2.2.6. :
n`1 n`1
n
,
p1q p n`1
e q? n! ep e q
n
n!
1
p2q lim
.
n8 n
e
@ n 1.
42
. (2.1), k 1, 2, , n,
` k ` 1 k
k
` k ` 1 k`1
k
n ,
pn ` 1qn`1
pn ` 1qn
en
,
n!
n!
p1q . p2q p1q .
e ln x, (2.1)
`
`
1
1
k ln 1 `
1 pk ` 1q ln 1 ` ,
k
k
`
1 1
1
1
1
ln 1 `
,
lnp1 ` kq ln k .
k`1
k
k
k`1
k
k 1, 2, , n, ,
1 1
1
1
1
` ` `
lnpn ` 1q 1 ` ` ` .
2 3
n`1
2
n
cn 1 `
1
1
` ` ln n,
2
n
cn lnpn ` 1q ln n 0,
cn`1 cn
`
1
1
1
lnpn ` 1q ` ln n
ln 1 `
0,
n`1
n`1
n
tcn u , , Euler ,
0.5772156649 .
2.2.7. lim
n8
1
1
` `
.
n`1
2n
. cn ,
1
1
` `
n`1
2n
`
1 `
1
1
1
1 ` ` `
lim 1 ` ` `
n8
2
2n
2
n
`
lim c2n ` lnp2nq pcn ` ln nq

lim
n8
n8
` ln 2 ln 2.
, . tan u ,
. an ,
2.2
43
n tan u , . ,
, .
,
an inftak | k nu, an suptak | k nu.
1.2.4 tan u tan u ,

an an an .
tan u tan u tan u ,

lim an lim an ,
n8
n8
lim an lim an .
n8
n8
!
p1qn )
2.2.8. an
.
n
. , n
1
(
1
1
1
an inf ,
,
, ;
n n`1 n`2
n
n ,
an inf
1
n
(
1
1
1
,
,
;
n`1 n`2
n`1
tan u
(
1 1 1 1
1, , , , , ,
3 3 5 5
tan u 0.
tan u
1 1 1 1
(
, , , , ,
2 2 4 4
tan u 0.
!
`
1 n )
2.2.9. an r1 ` p1qn s 1 `
.
n
. an 0, @ n 1. tan u 0.
`
1 n (
1 `
an 2e, @ n 1.
n
tan u 2e.

.
2.2.3. tan u , :
p1q tan u ;
p2q tan u ;
p3q lim pan an q 0.
n8
44
. p1q p2q: tan u A. 0, N , n N ,

A an A ` .
A an an A ` , @ n N.
tan u tan u A.
p2q p1q: an an an .
p2q p3q .
, , .
2.2.4. tan u, tbn u .
p1q N0 , n N0 an bn ,
lim an lim bn ,
n8
n8
lim an lim bn ;
n8
n8
p2q lim pan ` bn q lim an ` lim bn .

n8
n8
n8
. p1q n N0
bn bk ak , @ k n,
k ,
bn an , @ n N0 ,
lim bn lim an .
n8
n8
.
p2q an ` bn an ` bn .
2.2.10. an 0, an A pn 8q. bn
?
n
a1 a2 an ,
lim bn A.
n8
. , 0, N , n N ,
0 an A ` .
n N ,
bn
?
n
a1 a2 aN pA ` q
nN
n
b
n
a1 a2 aN pA ` qN pA ` q,
2.2
45
n 8,
lim bn A ` .
n8
lim bn A ,
n8
,
lim bn A lim bn ,
n8
n8
tbn u A.
2.2.11. bn 0, lim
n8
bn`1
A,
bn
a
lim n bn A.
n8
. a1 b1 , an`1
lim
n8
bn`1
bn ,
n 1. , tan u A. ,
a
?
n
bn lim n a1 a2 an A.
n8
2.2.12. pq tan u :
an 0, am`n am ` an , @ m, n 1.
an (
n
. 0 an na1 ,
an (
, n k , n
. k
n mk ` l, 0 l k 1.
an amk ` al mak ` la1
n
ak ` pk 1qa1 ,
k
ak
k1
an
`
a1 , @ n k.
n
k
n
n 8,
lim
n8
an
ak
k1
ak
lim
` lim
a1
.
n8 k
n8
n
n
k
k , k 8,
lim
n8
ak
an
lim
,
n
k8 k
46
an (
n
, .
2.2
1. :
p1q a1
2, an`1
p3q a1 0, an`1
2. c 0, a1
c, an`1
3. a1 0, an`1
2an ;
6p1 ` an q
;
7 ` an
?
p2q a1 1, an`1 1 `
an
;
1 ` an
p4q a1 P p0, 1q, an`1 an p1 an q.
c ` an , tan u .
2 ` an , tan u .
4. c, a1 0, an`1
5. a1 0, an`1
c
1`
an `
, tan u .
2
an
1
, tan u .
1 ` an
6. a1 c 0, an`1 c `
1
, tan u .
an
7. :
1
1
1
5
p1q a1 0, an`1 an `
; p2q a1 0, an`1 an `
;
2
an
2
8an
?
1 `
1 2
p3q a1 P p0, 2q, an`1 an ` an 1 an .
2
2
8. Bernoulli p1 ` xqn 1 ` nx px 1q, x
1
p1 ` nq2
`
1 n
Bernoulli an 1 `
.
n
9. :
`
` n ` 1 n
`
1 n
1 n
p1q lim 1
; p2q lim
; p3q lim 1 2 .
n8
n8 n ` 2
n8
n
n
10. pq :
`
1 n
p1q lim 1 `
;
n8
2n
`
2 n
p2q lim 1 `
;
n8
n
`
1
1 n
p3q lim 1 ` ` 2 .
n8
n n
1 1
1
11. lim 1 ` ` p1qn1
ln 2.
n8
2 3
n
12. :
!
(
p1qn )
1
.
p1q an 1 ` p1qn ; p2q an ? `
n
n
2.3 Cauchy
47
13. tan u ,
lim pan q lim an ,
n8
n8
lim pan q lim an .
n8
n8
14. , lim an A,
n8
lim
n8
1
pa1 ` a2 ` ` an q A.
n
15. lim an A, lim bn B,

n8
n8
lim
n8
1
pa1 bn ` a2 bn1 ` ` an b1 q AB.
n
16. pq 0 a b, a1 a, b1 b.
?
1
p1q an`1 an bn , bn`1 pan ` bn q, tan u tbn u .
2
1
2an bn
p2q an`1 pan ` bn q, bn`1
, tan u tbn u .
2
an ` bn
2.3
Cauchy
.
,
: an , n an .
.
2.3.1. tan u , 0, N N pq, m, n N
,
|am an | ,
tan u Cauchy .
2.3.1. n 1,
an 1 `
1
1
` ` ,
2
n
tan u Cauchy .
. n 1,
1
1
` `
n`1
2n
1
1
1
1
` `
n
,
2n
2n
2n
2
a2n an
tan u Cauchy .
48
2.3.2. n 1,
1
1
an 1 ` ? ` ` ? ,
n
n
2 2
tan u Cauchy .
.
?
?
1
1
1
1
1
n`1 n
1
?
?
? ?
a
a
,
?
n
2 pn ` 1q n ` 1
n`1
npn ` 1q
npn ` 1q n ` 1 ` n
, m n ,
1
1
?
` ` ?
m m
pn ` 1q n ` 1
` 1
` 1
1
1
2 ? ?
`2 ?
?
`
n
n`1
n`1
n`2
2
2
2
? ? ? ,
n
m
n
am an
tan u Cauchy .
2.3.3. tan u , 0, 0 q 1, N0 ,
n N0 ,
|an`1 an | q n ,
tan u Cauchy .
. m n N0 ,
|am an | |am am1 | ` |am1 am2 | ` ` |an`1 an |
q m1 ` q m2 ` ` q n
q n pq mn1 ` q mn2 ` ` q ` 1q
qn
.
1q
m n . q n 0 pn 8q, 0, N1 ,
q N1
.
1q
, m, n N maxtN0 , N1 u , m n,
|am an |
tan u Cauchy .
qn
q N1
,
1q
1q
2.3 Cauchy
49
2.3.1. Cauchy .
. , 1, N , m, n N ,
|am an | 1
M maxt|ak | ` 1 1 k N ` 1u, n N |an | M ; n N
,
|an | |an aN `1 | ` |aN `1 | 1 ` |aN `1 | M,
tan u .
, .
2.3.2 (Cauchy ). tan u Cauchy .
. : tan u A. 0, N , n N ,
|an A|
1
,
2
, m, n N ,
|am an | |am A| ` |A an |
1
1
` ,
2
2
tan u Cauchy .
: tan u Cauchy , 2.3.1, tan u , A
. tan u A.
, tan u Cauchy , 0, N , m, n N ,
|am an |
1
,
2
1
1
am an , @ m, n N.
2
2
m 8, ,
1
1
lim am an , @ n N.
m8
2
2
|A an |
1
, @ n N,
2

p1qn )
. p1q Cauchy , an
.
n
tan u A.
50
p2q Cauchy ,
. Cauchy .
2.3
1. Cauchy :
sin 1 sin 2
sin n
p1q an
` 2 ` ` n ;
2
2
2
1
1
?
?
p2q an 1 `
` `
;
n
2
1
1
p3q an 1 ` 2 ` ` 2 .
2
n
2. tan u
lim |an`p an | 0, @ p 1,
n8
tan u Cauchy ? (: .)
n 1
3. an 1 `
, Cauchy tan u .
k1 n!
4. |q| 1, an
q n , Cauchy tan u .
k1
5. an
1
p1qk1 , Cauchy tan u .
k
k1
6. tbn u . tan u
|an`1 an | bn`1 bn , @ n 1,
tan u Cauchy , .
7. 0 q 1 , tan u
|an`1 an | q|an an1 |, @ n 2,
tan u Cauchy . .
8. pq tan u . M ,
|a2 a1 | ` |a3 a2 | ` ` |an`1 an | M, @ n 1,
tan u . , Cauchy .
9. pq a0 a, a1 b,
1
pan1 ` an2 q, @ n 2,
2
1
tan u , lim an pa ` 2bq.
n8
3
an
2.4 Stolz
51
2.4

Stolz
, , .
,
. .
2.4.1. bk 0 p1 k nq,
m
ak
M, @ 1 k n,
bk
a1 ` a2 ` ` an
M.
b1 ` b2 ` ` bn
. ,
mbk ak M bk , @ 1 k n,
k 1 n ,
mpb1 ` b2 ` ` bn q pa1 ` a2 ` ` an q M pb1 ` b2 ` ` bn q,
2.4.2 (Stolz ). txn u, tyn u , tyn u

`8.
lim
n8
xn xn1
A,
yn yn1
lim
n8
xn
A.
yn
. .
p1q A . , , N , n N ,
A
xn xn1
A ` .
yn yn1
, n N ,
A
xn xN
pxn xn1 q ` ` pxN `1 xN q
A ` ,
yn yN
pyn yn1 q ` ` pyN `1 yN q
x
` x x
yn yN
xN AyN
n
n
N
A
A
`
yn
yn yN
yn
yn
|xN AyN |
.
`
|yn |
52
n 8, yn `8,
x
lim
A ,
n8 yn
,
x
A lim
A 0,
lim
n8
yn
n8 yn
xn
A.
yn
p2q A `8. , N , n N
lim
n8
xn xn1
1,
yn yn1
xn xn1 pyn yn1 q 0, @ n N.
, n N txn u ,
xn xN pxn xn1 q ` ` pxN `1 xN q
pyn yn1 q ` ` pyN `1 yN q yn yN ,
yn `8 xn `8. p1q xn yn ,
` xn xn1 1
yn
yn yn1
lim
lim
0,
n8 xn
n8 xn xn1
n8 yn yn1
lim
lim
n8
` yn 1
xn
lim
`8.
n8
yn
xn
p3q A 8. xn xn , p2q .
2.4.3 (Stolz ). tyn u 0, txn u

0.
lim
n8
xn xn1
A,
yn yn1
lim
n8
xn
A.
yn
. , .
p1q A .
lim
n8
xn xn`1
A.
yn yn`1
2.4 Stolz
53
0, N , n N ,
A
xn xn`1
A ` ,
yn yn`1
p1q , m n N ,
pA qpyn ym q pxn xm q pA ` qpyn ym q,
m 8,
pA qyn xn pA ` qyn , @ n N,
pA q
xn
pA ` q, @ n N,
yn
xn {yn A pn 8q.
p2q A `8. M 0, N , n N ,
xn xn`1
M.
yn yn`1
, m n N ,
xn xm M pyn ym q,
m 8,
xn M yn , @ n N,
xn
M, @ n N,
yn
xn {yn `8 pn 8q.
p3q A 8. p2q xn xn .
2.4.1. lim an A,
n8
lim
n8
A
a1 ` 2a2 ` ` nan
.
n2
2
. n2 n `8, Stolz ,
lim
n8
a1 ` 2a2 ` ` nan
nan
lim 2
n8 n pn 1q2
n2
n
A
lim
an .
n8 2n 1
2
54
2.4.2. k ,
1k ` 2k ` ` nk
1 1
lim n
.
n8
nk`1
k`1
2
. Stolz ,
1k ` 2k ` ` nk
1
lim n
n8
nk`1
k`1
k
k
pk ` 1qp1 ` 2 ` ` nk q nk`1
lim
n8
pk ` 1qnk
pk ` 1qnk rnk`1 pn 1qk`1 s
lim
n8
pk ` 1qrnk pn 1qk s
1
kpk ` 1qnk1 `
lim 2
n8 pk ` 1qknk1 `
1
.
2
k 1 , .
2.4.3. x1 P p0, 1q, xn`1 xn p1 xn q, @ n 1. lim nxn 1.

n8
. 0 xn 1, @ n 1.
xn`1 xn p1 xn q xn ,
txn u . xn a pn 8q, n 8,
a a p1 aq,
a 0, xn 0.
` 1
1
1
lim
1,
n8 xn`1
n8 1 xn
xn
lim
Stolz ,
lim nxn lim
n8
n8
n
n pn 1q
lim 1
1.
1 n8
xn
xn x1
n1
: Stolz , ?
2.4
1. lim an A, k ,
n8
lim
n8 nk`1
pa1 ` 2k a2 ` ` nk an q
A
.
k`1
2.4 Stolz
55
2. lim npan Aq B, k ,
n8
lim n
n8
a ` 2k a ` ` nk a
A B
A
1
2
n
` .
k`1
n
k`1
k
2
3. a1 P p0, 1q, an`1 an p1 an q, k .

lim
n8
1
1
pa1 ` 2k a2 ` ` nk an q .
k
n
k
4. k 2 ,
1k ` 2k ` ` nk
1
1
k
lim n2
.
k`1
n8
n
k ` 1 2n
12
5. :
3
p1q lim n 2 p1 `
n8
2 ` `
6. a1 1, an`1 an `
nq
n ?
1
2
2 3 1
; p2q lim n 2
k n2 .
n8
3
3
2
k1
1
,
2an
an
a2 n
1
p1q lim ? 1, p2q lim n
.
n8
n8 ln n
n
4
7. lim pan`1 an q A, (p ):
n8
n
an
A
1 p1
k
ak
A, p2q lim p`1
.
n8 n
n8 n
p`1
k1
p1q lim
8. lim pan`2 an q A,
n8
p1q lim
n8
an
A
an`1 an
, p2q lim
0.
n8
n
2
n
9. :
n
1
n1
1
1
n1
n1
1`
`
1`
1`
`
`
.
2
n ` 2 2npn ` 2q
npn ` 2q
n ` 2 2npn ` 2q2 2npn ` 2q3
10. Stolz
`
1 n 1
e.
lim n e 1 `
n
2
n8
11. p1q lim nan 0, lim p1 ` an qn 1;

n8
n8
1 1
;
n8
n
n
2
`
1
1
1
p3q Stolz lim n 1 ` ` ` ln n .
n8
2
n
2
p2q lim n
2 1
ln 1 `
56
2.5
, .
, , Cauchy .
, ,
.
.
2.5.1 (Cantor). tran , bn su ,
ra1 , b1 s ra2 , b2 s ran , bn s .
lim pbn an q 0, c, c P ran , bn s, @ n 1.

n8
. , tan u b1 , tbn u
a1 . tan u tbn u , a, b. ,
an a b bn , @ n 1.
0 b a bn an 0 pn 8q,
a b. c a b P ran , bn s, @ n 1. c1 P ran , bn s, @ n 1,
c1 a b c.
a1
a2 an bn b2
b1
2.1
. ,
1
1
p0, 1q p0, q p0, q
2
n
, .
2.5.1. R .
. r0, 1s . () , r0, 1s ,
, ,
r0, 1s tx1 , x2 , , xn , u.
2.5
57
r0, 1s , x1 , ra1 , b1 s. ra1 , b1 s

, x2 , ra2 , b2 s. ra2 , b2 s ,
r0, 1s ra1 , b1 s ra2 , b2 s ran , bn s ,
bn an
ba
3n
0 pn 8q, xn R ran , bn s. ,
P ran , bn s, @ n 1. P r0, 1s, xn , @ n 1. .
, ,
.
2.5.2. Q .
. . p{q
, p, q , p, q 1 . p ` q ,
:
1 1{1, 1{2, 2{1, 1{3, 3{1, 1{4, 2{3, 3{2, 4{1, ,
, p ` q r ` s, p ` q r ` s p r p{q r{s . ,
, .
2.5.2 (Bolzano). R .
. txn u , tx1 , x2 , u ra, bs. ra, bs ,
txn u , ra1 , b1 s, xn1 P ra1 , b1 s.
ra1 , b1 s , txn u , ra2 , b2 s,
xn2 P ra2 , b2 s, n2 n1 . ,
ra1 , b1 s ra2 , b2 s rak , bk s , bk ak
1
pb aq 0,
2k
txn u txnk u, xnk P rak , bk s, k 1, 2, .

, c P rak , bk s, k 1, 2, . |xnk c| pbk ak q
txnk u c .
Bolznao , . ,
.
x0 P R. x0 x0 . 0,
px0 , x0 ` q x0 . A , x0 P A,
0, px0 , x0 ` q A, A R . R ,
. , .
, R , .
58
2.5.3. , pa, bq, pa, `8q p8, bq , ra, bs, ra, `8q,
p8, bs , Z . r0, 1q .
, P , A , tA u
, tA u .
A R , A ( P ) . a P A, ,
a P A , tA u A ; A , tA u
A . tA u A , 1 , tA1 u (1 P 1 )
A , tA1 u tA u . A
( 1 ), A .
2.5.4. n 1, An p0, 21{nq. tAn |n 1, 2, u
p0, 2q . , p0, 2q
. .
.
2.5.3 (Heine-Borel). ra, bs .
. () tA u ra, bs . ra, bs A
, ra, bs A ,
ra1 , b1 s. ra1 , b1 s , A ,
ra2 , b2 s. ,
ra1 , b1 s ra2 , b2 s ran , bn s ,
bn an
ba
2n
0 pn 8q, ran , bn s A .
, P ran , bn s, @ n 1. tA u ra, bs ,
A0 , P A0 . A0 , 0,
p , ` q A0 .
an , bn pn 8q, N , n N
an , bn P p , ` q.
ran , bn s p , ` q A0 pn N q, ran , bn s A
+
an
bn
2.2
2.5
59
2.5.4. R .
. A , A rM, M s. tA u A
,
tAc X pM 1, M ` 1q, A u
rM, M s . Heine-Borel , ,
A , Ac X pM 1, M ` 1q
A .
Heine-Borel Bolzano . : tan u
, an ra, bs. c P ra, bs, c

tan u . () , x P ra, bs, x 0,
px x , x ` x q Ix tan u . , tIx uxPra,bs ra, bs
, , ra, bs tan u , an
ra, bs .
, tan u , c. , an1 P
pc 1, c ` 1q. n2 n1 , an2 P pc 1{2, c ` 1{2q. ,
tank u, ank P pc 1{k, c ` 1{kq, k 1, 2, . , tank u c.
. ,
, . ,
. ,
, , .
:
2.5.5. :
p1q pBolzano Cauchy q R , R
Cauchy ;
p2q pCauchy q R Cauchy , R
p q p q .
. p1q tan u Cauchy , tan u , tank u,
A. Cauchy , 0, N0 , K,
m, n N0 , k K ,
|am an |
1
1
, |ank A| .
2
2
k maxtN0 , Ku, nk k maxtN0 , Ku. n nk ,

|an A| |an ank | ` |ank A|
1
1
` ,
2
2
60
tan u A.
p2q A M . M P A, M A .
M R A. m P A, rm, M s A . rm, M s ,
m ` M
m`M
, M A , a1
, b1 M ; a1 m,
2
2
m`M
b1
. , ra1 , b1 s A , b1 A , b1 R A (?).
2
ra1 , b1 s , , tan u tbn u,
:
ran , bn s X A H, @ n 1;
bn A , bn R A, @ n 1;
bn an
M m
;
2n
|an`1 an |
M m
M m
, |bn bn`1 | n`1 .
2n`1
2
2.3.3 tan u tbn u Cauchy , c, c

A .

,
.
.
2.5.5. f pxq ra, bs ,
f paq a, f pbq b.
P pa, bq, f pq p q.
a`b
a`b
. ra, bs , f p
q
, . ,
2
2
`
à ` b a ` b
a`b
a ` b a ` b
a`b
, a1 a, b1
;f
, a1
,
f
2
2
2
2
2
2
` a1 ` b1
b1 b, f pa1 q a1 , f pb1 q b1 . ra1 , b1 s , f
2
` a1 ` b1
a1 ` b1
a1 ` b1
, . , f
, a2 a1 , b2
2
2
2
`
a1 ` b1
a1 ` b1
a1 ` b1
a1 ` b1
;f
, a2
, b2 b1 , f pa2 q a2 ,
2
2
2
2
f pb2 q b2 . , ,
ra1 , b1 s ra2 , b2 s ran , bn s , bn an
ba
0.
2n
2.5
61
, P ran , bn s, @ n 1. an , bn f ,
an f pan q f pq f pbn q bn , @ n 1
n 8, f pq .
A , x0 P A. 0, px0 , x0 ` q A, x0 A
.
2.5.6. ra, bs , pa, bq ; Q
R Q .
Baire .
2.5.6 (Baire). tAn u ,
A

(
An x n 1 x P An
n1
.
. . x0 P A , 0 0, rx0 0 , x0 ` 0 s A.
A1 , x1 P px0 0 , x0 ` 0 q A1 . A1 ,
1 0,
rx1 1 , x1 ` 1 s px0 0 , x0 ` 0 q, rx1 1 , x1 ` 1 s X A1 H.
1 1. A2 , x2 P px1 1 , x1 ` 1 q A2 . A2
, 2 0,
rx2 2 , x2 ` 2 s px1 1 , x1 ` 1 q, rx2 2 , x2 ` 2 s X A2 H.
1
2 . ,
2
rx1 1 , x1 ` 1 s rx2 2 , x2 ` 2 s rxn n , xn ` n s ,
rxn n , xn ` n s X An H, n
P rxn n , xn ` n s, @ n 1.
R
1
pn 1q. ,
n
An A,
n1
P rx1 1 , x1 ` 1 s px0 0 , x0 ` 0 q A .
Baire R .
R .
62
2.5.7. R A A .
. . : A .
pn, nq pn 1q, ,
AR
pn, nq,
n1
tpn, nqu A , tpni , ni quki1 .

N maxtni | i 1, 2, , ku
pni , ni q pN, N q,
i1
A . A , x0 P Ac ,
A
`
n1
1
1
R x0 , x0 `
R tx0 u,
n
n
A , nj p1 j lq,
A
`
j1
1
1
1
1
R x0
, x0 `
,
R x0 , x0 `
nj
nj
M
M
M maxtnj | j 1, 2, , lu.
`
1
1
1
1
x0
, x0 `
x0
, x0 `
Ac ,
M
M
M
M
x0 Ac , Ac , A .
R , ,
R R .
2.5.8. R A A R.
. . A , x0 P A. A ,
0,
px0 , x0 ` q A.
y0 supty | rx0 , yq Au,
y0 x0 , rx0 , y0 q A. y0 `8, y0 P A , 0,
py0 , y0 ` q A,
2.5
63
px0 , y0 ` q A, y0 ; y0 P Ac , A ,
1 0,
py0 1 , y0 ` 1 q Ac ,
rx0 , y0 q A . y0 `8, rx0 , `8q A.

p8, x0 s A, A R.
2.5.9. f pxq R . x0 P R, 0 0
c0 ,
f pxq c0 , @ x P px0 0 , x0 ` 0 q,
f . , R .
. c P f pRq,
f 1 pcq tx P R | f pxq cu
f 1 pcq . , c c1 , f 1 pcq X f 1 pc1 q H,
R f 1 pcq
f 1 pc1 q,
c1 c
R f 1 pcq , f 1 pcq , , f 1 pcq R,

f pxq c.
2.5
1. pan , bn q
pa1 , b1 q pa2 , b2 q pan , bn q , bn an 0 pn 8q,
tan u tbn u ,
c P pan , bn q, @ n 1.
2. A R,
(
dpAq sup |x1 x2 | x1 , x2 P A ,
A . , A dpAq 8.
3. A , tan u A . tan u , A.
4. : An R
A1 A2 An ,
dpAn q 0 pn 8q, c P An , n 1, 2, .
64
5. , (:
).
6. tA u p P q ,

(
A x P , x P A ,
. ,

(
A x x P A , @ P ,
.
`
Ac ,
Ac .
7. , .
8. pq pa, bq .
9. An pn 1q .
An .
n1
10. tan u , . (
: Bolzano .)
11. tan u Cauchy , 0 0 tank u,
|ank`1 ank | 0 , k 1, 2, .
12. f pxq I , x P I, x 0 Mx ,
|f pyq| Mx , @ y P px x , x ` x q X I,
f . , .
13. f R , x0 P R, 0, f
px0 , x0 ` q . f R .
14. pq , .
15. pq x P R f : R R , f f pRq
, , ,
. , .
, .
.
3.1
, ()
.
3.1.1
x0 P R, 0. px0 ` , x0 ` q x0 ,
px0 , x0 q Y px0 , x0 ` q x0 .
3.1.1. f pxq x0 px0 0 , x0 qYpx0 , x0 `0 q
. A P R, 0, 0 0 ,
0 |x x0 | ,
|f pxq A| ,
f pxq x0 p x x0 q A,
lim f pxq A f pxq A px x0 q.
xx0
, f x0 f x0 , f
x0 .
3.1.1.
x2 1
x0 1 .
2x2 3x ` 1
. x 1
x2 1
px ` 1qpx 1q
x`1
,
2
2x 3x ` 1
px 1qp2x 1q
2x 1
, 0, mint 41 , 6 u, 0 |x 1|
x`1
3px 1q
x2 1

6|x 1| .
2x2 3x ` 1
2x 1
2x 1
x0 1 2.
65
66
, x0 : A P R,
0, 0 0 , x x0 0 ,
|f pxq A| ,
f pxq x0 p x x
0 q A,
lim f pxq A f pxq A px x
0 q.
xx
0
f pxq x0 f px
0 q f px0 0q. A P R,
0, 0 0 , 0 x x0 ,
|f pxq A| ,
f pxq x0 p x x`
0 q A,
lim f pxq A f pxq A px x`
0 q.
xx`
0
f pxq x0 f px`
0 q f px0 ` 0q. , f x0 ,
.
3.1.2.
$
&1,
f pxq
%0,
x 0,
x 0,
f x0 0 .
. f 0 0, 1, f 0 0,
1. , f 0 .
,
3.1.1. f x0 f x0
.
. . f x0 A. ,
0, 1 0, 2 0,
|f pxq A| , x P px0 1 , x0 q; |f pxq A| , x P px0 , x0 ` 2 q.
mint1 , 2 u,
|f pxq A| , 0 |x x0 | ,
f x0 A.
3.1.3. f pxq rxs .
3.1
67
y
. k x k ` 1 (k
f (x) = [x]
) , f pxq k. , x0
, f x x0
+1
f px0 q rx0 s; x0 , f
x x0 x0 1,
x
2
x0 .
,
.
3.1.2 ().
3.1 rxs
x0
f1 pxq f pxq f2 pxq.
f1 , f2 x0 A, f x0 A.
. , , .
3.1.3 (). A, B f x0 , A B.
.
0 |A B| |f pxq A| ` |f pxq B|
3.1.4 (). f x0 A, |f | x0
|A|.
.
0 |f pxq| |A| |f pxq A|

.
.
3.1.4.
sin x
x0 0 .
x
68
.
2
1 (), O
. 0 x
, A, D , AOD
x, DC, BA OA ,
B OD .
OAD, OAD
OAB ,
1
1
1
sin x x tan x,
2
2
2
sin x
1, @ x P p0, q.
x
2
sin x
cos x
,
3.2
x
x P p 2 , 0q . 0 |x| 2 ,
sin x
` x 2
x2
x
1 1 cos x 2 sin2 2
x
2
2
2
cos x
sin x
1.
x0 x
lim
. |x|
,
2
| sin x| 1
|x|,
2
:
| sin x| |x|, @ x P R,
x 0 .
3.1.5.
lim sin x sin x0 ,
xx0
lim cos x cos x0 , @ x0 P R.
xx0
. p1q 0, , 0 |x x0 | ,
x ` x0
x x0
| sin x sin x0 | 2 cos
sin
2
2
x x0
2
|x x0 | .
2
p2q cos x p1q , :
`
x sin
x0 cos x0 .
lim cos x lim sin
xx0
xx0
2
2
3.1
69
3.1.6. x0 0. f pxq
x x0 .
. x0 0 , 0, 2 , 0 x
?
?
?
| x 0| x ,
?
lim` x 0.
x0
?
x0 0 , 0, x0 , 0 |x x0 |
?
?
|x x0 |
|x x0 |
,
| x x0 | ?
? ?
x ` x0
x0
lim
xx0
x0 .
3.1.7.
x sin
1
x0 0 .
x
. x 0
?
?
x sin 1 x,
x
lim
x0`
x sin
1
0.
x
3.1.8. a 0. ax x0 0 .
. a 1 ax 1, lim ax 1; a 1 , 1 0,
x0
mint loga p1 q, loga p1 ` qu,
0 |x|
loga p1 q x loga p1 ` q,
1 ax 1 ` ,
|ax 1| ,
lim ax 1.
x0
0 a 1 , 1 0,
mint| loga p1 q|, | loga p1 ` q|u,
0 |x| ,
loga p1 ` q x loga p1 q,
70
1 ax 1 ` ,
|ax 1| ,
lim ax 1.
x0
3.1.9. a 0, a 1. f pxq loga x x0 1 .

. a 1. 0, 0,
a 1 1 ` a ,
0 |x 1| ,
a 1 x 1 ` a ,
| loga x 0| ,
lim loga x 0.
x1
.
3.1.2. f x0 . A 0,
0, 0 |x x0 | , f pxq A, f x0 `8,
lim f pxq `8 f pxq `8 px x0 q.
xx0
A 0, 0, 0 |x x0 | , f pxq A, f x0
8,
lim f pxq 8 f pxq 8 px x0 q.
xx0
, . f
x0 , . , f x0
|f | x0 `8.
3.1.3. f `8 pa, `8q . A P R,
0, M a, x M ,
|f pxq A| ,
3.1
71
f `8 A,
lim f pxq A f pxq A px `8q.
x`8
, f 8 p8, aq . A P R,
0, m a, x m ,
|f pxq A| ,
f 8 A,
lim f pxq A f pxq A px 8q.
x8
f 8 `8 A, f 8 () A,
lim f pxq A f pxq A px 8q.
x8
f , .
.
3.1.10. p1 ` x1 qx .
. x 1 ,
`
1`
1 rxs `
1 x `
1 rxs`1
1`
1`
,
rxs ` 1
x
rxs
rxs x .
`
1`
1 rxs`1 `
1 1 `
1 x `
1 rxs `
1
1`
1`
1`
1`
.
rxs ` 1
rxs ` 1
x
rxs
rxs
`
1 n
e
lim 1 `
n8
n
lim
x`8
1`
1 x
e.
x
lim p1 ` x1 qx e.
x8
3.1.2
, .
3.1.5 (Heine). f x0 , f x0
A xn x0 pn 8q xn x0 p@ nq,
lim f pxn q A.
n8
72
. . , 0, 0, 0 |x x0 |
,
|f pxq A| .
xn x0 , xn x0 . , , N , n N
0 |xn x0 | . n N ,
|f pxn q A| ,
lim f pxn q A.
n8
. f x0 A (),
0 0, 0, x ,
0 |x x0 | , |f px q A| 0 .
, @ n 1, xn ,
0 |xn x0 |
1
, |f pxn q A| 0 .
n
xn x0 , xn x0 , f pxn q A.
. p1q Heine :
f pxq x0 @ xn x0 pxn x0 q, lim f pxn q .
n8
: f pxn q ,
. () x1n x0 , x1n x0 , f px1n q A x2n x0 , x2n x0 ,
f px2n q B. B A , xn , x2k x12k , x2k1 x22k1 pk 1q,
xn x0 , xn x0 f pxn q , .
p2q , ,
Heine .
3.1.11. f pxq sin
1
x0 0 .
x
1
1
yn
, xn , yn 0, xn , yn 0,
n
2n ` 2
f pxn q 0, f pyn q 1, f x0 0 .
. xn
3.1.6 (Cauchy ). f x0 , f
x0 0, 0, 0 |x1 x0 | ,
0 |x2 x0 | ,
|f px1 q f px2 q| .
3.1
73
. : f x0 A, 0, 0,
0 |x x0 | , |f pxq A| . , 0 |x1 x0 | , 0 |x2 x0 | ,

2
1
1
|f px1 q f px2 q| |f px1 q A| ` |f px2 q A| ` .
2
2
: Heine . xn x0 , xn x0 ,
tf pxn qu Cauchy , Cauchy , tf pxn qu .
Heine f x0 ().
. p1q , Cauchy .
p2q , f x0 0 0,
0, x1 , x2 ,
0 |x1 x0 | , 0 |x2 x0 | , |f px1 q f px2 q| 0 .
3.1.12. Dirichlet
Dpxq
$
&1,
xPQ
%0,
x P R Q,
.
. x0 0 1, 1, p2q
D x0 .
3.1.7 (). px0 , x0 q , f

, , f x0 p q.
. Heine .
. f , f x0 `8; f
, f x0 8; .
,
, .
3.1.8. p1q p q f x0 , f x0
.
p2q p q f, g x0 A, B. f pxq gpxq x0
, A B; , A B, x0
f pxq gpxq; , A 0, x0 f pxq 0.
p3q p q f , g x0 ,
lim rf pxq ` gpxqs lim f pxq ` lim gpxq, , ;
xx0
xx0
xx0
74
lim f pxqgpxq lim f pxq lim gpxq;
xx0
xx0
xx0
lim f pxq{gpxq lim f pxq{ lim gpxq, lim gpxq 0.

xx0
xx0
xx0
xx0
. .
.
3.1.9 (). f pyq y0 A, gpxq x0
y0 , x0 , gpxq y0 ,
f pgpxqq x0 A.
. 0, lim f pyq A , 0, 0 |y y0 | ,
yy0
|f pyq A| .
gpxq y0 px x0 q, , 0, 0 |x x0 | ,
0 |gpxq y0 | ,
|f pgpxqq A| ,
f pgpxqq x0 A.
. p1q gpxq y0 , :
$
&1, y 0,
f pyq
%0, y 0,
gpxq 0, lim f pyq 1, f pgpxqq 0. , f py0 q A
y0
(?).
p2q .
, .
1
3.1.13. p1 ` xq x x0 0 .
. y
1
,
x
`
1
1 y
p1 ` xq x 1 `
y
x 0 y 8, 3.1.10,
`
1
1 y
e.
lim p1 ` xq x lim 1 `
y8
y
x0
3.1
75
3.1.14. a 0, a 1. f pxq loga x x0 0 .

. lim loga x 0,
x1
lim loga x loga x0 ` lim loga
xx0
xx0
3.1.15. a 0,
`x
loga x0 .
x0
ax 1
x0 0 .
x
. a 1. y ax 1, x 0 y 0.
ax 1
y
lim
x0
y0 loga p1 ` yq
x
1
lim
1
y0 log rp1 ` yq y s
a
1
ln a.
loga e
lim
3.1.16. a 1, k P R,
xk
0.
x`8 ax
lim
. k 0, x 1 ,
0
xk
prxs ` 1qk
prxs ` 1qk
a,
ax
arxs
arxs`1
2.1.9
xk
0.
x`8 ax
lim
k 0, x 1 ,
0
xk
ax arxs ,
ax
.
3.1.17. P pxq, Qpxq , lim P pxq{Qpxq.
x8
. P pxq, Qpxq n.
P pxq a0 xn ` a1 xn1 ` ` an , Qpxq b0 xn ` b1 xn1 ` ` bn ,
a0 , b0 0.
P pxq
a0 ` a1 x1 ` ` an xn
Qpxq
b0 ` b1 x1 ` ` bn xn
lim
x8
a0
P pxq
.
Qpxq
b0
76
3.1
1. :
p1q lim f pxq `8,
xx
0
p3q
p2q lim f pxq 8,
lim f pxq 8, p4q
x`8
xx`
0
lim f pxq `8.
x8
2.
x1
1
;
2
x0 x 3
3
x2 3
1;
p4q lim 2
x`8 x 5
x1
p7q lim ? 2
0;
x1`
x 1
p1q lim
a
4x 4
2;
p3q lim
4 x2 0;
2
x1 x 1
x2
?
?
x
p5q lim 2
8; p6q lim p x ` 1 xq 0;
x`8
x2 x 4
a
x2 ` x
p8q lim
8; p9q lim px x2 aq 0.
x8 x ` 2
x`8
p2q lim
3. (m, n )
?
x4 1
px ` hq2 h2
;
p2q lim
; p3q lim 3x ` 1;
x1 x 1
x0
x0
x
x2 ` 1
x2 ` 2
1 xm
p4q lim
;
p5q
lim
;
p6q
lim
;
x8 2x2 x 1
x0 3x2 ` 4x
x1 1 xn
?
?
?
a2 ` x |a|
1`x 1x
p1 ` xqn 1
; p8q lim
; p9q lim
.
p7q lim
x0
x0
x0
x
x
x
p1q lim
4. (m, n )
?
m
x1
p2q lim ?
;
x1 n x 1
1
1
` m
n
p1 ` mxq n p1 ` nxq m
p3q lim
; p4q lim
.
x0
x1 1 xm
x
1 xn
p1 ` mxqn p1 ` nxqm
;
x0
x2
p1q lim
5.
sin 4x
1 cos 2x
tan x sin x
;
p2q lim
;
p3q lim
;
x0
x0
x
x2
x3
2
2
1
sin x sin a
sinpx3 q
p4q lim x sin 2 ; p5q lim
; p6q lim
.
xa
x0
x0 sin2 x
x
xa
p1q lim
x0
6. (k 0)
1
p1q lim xr s;
x0
x
rxs
ln x
;
p3q lim
;
x`8 xk
x
` 1 ` x x
1
p1 ` xqa 1
; p6q lim
.
p4q lim p1 ` x2 q x ; p5q lim
x`8 3 ` x
x0
x0
x
p2q lim
x`8
3.2 ()
77
7.
a
a
n2 ` 1q; p2q lim sin2 p n2 ` nq;
n`8
n`8
`
x
x
x
n x
p3q lim cos ? ;
p4q lim cos cos cos n ;
n`8
n`8
n
2
4
2
` n ` x n
1
p5q lim n sin ;
p6q lim
.
n8
n8 n 1
n
p1q lim sinp
8. 0 a 1, lim rp1 ` xqa xa s.

x`8
9. lim sinpsinp psin xqqq (n ).

n`8
10. lim Rpxq, Rpxq Riemann :

xx0
1q , x pq , p, q , p q;
&
Rpxq 1, x 0, 1;
%0, x p0, 1q .
11. f , lim f pxq C, f C.
x`8
12. pq f, g , lim rf pxq gpxqs 0, f g.

x`8
1
f pxq
f p2xq f pxq 0, lim
0.
x0 x
x0 x
13. pq lim f pxq 0, lim

x0
3.2
()
, ,
, .
3.2.1 (). f x0 0, f
x x0 , f pxq op1q px x0 q; x x0 |f | `8,
f x x0 .
. p1q () , .
;
p2q : tan u tbn u ,
an {bn 0 pn 8q, tan u tbn u , an opbn q;

.
3.2.1.
x ` 1 1 op1q px 0q.
78
.
?
x`11 ?
x
0 px 0q,
x`1`1
x ` 1 1 x 0 .
. , f , g x x0
() ,
p1q f {g x x0 , x x0 f g ()
() ,
f pxq opgpxqq px x0 q;
p2q f {g x0 ,
f pxq Opgpxqq px x0 q;
p3q f {g x0 A 0, x x0 f g
() ,
f pxq O pgpxqq px x0 q;
, A 1, x x0 f g () ,
f g px x0 q.
p4q k 0.
|f pxq| O p|x x0 |k q px x0 q,
x x0 f k ;
|f pxq| O p|x x0 |k q px x0 q,
x x0 f k . k .
. , f pxq xk .
1
3.2.2. 1 cos x x2 px 0q.
2
. ,
` 1 2
2 sin2 12 x
1
1 cos x
lim
2
.
2
2
x0
x0
x
x
2
2
lim
3.2.3. P pxq n , P pxq O pxn q px 8q.

. Qpxq xn .
.
3.2 ()
79
3.2.1 (). x x0 , f f1 , g g1 . f1 {g1 x0

, f {g x0 , ; .
.
f {g pf {f1 qpf1 {g1 qpg1 {gq,
x x0 f {f1 1, g{g1 1 .
. .
3.2.4. lim
x0
sin x
.
sin x
. x 0 sin x x, sin x x,
lim
x0
3.2.5. lim
x0
sin x
lim
.
sin x x0 x
tan x sin x
.
x3
. x 0 ,
tan x sin x
`1 1
sin x
p1 cos xq x x2 x3 ,
cos x
2
2
tan x sin x
1
.
3
x
2
, , ,
lim
x0
x 0 ,
tan x sin x x,
tan x sin x .
3.2.6. lim
x0
ln cos x
.
tan2 x
.
lnp1 ` xq x px 0q.
, 3.1.13,
1
lnp1 ` xq
lnrp1 ` xq x s ln e 1 px 0q.
x
, x 0 ,
1
ln cos x lnr1 p1 cos xqs p1 cos xq x2 .
2
tan2 x
sin2 x
x2 px 0q,
cos2 x
80
lim
x0
ln cos x
1
.
2
tan2 x
3.2
1. :
b
?
?
3
p1q x sin x x 2 px 0` q;
p2q 1 ` x 1 op1q px 0q;
a
x2
1
p3q 1 ` x2 1
px 0q; p4q
1 ` x2 ` Opx4 q px 0q.
2
1 x2
2. x 0` , :
?
?
?
p1q x sin x;
p2q 1 ` x 1 x; p3q lnp1 ` xq lnp1 xq;
?
?
?
p4q 3 1 ` 3x 1; p5q 4x2 5x ` 10x6 ; p6q 1 ` tan x 1 ` sin x.
3. x `8 , :
x5 ` 1
x4
;
p3q 2
;
4
x `1
x x`1
c
b
?
p5q 1 ` 1 ` x; p6q x ln2 x.
p1q x 5x3 ` x6 ; p2q

b
?
p4q x2 ` x;
4. f pxq op1q px x0 q, x x0
p1q opf pxqq ` opf pxqq opf pxqq;
p2q opcf pxqq opf pxqq, c ;
p3q gpxq opf pxqq opf pxqgpxqq, gpxq ;
p4q ropf pxqqsk opf k pxqq;
1
p5q
1 f pxq ` opf pxqq.
1 ` f pxq
5. :
?
x tan x
1 ` x4 1
p1q lim
;
p2q lim
;
x0 1 cos x
x0 1 cos2 x
?
tanptan xq
1 ` x ` x2 1
p3q lim
; p4q lim
.
x0
x0
x
sin 2x
6. P pxq , P pxq opxn q px 8q, P pxq n.
7. f : p0, `8q R f p2xq f pxq, f pxq op1q px `8q.
f 0.
8. pq f pxq op1q, f p2xq f pxq Opxq px 0q. f pxq Opxq px 0q.
3.3
81
3.3
,
.
3.3.1
3.3.1 (). f x0 f x0
f px0 q, f x0 , x0 f ; f x0
f px0 q, f x0 ; f x0 f px0 q,
f x0 ; .
. p1q x0 f , x0 f . , f x0
f x0 . Heine
: f x0 x0 xn , f pxn q f px0 q
pn 8q.
p2q f x0 : 0, 0,
|x x0 | ,
|f pxq f px0 q| .
p3q : 0, 0, |x x0 | ,
f pxq f px0 q ,
f x0 ; 0, 0, |x x0 | ,
f pxq f px0 q ` ,
f x0 .
p4q R X f : X R
: x0 P X f x P X, x x0 f pxq f px0 q. ,
X ra, bs , f ra, bs f pa, bq , a
, b .
3.3.1. , :
C pq, x, sin x, cos x,
x, loga x pa 0, a 1q.
3.3.2. f , |f | .
. f x0 ,
0 |f pxq| |f px0 q| |f pxq f px0 q|
82
|f pxq| x0 .
.
1
px 0q .
x
(
. x0 0. 0, min 21 x0 , 12 x20 , |x x0 |
3.3.3. f pxq
1
1 |x x0 |
2|x x0 |
,

x x0
|xx0 |
x20
f pxq x0 . , x0 0 , f x0 .
1
.

x
3.3.4. f pxq ax pa 0q .
. a 1 f pxq 1 , . a 1, x0 P R,
lim ax lim ax0 axx0 ax0 lim ay ax0 .
xx0
xx0
y0
f pxq .
.
3.3.1 (). f pxq, gpxq x0 ,
p1q f pxq ` gpxq x0 , , ;
p2q f pxqgpxq x0 ;
p3q gpx0 q 0 , f pxq{gpxq x0 .
. .
3.3.5. f , g , maxtf, gu mintf, gu .

. f , g , f ` g, f g .
maxtf, gu
(
(
1
1
pf ` gq ` |f g| , mintf, gu
pf ` gq |f g| .
2
2
maxtf, gu mintf, gu .
3.3.6. .
f pxq x , x2 x x, x3 x x x, , xn pn 1q
; , f pxq x1 , xn pn 1q . ,
() .
3.3.7. .
3.3
83
sin x, cos x ,
csc x
1
1
sin x
cos x
, sec x
, tan x
, cot x
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
3.3.2 (). f pyq y0 , gpxq x0

y0 ,
lim f pgpxqq f
xx0
lim gpxq f py0 q,
xx0
, g x0 , f pgpxqq x0 .
. f pyq y0 , 0, 0, |y y0 |
,
|f pyq f py0 q| .
, gpxq y0 px x0 q, 0, 0 |x x0 | ,
|gpxq y0 | ,
|f pgpxqq f py0 q| ,
f pgpxqq f py0 q f
lim gpxq .
xx0
3.3.8. 0, f pxq x .
. 0. f pxq x 0 . , 0,
1
, |x|
1
|x 0| p|x|q p q .
f pxq x 0 .
x 0, x e ln x , , f pxq ;
x 0, x p1q e ln |x| , f pxq .
0,
x
` 1
x
x 0 . , , .
84
3.3.2
, .
3.3.9. f pxq rxs , rxs x
.
. k x k ` 1 pk q , rxs k. , x , f pxq
x . x k , f pxq k k 1, k.
f pxq .
3.3.2. x0 f pxq . f pxq x0 f px0 0q

f px0 ` 0q , x0 ;
.
;
.
, f pxq rxs .
3.3.10. Riemann
$
1
, x pq , p, q , p q;
&q
Rpxq 1, x 0, 1;
%0, x p0, 1q .
.
. x0 P r0, 1s, Rpxq x0 0, f pxq
, .
1
0, ( p
p
q
pq pq , txi uki1 .
p
mint|xi x0 | xi x0 ,
1
) ,
i 1, 2, , ku,
x P r0, 1s, 0 |x x0 | , x , Rpxq 0; x
,
Rpxq
1
,
p
,
|Rpxq 0| Rpxq ,
Rpxq x0 0.
3.3
85
$
&sin 1 ,
x
3.3.11. f pxq
%0,
x 0,
x0
. f pxq x 0 , x 0 f pxq
. f pxq .
.
3.3.3. f pxq pa, bq , x0 P pa, bq. x0 f pxq

, x0 .
. f pxq x0 , f
,
f px0 0q f px0 q f px0 ` 0q,
f ,
f px0 0q f px0 q f px0 ` 0q.
, x0 f pxq , x0 .
3.3.4. pq f pxq I , f pxq

.
. f pxq , I . x1 x2 ,
f px1 0q f px1 q f px1 ` 0q f px2 0q f px2 q f px2 ` 0q.
y
f (x2 + 0)
f (x2 0)
f (x1 + 0)
f (x1 0)
x
0
x1
x2
3.3
86
, pf px1 0q, f px1 ` 0qq pf px2 0q, f px2 ` 0qq .

x pf px 0q, f px ` 0qq, .
, f pxq .
3.3.5. f pxq I , f pxq

f pIq .
. f pxq . f pIq , f pxq ,
x0 pf px0 0q, f px0 ` 0qq , .
f .
f , f pIq .
3.3.6. I f pxq ,
.
. f pxq . f pIq J .
f : I J , . y1 y2 P J, x1 f 1 py1 q,
x2 f 1 py2 q. x1 x2 , f , y1 f px1 q f px2 q y2 ,
.
x1 f 1 py1 q x2 f 1 py2 q,
f 1 J . f 1 pJq I ,
f 1 .
. ,
.
3.3.7. .
. , , ,
. , .
,
.
3.3.12. f pxq
?
` 2 ` x 1` 1`?2x1
1`x
x0 1 .
. f pxq ,
lim f pxq f p1q
x1
?
` 3 1` 1`?21
2
` 3 1`?2
2
3.3
87
3.3
1. x 0 :
p1q f pxq
a
rxs lnp1 ` xq
|x|, p2q f pxq sinprxsq, p3q f pxq
.
1 ` sin x
2. :
p1q f pxq sgnpxq
1, x 0,
&
0,
%1,
x 0,
x 0.
$ x
&
, x k,
p2q f pxq sin x
%1,
x k.
3. :
$
$
&x,
&p1 ` x2 q x12 , x 0,
x ,
p1q f pxq
p2q f pxq
%x, x .
%0,
x 0.
4. :
$
$
&sinpxq, x ,
&e x12 , x 0,
p2q f pxq
p1q f pxq
%0,
%0,
x 0.
x .
5. a, b, c , :
$
1,
x 1,
&ax2 ` bx ` c, |x| 1, x 0,
f pxq
2,
x 0,
%3,
x 1.
6. , f 2 , |f | .
7. f pxq x0 , f px0 q 0, , 0, |x x0 |
1
f pxq f px0 q.
2
8. , , ;
, . (:
.)
88
9. f pxq ra, bs , x P ra, bs, y P ra, bs,

f pyq
1
f pxq,
2
, P ra, bs, f pq 0.
10. f pxq , c 0 ,
fc pxq
c,
&
f pxq c ,
f pxq,
%c,
|f pxq| c ,
f pxq c
.
11. f ra, bs ,
M pxq sup f ptq, mpxq inf f ptq, x P ra, bs,
atx
atx
M pxq mpxq ra, bs .

12. pq f pxq r0, 1s , 0,
|f p2xq f pxq| x , @ x P r0, 1s,
, C,
|f pxq f p0q| Cx , @ x P r0, 1s.
13. pq f pxq pa, bq , x,
y P pa, bq,
f
`x ` y
2
1
f pxq ` f pyq ,
2
f pa, bq .
14. pq R f
f px ` yq f pxq ` f pyq, @ x, y P R.
f , c, f pxq cx, @ x P R.
15. pq f R , x, y P R f px ` yq f pxqf pyq,
f , a 0, f pxq ax , @ x P R.
3.4
3.4
89
,
. , .
3.4.1
.
, ,
.
3.4.1 (). f pxq ra, bs , f pxq
ra, bs .
. .
: . f pxq , txn u ra, bs,
|f pxn q| n, n 1, 2, .
txn u , txni u,
lim xni x0 P ra, bs.
i8
f pxq x0 ,
lim f pxni q f px0 q.
i8
, tf pxni qu , |f pxni q| ni p @ i 1q .
: x P ra, bs, f x , x 0,
|f px1 q f pxq| 1, @ x1 P px x , x ` x q X ra, bs.
(
px x , x ` x q xPra,bs ra, bs ,
(
pxi xi , xi ` xi q, i 1, 2, . . . , k .
M max t|f pxi q| ` 1u. x P ra, bs, x P pxi xi , xi ` xi q,

1ik
|f pxq| |f pxq f pxi q| ` |f pxi q| 1 ` |f pxi q| M,
f pxq .
1
. , f pxq p0, 1s , .
x
90
3.4.2 (). f pxq ra, bs , f pxq

ra, bs , x , x P ra, bs,
f px q f pxq f px q, @ x P ra, bs.
. .
: , f pxq , f pra, bsq .
M , txn u ra, bs,
M
1
f pxn q M.
n
, f pxn q M pn 8q. txn u ,

txni u,
lim xni x P ra, bs.
i8
f pxq x , f pxni q f px q pi 8q. M f px q, M

f pxq . , f .
: . M f , f pxq M , @ x P ra, bs.

F pxq
1
, x P ra, bs.
M f pxq
F pxq ra, bs . , K 0, F pxq K.
f pxq M
1
, @ x P ra, bs.
K
M f , M f pxq . .
. , f pxq x, x P p0, 1s , p0, 1s
.
3.4.3 (, Bolzano). f pxq ra, bs ,
f paqf pbq 0, P pa, bq, f pq 0.
. .
: . f paq 0, f pbq 0. () f pxq 0,
à ` b
a`b
@ x P pa, bq. ra, bs , f
0, a1 a, b1
;
2
2
à ` b
a`b
f
0, a1
, b1 b, f pa1 q 0, f pb1 q 0. ra1 , b1 s
2
2
, ra2 , b2 s f pa2 q 0, f pb2 q 0 . ,
ra1 , b1 s ra2 , b2 s ran , bn s ,
3.4
91
f pan q 0, f pbn q 0,
bn an
ba
0, n 8.
2n
, x0 P ra, bs,
lim an lim bn x0 .
n8
n8
f ,
0 lim f pan q f px0 q lim f pbn q 0,
n8
n8
f px0 q 0. x0 a, b, .
: f paq 0, f pbq 0.
(
A x P ra, bs f pxq 0 ,
a P A. A , f a. ,
xn P ra, bs, f pxn q 0, xn .
f pq lim f pxn q 0,
n8
, b. A f p, bs , f f pq 0,
f pq 0. P pa, bq.
y
f (b)
x
0
f (a)
3.4
. f paqf pbq 0, P ra, bs, f pq 0. ,
f paqf pbq 0, f paq 0 f pbq 0, a b ; f paqf pbq 0
.
3.4.4 (). f pxq ra, bs , f paq
f pbq , P pa, bq, f pq .
92
. f paq f pbq , pf paq qpf pbq q 0.

, , f pxq pa, bq , f pq .
3.4.5. f pxq ra, bs , f pra, bsq rm, M s, m,

M f ra, bs .
. m M f pxq , . m M . ,
f pra, bsq rm, M s. , , x , x , f px q m, f px q
M . , m M f pxq , rm, M s f pra, bsq.
f pra, bsq rm, M s.
3.4.6. f pxq I , f pIq p

q.
. f pxq , f pIq . , y1 y2 P f pIq,
f px1 q y1 , f px2 q y2 , x1 , x2 ,
ry1 , y2 s f pIq. y1 , y2 f pIq .
3.4.7. f pxq I , f pxq f pxq

.
. . x1 x2 P I. f pxq , f px1 q
f px2 q. f px1 q f px2 q, f pxq rx1 , x2 s . (
) x1 x2 P rx1 , x2 s, f px1 q f px2 q. :

p1q f px2 q f px1 q. f px2 q f px1 q f px2 q, , P rx2 , x2 s,
f pq f px1 q, f pxq ;
p2q f px2 q f px1 q. f px1 q f px2 q f px1 q, , P rx1 , x1 s,
f pq f px2 q, f pxq .
f px1 q f px2 q, f pxq rx1 , x2 s
. , f pxq , f pxq I
.
y
x
0
x1 x
x2
x1
3.5
x
x2
3.4
93
3.4.1. f : ra, bs ra, bs , P ra, bs, f pq .

. F pxq f pxq x, x P ra, bs. F pxq ,
F paqF pbq pf paq aqpf pbq bq 0,
, P ra, bs, F pq 0, f pq .
3.4.2. .
. P pxq a0 x2n1 ` a1 x2n2 ` ` a2n2 x ` a2n1 2n 1
pn 1q , ai P R p0 i 2n 1q, a0 0. a0 0,
lim
x8
`
P pxq
a1
a2n1
lim a0 `
` ` 2n1 a0 0,
2n1
x8
x
x
x
x1 0 x2 P R,
P px1 q
P px2 q
0,
2n1 0,
x1
x2n1
2
P px1 q 0, P px2 q 0. , , P px1 , x2 q,

P pq 0.
3.4.2
.
3.4.1 (). f pxq I , 0,
pq 0, x1 , x2 P I, |x1 x2 |
|f px1 q f px2 q| ,
f pxq I .
. p1q , .
, x0 , x0
, ,
, .
p2q , : f pxq I
0 0, I tan u, tbn u, an bn 0 pn 8q,

|f pan q f pbn q| 0 .
1
3.4.3. f pxq sin , x P p0, `8q .
x
94
. an
1
1
, bn
2n
2n `
an bn
, @ n 1.
1
1
2n 2n `
1
0 pn 8q,
2np4n ` 1q
|f pan q f pbn q| 1, @ n 1.
f pxq p0, `8q . 3.4.8 ,

0, f pxq r, `8q .
3.4.4. f pxq sin x, x P R .

. 0, . x1 , x2 P R, |x1 x2 | ,
x1 ` x2
x1 x2
cos
| sin x1 sin x2 | 2 sin
2
2
x
1
2
2 sin
2
|x1 x2 | .
sin x p8, `8q .

sin x Lipschitz .
3.4.5. f pxq I . 0 1,
M ,
|f px1 q f px2 q| M |x1 x2 | , @ x1 , x2 P I,
f pxq I Holder . 1 Lipschitz .

H
older : 0,
` 1
,
M
x1 , x2 P I, |x1 x2 | ,
|f px1 q f px2 q| M |x1 x2 | M
`
.
M
, .
3.4.8. f pxq, gpxq I .
p1q f pxq ` gpxq I ;
p2q f pxq, gpxq , f pxqgpxq ;
p3q f pxq , 0 0, gpxq 0 , @ x P I, f pxq{gpxq
;
p4q .
3.4
95
3.4.9 (Cantor). .
. . f pxq ra, bs .
: () f pxq , 0 0, tan u,
tbn u ra, bs, an bn 0 pn 8q,
|f pan q f pbn q| 0 .
tbn u , tbni u, bni x0 P ra, bs.

ani pani bni q ` bni 0 ` x0 x0 pi 8q.
f pxq x0 ,
0 |f pani q f pbni q| |f px0 q f px0 q| 0 pi 8q,
.
: 0, f pxq , x P ra, bs, x 0,
|f px1 q f pxq|
, px
x
x
2 , x ` 2 q xPra,bs
, @ x1 P px x , x ` x q X ra, bs.
2
ra, bs , ,
xi (1 i k),
ra, bs
`
x
x
xi i , x ` i .
2
2
i1
(
xi
i 1, 2, , k ,
2
x1 , x2 P ra, bs, |x1 x2 | ,
min
`
x
x
x1 P xi i , xi ` i , p iq
2
2
|x2 xi | |x2 x1 | ` |x1 xi | `
xi
xi ,
2
x2 P pxi xi , xi ` xi q. ,
|f px1 q f px2 q| |f px1 q f pxi q| ` |f pxi q f px2 q| 2
f pxq ra, bs .
,
2
, , .
, .
, . ,
.
96
3.4.2 (). f pxq x0 ,
f px0 , rq sup |f px1 q f px2 q| x1 , x2 P px0 r, x0 ` rq pr 0q
f px0 r, x0 ` rq . , f px0 , rq r 0` ,
f px0 q lim f px0 , rq
r0`
p q, f x0 .
. p1q f px0 , rq
f px0 , rq
sup
f pxq
xPpx0 r,x0 `rq
inf
xPpx0 r,x0 `rq
f pxq,
.
p2q x0 .
3.4.6.
$
&1,
f pxq x
%0,
x 0,
x 0,
x 0 .
.
` 1
f 0,
n `8 pn 8q,
n
f x 0 `8.
3.4.7.
$
&sin 1 ,
x
f pxq
%0,
x 0,
x 0,
x 0 .
. |f pxq| 1, f p0q 2. , n 1,
an
1
2n `
, bn
1
2n
an , bn 0 pn 8q,
|f pan q f pbn q| |1 p1q| 2,
f x 0 2.
, , f pxq x0 f px0 q .
2.2.3 .
3.4
97
3.4.10. f pxq x0 f px0 q 0.

. f pxq x0 . 0, 0, |x x0 |
|f pxq f px0 q|
.
2
, @ x1 , x2 P px0 r, x0 ` rq p0 r q,
|f px1 q f px2 q| |f px1 q f px0 q| ` |f px0 q f px2 q| 2
.
2
0 r
f px0 , rq .
f px0 q lim` f px0 , rq 0.

r0
, lim` f px0 , rq f px0 q 0, 0, 0,

r0
f px0 , rq , @ 0 r .
, |x x0 | x,
|f pxq f px0 q| f px0 , q ,
f pxq x0 .
. f I , r 0.
(
f prq sup |f px1 q f px2 q| @ x1 , x2 P I, |x1 x2 | r ,
f prq r 0` .
3.4.11. f I lim` f prq 0.
r0
3.4
1. f ra, `8q , lim f pxq A, f ra, `8q ,
x`8
f .
2. , f ra, bs , f pxq 0, @ x P ra, bs. f ra, bs
, c 0, |f pxq| c, @ x P ra, bs.

3. f pxq ra, bs , xi pi 1, 2, , nq ra, bs .
P ra, bs,
f pq
1
f px1 q ` f px2 q ` ` f pxn q .
n
98
4. f pa, bq , f pa ` 0qf pb 0q 0, P pa, bq, f pq 0.

5. x sin x 1 .
6. x3 ` 2x 1 , p0, 1q .
7. f pxq P pxq . , f : R R .
8. :
p1q
1
x, x 0, p2q x cos , x 0, p3q cospx2 q, x P R.
x
9. f pxq ra, `8q , lim f pxq A . f

x`8
ra, `8q . (: , .)
10. f pxq pa, bq . , f pxq pa, bq f
a b . (: Cauchy .)
11. f pxq pa, bq , 0.
tx P pa, bq | f pxq u tx P pa, bq | @ r 0, f px, rq u,
tx P pa, bq | f pxq u tx P pa, bq | r 0, f px, rq u,
tx P pa, bq | f pxq u .
12. pq f . f pxq x .
13. f R , f pf pxqq x. , P R, f pq .
14. f pxq R , lim f pf pxqq 8, lim f pxq 8.
x8
x8
15. R f pxq, f pf pxqq ex ? (: f .)

16. pq f pxq r0, 1s , f p0q f p1q. , n,
n P r0, 1s,
`
1
.
f pn q f n `
n
17. pq , R ; sinpx2 q
.
18. pq a 0, f pxq ra, `8q Lipschitz .
f pxq
ra, `8q
x
3.5
99
3.5
,
. , ,
, , .
,
, , .
3.5.1
f ra, bs ,
f , x a, x b y 0 (x
y = f (x)
) ,
b
f pxqdx , f
a
ra, bs .
x
p1q f pxq c ,
3.6
b
f pxqdx cpb aq.
a
p2q f pxq ra, bs , ,

b
1
f pxqdx rf paq ` f pbqspb aq.
2
a
y
f (x) c
f (x) = l(x)
x
0
x
0
3.7
f , p1q . ,
f , g ,
b
b
b
rf pxq ` gpxqsdx
f pxqdx `
gpxqdx,
a
rf pxq gpxqsdx
a
f pxqdx
a
gpxqdx,
a
100
.
f , M , |f pxq| M , @ x P ra, bs,
b
f pxqdx M pb aq.
a
, ,
1
b
1
f pxqdx f paq ` f pbq pb aq |f paq| ` |f pbq| pb aq M pb aq.

2
2
a
f , c P pa, bq,
b
c
f pxqdx
b
f pxqdx `
f pxqdx.
c
, ra, bs f pxq
f pxq f paq `
f pbq f paq
f pbq f paq
px aq f pxq f pbq `
px bq,
ba
ba
b
f pxqdx `
1
1
rf paq ` f pcqspc aq ` rf pcq ` f pbqspb cq
2
2
f pbq f paq
1
pc bqspc aq
rf paq ` f pbq `
2
ba
1
f pbq f paq
` rf paq ` f pbq `
pc aqspb cq
2
ba
1
1
rf paq ` f pbqspc aq ` rf paq ` f pbqspb cq
2
2
1
rf paq ` f pbqspb aq
2
b
f pxqdx.
f pxqdx
c
p3q f pxq ra, bs ,
ra, bs
a x0 x1 xn b
f pxq rxi1 , xi s
,
b
f pxqdx
a
3.8
xi
i1 xi1
f pxqdx,
3.5
101
: ra, bs
a x10 x11 x1m b
f pxq rx1i1 , x1i s , txi , x1i u

ra, bs , f
, p2q , f
txi u tx1i u f .
.
, p2q .
y
p4q f ra, bs ,
, f ra, bs
.
f . , n, ra, bs n ,
i
xi a ` pb aq, i 0, 1, , n.
n
rxi1 , xi s li pxq
x
0
3.9
li pxi1 q f pxi1 q, li pxi q f pxi q , li pxq

li pxq f pxi1 q `
f pxi q f pxi1 q
px xi1 q.
xi xi1
ra, bs fn pxq
fn pxq li pxq, x P rxi1 , xi s, i 1, , n.
3.5.1. f, fn , 0, N N pq, n N
|f pxq fn pxq| , @ x P ra, bs.
. . 0, 0,
|f px1 q f px2 q| , @ |x1 x2 | .

1
N pb aq{, n N pb aq . , x P rxi1 , xi s
n
p1 i nq,
|f pxq fn pxq| |f pxq li pxq|
f pxi q f pxi1 q
px xi1 q
f pxq f pxi1 q
xi xi1
`
xi x
`
x xi1
f pxq f pxi1 q
` f pxq f pxi q
xi xi1
xi xi1
x xi1
xi x
`
xi xi1
xi xi1
.
102
.
, m, n N ,
|fm pxq fn pxq| |fm pxq f pxq| ` |f pxq fn pxq| 2,
fm pxq fn pxq ,
b
b `
b

fm pxq fn pxq dx 2pb aq,

fn pxqdx
fm pxqdx
a
! b
)
fn pxqdx Cauchy , ,
b
f pxqdx lim
n8 a
fn pxqdx.
f pxq ra, bs , p3q

, .
, f
n
1
1
i1
i
f pa `
pb aqq ` f pa ` pb aqq pb aq
n8
2
n
n
n
i1
f pxqdx lim
a
i
1 `
f a ` pb aq pb aq,
n8 n
n
i1
lim
n
1
f pa` ni pbaqq ,
n i1
f pxq ra, bs
(3.1)
. , f pxq ra, bs
f pxq ,
.
.
3.5.1.
x
0
3.10
b
cos xdx.
a
. ra, bs n ,
`
`
1
1
1
1
sin a ` pi ` qh sin a ` pi qh
sin h cospa ` ihq
2
2
2
2
3.5
103
(3.1) ( h pb aq{n)
n
`
1
i
cos a ` pb aq pb aq
n8 n
n
i1
cos xdx lim

a
n
`
`
ba
1 b a
1 b a
sin a ` pi ` q
sin a ` pi q
n8 2n sin ba
2
n
2 n
2n i1
`
`
ba
1 b a
b a
lim
sin a ` pn ` q
sin a `
ba
n8 2n sin
2 n
2n
2n
lim
sin b sin a.
3.5.2. f pxq ax r0, 1s , a 0, a 1.

. r0, 1s n , (3.1)
1
n
1 1 a1
1 i
a n lim a n 1
n8 n
n8 n
an 1
i1
ax dx lim
lim pa 1q
t0`
tat
a1
.
1
ln a
at
, (3.1). ,
, N , n N , rxi1 , xi s i ,
|f pxi q f pi q| , i 1, 2, , n.
n
n
n
1
1
1
f pxi qpb aq
f pi qpb aq
|f pxi q f pi q|pb aq pb aq,
n i1
n i1
n i1
n
1
f pi qpb aq, @ i P rxi1 , xi s.
n8 n
i1
f pxqdx lim
a
(3.2)
, f pxq
, .
1
ra, bs , b a 0.
x2
?
. ra, bs n , rxi1 , xi s i xi1 xi ,
3.5.3. f pxq
b
a
n
n
` 1
1
1
xi xi1
dx
lim
lim
n8
n8
x2
x
x
x
x
i1 i
i1
i
i1
i1
`1
1 1 1
.
lim
n8 x0
xn
a b
104
3.5.2
f ra, bs , :
a
b
a
f pxqdx 0;
f pxqdx f pxqdx.
a
, (3.1) , :
() f, g ra, bs , , P R,
b
b
pf pxq ` gpxqqdx
b
f pxqdx `
gpxqdx;
a
|f pxq| M , @ x P ra, bs, f pxqdx M pb aq;

a
b
b
() f g ra, bs ,
f pxqdx
gpxqdx;
a
a
, |f | f |f | f pxqdx
|f pxq|dx;
a
() f , a, b, c ,
c
b
f pxqdx
c
f pxqdx `
f pxqdx;
b
, a b c. 0, ra, bs, rb, cs

, pbq pbq,
|f pxq pxq| , @ x P ra, bs; |f pxq pxq| , @ x P rb, cs.
ra, cs gpxq, ra, bs g , rb, cs g ,
|f pxq gpxq| , @ x P ra, cs.
,
b
c
c
f pxqdx
f pxqdx
f pxqdx
a
a
b
b
c
c
gpxqdx
f pxqdx
f pxqdx ` pc aq
a
a
b
c
b
rgpxq f pxqsdx ` rgpxq f pxqsdx ` pc aq

a
pb aq ` pc bq ` pc aq 2pc aq,
, .
3.5
105
f pxq ra, bs ,
f pxqdx 0,
f 0. . ,
f px0 q 0, f , rc, ds ra, bs,
f pxq
1
f px0 q, @ x P rc, ds.
2
b
c
d
b
d
f px0 q
f pxqdx f pxqdx ` f pxqdx ` f pxqdx f pxqdx
pd cq 0,
2
a
a
c
d
c
f pxq ra, bs .
3.5.4. f ra, bs , c P ra, bs.
x
F pxq
f ptqdt, x P ra, bs,
c
F Lipschitz .
. |f pxq| M , @ x P ra, bs. x1 x2 P ra, bs,
x1
x2
|F px2 q F px1 q|
f pxqdx
f pxqdx
c
c
x2
x2
f pxqdx
|f pxq|dx
x1
x1
M |x2 x1 |.
F Lipschitz .
3.5.5. f ra, bs , ra, bs g,

b
f pxqgpxqdx 0,
a
f 0.
. g f ,
b
b
2
f pxqdx
f pxqgpxqdx 0,
a
f 0, f 0.
2
, (3.1) (3.2) .
, . ,
. , ra, bs a x0 x1 xn b,
: a x0 x1 xn b
106
ra, bs (). }} max |xi xi1 |. 0,

1in
, 0, }}
|f pxq f px1 q| , @ x, x1 P rxi1 , xi s, i 1, 2, , n.
i P rxi1 , xi s,
b
f pxqdx
a
n xi
f pxqdx
i1 xi1
n
n xi
f pi qpxi xi1 q `
f pxq f pi q dx
i1 xi1
i1
n
n

b
f pi qpxi xi1 q
pxi xi1 q pb aq,
f pxqdx
a
i1
i1
b
f pxqdx lim
}}0
f pi qpxi xi1 q,
i1
(3.2) .
3.5.6. f pxq
1
ra, bs , b a 0.
x
. ra, bs :
a aq aq 2 aq n b,
1
q p ab q n 1. i aq i1 p1 i nq,
b
a
1
1
dx lim
paq i aq i1 q
i1
n8
x
aq
i1
` b 1
n
lim npq 1q lim n
1
n8
n8
a
pb{aqt 1
lim
lnpb{aq.
t
t0`
3.5.7. f pxq
1
r0, 1s .
1 ` x2
. r0, 1s :
0 tan
2
i
tan
tan
1,
4n
4n
4n
(3.3)
3.5
107
xi xi1 ,
1
0
dx
xi xi1
lim
2
n8
1`x
1 ` xi xi1
i1
lim
tan
` i
4n
lim n tan
.
n8
4n
4
n8
i1
pi 1q
4n
, . , f pxq ra, bs
, f pt ` cq t P ra c, b cs , (3.1)
b
bc
f pxqdx
f pt ` cqdt;
a
ac
, 0 ,
b
b{
f pxqdx
3.5.8. x 0,
f ptqdt.
a{
at dt pa 0, a 1q.
. t xs, 3.5.2,
x
1
ax 1
ax 1
at dt x pax qs ds x
.
ln ax
ln a
0
0
3.5.2 (). f, g ra, bs . g ,
P ra, bs,
b
b
f pxqgpxqdx f pq
gpxqdx.
a
. g 0. f ra, bs m, M ,
mgpxq f pxqgpxq M gpxq, @ x P ra, bs.
,
b
b
b
m gpxqdx
f pxqgpxqdx M
gpxqdx.
a
gpxqdx 0, P ra, bs .
gpxqdx 0,
b
a
gpxqdx
1 b
a
f pxqgpxqdx M,
108
P ra, bs,
f pq
gpxqdx
1 b
f pxqgpxqdx,
.
. g 1, : P ra, bs,
b
f pxqdx f pqpb aq, f pq
1
ba
b
f pxqdx.
a
f pq f pxq ra, bs .
3.5.9. f r0, as ,
1 x
lim
f ptqdt f p0q.
x0` x 0
. , x P p0, aq , x P r0, xs,
1 x
f ptqdt f pq.
x 0
x 0` , 0` . f .
3.5.10. pq f r0, as ,
x
f0 pxq f pxq, fn pxq
fn1 ptqdt, n 1, 2, .
0
, n,x P r0, xs
fn pxq f pq
xn
.
n!
. n . n 1 . n 1
,
m
xn1
xn1
fn1 pxq M
,
pn 1q!
pn 1q!
m, M f . tn1 r0, xs xn {n ()
xn
n!
x
fn1 ptqdt M
0
xn
,
n!
3.5
3.5.3

109
.
.
` 1
1
1
3.5.11. lim
`
` `
.
n`8 n ` 1
n`2
2n
.
1
1
1
`
` `
n`1 n`2
2n
1 1
1
lim
` `
n
n`8 n 1 ` 1
1
`
n
n
2
1
1
1
dx
dt ln 2.
1
`
x
0
1 t
lim
n`8
3.5.12. f :
f px ` yq f pxq ` f pyq, @ x, y P R.
. f , f px ` tq f pxq ` f ptq t ,
x`y
y
y
f ptqdt
f px ` tqdt f pxqy `
f ptqdt,
x
x`y
x
f ptqdt f pxqy `
y
f ptqdt `
f ptqdt.
0
x, y f pxqy f pyqx. , y 1
f pxq f p1qx Cx.
3.5.13 (Young ). f r0, `8q , f p0q 0,

f
pyq f , a, b 0
a
b
ab
f pxqdx `
f 1 pyqdy,
0
b f paq.
. .
p1q b f paq. f : r0, as r0, bs , f 1 : r0, bs r0, as
. r0, as n :
: 0 x0 x1 xn a,
yi f pxi q p0 i nq r0, bs :
1 : 0 f px0 q y0 y1 yn b
110
f , n 8 } 1 } 0.
a
b
f pxqdx `
f 1 pyqdy
lim
n8
lim
n8
lim
n8
f pxi qpxi xi1 q ` lim
n8
f 1 pf pxi1 qqpf pxi q f pxi1 qq
i1
n
i1
f pxi qpxi xi1 q ` xi1 pf pxi q f pxi1 qq
i1
n
f pxi qxi xi1 f pxi1 q
i1
lim rxn f pxn q x0 f px0 qs

n8
af paq 0f p0q af paq ab.

p2q 0 b f paq. f , P p0, aq b f pq. p1q,
a
b
f pxqdx `
f 1 pyqdy
a
f pxqdx `
f pq
f pxqdx `
f 1 pyqdy
f pqpa q `
f pq
f pxqdx `
f 1 pyqdy
f pqpa q ` f pq af pq ab.
p3q b f paq. f f 1 p2q.

y
y
y = f (x)
b = f (a)
y = f (x)
f (a)
b
x
0
x
a
3.11 Young
, f pxq xp1 pp 1q,
1
f 1 pyq y p1 y q1 , p
1 1
` 1q
p q
3.5
111
a, b 0 ,
a
ab
xp1 dx `
y q1 dy
ap
bq
` .
p
q
Young ( 3.5p3q),
bq ap . p q 2 , Young .
3.5.14 (Holder ). f, g ra, bs , p 1,
1 1
` 1.
p q
b
f pxqgpxqdx
f p pxqdx
p1 b
g q pxqdx
q1
f p cg q cf p g q , c .
.
b
f p pxqdx 0,
g q pxqdx 0.
Young ,
b
a
f pxqgpxq
1 f p pxq
1 g q pxq
`
,
p1 b
q1
p b p
q b q
p
q
f pxqdx
g pxqdx
f pxqdx
g pxqdx
a
ra, bs ,
b
b
b
p
f pxqdx
g q pxqdx
f pxqgpxqdx
1 a
1 a
a
` b
b
p1 b
q1 p b
q
p
p
q
f pxqdx
g q pxqdx
f pxqdx
g pxqdx
a
1 1
` 1.
p q
. Young .
3.5.15. f ra, bs , g T ,
T
b
1 b
gpxqdx.
f
pxqdx
lim
f pxqgpnxqdx
n8 a
T a
0
. gpxq , gpxq C
,
C
1
T
gpxqdx. pg q
, 0, N , n N ,
|f px1 q f px2 q| , @ |x1 x2 | T {n.
112
n ,
i1
i
k
k`1
T a T,
T b
T,
n
n
n
n
i, k .
pj`1q
T
n
j
nT
gpnxqdx
1
n
pj`1qT
gptqdt 0, @ j P Z
jT
b
f pxqgpnxqdx
a
i
nT
f pxqgpnxqdx `
f pxqgpnxqdx `
a
j
`
fp T q
n
ji
j
nT
f pxqgpnxqdx `
a
b
f pxqgpnxqdx `
f pxqgpnxqdx
k
nT
pj`1q
T
n
j
nT
pj`1q
T
n
i
nT
k1
ji
k1
pj`1q
T
n
j
nT
ji
i
nT
k1
j
f pxq f p T q gpnxqdx
n
b
gpnxqdx `
f pxqgpnxqdx
k
nT
k1
pj`1q
T
n
j
nT
ji
j
f pxq f p T q gpnxqdx `
n
b
f pxqgpnxqdx.
k
nT
, n ,
b
T
pk iq
T
T max |g| ` max |f | max |g|

f pxqgpnxqdx max |f | max |g| `
n
n
n
a
2T
max |f | max |g| ` pb aq max |g|,

n
b
lim
n8 a
f pxqgpnxqdx 0.
. , n , gpnxq ,
f .
y
x
0
3.12
3.5
113
3.5
1. f ,
.
b
2.
sin x dx.
a
3. p1q b a 0, 1.
b
x dx,
x dx.
p2q b, 0,
1 ` 2 ` ` n
.
n8
n`1
lim
4. ,
x
f pxq
1
dt
, x0
t
f pxyq f pxq ` f pyq, @ x, y 0.

5. g , T , b a T
b
T
gpxqdx
gpxqdx.
a
6. arctan x
x
0
1
dt.
1 ` t2
7. , pa, bq .
8. f ra, bs , ra, bs gpaq gpbq 0
b
g,
f pxqgpxqdx 0, f 0.
a
gpxqdx 0
9. f ra, bs , ra, bs
a
b
g,
f pxqgpxqdx 0, f C . (: f
a
C, g f C g 2 .)
x
x
10. pq e 1 `
et dt
0
ex 1 ` x `
x2
xn1
xn x
` `
`
e , P r0, 1s.
2!
pn 1q!
n!
114
11. f ra, bs ,
b
b
pa ` bq f pxqdx 2 xf pxqdx,
a
f . (: px
a`b
2 qpf pxq
f p a`b
2 qq.)
12. pq f ra, bs .
b
n1
lim
|f pxq|n dx max |f pxq|.
n`8
xPra,bs
13. f, g ra, bs , Holder

b
2 b
b
f n`1 pxqgpxqdx
f n pxqgpxqdx
f n`2 pxqgpxqdx .
a
14. pq f, g ra, bs ,
b
f n`1 pxqgpxqdx
a
lim b
max f pxq.
n8
xPra,bs
n
f pxqgpxqdx
a
15. Young Holder : ai , bi 0 pi 1, 2, , nq,

n
ai bi
n
`
i1
i1
api
n
p1 `
bqi
q1
, p, q 0,
i1
1 1
` 1.
p q
16. f pxq ra, bs ,

b
b
lim
f pxq sin nx dx lim
f pxq cos nx dx 0.
n8 a
n8 a
17. pq f pxq r0, `8q ,

$ x
&1
f ptqdt, x 0,
F pxq x 0
%f p0q,
x0
r0, `8q .
18. pq f pxq ra, bs ,
1 b
1 b
r1
r
exp
lim
f pxq dx
ln f pxq dx ,
ba a
r0` b a a
Holder r .
,
. NewtonLeibniz .
4.1
, , .
, ,
. .
4.1.1 (). f x0 ,
lim
xx0
f pxq f px0 q
x x0
, f x0 , f x0 , f 1 px0 q.
. p1q y f pxq, x x x0 , y f pxq f px0 q,
f 1 px0 q lim
x0
y
f px0 ` xq f px0 q
lim
.
x x0
x
df
px0 q, f x .
dx
p2q , :
A P R, 0, 0, 0 |x x0 |
f pxq f px q
0
A ,
x x0
f x0 , A.
4.1.1. :
C, xn pn 1q, ax pa 0, a 1q, ln x, sin x, cos x.
. , . ,
, .
n 1 , Newton ,
px0 ` xqn xn0 ` nxn1
x ` ,
0
115
116
x .
px0 ` xqn xn0
nxn1
,
0
x0
x
lim
pxn q1 nxn1 .
a 0, a 1 , 3.1.15
ax0 `x ax0
ax 1
ax0 lim
ax0 ln a,
x0
x0
x
x
lim
pax q1 ax ln a. , pex q1 ex .
x0 0 , 3.1.13
lnp1 ` x
1
lnpx0 ` xq ln x0
x0 q
lim
,
x0
x0
x
x
x0
lim
pln xq1 1{x.

x0 P R,
`
sinpx0 ` xq sin x0
2
x
x
lim
sin
cos x0 `
cos x0 ,
x0
x0 x
x
2
2
lim
psin xq1 cos x. pcos xq1 sin x.

, .

1
px0 q,
f
1
f`
px0 q. f x0 .
4.1.2. f pxq |x| x0 0 .

. x 0 ,
lim
x0
f pxq f p0q
|x|
x
lim
lim
1.
x0
x0 x
x0 x
f1 p0q 1. , x 0 ,
lim
x0`
f pxq f p0q
|x|
x
lim
lim
1.
x0
x0` x
x0` x
f`1 p0q 1. f x0 0 .
4.1.3. f pxq :
f pxq
f x0 0 .
$ 1
&e |x| ,
x 0,
%0,
x 0.
4.1
117
. f x0 0 :
1
1
f`
p0q lim
x0`
e |x|
y
lim y 0,
y`8 e
x
f1 p0q 0, f x0 0 .
.
4.1.1. f x0 , f x0 .
. f x0 ,
f pxq f px0 q
px x0 q f 1 px0 q 0 0,
lim f pxq f px0 q lim
xx0
xx0
x x0
f x0 .
4.1.2 (). f, g x , f g x ;
, , f ` g x .
p1q pf ` gq1 f 1 ` g 1
1
p2q pf gq f g ` f g
p q ;
p q.
. p1q .
p2q f , g x0 .
f pxqgpxq f px0 qgpx0 q f pxq f px0 q gpxq ` f px0 q gpxq gpx0 q
f pxqgpxq f px0 qgpx0 q

x x0
f pxq f px0 q
gpxq gpx0 q
lim
gpxq ` lim f px0 q
xx0
xx0
x x0
x x0
pf gq1 px0 q lim
xx0
f 1 px0 qgpx0 q ` f px0 qg 1 px0 q.

f , g x0 .
4.1.3. f, g x0 , gpx0 q 0.
` f 1
g
f
x0 ,
g
f 1 g f g1
.
g2
. g x0 , g x0 . gpx0 q 0 , g x0
1
. 1{g x0 :
g
lim
xx0
1
gpxq gpx0 q
g 1 px0 q
1{gpxq 1{gpx0 q
lim
2
.
xx0 gpx0 qgpxq
x x0
x x0
g px0 q
118
f
1
f , ,
g
g
` f 1
f1
`1
g
`f
` 1 1
g
f 1 g f g1
,
g2
.
4.1.4. :
loga x pa 0, a 1q, csc x, sec x, tan x, cot x.
. pln xq1 1{x

ploga xq1
` ln x 1
ln a
1
.
x ln a
psin xq1 cos x

` 1 1
1
2 psin xq1
sin x
sin x
1
2 cos x csc x cot x.
sin x
pcsc xq1
pcos xq1 sin x

` 1 1
1
2 pcos xq1
cos x
cos x
1
sin x sec x tan x.

cos2 x
psec xq1
,
cos x cos x sin xp sin xq
1
sec2 x,
cos2 x
cos2 x
p sin xq sin x cos x cos x
csc2 x.
pcot xq1
sin2 x
.
ptan xq1
,
. f x0 , px0 , f px0 qq px, f pxqq
()
yptq
f pxq f px0 q
pt x0 q ` f px0 q, @ t P R.
x x0
x x0 , . f x0 ,
px0 , f px0 qq f 1 px0 q , f x0 ,
yptq f 1 px0 qpt x0 q ` f px0 q.
px x0 q ` f 1 px0 qpy f px0 qq 0
f x0 .
4.1
119
y
f (x)
f (x0 )
x
0
x0
4.1
, f x0
. , f x0 ,
. , , ,
,
. .
4.1.2 (). f x0 , A,
f pxq f px0 q ` Apx x0 q ` opx x0 q px x0 q,
f x0 , x Ax f x0 , df px0 q.
.
4.1.4. f x0 , f x0 f x0
, f 1 px0 q.
. f x0 ,
lim
xx0
f pxq f px0 q f 1 px0 qpx x0 q

f pxq f px0 q
lim
f 1 px0 q 0,
xx0
x x0
x x0
f pxq f px0 q f 1 px0 qpx x0 q opx x0 q px x0 q,
f pxq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` opx x0 q px x0 q.
120
f x0 .
, f x0 , f pxq f px0 q ` Apx x0 q ` opx x0 q,
lim
xx0
f pxq f px0 q
Apx x0 q ` opx x0 q
lim
A,
xx0
x x0
x x0
f x0 , f 1 px0 q A.
f .
, x0 df px0 q
df px0 q f 1 px0 qdxpx0 q,
dxpx0 q x x0 ().
4.1.5 (). g x0 , f gpx0 q ,
f g f pgq x0 ,
rf pgqs1 px0 q f 1 pgpx0 qqg 1 px0 q.
. g x0 , x x0
gpxq gpx0 q ` g 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` opx x0 q.
x x0 , C, |gpxq gpx0 q| C|x x0 |. f gpx0 q
f pgpxqq f pgpx0 qq ` f 1 pgpx0 qq gpxq gpx0 q ` o gpxq gpx0 q

f pgpx0 qq ` f 1 pgpx0 qqg 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` f 1 pgpx0 qqopx x0 q ` opx x0 q
f pgpx0 qq ` f 1 pgpx0 qqg 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` opx x0 q.
f pgq x0 (), f 1 pgpx0 qqg 1 px0 q.

,
rf pgphqqs1 f 1 pgphqqg 1 phqh1 .
4.1.5. :
ln |x|, x p 0q.
. , x 0 , p|x|q1 sgnx.
pln |x|q1
1
1
1
p|x|q1
sgnx .
|x|
|x|
x
4.1
121
0, x 0,
`
1
px q1 e ln x e ln x p ln xq1
x
1
x1 ;
x
1, x 0
x
lim x1 0;
x0
x0 x
p
x 0 . , , p, q ,
q
q .
px q1 p0q lim
px q1 pp1q q e ln |x| q1 p1q q e ln |x| p ln |x|q1

x
1
x1 .
x
4.1.6 (). f x0 g. f
x0 , f 1 px0 q 0, g y0 f px0 q ,
g 1 py0 q
1
f 1 px0 q
. f x0 ,
f pxq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` opx x0 q px x0 q.
(4.1)
x x0
f pxq f px0 q rf 1 px0 q ` op1qspx x0 q.
f 1 px0 q 0 , , x x0 , C 0
|f pxq f px0 q| C|x x0 |, |y y0 | C|gpyq gpy0 q|.
, y y0 , x gpyq gpy0 q x0 . (4.1) x gpyq, x0 gpy0 q
y y0 ` f 1 px0 q gpyq gpy0 q ` o gpyq gpy0 q py y0 q

`
y0 ` f 1 px0 q gpyq gpy0 q ` opy y0 q py y0 q,
1
py y0 q ` opy y0 q py y0 q.
f 1 px0 q
1
g y0 f px0 q , 1
.

f px0 q
. f 1 px0 q 0 . f pxq x3 R R
gpyq gpy0 q `
, f , gpyq y 1{3 y 0 .
122
4.1.6. :
arcsin x, arccos x, arctan x, arccotx.
. sin x : r 2 , 2 s r1, 1s . ,
parcsin xq1
1
1
1
a
?
.
2
cos arcsin x
1 x2
1 sin arcsin x
arccos x , : arcsin x ` arccos x

parccos xq1
,
2
1
1
arcsin x ?
.
2
1 x2
tan x : p 2 , 2 q p8, 8q . ,
parctan xq1
sec2
1
1
1
.
2
arctan x
1 ` x2
1 ` tan arctan x
parccotxq1
1
1
1
csc2 arccotx
1 ` x2
1 ` cot2 arccotx
, sinh x cosh x:
sinh x
ex ex
ex ` ex
, cosh x
;
2
2
tanh x coth x:
tanh x
sinh x
cosh x
, coth x
;
cosh x
sinh x
,
sinhpx ` yq sinh x cosh y ` cosh x sinh y,
sinhpx yq sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y,
coshpx ` yq cosh x cosh y ` sinh x sinh y,
coshpx yq cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y,
cosh2 x sinh2 x 1, 1 ptanh xq2
1
1
, pcoth xq2 1
.
cosh2 x
sinh2 x
4.1
123
4.1.7. psinh xq1 cosh x, pcosh xq1 sinh x, ptanh xq1 1 ptanh xq2 ,
pcoth xq1 1 pcoth xq2 .
. ex , .
, .
1. pCq1 0 pC q;
2. px q1 x1 p 0q;
3. pex q1 ex ;
4. pax q1 ax ln a pa 0, a 1q;
1
6. ploga |x|q1
pa 0, a 1q;
x ln a
1
8. parcsin xq1 ?
;
1 x2
1
10. parccos xq1 ?
;
1 x2
12. pcsc xq1 csc x cot x;
1
14. parctan xq1
;
1 ` x2
1
16. parccotxq1
;
1 ` x2
18. pcosh xq1 sinh x;
1
;
x
7. psin xq1 cos x;
5. pln |x|q1
9. pcos xq1 sin x;

11. psec xq1 sec x tan x;
13. ptan xq1 sec2 x;
15. pcot xq1 csc2 x;
17. psinh xq1 cosh x;
19. ptanh xq1 1 ptanh xq2 ; 20. pcoth xq1 1 pcoth xq2 .
.
4.1.7. f pxq lnpx `
1 ` x2 q .
. ,
a
a
a
1
lnpx ` 1 ` x2 q px ` 1 ` x2 q1 x1 ` p 1 ` x2 q1
a
1
1
px ` 1 ` x2 q1 1 ` p1 ` x2 q 2 p1 ` x2 q1
2
a
1
px ` 1 ` x2 q1 1 ` xp1 ` x2 q 2
1
?
.
1 ` x2
4.1.8. upxq 0, upxq, vpxq , f pxq upxqvpxq .
. f pxq upxqvpxq :
pln f pxqq1 pvpxq ln upxqq1 v 1 pxq ln upxq ` vpxq
1 1
u pxq,
upxq
u1 pxq
f 1 pxq f pxqpln f pxqq1 upxqvpxq v 1 pxq ln upxq ` vpxq
.
upxq
, .
124
. , f x
f 1 pxq , x , , x df pxq
, df , f . , x dx
, x x . df pxq
, ,
df f 1 pxqdx.
, f dx (f ) 1 .
,
4.1.8. f, g ,
p1q dpf ` gq df ` dg, , ;
p2q dpf gq gdf ` f dg;
gdf f dg
p3q dpf {gq
, g 0.
g2
, ,
4.1.9. f , g , f pgq ,
drf pgqs f 1 pgqdg.
. ,
drf pgqs rf pgqs1 dx f 1 pgqg 1 dx f 1 pgqdg.
df f 1 dx , x g
.
.
4.1.9.
f pxq lnpx2 ex `
a
1 ` x2 q
.
. ,
a
a
df px2 ex ` 1 ` x2 q1 dpx2 ex ` 1 ` x2 q
a
`
1
px2 ex ` 1 ` x2 q1 ex p2xqdx ` x2 ex dx ` ?
dp1 ` x2 q
2
2 1`x
a
`
x
2 x
1
x
2 x
2
dx,
px e ` 1 ` x q
2xe ` x e ` ?
2
1`x
4.1
125
f
f 1 pxq px2 ex `
a
`
x
1 ` x2 q1 2xex ` x2 ex ` ?
.
2
1`x
, , ,
.
4.1.10. y 2 ` 2ey x2 y f pxq, f .
. y 2 ` 2ey x2
2ydy ` 2ey dy 2xdx,
dy
x
dx,
ey y
x
.
y
.
ey
4.1
1. f pxq x0 ,
1
lim n f px0 ` q f px0 q .
n
n8
2. f pxq x0 ,
f px0 ` hq f px0 hq
.
h0
h
lim
3. f pxq xpx 1q2 px 2q2 x 0, 1, 2 .

4. f pxq
1 ` x x 0, 1, 2 .
f pxq
.
x0 x
5. f p0q 0, f x 0 , lim
6. f pxq px aqpxq, pxq a , f 1 paq.

7.
$
&x2 , x ,
f pxq
%0,
x ,
x 0 .
126
8.
$
&x2 sin 1 , x 0,
x
f pxq
%0,
x 0,
x 0 .
9.
$
&x sin 1 , x 0,
x
f pxq
%0,
x 0,
x 0 ?
10. a, b ,
$
&x2 ,
x 1,
f pxq
%ax ` b, x 1,
x 1 .
11.
p1q f pxq 2x3 ` 4x2 3;
p2q f pxq px ` 1q2 px ` 2qpx ` 3q3 ;
p3q f pxq p1 ` nxm qp1 ` mxn q; p4q f pxq paxm ` bqn pcxn ` dqm ;
?
p6q f pxq lnpsin xq ` ex sin x.
p5q f pxq x 1 ` x2 ;
12.
a
p1q f pxq sin2 x;
2 ` sin x
;
p3q f pxq
x
sin x
xex 1
p4q f pxq
;
p5q f pxq
;
p6q f pxq
1 ` tan x
sin x
` 1 x2
xp p1 xqq
p7q f pxq ln
; p8q f pxq
; p9q f pxq
2
1`x
1`x
p2q f pxq
x ln x 1
;
1`x x
x
;
p1 xq2 p1 ` xq
x sin x ` cos x
.
x sin x cos x
13.
p1q f pxq ex
sin x
p2q f pxq ?
x
;
a2 ` x2
p3q f pxq arcsinpcos2 xq;
arcsin x
p4q f pxq ?
; p5q f pxq lnplnpln xqq; p6q f pxq lnpsin x ` cos xq;
1 x2
b
?
p9q f pxq sinpsinpcos xqq.
p7q f pxq x ` x; p8q f pxq ex sin x;
14.
x
p1q f pxq px sin xqx ; p2q f pxq pxqa ; p3q f pxq pcos xqsin x ` psin xqcos x ;
c
a
n
1x
p4q f pxq x
; p5q f pxq ax ;
p6q f pxq px ` 1 ` x2 qn .
1`x
4.2
127
15. f pxq , y 1 :
p1q y f px sin xq;
p2q y f pex qef pxq ; p3q y f pcos xq sin x;
p4q y f pf pf pxqqq; p5q y f ptan xq;
p6q y rf pln xqsn .
16. upxq, vpxq , y 1 :

a
?
v
p1q y u2 pxq ` v 2 pxq; p2q y arctan upxq
u;
vpxq ; p3q y
u
1
v
e
p4q y 2 ;
p5q y ? 2
; p6q y u .
2
v
u `v
17. p1 ` xqn
p1q
kCnk n2n1 ; p2q
k0
k 2 Cnk npn ` 1q2n2 .
k0
18. , , ,
.
`
19. pq aij pxq , det aij pxq nn .

20. pq Riemann
$
& 1 , x q P p0, 1q X Q, p, q ,
p
Rpxq p
%0, x p0, 1q .
Riemann Rpxq .
4.2
, , ,
. , .
4.2.1 (). f x0 , f 1 x0 ,
f x0 2 .
f 2 px0 q pf 1 q1 px0 q,
f x0 2 . , f x0 n pn 1q , n
f pnq x0 , f x0 n ` 1 ,
f pn`1q px0 q pf pnq q1 px0 q,
f n ` 1 .
128
, f p1q f 1 , f p2q f 2 , f p3q f 3 . f p0q f .

:
f2
d2 f
d3 f
, f p3q f 3
, .
2
dx
dx3
4.2.1. f pxq ax ` b 2 .
. f 1 pxq pax ` bq1 a, f 2 pxq paq1 0. 2 ,
.
4.2.2. f pxq x2 2 .
. f 1 pxq px2 q1 2x, f 2 pxq p2xq1 2, 2 .
4.2.2. f I n , f I n
; f , f 1 , f p1 q , f P C 1 pIq;
, f I n , n f pnq , f n ,
f P C n pIq. f I , f , f P C 8 pIq.
4.2.3. .
.
$
&x 32 sin 1 , x P p0, 1s,
x
f pxq
%0,
x 0.
f x 0 :
3
?
x 2 sin x1
1
f p0q lim
lim x sin 0,
x
x
x0`
x0`
1
?
?
x sin 1 x 0 px 0` q.
x
x 0 , ,
3 1
3 1
1
1
x 2 sin x 2 2 cos
2
x
x
x
1
3 1
1
1
x 2 sin x 2 cos .
2
x
x
f 1 pxq
f 1 xn
1
pn 1, 2, q f 1 pxn q 8, f 1 .
2n
4.2
129
4.2.4. k 1, 2, ,
$
&x2k`1 sin 1 , x 0
x
f pxq
%0,
x0
C k , C k`1 .
. , f 1 p0q 0,
$
&p2k ` 1qx2k sin 1 x2k1 cos 1 , x 0,
x
x
f 1 pxq
%0,
x 0.
,
$
&2kp2k ` 1qx2k1 sin 1 4kx2k2 cos 1 x2k3 sin 1 , x 0,
x
x
x
f 2 pxq
%0,
x 0.
f pkq p0q 0, x 0 ,
f pkq pxq x2 pxq x sin
1
1
x2 pxq x cos ,
x
x
pxq x 0 . f pkq x 0 .
4.2.5. pq
f pxq
$
&0,
1
x
%e
x0
,
x0
.
. , f 1 p0q 0,
$
&0,
x 0,
f 1 pxq
1
% 1 e x , x 0.
x2
$
&0,
x 0,
f pkq pxq
%p p 1 qe x1 , x 0,
k x
pk ptq 2k . k 1 p1 ptq t2 . f pkq ,

pk`1q
p0q 0,
1
pk`1q
f`
p0q
pk p x1 qe x
lim
x
x0`
tpk ptq
lim
0.
t`8
et
130
f pk`1q p0q 0. x 0
f pk`1q pxq p1k
` 1 `
x
`1
pk`1
pk`1 ptq t pk ptq

2
t2 p1k ptq.
`1 1 1
1 1
e x ` pk
e x
2
x
x x2
1
e x ,
f .
4.2.1. f, g n ,
p1q pf ` gqpnq f pnq ` g pnq , @ , P R;
n
p2q pLeibnizq pf gqpnq

Cnk f pnkq g pkq , Cnk
k0
n!
.
k!pn kq!
. p1q .
p2q n . n 1 . n k
, n k ` 1
pf gqpk`1q rpf gqpkq s1
Ckl rf pklq g plq s1
l0
Ckl rf pkl`1q g plq ` f pklq g pl`1q s
l0
k
Ck0 f pk`1q g `
Ckl f pkl`1q g plq `
l1
f pk`1q g `
k1
Ckl f pklq g pl`1q ` Ckk f g pk`1q
l0
rCkl ` Ckl1 sf pkl`1q g plq ` f g pk`1q
l1
k`1
l
f pk`1lq g plq ,
Ck`1
l0
l
Ckl ` Ckl1 Ck`1
.
.
4.2.6. pn pxq an xn ` an1 xn1 ` ` a1 x ` a0 n,
pnq
pkq
p1q pn pxq n!an , pn 0, @ k n;

1 pkq
p2q ak pn p0q, k 0, 1, , n.
k!
. ,
nk
ppkq
` pn 1q pn kqan1 xn1k ` ` k!ak ,
n pxq npn 1q pn k ` 1qan x
1 k n. , k n p1q, x 0 p2q.
4.2.7. f pxq ax .
4.2
131
. f 1 pxq ax ln a, f 2 pxq ax pln aq2 , , f pnq pxq ax pln aqn .
4.2.8. f pxq sin x, cos x .

. psin xq1 cos x sinpx ` 2 q, psin xq2 sin x sinpx ` q. ,
psin xqpkq sinpx `
k
2 q,
`
`
k
pk ` 1q
psin xqpk`1q cos x `
sin x `
,
2
2
psin xqpnq sinpx `

4.2.9.
1 1
q
. p 1x
n
2 q.
pcos xqpnq cospx `
n
2 q.
1
1
,
.
1 x 2 3x ` x2
1
p1xq2 ,
1 2
p 1x
q
2
p1xq3 ,
1 pnq
n!
,
1x
p1 xqn`1
pnq ` 1
1 pnq
n!
n!
1
.
2 3x ` x2
1x 2x
p1 xqn`1
p2 xqn`1
.
4.2.10. pq f pxq arctan x, f pnq pxq.
. y arctan x, x tan y,
y1
`
1
cos2 y cos y sin y `

.
2
1`x
2
x ,
`
` cos y cos y `
y 2 y 1 sin y sin y `
2
2
`
2
cos y cos 2y `
2
`
2
cos y sin 2 y `
.
2
x ,
`
.
f pnq pxq y pnq pn 1q! cosn y sin n y `
2
4.2.11. f, g 3 , f pgq 3 .
. rf pgqs1 f 1 pgqg 1 , rf pgqs2 rf 1 pgqg 1 s1 f 2 pgqg 1 g 1 ` f 1 pgqg 2 ,
rf pgqsp3q rf 2 pgqg 1 g 1 ` f 1 pgqg 2 s1 f p3q pgqpg 1 q3 ` 3f 2 pgqg 2 g 1 ` f 1 pgqg p3q .
132
, Leibniz .
4.2
1. :
p1q f pxq ex cos x, f p5q ;
p2q f pxq x2 ln x ` x ln2 x, f 2 ;
p3q f pxq x2 ex , f p10q ;
p4q f pxq x5 cos x, f p50q ;
p5q f pxq px2 ` 1q cosh x, f p10q ;
p6q f pxq x sinh x, f p100q .
2. n :
ax ` b
ln x
;
p2q f pxq sin ax sin bx; p3q f pxq
;
cx ` d
x
xn
p4q f pxq x ln x;
p5q f pxq
;
p6q f pxq xn eax ;
1`x
1
ex
p7q f pxq 2
; p8q f pxq x cos ax;
p9q f pxq .
x 2x 8
x
p1q f pxq
3. :
p1qn1 pn 1q!
, @ n 1;
xn
p2q psin4 x ` cos4 xqpnq 4n1 cosp4x ` 2 nq, @ n 1;
p1q pln xqpnq
p3q peax sin bxqpnq pa2 ` b2 q 2 eax sinpbx ` nq,

sin ?
4. f pxq
b
a
, cos ? 2
.
2
`b
a ` b2
a2
1 ` x .
5. f pxq ex cos x .
6. f , y :
p1q y f px3 q, p2q y f pex q, p3q y f pf pxqq, p4q y f pln xq.
7. y ex sin x y 2 2y 1 ` 2y 0.
8. y a sinpx ` q ` b cospx ` q y 2 ` 2 y 0.
4.3
133
9. y aex ` bex y 2 p ` qy 1 ` y 0.
10. y arcsin x xy 1 p1 x2 qy 2 , y pnq p0q.
11. pq p1 xqn
$
n
&0,
m 0, 1, , n 1,
p1qk Cnk k m
%p1qn n!, m n.
k0
4.3
, . ,
? f ,
F 1 pxq f pxq
(4.2)
. , (4.2) ? , ?
, f (4.2) ; F , F ` C (C )
, .
4.3.1. f I , f 1 0 f C
.
. . f 1 0, I a b,
f paq f pbq. 0 .
A tx P ra, bs |f pxq f paq| |x a|u ra, bs.
a P A, A . A . f P A.
b. , b, f 1 pq 0 1 ,
1 b,
f p 1 q f pq f p 1 q f pq

f
pq
1
1
|f p 1 q f pq| | 1 |.
, 1 b
|f p 1 q f paq| |f p 1 q f pq| ` |f pq f paq|
| 1 | ` | a| | 1 a|.
1 P A, , b.
|f paq f pbq| |a b|.
134
, 0` , f paq f pbq.
. p1q , , .
.
.
p2q M |f 1 | M , M `
|f paq f pbq| M |a b|,
f Lipschitz .
, f 1 0, f ().
(4.2). F1 , F2 (4.2) , pF1 F2 q1 0,

F1 F2 C .
4.3.1 (). (4.2) F f .

, .
:
4.3.2 (). f I ,
f pxqdx
f , F f ,
f pxqdx F pxq ` C, x P I,
C .
, F f , dF f pxqdx,
d
f pxqdx f pxqdx,
4.3
135
1.
0 dx C;
3.
ex dx ex ` C;
1
5.
ln |x| ` C;
x
7.
x`1
` C p 1q;
x` 1
a
4.
ax dx
` C pa 0, a 1q;
ln
a
a
1
?
6.
dx lnpx ` 1 ` x2 q ` C;
2
1`x
1
?
8.
dx arcsin x ` C;
1 x2
1
?
10.
dx arccos x ` C;
1
x2
1
dx arctan x ` C;
12.
1 ` x2
1
14.
dx arccotx ` C;
1
`
x2
cos x dx sin x ` C;
9.
sin x dx cos x ` C;
sec2 x dx tan x ` C;
csc2 x dx cot x ` C;
11.
13.
15.
cosh x dx sinh x ` C;
17.
x dx
2.
16.
tanh2 x dx x tanh x ` C; 18.
sinh x dx cosh x ` C;
coth2 x dx x coth x ` C.
, , ?
.
4.3.2 (Newton-Leibniz). I . ,
f , a P I,
x
F pxq
f ptqdt, x P I
a
f .
. x0 P I. f , 0, 0,
|f pxq f px0 q| , @ x P px0 , x0 ` q X I.
F pxq F px q
1 x
0
f px0 q
f ptqdt f px0 q
x x0
x x 0 x0
1 x

f ptq f px0 q dt
x x 0 x0
x
|f ptq f px0 q|dt ,
|x x0 | x0
F x0 ,
F 1 px0 q f px0 q.
x0 F f .
136
y
f (x)
F
x
0
x0
lim F
x0 x
= f (x)
4.2 Newton-Leibniz
. p1q , ,
.
p2q f , .
Newton-Leibniz
. f I ,
G f , C, Gpxq
f ptqdt ` C,
b
a
f pxqdx Gpbq Gpaq G (Newton-Leibniz ).

a
f ,
b
f pxqdx
f pxqdx ,
a
,
.
Newton-Leibniz ( G )
b
b
G1 pxqdx Gpbq Gpaq G (Newton-Leibniz ).

a
, : G x ,
G1 . G1 ,
(). , ,
.
Newton-Leibniz ,
.
4.3.1. 0,
x dx.
. Newton-Leibniz ,
1
x`1 1
1
x dx
.

`1 0
`1
0
4.3
137
, .
x
1
4.3.2. x 0,
dt.
1 t
. Newton-Leibniz ,
x
x
1
dt ln t ln x.
t
1
1
1
1 x ,
t
, .

2
4.3.3.
sin 2x dx.
.
psin2 xq1 2 sin xpsin xq1 2 sin x cos x sin 2x,
Newton-Leibniz ,
sin 2x dx sin2 x 1.
0
4.3.4.
1
2
?
0
1
dx.
1 x2
. Newton-Leibniz ,
1
2
?
0
4.3.5.
1
0
12
dx arcsin x .
2
6
0
1x
1
dx.
1 ` x2
. Newton-Leibniz ,
1
1
1
dx
arctan
x
.
2
4
0
0 1`x
4.3.6.
1
?
0
1
dx.
1 ` x2
. Newton-Leibniz ,
1
1
a
?
1
2 q lnp1 `
?
dx
lnpx
`
1
`
x
2q.
0
1 ` x2
0
.
138
4.3.3 (). f, g I ,
rf pxq ` gpxqsdx f pxqdx ` gpxqdx,

, .
. .
1
4.3.7.
dx.
sin2 x cos2 x
. ,
1
sin2 x ` cos2 x
dx
dx
2
2
2
sin x cos2 x
sin x cos x
1
1
dx
2 dx `
cos2 x
sin x
tan x cot x ` C.
, .
.
4.3.8. a 0,
x2
1
dx.
a2
. ,
1
1
1
1
dx
dx
dx
x2 a2
2a
xa
xà
ln |x a| ln |x ` a| ` C
2a
x a
1
` C.
ln
2a
xà
.
4.3.4. f F . f , g ,
gpxqdx xgpxq F pgpxqq ` C.

. Gpxq xgpxq F pgpxqq, f pgpxqq x ,
G1 pxq gpxq ` xg 1 pxq F 1 pgpxqqg 1 pxq
gpxq ` xg 1 pxq f pgpxqqg 1 pxq
gpxq ` xg 1 pxq xg 1 pxq gpxq.
Gpxq g .
4.3
139
4.3.9.
cot x dx.
.
pln | sin x|q1
1
psin xq1 cot x,
sin x
cot x dx ln | sin x| ` C.
4.3.10.
arccotx dx.
. ,
arccotx dx xarccotx ln | sin arccotx| ` C

xarccotx `
1
lnp1 ` x2 q ` C.
2
.
.
4.3
1. :
`
1
2
2 3
p1q p3x ` 1qdx;
p2q p2 ` x q dx; p3q
x ` ? dx;
x
x
x 2
2
x
x 3
p4q p2 ` 3 q dx;
p5q tan x dx;
p6q pe e q dx;
3
2
x ` 3x 2
2x
p7q
dx; p8q
dx;
p9q
cos2 x dx.
x
1 ` x2
2. :
cos 2x
p1q cos x cos 2x dx; p2q sinp2xqdx;
p3q
dx;
2 x sin2 x
cos
3x
?
e `1
cos 2x
p4q
dx;
p5q
dx; p6q
1 sin 2x dx.
x
e `1
cos x sin x
3. :
p1q e|x| dx, p2q |x|dx, p3q maxp1, x2 qdx, p4q | sin x|dx.
4. , F ptq f ptq ,
1
F pax ` bq f pax ` bq .
a
140
5.
1
p1 x2 q2 dx, p2q
p1q
0
sin2 x dx, p3q
1
arccos x dx.
cot x dx, p4q
6.
1
p1q
0
1
dx, p2q
p1 ` xqp2 ` xq
sin xdx, p3q

0
x dx.
7. f pa, bq , |f 1 pxq| M , @ x P pa, bq. , lim f pxq

xa`
lim f pxq .
xb
8. f ra, bs , pa, bq , f ;
.
9. f T , F T F pT q F p0q.
10. f , ; f , F
F p0q 0.
4.4
. , ,
, .
, ( Newton-Leibniz
).
4.4.1
4.4.1 (). f puq J , u pxq

I , pIq J.
p1q f J F , F pq f pq1 I ,
1
f ppxqq pxqdx f puqdu ` C F ppxqq ` C;
p2q , , pIq J. f ppxqq1 pxq G, f
Gp1 puqq,
f puqdu Gp1 puqq ` C.
. p1q F 1 f , ,
rF pqs1 f pq1 ,
4.4
141
F pq f pq1 .
p2q 1 , p1 puqq u ,
r1 puqs1
1
, x 1 puq.
1 pxq
rGp1 puqqs1 G1 p1 puqqr1 puqs1 f puq1 p1 puqq
1
f puq,
1 pxq
Gp1 puqq f puq .
. p1q , u u pxq x
().
p2q , 1 pxq 0, @ x P I, ,
1 .
p3q Newton-Leibniz , f , ,
.
4.4.1.
cot x dx.
. u sin x,
cos x
dx
sin x
d sin x
sin x
du
cot x dx
ln |u| ` C ln | sin x| ` C.
4.4.2.
. u
1
dx.
xp1 ` xq
x,
?
d x
1`x
du
2
1 ` u2
1
?
dx 2
xp1 ` xq
2 arctan u ` C 2 arctan
4.4.3.
x ` C.
xex dx.
. u x2 ,
1
1 1 x2
1 2 1
1
x2
xe dx
e dpx2 q ex pe 1q.
2
2
2
0
0
0
142
4.4.4.
1
dx.
1 ` ex
. u ex , du ex dx,
1
ex
dx
dx
x
1è
1 ` ex
du
1ù
lnp1 ` uq ` C lnp1 ` ex q ` C.
4.4.5. sec x dx.
. u sin x,
cos x
d sin x
sec x dx
dx
cos2 x
1 sin2 x
1
1 ` u
du
ln
`C
2
1u
2
1u
1 1 ` sin x
ln
` C.
2
1 sin x
aa
4.4.6.
a2 x2 dx pa 0q.
0
. x a sin t, t P r0, 2 s.
aa
2
2
a x dx
0
a cos tpa cos tqdt
1 2 2
a
p1 ` cos 2tqdt
2
0
1
1
a2 pt ` sin 2tq02
2
2
2
a .
4
4.4.2
4.4.2 (). upxq, vpxq I , u1 pxqvpxq

, upxqv 1 pxq ,
upxqv 1 pxqdx upxqvpxq u1 pxqvpxqdx.

. u1 pxqvpxq ,
rupxqvpxqs1 u1 pxqvpxq ` upxqv 1 pxq
1
upxqvpxq u1 pxqvpxqdx upxqv 1 pxq.
4.4
upxqvpxq
143
u1 pxqvpxqdx upxqv 1 pxq .
. p1q
upxqdvpxq upxqvpxq vpxqdupxq.

p2q u, v , . ,
b
a
b b
upxqv pxqdx upxqvpxq

u1 pxqvpxqdx.
1
4.4.7.
x2 ln x dx.
1
. upxq ln x, vpxq x3 ,
3
`1
2
x ln x dx ln x d x3
3
1 3
1 3
x dpln xq
x ln x
3
3
1
1 31
x3 ln x
x dx
3
3 x
1
1
x3 ln x x3 ` C.
3
9
x , ln x.
4.4.8. x2 cos x dx.

. upxq x2 , vpxq sin x,
x2 cos x dx x2 dpsin xq
x2 sin x sin xdpx2 q
x2 sin x ` 2 xdpcos xq
2
x sin x ` 2x cos x 2 cos x dx
x2 sin x ` 2x cos x 2 sin x ` C.
x , x .
a
4.4.9.
1 ` x2 dx.
144
. :
a
a
1 ` x2 dx x 1 ` x2
a
x 1 ` x2
a
x 1 ` x2
a
2
x 1`x
a
xp 1 ` x2 q1 dx
x2
dx
1 ` x2
1 ` x2 1
?
dx
1 ` x2
a
1
2
1 ` x dx ` ?
dx
1 ` x2
?
,
a
1 a
1
1 ` x2 dx x 1 ` x2 ` ?
dx
2
1 ` x2
a
a
1
x 1 ` x2 ` lnpx ` 1 ` x2 q ` C.
2
.
4.4.10. a 0, I
ax
cos bxdx J
eax sin bxdx.
. ,
1
cos bxdpeax q
I e cos bxdx
a
1 ax
e cos bx ` b eax sin bxdx

a
1
b
eax cos bx ` J.
a
a
ax
1
eax sin bxdx
sin bxdpeax q
a
1 ax
e sin bx b eax cos bxdx
a
1
b
eax sin bx I.
a
a
I, J
I
a sin bx b cos bx ax
b sin bx ` a cos bx ax
e ` C1 , J
e ` C2 .
a2 ` b2
a2 ` b2
4.4.11.
tan4 x dx.
4.4
. In
145
tann x dx, I0
In
. ,
4
tan x dx
0
tann2 xpsec2 x 1qdx
tann2 x dptan xq In2
tann1 x 4
In2
n1 0
1
In2 .
n1
1
2
, I4 I2 .
4
3
4
3
, .
dx
4.4.12. In
, a 0, n .
2
px ` a2 qn
, I2 1 I0 1
1
x
arctan ` C. n 1 ,
a
a
x
x2
dx
`
2n
dx
In
2
2
n
2
2
n
2
px ` a q
px ` a q
px ` a2 qn`1
x2 ` a2
x
1
2
2
`
2n
dx
a
dx
px ` a2 qn
px2 ` a2 qn`1
px2 ` a2 qn`1
x
2
` 2nIn 2na2 In`1 .
px ` a2 qn
. I0 x ` C, I1
In`1
2n 1
1
x
In `
,
2na2
2na2 px2 ` a2 qn
In .
4.4.3
Rpxq
P pxq
Qpxq
, P, Q x . P Q, R
. , . ,
.
, :
Ax ` B
A
, k 1;
, k 1, p2 4q 0.
k
2
px aq
px ` px ` qqk
146
:
p1q k 1:
A
dx A ln |x a| ` C;
xa
p2q k 1:
A
px aq1k
` C;
dx
A
px aqk
1k
p3q k 1:
A
Ap
Ax ` B
2 p2x ` pq ` pB 2 q
dx
x2 ` px ` q
x2 ` px ` q
A
p2x ` pq
Ap
dx
dx ` pB
q
2
2
2
x ` px ` q
2
x ` px ` q
A dpx2 ` px ` qq
Ap
dx
` pB
q
p 2
2
x2 ` px ` q
2
px ` q ` pq
p2
4 q
A
2B Ap
2x ` p
lnpx2 ` px ` qq ` a
arctan a
` C;
2
2
4q p
4q p2
p4q k 1 , p3q ,
Ax ` B
A px2 ` px ` qq1k
Ap
dt
dx
` pB
q
,
px2 ` px ` qqk
2
1k
2
pt2 ` a2 qk
a
t x ` p2 , a 12 4q p2 .
.
, .
, .
x3 ` 1
dx.
4.4.13.
x2 2x ` 3
. :
x3 ` 1
xpx2 2x ` 3q 2x2 3x ` 1
` 2
x2 2x ` 3
x2 2x ` 3
x 2x ` 3
x5
2px2 2x ` 3q
` 2
x`
x2 2x ` 3
x 2x ` 3
px 1q 4
x`2`
,
px 1q2 ` 2
?
1
1
x1
x3 ` 1
dx 2x ` x2 ` lnpx2 2x ` 3q 2 2 arctan ? ` C.
x2 2x ` 3
2
2
2
1
4.4.14.
dx.
3
x `1
4.4
147
. :
x3
1
1
A
Bx ` C
` 2
,
2
`1
px ` 1qpx x ` 1q
x`1 x x`1
,
1 Apx2 x ` 1q ` pBx ` Cqpx ` 1q,
x ,
A ` B 0, A ` B ` C 0, A ` C 1,
1
1
2
A , B
, C ,
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
x ` 2
dx
dx `
dx
x3 ` 1
3 x`1
3 x2 x ` 1
1
1
1
dx
ln |x ` 1| lnpx2 x ` 1q `
2
3
6
2 x x`1
1
1
1
2
1
ln |x ` 1| lnpx2 x ` 1q ` ? arctan ? px q ` C.
3
6
2
3
3
5x ` 6
4.4.15.
dx.
x3 ` 4x2 ` 5x ` 2
. :
5x ` 6
A
B
C
5x ` 6
`
`
,
x3 ` 4x2 ` 5x ` 2
px ` 1q2 px ` 2q
x ` 1 px ` 1q2
x`2
5x ` 6 Apx ` 1qpx ` 2q ` Bpx ` 2q ` Cpx ` 1q2 ,
x A, B, C, , x
: x 1 B 1; x 2 C 4; x 0 A 4.
x3
4
1
4
5x ` 6
,
2
2
` 4x ` 5x ` 2
x ` 1 px ` 1q
x`2
5x ` 6
1
dx 4 ln |x ` 1|
4 ln |x ` 2| ` C.
x3 ` 4x2 ` 5x ` 2
x`1
1
4.4.16.
dx.
4
x `1
148
. x4 ` 1 px2 `
2x ` 1qpx2
2x ` 1q,
1
Ax ` B
Cx ` D
?
`
,
2 ?
x4 ` 1
x ` 2x ` 1 x2 2x ` 1
,
?
?
1
1
2
2
A
, B , C
, D ,
4
2
4
2
4.4.4
?
?
?
?
1
2
x` 2
2
x 2
?
?
dx
dx
dx
x4 ` 1
4
4
x2 ` 2x ` 1
x2 2x ` 1
?
?
?
?
2 x2 ` 2x ` 1
2
?
ln 2
arctanp 2x ` 1q
`
8
4
x 2x ` 1
?
?
2
`
arctanp 2x 1q ` C.
4
, x
. ,
. tan x, cot x, sec x csc x sin x cos x
, Rpsin x, cos xq.
, :
x
t tan ,
2
x 2 arctan t, dx
2
dt,
1 ` t2
sin x
2 sin x2 cos x2
2 tan x2
2t
,
2 x
x
1 ` t2
tan2 x2 ` 1
sin 2 ` cos2 2
cos x
cos2
cos2
x
2
x
2
sin2
` sin2
x
2
x
2
1 tan2
1 ` tan2
x
2
x
2
1 t2
,
1 ` t2
,
. , t sin x, t cos x
t tan x , .
4.4.17.
dx
.
sin x ` 2 cos x ` 3
4.4
149
x
. t tan ,
2
dx
sin x ` 2 cos x ` 3
2dt
2t ` 2p1 t2 q ` 3p1 ` t2 q
dt
2
2
t ` 2t ` 5
dt
2
pt ` 1q2 ` 4
`1
t`1
x
arctan
` C arctan p1 ` tan q ` C.
2
2
2
4.4.18.
1 r2
dx p0 r 1q.
1 2r cos x ` r2
x
. t tan ,
2
1 r2
dx 2
1 2r cos x ` r2
1 r2
dt
p1 ` r2 qp1 ` t2 q 2rp1 t2 q
dt
2p1 r2 q
p1 rq2 ` p1 ` rq2 t2
`1 ` r
x
2 arctan
tan
` C.
1r
2
4.4.19.
sin5 x
dx.
cos3 x
. t cos x,
sin5 x
dx
cos3 x
sin4 x
dpcos xq
cos3 x
p1 t2 q2
dt
t3
`1
` t dt
t3
t
1
1
2 ` 2 ln |t| t2 ` C
2t
2
1
1
` 2 ln | arccos x| cos2 x ` C.
2 cos2 x
2
4.4.20.
dx
.
sin x cos x
2
150
. t sin x,
dx
sin2 x cos x
dpsin xq
sin2 x cos2 x
dt
2
t p1 t2 q

1
1
1
`
`
dt
t2
2p1 tq 2p1 ` tq
1 1 1 ` t
` ln
`C
t
2
1t
1
1 1 ` sin x
` ln
` C.
sin x 2 1 sin x
4.4.21.
a2
dx
pa, b 0q.
sin x ` b2 cos2 x
2
. t tan x,
4.4.5
cos2 xdptan xq
a2 sin2 x ` b2 cos2 x
dptan xq
a2 tan2 x ` b2
à
arctan
tan x ` C.
ab
b
dx
.
Rpx1 , x2 , , xn q x1 , x2 , , xn .
b
b
m ax`b
p1q Rpx, n ax`b
cx`d , ,
cx`d q , ad bc 0, n,
, m 1 . k ,
t
` ax ` b k1
cx ` d
ad bc
dtk b
, dx
ktk1 dt,
k
a ct
pa ctk q2
R t .
4.4.22.
x`
a
3
1
dx.
p2x ` 3q2
4.4
151
. 2x ` 3 t3 ,
1
3t2
a
dx
dt
t3 ` 2t2 3
x ` 3 p2x ` 3q2
3t2
dt
pt 1qpt2 ` 3t ` 3q
3 ` 1
6t ` 3
` 2
dt
7
t 1 t ` 3t ` 3
?
3
9
2t ` 3
12 3
ln |t 1| ` lnpt2 ` 3t ` 3q
arctan ? ` C.
7
7
7
3
?
t 3 2x ` 3 .

c
dx
3 1 x
4.4.23.
.
1`x1x
.
1x
t3 ,
1`x
x
c
3
6t2 dt
1 t3
,
dx
,
1 ` t3
p1 ` t3 q2
1 ` t3 6t2 dt
2t3 p1 ` t3 q2
dt
3
1 ` t3
?
2 `
1
1
ln |t ` 1| ` lnpt2 t ` 1q 3 arctan ? t
` C.
2
2
3
1 x dx
1`x1x
1x
.

1`x
?
p2q Rpx, ax2 ` bx ` cq , Rpx, yq x, y
, a 0 b2 4ac 0, a 0, b2 4ac 0.
`
b 2 4ac b2
ax2 ` bx ` c a x `
`
,
2a
4a2
a 0 ,
ux`
4ac b2
b
,
, k2
2a
4a2
a
a
Rpu, u2 ` k 2 q,
Rpu, u2 k 2 q,
u k sec t, u k tan t ,
.
152
a 0, b2 4ac 0 ,
b
ux` , k
2a
b2 4ac
,
4a2
a
a
Rpu, u2 k 2 q,
Rpu, k 2 u2 q,
u k sec t, u k sin t ,
.
. , a 0,
a
?
?
ax2 ` bx ` c a x ` t pt a xq,
x t :
x
t2 c
? ,
b 2 at
t ; c 0,
a
?
?
ax2 ` bx ` c tx ` c ptx cq,
x t :
?
2 ct b
x
,
a t2
t ; b2 4ac 0, ax2 ` bx ` c 0
:
ax2 ` bx ` c apx qpx q,
a
ax2 ` bx ` c tpx q,
x t :
x
a t2
,
a t2
t ; Euler
, .
dx
?
.
4.4.24.
2
x x ` 3x 4
?
. x2 ` 3x 4 px 1qpx ` 4q, x2 ` 3x 4 px 1qt,
x
10tdt
t2 ` 4
, dx 2
,
2
t 1
pt 1q2
4.4
153
t2 1 t2 1 10tdt
t2 ` 4 5t pt2 1q2
dt
2
2
t `4
t
arctan ` C
2?
x2 ` 3x 4
` C.
arctan
2px 1q
dx
?
x x2 ` 3x 4
4.4.25.
p1 `
1
?
x2 q
1 x2
dx.
. x sin t p|t| 2 q,
1
?
dx
2
p1 ` x q 1 x2
dt
1 ` sin2 t
csc2 t
dt
1 ` csc2 t
dpcot tq
2 ` cot2 t
cot t
1
? arctan ? ` C
2
2
?
1
1 x2
? arctan ?
` C.
2
2x
, ,
:
2
ex , sinpx2 q, cospx2 q,
sin x cos x a
1
,
, 1 k 2 sin2 x, a
p0 k 1q.
x
x
1 k 2 sin2 x
4.4
1. :
dx
; p2q cos mx cos nxdx; p3q sin mx cos nxdx;
p1q
1 ` cos x
dx
dx
p3q
;
p5q
;
p6q
sin mx sin nxdx;
cos4 x
1 ` sin x
p7q cot 2xdx; p8q sinh x sinh 2xdx; p9q sinh2 x cosh2 xdx.
154
2. :
2
p1q xex dx;
p4q p1 ` ex q1 dx;
1
p7q xp1 x2 q 2 dx;
dx
p10q
;
4 x2
p13q pex ` e2x qdx;
dx
?
? ;
p16q
xp1 ` xq
p19q sin2 2x dx;
3
p22q px2 a2 q 2 dx;
p25q x5 p1 ` xq1 dx;
dx
p28q
;
cos3 x
3. :
p1q ln2 x dx;
p4q x sin2 xdx;
p7q csc3 xdx;
p10q x2 arccos xdx;
2
p13q x3 ex dx;
p16q xex sin xdx;
p19q parcsin xq2 dx;

a
p22q x2 a2 ` x2 dx;
?
p25q e x dx;
p28q x2 arcsin xdx;
p2q
psin xq
p5q
p8q
p11q
xdx
;
4 ` x2
1
p3q
dx;
p2x ` 3x q2 dx;
dx
;
x ln x
p6q
p9q
p12q
dx
;
xp1 xq
pex ` ex q1 dx;
1
x 2 p1 ` xq1 dx;
x2
a
1 ` x3 dx;
dx
;
x
e dx
dx
a
p17q
;
p18q
;
2 ` ex
px aqpb xq
3
3
p20q px2 ` a2 q 2 dx; p21q pa2 x2 q 2 dx;
parctan xq2
dx
p23q
dx; p24q
;
1 ` x2
px ` aqpx ` bq
p26q pax2 ` bq1 dx; p27q px aq2 px ` bq2 dx;
dx
p29q sin x sin 3xdx; p30q
.
a sin x ` b cos x
p14q
p2q
p5q
p8q
p11q
p14q
p17q
p20q
p23q
p26q
p29q
sin3 x cos xdx;
x2 e3x dx;
x2 sin 2xdx;
a
xp1 x3 qdx;
x2 arctan xdx;
sinpln xqdx;
x2 pln xq2 dx;
ex sin 6xdx;
?
x sin xdx;
?
arctan xdx;
1`x
dx;
x ln
1x
p15q
cospln xqdx;
p3q
p6q
arcsin xp1 xq 2 dx;
lnpx `
p9q
a
1 ` x2 qdx;
x5 ex dx;
e2x sin2 xdx;
x7 p1 x4 q2 dx;
x2 p1 ` x2 q2 dx;
p12q
p15q
p18q
p21q
sin x lnptan xqdx;
p24q
p27q
p30q
sin2 x lnpsin xqdx;

1
x2 px2 2q 2 dx.
4.4
155
4. (m, n ):
p1q sinn xdx;

p2q cosn xdx;
p3q sinn xdx;
n
n
p4q cos xdx; p5q parcsin xq dx;
p6q pln xqn dx;
p7q xn ex dx;
p8q sinm x cosn xdx; p9q xn p1 ` xq1 dx.
5. :
px2 ` 1qdx
dx
p2x ` 3qdx
; p2q
;
p3q
p1q
;
px 2qpx ` 5q
px ` 1q2 px 1q
px ` 1qpx ` 2q2
px3 ` 1qdx
xdx
px 2qdx
p4q
;
p5q
; p6q
;
x3 5x2 ` 6x
px ` 1qp2x ` 1q
x2 3x ` 2
px ` 4qdx
x3 dx
dx
p7q
;
p8q
;
p9q
;
x3 ` 2x 3
px2 ` 1q2
x4 ` x2 ` 1
dx
1 ` x4
4x ` 3
p10q
;
p11q
dx;
p12q
dx;
4
6
1`x
1`x
px 2q3
4
4
dx
x dx
px ` 1qdx
p13q
;
p14q
;
p15q
;
3
2
1`x
x `1
xpx2 ` 1q2
3
dx
dx
x `1
dx;
p17q
;
p18q
.
p16q
3
2
2
3
2
x x
px ` 9q
px ` 1q3
6. Pn pxq n ,
Pn pxq
dx.
px aqn`1
7. :
sin2 x cos x
p1q
dx;
p2q
1 ` 4 cos2 x
sin x cos x
p4q
dx; p5q
sin x ` cos x
dx
p7q
;
p8q
sin x cos4 x
dx
;
p11q
p10q
3 ` cos x
sin x cos x
dx
p3q
;
4 dx;
4
1 ` sin x
sin x ` cos4 x
sin xdx
sin2 x
;
p6q
dx;
sin3 x ` cos3 x
1 ` sin2 x
dx
dx
;
p9q
;
1 ` 3 cos x
p3 ` cos xq sin x
dx
; p12q tan xptan x ` aqdx.
sin xp2 ` cos xq
8. :
c
dx
xa
dx
?
?
p1q
dx;
p3q
;
p2q
;
3
bx
1` 1`x
x x x2
?
x`1`1
dx
dx
?
?
?
;
p5q
dx;
p6q
;
p4q
x`11
p1 x2 q 1 ` x2
x a2 x2
?
3
1 ` x2
x dx
x2 dx
?
p7q
dx;
p8q
;
p9q
.
2 ` x2
1 ` x2
1 2x x2
156
9. :
?
1
12
32
52
2
p2q sin x cos x dx; p3q
p1q sin x cos x dx;
1 ` sin x dx;
dx
dx
x ` sin x
p4q
; p5q
;
p6q
dx.
sinpx ` aq cospx ` bq
sin x sin
1 ` cos x
10. pq (a 0):
dx
In
.
pax2 ` bx ` cqn
11. pq a, b 0, :
dx
Imn
.
px ` aqm px ` bqn
4.5
. , f F
d
F 1 f . ,
,
dx
d
F F 1,
dx
d2
dn
, 2 , n n .
dx
dx
n
dk
P
ak pxq k ,
dx
k0
d0
dx0
1. P n
P
ak pxqpkq pxq.
k0
P n ,
P f n . ,
.
4.5.1. n 0, pn`1q 0 n .
. n . n 0 . n k 1 ,
n k ,
p1 qpkq pk`1q 0
1 pk1 k 1 ,
pk1 pxqdx
k .
4.5
157
4.5.2. , 1 .
. 1 ,
pex q1 1 ex ` pqex 0,
ex C ,
Cex .
1, p0q 1 1 ex ,
.
.
4.5.3. g, h , 1 g ` h.
. ,
` gpxqdx 1
e
1 e gpxqdx ` pgqe gpxqdx
he
gpxqdx
gpxqdx
hpxq e
gpxqdx
dx ` C,
gpxqdx
hpxq e
gpxqdx
dx ` Ce
gpxqdx
, : ,
2 c, 2 c,
p1 1 q1 2 2 cp q 0,
1 1 C .
4.5.4. 0 , 2 2 .
. , ex ex . , ,
, C11 , C21 ,
1 ex ex C11 , 1 ex ` ex C21 .
C1 ex ` C2 ex .
().
158
4.5.5. 0 , 2 2 .
. , cos x sin x , ,
, , C11 , C21 ,
1 sin x cos x C11 , 1 cos x ` sin x C21 .
C1 cos x ` C2 sin x.
().
4.5.6. pq .
, () ,
sin x
1.
lim
x0 x
f 2 pxq f pxq, f p0q 0, f 1 p0q 1.
(4.3)
, f , gpxq f 1 pxq
g 2 pxq gpxq, gp0q 1, g 1 p0q 0.
(4.4)
p1q . f1 , f2 (4.3) , h f1 f2 ,
h2 pxq hpxq, hp0q h1 p0q 0.
1
h2 pxq ` h12 pxq 2phh1 ` h1 h2 q 2phh1 h1 hq 0,
h2 ` h12 , . f1 f2 .
, (4.4) . f (4.3) , f 2 ` g 2 1,
, f , g .
p2q . f (4.3) , .
Newton-Leibniz f 1 g, g 1 f
x
x
t
f pxq
gptqdt
1 f psqds dt
0
0
0
xt
x
f psqdsdt
0 0
xt
sv
x
s
f puqdudv dsdt
0 0
0 0
xtsv
x3
`
f puqdudvdsdt,
x
3!
0 0 0 0
4.5
159
.
f pxq lim
n8
p1qi1
i1
x2i1
.
p2i 1q!
() f , f (4.3).
p3q g f 1 .() , f 1 p0q 1
f 1 0. x y 0 ,
y
f pxq f pyq
f 1 ptqdt 0,
x
f r0, `8q . f , lim f pxq A

x`8
. , x0 0, x x0 f pxq A{2.
x
A
gpxq gpx0 q
f ptqdt gpx0 q px x0 q, @ x x0 .
2
x0
g .
p4q g f 1 {2, f r0, {2s () .
f 2 ` g 2 1 f p{2q 1. , f p{2 xq (4.4).
,
f p{2 xq gpxq, @ x P R.
f , g f 1
f p xq f p{2 px {2qq gpx {2q gp{2 xq f pxq,
f r{2, s () , f .
f p ` xq f pxq f pxq, f p2 ` xq f p ` xq f pxq,
f , 2 .
, sin x f pxq, cos x gpxq, sin x .
, .
4.5.7. b, c , 2 ` b1 ` c 0.
. . ,
,
`
e 2 x
, ,
2 e 2 x ` b1 e 2 x `
` b2
4
` b
c e 2 x .
b2 b x
e 2
4
160
p1q
b2
4
c 0 ,
b
pxq e 2 x pC1 x ` C2 q;
p2q
b2
4
c 0 ,
c
c
b2
b2
2b x
pxq e
C1 cos c
x ` C2 sin c
x ;
4
4
p3q
b2
4
c 0 ,
2b x
pxq e
b
2
b4 c x
C1 e
` C2 e
b2
4
c x
4.5.8. 0 , g , 2 2 ` g.
. f0 :
f0 pxq C1 pxqex ` C2 pxqex ,
,
C11 pxqex ` C21 pxqex 0.
(4.5)
f01 pxq C1 pxqex ` C2 pxqex ,

f02 pxq C11 pxqex ` C21 pxqex ` 2 f0 pxq,
C11 pxqex ` C21 pxqex gpxq,
(4.6)
(4.5) (4.6) C1 pxq, C2 pxq:
1
1
C1 pxq
ex gpxqdx, C2 pxq
ex gpxqdx.
2
2
1
f0 pxq ex
2
1 x
e gpxqdx `
e
2
x
ex gpxqdx.
f pxq , f f0 2 2 , .
.
4.5.9. 0 , g , 2 2 ` g.
. ,
1
1
f0 pxq cos x gpxq sin xdx ` sin x gpxq cos xdx.
4.5
161
4.5
1. b, c , g , 2 ` b1 ` c g.
2. , f 1 p1 ` f 2 q .
3. f R ,
f1
`x ` y
2
f pxq f pyq
, @ x y.
xy
f , .
4.
fn pxq
i1
p1qi1
x2i1
x2i2
, gn pxq
p1qi1
.
p2i 1q!
p2i 2q!
i1
p1q m n
|fm pxq fn pxq| ` |gm pxq gn pxq|
|x|n`1 |x|
e .
pn ` 1q!
tfn u, tgn u Cauchy , . f, g. m 8
|f pxq fn pxq| ` |gpxq gn pxq|
|x|n`1 |x|
e .
pn ` 1q!
p2q |fn pxq| ` |gn pxq| e|x| .

x
|fn pxq fn pyq|

gn ptqdt e|x|`|y| |x y|,
y
n 8 f . g .
x
x
fn pxq
gptqdt
rgn ptq gptqsdt
0
x
f pxq lim fn pxq
n8
gptqdt.
0
x
gpxq 1
f ptqdt.
0
162
5. 4.5.6
sinpx ` yq sin x cos y ` cos x sin y.

6. ex :
(1)
f 1 pxq f pxq, f p0q 1.
(4.7)
.
(2) f (4.7) ,
x
f pxq 1 `
xt
f ptqdt 1 ` x `
f psqdsdt 1 ` x `
0
x2
` .
2!
(3)
n
xi
n8
i!
i1
f pxq 1 ` lim
, (4.7) .
(4) f px ` yq f pxqf pyq.
(5) f pxq ,
lim f pxq 0,
x8
lim f pxq `8.
x`8
(6) x 0 ,
f pxq 1 ` x `
x2
xn
` `
, @ n 1.
2!
n!
7. f p0, `8q ,
2f pxq f px2 q, @ x 0.
f pxq c ln x.
8. p, q , f ra, bs f 2 ` pf 1 ` qf 0. q 0,
f paq f pbq 0, f .
Taylor
, .
, .
5.1
, ,
.
5.1.1 (). f I , x0 P I. 0,
f pxq f px0 qpf pxq f px0 qq, @ x P px0 , x0 ` q X I,
x0 f I () , f px0 q () .
x0 P I,
f pxq f px0 qpf pxq f px0 qq, @ x P I,
x0 f I () , f px0 q () .
, () () .
, , .
x0 , ,
.
5.1.1 (Fermat). x0 f I , x0 I .
f x0 , f 1 px0 q 0.
. x0 f (
f ). x0 I ,
0, px0 , x0 ` q I. x0 f
, ,
f pxq f px0 q, @ x P px0 , x0 ` q.
, x P px0 , x0 q ,
f 1 px0 q lim
xx
0
x
0
x0
5.1
f pxq f px0 q
0,
x x0
163
Taylor
164
x P px0 , x0 ` q ,
f 1 px0 q lim
xx`
0
f pxq f px0 q
0,
x x0
f 1 px0 q 0.
. p1q x0 I , f x0 (),
. r0, 1s f pxq x . x0 f I
, I , :
x0 I , x0 f () , f`1 px0 q 0p 0q;
1
x0 I , x0 f () , f
px0 q 0p 0q;
p2q , f pxq |x|, x P r1, 1s x0 0
, f x0 0 , .
p3q f 1 px0 q 0 f . ,
, f pxq x3 , x0 0 f , .
5.1.2 (Darboux). pq f ra, bs , f 1 f`1 paq
f1 pbq .
. k f`1 paq f1 pbq . gpxq f pxq kx,
1
1
1
1
g`
paq g
pbq pf`
paq kqpf
pbq kq 0,
1
paq 0,
, k f a b ; , g`
1
g
pbq 0, g a b , g ra, bs
. Fermat , g 1 pq 0, f 1 pq k.
. , f I , f
1
. , Dirichlet .
5.1.1. f pxq x3 x ` 1 r1, 1s .
. f pxq x3 x ` 1 , r1, 1s
. :
f 1 pxq 3x2 1 0
x ?13 , ?13 . f 1, ?13 , ?13 , 1. f

:
1
2
1
2
f p1q 1, f p ? q 1 ` ? , f p ? q 1 ? , f p1q 1.
3
3 3
3
3 3
f 1 `
2
?
,
3 3
2
?
.
3 3
, . .
5.1
165
5.1.2. f pxq x3 x2 ` 1 r1, 2s .

. : f 1 pxq 3x2 2x 0 x 0, 32 . f
1, 0, 32 , 2, f :
2
23
f p1q 1, f p0q 1, f p q
, f p2q 5.
3
27
f 1, 5.
, ,
.
.
5.1.3. f : R R ,
lim f pxq lim f pxq `8p8q,
x8
x`8
f R ( ) .
. lim f pxq lim f pxq `8. , M 0
x8
x`8
|x| M f pxq f p0q. f , rM, M s

. f x0 , f px0 q f p0q ( 0 P rM, M s).
,
f px0 q f p0q f pxq, @ x P p8, M q Y pM, `8q,
x0 f p8, `8q .
, , pa, `8q ,
: f
lim f pxq lim f pxq `8p8q
x`8
xa`
f pa, `8q () .
5.1.3. ai , i 1, 2, , n R n . R ,
ai p1 i nq .
. x P R,
f pxq
px ai q2 , x P R.
i1
f . , |x| `8 , f pxq `8,

, f . f , .
f 1 pxq 2
i1
px ai q 0
Taylor
166
n
1
ai ,
n i1
.
p
5.1.4. p 1, f pxq x
x
, x P r0, `8q .
p
. , f p0q 0, x `8 , f pxq 8.
f pxq , .
x
0
f 1 pxq 1 xp1 0
x 1, 0 f p0q f p1q 1 1{p,

x 1 ,
5.2
1
f pxq f p1q 1 , @ x 0.
p
p
,
p1
x
xp
1
` , @ x 0.
p
q
a, b 0, x ab p1 ,
ab
bq
ap
` .
p
q
Young , ap bq .
5.1.5. .
x M1 M2 , M1 M2
v1 v2 . M1 A p0, aq x M2
C pb, cq , a, b, c 0. x .
, A x C
, . A p0, aq
px, 0q C pb, cq
f pxq
1a 2
1a 2
a ` x2 `
c ` pb xq2 .
v1
v2
, |x| `8 f pxq `8, f . f ,

f 1 pxq
1
x
1
bx
?
a
,
v1 a2 ` x2
v2 c2 ` pb xq2
5.1
167
y
A = (0, a)
x
0
B = (b, c)
5.3
, x 0 f 1 pxq 0; x b f 1 pxq 0. x P p0, bq , f 1 pxq
f 1 pxq
1 x2 12
1 pb xq2 12
,
v1 a2 ` x2
v2 c2 ` pb xq2
f 1 pxq p0, bq . , f pxq

, f , x ,
1
x
1
bx
?
a
.
v1 a2 ` x2
v2 c2 ` pb xq2

sin
sin
sin
v1
,
.
v1
v2
sin
v2
.
, x , ,
5.1
1. :
p1q f pxq 2x3 x4 ; p2q f pxq x2 3x ` 2; p3q f pxq x `
1
px 0q.
x
2. :
p1q f pxq x4 p1 xq, x P r0, 1s; p2q f pxq x4 2x2 ` 5, x P r2, 2s.
3. f pxq sin3 x ` cos3 x px P Rq .
Taylor
168
4. f pxq x3 ex px P Rq .
5. f pxq
ln x
px 0q .
x
6. .
7. p 1, Bernoulli : p1 ` xqp 1 ` px, @ x 1.
8. pq f pxq p8, `8q , limx8 f 1 pxq A, limx`8 f 1 pxq B.
, A B, P p0, 1q, P R,
f 1 pq A ` p1 qB.
9. pq f pxq I n , x1 , x2 , , xk I . ,
P I,
1 pnq
f px1 q ` f pnq px2 q ` ` f pnq pxk q f pnq pq.
k
10. pq f pxq I , x0 P I. lim f 1 pxq , f 1 pxq x0
xx0
11. pq f pxq pa, bq , f 1 pxq , f 1 pxq pa, bq .
5.2
5.2.1 (Rolle). f ra, bs pa, bq f paq f pbq.

P pa, bq, f 1 pq 0.
. f ra, bs M m.
M m, f f 1 0; M m, f paq f pbq m M
f P pa, bq Fermat f 1 pq 0.
5.2.2 (Lagrange). f ra, bs , pa, bq ,

P pa, bq,
f 1 pq
f pbq f paq
, f pbq f paq f 1 pqpb aq.
ba
f pbq f paq
px aq ,
F pxq f pxq f paq `
ba
F paq F pbq 0, F Rolle . P pa, bq, F 1 pq 0.

.
5.2
169
. Lagrange : .
lpxq f paq `
f pbq f paq
px aq,
ba
lpxq lpaq f paq, lpbq f pbq , pa, f paqq

pb, f pbqq . Lagrange X ,
.
y
y
x
0
x
0
5.4 Rolle Lagrange

5.2.3 (Cauchy). f, g ra, bs , pa, bq , g 1 pxq
0, @ x P pa, bq. P pa, bq,
f 1 pq
f pbq f paq
1 .
gpbq gpaq
g pq
. Rolle g 1 0 gpbq gpaq.
f pbq f paq
F pxq f pxq f paq `
pgpxq gpaqq ,
gpbq gpaq
F paq F pbq 0, F Rolle , P pa, bq, F 1 pq 0.

.
: gpxq x, Cauchy Lagrange .

. ()
() , Newton-Leibniz
.
5.2.1. | sin x sin y| |x y|, @ x, y P R.
. psin xq1 cos x, Lagrange
| sin x sin y| | cos ||x y| |x y|, @ x, y P R.
. , f 1 , f Lipschitz ,
.
Taylor
170
5.2.2. f ra, bs , pa, bq , f paq f pbq 0.

, P pa, bq,
f 1 pq ` f pq 0.
. gpxq ex f pxq, gpxq ra, bs , pa, bq ,

gpaq ea f paq 0, gpbq eb f pbq 0.
Rolle , P pa, bq, g 1 pq 0.

g 1 pxq ex f pxq ` ex f 1 pxq,
e 0, f pq ` f 1 pq 0.
5.2.3. ex 1 ` x, @ x P R, x 0 .
. ex Lagrange
ex 1 ex e0 ex x, P p0, 1q.
x 0 , ex 1; x 0 ex 1. , x 0 ex 1 x.
. ai 0 p1 i nq,
A
n
n
1
1
ai pq, G
ain pq.
n i1
i1
ex 1 ` x
n
n
A
1 ai
1 ln ai
e G
G
n i1 G
n i1
n
1 `
ai
1 ` ln
1,
n i1
G
A G, ai G. .
5.2.4. f pxq ra, bs , pa, bq . f paq f pbq 0,

c P ra, bs, P pa, bq,
f pcq
f 2 pq
pc aqpc bq.
2
. c P pa, bq,
F pxq f pxq
f pcq
px aqpx bq, x P ra, bs.
pc aqpc bq
F paq F pcq F pbq 0, Rolle , 1 P pa, cq, 2 P pc, bq,

F 1 p1 q 0, F 1 p2 q 0.
5.2
171
F 1 pxq r1 , 2 s , Rolle , P p1 , 2 q,
F 2 pq 0.
F 2 pxq f 2 pxq
2f pcq
,
pc aqpc bq
x .
. . , f n , f pxq 0
n txi uni1 , c P ra, bs, P pa, bq,
f pcq
n
1 pnq
f pq pc xi q.
n!
i1
(5.1)
. , c xi
p1 i nq,
n
f pcq
px xi q, x P ra, bs.
i1 pc xi q i1
F pxq f pxq n
F pxq n ` 1 c, xi p1 i nq, F Rolle ,
P pa, bq, F pnq pq 0. n ni1 px xi q n

n! .
f n , txi uni1 ra, bs n ,

pn1 pxq
px xj q
f pxi q,
pxi xj q
i1 ji
pn1 n 1 , f txi uni1 ,

f Lagrange . f pn1 n , (5.1) (
pn1 n )
f pxq pn1 pxq
n
1 pnq
f pq px xi q, P pa, bq.
n!
i1
(5.2)
, ,
.
5.2.5. pLegendreq
, n 1.
dn 2
px 1qn p1, 1q n
dxn
d 2
. , px2 1qn 1 1, Rolle ,
px 1qn
dx
d 2
p1, 1q , 11 . n 1 , 1 1
px 1qn ,
dx
Taylor
172
d2 2
px 1qn p1, 11 q p11 , 1q 21 22 .
dx2
d2 2
n 2, 1 1
px 1qn , 1, 21 , 22 1.
dx2
d3
Rolle , 3 px2 1qn p1, 1q .
dx
n .

Rolle
. ,
.
5.2
1. x3 3x ` c r0, 1s .
2. f pxq ra, bs , pa, bq , f paq f pbq 0. ,
P pa, bq, f 1 pq 2f pq.
1
1
pbq 0. ,
paqf
3. f pxq ra, bs , f paq f pbq 0, f`
P pa, bq, f 2 pq 0.
4. ai , pi 0,
pi 1. ex 1 ` x
i1
n
pi ai
i1
aipi . ()
i1
5. f pxq ra, bs , pa, bq . l lpaq f paq,

lpbq f pbq , c P ra, bs, P pa, bq,
f pcq lpcq
f 2 pq
pc aqpc bq.
2
6. f pxq ra, bs , f paq f 1 paq f pbq 0. ,

c P ra, bs, P pa, bq,
f pcq
7. ex
1 p3q
f pqpc aq2 pc bq.
6
dn n x
px e q n .
dxn
8. f ra, bs , M 0,
|f 1 pxq| M,
@ x P ra, bs.
f paq ` f pbq 1
f pxq
M pb aq,
2
2
@ x P ra, bs.
5.3
173
9. pq f x0 , xn x0 yn , xn x0 , yn x0 ,
lim
n8
f pxn q f pyn q
f 1 px0 q.
xn yn
10. pq f pa, bq , a xi yi b, i 1, 2, , n. ,
P pa, bq,
n
rf pyi q f pxi qs f 1 pq
i1
pyi xi q.
i1
11. pq f ra, `8q ,

f paq 0,
|f 1 pxq| |f pxq|,
@ x P ra, `8q.
f 0.
5.3
.
, .
5.3.1. f ra, bs , pa, bq . f 1 pxq 0, @ x P pa, bq,
f .
. x, y P ra, bs, Lagrange , P pa, bq,
f pxq f pyq f 1 pqpx yq 0,
f .
5.3.2. f ra, bs , pa, bq . f

f .
1
. f , , x0 P pa, bq ,
f 1 px0 q lim
xx0
f pxq f px0 q
,
x x0
f pxq f px0 q
, f 1 px0 q 0.
x x0
, f 1 pxq 0, x P pa, bq. x1 x2 P ra, bs, Lagrange
f ,
, P px1 , x2 q,
f px2 q f px1 q f 1 pqpx2 x1 q 0,
Taylor
174
f .
. f 0, f ; f 0, f
1
. , , f pxq x3 , f 1 p0q 0.
, ,
, .
5.3.3 (). f I , f
, f : I f pIq , .
. f 1 pxq 0, @ x P I, Lagrange f , 3.4.7
f , 3.3.6 f , 4.1.6 f
.
.
5.3.4. 0, f px0 , x0 ` q , px0 , x0 q Y px0 , x0 ` q

.
f 1 pxq 0, x P px0 , x0 q; f 1 pxq 0, x P px0 , x0 ` q,
x0 f ;
f 1 pxq 0, x P px0 , x0 q; f 1 pxq 0, x P px0 , x0 ` q,
x0 f .
. . 5.3.2 f px0 , x0 s ,
rx0 , x0 ` q , x0 .
5.3.1. x 1 x 0,
x
lnp1 ` xq x.
1`x
. f pxq lnp1 ` xq x, x 1. f p0q 0,

f 1 pxq
x
1
1
,
1`x
1`x
1 x 0 f 1 pxq 0, x 0 f 1 pxq 0, f pxq p1, 0q

, p0, `8q , f pxq f p0q 0, @ x 1,
x 0 .
, gpxq lnp1 ` xq
g 1 pxq
x
,
1`x
1
1
x
,
2
1 ` x p1 ` xq
p1 ` xq2
5.3
175
gpxq p1, 0q , p0, `8q ,

gpxq gp0q 0, x 0 .
5.3.2. b a 1, bab aba .
. ,
bab aba ln b ` b ln a ln a ` a ln b
f pxq
ln a
ln b
.
a1
b1
ln x
(x 1). ,
x1
f 1 pxq
px 1q x ln x
0, @ x 1.
xpx 1q2
f pxq p1, `8q , .
5.3.5. f x0 , f 1 px0 q 0.
p1q f 2 px0 q 0, x0 f ( ) ;
p2q f 2 px0 q 0, x0 f ( ) .
. p1q . f 2 px0 q 0, ,
lim
xx0
f 1 pxq f 1 px0 q
f 1 pxq
lim
f 2 px0 q 0,
xx0
x x0
x x0
, 0, x P px0 , x0 q f 1 pxq 0; x P px0 , x0 ` q

f 1 pxq 0. 5.3.4 x0 f () .
5.3.6. f x0 , x0 f p q ,
2
f px0 q 0p 0q.
. x0 f , x0 . f 2 px0 q 0,
, x0 f , .
. x0 f , f px0 q 0, x0 ,
2
. , .
x3
, @ x 0, x 0 .
6
x3
. f pxq sin x x ` ,
6
5.3.3. sin x x
f 1 pxq cos x 1 `
x2
, f 2 pxq sin x ` x 0.
2
f 2 0 f 1 . f 1 p0q 0, x 0 f 1 pxq f 1 p0q 0, f pxq

r0, `8q . f p0q 0 f pxq 0, @ x 0. f 2
x 0 0, f 1 r0, `8q , f r0, `8q
Taylor
176
5.3.4. f pxq R . f , P R,
2
f pq 0.
. () f 2 , Darboux f 2 . f 2
, f 1 . x0 P R, f 1 px0 q 0. f 1 px0 q 0,
x x0
x
f pxq f px0 q
f 1 ptqdt f 1 px0 qpx x0 q `8, x `8.
x0
f 1 px0 q 0, x x0
x0
f px0 q f pxq
f 1 ptqdt f 1 px0 qpx0 xq 8, x 8.
x
f .
5.3
1. :
p1q arcsin x ` arccos x
2,
@ x P r1, 1s;
2x
p2q 2 arctan x ` arcsin 1`x
2 , @ x 1.
2. :
x3
, @ x P p0, q;
3
2
2x
p2q
sin x x, @ x P p0, q;
2
x2
x2
p3q x
lnp1 ` xq x
, @ x 0;
2
2p1 ` xq
p1q tan x x `
p4q ny n1 px yq xn y n nxn1 px yq (n 1), @ x y 0.

3. ex 1 ` x `
x2
xn
` `
, @ x 0.
2!
n!
x
tan x
, @ x P p0, 2 q.
x
sin x
? ?
?
5. 1, 2, 3 3, , n n, ?
4.
x
tan x
, x P p0, {2q.
sin x
x
`
1 x
px 0q .
7. 1 `
x
6.
8. pq
1
1
, x P p0, q.
sin x x
5.4
177
9. f ra, bs . f 2 0, c P pa, bq f , c
f ra, bs .
10. f pxq I , .
11. f pxq R . lim
x8
f pxq
0, P R, f 2 pq 0.
|x|
12. pq f p0q 0, f 1 pxq ,
5.4
f pxq
p0, `8q .
x
, f , f 2 0, f
. , (5.2) (n 2), f ra, bs ,
f pxq lpxq
1 2
f pqpx aqpx bq, P pa, bq,
2
(5.3)
lpxq lpaq f paq, lpbq f pbq ,

lpxq
f pbq f paq
f pbq f paq
px aq ` f paq, lpxq f pbq
pb xq.
ba
ba
(5.4)
, f 2 0 ,
f pxq lpxq, @ x P pa, bq.
(5.5)
,
f pxq lpxq maxtlpaq, lpbqu maxtf paq, f pbqu, @ x P ra, bs.
5.4.1 (). f I . a b P I,
(5.5) , f I .
(5.5) , .
, . (5.5) ,
.
y
x
0
x
0
5.5
Taylor
178
(5.4) , f pxq lpxq

f pxq f paq
f pbq f paq
f pbq f pxq
, @ x P pa, bq.
xa
ba
bx
(5.6)
f pxq f paq
f pbq f pxq
, @ x P pa, bq.
xa
bx
(5.6) : , k, l 0,
(5.7)
m
n
,
k
l
m
m`n
n
.
k
k`l
l
(5.7) ,
f pxq f paq
pf pxq f paqq ` pf pbq f pxqq
f pbq f pxq
,
xa
px aq ` pb xq
bx
(5.6).
x P ra, bs , x
x ta ` p1 tqb, t
bx
P r0, 1s.
ba
lpxq lpxq tf paq ` p1 tqf pbq. (5.5)

f pta ` p1 tqbq tf paq ` p1 tqf pbq, @ t P p0, 1q.
5.4.1. Young .
f pxq ex , f 2 pxq ex 0 f () . ,
a, b 0, p, q p 1, 1{p ` 1{q 1 ,
1
ab e p ln a
` q1 ln bq
1 ln ap 1 ln bq
ap
bq
e
` e
` ,
p
q
p
q
Young .
,
5.4.1 (Jensen ). f I . f
n
xi P I, i 0 pi 1, , nq,
i 1,
i1
n
`
i1
n

i xi
i f pxi q.
i1
5.4
179
. . n . n 1 ,
n 2 . n k , n k ` 1 ,
0 k`1 1,
k
i
1.
1
k`1
i1
,
f
` k`1
`
i xi f p1 k`1 q
i
xi ` k`1 xk`1
1 k`1
i1
i1
p1 k`1 qf
p1 k`1 q
k`1
k
`
i
xi ` k`1 f pxk`1 q
1
k`1
i1
i
f pxi q ` k`1 f pxk`1 q
1 k`1
i1
i f pxi q.
i1
n k ` 1 , .
5.4.2. .
f pxq ln x px 0q. f 2 pxq x2 0 f () .

Jensen , ai 0
1
a1 ` a2 ` ` an
pln a1 ` ln a2 ` ` ln an q ln
,
n
n
pa1 a2 an q n
1
pa1 ` a2 ` ` an q,
n
@ ai 0 p1 i nq.
, .
5.4.2 (). f I , ra, bs I I
, f ra, bs Lipschitz . ,
.
. , a1 , b1 P I, a1 a, b b1 . x y P ra, bs,
f ,
f pa1 q f pxq
f pyq f pxq
f pa1 q f paq
1
a a
a1 x
yx
f pb1 q f pbq
f pb1 q f pyq
b1 y
b1 b
Taylor
180
! f pa1 q f paq f pb1 q f pbq )

M max
,
,
a1 a
b1 b
|f pxq f pyq| M |x y|, @ x, y P ra, bs.

f ra, bs Lipschitz .
b b
5.6
. ,
f p0q 1, f pxq 0, x 0
r0, `8q , x 0 .
, .
5.4.3. f I , f
x1 x2 P I,
f
` x1 ` x2
2
1
f px1 q ` f px2 q .
2
( )
. . a b P I, lpxq (5.4) .
, gpxq f pxq lpxq . g , g
x0 P ra, bs M , M 0 . x0 a x0 b,
M 0; x0 P pa, bq, x0 pa ` bq{2. a x0
x1 2x0 a, x1 P ra, bs,
M gpx0 q g
` a ` x1
2
1
gpaq ` gpx1 q M,
2
M gpaq 0.
, x0 ,
x0 . ,
5.4
181
5.4.4. pq f I , f I ,
f .
. f x0 . a, b P I, a x0 b. x0 ta ` p1 tqb,
t P p0, 1q.
max f f px0 q tf paq ` p1 tqf pbq t max f ` p1 tq max f max f,
f paq f pbq max f , f f px0 q.
5.4.3. f pxq ln x px 0q .
x, y 0 ,
?
?
p x yq2 0
xy
1
px ` yq,
2
x`y
1
pln x ` ln yq ln
,
2
2
ln x .
.
5.4.5 (). pq f I , x I , f
x , f1 pxq f`1 pxq.
. x1 , x2 P I, x1 x x2 , f ,
f pxq f px1 q
f px2 q f pxq
,
x x1
x2 x
f pxq f px1 q
x1 ,
x x1
f pxq f px1 q
1
, lim
f
pxq ,
x x1
x1 x
f
1
f
pxq
, x2 x` ,
f px2 q f pxq
.
x2 x
f px2 q f pxq
,
x2 x
1
f
pxq lim
x2
x`
f px2 q f pxq
1
f`
pxq,
x2 x
. p1q , f pxq |x| , x 0

();
p2q .
Taylor
182
.
5.4.6. f I ,
p1q f f 1 ;
p2q f x0 P I, x P I,
f pxq f 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` f px0 q.
x0
5.7
. p1q f , x1 x2 .
x P px1 , x2 q
f pxq f px1 q
f px2 q f px1 q
f px2 q f pxq
,
x x1
x2 x1
x2 x
x x1 x x2 ,
f 1 px1 q
f px2 q f px1 q
f 1 px2 q,
x2 x1
f 1 .
, f , a x b, , 1 P pa, xq, 2 P px, bq,
f pxq f paq f 1 p1 qpx aq, f pbq f pxq f 1 p2 qpb xq.
f 1 , f 1 p1 q f 1 p2 q,
f pxq f paq
f pbq f pxq
f 1 p1 q f 1 p2 q
.
xa
bx
(5.6)-(5.7) f .
p2q f , x0 P I. x x0 , p1q ,
f 1 px0 q
f pxq f px0 q
;
x x0
x x0 , p1q ,
f px0 q f pxq
f 1 px0 q;
x0 x
f pxq f 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` f px0 q.
, , a x b,
f pxq f paq
f pbq f pxq
f 1 pxq
,
xa
bx
5.4
183
(5.6)-(5.7) f .
. ,
. ,
5.4.7. pq f I . f f1
, f . .
. f Jensen . , x0 P I,
1
Lpxq f
px0 qpx x0 q ` f px0 q, gpxq f pxq Lpxq.
1
1
1
1
1
g
pxq f
pxq f
px0 q. f
, x x0 g
pxq 0;
1
x x0 , g
pxq 0. 4.3.1 , x0
g , x0 g . g gpx0 q 0,
1
f pxq Lpxq f
px0 qpx x0 q ` f px0 q, x P I.
, xi P I, i 0,
i 1. x0
i1
n
(5.8)
i xi , (5.8)
i1
1
i f pxi q f
px0 q
i1
i pxi x0 q ` f px0 q
i1
i1
f px0 q,
f Jensen .
.
5.4.8. f I , f f 2 0.
. f , f f 1 ,
f 1 f 2 .
5.4.4. p 1,
` a ` b p
2
ap ` bp
, @ a, b 0.
2
. a b . a, b 0. f pxq xp ,
x 0. f 2 pxq ppp 1qxp2 0, f pxq p0, `8q ,
f
à ` b
f paq ` f pbq
, @ a, b 0.
2
Taylor
184
5.4.5. P pa, bq , x px, 0q P

.
, P x , px0 , 0q, f pxq |x x0 |
; P x ,
f pxq
a
px aq2 ` b2 , x P R
,
xa
f 1 pxq a
,
px aq2 ` b2
1
px aq2
b2
f 2 pxq a
3
3 0,
px aq2 ` b2
rpx aq2 ` b2 s 2
rpx aq2 ` b2 s 2
f pxq .
, f
f
`x ` y
2
P = (a, b)
1
f pxq ` f pyq ,
2
P , px, 0q, py, 0q
P P
, .
5.8
5.4
1. :
p1q f pxq xp px 0, 0 p 1q; p2q f pxq ax pa 0q; p3q f pxq x ln x.
2. f pxq ln

x
0,
.
sin x
2
3. f pxq ra, bs , pa, bq , f paq f pbq 0,

c P pa, bq f pcq 0. , P pa, bq, f 2 pq 0.
4. , f , g I , maxtf, gu I .
5. f pxq gpxq , f , f pgpxqq .
6. .
5.4
185
7. a, b 0, :
2 arctan
a`b
arctan a ` arctan b.
2
8. ai 0 p1 i nq, :
1
a1
9. ai 0 p1 i nq,
1
a2
n
` `
1
an
?
n
a1 a2 an .
ai 1,
i1
xa1 1 xa2 2 xann
ai xi , @ xi 0,
i1
.
10. f I , x0 I . x0 f , f
x0 , x0 .
11. , R .
12. pq f pxq I , x0 P I, 0,
f pxq px0 , x0 ` q , f pxq I .

1
1
13. pq f I , x0 I . f
px0 q k f`
px0 q,
f pxq kpx x0 q ` f px0 q, @ x P I.
Jensen .
14. pq I , g : ra, bs I .
Jensen
b
1 b
gpxqdx
pgpxqqdx.
ba a
ba a
15. f ra, bs , Hadamard
b
à ` b
1
f paq ` f pbq
f pxqdx
.
f
2
ba a
2
16. pq f p8, `8q , x P R,
f px ` hq ` f px hq 2f pxq
0,
h0
h2
lim
f pxq .
Taylor
186
5.5
, ,
: f , f , f
, f , f .
: . f x0 ,
, x0 f ; . lim` f pxq 8
xx0
lim f pxq 8 x x0 f ; lim rf pxq pax ` bqs 0

x`8
xx0
lim rf pxq pax ` bqs 0, y ax ` b f .

x8
5.5.1. f pxq x3 .
: f 1 pxq 3x2 0, f . f 2 pxq 6x, f
p8, 0q , p0, `8q . f , x 8 f pxq 8,
x `8 f pxq `8. , f .
y
y
y = x3
x
y = x1/2
x
0
5.9
1
5.5.2. f pxq x 2 .
f p0, `8q. :
3 5
1 3
f 1 pxq x 2 0, f 2 pxq x 2 0,
2
4
f . lim` f pxq `8, x 0 f ;

x0
, lim f pxq 0, y 0 f ().

x`8
5.5
187
5.5.3. f pxq
1
.
1 ` x2
, :
f 1 pxq
2x
3x2 1
2
,
f
pxq
2
,
p1 ` x2 q2
p1 ` x2 q3
1
f 0, ? . f p8, 0s , r0, `8q
3
1
1
1
1
, p8, ? q p ? , `8q , p ? , ? q .
3
3
3
3
lim f pxq 0, y 0 f .
x8
y
y=
1
1 + x2
x
5.10 ()
5.5.4. f pxq
2x
.
1 ` x2
. :
f 1 pxq
2p1 x2 q
4xpx2 3q
2
,
f
pxq
.
p1 ` x2 q2
p1 ` x2 q3
x 1 f , f p8, 1q , p1, 1q , p1, `8q
. f p1q 1 f , f p1q 1 f .
?
?
?
3, 0 f , f p8, 3q , p 3, 0q ,
?
?
p0, 3q , p 3, `8q .
lim f pxq 0, y 0 f .
x8
y
y=
2x
1 + x2
x
5.11 ()
Taylor
188
5.5
1. x0 f , f 2 px0 q 0.
f pxq
8, f .
x8 x
2. lim
3.
p1q f pxq sin3 x ` cos3 x, x P R;
1 2x
` 1, x 0;
x2
?
p4q f pxq 1 ` x2 , x P R.
p2q f pxq
p3q f pxq x3 x2 x ` 1, x P R;
4.
2
p1q f pxq ex , x P R;
p2q f pxq p2 ` xqe x , x 0;
1
p3q f pxq pex ` ex q, x P R; p4q f pxq x2 ex , x P R.
2
5. f pxq x3 ` px ` q , f pxq 0
p, q .
6. , : R , f p0q 0,
lim pf pxq |x|q 0 ?
|x|`8
5.6
LH
opital
, lim
xx0
f pxq
.
gpxq
:
(1) p 00 q : x x0 , f pxq 0, gpxq 0;
(2) p 8
8 q : x x0 , f pxq 8, gpxq 8.
.
, .
5.6.1 (LHopital ). f , g pa, bq , g 1 pxq 0, @ x P pa, bq.
lim f pxq 0 lim gpxq.
xa`
xa`
lim
xa`
f 1 pxq
g 1 pxq
5.6 LHopital
189
( 8),
lim
xa`
f pxq
f 1 pxq
lim 1
.
gpxq xa` g pxq
. f paq gpaq 0, f ra, bq . Cauchy ,

@ x P pa, bq, P pa, xq,
f pxq f paq
f 1 pq
f pxq
1 .
gpxq
gpxq gpaq
g pq
x a` , a` ,
f 1 pq
f 1 pxq
lim 1
,
1
g pq
xa` g pxq
lim
xa`
f pxq
f 1 pxq
lim 1
.
`
gpxq xa g pxq
(5.9)
1
paq 0, :
. p1q f`1 paq g`
lim
xa`
f pxq
f 1 pxq
f 2 pxq
lim 1
lim 2
,
`
`
gpxq xa g pxq xa g pxq
.
p2q pa, bq p8, bq pa, 8q , :
f pxq
f 1 pxq
lim 1
,
x8 gpxq
x8 g pxq
lim
f pxq
f 1 pxq
lim 1
.
x`8 gpxq
x`8 g pxq
lim
1
.
t
p3q , (5.9) (),
, (5.9) , x 0 f pxq x2 sin x1 , gpxq x

.
5.6.1.
lim
x0
x sin x
.
x3
. LHopital
x sin x
1 cos x
sin x
1
lim
lim
.
3
2
x0
x0
x0 6x
x
3x
6
lim
5.6.2. f 2 px0 q ,
f px0 ` hq f px0 q f 1 px0 qh
.
h0
h2
lim
Taylor
190
. LHopital
f px0 ` hq f px0 q f 1 px0 qh
f 1 px0 ` hq f 1 px0 q
lim
h0
h0
h2
2h
1 2
f px0 q.
2
lim
5.6.3. lim re1 p1 ` x1 qx sx .

x8
. f pxq,
lnp1 ` x1 q x1
`
1
ln f pxq x x ln 1 `
1
.
x
x2
y 1{x, LHopital
lnp1 ` yq y
p1 ` yq1 1
1
lim
,
y0
y0
y2
2y
2
lim ln f pxq lim
x8
lim f pxq e1{2 .

x8
5.6.2 (LHopital ). f , g pa, bq , g 1 pxq 0, @ x P pa, bq.
lim gpxq 8.
xa`
lim
xa`
f 1 pxq
l
g 1 pxq
( 8),
lim
xa`
f pxq
f 1 pxq
lim 1
l.
gpxq xa` g pxq
. l , l 8 . ,
0, 0, x P pa, a ` q
l
f 1 pxq
1
l` .
2
g pxq
2
c a ` , x P pa, cq , Cauchy , P px, cq,

f pxq f pcq
f 1 pq
1 .
gpxq gpcq
g pq
f pxq f pcq `
f 1 pq `
gpxq gpcq ,
g 1 pq
f pxq
f 1 pq f pcq f 1 pq gpcq
1
`
1
.
gpxq
g pq
gpxq
g pq gpxq
(5.10)
5.6 LHopital
191
(5.10) gpxq 8 px a` q , ,
x P pa, a ` q
f pxq
l ,
gpxq
.
. .
5.6.4. f pa, `8q .
p1q lim x f 1 pxq 1, lim f pxq `8.
x`8
x`8
p2q 0,
lim p f pxq ` x f 1 pxqq ,
x`8
lim f pxq
x`8
. p1q x `8 , ln x `8,
f pxq
f 1 pxq
lim
lim x f 1 pxq 1,
1
x`8 ln x
x`8
x`8
x
lim
, f pxq `8 px `8q.
p2q 0 , x `8 px `8q,
x1 f ` x f 1
x f
lim
x`8
x`8 x
x1
1
lim
p f pxq ` x f 1 q .
x`8
lim f pxq lim
x`8
5.6
1. :
1
ex 1
tan x x
;
p2q lim
;
p3q lim x 1x ;
x0 sin x
x0 x sin x
x1
`1
` tan x 12
ax xa
1
x
p4q lim
;
;
p5q lim
x
; p6q lim
xa x a
x0 x
x0
e 1
x
`1
1 sin2 x
x cot x 1
1
2
p7q lim
;
p8q
lim
;
p9q lim 2
;
2
2
x0
x1
x0
x
1x
x
sin2 x
p1q lim
2. pa 0q:
`
lnpx ln xq
x 1{x
1
; p2q lim tan
; p3q lim x p1 ` qx e ;
a
x8
x8
x
2x ` 1
x
ax
bx
e
e
p4q lim xx ;
p5q lim
;
p6q lim ln x lnp1 xq;
x0 sin ax sin bx
x0`
x1
x
x
1
`
1
`
2
e è
p7q lim
; p8q lim
arccos x x ;
arctan x ln x .
p9q lim
4
x`8
x`8 2
x0
x
p1q
lim
x`8
Taylor
192
3. :
p1q lim
x0
` sin x
x
1
x2
, p2q lim
` ax1 ` ax2 ` ` axn x1
x0
pai 0q.
4. f 3 px0 q ,
1
f px0 ` 3hq 3f px0 ` 2hq ` 3f px0 ` hq f px0 q .
3
h0 h
lim
5. f x0 2 , f 2 px0 q 0. , h
, phq p0 1q,
f px0 ` hq f px0 q f 1 px0 ` hqh.
lim 12 .
h0
f pxq
0.
x`8 x
6. f pxq pa, `8q , lim f 1 pxq 0, lim

x`8
7. f pxq pa, `8q , lim rf pxq ` f 1 pxqs l, lim f pxq l.

x`8
x`8
(: ex f pxq.)
8. ai P R p1 i nq,
lim
x0
1 cospa1 xq cospa2 xq cospan xq

.
x2
9. f 2 px0 q , f 1 px0 q 0.
1
1
.
lim
1
xx0 f pxq f px0 q
f px0 qpx x0 q
10. pq a1 P p0, q, an`1 sin an pn 1q. lim
n8
5.7
nan
3.
Taylor
. f
, :
(1) f pxq x0 ,
f pxq f px0 q op1q px x0 q,
, x0 f f px0 q .
(2) f pxq x0 ,
f pxq rf px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 qs opx x0 q px x0 q,
5.7 Taylor
193
, x0 f L ,
Lpxq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q.
(3) f 2 px0 q , 5.6.2,
1
f pxq rf px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` f 2 px0 qpx x0 q2 s oppx x0 q2 q px x0 q,
2
f x0 . ,
5.7.1 ( Peano Taylor ). f x0 n ,
pq f pxq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q `
`
1 2
f px0 qpx x0 q2 `
2!
1 pnq
f px0 qpx x0 qn ` oppx x0 qn q px x0 q.
n!
f pnq px0 q
Rn pxq Rn pf, xq f pxq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` `
px x0 qn ,
n!
Rn pxq oppx x0 qn q px x0 q. . n 1, 2
. n k pq , n k ` 1 , f 1 pxq
,
1
Rk`1
pf, xq Rk pf 1 , xq oppx x0 qk q px x0 q.
LHopital
lim
xx0
1
Rk`1
pf, xq
Rk`1 pf, xq
lim
0,
k`1
xx0 pk ` 1qpx x0 qk
px x0 q
pq n k ` 1 , .
Rn Taylor . f ,
. , ,
x
x
f pxq f px0 q `
f 1 ptqdt f px0 q `
f 1 ptqdpt xq
x0
x0
x
x
f px0 q ` f 1 ptqpt xq `
f 2 ptqpx tqdt
x0
x
x0
1
f px0 q ` f px0 qpx x0 q `
f 2 ptqpx tqdt,
x0
(). .
Taylor
194
5.7.2 (Taylor). f pa, bq n`1 , x0 , x P pa, bq.

px, x0 q( px0 , xq) , , Taylor
Rn pxq
1
f pn`1q pqpx x0 qn`1 , pLagrange q
pn ` 1q!
Rn pxq
1 pn`1q
f
pqpx qn px x0 q. pCauchy q
n!
. , t
F ptq f ptq `
f pkq ptq
px tqk , t P pa, bq.
k!
k1
t ,
F 1 ptq f 1 ptq `
n pk`1q
f pkq ptq
f
ptq
px tqk
px tqk1
k!
pk 1q!
k1
1 pn`1q
f
ptqpx tqn .
n!
F ,
F pxq F px0 q Rn pxq.
Lagrange , x0 ` px x0 q p0 1q,
Rn pxq F 1 pqpx x0 q
1 pn`1q
f
pqpx qn px x0 q. pCauchy q
n!
Gptq px tqn`1 , Cauchy , x0 ` px x0 q

p0 1q,
Rn pxq
F pxq F px0 q
F 1 pq
f pn`1q pq
,
n`1
px x0 q
Gpxq Gpx0 q
G pq
pn ` 1q!
Rn pxq
1
f pn`1q pqpx x0 qn`1 . pLagrange q
pn ` 1q!
Taylor .
. p1q f n ra, bs ( F ra, bs

), x a x b, , ,
.
p2q x0 , f pa, x0 s n ` 1 , f pxq
x0 Taylor .
p3q , Taylor .
Lagrange , .
5.7 Taylor
195
5.7.3. gpxq pa, bq n ` 1 , x0 P pa, bq.

gpx0 q g 1 px0 q g pnq px0 q 0,
c P pa, bq, x0 ` pc x0 q p0 1q,

g pn`1q pq
pc x0 qn`1 .
pn ` 1q!
gpcq
. c x0 .
hpxq gpxq
gpcq
px x0 qn`1 , x P pa, bq.
pc x0 qn`1
hpcq 0, hpx0 q h1 px0 q hpnq px0 q 0. hpcq hpx0 q 0

Rolle , c x0 1 , h1 p1 q 0.
h1 p1 q h1 px0 q 0 , 1 x0 2 , h2 p2 q 0.
, c x0 , hpn`1q pq 0.
g pn`1q pq
gpcq
pn ` 1q! 0,
pc x0 qn`1
. gpxq ra, bs , c a b, .
, f pa, bq n ` 1 , x0 P pa, bq, Taylor Rn pxq
():
Rn px0 q Rn1 px0 q Rnpnq px0 q 0, Rnpn`1q pxq f pn`1q pxq.
Rn pxq Rn pxq Lagrange . ,

f ra, bs , x a, b .
f n ` 1 ,
x
x pn`1q
f
ptq
Rn pxq F pxq F px0 q
F 1 ptqdt
px tqn dt.
n!
x0
x0
Taylor , . , px tqn
, , P px0 , xq ( px, x0 q),
Rn pxq
1 pn`1q
f
pq
n!
px tqn dt
x0
Lagrange . Cauchy .
5.7.1. pq .
f pn`1q pq
px x0 qn`1 .
pn ` 1q!
Taylor
196
f pxq p1 ` xq2n`1 , f pxq x0 0

p1 ` xq2n`1
k
C2n`1
xk ` Rn pxq,
k0
Taylor
Rn pxq
1
n!
, x 1
1
p1 t2 qn dt
0
x
0
p2n ` 1q!
p1 ` tqn px tqn dt,
n!
pn!q2
Rn p1q
p2n ` 1q!
pn!q2
k
p22n`1
C2n`1
q
p2n ` 1q!
k0
pn!q2
p2nq!!
p22n`1 22n q
,
p2n ` 1q!
p2n ` 1q!!
k
C2n`1
k0
n
1 k
2n`1k
pC
` C2n`1
q
2 k0 2n`1
2n`1
1 k
C
22n .
2 k0 2n`1
f x0 ,
8
f pnq px0 q
px x0 qn
n!
n0
f x0 Taylor Taylor . Taylor x0 0

Maclaurin . lim Rn pxq 0,
n8
f pxq
f pnq px0 q
px x0 qn .
n!
n0
f Taylor .
5.7.2. f pxq
, .
1
p1, 1q . x 0 f Taylor
1x
. f
f pnq pxq
n!
, n 1, 2, .
p1 xqn`1
5.7 Taylor
197
f pnq p0q n!, f x 0 Taylor

8
f pnq p0q n
x 1 ` x ` x2 ` ` xn ` .
n!
n0
Rn pxq
1
xn`1
p1 ` x ` x2 ` ` xn q
0 pn 8q,
1x
1x
1
1 ` x ` x2 ` ` xn ` , @ x P p1, 1q.
1x
5.7.3. f pxq ex x 0 Taylor .

. f f , f pnq p0q 1 pn 1q, ex x 0
Taylor
8
8
f pnq p0q n
xn
x
.
n!
n!
n0
n0
Lagrange
Rn pxq
e
ex
xn`1
xn`1 p0 1q,
pn ` 1q!
pn ` 1q!
|Rn pxq| e|x|
|x|n`1
0 pn 8q.
pn ` 1q!
ex 1 ` x `
x3
xn
x2
`
` `
, @ x P p8, `8q.
2!
3!
n!
e1`1`
1
1
1
` ` `
` .
2! 3!
n!
e :
1
1
1
1
`
`
`
`
2 23 34 45
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ` 1 ` ` ` ` ` 3.
2 2 3 3 4 4 5
2e1`1`
e . , e
p
q
, q! e q!p1 ` 1 ` `
1
q! q
. ( P p0, 1q),
`
e
1
1,
0 q! e q! 1 ` 1 ` `
q!
q`1
Taylor
198
5.7.4. sin x, cos x x 0 Taylor .

.
`
n
sinpnq pxq sin x ` .
2
sinp2k`1q p0q p1qk , sinp2kq p0q 0.
Taylor Lagrange
sin x x
x3
x5
p1qn x2n`1
p1qn`1 x2n`3 cos x
`
` `
`
p0 1q.
3!
5!
p2n ` 1q!
p2n ` 3q!
,
sin x
p1qn x2n`1
, @ x P p8, 8q.
p2n ` 1q!
n0
cos x
p1qn x2n
x2
x4
x6
1
`
` , @ x P p8, 8q.
p2nq!
2!
4!
6!
n0
Taylor , .
5.7.4 (Taylor ). f x0 n ,
f pxq
ak px x0 qk ` oppx x0 qn q px x0 q,
k0
1 pkq
f px0 q, k 0, 1, , n.
k!
. Taylor Peano , f pxq
ak
f pxq
1 pkq
f px0 qpx x0 qk ` oppx x0 qn q px x0 q.
k!
k0
bk ak
1 pkq
f px0 q, k 0, 1, , n,
k!
bk px x0 qk oppx x0 qn q px x0 q.
k0
, x x0 b0 0. , x x0 , x x0
b1 0. , px x0 qk x x0
bk 0 p0 k nq, .
Taylor ,
.
5.7 Taylor
199
5.7.5. f pxq x0 0 Taylor
an xn ,
n0
8
p1q f pxq Taylor
p1qn an xn ;
n0
8
p2q f px q Taylor
an xkn , k ;
n0
8
p3q xk f pxq Taylor
an xk`n , k ;
n0
8
p4q f 1 pxq Taylor

nan xn1
pn ` 1qan`1 xn ;
n1
n0
x
8
an n`1
p5q
f ptqdt Taylor
x
;
n0 n ` 1
0
8
p6q gpxq x0 0 Taylor

bn xn , f pxq ` gpxq
n0
Taylor
pan ` bn qx , P R.
n
n0
, ,
1
1 ` x ` x2 ` x3 ` ` xn ` , @ x P p1, 1q.
1x
1
1 x ` x2 x3 ` x4 ` , @ x P p1, 1q,
1`x
1
1 ` x2 ` x4 ` x6 ` , @ x P p1, 1q,
1 x2
1
1 x2 ` x4 x6 ` , @ x P p1, 1q,
1 ` x2
x
lnp1 xq
0
x2
x3
xn
dt
x

,
1t
2
3
n
pq
x2
x3
xn
Rn pxq lnp1 xq ` x `
`
` `
2
3
n
x
0
tn
dt,
1t
1 x 0,
x
|x|n`1
tn dt
|Rn pxq|
0 pn 8q,
n`1
0
0 x 1,
1
|Rn pxq|
1x
x
0
tn dt
xn`1
0 pn 8q,
p1 xqpn ` 1q
pq x P r1, 1q . x x,
lnp1 ` xq x
x2
x3
x4
x5
`
`
, @ x P p1, 1s.
2
3
4
5
Taylor
200
, x 1,
ln 2 1
1 1 1 1 1
` ` ` .
2 3 4 5 6
,
x
x5
x2n1
dt
x3
`
` ` p1qn1
` Rn pxq,
x
2
3
5
2n 1
0 1`t
x 2n
t
Rn pxq p1qn
dt. x P r1, 1s
1
` t2
0
arctan x
|x|
|Rn pxq|
t2n dt
|x|2n`1
0 pn 8q,
2n ` 1
arctan x x
x3
x5
x7
`
` , @ x P r1, 1s.
3
5
7
x 1,
1 1 1
1 ` ` .
4
3 5 7
pLeibniz-Gregoryq
ex 1 x `
x2
x3
x4
x5
xn
`
p1qn ,
2!
3!
4!
5!
n!
n0
sinh x
x3
x5
1 x
x2n`1
pe ex q x `
`
`
,
2
3!
5!
p2n ` 1q!
n0
cosh x
1 x
x2
x4
x6
x2n
pe ` ex q 1 `
`
`
`
.
2
2!
4!
6!
p2nq!
n0
, Taylor , Taylor
. ,
Taylor .
5.7.5. Taylor , .
$
&0,
x 0;
pxq
%e x1 , x 0.
, p8, 0q Y p0, 8q . ( 4.2.5),

x 0 , pnq p0q 0, n 0. , ,
x 0 Taylor 0.
5.7 Taylor
201
. .
5.7
1. f x0 n , Taylor Rn pxq
Rn px0 q Rn1 px0 q Rnpnq px0 q 0.
2. f pxq x n , f pxq x x0 Taylor ,
Peano Rn pxq . (: .)
3. f pxq pa, bq n ` 1 , f x0 Peano Rn`1 pxq
Rn`1 pxq
1
rf pn`1q pq f pn`1q px0 qspx x0 qn`1 ,
pn ` 1q!
x0 ` px x0 q p0 1q.
4.
Rn pxq
1
n!
f pn`1q ptqpx tqn dt
x0
f Taylor
1
Rn pxq f pxq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q ` f 2 px0 qpx x0 q2 `
2!
1
` f pnq px0 qpx x0 qn .
n!
5. f ra, bs , f 2 0. Taylor ,
p1q f pxq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q, @ x, x0 P ra, bs;
p2q f pxq f px1 q `
f px2 qf px1 q
px
x2 x1
x1 q, @ x1 x2 , x1 x x2 .
6. x0 0 Taylor x4 :
?
1
1 ` x ` x2
sin x
sin x
paq x cot x, pbq e
, pcq ? , pdq
, peq p1 ` xq x .
2
x
1x`x
7. x0 0 Taylor x6 :
2
paq e2xx ,
pbq lnpcos xq,
8. x0 0 Taylor :
x
2
1
paq sinh x, pbq
et dt,
0
pcq ?
1
1 x2
x
pcq
0
sin t
dt.
t
Taylor
202
9. f pxq
1 ` x x0 0 Taylor .
10. f pxq, gpxq p1, 1q ,

|f pnq pxq g pnq pxq| n!|x|, @ x P p1, 1q, n 0, 1, 2, .
f pxq gpxq.
11. 5.7.3: F pxq gpxq, Gpxq px x0 qn`1
Cauchy .
12. f x0
f pxq
ak px x0 qk ` oppx x0 qn q px x0 q,
k0
f pxq x0 n ?
13. pq f pxq ra, bs , f 1 paq f 1 pbq 0. , P pa, bq,
|f 2 pq|
5.8
4
|f pbq f paq|.
pb aq2
Taylor
Taylor .
(1)
, x0 f , f 1 px0 q 0.
, f 2 px0 q 0, x0 ; f 2 px0 q 0, x0 .
Taylor , .
5.8.1. f x0 n ,
f 1 px0 q f 2 px0 q f pn1q px0 q 0, f pnq px0 q 0,
p1q n , f pnq px0 q 0, x0 ; f pnq px0 q 0,

x0 ;
p2q n , x0 .
. , f x0 Taylor :
f pnq px0 q
px x0 qn ` oppx x0 qn q
n!
1 pnq
f px0 q ` op1q .
f px0 q ` px x0 qn
n!
f pxq f px0 q `
5.8 Taylor
203
.
(2) Jensen
(5.3) , Jensen .
5.8.2. f ra, bs , pa, bq . xi P ra, bs p1 i
nq , P pa, bq,
f
i 0,
n
`

1
i j pxi xj q2 ,
i xi
i f pxi q f 2 pq
2
ij
i1
i1
(5.11)
i 1.
i1
n
. x
i xi P ra, bs. x
, i 0 , xi
i1
, (5.11) , . x P pa, bq. x , f

Taylor ,
1
f pxi q f p
xq ` f 1 p
xqpxi x
q ` f 2 pi qpxi x
q2 , i P pa, bq.
2
i f pxi q f p
xq
i1
i ` f 1 p
xq
i1
i pxi x
q `
i1
n
1 2
f pi qi pxi x
q2
2 i1
n
1 2
f pi qi pxi x
q2 .
f p
xq `
2 i1
m mintf 2 pi qu, M maxtf 2 pi qu,

n
i pxi x
q2
i1
i x2i x
2
i1
n
1
i j pxi xj q2
2 i,j1
n
n
n
m
M
i j pxi xj q2
i f pxi q f p
xq
i j pxi xj q2 .
4 i,j1
4
i1
i,j1
f 2 (Darboux ), P pa, bq,

n
i f pxi q f p
xq
i1
1 2
f pq
i j pxi xj q2 .
4
i,j1
.
(3)
, Taylor , .
Taylor
204
5.8.1.
`
1
lim x x2 ln 1 `
.
x8
x
. x 8 , x1 0,
`
`1
1 1
1
ln 1 `
2 ` o 2 px 8q,
x
x 2x
x
`
1 1
1
x x2 ln 1 `
` op1q px 8q.
x
2
2
5.8.2. f 0 , |f 2 | M , f p0q 0,
n
`k 1
f 2 f 1 p0q.
n8
n
2
k1
lim
. Taylor ,
f
`k
k
f p0q ` f 1 p0q 2 ` Rk,n ,
n2
n
|Rk,n |
` k 2
1 2
1 k2
|f pk,n q| 2 M 4 ,
2
n
2 n
n
n
Rk,n M n4
k 2 0 pn 8q,
2
k1
k1
n
n
n
`k
1
k`
Rk,n
f 2 f 1 p0q 2
n
n k1
k1
k1
f 1 p0q
n`1
` op1q pn 8q,
2n
(4)
, Taylor ,
, .
5.8.3. e , 104 .
.
e1`1`
1
1
1
e
` ` `
`
p0 1q.
2! 3!
n! pn ` 1q!
n 7 ,
0
e
e
3
104 ,
pn ` 1q!
pn ` 1q!
8!
5.8 Taylor
205
e1`1`
1
1
1
` ` `
2.71825.
2! 3!
7!
5.8.4. .
.
arctan u ` arctan v arctan
` u`v
1 uv
1
1
arctan 1 arctan ` arctan

4
2
3
1
1
2 arctan ` arctan
3
7
Taylor
arctan x x
x3
x5
x7
`
`
3
5
7
, .
. , 4 5
4 7 , . ,
. Taylor ,
.
(5) Stirling
2.2.6 n! p ne qn . an n!pe{nqn ,
?
1
n ` 1 1pn` 1 q lnp1` 1 q
an`1
e
1n lnp1` n
q
2
n .
e
?
e
1
n
an
n
p1 ` n q
`
`
`
1
1
1
ln 1 `
ln 1
ln 1 `
n
2n ` 1
2n ` 1
lnp1 ` xq Taylor
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
ln 1 `
2
`
`
` .
n
2n ` 1 3 p2n ` 1q3
5 p2n ` 1q5
(5.12)
`
1
1
1
1
1 `
ln 1 `
1
`
`
0 n`
2
4
2
n
3 p2n ` 1q
p2n ` 1q
1
1 `1
1
1
12 npn ` 1q
12 n n ` 1
1
tn 2 an u , tn 2 e 12n an u ,
, C.
? n
1
1
1
n 2 e 12n an C n 2 an , an C ne 12n , 0 n 1.
Taylor
206
n!
? ` n n n
n! C n
e 12n , 0 n 1.
e
C ,
lim
n8
?
p2nq!!
n r2n n!s2
C
lim
? .
p2n ` 1q!! n8 2n ` 1 p2nq!
2 2
,
1
p1 x2 qn` 2 dx
p1 x2 qn`1 dx
(5.13)
p2n ` 1q!!
,
p2n ` 2q!! 2
p1 x2 qn` 2 dx
p1 x2 qn dx
5.7.1 ()
p2n ` 1q!!
p2nq!!
p2n ` 2q!!
.
p2n ` 3q!!
p2n ` 2q!! 2
p2n ` 1q!!
n, n 8
?
2
C
C
?
? ,
C 2
2 2
2 2
2. Stirling
n!
2n
` n n
e
e 12n , 0 n 1.
(5.14)
. (1) (5.12) n 1 ln 2 ,
.
(2) (5.13) Wallis , .
(6) Newton
: f pxq,
f pxq 0
? f pxq , ,
. , . :
pq f ra, bs , f paqf pbq 0; f 1 f 2 pa, bq .
, , f pxq 0 pa, bq
. , f 1 f 2 . f
, f paq 0, f pbq 0.
5.8 Taylor
207
f , pb, f pbqq y f pxq ,

y f pbq f 1 pbqpx aq,
x
x1 b
f pbq
.
f 1 pbq
f , x1 b .
px1 , f px1 qq y f pxq , x px2 , 0q,
x2 x1
f px1 q
.
f 1 px1 q
x2 x1 .
y
x
0
x2
x1
x0
5.12 Newton
txn u,
xn`1 xn
f pxn q
, n 0.
f 1 pxn q
(5.15)
x0 b. txn u , xn b, @ n 1. lim xn
n8
, 1 . 1 b. (5.15) n 8
1 1
f p 1 q
,
f 1 p 1 q
f p 1 q 0, 1 . , xn f pxq 0 ,
Newton , (5.15) Newton .
xn . Taylor ,
c P p, xn q,
1
0 f pq f pxn q ` f 1 pxn qp xn q ` f 2 pcqp xn q2 ,
2
Taylor
208
(5.15) ,
xn`1
1 f 2 pcq
pxn q2 ,
2 f 1 pxn q
|xn`1 |
M
|xn |2 ,
2m
(5.16)
M sup |f 2 pxq|, m inf |f 1 pxq|.

xPpa,bq
xPpa,bq
(5.16) , txn u .
, , pa, f paqq
f pxq 0. , f 1 f 2 , pb, f pbqq
; f 1 f 2 pa, f paqq .
?
51
5.8.5.
.
2
?
5
. Taylor
,
2
:
?
1 12
5 `
1`
2
4
11 1 1
1 1
1`
`
`
2 4 8 42
16 43
1.118...
, x0 1.118,
5 p2 1.118q2 3.04 104 ,
5
3.04
104 0.34 104 .
x0 ?
2
2p 5 ` 2x0 q
?
5
1
4
Newton ,
f pxq 2 ,
2
x
5
0
xn`1 xn
1 `
4
f pxn q
xn ` xn 1 x2n ,
1
f pxn q
2
5
?
2
` 5
2 `?
5
xn`1
xn .
0
5 ` xn
2
5
2
x0 , x1 1.11803398720,
?
?
2
` 5
2 `?
5
0
x1
x0 1.56 109 ,
5 ` x0
2
5
2
5.8 Taylor
209
?
1.11803398720
5
1.11803398876,
2
x1 0.5 0.61803398 8 .
5
, f pxq x2 Newton .
4
xn`1 xn
f pxn q
xn
5 1
`
,
1
f pxn q
2
8 xn
?
1 `
5
5 2
xn
.
2
2xn
2
?
0 xn`1
x0 1.118034,
?
0 x0
5
1.28 108 ,
2
x0 x1 1.11803398874989490480...,
?
1
5
1.282 1016 0.733 1016 ,

0 x1
2
2 1.118034
0.61803398874989483150 0.61803398874989490481,
0.618033988749894, 15 .
. ,
Newton .
5.8
1. :
2
1
p1q lim x p1 ` qx e ,
p2q lim pcos xq1{x ,
x`8
x0
x
!e
)
1
sin2 x x2 cos x
p3q lim
x ` x2 p1 ` qx e , p4q lim
.
x`8 2
x0
x
x4
2. :
2
?
cos x ex {2
,
x 1 ` 2 x , p2q lim
x`8
x0
x4
1
1
1`1
p3q lim x p1 ` qx ex lnp1 ` q ,
p4q lim
cot x .
x`8
x0 x x
x
x
3
p1q lim x 2
x`1`
3. Taylor ln 1.2 , .
Taylor
210
4. f pxq x0 n ` 1 , f pn`1q px0 q 0, Taylor

1
f px0 ` hq f px0 q ` f 1 px0 qh ` ` f pnq px0 ` hqhn , 0 1.
n!
1
lim
.
h0
n`1
5. f pxq x 0 , f 1 p0q 0, f 2 p0q .
lim
x0
f pxq f plnp1 ` xqq

.
x3
(: .)
6. lim n sinp2en!q. (: e Taylor .)
n8
7. Newton
2 , 6 .
8. pq a1 P R, an`1 arctan an pn 1q. lim na2n .

n8
9. pq f pxq pa, `8q , lim f pxq lim f 3 pxq

x`8
x`8
, lim f 1 pxq lim f 2 pxq lim f 3 pxq 0. (: LHopital

x`8
x`8
x`8
f pxq
lim
, f px 1q Taylor .)
x`8 x3
10. pq f R ,
M0 sup |f pxq| 8, M2 sup |f 2 pxq| 8.
xPR
xPR
M1 supxPR |f 1 pxq| 8, M12 2M0 M2 .

(: f px hq Taylor .)
Riemann
. ,
. , f pxq 1, x P r0, 1q; f pxq 2,
x P r1, 2s r0, 2s , f pxq x 0, x 2
y 0 , f pxq .
Riemann , .
Lebesgue .
6.1
Riemann
f pxq ra, bs (), x a,

y b, y 0 y f pxq . ,
, : ra, bs
a x0 x1 xn b,
i f pi qxi , i P rxi1 , xi s, xi xi xi1 .

n
f pi qxi ABCD . , ra, bs

i1
, ,
n
SABCD lim
}}0
f pi qxi ,
i1
}} max txi u. ,
1in
f pxqdx.
a
y = f (x)
D
0
6.1
211
Riemann
212
, f pxq ra, bs, ra, bs n ` 1 a

x0 x1 xn b, ra, bs n i rxi1 , xi s p1 i nq,
ra, bs ,
: a x0 x1 xn b.
i xi xi xi1 ,
}} max txi u,
1in
.
, i P i rxi1 , xi s p1 i nq.
n
f pi qxi
i1
f ra, bs Riemann .
y
y = f (x)
f (i )
D
0
x
xi1 i xi
6.2 Riemann
6.1.1 (Riemann ). f , I, 0,
0, , }} ,
n
f pi qxi I , @ i P rxi1 , xi s, i 1, , n,
i1
f ra, bs Riemann , I f ra, bs p q ,

b
I
f pxq dx lim
a
}}0
f pi qxi .
i1
f , ra, bs , a, b .
6.1 Riemann
213
. p1q x ,
b
b
f pxq dx
f ptq dt.
a
p2q f ra, bs ,
f pxq dx ;
6.1.1 (). f ra, bs , f ra, bs ,

.
. f ra, bs , , I . 1,
, 0, ra, bs
: a x0 x1 xn b,
}} , i P rxi1 , xi s p1 i nq,
n
f pi qxi I 1.
i1
, n
ba
, ra, bs n ,
xi a `
}}
i
pb aq, i 0, , n,
n
ba
.
n
n
b a
i
i1
f pi q I 1, @ i P a `
pb aq, a ` pb aq ,
n i1
n
n
f pi q
i1
n
p1 ` |I|q.
ba
j P t1, 2, , nu, i j , i a `
i
pb aq,
n
! `
)
i
f a ` pb aq ,
0in
n
M max
:
`
i
n
p1 ` |I|q
|f pj q|
f a ` pb aq `
n
ba
ij
pn 1qM `
n
p1 ` |I|q,
ba
Riemann
214
j1
j
j P a `
pb aq, a ` pb aq ,
a
a
n
|f pxq| pn 1qM `
p1 ` |I|q, @ x P ra, bs,
ba
f .
, Dirichlet Dpxq : , i
rxi1 , xi s , 0; i rxi1 , xi s , 1.
Dpxq .
, ?
, Riemann
.
: a x0 x1 xn b,
Mi
sup
f pxq, mi
xPrxi1 ,xi s
inf
xPrxi1 ,xi s
f pxq,
Mi xi , s
i1
mi xi ,
i1
S f Darboux , , Spq Sp, f q; s

Darboux , , spq sp, f q.
y
6.3
, Riemann . ,
i M i mi
sup
f pxq
xPrxi1 ,xi s
inf
xPrxi1 ,xi s
f pxq
f rxi1 , xi s . ,
Ss
i1
i xi .
6.1 Riemann
215
Riemann f S s (
). Darboux .
f , M sup f pxq, m inf f pxq.
xPra,bs
xPra,bs
, .
6.1.2. 1 k ,
Spq Sp 1 q Spq pM mqk}},
spq sp 1 q spq ` pM mqk}}.
, , , .
. , k 1 . , x,
x
pxj1 , xj q . ,
Spq
Mi xi Mj xj `
i1
Mi xi ,
ij
Sp 1 q Mj1 p
x xj1 q ` Mj2 pxj x
q `
Mi xi ,
ij
x, xj s . Mj1 Mj ,
Mj1 Mj2 f rxj1 , xs r
Mj2 Mj ,
q
x xj1 q ` pMj Mj2 qpxj x
0 Spq Sp 1 q pMj Mj1 qp
pM mqp
x xj1 q ` pM mqpxj x
q
pM mqxj pM mq}}.
Spq Sp 1 q Spq pM mq}}. .
6.1.3. 1 2 ,
sp1 q Sp2 q.
. 1 Y 2 1 2 (
), 1 Y 2 1 , 2
. 6.1.2,
sp1 q sp1 Y 2 q Sp1 Y 2 q Sp2 q.
.
.
Riemann
216
6.1.4 (Darboux). lim Spq inf Spq,
}}0
lim spq sup spq.
}}0
. , :
mpb aq spq Spq M pb aq,
inf Spq sup spq .
0, , 1 ,
Sp 1 q inf Spq ` .
1 k . , Y 1 k .
6.1.2,
Spq pM mqk}} Sp Y 1 q Sp 1 q inf Spq ` .
, }}
,
2pM m ` 1qk
inf Spq Spq pM mqk
` inf Spq `
2pM m ` 1qk
2
inf Spq ` ,
lim Spq inf Spq.
}}0
inf Spq f ra, bs , sup spq f ra, bs .
Riemann Darboux ,
2.2.3.
6.1.5 (). f ra, bs , :
p1q f ra, bs Riemann .
p2q f ra, bs .
n
p3q lim
i xi 0.
}}0 i1
p4q 0, ra, bs ,
Spq spq
i xi .
i1
. p1q p2q: f ra, bs , I. 0,

0, }} ,
I
i1
f pi q xi I ` .
6.1 Riemann
217
,
I
i1
n
inf
xPrxi1 ,xi s
sup
f pxq xi spq
f pxq xi Spq
i1 xPrxi1 ,xi s
I ` ,
lim spq lim Spq I. Darboux f .

}}0
}}0
p2q p1q: sup spq inf Spq I. Darboux , 0,
0, }} ,
I spq
f pi q xi Spq I ` ,
i1
lim
}}0
f pi q xi I,
i1
f ra, bs , I.
p2q p3q: Darboux
lim
}}0
i xi lim pSpq spqq inf Spq sup spq.
}}0
i1
p3q p4q: .
p4q p2q: , Spq spq ,
spq sup sp 1 q inf1 Sp 1 q Spq
0 inf1 Sp 1 q sup sp 1 q Spq spq .
f .
p1q p2q p3q p4q .
6.1.6. p1q r, s ra, bs, f ra, bs , f r, s

.
p2q c P pa, bq, f ra, cs rc, bs , f ra, bs .
. p1q 0, f ra, bs , 6.1.5 p3q, 0,

n
}} ,
i xi . r, s 1 , } 1 } . ,
i1
ra, bs , 1 ra, bs r, s , }} ,
i xi .
i xi
1
Riemann
218
6.1.5 p4q , f r, s .
(2) 6.1.5 p4q , .
6.1.1. f, g ra, bs , f g ra, bs .

. , K 0,
|f pxq| K, |gpxq| K, @ x P ra, bs.
0, 6.1.5 p3q, 0, }} ,
i pf q xi
,
i pgq xi
.
2K ` 1
2K
`1
rxi1 , xi s ,
i pf gq
sup
|f px1 qgpx1 q f px2 qgpx2 q|
x1 ,x2 Prxi1 ,xi s
sup
|f px1 qgpx1 q f px1 qgpx2 q ` f px1 qgpx2 q f px2 qgpx2 q|
x1 ,x2 Prxi1 ,xi s
sup
|f px1 q||gpx1 q gpx2 q| ` |gpx2 q||f px1 q f px2 q|
x1 ,x2 Prxi1 ,xi s
Kpi pgq ` i pf qq,
i pf gq xi K
pi pf q ` i pgqq xi
i pf q xi ` K
i pgq xi
`K
.
2K ` 1
2K ` 1
6.1.5 f g .
6.1.5 , .
6.1.7 (). p1q f ra, bs , f ra, bs ;
p2q f ra, bs , f ;
p3q f ra, bs , f ;
. p1q (3.3).
p2q 6.1.5 p4q . 0, x
k pk 1, , N q f
, p
xk , x
k ` q pk 1, , N q
, 0
4pM m ` 1qN
. , ra, bs , f
. , ,
6.1 Riemann
219
. r
xk , x
k ` s
2pb aq
p1 k N q ra, bs , . ,
f
Spq spq
pb aq ` pM mq
2
2pb aq
i1
2N
` pM mq
.
2
4pM m ` 1qN
6.1.5 p4q f .
p3q f ra, bs , f . 0, ra, bs
, }}
,
f pbq f paq ` 1
n
i xi
i1
f pxi q f pxi1 q xi
i1
n
f
pbq
f
paq ` 1
i1
`
f pxn q f px0 q
f pbq f paq ` 1
`
f pbq f paq
,
f pbq f paq ` 1
f pxi q f pxi1 q
6.1.5 p3q f .
f ra, bs , ra, bs
: a x0 x1 x2 xn b,
f pxi1 , xi q , f .
6.1.8. .
. .
6.1.2. pq r0, 1s .
. Rpxq
$
1
, x pq P p0, 1q, p, q ,
&q
Rpxq 1, x 0, 1,
%0, x P p0, 1q .
1
2
p
, 0 Rpxq 1. 0, , q , r0, 1s
q
2
N N pq .
, }} ,
4N
Riemann
220
2N , Rpxq
0
Rpi qxi 2N }} `
,
2
xi ,
2 i
Rpxq r0, 1s , .
, f , ,
f ,
. .
6.1.9 (Riemann). f ra, bs , f
, 0, ra, bs ,
xi .
. () f , 6.1.5 p4q, , 0, ,
n
i xi ,
i1
xi
i xi ,
i1
xi .
() , 0, ra, bs ,
xi
i 2pbaq
.
2pM m ` 1q
,
n
i xi
i xi `
i 2pbaq
i1
i xi
i 2pbaq
2pb aq
i
2pbaq
xi ` pM mq
xi
i 2pbaq
pb aq ` pM mq
.
2pb aq
2pM m ` 1q
6.1.5 p4q f .
6.1 Riemann
221
6.1.3. pq f ra, bs , r, s , pr, sq ra, bs.

f r, s .
. f ra, bs , . 0, 0, x, y P
. r, s ,
ra, bs, |x y| , |f pxq f pyq|
2p q
6.1.9, r, s : t0 t1 tm ,
ti
i pq
,
4K ` 1
K max |f pxq|.
xPra,bs
i pf q ti
i1
i pf q ti `
i pq
2K
i pf q ti
i pq
ti `
i pq
2K
2p q
ti
i pq
`
p q .
4K ` 1 2p q
6.1.5 p4q f r, s .
. f , , f pq ().
, Lebesgue .
6.1.2 (). A R, 0, A
tIi u,
n
|Ii | , @ n 1,
i1
A .
6.1.4. p1q ; p2q ; p3q
; p4q .
. p1q A txi uni1 , 0,
`

, xi `
, i 1, 2, , n.
Ii xi
2n
2n
, tIi u A ,
n
i1
A .
|Ii |
i1
,
2n
Riemann
222
p2q A txi u8
i1 , 0,
`
Ii xi
2i`1
, xi `
2i`1
, i 1, 2, .
, tIi u A ,
n
|Ii |
i1
i1
,
2i`1
A .
p3q , .
p4q Ai pi 1q . 0, i, Ai
tIij u, tIij u i .
2
, tIij u tAi u
` 2 ` 3 ` .
2 2
2
tAi u .
f ra, bs . , f x P ra, bs
pf, xq lim supt|f px1 q f px2 q| : x1 , x2 P px r, x ` rq X ra, bsu.

r0`
f x pf, xq 0. 0,
D tx P ra, bs | pf, xq u,
f () Df
n1
D n1 .
6.1.10 (Lebsegue). f ra, bs Riemann

Df .
. () f ra, bs Riemann . 0, 0,
ra, bs
: a x0 x1 xn b,
i xi .
2
i1
x P D X pxi1 , xi q, i pf, xq .
xi .
2
D Xpx
,x qH
i1
6.1 Riemann
223
pxi1 , xi q
xi
i0
D Xpxi1 ,xi qH
, xi `
,
4pn ` 1q
4pn ` 1q
xi `
D Xpxi1 ,xi qH
2

pn ` 1q ` ,
4pn ` 1q
2 2
D . Df
n1
D n1 .
() |f pxq| K, @ x P ra, bs. , Df , 0,
tpj , j q|j 1, 2, u, Df pj , j q,
j
pj j q
j
x P ra, bs
.
4K ` 1
pj , j q, f x , x Ix , f
. tpj , j q, Ix u ra, bs ,
2pb aq
, Lebesgue , ra, bs
Ix
: a x0 x1 xn b,
rxi1 , xi s pj , j q Ix .
n
i1
i xi
i xi `
xi `
rxi1 ,xi spj ,j q
2K
pj j q `
2K
i xi
rxi1 ,xi sIx
rxi1 ,xi spj ,j q
2K
2pb aq
xi
rxi1 ,xi sIx
pb aq
2pb aq
` .
4K ` 1 2
f ra, bs Riemann .
6.1.11 (Lebesgue ). tU uP ra, bs ,

0, I ra, bs
U .
1
,
n
In U . In ran , bn s, tan u ,
. () , In , n 1, 2, , |In |
, tan u , P ra, bs. , tbn u .
Riemann
224
tU u ra, bs , , P U . U ,
0, p , ` q U . , n ,
an , bn P p , ` q U ,
In ran , bn s U . In .
Lebesgue ,
.
6.1
1. r0, 1s :
$
&1, x P Q,
p1q f pxq
%1,
x P R Q.
$
&sgnpsin q, x 0,
x
p3q f pxq
%0,
x 0.
$
&x, x P Q,
p2q f pxq
%0, x P R Q.
$
& 1 r 1 s, x 0,
x
p4q f pxq x
%0,
x 0.
2. f pxq ra, bs , f px ` cq ra c, b cs ,
b
bc
f pxqdx
f px ` cqdx.
ac
3. :
b
p1q
a
x a ` b dx;
2
b
p2q
a
`
a ` b 2
x
dx.
2
4. f pxq ra, bs , gpxq f pxq , gpxq ,

b
gpxqdx.
f pxqdx
a
5. f pxq r0, 1s ,
f pxqdx A 0. , r, s,
1
A, @ x P r, s. (: .)
2
1
6. f pxq r0, 1s ,
f pxqdx 0. , 0,
f pxq
r, s, f pxq , @ x P r, s.
6.2
225
7. f pxq ra, bs . ,
, f .
8. f pxq ra, bs , C 0, |f pxq| C pa x bq.
1
ra, bs .
f
9. f pxq ra, bs ,
f pxq inf tf ptqu, f pxq sup tf ptqu
tPra,xs
tPra,xs
ra, bs .
10. f pxq, gpxq ra, bs , f pxq gpxq ,
b
b
f pxqdx
gpxqdx.
a
11. pq f pxq 0 ra, bs ,
b
f pxqdx 0.
a
12. pq () .
13. pq f, g , f g ,
. (: , .)
14. pq f , g f , g
, .
6.2
,
a b ,
a b ,
b
f pxqdx
b
b
f pxqdx,
a
f pxqdx 0.
a
6.2.1. p1q f, g ra, bs , , P R, f ` g ra, bs ,
b
pf ` gqdx
b
f pxqdx `
gpxqdx.
a
p2q f ra, bs , c P pa, bq, f ra, cs rc, bs ,

b
c
b
f pxqdx
f pxqdx `
f pxqdx.
a
Riemann
226
. p1q 0, f, g , 0, ra, bs }}
b
b
n
n
f pi q xi
f pxqdx ,
gpi q xi
gpxqdx ,
i1
i1
b
b
n
rf pi q ` gpi qs xi
f
pxqdx
`
gpxqdx
i1
b
b
n
n
f pi q xi
gpi q xi
gpxqdx
||
f pxqdx ` ||
a
i1
i1
|| ` || p|| ` ||q ,
, f ` g ,
b
b
f pxqdx `
gpxqdx.
p2q f . 1 , 2 ra, cs rc, bs ,
}1 } 0, }2 } 0 , 1 Y 2 }} 0.
b
f pxqdx lim
}1 }0
}2 }0
f pi q xi lim
}1 }0
1 Y2
f pi qxi ` lim
}2 }0
f pi qxi
b
f pxqdx `
f pxqdx.
c
. , a, b, c f ,
, p2q .
6.2.2. p1q f ra, bs , ;
p2q f, g ra, bs , f pxq gpxq,
b
b
f pxqdx
gpxqdx.
a
p3q f ra, bs , |f pxq| ,

b
b
|f pxq|dx.
f pxqdx
a
. p1q f , , .
p2q 6.2.1 p1q, f g ra, bs , p1q
b
0
b
pf gqdx
b
f pxqdx
gpxqdx.
a
6.2
227
p3q f ra, bs , 0, ra, bs
i pf q xi .
|f pxq| |f pyq| |f pxq f pyq|, i p|f |q i pf q,
i p|f |q xi ,
|f | .
|f pi q| xi ,
f pi q xi
b
b
|f pxq|dx.
f pxqdx
a
.
6.2.3 (). f, g ra, bs , gpxq ,
, inf f pxq sup f pxq,
xPra,bs
xPra,bs
b
f pxqgpxqdx
gpxqdx.
a
. , gpxq 0.
`
inf f pxq gpxq f pxqgpxq sup f pxq gpxq.
xPra,bs
xPra,bs
6.2.2
b
inf f pxq
xPra,bs
b
gpxqdx
b
f pxqgpxqdx sup f pxq
xPra,bs
gpxqdx.
a
b
b
f pxqgpxqdx 0, . ,
gpxqdx 0,
,
a
a
b
f pxqgpxqdx
a b
, inf f pxq sup f pxq.

xPra,bs
xPra,bs
gpxqdx
a
. . gpxq 1 ,
b
f pxqdx pb aq.
a
Riemann
228
6.2.4. f pxq ra, bs ,

x
F pxq
f ptqdt, x P ra, bs,
a
F ra, bs .
. 3.5.4 , .
6.2.5 (). f ra, bs .
p1q g ra, bs , gpxq 0, @ x P ra, bs, P ra, bs
f pxqgpxqdx gpaq
f pxqdx.
p2q g ra, bs , gpxq 0, @ x P ra, bs, P ra, bs
b
f pxqgpxqdx gpbq
f pxqdx.
p3q , g ra, bs , P ra, bs,

b
b
f pxqgpxqdx gpaq
f pxqdx ` gpbq
f pxqdx.
a
. p1q F pxq
f ptqdt. 6.2.4 F , M
m. f ra, bs , f . |f pxq| K, @ x P ra, bs.

g , , g . 0, ra, bs : a x0
x1 xn b,
i pgq xi .
i1
( F px0 q F paq 0)
b
n xi
f pxqgpxqdx
f pxqgpxqdx
a
i1 xi1
n
xi
rgpxq gpxi1 qs f pxqdx `
i1 xi1
n xi
xi
gpxi1 q
i1
n
|gpxq gpxi1 q| |f pxq|dx `
i1 xi1
gpxi1 q rF pxi q F pxi1 qs
i1
i pgq xi `
i1
K `M
f pxqdx
xi1
n1
F pxi q rgpxi1 q gpxi qs ` F pbq gpxn1 q
i1
n1
rgpxi1 q gpxi qs ` M gpxn1 q
i1
K ` M gpaq.
6.2
229
f pxq, ( F m)
b
f pxq gpxqdx K m gpaq,
a
,
b
m gpaq K
f pxqgpxqdx M gpaq ` K ,
a
0` ,
b
f pxqgpxqdx M gpaq.
m gpaq
a
gpaq 0,
f pxqgpxqdx 0. gpaq 0,
b
f pxqgpxqdx
m
M,
gpaq
b
f pxqgpxqdx
, P ra, bs F pq
b
gpaq
f pxqgpxqdx gpaq F pq gpaq

a
p2q F pxq
f pxqdx.
a
. p1q ,
f ptqdt, F M
x
n xi
b
f pxqgpxqdx
a
f pxqgpxqdx
i1 xi1
n xi
rgpxq gpxi qsf pxqdx `
i1 xi1
n
i pgq xi `
i1
i1
xi
gpxi q
f pxqdx
xi1
gpxi qrF pxi1 q F pxi qs
i1
K ` gpx1 q F px0 q `
n1
F pxi qrgpxi`1 q gpxi qs
i1
gpx1 q ` M

K `M
n1
i1
gpbq.
K `M
p1q .
rgpxi`1 q gpxi qs
Riemann
230
p3q g , hpxq gpxq gpbq, h , h 0. p1q,
P ra, bs,
b
f pxq hpxqdx hpaq
f pxqdx.
a
hpxq gpxq gpbq , . g .

. Abel ,
.
6.2.1. lim
n8 0
xn
dx 0.
1`x
1
1
1
xn
1, xn
xn ,
2
1`x
2
1`x
1 n
1
1 1 n
x
x dx
dx
xn dx.
2 0
1
`
x
0
0
. x P r0, 1s ,
n `8 , 0. .
6.2.2. 0, b a 0,
b
sin x 2
dx .
ex
x
a
a
. gpxq
b
a
ex
ex
, f pxq sin x , P ra, bs,
x
ea
sin x
dx
x
a
sin x dx
a
ea
pcos a cos q,
a
b
2
sin x
ea
dx 2
,
ex
x
a
a
a
.
6.2.3. lim
A8 0
sin x
dx .
x
. 0, B A 0 ,
A
B sin x
sin x B sin x
2
dx
dx
dx
0 pA 8q,
x
x
x
A
0
0
A
Cauchy .
6.2.4. pq .
6.2
231
. . ra, bs tIi u ,
Ii ra, bs. i Ii ,
i pxq 1, x P Ii ; i pxq 0, x R Ii .
i ra, bs ,
b
i pxq dx |Ii |.
a
tIi u ra, bs
i pxq 1, @ x P ra, bs.
|Ii |
b
i
i pxq dx
b
a
i pxq dx b a.
ra, bs , ,
b a. , ra, bs .
6.2.5 (). f pxq ra, bs , 0,

gpxq,
b
|f pxq gpxq|dx .
a
. f , 0, ra, bs
: a x0 x1 x2 xn b,
i pf qxi .
i1
ra, bs g,
gpxq f pxi1 q, @ x P rxi1 , xi q, i 1, 2, , n.
b
|f pxq gpxq|dx
a
n xi
i1 xi1
n xi
i1 xi1
n xi
i1 xi1
n
|f pxq gpxq|dx
|f pxq f pxi1 q|dx
i pf qdx
i pf qpxi xi1 q .
i1
Riemann
232
gpxq .
. ,
inf f pxq g sup f pxq.
xPra,bs
xPra,bs
6.2.6 (Riemann-Lebesgue). f pxq ra, bs ,

b
lim
`8 a
b
f pxq sin xdx 0,
lim
`8 a
f pxq cos xdx 0.
. . f , 0, ra, bs
: a x0 x1 x2 xn b,
i pf qxi
i1
1
.
2
f , K, |f pxq| K, @ x P ra, bs.
4nK
,
n xi
b

f
pxq
sin
xdx
f pxq sin xdx
i1 xi1
n xi
n xi
rf pxq f pxi1 qs sin xdx `

f pxi1 q sin xdx
i1 xi1
n xi
i1 xi1
n
i pf qxi `
i1
|f pxq f pxi1 q|dx `
i1 xi1
xi
|f pxi1 q|
i1
xi1
sin xdx
1
K | cos xi1 cos xi |
i1
1
2nK
`
.
2
. .
6.2
1. f, g ra, bs , maxtf, gu mintf, gu .
2. f pxq ra, bs . f 2 pxq , |f pxq| .
3. , . (: Riemann
.)
6.2
233
4. f pxq ra, bs , P ra, bs,

b
f pxqdx
f pxqdx.
a
5. f pxq, gpxq ra, bs , Cauchy-Schwarz :

b
b
2 b
2
f pxqgpxq dx
f pxq dx g 2 pxq dx.
a
6. f pxq 0 ra, bs , P R,
b
2 b
2 b
2
f pxq cos x dx `
f pxq sin x dx
f pxq dx .
a
(: f
f , .)
7. :
2
p1q
sin4 x dx
0
sin3 x dx; p2q
ex dx
8. f pxq r0, 1s , lim
n`8 0
9. f pxq r0, 1s , lim n

n`8
ex dx.
xn f pxqdx 0.
xn f pxqdx f p1q. (: nxn
r0, 1s 1, r0, s , 0 1.)

10. :
p1q lim
n8 0
sinn x dx 0;
n`p
lim
n8 n
cos x
dx 0 pp 0q.
x
11. pq f pxq ra, bs , 0, gpxq,

inf f gpxq sup f ,
b
|f pxq gpxq|dx .
a
12. pq f pxq rc, ds , ra, bs pc, dq,

b
lim
|f px ` hq f pxq|dx 0.
h0 a
13. pq a, b 0, f pxq ra, bs ,
xf pxqdx 0,
x f pxqdx ab
a
f pxqdx.
a
14. pq f pxq, gpxq ra, bs ,

b
b
b
1
f pxqgpxqdx
f pxqdx gpxqdx.
ba a
a
a
Riemann
234
6.3
6.3.1
x (). f ra, bs , x0 P ra, bs ,
F pxq
f ptqdt x0 ,
a
F 1 px0 q f px0 q.
. 4.3.2 , .
6.3.2. f ra, bs , upxq : pc, dq ra, bs vpxq : pc, dq ra, bs

,
upxq
f ptqdt
f pupxqqu1 pxq f pvpxqqv 1 pxq.
vpxq
. ,
upxq
f ptqdt
upxq
vpxq
vpxq
f ptqdt
u
a
f ptqdt
f ptqdt
uupxq
u pxq
vpxq
a
f ptqdt
vvpxq
v 1 pxq
f pupxqqu1 pxq f pvpxqqv 1 pxq.
6.3.1. F pxq
2x
x
. t 0
F 1 pxq
sin t
dt, F 1 pxq F 1 p0q.
t
sin t
sin t
1,
R .
t
t
sinpxq
1
sinp2xq
2
p1q psin x ` sin 2xq
2x
x
x
, x 0 , F 1 p0q 1 ` 2 3.
6.3.3 (Newton-Leibniz ). F ra, bs , F 1 f ra, bs

Riemann ,
b
f pxqdx F pbq F paq.
a
b
a
F 1 pxqdx F pbq F paq F pxq .

a
. ra, bs : a x0 x1 xn b, ,
i P pxi1 , xi q,
F pxi q F pxi1 q F 1 pi qpxi xi1 q f pi qxi , i 1, , n.
6.3
235
F pbq F paq
rF pxi q F pxi1 qs
f pi qxi ,
i1
i1
f , }} 0
f pxq dx,
b
F pbq F paq
f pxq dx.
a
. (1) , ,
.
(2) , ,
$
&x2 sin 12 , x 0,
x
F pxq
%0,
x 0,
r0, 1s ,
$
&2x sin 12
x
F 1 pxq
%0,
2
x
cos x12 , x 0,
x 0,
, Riemann .
.
6.3.2. f ra, bs , f paq 0,
b
pb aq2 b 1
2
f pxqdx
rf pxqs2 dx.
2
a
a
. f 2 pxq:
2
`
2 x 1
f 2 pxq f pxq f paq
f ptqdt
a
x
x
1
2
2
rf ptqs dt
1 dt
pCauchy Schwarzq
a
b
px aq
rf 1 ptqs2 dt,
f 2 pxqdx
b
px aq
a
b
rf 1 ptqs2 dt dx
rf 1 ptqs2 dt
pb aq2
b
a
px aq2 b
2
a
rf 1 pxqs2 dx.
Riemann
236
6.3.4 (). f pxq ra, bs , x ptq r, s ,

pr, sq ra, bs, pq a, pq b,
b
f pxqdx
f pptqq 1 ptqdt.
a
. f , , f F , F 1 pxq f pxq,
rF pptqqs1 F 1 pptqq 1 ptq f pptqq 1 ptq.
Newton-Leibniz ,
1
f pptqq ptqdt
rF pptqqs1 dt
F pptqq F ppqq F ppqq

b
F pbq F paq
f pxqdx.
a
. p1q 6.3.3 , ptq , 1 ptq ,

;
p2q () f , :
(
) gptq r, s Riemann , c P r, s
gptq dt, G . f Gpr, sq , Gpq a,
Gpxq
c
Gpq b, f pGptqqgptq r, s ,
b
f pxqdx
f pGptqqgptqdt.
,
, .
6.3.5 (). pq r, s , 1 .
f pr, sq , pq a, pq b, f pptqq1 ptq r, s
,
b
f pxqdx
f pptqq1 ptqdt.
. . r, s
: t0 t1 tn ,
ra, bs
1 : a pq x0 pt1 q x1 ptn q xn b,
6.3
237
. , i P pti1 , ti q,
pti q pti1 q 1 pi qpti ti1 q,
, 1 , , }} , } 1 }
. pi q P rpti1 q, pti qs rxi1 , xi s,
n
f ppi qqppti q pti1 qq
i1
f ra, bs Riemann ,
lim
}}0
b
f pxqdx.
a
i1
, i P rti1 , ti s, f pptqq1 ptq Riemann

n
f ppi qq1 pi qpti ti1 q,

i1
n
n

f ppi qq1 pi qpti ti1 q
i1
i1
rf ppi qq f ppi qqsppti q pti1 qq

i1
n
`
f ppi qqp1 pi q 1 pi qqpti ti1 q
i1
i pf qxi ` sup |f pxq|

xPra,bs
i1
i p1 qti ,
i1
f 1 , }} 0 ,
f pptqqptq Riemann , f ra, bs .
6.3.6 (). upxq, vpxq ra, bs ,

b
b b
upxqv 1 pxqdx upxqvpxq

u1 pxqvpxqdx.
a
. , upxqv 1 pxq u1 pxqvpxq . 6.3.3

b
b
1
upxqv pxqdx `
u1 pxqvpxqdx
a
a
b
`
upxqv 1 pxq ` u1 pxqvpxq dx

a
b
b
puvq1 pxqdx upxqvpxq .

a
Riemann
238
6.3.3.
? 2
2a ? 2
t sin 2t2
x a2
x sin x
p1q
dt;
p2q
dx
pa
0q;
p3q
dx.
2
4
2
1 ` sin t
x
0
a
0 1 ` cos x
. p1q
t sin 2t2 2t sin t2 cos t2 sin t2 psin t2 q1 ,
x sin t2 ,
1
1
x
dx rx lnp1 ` xqs 1 ln 2.
0
0 1`x
a
p2q x
, x a 2a , t 0 ,
cos t
3
?
3
1
1
3
2
3 3
sin t cos tdt 2 sin t 2 .

2
3a
8a
0
0 a
(3)
I
0
x sin x
dx
1 ` cos2 x
x sin x
dx `
1 ` cos2 x
x sin x
dx,
1 ` cos2 x
x t,
0
x sin t
p tq sin t
dx
dt
1 ` cos2 x
1 ` cos2 t
2
2
2
2
sin t
t sin t
dt
dt,
2t
1
`
cos
1
`
cos2 t
0
0
I
0
`
2
sin t
2
dt
arctanpcos
tq
.
1 ` cos2 t
4
0
6.3.4. pm P Z` q
2
Im
sinm x dx, Jm
0
cosm x dx.
. . I0 {2, I1 1. m 2
2
2
m
Im
sin x dx
sinm1 x dpcos xq
0
0
2
2
m1
p sin
xqpcos xq 0 `
pm 1q sinm2 x cos2 x dx
0
2
sinm2 x p1 sin2 xq dx
pm 1q
0
pm 1qIm2 pm 1qIm ,
6.3
Im
239
m1
Im2 .
m
I2n
2n 1
2n 1 2n 3
p2n 1q!!
I2n2
I2n4
.
2n
2n 2n 2
p2nq!! 2
I2n`1
p2nq!!
.
p2n ` 1q!!
t Jm Im .
2
. 0 x {2 , sin2n`1 x sin2n x sin2n1 x,
I2n`1 I2n I2n1 ,
,
p2nq!!
p2n 1q!!
p2n 2q!!
,
p2n ` 1q!!
p2nq!! 2
p2n 1q!!
p2nq!! 2 1
1 p2nq!! 2

,
2n ` 1 p2n 1q!!
2
p2n 1q!! 2n
1
, , Wallis :
2n 2
2
p2nq!! 2 1
lim
.
n8 p2n 1q!!
2
2n ` 1
6.3.5. f T . a P R,
a`T
T
f pxqdx
f pxqdx.
a
a`T
0
T
a`T
f pxqdx
f pxqdx `
f pxq `
f pxqdx.
a
x t ` T
a
a
f pt ` T qdt
f ptqdt,
0
.
6.3.6. pq f ra, bs ,
b
b
F pxqdx pb xqf pxqdx,
a
x
F pxq
f ptqdt, x P ra, bs.

a
Riemann
240
. f . F , F 1 f .
b
b b
F pxqdx F pxqx
F 1 pxqxdx
a
a
a
b
b
bF pbq
xf pxqdx pb xqf pxqdx.
a
, 0, g,
b
|f pxq gpxq|dx .
a
x
Gpxq
gptqdt, x P ra, bs,

a
x `

|F pxq Gpxq|
f ptq gptq dt , @ x P ra, bs,
a
b
Gpxqdx
pb xqgpxqdx.
a
b
b
b
b`

F pxq Gpxq dx pb xq f pxq gpxq dx
F pxqdx pb xqf pxqdx
a
a
a
a
b
b
F pxq Gpxqdx ` pb xq|f pxq gpxq|dx
a
a
b
pb aq ` pb aq |f pxq gpxq|dx
a
2pb aq,
f .
6.3
1. :
2
d cos x a
d x
dt
d b
a
p1q
1 ` t2 dt, p2q
sinpx ` tqdt.
, p3q
dx 0
dx sin x 1 ` sin2 t
dx a
2. :
4
a
?
1`x
? dx;
p1q
cos2 xdx;
p2q
a x dx;
p3q
x
1
0
02
sin2 x dx
;
p5q
sin3 x dx;
p6q
x2 cos x dx;
p4q
1
`
cos
x
02
0a a
1
lnp1 ` xq
2
2
2
2
p7q
cos x cos 4x dx; p8q
x a x dx; p9q
dx.
1`x
0
0
0
6.3
241
3. , 3 ` 1{15 3 ` 1{7:
1
p1q
0
p1 x2 qx4
dx;
1 ` x2
1
p2q
0
p1 xq4 x4
dx.
1 ` x2
4. :
p1q lim p n12 `
n8
1
psin
n8 n
1
lim 4 p1 `
n8 n
p2q lim
p3q
2
n1
n2 ` ` n2 q;
2
n ` sin n ` `
3
3
sin n1
n q;
2 ` ` n q.
5. :
x
1
p1q lim 4
x0 x
x
0
1
sin3 tdt; p2q lim
x0 x
cos t2 dt; p3q
lim
x`8
et dt
0 x
dt.
2
e2t
6. m,
n ,
p1q
sin2 mx dx
cos2 mx dx ,
p2q
sin mx sin nx dx
cos mx cos nx dx 0 pm nq,
p3q
sin mx cos nx dx 0.
7. ( m, n ):
1
1
1
xn
xn
dx;
p2q
dx;
p3q
p1 x2 qn dx;
2
1
`
x
1
`
x
02
02
02
n
n
cos x sin nxdx; p5q
cos x cos nxdx; p6q
cosm x sinn xdx;
p4q
04
02
02
sin nx
sin2 nx
n
p7q
tan xdx;
p8q
dx;
p9q
dx.
sin x
sin2 x
0
0
0
p1q
8. f pxq r0, 1s ,

xf psin xqdx
f psin xqdx,
2 0
0
x sin x
dx.
1
`
cos2 x
0
9. :
1
p1q
0
lnp1 ` xq
dx;
1 ` x2
1
p2q
0
arctan x
dx.
1`x
Riemann
242
10. 0 , 1,
?
1
dx
1
1 `
a
? .
?
?
ln
1
1 2x ` 2 1 2x ` 2
1
11. f pxq ra, bs ,
b
1 b
1
px aqpx bqf 2 pxqdx.
f pxqdx rf paq ` f pbqspb aq `
2
2 a
a
12. f pxq ra, bs , f paq f pbq 0. , P pa, bq,
b
4
|f 1 pq|
f
pxqdx
.
pb aq2 a
(: px
a`b
1
2 qf pxq
.)
13. f pxq T , ,
1
1 T
lim
f pxqdx
f pxqdx.
8 0
T 0
14. pq f pxq r0, 1s ,
1
nf pxq
lim
dx f p0q.
2
2
n8 0 1 ` n x
2
15. pq f pxq r1, 1s ,
1
hf pxq
lim
dx f p0q.
2
2
`
h0
1 h ` x
6.4

.
, , ,
.
, .
(1)
f ra, bs . c P ra, bs,

f pcqpb aq f ra, bs . , f , |f 1 pxq| M1 ,
@ x P pa, bq. ,
b
b
b
f pxqdx f pcqpb aq pf pxq f pcqqdx f 1 pqpx cqdx

a
|f 1 pq||x c|dx M1
1
M1 rpc aq2 ` pb cq2 s.
2
|x c|dx
a
6.4
, c
243
a`b
.
2
b
1
à ` b
pb aq M1 pb aq2 .
f pxqdx f
2
4
a
(6.1)
, f , (),
a`b
. f , |f 2 pxq| M2 , @ x P ra, bs. f
2
Taylor ,
f pxq f
à ` b
2
` f1
,
b
f pxqdx f
` a ` b `
2
à ` b
2
a ` b 1 2 `
a ` b 2
` f pq x
,
2
2
2
1
pb aq `
2
b
a
`
a ` b 2
f 2 pq x
dx,
2
b
b
1
`
a ` b 2
1
a`b
qpb aq M2
x
dx
M2 pb aq3 .
f pxqdx f p
2
2
2
24
a
a
(6.2)
, ra, bs n ,
,
Rn
n
n
` xi1 ` xi b a
ba `
2i 1
f
f a`
pb aq ,
2
n
n i1
n
i1
(6.3)
f ra, bs . f ,
n
b

` b a 2
M1
1
f
pxqdx
R
M1
pb aq2 ;
n
4
n
4n
a
i1
f ,
n
b

` b a 3
M2
1
M2
pb aq3 .
f pxqdx Rn
2
24
n
24n
a
i1
(6.4)
(6.5)
(2)
f ra, bs , f , |f 2 pxq| M2 , @ x P ra, bs,

(5.3)
|f pxq lpxq|
1
M2 px aqpb xq, x P ra, bs,
2
lpxq
xb
xa
f paq `
f pbq, x P ra, bs.
ab
ba
Riemann
244
b
lpxqdx
a
f paq ` f pbq
pb aq,
2
.
b
1
b
f paq ` f pbq
M2
pb aq M2 px aqpb xqdx
pb aq3 . (6.6)
f pxqdx
2
2
12
a
a
ra, bs n , , f
Tn
n1
n
f paq ` f pbq
b a `
i
f pxi1 q ` f pxi q b a
f a ` pb aq `
. (6.7)
2
n
n
n
2
i1
i1
n
b

` b a 3
1
M2
M2
pb aq3 .
f pxqdx Tn
2
12
n
12n
a
i1
(6.8)
(3) Simpson
f , |f 3 pxq| M3 , @ x P ra, bs.

à ` b
pa, f paqq,
, fp
a`b
q , pb, f pbqq
2
,
p2 paq f paq, p2
à ` b
2
à ` b
, p2 pbq f pbq
2
,
p2 pxq
px
pa
a`b
2 qpx bq
f paq`
a`b
2 qpa bq
` a ` b px aqpx a`b
px aqpx bq
2 q
f
f pbq,
`
a`b
a`b
2
p a`b
pb
aqpb
aqp
bq
2
2
2 q
b
p2 pxqdx
a
à ` b
b a
f paq ` 4f
` f pbq ,
6
2
f ra, bs , Simpson .
,
f pxq p2 pxq
`
1 3
a ` b
f pqpx aq x
px bq, P pa, bq.
6
2
b
à ` b
b a
f paq ` 4f
` f pbq
f pxqdx
6
2
a
b
a ` b
1
M3
pb aq4 .
M3 px aqx
pb xqdx
6
2
192
a
(6.9)
6.4
245
`
a ` b
px bqdx 0,
px aq x
2
a
. f . ,
`
a ` b
gpxq f pxq p2 pxq px aq x
px bq
2
a`b
a`b
. c a,
, b.
2
2
F pxq gpxq
`
gpcq
a ` b 2
px aq x
px bq,
a`b 2
2
pc aqpc 2 q pc bq
1 a`b
F paq F p a`b
2 q F pbq F pcq 0, F p 2 q 0. Rolle ,
1 , 2 , 3
F 1 p1 q F 1 p2 q F 1 p3 q 0,
a`b
, F 1 Rolle , ,
2
F p4q pq 0.
f p4q pq
gpcq
4! 0,
2
pc aqpc a`b
2 q pc bq
(c x)
gpxq
`
1 p4q
a ` b 2
f pqpx aq x
px bq,
24
2
ra, bs ,
b
à ` b
b a
f paq ` 4f
` f pbq
6
2
a
`
1 b p4q
a ` b 2
f pqpx aq x
px bqdx,
24 a
2
f pxqdx
|f p4q pxq| M4 ,
b
à ` b
b a
f paq ` 4f
` f pbq
f pxqdx
6
2
a
b
`
a ` b 2
M4
1
M4 px aq x
pb xqdx
pb aq5 .
24
2
180
24
a
(6.10)
ra, bs n ,
Simpson :
Sn
` xi1 ` xi
b a
f pxi1 q ` 4f
` f pxi q .
6n
2
i1
(6.11)
Riemann
246
. f ,
b
M3
pb aq4 ;
f pxqdx Sn
192n3
a
(6.12)
f ,
b
f pxqdx Sn
a
M4
pb aq5 .
180p2nq4
(6.13)
(4) Newton-Cotes
,
f . , ra, bs m ,
xi a `
i
pb aq, i 0, 1, , m.
m
txi u f Lagrange pm ,
pm pxq
x xj
f pxi q,
x
xj
i0 ji i
pm f :
b
m
pm pxqdx pb aq
Cpm, iqf pxi q,
a
(Newton-Cotes)
i0
, Cpm, iq f :
x xj
1 m tj
dx
dt
m 0 ji i j
a ji xi xj
1 p1qmi m
pt jqdt.
m i!pm iq! 0 ji
Cpm, iq
1
ba
f m ` 1 , ,
m
f pxq pm pxq
f pm`1q pq
px xi q,
pm ` 1q! i0
|f pm`1q pxq| Mm`1 ,

b
b
m
b
Mm`1
pm pxqdx
|x xi |dx
f pxqdx
pm ` 1q! a i0
a
a
m
Mm`1 pb aqm`2 m
|t i|dt.
pm ` 1q!mm`2 0 i0
, , .
1
1
6.4.1.
dx .
2
4
0 1`x
6.4
247
. n 2 .
R2
1 1
3 336
fp q ` fp q
0.791;
2
4
4
425
T2
31
11
1
1
f p0q ` f p q ` f p1q
0.775;
2 2
2
2
40
Simpson
1
1
1
3
f p0q ` 4f p q ` 2f p q ` 4f p q ` f p1q
12
4
2
4
8011
0.78539.
10200
S2
1 ` x2
, f pxq
f p4q pxq parctan xqp5q 24 cos5 parctan xq sin 5parctan x `
q,
2
|f p4q pxq| 24. n 2 Simpson

24
1
0.0005.
180 44
1920
6.4
1. :
Rn 2T2n Tn .
2. , Simpson :
Sn
2
1
Rn ` Tn .
3
3
3. C, |f 3 pxq| M f :
b
f paq ` f pbq
pb aq CM pb aq4 .
f pxqdx
2
a
4. f pxq ra, bs , P pa, bq,
b
f pxqdx pb aqf
a
à ` b
2
1
pb aq3 f 2 pq.
24
Riemann
248
5. f pxq ra, bs , |f 1 pxq| M , @ x P ra, bs.

b
1
f paq ` f pbq
pb aq M pb aq2 .
f pxqdx
2
4
a
6. f , Simpson .
7. Newton-Cotes :
Cpm, iq Cpm, m iq, 0 i m;
Cpm, iq 1.
i0
8. Newton-Cotes .
9. ra, bs 2k ,
xi a `
i
pb aq, i 0, 1, , 2k.
2k
b
2k
px xi qdx 0.
a i0
10. f 2k ` 2 , p2k f ,
b
b
f pxqdx
1
p2k pxqdx
p2k ` 2q!
b
a
2k
`
a ` b
f p2k`2q pq x
px xi qdx.
2
i0
11. , Simpson ln 2
2
1
1
dx ,
x
12. f ra, bs 4 , :
b
f pxqdx
a
1
24
b
a
f paq ` f pbq
pb aq
2
f p4q pxqpx aq2 px bq2 dx
1
pb aq2 rf 1 pbq f 1 paqs.
12
,
, . ,
.
Stirling .
, .
7.1
7.1.1
I r, s , : I R2
ptq pxptq, yptqq, t P I.
xptq, yptq , R2 . xptq, yptq

(), () .
y
x
0
7.1
, ,

Lpq
rpx1 ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 s 2 dt.
. :
a
a
| a2 ` b2 a2 ` c2 | |b c|, @ a, b, c P R.
r, s t0 t1 tn , pxpti q, ypti qq
, ,
n a
Lpq
pxpti q xpti1 qq2 ` pypti q ypti1 qq2 ,
i1
249
250
, i , i P pti1 , ti q,
xpti q xpti1 q x1 pi qpti ti1 q, ypti q ypti1 q y 1 pi qpti ti1 q,
a
a
pxpti q xpti1 qq2 ` pypti q ypti1 qq2 px1 pi qq2 ` py 1 pi qq2 ti .
a
a
px1 pi qq2 ` py 1 pi qq2 ti px1 pi qq2 ` py 1 pi qq2 ti |y 1 pi q y 1 pi q|ti ,
|y 1 pi q y 1 pi q|ti
i1
i py 1 qti 0, p}} maxt|ti ti1 |u 0q
i1
Lpq lim
}}0
lim
}}0
n a
pxpti q xpti1 qq2 ` pypti q ypti1 qq2

i1
n a
px1 pi qq2 ` py 1 pi qq2 ti
i1
1
rpx1 ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 s 2 dt.
. px ptqq ` py 1 ptqq2 0,
t
1
s ptq rpx1 puqq2 ` py 1 puqq2 s 2 du, t P r, s.
1
: r, s r0, Lpqs , , t psq, s

. psq ppsqq, s P r0, Lpqs.
}
1 psq}
a
p
x1 psqq2 ` p
y 1 psqq2 1.
7.2
7.1
251
7.1.1.
pxptq, yptqq papt sin tq, ap1 cos tqq, a 0
.
. t P r0, 2s
2
1
l
rpx1 ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 s 2 dt
0
2
1
arp1 cos tq2 ` sin2 ts 2 dt

0
2
t
2a
sin dt 8a.
2
0
. (), .
7.1.2
p1q f 0 ra, bs , y f pxq, x a, x b pa bq

y 0
b
S
f pxq dx.
a
, f , , ,
b
S
|f pxq| dx
a
. , y f2 pxq, y f1 pxq x a, x b
b
S
|f2 pxq f1 pxq| dx.

a
y
y
y = f2 (x)
y = |f (x)|
x
0
b
y = f1 (x)
0
7.3
x
b
252
p2q ,
r rpq, P r, s
, rpq , 2. ,
,
1 2
1 2
r pi q i
r pq d.
2
2
}}0
i1
S lim
7.4
.
p3q ptq pxptq, yptqq, t P r, s , yptq 0, x t
, xpr, sq ra, bs. x a, x b y 0
yptqx1 ptqdt.
. , x
,
|yptqx1 ptq|dt.
()
()
x
0
x
0
7.5
t , ,

S
yptqx1 ptqdt
xptqy 1 ptqdt,
yptqx ptqdt yptqxptq

y 1 ptqxptqdt
1
y 1 ptqxptqdt,
7.1
253
S ryptqx1 ptq y 1 ptqxptqs dt.

2
7.1.2.
.
x2 y 2
`
1
a2 b2
. ,
a c
x2
S4
b 1 2 dx
a
0
2 a
4b
1 sin2 t a cos t dt
0
2
4ab
cos2 t dt ab.
x
a
7.6
7.1.3. px2 ` y 2 q2
a2 px2 y 2 q .
r2 = a2 cos 2
. x r cos , y r sin

3 3
r2 a2 cos 2, P r , s Y r ,
s.
4 4
4 4
7.7
,
S 4
1
2
r2 pq d 2a2
cos 2 d a2 .
p4q
y
(t) = (x(t), y(t))
ptq pxptq, yptqq, t P r, s, yptq 0.

x
1
S
2yptqrpx1 ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 s 2 dt.
x
0
: r, s
, ti1 , ti
7.8
,
a
pypti1 q ` ypti qq pxpti q xpti1 qq2 ` pypti q ypti1 qq2 ,
254
a
pypti1 q ` ypti qq pxpti q xpti1 qq2 ` pypti q ypti1 qq2 ,
i1
, ,
pypti1 q ` ypti qq 2ypi q, pi P rti1 , ti sq
a
a
pxpti q xpti1 qq2 ` pypti q ypti1 qq2 px1 pi qq2 ` py 1 pi qq2 ti ,
, .
S lim
}}0
2ypi qrpx1 pi qq2 ` py 1 pi qq2 s 2 ti
i1
1
2yptqrpx1 ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 s 2 dt.
7.1.4. x2 `pybq2 a2 p0 a bq
x .
b
(a cos t, b + a sin t)
t
.
xptq a cos t, yptq b ` a sin t, t P r0, 2s.
2
1
S
2pb ` a sin tqra2 sin2 t ` a2 cos2 ts 2 dt
0
2
2a
pb ` a sin tq dt 4 2 ab.
x
0
7.9 ()
7.1.3
p1q
R3 , x a x b pa bq . Spxq
x P ra, bs x . Spxq x ,

b
V
Spxqdx.
a
, A B , .
5 6 () , 17 Cavalieri
.
7.1
255
a
z
0
y
7.10
7.1.5.
.
x2 y 2 z 2
` 2 ` 2 1
a2
b
c
. x P pa, aq,
0
`
z2
x2
y2
c
`
,
b2
c2
a2
z
`
`
x2 12 `
x2 12
x2
Spxq b 1 2 c 1 2
bc 1 2 ,
7.11
a
a
a
a
a
`
x2
4
V
Spxq dx
bc 1 2 dx abc.
a
3
a
a
x
a
p2q
y
f ra, bs ,
|y| |f (x)|
tpx, yq | a x b, 0 |y| |f pxq|u
x
0 a
x .
x P ra, bs ,
Spxq f pxq.
7.12

b
V
b
Spxq dx
f 2 pxq dx.
256
7.1.6. h, r
x
0
. ,
h
` r 2
1
V
x dx r2 h.
h
3
0
7.1.4
7.13
p1q
m ,
, k, ,
mg kv m
dv
,
dt
, g , v , .
k
d kt
pe m vq ge m t ,
dt
,
e
k
mt
t
vg
e m s ds
mg k t
pe m 1q,
k
vptq
, t 8 vptq
p2q
k
mg
p1 e m t q.
k
mg
, .
k
, , :
? , .
, x
F GM mx2 ,
, G , M , m . ,
GM mR2 mg,
R . r pr Rq
r
r
`1
1
GM mx2 dx
mgR2 x2 dx mgR2
.
R r
R
R
7.1
257
,
W lim mgR2
r8
`1
R
1
mgR.
r
, v0 ,
1
mv 2 mgR,
2 0
v0
a
a
2gR 2 9.81pm{s2 q 6.371 106 m 11.2 pkm{sq.
p3q
, .
? ,
.
, f ,
k, n , F , F
.
F + F
F
kN
7.14
, .
N , kN . F, F ` F ,
,
$
&N pF ` F q sin ` F sin ,
2
2
%pF ` F q cos F cos ` kN.
2
N , 0,
dF
F
lim
kF,
0
d
258
F pq f ek .
2n , F f e2kn . , k
F 10e3 kg 100000kg.
7.1.5
1
, n 6, f 10kg,
4
p1q Stirling
f ra, bs , (5.3)
|f pxq lpxq|
1
M px aqpb xq, @ x P ra, bs,
2
, M max |f 2 pxq|,
xPra,bs
lpxq f paq `
f pbq f paq
px aq, x P ra, bs.
ba
b
b
1 b
1
M pb aq3 .
lpxqdx M px aqpb xqdx
f pxqdx
2
12
a
a
a
f ra, bs .
y
y = ln x
x
0
7.15
f ln x r1, ns .
n
n n
An
ln x dx x ln x
pln xq1 xdx n ln n n ` 1,
1
1
1
1
Bn pln 1 ` ln 2q ` pln 2 ` ln 3q ` ` plnpn 1q ` ln nq
2
2
2
1
ln n! ln n,
2
, ln x ,
k`1
1
1 1
0
ln x dx pln k ` lnpk ` 1qq
.
2
12 k 2
k
7.1
259
Cn An Bn , Cn n 1 , n .
n1
8
`1
1 1
1
1 1
1
`
,
12 k1 k 2
12
k k`1
6
k1
0 Cn
lim Cn C ,
n8
8
1 1
12 kn k 2
11
1
1
1`1
1
`
`
`
`
.
2
2
12 n
npn ` 1q pn ` 1qpn ` 2q
12 n
n
0 C Cn
C . ,
Cn An Bn n ln n n ` 1 ln n! `
1
ln n,
2
n! e1Cn nn` 2 en .
Wallis ,
?
pn!q2 22n 1
p2nq!!
1
? lim
? ,
n8 p2nq!
n8
n
p2n 1q!! n
lim
n! p2nq! ,
?
e1C
e2p1Cn q n2n`1 e2n 22n
? ? ,
1
p2n`
q
n8 e1C2n p2nq
n
2 e2n
2
lim
n!
n!
2n
` n n
e
eCCn ,
p Stirling q
1 eCCn e 12 p n2 ` n q 1 `
p2q .
1
1
`
, @ n 1.
12n 10n2
2, ,
. 1761 , Lambert . 1947 , Niven

, Niven .
a
. , , a, b .
b
f pxq
n .
1 n
x pa bxqn , x P r0, s,
n!
260
p1q f pxq f p xq, x P r0, s;
p2q f pkq p0q , k 1, 2, . . . , 2n;
p3q f pkq pq , k 1, 2, . . . , 2n.
, p1q . p2q , 0 k n f pkq p0q 0; n k 2n

,
f pkq p0q
1 kn 2nk
C
a
pbqkn k!,
n! n
. p3q p1q p2q .
F pxq f pxq f p2q pxq ` f p4q pxq ` p1qn f p2nq pxq,
F 2 pxq ` F pxq f pxq,
f pxq sin x dx rF 1 pxq sin x F pxq cos xs0 F pq ` F p0q P Z.
1
paqn ,
, p0, q 0 f pxq n!
1
f pxq sin x dx
f pxq dx
0
paqn
0, pn 8q
n!
7.1
1. :
3
p1q y x 2 , p0 x 4q;
p2q x et cos t, y et sin t, t P r0, 2s;
p3q x a cos4 t, y a sin4 t, a 0, t P r0, s;
p4q y 2 2ax, a 0, 0 x a.
2. :
p1q y 2 ax, y a1 x2 , a 0;
p2q y x2 2x, y x2 ;
7.1
261
p3q y xpx 1qpx 2q, y 0;

p4q y 2 x2 pa2 x2 q, a 0;
p5q r ap1 cos q, a 0, P r0, 2s;
p6q r a sin 3, a 0.
3. :
p1q y tan x x , x P r0, 4 s;
p2q x apt sin tq, y ap1 cos tq y a, a 0, t P r 2 , 3
2 s;
p3q x2 ` y 2 a2 x , a 0;
p4q r2 a2 cos 2
4.
4. :
p1q x ` y ` z 2 1, x 0, y 0;
p2q x2 ` y 2 a2 , y 2 ` z 2 a2 , a 0;
p3q z 2 bpa xq, x2 ` y 2 ax, a 0, b 0;
p4q x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ` xy ` yz ` zx a2 , a 0.
5. :
p1q x apt sin tq, y ap1 cos tq, t P r0, 2s x ;
p2q px aq2 ` y 2 b2 pa b 0q y ;
p3q y 2 2ax pa 0q x b pb 0q ;
p4q y sin x, x P r0, s x .
6. cn p1 `
1
2
` `
1
nq
1
f pxq ln x f pxq x
ln n pn 1q. Stirling ,
p1q lim cn ;
n8
p2q lim cn c, lim npcn cq 12 .

n8
n8
7. : r0, 1s R2 ,
Lpq |p1q p0q|,
Lpq , |p q| p q .
262
7.2
, Riemann
. ,
, ? ,
, rR, `8q .
, .
1
, p0, 1s f pxq ? ,
x
, y f pxq x 0, x 1 y 0
1
y=
x
, .
.
7.2.1 (). a P R, ra, `8q
f ra, As Riemann ,
lim
f pxq dx
`8
p q,
7.16
A
A`8 a
f pxq dx ,
`8
f pxq dx lim
`8
f pxq dx,
A`8 a
f pxq dx .
`8
,
f pxq dx,
f pxq dx.
8
8
`8
a
`8
f pxq dx
f pxq dx
f pxq dx ,
8
`8
`8
f pxq dx
8
f pxq dx `
f pxq dx, @ a P R.
,
A
lim
A`8 A
f pxq dx
f p8, `8q , ,
Cauchy ,
A
`8
f pxq dx lim
pV.P.q
8
A`8 A
f pxq dx.
7.2
263
:
( Cauchy ) f pxq ra, `8q 0,
M M pq, B A M ,
B
f pxq dx .
p8, as p8, `8q .

`8
1
7.2.1.
dx pp P Rq .
xp
1
. A 1 ,
A
1
$
&ln A,
p 1,
1
dx
% 1 pA1p 1q, p 1.
xp
1p
p 1 ,
`8
1
1
1
dx lim
pA1p 1q
.
p
A`8
x
1
p
p
1
1
, f ra, `8q F , ,
A
lim
A`8 a
f pxq dx lim F pAq F paq,

A`8
lim F pAq .
A`8
7.2.2.
`8
8
1
dx .
1 ` x2
1
arctan x,
1 ` x2
`8
`8
0
1
1
1
dx
dx `
dx
2
2
2
1`x
8 1 ` x
0
8 1 ` x
0
`8
arctan x8 ` arctan x0

` .
2
2
, .
7.2.2 (). f ra1 , bs pa a1 bq Riemann
,
b
f pxq dx
lim
a1 a`
a1
264
p q,
f pxq dx ,
b
f pxq dx lim
a1 a`
f pxq dx,
a1
f pxq dx .
, f ra, bs Riemann , f Riemann

. f a , ra, bs Riemann , a f
. , ra, bq ,
, Cauchy .
, , ,
,
, .
1
1
7.2.3.
dx pp P Rq .
p
0 x
. 0 a 1 ,
1
a
$
& ln a,
p 1,
1
dx
% 1 p1 a1p q, p 1.
xp
1p
p 1 ,
1
1
1
1
dx lim
p1 a1p q
.
p
a0 1 p
1p
0 x
7.2.4.
1
?
1
1
dx.
1 x2
. 1.
1
0
1
1
1
1
?
?
?
dx
dx
`
dx
2
2
1
x
1
x
1
x2
1
1
0
0
1
arcsin x1 ` arcsin x0

` .
2
2
Riemann , , ,
.
7.2.1. a, b, c 8 `8,
7.2
265
p1q f ra, bs, rb, cs , f ra, cs ,

c
b
f pxq dx
c
f pxq dx `
f pxq dx;
p2q f , g ra, bs , f ` g p, P Rq ra, bs
,
b
b
rf pxq ` gpxqs dx
b
f pxq dx `
7.2.5.
gpxq dx.
a
1
ln x dx .
0
. lim` x ln x 0
x0
1
0
7.2.6.
1 1
1
ln x dx x ln x
x dx 1.
x
0
0
`8
cospx2 q dx .
. r1, `8q . x
`8
1
1
cospx q dx
2
2
`8
1
t,
cos t
? dt.
t
Cauchy :

B
cos t sin t B 1 B sin t
?
?
dt
`
dt
3
t A 2
t
A t2
A
B
3
2
1
1
1
t 2 dt ? 0 pB A `8q.
? `? `
2
A
B
A
A
.
, f ra, `8q f pxq 0 px
`8q.
7.2
1. f ra, bs . a1 P pa, bq, f ra1 , bs
Riemann , f ra, bs ,
b
f pxq dx
lim
a1 a`
a1
f pxq dx.
a
266
2. :
`8
`8
`8
dx
ln x
dx
p1q
; p2q
dx;
p3q
;
2
p
2
xpln
xq
x
2
1`8
e`8 x ln x ln pln xq
2`8 ?
2
p5q
xex dx;
p6q
x5 ex dx;
p4q
e x dx;
0`8
0`8
0`8
dx
dx
dx
p7q
; p8q
; p9q
.
xp1 ` xq
px ` 2qpx ` 3q
x2 ` 2x ` 2
1
0
0
3. :
1
1
1
x3
xdx
arcsin x
?
?
?
p1q
dx;
p2q
;
p3q
dx;
2
2
2
1x
1x
?
01 1 x
1
1
1
dx
arcsin x
xdx
?
a
a
p4q
; p5q
; p6q
dx.
px qp xq
xp1 xq
0 p2 xq 1 x
0
4. :
`8
`8
dx
2
? .
p1q
| cos x |dx; p2q
x x
e
0
0
5. :
1
1
2
dx
ln x
dx
p1q
; p2q
dx; p3q
.
2
0 ln x
0 1x
0 px 1q
6. f pxq ra, `8q ,
`8
f pxqdx 0, f pxq 0.
7. f pxq 0, f pxq ra, `8q ,
`8
f pxqdx 0.
a
8. f pxq ra, `8q , f pxq ra, `8q ,

lim f pxq 0.
x`8
(: Cauchy .)
9. f pxq ra, `8q , f pxq ra, `8q , f 1 pxq
, lim f pxq 0. (: .)
x`8
10. f pxq ra, `8q ,
`8
a
lim f pxq 0.
f pxqdx
`8
f 1 pxqdx ,
x`8
`8
11. pq ,
a
`8
2
f pxqdx .
a
f pxqdx , f pxq ,
7.3
267
12. pq ,
`8
f pxqdx , f pxq ,
lim f pxq 0.
x`8
7.3
Cauchy .
, . ,
A
f ,
f pxq dx A ,
a
, :
`8
7.3.1. f 0,
f pxq dx
a
A
F pAq
f pxq dx
a
A P ra, `8q ; .
:
`8
7.3.2. 0 f M g, M 0 ,
gpxq dx
a
`8
`8
,
f pxq dx ;
f pxq dx ,
a
a
`8
gpxq dx ; .
a
.
A
F pAq
A
f pxq dx, GpAq
gpxq dx,
a
0 F pAq M GpAq, A P ra, `8q. , GpAq , F pAq ;

F pAq , GpAq .
lim f pxq
x`8 gpxq
. p1q M . l
,
`8
`8
gpxq dx ; l 0 ,
f pxq dx
0 l 8 ,
a
a
`8
`8
`8
gpxq dx ,
f pxq dx ; l `8 ,
gpxq dx
a
a
a
`8
,
f pxq dx .
a
p2q f xp , Cauchy :
(i) p 1, C 0,
0 f pxq
C
p@ x x0 q,
xp
268
`8
a
f pxq dx ;
(ii) p 1, C 0,
f pxq
`8
C
p@ x x0 q,
xp
f pxq dx ;
, C , lim xp f pxq l ,
x`8
`8
(iii) p 1, 0 l `8,
f pxq dx ;
a`8
(iv) p 1, 0 l `8,
f pxq dx ;
a
p3q , xp , Cauchy
.
7.3.1.
`8
1
x2
1
dx .
`x`1
.
1
0 ?
x2 , @ x 1,
2
x x `x`1
.
7.3.2.
`8
xa ex dx pa P Rq .
x2à
0,
x`8 ex
lim x2 xa ex lim
x`8
.
7.3.3.
`8
1
1
dx .
xp1 ` ln xq
. F pxq lnp1 ` ln xq, Newton-Leibniz

, .
, .
f ,
f ` pxq maxt0, f pxqu,
f pxq maxt0, f pxqu,
f ` f , f f ` f . , f ` f ,
f , f , |f | f ` ` f
. f , |f | , f .
7.3
7.3.4.
269
`8
1
cos x
dx pp 1q .
xp
.
cos x
xp , @ x 1,
xp
p 1 xp , .
`8
cos xp dx pp 1q .
7.3.5.
1
1
. x t p (Cauchy ),
.
1
p1 ` cos 2xp q,
2
| cos xp | cos2 xp
cos 2xp , cos xp r1, `8q .
,
.
7.3.3 (Dirichlet). F pAq
f pxq dx ra, `8q , gpxq

`8
ra, `8q , lim gpxq 0,
f pxqgpxq dx .
a
x`8
. |F pAq| C, @ A a.
A
B
B
f
pxq
dx
f
pxq
dx
f pxq dx 2C, @ A, B a.
lim gpxq 0, 0, M 0, x M
x`8
|gpxq|
.
4C
, A, B M
B
B

f pxqgpxq dx gpAq
f pxq dx ` gpBq
f pxq dx
f pxq dx `
f pxq dx
4C A
4C
2C `
2C .
4C
4C
Cauchy
`8
f pxqgpxq dx .
7.3.6.
`8
0
sin x
dx p0 p 2q .
xp
270
.
lim xp1
x`0
sin x
1,
xp
sin x
x1p . p 2 x1p
xp
sin x
p0, 1s . p r1, `8q .
x
A
1
sin x dx , p pp 0q r1, `8q , Dirichlet
x
1
.
p0, 1s
. , 0 p 1 , ; 1 p 2
.
`8
7.3.4 (Abel).
f pxq dx , gpxq ra, `8q
a
`8
,
f pxqgpxq dx .
a
. g ,
|gpxq| C, @ x P ra, `8q.
f , 0, M 0, A, B M
B
.
f pxq dx
2C
A
,
B
B

f pxqgpxq dx gpAq
f pxq dx ` gpBq
f pxq dx
C
f pxq dx ` C
f pxq dx
A
`C
.
C
2C
2C
Cauchy
`8
f pxqgpxq dx .
, .
`8
sin x
7.3.7. a 0,
eax
dx .
x
0
. eax r0, `8q ,
sin x
r0, `8q
x
, Abel .
`8
sin x
7.3.8.
arctan x dx pp 0q .
xp
1
7.3
271
sin x
, gpxq arctan x, f r1, `8q , g
xp
r1, `8q , Abel .
. f pxq
7.3
1. :
`8
`8
`8
dx
dx
x3 dx
?
?
?
;
p2q
p1q
;
p3q
;
3
4
7
1`8 x2 ` 1
0`8 1 ` x
0`8 1 `2 x
sin x
x arctan x
x
?
? dx; p5q
p4q
dx; p6q
dx;
3
6
x
1
`
x
1
1`8
1`8 ` x
0`8
cos x
lnp1 ` xq
2 arctan x
p7q
dx; p8q
dx; p9q
dx.
2
n
1
`
x
x
x
1
1
0
2. :
1
1
1
dx
dx
dx
?
?
?
p1q
;
p2q
;
p3q
;
3
3
4
0 1 x
02 x ln x
01 1 x
1 cos x
dx
ln x
?
p4q
;
p5q
dx; p6q
dx;
m
2
x
01 sin x
01
01 p1 xq
1
1
ln x
dx
p7q
sin dx; p8q
dx;
p9q
.
2
x
x
1
x
ln
x
0
0
0.5
3. pp 0q:
`8
p1q
1`8
p4q
0
?
`8
`8
sin x
cos x
lnpln xq
dx;
p2q
dx; p3q
sin xdx;
?x
1`8 x 1
e`8 ln x
sin x
x sin x
sin xp1 cos xq
dx; p5q
dx; p6q
dx.
1`x
x
xp
1
0
4. (p, q 0):
`8
p1q
1`8
p4q
0
`8
1
ln x
xp
xp
?
;
p2q
dx;
p3q
dx;
q
4
xp
02 1 ` x
0`8 1 x
x
e 1
| sin x|
dx
dx; p5q
; p6q
dx.
p
p
q
x
xp
0
0 sin x cos x
5. f pxq r1, `8q ,
. (: .)
`8
1
f 2 pxqdx ,
`8
1
f pxq
dx
x
`8
6. f pxq ra, As pA 8q .
|f pxq|dx , lim f pxq L,
x`8
a
`8
L 0,
f 2 pxqdx .
a
272
7. f pxq ra, `8q ,
`8
(: rA{2, As .)
f pxqdx , lim xf pxq 0.

x`8
8. f pxq ra, `8q ,
`8a
`8
f pxq{x dx ,
f pxqdx
a
. (: , .)
`8
9.
f pxqdx , x `8 xf pxq ,
a
lim xf pxq ln x 0.
x`8
10. pq f pxq 0 r0, `8q ,
`8
0
lim
`8
dx
,
f pxq
f pxqdx `8.
0
11. pq
`8
xp
dx
dx pp, q P Rq
lnq x
7.4

. .
`8
7.4.1. I
eax sin bx dx pa 0q.
0
. ,
a sin bx ` b cos bx ax
F pxq
e
,
a2 ` b2
, Newton-Leibniz ,
b
.
I F p`8q F p0q F p0q 2
a ` b2
`
1 r2
7.4.2. I
dx p0 r 1q.
2
1 2r cos x ` r
. t tan x2 ,
`8
I
8
`8
1 r2
2dt
1t2
2 1 ` t2
`
r
1 2r 1`t
2
2p1 r2 q
dt
2
2 2
8 p1 rq ` p1 ` rq t
1 ` r `8
t
2.
2 arctan
1 r 8
7.4
273
7.4.3. I
`8
0
1
dx.
1 ` x4
1
. x ,
t
`8
I
0
t2 dt
1 ` t4
`8
0
t2
dt,
1 ` t4
`8
2I
0
`8
`8
`8
1 ` x2
dx
1 ` x4
1 ` x12
dx
x2 ` x12
dpx x1 q
px x1 q2 ` 2
du
? .
u2 ` 2
2
I ? .
2 2
7.4.4. In
`8
xn ex dx pn q.
. n 0 ,
`8
I0
`8
ex dx ex
1,
0
n 1 ,
`8
In
`8
`8
xn ex dx ex xn
`n
xn1 ex dx
0
`8
n
n1 x
dx nIn1 ,
In n!, @ n 0.
7.4.5.
`8
0
1
dx pn 1q.
p1 ` x2 qn
. n 1 ,
`8
I1
0
`8
1
dx
arctan
x
,
2
1`x
2
0
274
n 2 ,
`8
`8
1
1 ` x2 x2
In
dx
dx
p1 ` x2 qn
p1 ` x2 qn
0
0
`8
x2
In1 `
dx
p1 ` x2 qn
0
`8
`8
1
x
1
1
dx
In1 `
2
n1
2pn 1q p1 ` x q
2pn 1q 0 p1 ` x2 qn1
0
2n 3
In1 .
2n 2
p2n 3q!!
, @ n 1.
2 p2n 2q!!
In
7.4.6.
`8
ex dx pEuler-Poisson q.
. Taylor
et 1 ` t, @ t P R,
1 x2 ex
1
, @ x 0.
1 ` x2
1
`8
`8
2 n
nx2
p1 x q dx
e
dx
0
1
dx,
p1 ` x2 qn
t
x sin t, x ? ,
n
,
`8
2
1
p2n 3q!!
p2nq!!
?
ex dx
,
p2n ` 1q!!
n 0
2 p2n 2q!!
Wallis
rp2nq!!s2
lim
n8 rp2n 1q!!s2 p2n ` 1q
2
?
`8
?
p2nq!!
x2
.
e
dx lim n
n8
p2n
`
1q!!
2
0
7.4.7. I
`8
0
eax
xb2
dx pa, b 0q.
7.4
. x
b 1
a t,
275
`8
tb2 at2
I
0
b 1
dt,
a t2
`8
2I
`
1`
e
0
e2
?
ab
a
a
`8
b 1
dx
a x2
?
?
p ax xb q2
?
2 ab
ax2 xb2
`?
d ax
`8
u2
c
du
b
x
2?ab
e
.
a
1
I
2
7.4.8.
`8
0
2?ab
e
.
a
sin2 x
dx.
x2
. sinp2n 1qx sinp2n 3qx 2 sin x cos 2pn 1qx

2
sinp2n 1qx
dx , @ n 1.
sin
x
2
0
sin2 nx sin2 pn 1qx sinp2n 1qx sin x
2
n
2 sinp2k 1qx
sin2 nx
dx
dx n, @ n 1.
2
sin
x
2
sin
x
0
k1 0
x3
r0, s , x
sin x x
2
3!
1 2 sin2 nx
1 2 sin2 nx
dx
dx
n 0
x2
2
n 0 sin2 x
1 sin2 nx `
2 1
1 2 1`
2 1
dx
`
1
dx.
2
2
n 0
x
6
n x
24
t
, n `8,
n
`8
sin2 x
`
2 1 `8 sin2 x
dx 1
dx.
x2
2
6
x2
0
0
0`
`8
0
sin2 x
dx .
x2
2
. ,
`8
sin x
dx .
x
2
0
276
7.4.9. I
ln sin x dx pEuler q.
. x 2t,
4
4
4
I2
ln sin 2t dt ln 2 ` 2
ln sin t dt ` 2
ln cos t dt,
2
0
0
0
t
I2
0
s,
ln sin 2t dt ln 2 ` 2
2
ln sin s ds,
ln sin t dt ` 2
ln 2 ` 2I,
2
I 2 ln 2.
Riemann , .
7.4.1. f p0, bs ,
n
b k
f p bq;
n8 n
n
k1
f pxq dx lim
0
, f r0, bq ,
n
b k1
fp
bq;
n8 n
n
k1
f pxq dx lim
0
. f p0, bs , f 0 ( f pxq f pbq).
b k`1
fp
bq
n
n
k`1
n b
f pxq dx
k
nb
b k
f p bq,
n n
b
n
b k
f p bq
f pxq dx
n k1 n
0
b
f pxq dx
b
n
n1
n
b k
b k
f p bq
f p bq,
n k1 n
n k1 n
f pxq dx , lim nb
f p nk bq
n8
k1
0
b
b
n
b
k
f pxq dx. , lim n

f pxq dx ,
f p n bq ,
n8
, .
k1
b
n
7.4
277
f r0, bq , , .
, , ,
.
7.4
1. (n ):
`8
`8
2
p1q
x2n1 ex dx; p2q
0
dx
; p3q
px2 ` a2 qn
`8
eax cos bx dx pa 0q.
2. (n , a 0):
1
1
1 n
`8
p1 xqn
x dx
n
?
p1q
pln xq dx; p2q
dx; p3q
; p4q
eax sinn xdx.
x
0
0
0 1x
0
3. :
`8
2
1c
2
1 ex
1
1 ` sin x x
p1q
dx; p2q
e dx; p3q
ln dx.
2
1 ` cos x
x
x
0
0
4
4. :
1
2
arcsin x
x cot xdx; p3q
p1q
x ln sin xdx; p2q
dx;
x
0
0
02
x2
x2
x sin x
dx;
p6q
p4q
dx; p5q
dx.
2
0 sin x
0 1 cos x
0 1 cos x
5. :
`8
p1q
0
1 ` x4
dx; p3q
1 ` x6
`8
dx
p P Rq; p2q
2
p1 ` x qp1 ` x q
`8
dx
; p2q
1 ` x3
1 ` x4
dx.
1 ` x6
6. :
`8
p1q
0
ln x
dx.
1 ` x2
7. ,
`8
b
1 `8
f rpax q2 sdx
f py 2 qdx pa, b 0q.
x
a
0
0
8. f pxq r0, `8q , c 0,
`8
c
`8
0
f pxq
,
x
f pxq f pxq
dx f p0q ln
p, 0q.
x
278
9. f pxq p0, `8q , b a 0,
b
a
,
lim f pxq L,
x0`
`8
0
f pxq
dx
x
lim f pxq M,
x`8
f pxq f pxq
dx rL M s ln
p, 0q.
x
10. ( a, b 0):
`8
p1q
0
x
1 dx
; p2q
ex ex
2 x2
`8
0
11. :
2
2
p1q
ln | sin x a|dx p0 a 1q; p2q
0
(: p2q (9.13) .)
b sin ax a sin bx
dx.
x2
lnpsin2 x ` aqdx pa 0q.
Taylor , ,
. , ()
, , .
8.1
a1 , a2 , , an , ,
8
an a1 ` a2 ` ` an `
n1
, an , Sn
ak a1 ` ` an n
k1
.
lim Sn S ,
n8
an , S,
n1
8
an S.
n1
8
an . .
n1
an , an 0 pn 8q.
n1
an Sn Sn1 S S 0 pn 8q.
8
(Cauchy ):
an 0,
n1
N N pq, n N
|an`1 ` an`2 ` ` an`p | , @ p 1.
an`1 ` an`2 ` ` an`p Sn`p Sn ,
tSn u Cauchy .
8
1
8.1.1.
.
n1 npn ` 1q
.
n
n
`1
1
1
1
Sn
1
1 pn 8q,
kpk ` 1q k1 k k ` 1
n`1
k1
.
279
280
8.1.2.
. n 1 ,
1
.
n2
n1
1
1
1
1
. ,
2
n
npn 1q
n1 n
n`p
n`p
1
1
1
1
1
1

0 pn 8q,
2
k
k1 k
n n`p
n
kn`1
kn`1
Cauchy , (, 2 {6).
8 1
( ).
8.1.3.
n1 n
. n 1,
2n
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
`
` `
`
` `
,
k
n`1 n`2
2n
2n 2n
2n
2
kn`1
Cauchy , .
8
8.1.4.
sin n .
n1
. , sin n 0 pn 8q.
sinpn ` 1q sin n cos 1 ` cos n sin 1
, cos n 0 pn 8q.
sin2 n ` cos2 n 1,
, .
8
8.1.5. q 0, q 1 ,
q n ; q 1 ,
n1
).
q n (
n1
. 0 q 1 ,
n
Sn
qk q
k1
1 qn
q
,
1q
1q
; q 1 , q n 0, .

8
8
8
8.1.1. p1q
an
bn ,
pan ` bn q ,
n1
8
n1
pan ` bn q
n1
8
an `
n1
p2q .
n1
8
n1
bn , p, P Rq.
8.1
281
. , .
8.1
1. :
p1q
p4q
n
;
2n
1
n1
8
sin2 n
n1
npn ` 1q
n
;
n
2
n1
8
`
1
p5q
ln 1 `
;
n
n1
p2q
1
?
;
n
n2
n1
8
` 1
p1qn
p6q
`
.
2n ` 1 2n ` 2
n1
p3q
2. :
8
1
;
np2n
1q
n1
8
1
p3q
;
npn ` 3q
n1
8
p1qn1
;
p5q
n
n1
p1q
3.
p2q
?
?
?
p n ` 2 2 n ` 1 ` nq;
n1
8
1
?
;
?
pn ` 1q n ` n n ` 1
n1
8
1
p6q
.
npn ` 1qpn ` 2q
n1
p4q
an Sn . S2n S, an 0,
n1
4.
an .
n1
|an`1 an | , tan u . (: Cauchy .)
n1
5. nan ,
npan an1 q ,
n2
6. ,
7.
an .
n1
a2n ,
n1
8
an
. (: .)
n
n1
sinpn ` q , , .
n1
8.
an ,
n1
mintan , 1u .
n1
9. tan u , r1, `8q f pxq : x P rk, k ` 1q

8
, f pxq ak pk 1, 2, q. ,
an
n1
8
f pxqdx ,
1
8
n1
8
an
f pxqdx.
1
282
10.
a2n
n1
b2n ,
n1
an bn ,
n1
8
8
8
`
1 `
1
an bn
a2n 2
b2n 2 .
n1
11. |an | bn ,
bn ,
n1
n1
n1
an .
n1
8.2
an 0,
an . , Sn
n1
an n
k1
.
()
an tSn u tSn u .
n1
an 0 .
8.2.1.
n1
1
.
n pn ` 1q
.
?
2
1
?
? ?
?
n pn ` 1q
np n ` 1 ` nq n ` 1
?
?
n`1 n
?
2 ?
n n`1
1
1
2 ? ?
,
n
n`1
Sn
k1
1
1
1
1
? ?
2.
2
2 1 ?
n`1
k`1
k pk ` 1q
k
k1
.
8.2.2. q 1 , 0 an q 1 p @ n 1q,
8
an
qn
n1
, 0 1 .
8.2
283
. 0 an q 1 ,
0 Sn
ak
qk
k1
pq 1q
1
k
q
k1
1 q n 1.
0 1 . an , S
Spqq 0.a1 a2 a3 an ,
S P r0, 1s q . q 10 10 .
r0, 1s q , ,
0.999
9 1 10n
9
lim
1.
n
n8 10 1 101
10
n1
q 2 , an 0 1. , 0
1, (,
). , .
8
8.2.1 ().
an
n1
bn ,
n1
M 0,
p1q
bn
n1
an M bn , @ n 1.
8
8
an ; p2q
an
bn .
n1
n1
pq
n1
. .
. p1q pq n .
p2q pq
an
M,
bn
M , ,
lim
n8
an
,
bn
(i) 0 `8,
an
n1
(ii) 0,
n1
bn
n1
8
bn ;
an ; 8,
n1
n1
bn
n1
an
284
p3q
an
,
bn
an`1
bn`1
an
bn
(i)
bn
an ; (ii)
an
bn .
n1
n1
n1
n1
an
q
bn
p4q (Cauchy ) 8.2.1 bn q n (q ),
:
n ,
?
n
an q 1,
an ;
n1
n,
?
n
an 1,
an .
n1
q ? :
lim
?
n
n8
8
1 ,
an .
an ; 1 , ( 1 ).
n1
p5q (dAlembert ) p3q bn q n , :

8
an`1
q 1,
n ,
an ;
an
n1
8
an`1
1( n ),
an .
an
n1
, q .
lim
n8
an`1
,
an
1 , 1 ( 1 ).
8
1
1
8.2.3.
n lnp1 ` n q .
n1
. Taylor ,
0
`
`1
1
1 1 1
ln 1 `
ò 2 .
2
n
n
2n
n
lim
n8
lnp1 `
1 M 1
1
q
,
2
n
n
2
8 1
, .
2
n1 n
8.2.4. p P R,

8 `
n1
2
p n
n
.
`
p n
ep ,
an 1
n
p 0 ; p 0 . , p 0 .
?
n
8.2
8.2.5. x 0,
285
8
n1
n!p nx qn .
.
an`1
x
x
,
an
e
p1 ` n1 qn
0 x e ; x e . x e ,
`
an`1
1 n
e{ 1 `
1,
an
n

8 1
8 1
,
,
. s P R,
2
n1 n
n1 n
8 1
? .
s
n1 n
8.2.2 (). f pxq r1, `8q ,

`8
8
an f pnq pn 1q.
an
f pxqdx
n1
.
x
F pxq
y = f (x)
f ptqdt, @ x 1.
1
f , n x n`1
an`1 f pn ` 1q f pxq f pnq an ,
x
n
n+1
8.1
an`1
n`1
f ptqdt an ,
n
Sn a1 ` F pnq, F pnq Sn1 .
Sn
ak . Sn F pnq n ,
`8
8
,
an
f pxqdx .

k1
n1
8.2.6. s P R,
8 1
.
s
n1 n
286
. s 0 , 0, . s 0 , f pxq xs , f
,
x
F pxq
x
f ptqdt
$
& ln x,
s 1,
ts dt
1
1s
%
px
1q, s 1.
1s
1
0 s 1 , F pxq `8 px `8q; s 1 , F pxq
px `8q.
s1
8 1
8 1
s 1 ,
; s 1
.
s
s
n1 n
n1 n
8 1
. psq
Riemann-Zeta , ,
s
n1 n
.
8.2.7.
1
, s P R.
pn
`
1qplnpn
` 1qqs
n1
. s 0 ,
8 1
1
,
,
n`1
n1 n
. s 0.
f ptq
1
,
p1 ` tqplnp1 ` tqqs
f ,
x
x
dt
F pxq
f ptqdt
p1
`
tqplnp1
` tqqs
1
$1
& ln lnp1 ` xq ln ln 2,
s 1,
1
%
plnp1 ` xqq1s pln 2q1s , s 1.
1s
s 1 ; s 1 .

1
1
,
, bn s
n
n ln n
. , ,
. .
8.2.3 (Kummer).
n1
an ,
bn , n
n1
8
1
an
1
0,
an ;
bn an`1
bn`1
n1
8
8
an
1
1
0
bn ,
an .
p2q
bn an`1
bn`1
n1
n1
p1q
. p1q
an`1
1 an
an`1
, @ n N.
bn
bn`1
8.2
n N
287
n
ak`1
1 ak
kN bk
bk`1
1 aN
an`1
SN `
bN
bn`1
1 aN
,
SN `
bN
Sn`1 SN `
tSn u ,
an .
n1
p2q
1
an
1
0
bn an`1
bn`1
an
an`1
,
bn
bn`1
t abnn u n , an
a1
b1 bn ,
bn
n1
an .
n1
. p1q , :
1
an
1
,
lim
n8 bn an`1
bn`1
0
n1
an ; 0
bn
n1
an .
n1
p2q bn 1, Kummer dAlembert .

1
p3q (Raabe) bn , ( )
n
a
n
(i) n
1 1
an ;
an`1
n1
a
n
(ii) n
1 1
an .
an`1
n1
Raabe ().
1
, : ( )
p4q (Gauss) bn
n ln n
` 1
an
pq
1` ò
,
an`1
n
n ln n
an ; 1 .
n1
, Raabe , 1 ,
1
an
1
lim
n8 bn an`1
bn`1
#
+
` 1
1
lim n ln n 1 ` ` o
pn ` 1q lnpn ` 1q
n8
n
n ln n
n
1 0.
lim pn ` 1q ln
n8
n`1
288
bn , Kummer ,
n1
an .
n1
8.2.8. :
s
8
8
n!
p2n 1q!!
1
p1q
p 0q; p2q
.
p ` 1qp ` 2q p ` nq
p2nq!!
2n ` 1
n1
n1
. p1q
lim n
n8
` an
` ` n ` 1
1 lim n
1 ,
n8
an`1
n`1
Raabe , 1 , 1 . 1 , an
.
1
,
n`1
p2q
2n ` 2 s 2n ` 3 `
an
1 s `
2
1`
1`
an`1
2n ` 1 2n ` 1
2n ` 1
2n ` 1
`
s
1 `
2
1`
` Op 2 q 1 `
2n ` 1
n
2n ` 1
1
s`2
` Op 2 q
1`
2n ` 1
n
ps ` 2q{2
1
1`
` Op 2 q,
n
n
Gauss , s 0 ; s 0 .
, ,
.
8
8.2.9 (Cauchy ). an .
an
n1
2k a2k .
k0
. Sn
an , Tn
k1
2k a2k . 2k n 2k`1 ,
k0
Sn a1 ` a2 ` pa3 ` a4 q ` ` pa2k1 `1 ` ` a2k q

a1 ` a2 ` 2a4 ` ` 2k1 a2k
1
pa1 ` 2a2 ` ` 2k a2k q
2
Tk {2.
Sn , Tn ,
an
n1
2k a2k . ,
k0
Sn a1 ` pa2 ` a3 q ` ` pa2k ` ` a2k`1 1 q

a1 ` 2a2 ` ` 2k a2k
Tk .
8.2
2k a2k
289
an .
n1
k0
, Cauchy .
8.2.10. pp q:
8
1
,
np
n1
1
.
npln nqp
n2
. , p 0 . p 0. an
, Cauchy , :
8
k0
2k
np
2kp1pq ,
2kp
k0
, 21p 1, p 1 ; 21p 1, p 1 .
,
8
2k
k1
1
1
p
pln
2q
,
k
p
2 pk ln 2q
kp
k1
, p 1 , .
8.2
1. :
8
1
;
n
` n2
n1
8
1
1
p4q
tan ;
n
n
n1
p1q
p2q
p5q
n1
8
2n sin
?
n1
;
3n
p3q
p6q
1
n3
`1
1 cos
n1
8
1
;
n
ln n
.
np
n1
2. :
p1q
1
;
ln n
pln
nq
n2
p2q
n2
1
;
n ln n
p3q
1
.
ln ln n
pln
nq
n3
3. :
p1q
p3q
p5q
1 3 5 p2n 1q
; p2q
n!
n1
8
?
p n a 1qp pa 1q;
p4q
n1
8
`
1 p
1 n sin
;
n
n1
p6q
n!
;
n
n
n1
8
n2
;
2n
n1
8
` n
n1
2n ` 1
290
4.
an ,
n1
5.
a2n .
n1
an ,
n1
n`1
an .
n
n1
6. an 0, Sn a1 ` a2 ` ` an ,
8
an
;
p1q
2
S
n1 n
8
8
a
? n
p2q
an .
Sn
n1
n1
7.
an ,
n1
8
an`1
, Sn
Sn
n1
an .
n1
8. :
p1q
p3q
n!en
;
nn`p
n1
8
p2n 1q!!
n1
p2nq!!
ppp ` 1q pp ` n 1q 1
q pp 0, q 0q;
n!
n
n1
?
8
n!
?
?
p4q
pa 0q.
?
1qpa ` 2q pa ` nq
n1 pa `
p2q
;
9. an 0, Sn a1 ` a2 ` ` an ,
8
an
;
p1q 1 ,
S
n1 n
8
8
an
p2q 1 ,
an .
S
n1 n
n1
10. an 0 n .
8
` an`1
an
n1
8
11.
`
an
1
an`1
n1
1 .
an ,
n1
1
n
an
1` `
.
an`1
n n ln n
n n 1,
an ; n n 1,
n1
8
n1
an . Bertrand .
8.3
291
8
12. an ,
an ,
n1
13.
1(
min an ,
.
n
n1
an , ank
n1
14. pq
an ,
n1
lim
bn ,
n1
n8
15. pq
1
.
nk
bn
`8.
an
an ,
n1
bn ,
n1
bn
0.
n8 an
lim
16.
an ,
n1
17. pq an 0,
8 1
pan ` an`1 ` ` a2n q .

n1 n
8
8
1
n
.
.
a
a ` a2 ` ` an
n1 n
n1 1
8.3
, Taylor :
8
1 1 1
1
1 ` `
,
p1qn1
4
3 5 7
2n 1
n1
ln 2 1
1 1 1
1
` `
p1qn1 .
2 3 4
n
n1
, .
8
8.3.1 (Leibniz). an 0,
p1qn1 an .
n1
. Cauchy . Sn`p Sn :
Sn`p Sn p1qn an`1 ` p1qn`1 an`2 ` ` p1qn`p1 an`p
p1qn ran`1 an`2 ` an`3 an`4 ` ` p1qp1 an`p s.
p 2k 1 ,
p1qn pSn`p Sn q an`1 pan`2 an`3 q pan`4 an`5 q an`1 ,
p1qn pSn`p Sn q pan`1 an`2 q ` pan`3 an`4 q ` ` an`2k1
0,
292
pq |Sn`p Sn | an`1 0 pn 8q.
p 2k , . .
. pq p 8
|S Sn | an`1 ,
8
p1qn1 an , .
n1
8.3.1.
1
p1qn1 ? .
n
n1
1
. ? , Leibniz .

n
, ,
() .
8.3.2 (). tak u, tbk u ,
n1
ak`1 pbk`1 bk q `
km
n1
bk pak`1 ak q an bn am bm .
km
. , :
n1
ak`1 pbk`1 bk q `
km
n1
n1
bk pak`1 ak q
km
rak`1 bk`1 ak`1 bk ` bk ak`1 bk ak s
km
n1
pak`1 bk`1 ak bk q
km
an bn am bm .
.
8.3.2. .
ak bk k, ,
n1
pk ` 1q `
k0
n1
k n2 0,
k0
k1
k n2 ` n,
8.3
293
1 ` 2 ` ` n
1
npn ` 1q.
2
, ak k2 , bk k ,
n1
pk ` 1q2 `
k0
n1
kp2k ` 1q n3 ,
k0
12 ` 22 ` ` n2
1
npn ` 1qp2n ` 1q.
6
.
b0 0,
B0 0, Bk b1 ` b2 ` ` bk pk 1q,
Bk bk ,
8.3.3 (Abel ). ai , bi pi 1q ,
n
ai bi
im`1
n1
pai ai`1 qBi ` an Bn am`1 Bm , @ m 0.
(8.1)
im`1
. ,
n
n
n
n
ai bi
ai pBi Bi1 q
ai Bi
ai Bi1
im`1
im`1
im`1
ai Bi
im`1
n1
n1
im`1
ai`1 Bi
im
pai ai`1 qBi ` an Bn am`1 Bm .
im`1
8.3.4 (Abel ). a1 , a2 , , an , |Bi | M pi 1q,
ai bi 2M p|an | ` |am`1 |q, @ m 0.
im`1
. (8.1)
n

ai bi M
im`1
n1
|ai ai`1 | ` M p|an | ` |am`1 |q
im`1
n1
M
pai ai`1 q ` M p|an | ` |am`1 |q
im`1
M |am`1 an | ` M p|an | ` |am`1 |q

2M p|am`1 | ` |an |q.
294
, tai u .
8.3.5 (Dirichlet). tan u 0,
bn ,
n1
an bn .
n1
. , M 0
n
bi M, @ n 1.
i1
Abel ,
n`p
ai bi 2M p|an`1 | ` |an`p |q 4M |an`1 | 0.
in`1
8
Cauchy
an bn .
n1
. r1, `8q f pxq, gpxq : x P rk, k ` 1q ,

f pxq ak , gpxq bk pk 1, 2, q. f pxq gpxq
Dirichlet , f pxqgpxq r1, `8q ,

8
an bn . Dirichlet Dirichlet
n1
. Abel .
8
8.3.6 (Abel). tan u ,
bn ,
n1
an bn
n1
. tan u lim an a . tan au 0.

n8
8
Dirichlet ,
pan aqbn .
n1
8
n1
an bn
pan aqbn `
n1
a bn
n1
.
8.3.3.
. an
8 1
sin nx .
n1 n
1
0, bn sin nx.
n
x
1
1
2 sin sin kx cospk qx cospk ` qx
2
2
2
$
&0,
x 2k,
bn `
L
1
x
x
% cos cospn ` qx 2 sin , x 2k.
k1
2
2
2
bn . Dirichlet , .
n
8.3
8.3.4.
295
n1
. an
nan ,
an .
n1
1
1
pnan q, 0,
nan , Abel ,
n
n
n1
an .
n1
, , .
8.3.1 ().
|an | ,
n1
an p ,
n1
|an`1 ` ` an`p | |an`1 | ` ` |an`p | 0,
an q.
n1
an
n1
|an | ,
n1
8
8.3.5.
an .
n1
p1qn1
n1
xn
px P Rq .
n
|x|n
?
, n an |x|. |x| 1 ; |x| 1
n
. x 1 ; x 1 .
. an
8.3
1. :
p1q
n1
8
p1qn
1
;
n ln n
sin n
;
ln n
n2
8
a
p5q
sinp n2 ` 1q;
p3q
n1
`
p1qn
;
ln 1 ?
n
n1
8
n`1 1
? ;
p4q
p1qn
n
n
n1
8
`
1
1
p6q
p1qn ? `
.
n ln n
n1
p2q
2. ak k 3 , bk k,
k 3 .
k1
3. Abel ,
n
ai bi M p|a1 | ` 2|an |q.
i1
296
4. Abel , tai u ,
n
ai bi M a1 .
i1
5. , :
8
sinpnxq
;
n!
n1
8
`

p3q
p1qn1 1 cos ? ;
n
n1
8
?
p5q
p1qn p n n 1q;
p2q
p6q
n1
6.
an , tbn u ,
n1
an ,
n1
8.
p1qn1
n1
nx` n
, x P R.
an bn .
a3n ? .
n1
|an`1 an | an ,
n1
8
n1
8
n1
7. pq
ln n
p1qn ? ;
n
n1
8
a
p4q
sinp n2 ` x2 q;
p1q
bn ,
n1
an bn . (: Abel .)
n1
9.
|an`1 an | ,
n1
bn ,
n1
an bn .
n1
10. tan u . :
8
p1qn
n1
11.
a1 ` a2 ` ` an
.
n
an ,
n1
lim
n8
a1 ` 2a2 ` ` nan
0.
n
12. pq an 0, nan 0,
an . n ln n an 0.
n1
13. an bn cn pn 1q.
n1
an
n1
cn ,
n1
bn .
8.4
297
8.4

8.4.1
, .
: , ,
? , i, j pi, j 1, 2, q aij .
8.4.1 ().
aij Ai i
j1
, 0, N , n N ,
n
aij Ai , @ i 1.
(8.2)
j1
8.4.1.
aij Ai i , lim aij aj

i8
j1
pj 1q, lim Ai ,
i8
aj ,
j1
lim Ai
i8
aj ,
j1
lim
i8
j1
aij
j1
lim aij .
i8
. , 0, N0 , n N0 ,
n
aij Ai , @ i 1.
4
j1
, m n N0
m
m
n

1
aij
aij Ai `
aij Ai , @ i 1.
2
jn`1
j1
j1
i 8,
Cauchy
m

1
aj ,
2
jn`1
8
aj , m 8
j1
8

1
aj , @ n N0 .
2
jn`1
298
j 1, 2, , N0 , aij aj , N , i N ,
|aij aj |
, j 1, 2, , N0 .
4N0
, i N ,
N0
N0
N0
8

aij
aj `
aij `
aj Ai
Ai
j1
j1
i1
j1
aj
jN0 `1
1
` N0
` .
4
4N0
2
tAi u
aj .
j1
. .
8.4.2. lim aij aj pj 1q, |aij | bj pi 1q,
i8
bj ,
j1
aj ,
j1
8
aj
j1
j1
lim aij lim
i8
i8
aij .
j1
. aij aj , |aij | bj |aj | bj , j 1, 2, .
bj
j1
aj . 0, N , n N ,
j1
bj .
jn`1
, i 1,
n
8
8
8
aij
aij
aij
bj ,
j1
j1
jn`1
jn`1
aij i . .
j1
. ,
bj .
j1
8.4.3.
|aij | Aj pj 1q,
i1
8
Aj , i 1,
j1
aij ,
j1
8
8
i1 j1
aij
8
8
j1 i1
aij .
8.4
299
. , , |aij | Aj , j 1, 2, . , i 1,
8
aij .
j1
k
k
aij
|aij | Aj , j 1.
i1
i1
,
8
8
k
8
aij lim
k8
i1 j1
lim
8
k
k8
aij
j1 i1
lim
j1
aij
i1 j1
k8
8
8
aij
i1
aij .
j1 i1
.
. .
8.4.1.
|an | , f pxq
an xn , x P r1, 1s.
n2
n2
8
1
fp q
an pnq,
n
n1
n2
psq Riemann-Zeta .
.
8
8
1
|an |
|an |, @ m 1,
mn
m2 n2
n2
m2 , 8.4.3
m1
8
8
8
8
an
an
,
n
m
mn
m1 n2
n2 m1
n2
an pnq
m1
fp
1
q.
m
, ln 2 . ,
1 n
x
lim
dx 0
n8 0 1 ` x
300
1
1
1 ` p1qn xn`1
dx lim
dx
n8 0
1`x
0 1`x
1
n
lim
pxqk dx
ln 2
n8 0
k0
n 1
lim
n8
pxqk dx
k0 0
p1qk
.
k`1
k0
ln 2
n1
1
1
1
,
2n 1 2n
2np2n
1q
n1
f pxq
x2
1 n
x
,
n
2
2p2 xq
n2
1
n2
ln 2.
fp q
n
2p2 n1 q
n1
n1
, ,
ln 2
1
pnq,
n
2
n2
ln 2 , .
8.4.2
,
. ,
pa0 ` a1 ` ` am qpb0 ` b1 ` ` bn q
m`n
ai bj .
k0 i`jk
, :
n0
an
bn ,
n0
cn ,
n0
cn
i`jn
Cauchy .
ai bj , n 0.
8.4
301
8.4.4 (Cauchy).
an
n0
bn ,
n0
,
8
cn
8
`
n0
an
8
`
n0
bn .
n0
. .
. , tai bj u , ()
, .
Cauchy , .
8.4.5 (Mertens).
an
n0
bn ,
n0
, ,
8
n0
cn
8
`
an
n0
8
`
bn .
n0
an .
n0
An
k0
ak , Bn
bk , Cn
k0
ck .
k0
An A, Bn B,
Cn
ai bj a0 Bn ` a1 Bn1 ` ` an B0 An B ` n ,
i`jn
n a0 pBn Bq ` a1 pBn1 Bq ` ` an pB0 Bq.
n 0 . Bn B, tBn u n , K,
|Bn B| K, @ n 0.
an , 0, N0 , n N0
n0
|aN0 `1 | ` ` |an |
.
2K ` 1
L |a0 | ` |a1 | ` ` |aN0 |. Bn B 0, N1 , n N1

|Bn B|
.
2L ` 1
302
n N0 ` N1 ,
|n |
N0
|ak ||Bnk B| ` p|aN0 `1 | ` ` |an |qK
k0
p|a0 | ` |a1 | ` ` |aN0 |q `

K
2L ` 1
2K ` 1
L`
K
2L ` 1
2K ` 1
.
n 0, Cn An B ` n AB.
. , an bn
1
n1 ?
, . , ,
n
. , .
p1q
8.4.6 (Abel).
cn C ,
n0
f pxq
cn xn , x P r0, 1q,
n0
lim f pxq C.
x1
. tcn u , x P r0, 1q ,
cn xn .
n0
C1 0, Cn
ck , n 0.
k0
ck xk
k0
pCk Ck1 qxk
k0
k0
Ck xk x
n1
Ck xk
k0
Cn xn ` p1 xq
n1
Ck xk
k0
Cn xn ` Cp1 xn q ` p1 xq
n1
pCk Cqxk .
k0
n 8
f pxq C ` p1 xq
k0
pCk Cqxk .
8.4
303
Ck C 0, 0, N , k N
|Ck C|
1
.
2
|Ck C|,
k0
|f pxq C| M p1 xq ` p1 xq
, 0 1 x
1 k
1
x M p1 xq ` .
2
2
kN `1
,
2M ` 1
|f pxq C| M
` .
2M ` 1 2
lim f pxq C.
x1
8.4.7 (Abel).
an ,
n0
8
cn
n0
. x P r0, 1q ,
n0
8
`
8
`
n0
8
cn ,
n0
an
bn .
n0
8
an xn
n0
8
bn
bn xn ,
n0
cn xn . Cauchy ,
n0
8
cn xn
n0
8
`
an xn
n0
8
`
bn xn .
n0
x 1 , Abel .
8.4.2. ln 2 .
ln 2
ln 2
p1qn
,
n`1
n0
Cauchy
8
n0
p1qn
` 1
1
1
1
p1qn
`
pi ` 1qpj ` 1q n0
n ` 2 i`jn i ` 1 j ` 1
i`jn
n0
8
p1qn
1
1
2 `
1 ` ` `
n`2
2
n`1
2p1qn1 `
1
1
1 ` ` `
.
n`1
2
n
n1
304
1 `
1
1
1` ``
,
n`1
2
n
,
cn
1
p1qn1 `
1
1
pln 2q2
1 ` ` `
.
2
n
`
1
2
n
n1
8.4.3. ex .
,
f pxq
xn
, x P R.
n!
n0
f p0q 1,
f pxqf pyq
xi y j
,
i! j!
n0 i`jn
,
n
xi y j
px ` yqn
1 i i ni
Cn x y
,
i! j!
n! i0
n!
i`jn
f pxqf pyq f px ` yq, x, y P R.
f pxq ax , a f p1q e.
ex .
sin x cos x .
8.4.3
, ,
. ,
p1 , p2 , , pn ,
,
8
pn p1 p2 pn
n1
.
Pn
k1
pk , n 1
8.4
305
. tPn u , , ,
,
8
pn lim Pn .
n8
n1
, , .
pn , . pn .
8
pn ,
n1
lim pn lim
n8
n8
Pn
P {P 1,
Pn1
, n , pn 0. ,
pn 0, @ n 1.
Pn
pk ek1
ln pk
k1
, ,
8.4.8. pn 0, @ n 1.
8
p1q
pn
ln pn ,
n1
n1
8
pn en1
ln pn
n1
p2q pn 1 ` an . n an 0 p an 0 q,
pn
n1
p3q
an ;
n1
8
an
n1
n1
a2n ,
p1 ` an q .
n1
. p1q . p2q
lim
n8
lnp1 ` an q
1
an
. p3q (an )
ran lnp1 ` an qs
1
2
n8
an
2
lim
p1q.
306
8.4.4. Wallis .
Wallis
p2nq!! 2 1
lim
,
n8 p2n 1q!!
2
2n ` 1
2n
2n
,
2
2n 1 2n ` 1
n1
2np2n ` 2q
.
4
p2n ` 1q2
n1
8.4.5. Riemann-Zeta .
tpn u ,
1
1
1
1
1 ` s ` 2s ` ` ms `
pn
pn
pn
1 pns
1
1 `
p1 2s q1 p1 3s q1 p1 ps
n q
1
1
1
` s ` ` s `
2s
3
n
psq
n1
1 1
.
psn
8.4.6. sinh x .
,
ex
ex ex
ex ` ex
`
sinh x ` cosh x,
2
2
ep2n`1qx psinh x ` cosh xq2n`1
2n`1
k
C2n`1
pcosh xqk psinh xq2n`1k
k0
2l
C2n`1
pcosh xq2l psinh xq2n`12l `
l0
2l`1
C2n`1
pcosh xq2l`1 psinh xq2n2l ,
l0
cosh2 x sinh2 x 1 ,
sinhp2n ` 1qx sinh x
l0
2l
C2n`1
psinh2 x ` 1ql psinh2 xqnl .
8.4
?
, e
1x
307
cos x `
sinp2n ` 1qx sin x
1 sin x
n
2l
C2n`1
p1 sin2 xql p sin2 xqnl .
l0
, P pyq
2l
C2n`1
py ` 1ql y nl
l0
sin2
` k
, k 1, 2, , n.
2n ` 1
P pyq ,
P pyq C
y ` sin2
k1
k
,
2n ` 1
2l
C2n`1
l0
2n`12l
C2n`1
l0
2n`1
1 k
C
22n ,
2 k0 2n`1
2n ` 1 22n
sin2
k1
k
.
2n ` 1
,
sinhp2n ` 1qx 22n sinh x
`
k1
sinh2 x ` sin2
k
,
2n ` 1
sinh x p2n ` 1q sinh
2
x
n
x sinh 2n`1
`
1
,
k
2n ` 1 k1 sin2 2n`1
n 8,
sinh x x
x2
` 1 , @ x P R.
2
2
n
n1
(8.3)
cosh x
k1
8.4.4
x2
2
p 2k1
2 q
` 1 , @ x P R.
(8.4)
. ,
an , ,
n1
308
, . ,
8
an , , .
n1
an
8
n1
8
a`
n,
n1
an ` |an | |an | an
a`
n an
2
2
a
n .
an , , .
n1
8.4.7. ln 2 .
ln 2 1
1 1 1 1 1
` ` `
2 3 4 5 6
1
1
1 1 `1 1 1 `1
`

`
` ,
2 4
3 6 8
5 10 12
`1
2
1 `1 1 ` 1
1
1
`
` ln 2.
4
6 8
10 12
2
, , .
8.4.9 (Riemann).
an ,
n1
, .
8
. P R,
,
,
an ,
n1
8
n1
Sn . n
an , .
n1
8
a`
n
n1
8
|an | , |an | a`
n ` an , an an an
`
a
n `8, Sn
n1
Sn`
, m1 ,
`
Sm
,
1
`
Sm
a`
m1 .
1
`
n , Sm
Sn , n1 ,
1
`
Sm
Sn1 ,
1
`
Sm
Sn1 ` a
n1 .
1
8.4
309
m2 ,
`
`
Sm
Sn1 Sm
Sn1 a`
m2 ,
2
2
n2 ,
`
`
Sm
Sn2 Sm
Sn2 ` a
n2 .
2
2
, m1 m2 n1 n2 ,
`
`
Sm
Snk1 Sm
Snk1 a`
mk
k
k
`
`
Sm
Snk Sm
Snk ` a`
nk
k
k
k . an 0 ,
`
`
`
a`
1 ` ` am1 a1 an1 ` am1 `1 ` ` am2
`
`
a
n1 `1 an2 ` am2 `1 ` ` am3 an2 `1
. a`
n an ,
8
an .

n1
an , `8 8 ,
n1
8.4
1. lim npiq `8, i , |aij | Aj , j 1, 2, , npiq.
i8
j1
, lim aij ,
i8
lim
i8
2.
j1
|aij | Ai ,
npiq
aij
j1
j1
lim aij .
i8
Ai , :
i1
8
8
i1 j1
aij
8
8
j1 i1
aij .
Aj
310
3. Riemann-Zeta
8
rpnq 1s 1,
n2
4.
rp2nq 1s
n1
8
2n |an | , f pxq
n2
n2
3
.
4
an xn , x P r 12 , 12 s.
1
fp q
an rpnq 1s.
n
n2
n2
5.
n
8
8
`
1
1
1
p1qn
ln n
ln 1 `
pnq.
n8
k
n
n
n
n1
n2
k1
lim
6.
n
8
8
`
1
1
1
ppnq 1q
ln n 1 `
` ln 1
1
.
n8
k
n
n
n
n2
n2
k1
lim
7. Cauchy .
8. , |x| 1 ,
8
pn ` 1qxn .
p1 xq2
n0
9.
` 2
4
1
1
p1qn `
1 ` ` `
.
n
`
1
3
2n
`1
n0
10.
p1q
n1
p2q
1
2
;
4n2
p1 ` x2
n1
n1
p3q
cos
n1
x
sin x
;
2n
x
1
p|x| 1q.
1x
11. , 0 ,
lim
n8
p ` 1q p ` n 1q
0.
p ` 1q p ` n 1q
12. 2 p1 p2 pn ,
8 1
.
n1 pn
Taylor , ,
,
. ,
, .
9.1
I , tgn pxqu I . I gpxq

lim gn px0 q gpx0 q, @ x0 P I,
n8
tgn u g, lim gn g gn g (n 8).

n8
9.1.1. gn pxq xn , x P p0, 1q. x0 P p0, 1q,

lim xn0 0,
n8
lim gn 0.
n8
9.1.1 (). 0, x P I N
N pq, n N
|gn pxq gpxq| , @ x P I,
pq
tgn u I g, gn g.
y
g(x) +
gn (x)
g(x)
x
0
9.1
, . pq n
x . 9.1.1 tgn u (?).
9.1.2. gn pxq
x
, x P r1, 1s. tgn u .
1 ` n 2 x2
311
312
. 0 |x| 1
|gn pxq 0|
|x|
|x|
1
,
|1 ` n2 x2 |
2n|x|
2n
x 0 . tgn u r1, 1s 0.
9.1.1. tgn u I g. gn , g
.
. x0 P I, g x0 . 0, ,
N N pq, n N
|gn pxq gpxq|
, @ x P I.
3
n0 N ` 1, gn0 I , pq 0
|gn0 pxq gn0 px0 q|
, @ x P px0 , x0 ` q X I.
3
|gpxq gpx0 q| |gpxq gn0 pxq| ` |gn0 pxq gn0 px0 q|

` |gn0 px0 q gpx0 q|

` ` , @ x P px0 , x0 ` q X I.
3 3 3
g x0 .
. , tgn u g, gn x0
, g x0 ,
lim lim gn pxq lim lim gn pxq,
xx0 n8
n8 xx0
. ,
9.1.2. pq tgn u x0 P I g.
lim gn pxq an , @ n 1,
xx0
lim an lim gpxq , ,

n8
xx0
lim lim gn pxq lim lim gn pxq.
xx0 n8
n8 xx0
. tgn u g , 0, N0 , n N0
|gn pxq gpxq| , @ x x0 .
9.1
313
m, n N0
|gm pxq gn pxq| |gm pxq gpxq| ` |gpxq gn pxq| 2,
x x0 ,
|am an | 2, @ m, n N0 .
Cauchy lim an A .
n8
lim gpxq A. 0, , N ,
xx0
|aN A|
, |gpxq gN pxq| , @ x x0 .
3
3
lim gN pxq aN , 0, 0 |x x0 |
xx0
|gN pxq aN |
.
3
, 0 |x x0 |
|gpxq A| |gpxq gN pxq| ` |gN pxq aN | ` |aN A|

` ` ,
3 3 3
. - ,
3
.
lim gpxq A.
xx0
, g :
(Cauchy ) I tgn u 0,
N N pq, m, n N
|gm pxq gn pxq| , @ x P I.
, tgn u , x0 P I, tgn px0 qu Cauchy ,

, gpx0 q. g, tgn u g
(?).
, tfn pxqu ,
. Sn pxq
fn pxq,
n1
fk pxq , ; Sn pxq
k1
, . , :
8
p1q fn ,
fn pxq Spxq, Spxq ;
n1
p2q
fn pxq 0, N N pq, n N
n1
|fn`1 pxq ` ` fn`p pxq| , @ x P I, @ p 1.
314
8
9.1.3.
r0, 2s .
sin nx
n
n1
. Dirichlet x P r0, 2s,
. . , xn
,
4n
sinpn ` 1q 4n
sin 2
` `
|S2n pxn q Sn pxn q|
n`1
2n
sin 4
1
n
? .
2n
2 2
n1
sin nx
n
Cauchy .

, .
9.1.3. tfmn pxqu m, n , n 1,

8
lim fmn pxq fn pxq, m 1, |fmn pxq| Fn pxq,

Fn pxq
m8
n1
8
fn pxq ,
n1
8
fn pxq
n1
9.1.4.
n1
lim fmn pxq lim
m8
m8
|fmn pxq| Fn pxq pn 1q,
m1
fmn pxq.
n1
Fn pxq ,
n1
8
8
fmn pxq
m1 n1
8
8
fmn pxq.
n1 m1
. :
8
8
p1q (Weierstrass) |fn pxq| Mn ,

Mn ,
fn pxq
n1
n1
.
|fn`1 pxq ` ` fn`p pxq| Mn`1 ` ` Mn`p ,
Cauchy .
p2q (Dirichlet)
bn pxq Bn pxq
n1
bk pxq ,
k1
M 0,
|Bn pxq| M, @ x P I, @ n 1.
x P I, tan pxqu n , an pxq 0,
n1
. .
an pxqbn pxq I
9.1
315
8
p3q (Abel)
bn pxq I , x P I, tan pxqu n
n1
8
, I ,
an pxqbn pxq I .
n1
Abel , Cauchy :
|an`1 pxqbn`1 pxq ` ` an`p pxqbn`p pxq| 3 sup |an | sup |bn`1 pxq ` ` bn`k pxq|.
1kp
8
9.1.4.
p1qn1
n1
xn
x P r0, 1s .
n
8
8
1
1
. an pxq xn , bn pxq p1qn1 .
bn pxq
p1qn1 x
n n1
n
n1
. |an pxq| 1, @ x P r0, 1s. x, an pxq xn n .
Abel .
9.1.5.
fn pxq
n1
8
gn pxq , , P R.
n1
pfn pxq ` gn pxqq ,
n1
8
pfn pxq ` gn pxqq
n1
fn pxq `
n1
gn pxq.
n1
. .
9.1.6 (Dini). gn pxq ra, bs , x P ra, bs,

gn pxq n 0, gn 0.
. 0, N , n N
0 gn pxq , @ x P ra, bs.
n An tx P ra, bs | gn pxq u . gn n
,
A1 A2 An An`1 ,
(9.1)
An .
() An , xn P An , txn u ra, bs ,
txni u, x0 P ra, bs. (9.1) Ak Ank

txnk , xnk`1 , u. gk x0 ,
gk px0 q lim gk pxni q .
ki8
k 1 , gn px0 q 0 (n 8) .
316
9.1.7. fn pxq ,
fn pxq
n1
f , f .
. Sn pxq f pxq Sn pxq, Dini .
. , f . , r0, 1s
f1 pxq 1 x, fn pxq xn1 xn pn 2q .
9.1.5. Riemann-Zeta .
s 1 ,
8 1
, psq p1, `8q .

s
n1 n
8 1
p1, `8q , I p1, `8q

s
n1 n
, psq I , p1, `8q
9.1
1. r0, 1s tfn u :
f1 pxq 1,
fn`1 pxq
a
xfn pxq, n 1.
tfn u r0, 1s .
2. f1 pxq r0, as , tfn u :
x
fn`1 pxq
fn ptqdt, n 1.
0
tfn u 0.
3. |fn pxq| gn pxq,
gn pxq ,
n1
fn pxq .
n1
4. :
p1q
n1
8
nenx , x P p0, `8q;
1
p3q
, x P p8, `8q;
2
x ` n2
n1
8
1
p5q
, x P p0, `8q;
p1 ` nxq2
n1
p2q
n1
8
2n sin
` 1
, x P p0, `8q;
3n x
sin x sin nx
?
, x P r0, `8q;
n`x
n1
8
nx
p6q
, x P p8, `8q.
1 ` n3 x2
n1
p4q
9.1
5.
317
an . ,
n1
8
an
, x P r0, `8q,
x
n
n1
.
6. f pxq ra, bs . n 1,
fn pxq
rnf pxqs
, x P ra, bs.
n
fn pxq f pxq.
7. fn pxq I f pxq. fn pxq I , f pxq
I .
8. fn pxq I f pxq. gpxq I , fn pxqgpxq
I f pxqgpxq.
9. f pxq
x2
, x P p8, `8q. lim f pxq.
x8
1 ` n 2 x2
n1
10. fn pxq ra, bs . fn pxq f pxq,

1
1
N , n N fn pxq ,
.
fn pxq
f pxq
ra, bs pa, bq, ?
11. fn pxq, gn pxq hn pxq I ,
fn pxq gn pxq hn pxq, x P I.
fn pxq hn pxq f pxq, gn pxq f pxq.

12. fn pxq, gn pxq I f pxq, gpxq. fn pxq, gn pxq
, f pxq, gpxq , fn pxqgn pxq I

f pxqgpxq.
13. tPn pxqu , , Pn pxq p8, `8q
f pxq, f pxq . (: .)
14. pq
an pxq ra, bs , Sn pxq.
n1
M ,
|Sn1 pxq| M,
n1
an pxq ra, bs .
@ x P ra, bs, n 1,
318
9.2
fn pxq f pxq,
n1
, .
9.2.1. p1q tgn u ra, bs g. gn Riemann
, g Riemann ,
b
b
b
lim
gn pxqdx
lim gn pxqdx
gpxqdx.
n8 a
p2q
a n8
fn pxq ra, bs f . fn Riemann ,
n1
f Riemann ,
b
b
8 b
8
fn pxqdx
fn pxqdx
f pxqdx.
n1 a
a n1
. p1q . g . 0, N N pq,
n N
|gn pxq gpxq|
, @ x P ra, bs.
4pb aq
gN , ra, bs ,
i pgN qxi .
2
rxi1 , xi s,
i pgq i pgN q `
,
2pb aq
i pgqxi
i pgN qxi `
pb aq ` ,
2pb aq
2 2
g ra, bs .
, n N ,
b
b
b `

gpxqdx
gn pxq gpxq dx
gn pxqdx
a
a
a
b
|gn pxq gpxq|dx

a
b
lim
n8 a
b
gn pxqdx
gpxqdx.
a
9.2
319
. (i) . ,
. ,
: gn pxq, gpxq ra, bs , lim gn pxq gpxq. M ,
n8
|gn pxq| M, @ x P ra, bs, n 1,
b
lim
n8 a
b
gn pxqdx
gpxqdx.
a
(ii) , p2q
x
8 x
fn ptqdt
f ptqdt.
n1 a
9.2.2. tfn pxqu ra, bs ,

8
p1q
fn paq ;
p2q
n1
8
n1
fn1 pxq gpxq;
fn pxq ra, bs , ,
n1
8
8
1
fn pxq
fn1 pxq gpxq.
n1
n1
. ,
x
fn pxq fn paq `
fn1 ptqdt.
p2q (ii),
8 x
fn1 ptqdt
n1 a
x
gptqdt.
a
p1q
8
n1
fn pxq
n1
x
fn paq `
gptqdt.
a
fn pxq ra, bs , , gpxq.
n1
. p1q a ,
, .
9.2.3. pq tfn pxqu ra, bs , c P ra, bs. tfn pcqu
, fn1 pxq gpxq, fn pxq f pxq, f 1 pxq g.
320
. , ,
|rfn pxq fn pcqs rfm pxq fm pcqs| |rfn pxq fm pxqs rfn pcq fm pcqs|
1
|rfn1 pq fm
pqs||x c| 0,
tfn pxq fn pcqu , fn pxq f pxq.

, x0 P ra, bs,
$
& fn pxq fn px0 q , x x0 ,

x x0
gn pxq
%f 1 px0 q,
x x0 .
n
gn pxq ra, bs , , ,
1
|gn pxq gm pxq| |fn1 pq fm
pq| 0,
gn pxq
$
& f pxq f px0 q , x x0 ,

x x0
gpxq
%gpx0 q,
x x0 .
, f pxq x0 , gpx0 q.
.
cos2 x2 ` sin2 x2
1
1 1
4 sin2
sin2 x
4 sin2 x2 cos2 x2
x
2
1
sin2
`x
2
1
1 1
1
`
2
2
2
x
`x
4 sin 2
sin x
sin 2
1
1
1
1
1
2
`
`
`
2
2
2
2
x
2`x
`x
3`x
4 sin 4
sin
sin 4
sin
4
4

n
2 1
1
1
2n
.
2 k0 sin2 k`x
2n
2n1 k 2n 1
sin2
n
k ` x
pk 2n q ` x
2 k ` x 2
sin
`
sin2
n
n
2
2
2n
1
1
2n
2
sin2 x
2n1
1
k2n1
En `
1
sin2
2n1
1
k2n1
x`k
2n
1
,
px ` kq2
9.2
321
1
En 2n
2
2n1
1
k2n1
sin2
x`k
2n
.
2
p x`k
2n q
1
1
1
cos2 x

2 1, @ x P r , s
1
`
2
2
2
x
2 2
sin x x
sin x
0 En
1 n
1
2 n , @ x P r0, s,
2n
2
2
2
n 8
1
1
, @ x k.
2
sin x kPZ px ` kq2
(9.2)
tku ,
8
1
1
1
1
`
`
, x k.
x2 n1 px ` nq2
px nq2
sin2 x
(9.3)
,
8
1
1
1
1
lim
2
,
2
2
3 x0 sin x x
pnq2
n1
p2q
2
1
.
n2
6
n1
x P p, q , (9.3) ,
x
1 cos t x
1
1
1 cos x
dt

2
2
t
t
sin
t
x
sin x
0
sin t
0
` 1
1
cos x 1

`
, @ x P p, q.
sin x
x n1 x ` n x n
(9.4)
` x 2
sin x
1
, @ x P r, s.
x
n
n1
sin x . , x
8
2
1
1 2 ,
n1
4n
(9.5)
322
Wallis .
(9.4) ,
tan x cot
`
2
x ,
1
x
cot cot x
sin x
2
1
1
sin x
cos x n1 p2n 1q 2 x p2n 1q 2 ` x
(9.6)
` 1
1
1
1
`
p1qn
`
.
sin x
x n1
x ` n x n
(9.7)
8
0
8
0
sin x
dx :
x
8 pn`1q
sin x
sin x
dx
dx
x
x
n0 n
8 n`
8 pn`1q
2 sin x
sin x
dx `
dx
1
x
x
n0 n
n0 n` 2
8
8
2
2
sin t
sin t
p1qn
p1qn
dt `
dt
n
`
t
pn
`
1q t
n0 0
n0 0
2
8
2
` 1
sin t
1
p1qn
dt `
`
sin t dt
t
t ` n t n
0
n1 0
2
2
8
` 1
sin t
1
dt `
p1qn
`
sin t dt
t
t
`
n
t
n
0
0 n1
2
2
` 1
sin t
1
dt `
sin t dt
t
sin
t
t
0
0
2
dt .
2
0
, .
9.2
1.
f pxq
p8, `8q .
sin nx
n3
n1
9.2
2.
323
nan , f pxq
n1
an cos nx p8, `8q ,
n1
f 1 pxq
nan sin nx, x P p8, `8q.
n1
3.
pxq
1
x
n
n1
p1, `8q .
4. tfn pxqu ra, bs f pxq, ra, bs
txn u,
lim fn pxn q f p lim xn q.
n8
n8
5.
p1q
ln 5
8
nx
ne
dx,
ln 2 n1
6. f pxq
n1
n2
2
8
cos2 nx
p2q
dx.
0 n1 npn ` 1q
|x|
.
` x2
7. tfn pxqu ra, bs ,

8
p1q c P ra, bs,

fn pcq ;
n1
p2q
n1
fn1 pxq gpxq;
fn pxq ra, bs ,
n1
8
8
1
fn pxq
fn1 pxq gpxq.
n1
n1
8. fn pxq ra, bs f pxq. fn pxq , f pxq
.
9. pq (9.2) x
, p2q .
2
10. pq (9.5) x ,
8
x2
cos x
1 2n1 2 .
p 2 q
n1
11. pq , nan 0 ,
n1
p8, 8q .
an sin nx
324
9.3
an px x0 qn pan P Rq , Taylor
n0
. , x0 0 ,
t x x0 .
9.3.1
9.3.1 (Abel).
an xn x x1 px1 0q ,
n0
|x| |x1 | ; , x x2 |x| |x2 |

.
.
n0
an xn1 , M 0
|an xn1 | M, @ n 1,
|an xn |
n0
|x| |x1 | ,
x n
x n

|an xn1 | M
,
x1
x1
n0
n0
8
an xn .
n0
. ,
an xn x x1 px1 0q ,
n0
I p|x1 |, |x1 |q,
an xn I .
n0
8
9.3.2 (Cauchy-Hadamard).
an xn ,
n0
lim
n8
a
n
|an |,
p1q 0 , p8, 8q ;
p2q `8 , x 0 ;
` 1 1
1 1
p3q 0 `8 , ,
, ,
.

1
, .
.
lim
n8
a
n
|an xn | |x|,
Cauchy . p3q (
8
1 1
an xn1 , M 0
): x1 R , ,
n1
|an xn1 | M, @ n 1.
9.3
325
lim
n8
a
a
n
|an | lim n M |x1 |n |x1 |1 .
n8
!
. p1q x
p2q 0 `8 , I p1 , 1 q, I .
9.3.1.
xn .
n0
an 1, 1. x 1 .
n
9.3.2.
8 x
.
n1 n
an n1 , lim
n8
1
n
1. x 1 ; x 1
().
9.3.3.
nan xn1
n1
an xn .
n0
,
lim
n8
a
n
|an | ,
lim
n8
a
a
n
pn ` 1q|an`1 | lim n |an`1 | ,
n8
.
9.3.3.
an xn R, Spxq
n0
an xn pR, Rq
n0
,
S pkq pxq
npn 1q pn k ` 1qan xnk .
nk
. k 1 . ,
pan xn q1
n0
nan xn1
n1
R, I pR, Rq . 9.2.2,
an xn I ,
n0
8
an xn
n0
pan xn q1
n0
Spxq .
, S
pnq
nan xn1 .
n1
p0q n!an , Spxq Taylor .
9.3.4.
8 xn
.
n1 n
326
. p1, 1q ,
8
8
xn 1
1
xn1
,
n
1x
n1
n1
Newton-Leibniz ,
x
8
xn
1
dt lnp1 xq, @ x P p1, 1q.

n
0 1t
n1
x 1 , ,
, ,
.
8
9.3.4 (Abel ).
an xn R p0 R
n0
`8q.
an Rn ,
n0
lim
xR
an xn
n0
an Rn ;
n0
an pRqn ,
n0
lim
xR`
8
an xn
n0
an pRqn .
n0
an Rn ,
n0
8
an xn
n0
an Rn
n0
` x n
R
8
x
` x n
r0, Rs , p qn 1,
n . Abel
an xn r0, Rs
R
R
n0
, Spxq r0, Rs ,
8
an Rn SpRq lim Spxq lim

xR
n0
xR
an xn .
n0
R ( an p1q an q.
8 n
9.3.5.
.
n
n1 2
n
nxn , 1, p1, 1q
n1
8
n1
nxn x
n1
nxn1 x
1
`
pxn q1 x
xn x
n1
n0
x
1 1
,
1x
p1 xq2
9.3
327
n
x
2.
n
2
2
p1 xq x 12
n1
9.3.6.
8 p1qn
.
n0 3n ` 1
8
. Spxq
p1qn
n0
x3n`1
, 1, x 1
3n ` 1
,
8
p1qn
lim Spxq.
3n ` 1 x1
n0
p1, 1q ,
8
S 1 pxq
p1qn
` x3n`1 1
n0
3n ` 1
p1qn x3n
n0
1
.
1 ` x3
,
x
1
8
p1qn
dt
dt
1`

lim Spxq lim
ln 2 ` ? .
3
3
3n ` 1 x1
3
x1 0 1 ` t
3
0 1`t
n0
9.3.5 ().
an xn R 0,
n0
x
8
0
8 x
8
an tn dt
an tn dt
an n`1
x
, @ x P pR, Rq.
n`1
n0
n0 0
n0
. x 0, ,
an tn t P r0, xs ,
n0
.

8
n
.
an R , x R . R .
n0
, .
9.3.6. lim amn an , |amn | An .
m8
m8
9.3.7.
amn xn
n0
|aij | sj ,
i0
8
8
i0 j0
An xn pR, Rq
n0
,
lim
an xn , x P pR, Rq.
n0
8
sj xj pR, Rq ,
j0
aij xj
8
8
`
j0
i0
aij xj , x P pR, Rq.
328
`
, tan x . (9.6) , x P ,
2 2
,
8
2x
tan x
rp2n 1q 2 s2 x2
n1
8
8
2m
1
x
2x
rp2n 1q 2 s2 p2n 1q 2
n1 m0
8
8
2m
1
x
2x
.
rp2n 1q 2 s2 p2n 1q 2
m0 n1
p2kq
8
8
1
1
1
`
` 22k p2kq
2k
2k
2k
p2n
1q
p2nq
p2n
1q
n1
n1
n1
tan x
9.3.2
p2kq

2p22k 1qx2k1 , @ x P p , q.
2k
2 2
k1
(9.8)
Taylor
Taylor . f x0 , f Taylor
f pnq px0 q
px x0 qn ,
n!
n0
, x0 , ,
f pxq. .
9.3.8 (Bernstein). pq f ra, bs , .

x, x0 P pa, bq, |x x0 | b x0
f pxq
f pnq px0 q
px x0 qn .
n!
n0
. M f pbqf paq, f 1 , f 2 0 f, f 1 . x P pa, bq,

,
M f pbq f paq f pbq f pxq pb xqf 1 pq pb xqf 1 pxq.
,
1
1
M f pbq f pxq f 1 pxqpb xq ` f 2 pqpb xq2 f 2 pxqpb xq2 .
2
2
9.3
329
,
0 f pnq pxq
n!M
, @ x P pa, bq.
pb xqn
f x0 Taylor Rn pxq.
p1q x x0 .
x
f pn`1q ptq
px tqn dt
n!
x0
x
px tqn
dt
pn ` 1qM
pb tqn`1
x0
pn ` 1qM x ` x t n
dt
bx
x0 b t
pn ` 1qM ` x x0 n
q px x0 0 pn 8q.
bx
b x0
0 Rn pxq
p2q x x0 . , x0 x b x0 ,
x f pn`1q ptq
|Rn pxq|
px tqn dt
n!
x0
x0 pn`1q
f
ptq
pt xqn dt
n!
x
x0
1
f pn`1q px0 q
pt xqn dt
n!
x
1 pn ` 1q!M px0 xqn`1
n! pb x0 qn`1
n`1
` x0 x n`1
M
0 pn 8q,
b x0
1
px0 xqn`1 f pn`1q pq
pn ` 1q!
1
px0 xqn`1 f pn`1q px0 q

pn ` 1q!
` x0 x n`1
0 pn 8q.
M
b x0
|Rn pxq|
, .
, f pxq e p8, 8q , Bernstein

x
,
x2
xn
` `
` , @ x P p8, `8q.
2!
n!
(9.3) . x P p, q , ,
1
1
2 , ()
2
x
sin x
8
1
a2m 2m
1
x , @ x P p, q,
p2mq!
sin2 x x2
m0
ex 1 ` x `
330
a2m
1
1 p2mq
p2m ` 1q!
p2m ` 2q
p0q
2
2p2m ` 1q!
,
2
2
2m`2
pnq
2m`2
sin x x
n1
1
1
p2m ` 2q
p4m ` 2qx2m , @ x P p, q.
2m`2
sin2 x x2
m0
(9.9)
9.3.9. R 0, f px0 R, x0 ` Rq . M 0
|f pnq pxq| M n , @ x P px0 R, x0 ` Rq, @ n 1.
f pxq
f pnq px0 q
px x0 qn , @ x P px0 R, x0 ` Rq.
n!
n0
. x P px0 R, x0 ` Rq , Taylor Lagrange ,

n
f pkq px0 q
px x0 qk |Rn pxq|
f pxq
k!
k0
f pn`1q pq
px x0 qn`1
pn ` 1q!
M n`1 Rn`1
0 pn 8q.
pn ` 1q!
f pxq
f pnq px0 q
px x0 qn .
n!
n0
f x0 Taylor f .
8 `
9.3.7.
n0
xn , P RzZ,
p 1q p n ` 1q
an
. ()
n
n!
a
n`1 n
1, n |an | 1 pn 8q,
an
n`1
1.
9.3
331
f pxq
8 `
n
n x , x P p1, 1q. p1, 1q ,
n0
nxn1
n
n1

8
8
n1
n
n
x
`
n
x
n
n
n1
n1

`
pn ` 1q
`n
xn
1
n
`
1
n
n1

8
n
`
x f pxq,
n
n1
p1 ` xqf 1 pxq p1 ` xq
rp1 ` xq f pxqs1 p1 ` xq1 f pxq ` p1 ` xq f 1 pxq 0,
p1 ` xq f pxq c.
f p0q 1 f pxq p1 ` xq , x P p1, 1q.

8
p1 ` xq
x , @ x P p1, 1q.
n
n0
1
, , x2 x
2
8
1
p2n 1q!! 2n
?
1
`
x , @ x P p1, 1q.
2
p2nq!!
1x
n1
, ( p1q!! 1, 0!! 1)
8
p2n 1q!! x2n`1

arcsin x
, @ x P p1, 1q.
p2nq!! 2n ` 1
n0
x 1 ( 8.2 ), r1, 1s ,
r1, 1s . x sin t,
t
p2n 1q!! sin2n`1 t

, @ t P r , s,
p2nq!!
2n ` 1
2 2
n0
(?). ,
2
2
8
p2n 1q!! 1
2
t dt
sin2n`1 tdt
8
p2nq!!
2n
`
1
0
0
n0
p2n 1q!! 1
p2nq!!
p2nq!! 2n ` 1 p2n ` 1q!!
n0
8
1
p2n
`
1q2
n0
332
2
1
p2q.
2
6
n
n1
9.3.8. I
1
0
lnp1 ` xq
dx.
x
. lnp1 ` xq Taylor
8
lnp1 ` xq
p1qn1 xn1
, x P p1, 1s.
x
n
n1
r0, 1s , :
1
8
8
p1qn1 1 n1
p1qn1
2
lnp1 ` xq
I
dx
x
dx
.
2
x
n
n
12
0
0
n1
n1
9.3.3

.
9.3.10.
an xn
n0
8
`
an xn
8
`
n0
bn xn pR, Rq ,
n0
8
8
bn xn
cn xn
ai bj xn , @ x P pR, Rq.
n0
n0
n0
i`jn
. I pR, Rq . I ,
8
8
an xn
bn xn , , Cauchy
n0
n0
,
8
`
an xn
8
`
n0
8
8
`
bn xn
pai xi qpbj xj q
ai bj xn .
n0
n0 i`jn
n0
i`jn
.
9.3.9.
1
.
p1 xq2
, x P p1, 1q ,
8
xn 1 ` x ` x2 ` ` xn ` ,
1 x n0
(9.10)
,
8
8
8
8
`
`
`
n
1
n
n
x
x
1
x
pn ` 1qxn .
p1 xq2
n0
n0
n0 i`jn
n0
(9.10) .
9.3
333
9.3.10. r P p1, 1q, x P R, :

1`
rn cos nx.
n1
. :
`
1 2r cos x ` r2 1 `
rn cos nx
n1
1 2r cos x ` r2 `
1 2r cos x ` r2 `
rn cos nx 2r
n1
8
rn cos nx r
n1
rn cos x cos nx `
n1
8
rn`2 cos nx
n1
rn cospn 1qx ` cospn ` 1qx
n1
rn`2 cos nx
n1
1 r cos x.
1 r cos x
1
`
rn cos nx, r P p1, 1q.
1 2r cos x ` r2
n1
(9.11)
1 , r, r ,
lnp1 2r cos x ` r2 q 2
rn
cos nx, r P p1, 1q.
n
n1
x , Poisson
lnp1 2r cos x ` r2 qdx 0, |r| 1.
(9.12)
(9.13)
, .
9.3.11.
an xn pR, Rq pR 0q , a0 0.
n0
r 0,
bn xn pr, rq ,
n0
8
`
n0
an xn
8
`
bn xn 1, @ x P pr, rq,
n0
1
b0 ` b1 x ` ` bn xn ` .
a0 ` a1 x ` ` an xn `
334
. a0 1. , bn : b0 1, b0 , , bn1
,
bn
n1
ani bi , n 1.
i0
8
bn xn . ,
an xn pR, Rq
n0
n0
, M 0,
`R
n
an
M, @ n 0.
2
n1
` R n1

` R i
` R ni ` R i
n
M
bn
ani
bi
bi
,
2
2
2
2
i0
i0
`R
n
bn
p1 ` M qn , @ n 0.
2
8
bn xn r
n0
R
. tbn u ,
2p1 ` M q
( a0 1)
8
`
an xn
8
`
n0
`
bn xn
ai bj xn 1.
n0
n0
i`jn
.
9.3.11. Bernoulli .
ex
x
:
1
8
x
Bn n
x ,
ex 1 n0 n!
Bn n Bernoulli .
8
ex 1 1
x
xn 1
ex 1
x
pn ` 1q!
n0
x x2
x4
x6
x8
`
`
2
12 720 30240 1209600
n 1 B2n`1 0,
ex
x
x
x ex ` 1
x
x
`
coth ,
1 2
2 ex 1
2
2
(9.14)
9.3
335
x
x
` .
ex 1 2
, Bn :
B0 1, Bn
n1
1 k
C
Bk .
n ` 1 k0 n`1
, Bernoulli
1
1
1
1
1
B0 1, B1 , B2 , B3 B5 B7 0, B4 , B6
, B8 .
2
6
30
42
30
Bernoulli () .
Riemann-Zeta . , (9.14)
8
22n B2n 2n
x .
p2nq!
n0
x coth x
(9.15)
, (8.3) ,
ln
` sinh x
x
` x2
`1 ,
2
2
n
ln
n1
,
x coth x 1 ` 2x2
1 ` 2x2
1 ` 2x2
1`
x2
1
` n2 2
n1
8
8
p1qm ` x 2m
pnq2 n
n1 m0
8
8
p1qm x2m
pnq2m`2
m0 n1
2p1qm p2m ` 2q 2m`2

x
.
2m`2
m0
(9.15) ,
p2nq p1qn1
22n B2n 2n
, @ n 1.
2p2nq!
,
8
1
24 B4 4
4
p4q
,
n4
2 4!
90
n1
1
26 B6 6
6
p6q
,
6
n
2 6!
945
n1
; (9.16) (9.14) 2.
(9.16)
336
9.3.12. Euler .
2ex
`1
e2x
2ex
En n
x ,
2x
e ` 1 n0 n!
En Euler .
2ex
1
,
2x
e `1
cosh x
1
E2n 2n
x .
cosh x n0 p2nq!
cosh x
(9.17)
8 x2n
,
n0 p2nq!
E0 1, E2n1 0, E2n
n1
2l
E2l , n 1.
C2n
l0
9.3.4

. tan u ,
8
n0
an xn
`
an n
x
n!
n0
`
tan u . , t n u p1 ` xq ,
x
Bernoulli x
.
e 1
,
, tan u , . .
9.3.13. , P R,

, @ n 1.
k
nk
n
k0
.
p1 ` xq p1 ` xq p1 ` xq` , |x| 1.
8
8
8
n n
` n
x
x
x ,
n
n
n
n0
n0
n0
, xn .
9.3
337
9.3.14. P R,

p1qk
p1qn
, @ n 1.
k
2n
k
n
k0
.
p1 ` xq p1 xq p1 x2 q , |x| 1.
,

8
8
8
n
n
2n
x
p1qn
x
p1qn
x ,
n
n
n
n0
n0
n0
, x2n .
9.3.15. Fibonacci .
tan u :
a0 a1 1, an an1 ` an2 , n 2.
an n Fibonacci . an .
f pxq
an xn ,
n0
p1 x x2 qf pxq 1 `
pan an1 an2 qxn 1,
n2
f pxq
1
.
1 x x2
x1 , x2 1 x x2 0 :
?
?
1 ` 5
1 5
x1
, x2
,
2
2
f pxq
8
1
1
1
1
1
1 n
x ,
x2 x1 x x1
x x2
x x1 xn`1
xn`1
2
1
n0 2
1
1
1
1
xn`1
xn`1
1
2
n`1
n`1
x2 x1 xn`1
px
x
q
x
x
x
1
2
2
1
2
1
?
?
1 1 ` 5 n`1 1 5 n`1
, @ n 0.
?
2
2
5
an
338
9.3.16. Bernoulli .
t ,
xetx
x
ex 1
8
Bn ptq n
xetx
x ,
ex 1 n0 n!
Bn ptq n Bernoulli . Bn ptq t

, .
8
8
8
x
Bn n tn n
Bn ptq n
x x
etx
x
x
n!
e 1
n!
n!
n0
n0
n0
xn ,
Bn ptq
Cnk Bnk tk , n 0.
(9.18)
k0
Bn ptq t n , Bn p0q Bn . ,
8
8
xetx
Bn ptq n xept`1qx
Bn pt ` 1q n
x
,
x
ex 1 n0 n!
ex 1
n!
n0
,
8
8
Bn pt ` 1q Bn ptq n
tn n`1
x xetx
x
,
n!
n!
n0
n0
xk`1 ,
Bk`1 pt ` 1q Bk`1 ptq pk ` 1qtk , @ k 1.
(9.19)
t 1, 2, , n, ,
1k ` 2k ` ` nk
Bk`1 pn ` 1q Bk`1 p1q

.
k`1
(9.19) t 0 Bk`1 p1q Bk`1 p0q Bk`1 , (9.18),

1k ` 2k ` ` nk
k`1
1 l
C
Bk`1l pn ` 1ql .
k ` 1 l1 k`1
(9.20)
, k 2
12 ` 22 ` ` n2
1
3
11
pn ` 1q pn ` 1q2 ` pn ` 1q3 npn ` 1qp2n ` 1q;
3 2
2
6
k 3
13 ` 23 ` ` n3
1
1
rpn ` 1q2 2pn ` 1q3 ` pn ` 1q4 s n2 pn ` 1q2 .
4
4
9.3
339
9.3
1.
an xn x R 0 ,
n1
2.
an xn r0, Rs .
n1
8
p1qn1 an 2n ,
n1
an .
n1
3. , :
8
xn
;
npn ` 1q
n1
8
pn!q2 n
p3q
x ;
p2nq!
n1
8
xn
p5q
, P R;
n
n1
p1q
p2q
p4q
p6q
n1
8
n1
8
p1 `
1 n2 n
q x ;
n
p1 `
1
1
` ` qxn ;
2
n
pln
n1
n2 ` 2 n
qx , P R.
n2
4.
8
sin n n
x
n
n1
, .
5.
p1qn x2n
n0
1
, x P p1, 1q
1 ` x2
arctan x
p1qn
n0
6.
x2n`1
, x P r1, 1s.
2n ` 1
8
8
p1qn 4n`1
p1qn
x
.
4n ` 1
4n ` 1
n0
n0
7. :
p1q
n2 ` 1 n
x ,
n
n1
p2q
n1
n3 xn ,
p3q
1
pn ` 1qpn ` 2qpn ` 3qxn .
3!
n0
8. pq (x P p, q):
8
8
2p2kq 2k1
1
1 p2kq
1
cot x
x
,
p2 222k qx2k1 .
2k
2k
x
sin
x
x
k1
k1
340
9.
lnpx `
8
a
p2n 1q!! x2n`1

1 ` x2 q
p1qn
, x P r1, 1s.
p2nq!! 2n ` 1
n0
10.
1`
8
11. Spxq
1
p2n 1q!!
ln 2.
2
p2nq!!
p2n
`
1q
2
n1
an xn R 0,
n0
p1q
an Rn`1
,
n`1
n0
R
Spxqdx
0
p2q
an Rn`1
;
n`1
n0
nan Rn1 ,
n1
S 1 pRq
nan Rn1 .
n1
12.
an xn pR, Rq , rR, Rs
n0
.
13. an 0,
an xn R.
n1
lim
xR
an xn
n1
an Rn .
n1
, `8.
14. pq
x cot x
n0
p1qn
22n B2n 2n
x , x P p, q.
p2nq!
15. pq
8
1
E2n 2n

p1qn
x , x P p , q.
cos x n0
p2nq!
2 2
9.4
9.4

341
9.4.1
(1)
9.4.1. .
arctan x
arctan x x
x5
x7
x3
`
`
3
5
7
.
tanpu ` vq
tan u ` tan v
,
1 tan u tan v
u arctanp1{5q ,
tanp2uq
2{5
10{12
5{12, tanp4uq
120{119.
2
1 p1{5q
1 p5{12q2
`
120{119 1
tan 4u
1{239,
4
1 ` 120{119
1
1
4 arctan arctan
,
4
5
239
(9.21)
Machin
16
p1qn
p1qn
4
,
2n`1
p2n ` 1q5
p2n ` 1q2392n`1
n0
n0
(9.22)
(1706 , Machin
100 ). ,
2 arctan
1
1
1
arctan ` arctan
,
10
5
515
1
1
1
4 arctan
16 arctan
10
239
515
`1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
32
` 1
10 3 103
5 105
7 107
9 109
11 1011
` 1
1 1
1
1 1
2 16
3 ,
4
239 3 2393
515 3 5153
32 arctan
342
32
32
32
1013
1015 1
1013 ,
13
15
13
0.24 1012 1 0.25 1012 ,
,
1.02 1012 2 1.03 1012 , 0.08 1012 3 0.09 1012 ,
0.88 1012 1 2 3 0.85 1012 .
,
`1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
32
3
5
7
9
10 3 10
5 10
7 10
9 10
11 1011
` 1
` 1
1 1
1 1
4
16
239 3 2393
515 3 5153
3.14159265359066...
3.14159265358978 3.14159265358982,
12 .
. 1914 ,
Ramanujan ,
? 8
1
2 2 p4kq! p1103 ` 26390kq
9801 k0 pk!q4 44k

994k
(9.23)
8 . 1988 , Chudnovsky
1
p6kq! p13591409 ` 545140134kq
12
p1qk
,
3
p3k!qpk!q
6403203k`3{2
k0
(9.24)
15 . ,
. , 1996 , Baily, Borwein Ploue
`
k0
2
1
1 1
4
,
8k ` 1 8k ` 4 8k ` 5 8k ` 6 16k
(9.25)
, 2 n
n 1 . ,
, .
9.4
343
9.4.2. ln 2 .
,
arctanh x
1 1`x
x2k`1
ln
, |x| 1
2 1 x k0 2k ` 1
ln 2. x 1{3,
ln 2
8
2
1
,
3 k0 p2k ` 1q9k
(9.26)
. Machin ,
` 27 9 ` 4800 ` 8750 4
25
4802
8748
1
1
1
2arctanh
` 8arctanh
26
4801
8749
`1
1
1
1
1
18
`
`
`
`
3
5
7
26 3 26
5 26
7 26
9 269
` 1
1
1
1
2
`
`8
`
` ,
3
3
4801 3 4801
8749 3 8749
ln 2 18arctanh
`
18
1
1
1
1
`
`
2
`
`
8
`
,
11 2611
13 2613
3 48015
5 87495
18
18 `
1
1
18
1 ` 2 ` 4 `
,
11 2611
11 2611
26
26
11 25 27 269
0.44 1015 0.45 1015 .
,
`1
1
1
1
1
ln 2 18
`
`
`
`
3
5
7
26 3 26
5 26
7 26
9 269
` 1
1
1
1
2
`
` 8p
`
3
3
4801 3 4801
8749 3 8749
0.6931471805599485...
0.6931471805599529 ln 2 0.6931471805599531,
ln 2 14 .
9.4.3.
2 .
344
p1 xq 2 1 `
p2n 1q!! n
x , |x| 1
p2nq!!
n1
2. p0 q0 1 , pk , qk :
p0 q0 1, pk 3pk1 ` 4qk1 , qk 2pk1 ` 3qk1 , k 1.
, pk , qk
2qk2 p2k 1, @ k 0.
1 12
pk 2qk2 12
pk
1
,
qk p2k
qk
p2k ` 1
, k 1, p1 7, q1 5,
?
1 12
7`
1 1
3 1
35 1
7`
1
1`
`
`
` ,
3
4
5
50
5
2 50 8 50
128 50
. k 3, p3 239, qk 169,
?
239 `
1 1
3 1
5
1
1`
`
`
` ,
2
169
2 57122 8 57122
16 571223
239 ` 35
1
63
1
`
` ,
169 128 571224
256 571225
1
239 35
1 `
1
1
1
239 35

1`
`
`
`
4
4
2
3
169 128 57122
169 128 57122
57122 57122
57122
239 35
1
,
169 128 57121 571223
0.36 1019 0.37 1019 .
239 `
1 1
3 1
5
1
1`
`
`
169
2 57122 8 571222
16 571223
1.414213562373095048765...
1.414213562373095048801
2 1.414213562373095048803,
2 20 .
9.4
345
(2) Euler-Maclaurin
, Bernoulli Bn ptq:
8
xetx
xn
B
ptq
,
n
ex 1 n0
n!
(9.27)
Bernoulli :
1
B0 1, B1 ptq t , Bn p0q Bn p1q Bn , @ n 2.
2
.
(i) Bn1 ptq nBn1 ptq, @ n 1.
, (9.27) t ,
8
xn
x2 etx
Bn1 ptq ,
x
e 1 n0
n!
Bn ptq
n0
xn`1
xn
Bn1 ptq ,
n!
n!
n1
x Bn1 ptq nBn1 ptq.

n
1
Bn ptqdt
1
ptq
Bn`1
Bn`1 p1q Bn`1 p0q
dt
0, @ n 1.
n`1
n`1
Bn ptq ,
.
3
1
1
B2 ptq t2 t ` , B3 ptq t3 t2 ` t.
6
2
2
(ii) Bn p1 tq p1qn Bn ptq, @ n 0.
,
8
n0
Bn p1 tq
xn
xep1tqx
xetx
pxqn
x
x
Bn ptq
,
n!
e 1
e 1 n0
n!
xn .
(iii) B2n ptq B2n t P r0, 1s , @ n 0.
. : (ii) B2n1 p 21 q 0,
1
B2n1 ptq r0, 1s 0, 1 . B2n1
2
. () B2n1 ptq r0, 1s ,
B1
ptq
, B2n2 ptq 2n1
p0, 1q .
2n 1
346
1
B2n2
ptq
p0, 1q , r0, 1s
2n 2
. , : B1 ptq p0, 1q
1
, . , n , Bn ptq r0, s
2
1
1
1
r , 1s , n , Bn ptq r0, s r , 1s .
2
2
2
Bn p0q Bn p1q Bn ptq Bn p0q r0, 1s .
, B2n3 ptq
Bernoulli . f ptq r0, 1s

2m ` 2 . ,
1
1
f ptq dt
f ptqdB1 ptq
0
0
1 1
f ptqB1 ptq
B1 ptqf 1 ptqdt
0
0
1
1 1 1
rf p0q ` f p1qs
f ptqdB2 ptq
2
2 0
1 1 1
1
1 1
rf p0q ` f p1qs f ptqB2 ptq `

B2 ptqf 2 ptqdt,
2
2
2 0
0
B31 ptq 3B2 ptq, B3 p0q B3 p1q 0 B41 ptq 4B3 ptq, :
1
1
1
1 1 2
f ptq dt rf p0q ` f p1qs B2 rf 1 p1q f 1 p0qs `
f ptqdB3 ptq
2
2!
3! 0
0
1
1
1
1
rf p0q ` f p1qs B2 rf 1 p1q f 1 p0qs ` f 2 ptqB3 ptq

2
2!
3!
0
1
1
B3 ptqf 3 ptqdt
3! 0
1
1
1 1 3
rf p0q ` f p1qs B2 rf 1 p1q f 1 p0qs
f ptqdB4 ptq
2
2!
4! 0
1
1
1
rf p0q ` f p1qs B2 rf 1 p1q f 1 p0qs B4 rf 3 p1q f 3 p0qs
2
2!
4!
1 1
`
B4 ptqf p4q ptqdt,
4! 0
,
1
m`1
B2k
1
f ptq dt rf p0q ` f p1qs
rf p2k1q p1q f p2k1q p0qs
2
p2kq!
0
k1
1
1
`
B2m`2 ptqf p2m`2q ptqdt,
p2m ` 2q! 0
(9.28)
Euler-Maclaurin . B2m`2 ptq B2m`2 r0, 1s ,
1
1
pB2m`2 ptq B2m`2 qf p2m`2q ptqdt f p2m`2q pq pB2m`2 ptq B2m`2 qdt
0
p2m`2q
pqB2m`2 , P r0, 1s.
9.4
347
(9.28)
1
m
B2k p2k1q
1
f ptq dt rf p0q ` f p1qs
rf
p1q f p2k1q p0qs
2
p2kq!
0
k1
B2m`2 p2m`2q
f
pq, P r0, 1s.
p2m ` 2q!
(9.29)
r0, 1s f . ra, bs,

x pb aqt ` a
b
m
1
B2k
f pxq dx pb aqrf paq ` f pbqs
pb aq2k rf p2k1q pbq f p2k1q paqs
2
p2kq!
a
k1
B2m`2
pb aq2m`2 f p2m`2q pqpb aq, P ra, bs.
p2m ` 2q!
(9.30)
ra, bs n , ,
b
n
m
ba
B2k ` b a 2k p2k1q
f pxqdx
rf pxi1 q ` f pxi qs
rf
pbq f p2k1q paqs
2n
p2kq!
n
a
i1
k1
n
B2m`2 ` b a 2m`2 p2m`2q
ba
f
pi q
, i P r0, 1s.
p2m ` 2q! n
n
i1
(9.31)
xi a ` ni pb aq, i P rxi1 , xi s. , P ra, bs,
n
1 p2m`2q
f
pi q f p2m`2q pq,
n i1
(9.31)
b
n
m
ba
B2k ` b a 2k p2k1q
f pxqdx
rf
pbq f p2k1q paqs
rf pxi1 q ` f pxi qs
2n i1
p2kq!
n
a
k1
B2m`2 ` b a 2m`2 p2m`2q
f
pqpb aq, P r0, 1s.
(9.32)
p2m ` 2q! n
Euler-Maclaurin .
(3) Stirling
Euler-Maclaurin ln x r1, ns
. Bernoulli .
(iv) Bn p 12 q r1 21n sBn , @ n 0.
,
8
n0
Bn
x{2
1 xepx{2q ` x
px{2qn
px{2q
n!
2 ex 1
e
1
8
8
1
1
1 xn
xn
`
Bn p q
Bn .
2 n0
2 n!
2 n0
n!
348
xn .
(v) r0, 1s , B2n ptqB2n B2n , B2n ptqB2n B2n`2 ptq
B2n`2 .
(iii) B2n ptq B2n , B2n p 21 q B2n

. (iv) Bernoulli B2n B2n`2 .
r1, `8q f ptq.
pq f p2kq , f p2k`1q 0 pt 8q.
f ptq r1, ns . r1, ns n 1 , 1

(9.28) ,
n
f ptqdt
1
1
B2k p2k1q
f piq f pnq
f
pnq ` Rn ,
2
p2kq!
i1
k1
1
B2k p2k1q
Rn f p1q
f
p1q
2
p2kq!
k1
n1
1
1
pB2m`2 ptq B2m`2 qf p2m`2q pi ` tqdt,
`
p2m ` 2q! i1 0
pq lim Rn , R.
n8
Rn R
8 1
1
pB2m`2 ptq B2m`2 qf p2m`2q pi ` tqdt.
p2m ` 2q! in 0
8 1
1
pB2m`4 ptq B2m`4 qf p2m`4q pi ` tqdt
p2m ` 4q! in 0
pRn Rq `
B2m`2 2m`1
f
pnq,
p2m ` 2q!
(v), , , n P p0, 1q,
Rn R n
B2m`2 p2m`1q
f
pnq,
p2m ` 2q!
n
f ptqdt
1
1
B2k p2k1q
f piq f pnq
f
pnq
2
p2kq!
i1
k1
`R n
B2m`2 p2m`1q
f
pnq, n P p0, 1q.
p2m ` 2q!
(9.33)
9.4
349
f ptq ln t ,
n ln n n C ` lnpn!q
n
1
B2k
1
ln n
2k1
2
2kp2k
1q
n
k1
B2m`2
1
, n P p0, 1q.
2k`1
p2m ` 2qp2m ` 1q n
5.8 7.1.5 Stirling

n!
2n
` n n
e
en
(9.34)
1
n 8 C lnp2q, n
2
n
B2k
1
B2m`2
1
` n
, n P p0, 1q.
2k1
2m`1
2kp2k
1q
n
p2m
`
2qp2m
`
1q
n
k1
, m 1
n
B2 1
B4 1
1
n
` n
, n P p0, 1q;
2 n
12 n3
12n 360n3
m 2
n
1
1
n
`
, n P p0, 1q;
12n 360n3
1260n5
. (9.34)
?
`
1
1
139
571
n! nn en 2n 1 `
`
` .
2
3
4
12n 288n
51480n
2488320n
7.1.5 .
9.4.2
(1)
, :
. 1872 , Weierstrass :
f pxq
an sinpbn xq, p0 a 1, ab 1q
n0
! 1930 , Van Der Waerden ,

.
pxq x , 1 ,
$
1
&x,
0x ,
2
pxq
1
%1 x,
x 1.
2
350
y
(x)
x
2
9.2
f pxq
p4n xq
, x P R.
4n
n0
1
, p8, 8q , f
2
p8, 8q .
f . f , f pxq f px ` 1q,
@ x P R. f r0, 1q . x0 0 .
hm 4m , n m 1 , p4n hm q 4n hm ; n m , p4n hm q 0.
m1
p4n hm q m1
f phm q f p0q
1 m, @ m 1.
n
hm
4 hm
n0
n0
hm 0 pm 8q, f 0 .
x0 P p0, 1q, . x0 4 (,
0): x0 0 x1 x2 x3 xm , xm 0, 1, 2, 3.
hm :
hm
$
&4m ,
xm 0 2;
%4m , x 1 3.
m
4 , 4n x0 x1 xn xn`1 xm ,
4n px0 ` hm q x1 xn xn`1 pxm 1q .
n m 1 , hm , 4n x0 4n px0 ` hm q
. p4n px0 ` hm qq p4n x0 q 4n hm ,
m1
m1
p4n px0 ` hm q p4n x0 qq
f px0 ` hm q f px0 q
`
0
1.
n
hm
4 hm
n0
n0
, m , , , hm 0 pm
f px0 ` hm q f px0 q
. f x0 .
8q, lim
m8
hm
. Weierstrass ab 1 ` 32 , Hardy 1916 .
: !
9.4
351
(2) (Peano )
1890 , Peano : I I 2 , I r0, 1s, pIq I 2 .
. , 1938 Schoenberg
.
0,
t P r0, 31 s,
&
ptq 3t 1, t P r 13 , 23 s,
%1,
t P r 23 , 1s.
R 2 :
ptq pt ` 2q, ptq ptq, t P R.
y
(t)
1
x
2
9.3
$
8 p32n tq
,
&xptq
n`1
n0 2
8 p32n`1 tq
,
%yptq
2n`1
n0
t P r0, 1s.
0 1, , xptq, yptq ,
ptq pxptq, yptqq : I I I
. :
p1q pIq I I; p2q xptq, yptq .
. (i) I 3 .
(ii) () C 1 , I 2 ?
(3) Taylor
n
an P R pn 0q, n n `
|ai |,
i0
f pxq
an
pn xqxn ,
n!
n0
352
: R R , 0 1,
1 1
pxq 1, @ x P r , s; pxq 0, @ |x| 1.
2 2
n 1, |x| n1 , ,
|a |
a
|an | 1
1
n
n
|x|n
,
pn xqxn
n
n!
n!
n! pn q
n!
|x| n1 , f , f , f p0q a0 .
, f ,
f pnq p0q an , @ n 1.
pq , :
$
&e x1 , x 0,
gpxq
%0,
x 0.
g .
y
1
g(x)
x
9.4
hpxq
gpxq
, x P R,
gpxq ` gp1 xq
h . ,
pxq
$
&hp2x ` 2q,
x 0,
%hp2x ` 2q,
x 0.
y
h(x)
(x)
x
x
1
9.5
Fourier
, , .
. ,
, ,
? , Fourier ,
.
10.1
Fourier
1, cos x, sin x, cos 2x, sin 2x, , cos nx, sin nx,
, ti pxqu,
i pxqj pxqdx 0, @ i j,
.
a0 `
pak cos kx ` bk sin kxq
k1
,
a0 `
k1
, a0 , ak , bk .
2 . , f 2
, ? , f
Riemann ().
10.1.1 (Fourier ). f .
1
1
a0
f pxqdx, ak
f pxq cos kxdx,

1
bk
f pxq sin kxdx, k 1, 2, .

a0 , ak , bk f Fourier ,
8
a0
`
2
k1
353
Fourier
354
f Fourier Fourier ,
f pxq
. p1q f pxq
a0
`
pak cos kx ` bk sin kxq.
2
k1
a0
pak cos kx ` bk sin kxq ,
`
2
k1
f pxqdx a0 `
ak
cos kxdx ` bk
k1
sin kxdx a0 .
a0
cos kxdx `
am
cos kx cos mxdx
2
m1
` bm
cos kx sin mxdx
0 ` ak
cos2 kxdx ` 0 ak ,
f pxq cos kxdx
bk , Fourier .
p2q 2 , Fourier 2
. , f , ak 0, Fourier
; f , bk 0, Fourier .
10.1.1. f 2 ,
$
0 x ,
& 1{2,
f pxq
0,
x 0, ,
% 1{2, x 0.
f Fourier .
y
1
2
2
1
2
10.1
10.1 Fourier
355
. f , ak 0.

0
11
1
f pxq sin kxdx
bk
sin kxdx
sin kxdx

2 0
1
k
r1 p1q s.
k
f Fourier :
f pxq
8
2 sinp2k ` 1qx
.
k0
2k ` 1
10.1.2. f 2 , f pxq x2 , x . f Fourier

.
y
x
2
10.2
. f , bk 0,
2 2
2 2
ak
x cos kxdx
x sin kxdx
0
0 k
4
p1qk 2 , pk 0q
k
2
1 2
x dx 2 ,
a0

3
f Fourier :
x2
p1qk
2
`4
cos kx.
3
k2
k1
Fourier , ak , bk .
, .
10.1.1 (Riemann-Lebesgue). f ra, bs Riemann
,
b
b
lim
8 a
f pxq cos xdx lim
`8 a
f pxq sin xdx 0.
Fourier
356
. 0, Riemann f ,
g,
b
|f pxq gpxq|dx .
a
,
b
b
b
gpxq cos xdx

|f pxq gpxq|dx .
f pxq cos xdx
a
, , rc, ds ra, bs
: f ,
d
1
cos xdx psin d sin cq
c
2||
0 p `8q.
sin x .
10.1.2. f r, s Riemann , Fourier

ak 0, bk 0 pk `8q.
f , . , f P C 1 r, s,
f pq f pq,
1
f pxq sin nxdx

1
1
1 1
f pxq
cos nx `
f pxq cos nxdx
n
n
`1
11 1
, pRiemann Lebesgueq
f pxq cos nxdx o
n
n
bn
`1
an o
. , f P C k pr, sq, f piq pq f piq pq p0 i k 1q,
n
` 1
` 1
an o k , bn o k .
n
n
10.1
1. , Fourier .
2. p, q Fourier :
p1q |x|;
p2q cos4 x;
p3q sin4 x;
p4q x sin x.
10.1 Fourier
357
3. f 2 ,
$
& x , x P r0, 2q;
2
f pxq
%,
x 2.
2
f Fourier .
4. f Fourier an , bn . f pxq sin x, f px ` hq ph P Rq Fourier
.
5. f 2 , an , bn Fourier .
p1q n 1 ,
an
rf pxq f px ` qs cos nxdx, bn
rf pxq f px ` qs sin nxdx.
2
n
2
n
p2q f Holder , p1q
an O
` 1
` 1
, bn O pn 8q.
n
n
6. f pxq r, s , f pq f pq, f 1 pq f 1 pq,

Fourier
`1
`1
an o 2 , bn o 2 pn 8q.
n
n
7. :
`8
p1q
lim
`8 0
cos2 x
dx;
1 ` x2
p2q
lim
`8
sin2 xdx.
8. f 2 . f p0, 2q , Fourier
bn 0, n 1, 2, . (: .)
9. f p, q ,
an O
`1
`1
, bn O
pn 8q.
n
n
`8
10. f r0, `8q
f pxqdx ,
0
`8
f pxq sin xdx 0.
lim
`8 0
Fourier
358
10.2
Fourier
, f P C 2 r, s, f pq f pq, f 1 pq f 1 pq,
Fourier an opn2 q, bn opn2 q, Fourier .
Fourier .
n pxq
1
` cos x ` cos 2x ` ` cos nx,
2
Dirichlet .
1
1
1
1
sin x cos kx
sinpk ` qx sinpk qx
2
2
2
2
Dirichlet
n pxq
sinpn ` 21 qx
, @ x 2k.
2 sin 12 x
(10.1)
1
x 2k , n pxq n ` , n ,
2
sinpn ` 12 qx
1
dx
p ` cos x ` cos 2x ` ` cos nxqdx .

1
2
2
2 sin 2 x
0
0
`8
sin x
dx .
x
2
0
, :
`8
0
sin x
dx lim
A`8
x
A
0
sin x
dx
x
pn` 12 q
sin x
dx
x
sinpn ` 12 qt
1
lim
dt
px pn ` qtq
n`8 0
t
2
1
1
1
sinpn ` qt dt
` lim
2 n`8 0 t
2
2 sin 2t
. pRiemann Lebesgueq
2
lim
n`8 0
,
lim
t0
`1
t
2 sin 2t t
1
lim
0,
t0 2t sin t
2 sin 2t
2
1
1
r0, s , Riemann-Lebesgue .
t 2 sin 2t
10.2 Fourier
359
f Fourier Sn pxq,
Sn pxq
a0
`
2
k1
1
1
f ptqdt `
f ptq cos kt cos kxdt `
f ptq sin kt sin kxdt
2
k1
1
1
pcos kt cos kx ` sin kt sin kxq dt
f ptq `

2 k1
1
f ptq `
cos kpt xq dt

2 k1
1
f px ` uqn puqdu,

u t x, ,
r x, xs r, s . (10.1), n
1 f px ` uq ` f px uq sinpn ` 12 qu
Sn pxq
du.
0
2
sin u2
0, Riemann-Lebesgue ,
1
f px ` uq ` f px uq sinpn ` 21 qu
lim Sn pxq
lim
du
n8
n8 0
2
sin u2
1 f px ` uq ` f px uq
1
` lim
sinpn ` qudu
n8
2 sin u2
2
1
f px ` uq ` f px uq sinpn ` 21 qu
lim
du,
n8 0
2
sin u2
, Sn pxq f x , Riemann ,
Riemann .
10.2.1 (Dini ). f . 0,
p1q f x f px ` 0q f px 0q ;
p2q
f px ` uq f px ` 0q
du,
u
f px uq f px 0q
du,
u
f px ` 0q ` f px 0q
.
2
1
1
Riemann-Lebesgue ,
u
2 sin u2
r0, s . ,
, f Fourier x
Fourier
360
10.2.1. f ra, bs , ra, bs

a t0 t1 tm b,
rti1 , ti s pi 1, 2, , mq
$
f pt
` 0q, x ti1 ,
& i1
fi pxq f pxq,
x P pti1 , ti q,
%f pt 0q,
xt,
i
rti1 , ti s , f .
10.2.2 (Dirichlet). f 2 ,
1
x P r, s, f Fourier x rf px ` 0q ` f px 0qs.
2
. Riemann-Lebesgue ,
1 f px ` uq ` f px uq sinpn ` 21 qu
lim Sn pxq lim
du
n8
n8 0
2
sin u2
1 f px ` uq f px ` 0q
1
1
lim
sinpn ` qu du ` f px ` 0q
n8 0
2 sin u2
2
2
1
1
1 f px uq f px 0q
` lim
sinpn ` qu du ` f px 0q
n8 0
2 sin u2
2
2
1
rf px ` 0q ` f px 0qs.
2
, f ,
f px ` uq f px ` 0q
f px uq f px 0q
2 sin u2
2 sin u2
u () , Riemann-Lebesgue .
. Riemann-Lebesgue .
, f x p0 1q Holder ,
.
10.1.1 10.1.2 , , 10.1.1 x 1
sinp2k ` 1q
,
4
2k ` 1
k0
10.1.2 x
p2q
1
2
.
2
k
6
k1
10.2 Fourier
361
10.2.1. f pxq cos x, x P r, s Fourier ( ).

. f R 2 , , bk 0.
2
ak
cos x cos kxdx
0
rcosp kqx ` cosp ` kqxsdx

0
1 sinp kq sinp ` kq
2p1qk sin
k
`k
2 k 2
Dirichlet
cos x
2 sin 1
p1qn
`
cos
nx
, @ x P r, s.
22 n1 2 n2
x
cos
2 sin 1
1
`
,
22 n1 2 n2
cot
8
1
1
2
.
2
n1 n2
0 x 1 , , :
x
8
`
1
1 `
x2
cot
d
ln 1 2 ,
n1
n
0
sin x :
`
x2 `
x2 `
x2
sin x x 1 2 1 2 1 2 .
1
2
n
(10.2)
, (9.5) .
10.2.2. ,
sin x
8
2 sin p1qn n
sin nx, @ x P p, q.
2 n2
n1
p0, q , 2
, Fourier . ,
.
10.2.3.
f pxq x, x P p0, q
, Fourier .
Fourier
362
. : f pxq x, x P p, 0q, 0 f 0.
y
10.3
Fourier
2
ak 0, bk
x sin kxdx
0
2 1
2 1
cos kx `
cos kxdx
x
k
0 k
0
2
p1qk1 .
k
x2
p1qn1
n1
sin nx
, 0 x .
n
: f pxq x, x P p, 0q, 0 f p0q 0, f .

y
x
2
10.4
Fourier
2
xdx
0
2
2
ak
x cos kxdx 2 rp1qk 1s.
0
k
bk 0, a0
4 cosp2k ` 1qx
, 0 x .
2
k0 p2k ` 1q2
10.2 Fourier
363
, 2l, 2 ,
1
an
l
1
bn
l
f pxq cos
n
xdx, n 0, 1, 2, ,
l
f pxq sin
n
xdx, n 1, 2, .
l
f Fourier
8
a0
n
n
`
an cos
x ` bn sin
x .
2
l
l
n1
x
2l 2 , ,
l
Dirichlet 2l .
10.2.4. f pxq 2 ,
f pxq x2 , x P r1, 1s
Fourier .
y
1
x
2
10.5
. f , bk 0.
1
2
a0
x2 dx ,
3
1
1
an 2
x2 cos nxdx
0
4
p1qn ,
n2 2
()
x2
8
1
4 p1qn
` 2
cos nx, x P r1, 1s.
3 n1 n2
t x, 10.1.2 . x 1 px
q, :
pq
8
x2
2 cos nx

, 0 x 2.
2
3
n1 n2
Fourier
364
f pxq x
.
x2
(0 x 2) Fourier ,
2
10.2
1.
x
x
n
n
sinpn ` 12 qt
x
sin kx
cos ktdt `
dt
k
2
2 sin 2t
0 k1
0
k1
8 sin nx
.
n
n1
2.
n1
sin2 nx
1
2
sinpk ` qx
x , @ n 1,
2
sin
2
k0
sin2 nx
2
dx n, @ n 1.
sin2 x2
3. | sin x| | cos x| Fourier , Fourier p8, `8q
.
4. ( R Z):
8
1
1
2p1qn
`
.
sin
n1 pq2 pnq2
5. Fourier :
p1q f pxq eax , x P p, q; p2q f pxq x2 sin2 x, x P p, q;
p3q f pxq sin ax, x P p, q, a .
6. Fourier :
p1q f pxq x, x P r0, 1s; f pxq 2 x, x P r1, 2s.
p2q f pxq 1, x P r0, as; f pxq 0, x P ra, s.
7. Fourier :
p1q f pxq cos 2x, x P r0, s;
p2q f pxq x
x2
, x P r0, 1s.
2
10.3 Parseval
365
8. pl, lq Fourier :
p1q x,
p2q x ` |x|.
9.
$
x,
0 x 1,
&
f pxq 1,
1 x 2,
%3 x, 2 x 3.
3 Fourier .
10. f ra, bs Riemann , g R , T r0, T s
.
b
lim
8 a
f pxqgpxqdx
1
T
T
f pxqdx
gpxqdx.
0
11. pq f pxq r0, as (0 a ) ,

1
`8
lim
10.3
f pxq
0
sin2 x
dx f p0q.
2
2
sin x
Parseval
Fourier .
, .
ra, bs , R2 ra, bs : R2 ra, bs f
Riemann , f f 2 . , R2 ra, bs , f ,
g P R2 ra, bs, Cauchy-Schwarz
b
|f pxqgpxq|dx
a
f 2 pxqdx
12
21 b
g 2 pxqdx .
a
10.3.1 (Parseval ). f P R2 r, s, f Fourier

f
a0
`
pan cos nx ` bn sin nxq,
2
n1
f 2 pxqdx
a20
`
pa2n ` b2n q.
2
n1
(10.3)
Fourier
366
, f Riemann ,
.
p1q
Sn pf q
a0
`
pak cos kx ` bk sin kxq,
2
k1
1 2
1 2
1 ` a0 2
Sn pf qdx
dx `
ak cos2 kxdx `
b2k sin2 kxdx

2
k1
a20
`
pa2k ` b2k q.
2
k1
(10.4)
1
1 2
2
1 2
rf Sn pf qs2 dx
f dx
f Sn pf qdx `
S pf qdx

n
`
1 2
2 a0
f dx
f dx `
ak
f pxq cos kxdx

2
k1
1 2
` bk
f pxq sin kxdx `
S pf qdx
n
n
1
a2
1 2
0
2
2
`
pak ` bk q `
f dx 2
Sn2 pf qdx

2
k1
1 2
1 2
f dx
S pf qdx,
(10.5)

n
Sn2 pf qdx
f 2 dx.
(10.6)
, (10.3)
2
2
Sn pf qdx
f dx
rf Sn pf qs2 dx 0.
(10.7)
p2q (10.3) f , g P R2 ra, bs , , P R ,
rf ` g Sn pf ` gqs2 dx
rpf Sn pf qq ` pg Sn pgqqs2 dx
rg Sn pgqs2 dx.
rf Sn pf qs2 dx ` 22
22
(10.7) , (10.3) f ` g .
p3q , (10.3) .
$
& 0, x a,
pxq
1, a x b,
% 0, b x .
10.3 Parseval
367
R 2 , Fourier
1
1
a0
pxqdx pb aq,

1
1 b
11
ak
pxq cos kxdx
cos kxdx
psin kb sin kaq,

a
k
1
1 b
11
bk
pxq sin kxdx
sin kxdx
pcos ka cos kbq.

a
k
a20
`
pa2k ` b2k q
2
n1
1
1 1
2
pb
aq
`
psin kb sin kaq2 ` pcos kb cos kaq2
2
2
2
2
k1 k
8
1
2 1
2
pb
aq
`
r1 cos kpb aqs
2 2
2 n1 k 2
8
1
2 cos kpb aq
1
2
pb
aq
`
2 2
3 2 k1
k2
ba
ppqq
1 2
pxqdx.
p4q p2q, p3q (10.3) .

p5q f , 0, g
pf gq2 dx .
(10.3) g , n
rg Sn pgqs2 dx ,
*
"
rSn pg f qs2 dx
rg Sn pgqs2 dx `
pf gq2 dx `
rf Sn pf qs2 dx 3
"
*
2
3 ``
pg f q dx
p (10.3)q
9.
rf Sn pf qs2 dx 0 pn 8q.
(10.3) f .
Fourier
368
10.3.2 ( Parseval ). f , g P R2 r, s,
1
a0 0
f pxqgpxqdx
`
pan n ` bn n q,

2
n1
an , bn f Fourier , n , n g Fourier .
. f ` g f g Parseval , .
10.3.3 (). f , g r, s , f g
Fourier , f g.
. f g, Fourier 0, Parseval ,
pf gq2 dx 0.
f g f g.
10.3.4. f r, s , Fourier ,
f .
. Fourier
8
a0
Spxq
`
2
n1
, , Spxq Fourier
f Fourier . Spxq f pxq.
10.3.1. 10.1.2 Parseval
8
1 4
1 ` 2 2 ` 4 2
x dx
`

2 3
n2
n1
p4q
4
1
.
4
n
90
n1
10.3
n
A0
`
pAk cos kx ` Bk sin kxq ,
2
k1
, Riemann f ,
|f pxq Tn pxq|2 dx
|f pxq Sn pxq|2 dx,
1. Tn pxq
Sn pxq f pxq Fourier , A0 a0 ,

Ak ak , Bk bk pk 1q.
10.3 Parseval
369
2. Riemann Fourier :
p1q
sin nx
? ;
n
n1
p2q
sin nx
pp 1q.
np
n1
3. :
p1q
p1qn1
2
x2
cos nx
, x P r, s,
2
n
12
4
p1qn1
sin nx
2
x3
, x P r, s.
n3
12
12
n1
p2q
n1
4. f pxq x3 Fourier Parseval
1
.
n6
n1
5.
$
& 1 x, 0 x 1,
2
f pxq
% x ,
1 x .
2
Fourier
8
sin n
,
n
n1
sin2 n
,
n2
n1
sin2 n
.
n4
n1
6. f r, s ,
f pq f pq,
f pxqdx 0.
f 1 ,
` 1 2
`
2
f pxq dx
f pxq dx,
.
7.
1
p1q
0
2
ln x
dx ,
1x
6
1
p2q
0
2
ln x
dx .
1`x
12
8. pq :
p1q
n1
p2q
p1qn1
`
x
cos nx
ln 2 cos , x P p, q,
n
2
`
cos nx
x
ln 2 sin , x P p0, 2q.
n
2
n1
Fourier
370
10.4
Fourier
, , Fourier .
10.4.1 (Reymond). f r, s Riemann , Fourier
f pxq
a0
`
pan cos nx ` bn sin nxq.
2
n1
ra, bs r, s,
b
b
8 b
a0
f pxqdx
dx `
pan cos nx ` bn sin nxqdx.
a
a 2
n1 a
. 10.3
#
1, x P ra, bs,
pxq
0, x P r, aq Y pb, s,
Fourier n , n , Parseval ,
a0
1
f pxqpxqdx 0 `
pan n ` bn n q,

2
n1
1
0
1
pb aq,
1 b
pxq cos nxdx
cos nxdx,
a
1 b
pxq sin nxdx
sin nxdx,
a
pxqdx
.
Fourier , .
10.4.2. f r, s , f pq f pq. f r, s
, f 1 Riemann , f pxq Fourier r, s
f pxq:
f pxq
a0
`
pan cos nx ` bn sin nxq, @ x P r, s.
2
n1
. 10.3.4, . ,
f 1 Fourier a1n , b1n , ( f pq f pq)
1
1 1
1
f pxq cos nxdx
f pxqn sin nxdx nbn ,
an

1
1
b1n
f 1 pxq sin nxdx
f pxqn cos nxdx nan .

10.4 Fourier
371
f 1 Parseval
8
1 1 2 1 2
1 1 2
pa0 q `
rpan q ` pb1n q2 s
pf q dx.
2

n1
,
|an cos nx ` bn sin nx| |an | ` |bn |
1
1 1
|a | ` |b1n |
n n
n
1` 1
1` 1
` |a1n |2 `
` |b1n |2 ,
2
2
2 n
2 n
Weierstrass f Fourier .
, , f Fourier
1
f 1 pxq
pnbn cos nx nan sin nxq,
n1
, .
10.4.3. f 2 . f 1 r, s
, f Fourier
f pxq
a0
`
pan cos nx ` bn sin nxq
2
n1
r, s :
f 1 pxq
pnbn cos nx nan sin nxq,
n1
f 2 Riemann , .
. Dirichlet 10.4.2 .
10.4.2 .
10.4.4 (Weierstrass). f r, s , f pq f pq.
0, T pxq,
|f pxq T pxq| , @ x P r, s.
. , f . 2
g,
|f pxq gpxq|
, @ x P r, s.
2
Fourier
372
y
f (x)
g(x)
10.6
, g 10.4.2 , Fourier g. n
|gpxq Sn pgqpxq|
, @ x P r, s.
2
|f pxq Sn pgqpxq| |f pxq gpxq| ` |gpxq Sn pgqpxq| .

10.4.5. f r, s , f pq f pq. 0,
P pxq,
|f pxq P pxq| , @ x P r, s.
. Weierstrass , T pxq
|f pxq T pxq|
, @ x P r, s.
2
Taylor , P pxq
|T pxq P pxq|
, @ x P r, s.
2
|f pxq P pxq| |f pxq T pxq| ` |T pxq P pxq|

` .
2 2
10.4.6. f ra, bs , 0, P pxq,
|f pxq P pxq| , @ x P ra, bs.
10.4 Fourier
373
px aq ra, bs r0, s .
ba
2 , ,
. t
10.4
1.
8
cosp2n 1qx
p 2xqp ` 2x 2x2 q, x P r0, s.
4
p2n
1q
96
n1
(: .)
8
a0
`
pan cos nx ` bn sin nxq Riemann
2
n1
8
bn
Fourier
.
n
n1
2. ,
3. f pxq r0, s . , 0,
P pxq,
|f pxq P pxq| , @ x P r0, s.
4. f pxq r0, s , f p0q f pq 0. , 0,
P pxq,
|f pxq P pxq| , @ x P r0, s.
5. f pxq ra, bs ,
b
xn f pxqdx 0, n 0, 1, 2, ,
a
f pxq 0. (: f .)
6. f pxq ra, bs , n 1,
b
xn f pxqdx 0,
a
f pxq 0.
7. f pxq r0, s ,
f pxq cos nxdx 0, n 0, 1, 2, ,

0
f pxq 0.
Fourier
374
8. f pxq r0, s ,
f pxq cos nxdx 0, n 1, 2, ,

0
f pxq . (: f pxq c.)
9. f pxq r, s Riemann ,
f pxqdx 0. ,
x
F pxq
f ptqdt Fourier r, s .
0
10. pq Bernoulli n pxq :

0 pxq 1, 1n pxq nn1 pxq,
1
n pxqdx 1,
0
, r0, 1s , k 0 ,
k pxq p1q1`k{2
8
2pk!q 1
cos 2nx,
p2qk n1 nk
k 1 ,
k pxq p1qpk`1q{2
10.5

8
2pk!q 1
sin 2nx.
p2qk n1 nk
Fourier
10.5.1
Fourier . f pxq 2 ,
Fourier Sn pxq, Sn pxq
1
Sn pxq
f px ` uq
sinpn ` 12 qu
du.
2 sin u2
n pf qpxq
n1
1
Sk pxq,
n k0
n1
sin2 nu
1
2
sinpk ` qu
u
2
sin
2
k0
10.5 Fourier
375
n pf qpxq
n1
f px ` uq 1
1
sinpk ` qudu
u
2 sin 2 n k0
2
1
2
f px ` uq
1 sin2 nu
2
du.
n sin2 u2
f pxq 1
1 1 sin2 nu
2
du 1,
2 n sin2 u2
n pf qpxq f pxq
1
2
rf px ` uq f pxqs
1 sin2 nu
2
du.
n sin2 u2
10.5.1 (Fejer). f pxq 2 , n pf q

f.
. 0, f , 0, |u|
|f px ` uq f pxq| , @ x P R.
M max |f pxq|, n M 1 sin2 2 ,
1
1 sin2 nu
2
|n pf qpxq f pxq|
|f px ` uq f pxq|
du
2
n sin2 u2
1
1 sin2 nu
2
`
|f px ` uq f pxq|
du
2 |u|
n sin2 u2
1 1 sin2 nu
1 1
2
du ` 2M
3,
2
u
2 n sin 2
n sin2 2
n pf q p8, `8q f pxq.
. (1)
Fn puq
1 sin2 nu
2
,
2n sin2 u2
Fejer , :
Fn puqdu 1, lim
Fn puqdu 0, 0.
n8 |u|
(2) .
(3) , Fourier ,
. , g, g, g f
. Cesàro .
, 1873 , du Bois-Reymond , Fourier
. Fourier .
Fourier
376
10.5.2
Fourier .
10.5.2 (Dirichlet). g r0, hs ,
h
sin u
gpuq
lim
du gp0 ` 0q.
`8 0
u
2
. g ,
h
h
h
sin u
sin u
sin u
gpuq
du
rgpuq gp0 ` 0qs
du ` gp0 ` 0q
du,
u
u
u
0
0
0
`8 , gp0 ` 0q,
2
.
0, 0, 0 u 0 gpuq gp0 ` 0q .
h
sin u
sin u
du rgpuq gp0 ` 0qs
du
rgpuq gp0 ` 0qs
u
u
0
0
h
sin u
` rgpuq gp0 ` 0qs
du
u
I1 ` I2 ,
I1 rgpq gp0 ` 0qs
sin u
du rgpq gp0 ` 0qs
u
sin u
du,
u
|I1 | 2L,
sin u
du L, @ x 0.
u
0
Riemann-Lebesgue , `8 I2 0, .
:
10.5.3 (Dirichlet-Jordan). f pxq , f pxq x0
1
rx0 h, x0 `hs , Fourier x0 rf px0 `0q`f px0 0qs.
2
, Fourier
. .
10.5.4. f pxq p, q , Fourier an , bn
|nan |
1
|f p 0q f p ` 0q|,
|nbn |
2
|f p 0q f p ` 0q|, @ n 1.
10.5 Fourier
377
. f . an , ,
1
1
an
f pxq cos nxdx
rf pxq f p ` 0qs cos nxdx

1
rf p 0q f p ` 0qs
cos nxdx
1
1
rf p 0q f p ` 0qs
sin n,
n
10.5.5. f pxq r, s Lipschitz , M

Fourier an , bn |nan | M , |nbn | M , @ n 1.
. |f pxq f pyq| L|x y|,

f pxq Lx pLx f pxqq,
gpxq Lx f pxq . , y x,
gpyq gpxq Lpy xq rf pyq f pxqs Lpy xq |f pyq f pxq| 0.
f pxq , .
Tauber .
10.5.6 (Hardy).
fn pxq Sn pxq,
n1
n pxq
n
1
Sk pxq,
n k1
n pxq f pxq, tnfn pxqu ,
fn pxq f .
n1
. , M , |nfn pxq| M x n .
0 1, N0 , n N0
|n pxq f pxq| 2 , @ x.
m n N0 ,
mm pxq nn pxq pm nqSm pxq
pk 1 nqfk pxq
kn`2
mpm pxq f pxqq npn pxq f pxqq pm nqpSm pxq f pxqq
kn`2
pk 1 nqfk pxq,
Fourier
378
|Sm pxq f pxq|
n
m
|m pxq f pxq| `
|n pxq f pxq|
mn
mn
m
1
`
pk 1 nq|fk pxq|
m n kn`2
m
m`n 2
1
M
`
pk 1 nq
mn
m n kn`2
k
mn1
m`n 2
1 M
`
k
mn
m n n k1
`m
m`n 2
`M
1 .
mn
n
N maxt6{, p1 ` 2qN0 u, m N ,
m
m
m
1,
1 ` 1 ` 2
p1 ` qp1 ` 2q
n,
m
m
n
N0 ,
1`
1 ` 2
1``1 2
` M p1 ` 2 1q p3 ` 2M q,
1`1
Sm pxq f pxq.
|Sm pxq f pxq|
Fourier ,
Fourier , :
10.5.7. f pxq 2 , f pxq
, Fourier f pxq . , Lipschitz
Fourier .
. ,
.
10.5.3
Parseval , :
L , ? ,
.
10.5.8 (). L
, A
A
L2
,
4
10.5 Fourier
379
L
.
2
. ,
ptq pxptq, yptqq, t P r0, Ls.
a
px1 ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 1. ,
L
L
xptqdt
yptqdt 0,
0
,
.
y
(t) = (x(t), y(t))
x
0
10.7
, xp0q xpLq, yp0q ypLq. Wirtinger
L
L
` L 2 L 1
` L 2 L 1
2
2
2
x ptqdt
rx ptqs dt,
ry ptqs2 dt.
y ptqdt
2
2
0
0
0
0
L
0
rxptqy 1 ptq x1 ptqyptqsdt
Cauchy-Schwarz ,
2
1 L
pxptqy 1 ptq x1 ptqyptqqdt
A2
4 0
L
1 L 2
2
rx ptq ` y ptqsdt
rpx1 ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 sdt
4 0
0
2
1 ` L 2 L 1
rpx ptqq2 ` py 1 ptqq2 sdt

4 2
0
1 ` L 2 2
L ,
4 2
A L2 {4, Cauchy-Schwarz Wirtinger
.
Fourier
380
10.5.9 (Wirtinger ). f pxq r, s ,

f pq f pq.
f pxqdx 0,
f pxqdx
rf 1 pxqs2 dx,
f pxq a cos x ` b sin x.

. f p8, `8q , 2. f Fourier
f pxq
a0
`
2
n1
a0
f pxqdx 0.
f 1 pxq Fourier
8
f 1 pxq
pnbn cos nx nan sin nxq.
n1
Parseval ,
f 2 pxqdx
n1
8
pa2n ` b2n q
pn2 a2n ` n2 b2n q
rf 1 pxqs2 dx,
n1
an bn 0, @ n 2.
10.5.10. f pxq ra, bs , f paq f pbq,
b
f pxqdx 0,
a
f 2 pxqdx
f pxq c cos
2
ba x
` b a 2
2
` d sin
rf 1 pxqs2 dx,
a
2
ba x.
ba
pt ` q ` a ra, bs r, s
2
, Wirtinger .
. x
10.5 Fourier
381
10.5.11 (Poincare ). f pxq r0, s ,

f p0q f pq 0,
f 2 pxqdx
rf 1 pxqs2 dx,
f pxq c sin x.
. f pxq p8, `8q 2 , Wirtinger
.
10.5.4
Fourier
1,
ei cos ` i sin , P R.
, pei qn ein cos n ` i sin n.

cos nx
1 inx
1
pe
` einx q, sin nx peinx einx q.
2
2i
, :
n
eik
k0
pei qk
k0
ei
n`1
2
ei
1 eipn`1q
1 ei
n`1
2
ei
n`1
2
ei 2
ei 2 ei 2
n`1
n p2iq sin
2
ei 2
p2iq sin 2
sin pn`1q
2
sin
ei 2 ,
cos k
k0
sin n`1
2
sin
cos
n
1
rsinpn ` q ` sin s
2
2
2
2 sin 2
k1
sin k
sin n`1
2
sin 2
sin
n
1
rcos cospn ` qs.

2
2
2
2 sin 2
f pxq Fourier
f pxq
a0
`
2
n1
Fourier
382
a0
`
pan cos nx ` bn sin nxq
2
n1
` an ibn inx an ` ibn inx

a0
`
e
`
e
2
2
2
n1
8
cn einx ,
n8
cn :
1
cn
2
f pxqeinx dx, n P Z.
. , k 1, 2, , k
tku, p0, 1q
x1 tu, x2 t2u, , xk tku, .
p0, 1q . ,
a b P r0, 1s, n ra, bq n pa, bq,
ra,bq ra, bq ,
n pa, bq
ra,bq pxk q.
k1
:
n pa, bq
b a.
n8
n
p1q , e2intku e2ink . , m ,
lim
n
n
e2imxk
e2imk
k0
k0
1
,
| sin m|
n
1 2imxk
e
0,
n8 n
k1
lim
P a0 {2 `
pak cos 2kx ` bk sin 2kxq, :
k1
1
n
1
lim
P pxk q
P pxqdx.
n8 n
0
k1
p2q , 0, r0, 1s P1 , P2 ,
1
P1 ra,bq P2 ,
pP2 P1 qdx .
0
10.5 Fourier
383
p1q, N , n N
1
n
1
Pi pxk q
Pi pxqdx , i 1, 2.
n k1
0
n
n
1
1
P2 pxk q
P1 pxk q 3.
n k1
n k1
n
n
n
1
1
1
ra,bq pxk q P
P1 pxk q,
P2 pxk q
n k1
n k1
n k1
1
ra,bq pxqdx P
1
P1 pxqdx,
P2 pxqdx ,
, n N (),
1
n
1
ra,bq pxk q
ra,bq pxqdx
n k1
0
1
n
n
1 1
1
1 1
P2 pxk q
P1 pxk q `
P2 pxqdx
P1 pxqdx
2 n k1
n k1
2 0
0
1
n
n
1 1
1 1
P1 pxk q
P2 pxk q
P1 pxqdx `
P2 pxqdx
`
2 n k1
2
n
0
0
k1
1
1
1
3
` ` ` 3,
2
2
2
2
1
n
1
lim
ra,bq pxk q
ra,bq pxqdx b a.
n8 n
0
k1
, txk u p0, 1q .
10.5.12. f r0, 1s Riemann , 0,

P1 , P2 , P1 f P2 ,
1
rP2 pxq P1 pxqsdx .
0
. , f1 , f2 ,
1
f1 f f2 ,
rf2 pxq f1 pxqsdx {2,
0
Weierstrass P1 , P2 ,
0 f1 P1 {4, 0 P2 f2 {4,
P1 , P2 .
Fourier
384
10.5.5
Fourier
: p8, `8q
?
f , rl, ls , f Fourier :
8
`
n
a0
n
an cos
`
x ` bn sin
x ,
2
l
l
n1
f pxq
1
l
1
bn
l
an
f pxq cos
n
xdx pn 0, 1, 2, q,
l
f pxq sin
n
xdx pn 1, 2, q.
l
1
f pxq
2l
n
1 l
f ptqdt `
f ptq cos
px tqdt.
l l
l
l
n1
f p8, `8q , l `8,

1
f pxq
`8 `8
f ptq cos px tqdt d,
, ,
1
f pxq
`8 8
f ptq cos px tqdt d,
(10.8)
`8
f pxq
rapq cos x ` bpq sin xs d,
(10.9)
1
apq
`8
f ptq cos tdt,
8
1
bpq
`8
f ptq sin tdt.
8
(10.8) (10.9) f Fourier , Fourier , apq, bpq
Fourier .
, (10.8) (10.9) . Fourier , (10.8)
, . ,
().
10.5.13. f p8, `8q , apq, bpq
P R , 8 , apq 0, bpq 0.
10.5 Fourier
385
. f , 0, A 0,
A
`8
|f ptq|dt `
|f ptq|dt .
A
|f ptq|dt ` 1, cos x x P p8, `8q , 0,
A
2
|x1 x |
| cos x1 cos x2 |
|1 2 |
.
M
,
A
1
`8
|ap1 q ap2 q|
|f ptq|| cos 1 t cos 2 t|dt
1
2|f ptq|dt `
8
A
`8
2|f ptq|dt
A
|f ptq|| cos 1 t cos 2 t|dt
2
1
`
A
|f ptq|dt
A
3
.
gpq . ,
1
lim sup |apq| ` lim
8
8
A
A
f ptq cos t dt ,
apq 0 p 8q. , bpq 0 p 8q.

10.5.14.
SpA, xq
`8
d
f ptq cos px tqdt,

8
f ,
1
SpA, xq
`8
rf px ` tq ` f px tqs
0
sin At
dt.
t
. , ,
1
SpA, xq
8
d
0
8
f ptq cos px tqdt

8
A
1
dt
f ptq cos px tqd
8
0
sin Apx tq
1 8
f ptq
dt
8
xt
1 `8
sin At
dt.
0
t
Fourier
386
10.5.15. 0,
`8
sin At
lim
dt 0.
A`8
t
. 10.5.13 apq 0 , .
, lim SpA, xq f x . , Fourier

A`8
, Dini , :
10.5.16. f p8, `8q , f ,
`8
f px ` 0q ` f px 0q
1 `8
d
f ptq cos px tqdt
2
0
8
`8
rapq cos x ` bpq cos xsd,

0
apq
`8
f ptq cos t dt, bpq
8
`8
f ptq sin t dt.
8
Fourier .
. ,
. , ,
. ,
, .
11.1
11.1.1 (). X R ,
g x, y : X X R
px, yq gpx, yq xx, yy
p1q xx, xy 0, xx, xy 0 x 0 p q;

p2q xx, yy xy, xy, @ x, y P X p q;
p3q xx ` y, zy xx, zy ` xy, zy, @ , P R, x, y, z P X p q.
g x, y X , pX, x, yq , xx, yy x y
a
, }x} xx, xy x .
11.1.1. R .
x, y P R, xx, yy xy, x, y R . , x
|x|.
11.1.2. Rn .
Rn tpx1 , , xn q|xi P Ru n , , Rn
R , n . Rn x, y:
xx, yy
xi yi , @ x px1 , , xn q, y py1 , , yn q P Rn .
i1
x px1 , , xn q P Rn ,
}x} px21 ` x22 ` ` x2n q1{2 .
11.1.3. .
387
388
C 0 ra, bs ra, bs . x, y
:
b
xf, gy
f pxqgpxqdx.
a
, : ,
.
11.1.1 (Schwarz ). pX, x, yq ,
|xx, yy| }x} }y},
x y .
. x 0( y 0q ,
x0, yy x0 0, yy 0x0, yy 0,
Schwarz . x 0, y 0, t P R,
xx, xy 2txx, yy ` t2 xy, yy xx ty, x tyy 0,
t , :
4xx, yy2 4xx, xyxy, yy 0,
. , x, y , Schwarz
.
Schwarz , x, y , px, yq P r0, s,
cos px, yq
xx, yy
,
}x} }y}
px, yq x, y , px, yq.
11.1.2. pX, x, yq , x, y P X,
}x ` y} }x} ` }y}.
. Schwarz ,
}x ` y}2 xx ` y, x ` yy xx, xy ` 2xx, yy ` xy, yy
}x}2 ` 2}x} }y} ` }y}2
p}x} ` }y}q2 ,
11.1
389
11.1.2 (). X , : X X R
p1q px, yq 0 px, yq 0 x y;

p2q px, yq py, xq;
p3q px, zq px, yq ` py, zq.
p q
X p q, pX, q p q, px, yq
x, y .
11.1.4. R .
x, y P R, px, yq |x y|, R .
11.1.5 (). pX, x, yq ,
px, yq }x y}, @ x, y P X.
p1q, p2q, :
px, zq }x z} }px yq ` py zq}
}x y} ` }y z}
px, yq ` py, zq.
X , .
11.1.6. .
, . , X
, d : X X R :
$
&1, x y,
dpx, yq
%0, x y.
d X , .
11.1
1.
(
l2 x px1 , x2 , , xn , q xn P R,
x2n 8 .
n1
l ,
2
x, y l2 :
xx, yy
n1
xn yn .
390
2. Rra, bs ra, bs Riemann . f, g P Rra, bs,

b
f pxqgpxq dx,
xf, gy
a
: x, y ? (: .)
3. x, y X , x, y P X, y 0.
xx ty, x tyy 0
xx, yy
Schwarz .
xy, yy
4. 11.1.2 .
5. X :
}x ` y}2 ` }x y}2 2p}x}2 ` }y}2 q, @ x, y P X.
6. C 0 ra, bs
dpf, gq max |f pxq gpxq|, @ f, g P C 0 ra, bs.
xPra,bs
d C 0 ra, bs , .
7. x px1 , , xn q, y py1 , , yn q P Rn ,
d1 px, yq max |xi , yi |, d2 px, yq
1in
|xi yi |,
i1
d1 d2 Rn .
8. A pX, q , A A A :
A pa1 , a2 q pa1 , a2 q,
A A , , pA, A q X .
9. , X ,
X .
1`
10. pq f p0q 0, f : Rn Rn ,
}f pxq f pyq} }x y}, @ x, y P Rn ,
f .
11.2
391
11.2
pX, q . x P X, r 0,
r
Br pxq ty P X | py, xq ru,
x , r .
11.2.1. .
x
X
11.1
R , x0 , r px0 r, x0 ` rq. R2 ,
px0 , y0 q , r
tpx, yq P R2 | px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 r2 u.
Rn , px10 , , xn0 q , r
tpx1 , , xn q P Rn | px1 x10 q2 ` ` pxn xn0 q2 r2 u.
y
r
(x0 , y0 )
x
0
11.2
11.2.2. .
X . X 0 1,
Br pxq txu, @ r 1; Br pxq X, @ r 1.
392
11.2.1 (). U X ,
x P U , 0, B pxq U , U ;
. p q ,
.
U
X
, X , . x
11.3
x .
11.2.3. .
pa, bq, pa, `8q p8, bq R ; ra, bs
ra, `8q p8, bs R .
tpx, yq P R2 | y 0u R2 , tx2 ` y 2 r2 u R2
.
, , , R
ra, bq. , .
11.2.4. .
x , 1{2 txu,
, .
11.2.5. .
x P Br px0 q, px, x0 q r. r px, x0 q, y P B pxq ,
,
py, x0 q py, xq ` px, x0 q ` px, x0 q r,
y P Br px0 q, B pxq Br px0 q, Br px0 q .

ty P X | py, x0 q ru , , .
.
11.2.1. p1q ; ;
p2q ; .
. p1q U1 , , Uk , x P
Ui , , i 0,
i1
Bi pxq Ui , i 1, , k. minti |i 1, , ku, B pxq
i1
, .
Ui ,
i1
Ui
11.2
393
p2q
pA1 Y Y Ak qc Ac1 X X Ack
p A qc Ac
p1q .
, , .
11.2.2 (). txn u8

n1 X , x0 P X,
0, N N pq, n N , xn P B px0 q, txn u x0 ,
lim xn x0 xn x0 pn 8q.
n8
. p1q xn P B px0 q pxn , x0 q ,

lim xn x0 lim pxn , x0 q 0.
n8
n8
p2q p1q , , .
, ,
.
11.2.2. txn u pX, q , txn u x0
x0 U , N , n N xn P U .
. () lim xn x0 , U x0 . 0,
n8
B px0 q U . , N N pq, n N
xn P B px0 q U.
() U .
11.2.3. A A A .
. A , txn u A, lim xn x0 . x0 R A, 0 0,
n8
B0 px0 q Ac , lim xn x0 , N N p0 q n N
n8
xn P B0 px0 q, xn P A ! x0 P A.
, A A , x0 R A,
n0 0 B1{n0 px0 q Ac , Ac . () , n 1,
B1{n px0 q X A H. xn P B1{n px0 q X A, lim xn x0 , .

n8
. : .
394
11.2.3 (, , ). A
X , x0 P X. x0 U ,
intA
U A, x0 A , intA
, A ; x0 U ,
A
U Ac , x0 A ; x0
A , A , x0
A , BA, A .
11.4
A , A Ac
, A
, X
X intA Y BA Y intpAc q,
. :
BA , BA pintA Y intpAc qqc .
A . A pintpAc qqc .
intAYBA , A,
, A A Y BA . , A A Y BA. ,

a P A Y BA, a P A a P BA, a A , a P A,
A Y BA A .
,
A BA A, A A.
. , A , Ac , Ac A ,
A pintpAc qqc pAc qc A.

, Ac B c , intpAc q intpB c q, A B
A B , A B.
.
, .
11.2.6. R , Q , . Q
R.
11.2.7. Rn .
x0 P Rn , r 0. t}x x0 } ru t}x x0 } ru ,
BBr px0 q t|x x0 | ru,
11.2
395
n 1 ( x0 , r ).
11.2
1. a pa1 , a2 , , an q P Rn , r 0.
Irn paq tx px1 , x2 , , xn q P Rn |xi ai | r, 1 i nu,
n . .
, .
r pxq ty P X | py, xq ru .
2. B
3. R , ,
.
4. X Y . , A X X
Y U , A X X U ; , B X Y
V , B X X V .
5. Q R . , p, q X Q Q , Q
.
6. , txn u8
n1 , .
7. , :
p1q
(
1
n 1, 2, R; p2q tpx, yq P R2 |x| ` |y| 1u R2 .
n
8. , Rn , r r .
, ?
B.
9. A B, A
10. A txn | n 1, 2, u. , x0 P A A , A x0 .
11. R2 Q Q tpx, yq P R | x, y P Qu (A X
A X).
12. pq f : ra, bs R , graphpf q
graphpf q tpx, f pxqq P R2 | x P ra, bsu.
, f graphpf q R2 .
396
11.3
pX, q . txn u8
n1 X . 0,
N N pq, m, n N
pxm , xn q ,
txn u Cauchy ().

11.3.1 (). X Cauchy , pX, q
.
. p1q Cauchy ;
p2q Cauchy , ().
11.3.1. R .
R . , Q
,
an 1 `
1
1
1
` ` `
1! 2!
n!
Q , Q . Q R Q
, .
Rn .
11.3.1. pRn , } }) .
n
. txm u8
m1 R ,
xm px1m , x2m , , xnm q,
i 1, 2, , n,
|xik xil |
pxjk xjl q2
12
}xk xl },
j1
, txm u Cauchy , txim u8

m1 i 1, 2, , n Cauchy ,
. lim xim xi0 , x0 px10 , x20 , , xn0 q,
m8
}xm x0 }
}xim xi0 }
i1
lim xm x0 .
m8
11.3
397
A X , suptpx, yq | x, y P Au A , diamA dpAq.

.
11.3.2. .
R ra, bs b a, ; , Rn r
() 2r. , ,
r (), 2r. Rn , . ,
, 1{2 , 0.
R .
11.3.2. pX, q , :
p1q pX, q ;
p2q pCantorq : F1 F2 Fn ,
lim diamFn 0, a P 8
n1 Fn .
n`8
p3q : p2q Fn 0 .
. p1qp2q: an P Fn , Fn Fn`1 tan , an`1 , u Fn .

, m n
pam , an q diamFn 0 pn 8q,
tan u Cauchy , a, Fn
a lim am P Fn , @ n 1,
m8
aP
Fn . b P
n1
Fn ,
n1
pa, bq diamFn 0 pn 8q,
a b.
p2qp3q: .
p3qp1q: pq tan u X Cauchy , ,
. Cauchy , n1 n2 ,
m, n nk
pam , an q
1
2k`1
X Fk B2k pank q, k 1, 2, . x P Fk`1 ,

px, ank q px, ank`1 q ` pank`1 , ank q
1
1
1
` k`1 k
2k`1
2
2
398
x P Fk . F1 F2 Fk Fk`1 . ,
diam Fk 2 2k 0 pk `8q,
, a P
Fk .
k1
0 pa, ank q 2k 0 pk `8q,

tank u a.
Rn , Rn .
, .
11.3.2 (). A X , f : A A
:
pq 0 q 1, pf pa1 q, f pa2 qq q pa1 , a2 q, @ a1 , a2 P A.
.
11.3.3 (). A X , f : A A
, a P A, f paq a p q.
. a0 P A, A tan u :
an f pan1 q, n 1, 2, .
pan`1 , an q pf pan q, f pan1 qq q pan , an1 q, @ n 1.
pan`1 , an q q pan , an1 q q 2 pan1 , an2 q q n pa1 , a0 q,

pam , an q pam , am1 q ` pam1 , am2 q ` ` pan`1 , an q
pq m1 ` q m2 ` ` q n q pa1 , a0 q
qn
pa1 , a0 q 0, pm n, n 8q.
1q
tan u Cauchy . a, a P A.
pf paq, aq pf paq, f pan qq ` pf pan q, f pan1 qq ` pan , aq
q pa, an q ` q n1 pa1 , a0 q ` pan , aq 0
f paq a.
pn 8q,
11.3
399
: f pbq b,
pa, bq pf paq, f pbqq q pa, bq,
pa, bq 0, a b.
11.3.3. pq .
C 0 r0, 1s, :
pf, gq max |f pxq gpxq|,
r0,1s
pC 0 r0, 1s, q .
A tf P C 0 r0, 1s | f p0q 0, f p1q 1u,
A pC 0 r0, 1s, q .
:A
f
A,
pf q,
pf q :
$
3
f p3xq,
x P r0, 13 s,
&4
pf qpxq 41 ` 12 f p2 3xq, x P r 13 , 23 s,
% 1 ` 3 f p3x 2q, x P r 2 , 1s.

4
4
3
, h, h ,
hp0q 0, hp1q 1, phq h. h , ,
Baire R Baire ,
, , .
11.3.4 (Baire). An pn 1q X .
An , 8
n1 An .
11.3
1. Cauchy , .
2. pq l2 .
400
3. C 0 ra, bs . (:
.)
4. pq , C 0 ra, bs .
5. Dra, bs ra, bs . f, g P
Dra, bs,
dpf, gq max |f pxq gpxq| ` sup |f 1 pxq g 1 pxq|,
ra,bs
ra,bs
pDra, bs, dq .
6. , A X A .
7. Baire .
8. A X . A X, A X , A
X . , ,
. (: , Baire .)
9. pq l2 , ten u l2 ,
l2 ten u . (:
, Baire .)
10. pq , Rn .
11.4
S pX, q , S
G , tG u S .
G , tG u ; G ,
tG u .
11.4.1. x0 P X. y x0 , py, x0 q 0, n 1,
py, x0 q
1
n.
y P tx P X | px, x0 q n1 u.
X tx0 u
1(
,
x P X px, x0 q
n
n1
X tx0 u .
11.4.1 (). S , S
.
11.4
401
, ra, bs R .
, .
11.4.1. .
. A . A . a P A,
AX
Bn paq,
n1
A , n1 , , nk ,
A
Bni paq BN paq,
i1
N maxtn1 , , nk u. A .
A . b P Ac ,
A X tbu
1(
,
x P X px, bq
n
n1
A , N ,
1(
A x P X | px, bq
,
N
B1{N pbq Ac , Ac , A .
11.4.2. A Rn , :
p1q A ;
p2q A , A ,
A ;
p3q A .
. p1q p2q. (). tbn u A , A

. 11.2.3 , a P A, Brpaq paq, Brpaq paq
tbn u . , A
Brpaq paq, , a1 , , ak
aPA
Brpai q pai q, , tbn u A , !
i1
p2q p3q. A , (). an P A, pa0 , an q 8

pn 8q, tan u , . A ,
. 11.2.3, an P A, lim an a R A. tan u

n8
a R A, A !
402
I1
11.5
p3q p1q (). A , A tU u,
U A. I1 A, I1 2n , I2 I1 ,
I2 X A U . , I1 I2 ,
diam Im 0 pm 8q. , a P Im X A, @ m 1.
tU u A , 0 a P U0 . m Im U0 .
Im X A U !
. R , ,
n
; , , , ,
.
11.4.3. Rn .
. , ,
, , , .
Lebesgue R Lebesgue .
11.4.4 (Lebesgue). A X , tU u A
. 0, A B diampBq , B
U .
. () , n 1, A Bn ,
Bn 1{n, Bn U . bn P Bn , A
tbn u. tbn u , A tbn u
, tbn u b0 P A. tU u A , 0 ,
b0 P U0 . U0 , 0,
B pb0 q U0 ,
lim bn b0 , n 2{, pbn , b0 q {2,

n8
pb, b0 q pb, bn q ` pbn , b0 q diampBn q `
` , @ b P Bn .
2
n 2
11.5
403
Bn B pb0 q U0 , Bn .
. tU u Lebesgue . Lebesgue
11.4
1. , .
2. A , B A , B .
3. X , X .
4. (: ).
5. ra, bs X Q Q ? .
6. C 0 ra, bs , A
(
A f P C 0 ra, bs |f pxq| 1, @ x P ra, bs .
7. Lebesgue .
8. X , tA u X . tA u
, A . (: .)
9. pq A X , 0,
A.
10. pq Lebesgue ,
11.5
11.5.1
: f : R R x0 , 0,
0, |x x0 | |f pxq f px0 q| . :
11.5.1 (). f : X Y pX, 1 q, pY, 2 q

, x0 P X. 0, 0 f pBX px0 qq BY pf px0 qq, f
x0 . f , f . Y R ,
.
404
x0
f (x0 )
11.6
, BX px0 q X x0 , , BY pf px0 qq
Y f px0 q , .
11.5.1. .
a pX, q , f pxq px, aq :
x0 P X, 0, , x P B px0 q
|f pxq f px0 q| |px, aq px0 , aq| px, x0 q ,
f x0 .
11.5.1 (). f : X Y , x0
X .
p1q f x0 x0 txn u,
lim f pxn q f px0 q;
n8
p2q f V Y , f 1 pV q X ;
p3q f B Y , f 1 pBq X .
. p1q f x0 , 0, 0
f pBX px0 qq BY pf px0 qq.
lim xn x0 , n xn P BX px0 q, f pxn q P BY pf px0 qq,

n8
f pxn q f px0 q pn 8q.

() f x0 , 0 0, 1{n,
X
xn P B1{n
px0 q, f pxn q R BY0 pf px0 qq. xn x0 , f pxn q f px0 q, !
p2q f , V Y . x0 P f 1 pV q, y0 f px0 q P
V , V , 0, BY py0 q V . , 0,
f pBX px0 qq BY py0 q V , BX px0 q f 1 pV q, f 1 pV q .
11.5
405
, x0 P X 0, y0 f px0 q.
pBY py0 qq X x0 , 0,
BX px0 q f 1 pBY py0 qq,
f pBX px0 qq BY py0 q, f x0 .

p3q: .
. p1q A X , f : A Y , X A,
A (), f , .
p2q f : A Y , 0, 0, 1 pa1 , a2 q
2 pf pa1 q, f pa2 qq , f .
11.5.2. Lipschitz .
f : X Y , L,
2 pf px1 q, f px2 qq L1 px1 , x2 q, @ x1 , x2 P X,
f Lipschitz , L Lipschitz . Lipschitz .

, Lipschitz , .
11.5.2 (). f : X Y ,
p1q f X Y ;
p2q f .
. p1q A X , f pAq tV u, tf 1 pV qu A
k
k
, 1 , , k A
f 1 pVi q. f pAq
Vi .
i1
i1
p2q A . f A , 0 0,
1{n, an , bn P A,
1 pan , bn q
1
, 2 pf pan q, f pbn qq 0 .
n
tan u tbn u , , a0 , b0 ,
1 pa0 , b0 q 1 pa0 , an q ` 1 pan , bn q ` 1 pbn , b0 q
1
` 1 pa0 , an q ` 1 pbn , b0 q 0,
n
a0 b0 .
0 2 pf pan q, f pbn qq 2 pf pan q, f pa0 qq ` 2 pf pb0 q, f pbn qq 0.
406
11.5.3 (). f : X R
.
. A X , f pAq R , R
. f pAq , f A
.
11.5.2 (). G X ,
x2
x1 , x2 P G, p q : I r0, 1s X
G
p0q x1 , p1q x2 , pIq G, G .

, Rn ,
.
x1
X
11.7
11.5.4. R (
).
. G R , a b P G. ra, bs G. , ,
f : r0, 1s R, f p0q a, f p1q b, f pr0, 1sq G. f
, , ra, bs f pr0, 1sq G.
11.5.5 ().
.
. G X , f : X Y . y1 , y2 P f pGq,
x1 , x2 P G f px1 q y1 , f px2 q y2 . , : r0, 1s X
p0q x1 , p1q x2 , pr0, 1sq G. f : r0, 1s Y ,

f p0q f px1 q y1 , f p1q f px2 q y2 , f pr0, 1sq f pGq. f f pGq
y1 , y2 .
11.5.6 (). f : X R , G X .
p1q x1 , x2 P G, f px1 qf px2 q 0, x0 P G f px0 q 0;

p2q f px1 q y f px2 q y, x P G y f pxq.
. p2q . f , G , f pGq R ,
f pGq . f px1 q, f px2 q P f pGq rf px1 q, f px2 qs f pGq, , y P f pGq,
x P G y f pxq.
11.5.3. f : S 1 R , x0 P S 1 ,
f px0 q f px0 q.
11.5
407
. g : S 1 R,
gpxq f pxq f pxq, @ x P S 1 .
g ,
gpxqgpxq rf pxq f pxqsrf pxq f pxqs rf pxq f pxqs2 0,
, x0 P S 1 , gpx0 q 0, f px0 q f px0 q.

11.5.2
, . ,
. R R ; n 1 ,
Rn R ; , Rn Rm .
, .
11.5.7. f, g : Rn R ,
p1q , P R , f ` g ;
p2q f g ;
p3q g 0 , f {g .
f : Rn Rm ,
f pxq pf1 pxq, , fm pxqq, x px1 , , xn q P Rm .
11.5.8. f : Rn Rm fi ,
i 1, , m.
. , f x0 lim f pxq f px0 q,

xx0
lim f pxq f px0 q lim fi pxq fi px0 q, i 1, , m.
xx0
xx0
f x0 fi p1 i nq x0 .
11.5.4. .
f : Rn Rm . x, y P Rn ,
f px ` yq f pxq ` f pyq, @ , P R,
408
f . m 1 .
ei Rn i 1, , te1 , , en u Rn
. Rn x
x px1 , , xn q x1 e1 ` ` xn en ,
, f pxq
f pxq f px1 e1 ` ` xn en q x1 f pe1 q ` ` xn f pen q,
. f pei q pa1i , , ami q, ,
x1
a11
a12
a1n
a21
f pxq .
..
am1
a22
..
.
..
.
am2

a2n
x2
,
..
..
.
.
xn
amn
, f A paij qmn .
f : Rn Rm , g : Rm Rs , g f Rn
Rs . f, g , A, B, g f
, BA. ,
, .
11.5.3
f : R2 R . R2 px, yq . px0 , y0 q P R2 ,
A P R, 0, 0
a
0 }px, yq px0 , y0 q} px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2
, |f px, yq A| , f px0 , y0 q (),
lim
px,yqpx0 ,y0 q
f px, yq A
lim f px, yq A.
xx0
yy0
y, lim f px, yq pyq ,

xx0
lim lim f px, yq lim pyq.
yy0 xx0
yy0
lim lim f px, yq, .

xx0 yy0
11.5.5. p1q
x2 y 2
0,
px,yqp0,0q x2 ` y 2
lim
x2 y 2
1
1
|xy| px2 ` y 2 q.
2
2
x `y
2
4
11.5
409
xy
p0, 0q p y x y x2 .q
x2 ` y 2
1
lim
f px, yq 0, lim f px, yq
p3q f px, yq x sin . |f px, yq| x
y0
y
px,yqp0,0q
.
xy
xy
p4q lim lim 2
lim lim 2
0, p2q .
y0 x0 x ` y 2
x0 y0 x ` y 2
p2q
11.5.9.
lim
px,yqpa,bq
f px, yq A, y b, lim f px, yq pyq

xa
,
lim lim f px, yq lim pyq A;
yb xa
yb
x a, lim f px, yq ,
yb
lim lim f px, yq A lim lim f px, yq.
xa yb
yb xa
. A . , 0, 0,
0
a
px aq2 ` py bq2
|f px, yq A| . y, x a,
2
lim f px, yq A , @ 0 |y b| .
xa
2
2
lim lim f px, yq A.
yb xa
11.5
1. .
2. f : X Y . , f
.
3. , R2 R (:
f pxq
1
x
, x ).
4. A pX, dq ,
dA : X R, dA pxq inf dpa, xq.
aPA
dA , dA px0 q 0 x0 P A.
410
5. v, w P R2 , f : R2 R
f px ` vq f pxq, f px ` wq f pxq, @ x P R2 ,
f . , .
6. , Rn . (: .)
7. f : R2 R , p, q P R2 , f ppq f pqq.
8. , :
p1q
p3q
sin xy
a
;
px,yqp0,0q
x2 ` y 2
lim
lim
px,yqp0,0q
x2 lnpx2 ` y 2 q;
p2q
x2 y 2
;
px,yqp0,0q x2 ` y 2
p4q
x3 ` y 3
.
px,yqp0,0q x2 ` y
lim
lim
9. , :
x2 ` y 2
x2 ` y 2
xy
;
p2q
lim
lim
;
p3q
lim
lim
;
x8 y8 x2 ` y 4
y8 x8 x2 ` y 4
x`8 y0 1 ` xy
xy
x
x
p4q lim lim
; p5q lim lim sin
; p6q lim lim sin
.
y
x8 y8
y8 x8
y0 x`8 1 ` x
2x ` y
2x ` y
p1q lim lim
10. pq Rn`1
n`1
(
S n px1 , x2 , , xn`1 q P Rn`1
x2i 1
i1
.
11. pq f : Rn R . f
graphpf q ,
graphpf q tpx, f pxqq P Rn`1 | x P Rn u.
12. pq Rn m , Rn ,
; 3 , .
, .
, .
, .
, ,
.
12.1
12.1.1 (). D Rn , f : D R D
. p P D, Rn u,
lim
t0
f pp ` tuq f ppq
t
, f p u ,
.
Bf
ppq, f u
Bu
. p1q ptq f pp ` tuq t 0 . ,

Bf
ppq
u ei p0, , 0, 1, 0, , 0q ( i 1 ) ,
Bu
Bf
ppq, f i . ,
Bxi
Bf
f pp1 , , pi1 , pi ` t, pi`1 , , pn q f pp1 , , pn q
ppq lim
.
t0
Bxi
t
Bf
Bf
p2q
fx1 i fxi . fx1 i
,
Bxi
Bxi
B Bf
B Bf
fy2i xi
, fx2i yi
, 2 .
Byi Bxi
Bxi Byi
. f k , f C k .
B Bf
B2 f
B Bf
B2 f
, .
Bx2i
Bxi Bxi
Bxi Byi
Bxi Byi
12.1.1. f px, yq xy 1 , 2 .
B
Bf
2
2
2
2
pxyq y, fy1 x, fyx

1, fxy
1, fxx
fyy
0.
Bx
Bx
a
12.1.2. f px, yq x2 ` y 2 ` xy px0 , y0 q p1, 2q .
. fx1 px, yq
.
Bf
x
y
Bf
px, yq a
px, yq a
` y,
` x.
2
2
2
Bx
By
x `y
x ` y2
411
412
?
Bf
5
Bf
2?
5 ` 1.
p1, 2q
` 2,
p1, 2q
Bx
5
By
5
12.1.3. px0 , y0 , z0 q P R3 ,
1
f px, y, zq px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 ` pz z0 q2 2
.
.
1
r px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 ` pz z0 q2 2
Bf
1 Br
1 x x0
x x0
2
2
.
Bx
r Bx
r
r
r3
,
Bf
y y0 Bf
z z0
3 ,
3 .
By
r
Bz
r
, ,
, .
12.1.4.
$
2
& x y , px, yq p0, 0q,

f px, yq x4 ` y 2
%0,
px, yq p0, 0q.
f , f p0, 0q .
u pu1 , u2 q, u2 0 ,
u2
Bf
1 t3 u2 u2
p0, 0q lim 4 4 1 2 2 1 ,
t0 t t u1 ` t u2
Bu
u2
f p0, 0q . f p0, 0q ().
12.1.1 (). f , x0 P D. fx1 i p1 i nq x0

,
p1q f x0 ;
p2q xi xi ptq t0 , x0 px1 pt0 q, , xn pt0 qq, f pxptqq t t0
,
n
dxi
Bf
df pxptqq
pxpt0 qq
pt0 q.
dt
Bxi
dt
tt0
i1
12.1
413
. p1q ,
f pxq f px0 q
f px01 , , x0i1 , xi , , xn q f px01 , , x0i1 , x0i , xi`1 , , xn q

i1
n
fx1 i px01 , , x0i1 , i , xi`1 , , xn q pxi x0i q,
i1
x x , i x0i , fx1 i x0 lim0 pf pxq f px0 qq 0.

0
xx
p2q p1q ,
df
f pxptqq f pxpt0 qq
lim
tt
dt tt0
t t0
0
n
xptq xi pt0 q
lim
fx1 i px01 , , x0i1 , i , xi`1 , , xn q
tt0
t t0
i1
fx1 i px0 q x1i pt0 q.
i1
.
12.1.2. , u
ui ei pu1 , u2 , , un q,
i1
n
Bf
d
Bf
ppq f pp ` tuq
ppq ui .
Bu
dt t0
Bx
i
i1
12.1.3 (). f : D R , px0 , y0 q P D.

2
2
px0 , y0 q ,
fyx
fxy
2
2
fxy
px0 , y0 q fyx
px0 , y0 q.
. k 0, h 0 (x0 , y0 + k)
(x0 + h, y0 + k)
pyq f px0 ` h, yq f px0 , yq,

pxq f px, y0 ` kq f px, y0 q.
(x0 , y0 )
(x0 + h, y0 )
12.1
,
py0 ` kq py0 q 1y py0 ` 1 kqk
p0 1 1q
1
fy px0 ` h, y0 ` 1 kq fy1 px0 , y0 ` 1 kq k

2
fxy
px0 ` 2 h, y0 ` 1 kqkh.
p0 2 1q
,
2
px0 ` hq px0 q fyx
px0 ` 3 h, y0 ` 4 kqhk, p0 3 , 4 1q.
414
,
py0 ` kq py0 q px0 ` hq px0 q,
2
2
fxy
px0 ` 2 h, y0 ` 1 kq fyx
px0 ` 3 h, y0 ` 4 kq.
2
2
k, h 0, fxy
, fyx
px0 , y0 q .
12.1.4. , .
12.1.5.
$
2
2
& xy x y , px, yq p0, 0q,
2
x ` y2
f px, yq
%
0,
px, yq p0, 0q.
2
2
p0, 0q 1,
p0, 0q 1, fyx
fxy
p , q.
12.1
1. f , : u, v , u v,
Bf
Bu
Bf
Bv .
2. :
p1q f px, yq x ` y `
a
x2 ` y 2 , fx1 p3, 4q, fy1 p0, 1q,
p2q f px, y, zq pcos x{ sin yqez , p, 2 , ln 3q ,

p3q f px, yq sinpx2 yq, p1, 1q .
3. :
p1q xy ` xy ;
p4q lnpx `
p7q arctan
y
x2 q;
y
x;
p2q tan xy ;
p3q cospx2 ` y 2 q;
p5q x2 y 3{2 ;
p6q exy`yz`zx ;
p8q xy ;
p9q lnpx1 ` x2 ` ` xn q.
4. :
p1q x2 y 3 ;
y
p4q ex ;
p2q ln xy;
p3q arcsinpx21 ` ` x2n q;
p5q tanparctan x ` arctan yq;
p6q ex
Bz
Bz
y By
.
5. z f pxyq, x Bx
6. u ex cos y, v ex sin y, u1x vy1 ,
u1y vx1 .
`xyz
12.2
415
B2
B2
2
Bx2 ` By 2 , R Laplace
2
2
u2xx ` u2yy 0, v vxx
` vyy
0.
7.
, u, v
8. r rpx x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 ` pz z0 q2 s 2 , r1 0, , R3
Laplace , u u2xx ` u2yy ` u2zz .

9. pq f px, yq x, y , , f
(), f .
2
2
px0 , y0 q
fyx
10. pq , 12.1.3 , fxy
, .
12.2
: r, s Rn , Rn .
ptq px1 ptq, , xn ptqq, t P r, s.
xi ptq p1 i nq t t0 , t0 ,
1 pt0 q
d
d
pt0 q
px11 pt0 q, , x1n pt0 qq,
dt
dt tt0
1 pt0 q t0 .
z
(t)
0
(t0 )
(t)
12.2
(t0 )
416
1 pt0 q 0 , tpt0 q ` 1 pt0 qu u P Ru t0 ,
p pt0 q u 1 pt0 q,
x1 x1 pt0 q
x2 x2 pt0 q
xn xn pt0 q

.
x11 pt0 q
x12 pt0 q
x1n pt0 q
pt0 q ,
pq pt0 qq 1 pt0 q 0.
12.2.1. f ,
(t, f (t))
ptq pt, f ptqq,
1 pt0 q p1, f 1 pt0 qq, t0
t
0
x t0
y f pt0 q
,
1
f 1 pt0 q
t0
12.3
y f pt0 q ` f 1 pt0 qpx t0 q.

.
12.2.2.
ptq pa cos t, a sin t, tq, t P R
.
. t t0 , 1 pt0 q pa sin t0 , a cos t0 , 1q,
x a cos t0
y a sin t0
z t0
,
a sin t0
a cos t0
1
xa sin t0 ` ya cos t0 ` z t0 0.
DR
. u
0
, r : D R pn mq R
pu01 ,
, u0m q P D,
u rpu01 , , u0i1 , u, u0i`1 , , u0m q
Rn , ui . ui u0i ,
Br 0
pu q rui pu0 q ru1 i pu0 q,
Bui
u0 . tru1 i pu0 q | 1 i mu ( u0
), rpu0 q ,
, .
12.2
417
R3 ,
rpu, vq pxpu, vq, ypu, vq, zpu, vqq,
rv
ru
ru1 pu0 , v0 q px1u pu0 , v0 q, yu1 pu0 , v0 q, zu1 pu0 , v0 qq,

rv1 pu0 , v0 q px1v pu0 , v0 q, yv1 pu0 , v0 q, zv1 pu0 , v0 qq.
12.4
ru1 pu0 , v0 q, rv1 pu0 , v0 q ,

n ru1 pu0 , v0 q rv1 pu0 , v0 q
pyu1 zv1 zu1 yv1 , zu1 x1v x1u zv1 , x1u yv1 yu1 x1v q 0,
n ,
pp rpu0 , v0 qq n 0,
x xpu0 , v0 q y ypu0 , v0 q
x1 pu0 , v0 q
yu1 pu0 , v0 q
u
x1v pu0 , v0 q
yv1 pu0 , v0 q
z zpu0 , v0 q
zu1 pu0 , v0 q 0.
zv1 pu0 , v0 q
n
12.2.3. S 2 tpx, y, zq P R3 | x2 `y 2 `z 2 1u
.
.
x sin cos , y sin sin , z cos ,
0 , 0 2.
12.5
n pcos cos , cos sin , sin q p sin sin , sin cos , 0q

sin px, y, zq,
px0 , y0 , z0 q
px x0 q x0 ` py y0 q y0 ` pz z0 q z0 0.
, m n 1 , r : D Rn . r
rpuq rpu1 , , un1 q px1 pu1 , , un1 q, , xn pu1 , , un1 q ,
418
u0 , n 1
ru1 i pu0 q
` Bx1
Bui
pu0 q, ,
Bxn 0
pu qq, i 1, , n 1.
Bui
pN1 , , Nn q,
N
Ni p1qi1
Bpx1 , , xi1 , xi`1 , xn q 0

pu q,
Bpu1 , , un1 q
Bx1
0
Bu1 pu q
..
.
..
.
Bx
i1
0
Bpx1 , , xi1 , xi`1 , xn q 0
1 pu q
pu q det BxBui`1
0
Bpu1 , , un1 q
Bu1 pu q
..
..
.
.
Bxn
0
Bu1 pu q
Bx1
0
Bun1 pu q
..
.
Bxi1
0
Bun1 pu q
.
Bxi`1
0
Bun1 pu q
..
Bxn
0
Bun1 pu q
r1 pu0 q p1 i n 1q , N

, N
ui
12.2
1. :
p1q ptq pa cos t sin t, b sin2 t, c cos tq, t
4,
p2q ptq pt, t2 , t3 q, t t0 ,

p3q ptq pa cos t, a sin tq, t t0 .
2. :
p1q rpu, vq pu, a cos v, a sin vq, pu, vq pu0 , v0 q,
p2q z x2 ` y 2 , px, y, zq p1, 2, 5q,
p3q rpu, vq pa sin u cos v, b sin u sin v, c cos uq, pu, vq pu0 , v0 q.
3. D Rn , f : D R . f graphpf q Rn`1
,
graphpf q tpx, f pxqq | x P Du Rn`1 ,
.
4. x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ` w2 1 .
12.3
419
12.3
, , .
.
D Rn , f : D Rm
f px1 , , xn q pf1 px1 , , xn q, , fm px1 , , xn qq,
, .
12.3.1 (). f , x0 px01 , , x0n q P D. m n
A paij qmn , x0 x,
}f pxq rf px0 q ` A px x0 qs} op}x x0 }q, px x0 q
f x0 ,
df px0 q : Rn Rm
v A v
f x0 .
12.3.1 ( ). f : D Rm x0 , fi
p1 i mq x0 ,
Bfi 0
A
px q
.
Bxj
mn
. , f x0 , f x0 .
m 1 .
, u, ,
f px0 ` tuq f px0 q A px0 ` tu x0 q ` op}x0 ` tu x0 }q
tA u ` op|t|q,
Bf 0
px q A u, . ,
Bu
Bf
Bf 0
Bf 0
px q A ei , A
px0 q, ,
px q .
Bxi
Bx1
Bxn
.
12.3.1.
x2 y
, px, yq p0, 0q,
x2 ` y 2
f px, yq
%
0,
px, yq p0, 0q.
$
&
p0, 0q .
420
1
. |f px, yq| |x|, f p0, 0q , fx1 p0, 0q fy1 p0, 0q 0.
2
u pu1 , u2 q ,
f ptu1 , tu2 q
t 3 u2 u 2
Bf
p0, 0q lim
lim 2 1 2 3 u21 u2 .
t0
t0 pu1 ` u2 qt
Bu
t
f p0, 0q , f p0, 0q (?).

Bfi
fi p1 i mq , Jf Bxj
, f Jacobian
mn
. m 1 , Jf f , f . Jf
Jf : D Rmn , m n Rmn .
12.3.2 (). Jf D , x0
, f x0 .
. m 1 . , fx1 i x0 , i 1, 2, , n.
,
f pxq f px0 q
f px01 , , x0i1 , xi , xi`1 , , xn q f px01 , , x0i , xi`1 , , xn q

i1
n
i1
n
fx1 i px01 , , x0i1 , x0i ` i pxi x0i q, xi`1 , , xn q pxi x0i q

fx1 i px0 q pxi x0i q `
i1
i pxi x0i q,
i1
, xi x0i
i fx1 i px01 , , x0i1 , x0i ` i pxi x0i q, xi`1 , , xn q fx1 i px01 , , x0n q 0,
n
n
0
1
0
0
2 2
pxq
f
px
q
`
f
px
q
px
x
q
}x x0 }
f
i
xi
i
i
i1
i1
op}x x0 }q,
f x0 .
m n R
mn
, . ,
A paij qmn ,
}A}
n
m
a2ij
12
j1 i1
Schwarz
}A v} }A} }v}, @ v P Rn .
12.3
421
12.3.3 (). Rl , D Rm , g : D
f : D Rn . g u0 P , f x0 gpu0 q ,
h f g : Rn u0 ,
Jhpu0 q Jf px0 q Jgpu0 q.
. g u0 ,
gpuq gpu0 q Jgpu0 q pu u0 q ` Rg pu, u0 q,
(12.1)
Rg pu, u0 q op}u u0 }q. , f x0 gpu0 q ,

f pxq f px0 q Jf px0 q px x0 q ` Rf px, x0 q,
(12.2)
Rf px, x0 q op}x x0 }q.

(12.1) , u u0 , gpuq gpu0 q x0 . x gpuq (12.2),
f gpuq f gpu0 q Jf px0 qpgpuq gpu0 qq ` Rf pgpuq, gpu0 qq
Jf px0 q Jgpu0 q pu u0 q ` Rf g pu, u0 q,
(12.3)
Rf g pu, u0 q Jf px0 q Rg pu, u0 q ` Rf pgpuq, gpu0 qq.
}Rf g pu, u0 q} }Jf px0 q Rg pu, u0 q} ` }Rf pgpuq, gpu0 q}

}Jf px0 q} }Rg pu, u0 q} ` op}gpuq gpu0 q}q
op}u u0 }q ` opOp}u u0 }qq op}u u0 }q.
(12.3) f g u0 , Jpf gqpu0 q Jf px0 q Jgpu0 q.

f , g
yi fi px1 , , xm q,
i 1, , n,
xj gj pu1 , , ul q,
j 1, , m.
Jpf gqpu0 q Jf px0 q Jgpu0 q

By
By1 0
1
pu0 q
pu q
Bu1
Bul
..
..
..
.
.
.
By
By
n
n
pu0 q
pu0 q
Bu1
Bul
nl
By
Bx
By
1
1
1
px0 q
px0 q
pu0 q
Bx1
Bu1
Bxm
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
By
By
Bx
n
n
m
px0 q
px0 q
pu0 q
Bx1
Bxm
Bu1
nm
Bx1 0
pu q
Bul
..
,
.
Bxm 0
pu q
Bul
ml
422
Byi
Byi 0
Bxs 0
pu q
pgpu0 qq
pu q.
Buj
Bxs
Buj
s1
.
12.3.2. f px, yq , pxq , u f px, pxqq x .
. ,
u1x fx1 px, pxqq x1x ` fy1 px, pxqq 1 pxq
fx1 px, pxqq ` fy1 px, pxqq 1 pxq.
12.3.3. u f px, yq , x r cos , y r sin ,

Bu 2
Bx
Bu 2
By
Bu 2
Br
1 Bu 2
.
r2 B
. ,
Bu
Bu Bx Bu
`
Br
Bx Br
By
Bu
Bu Bx Bu
`
B
Bx B
By
Bu 2
Br
By
Bu
Bu
cos `
sin
Br
Bx
By
By
Bu
Bu
r
sin ` r
cos
B
Bx
By
2 Bu
2
1 Bu 2 Bu
Bu
Bu
cos
`
sin
sin
`
cos
r2 B
Bx
By
Bx
By
Bu 2 Bu 2
`
.
Bx
By
12.3.4. z f pu, v, wq, v pu, sq, s pu, wq,
Bz Bz
,
.
Bu Bw
. ,
z f pu, v, wq f pu, pu, sq, wq f pu, pu, pu, wqq, wq.
,
Bz
Bf
Bf Bv
Bf
Bf B B Bs
Bu
Bu
Bv Bu
Bu
Bv
Bu
Bs Bu
Bf
Bf B Bf B B
Bu
Bv Bu
Bv Bs Bu
Bz
Bf
Bf Bv
Bf
Bf B Bs
Bw
Bw
Bv Bw
Bw
Bv Bs Bw
Bf B B
Bf
`
Bw
Bv Bs Bw
12.3
423
, () . f : D R m
, , f x df pxq
df pxq : Rm R
v
Bf
vi .
Bxi
i1
x df pxq f , df .
dpf ` gqpxq df pxq ` dgpxq, @ , P R,
, , ,
df
Bf
dxi
Bxi
i1
pq
dpf ` gq df ` dg,
dpf gq f dg ` gdf,
` f gdf f dg
d
g
g2
pg 0q.
pq :
df Jf pdx1 , , dxm qT ,
dpf gq Jpf gq pdu1 , , dul qT

Jf pxq Jgpuqpdu1 , , dul qT
px gpuqq
Jf pgpuqq pdg1 , , dgm qT .
.
12.3.5. u ln
z2
, du u .
x2 ` y 2
. ,
du d ln
x2
z2
d ln z 2 lnpx2 ` y 2 q
2
`y
1
2
dpx2 ` y 2 q
dz 2
z
x ` y2
2x
2y
2
2
dx 2
dy ` dz.
x ` y2
x ` y2
z
Bu
2x
2
,
Bx
x ` y2
Bu
2y
2
,
By
x ` y2
Bu
2
.
Bz
z
424
12.3
1. :
a
?
p1q f px, yq |xy|;
p2q f px, yq |xy|; p3q f px, yq x cos y;
$
& ? xy , px, yq p0, 0q,

x2 `y 2
p4q f px, yq
%0,
px, yq p0, 0q.
$
&px2 ` y 2 q sin 2 1 2 , px, yq p0, 0q,
x `y
p5q f px, yq
%0,
px, yq p0, 0q.
2. :
p1q f px, yq pxy 2 3x2 , 3x 5y 2 q, px, yq p1, 1q;
p2q f px, y, zq pxyz 2 4y 2 , 3xy 2 y 2 zq, px, yq p1, 2, 3q;
p3q f pr, q pr cos , r sin q, pr, q pr0 , 0 q;
p4q f px, yq psin x ` cos y, cospx ` yqq, px, yq p0, 0q.
3. f g Jacobian :
p1q f px, yq pxy, x2 yq, gps, tq ps ` t, s2 t2 q, ps, tq p2, 1q;
p2q f px, yq pex`2y , sinpy ` 2xqq, gpu, v, wq pu ` 2v 2 ` 3w3 , 2v u2 q,
pu, v, wq p1, 1, 1q;
p3q f px, y, zq px ` y ` z, xy, x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 q, gpu, v, wq pev
`w2
, sin uw,
uvq,
pu, v, wq p2, 1, 3q.

4. :
p1q z hpu, x, yq, y gpu, v, xq, x f pu, vq, zu1 , zv1 ;
1
p2q z f pu, x, yq, x gpv, wq, y hpu, vq, zu1 , zv1 , zw
.
5. :
p1q z xy ;
p2q z
xy
;
x2 ` 2y 2
p3q z x2 y 2 ` 3xy 3 2y 4 ;
x y
` ; p5q z cospx ` ln yq; p6q z arctanpx ` yq;
y
x
xy
p7q z
; p8q z lnpx4 y 3 q;
p9q z ex`2y ` sinpy ` 2xq.
x`y
p4q z
6. , f px, yq x , fy1 , f .
B2 u B2 u
`
0, vpx, yq upx2 y 2 , 2xyq
Bx2 By 2
y
x
wpx, yq wp x2 `y
2 , x2 `y 2 q .
7. , upx, yq u
12.4 Taylor
425
8. ,
upx, tq
pxbq2
1
? e 4a2 t
2a t
Bu
B2 u
a2 2 .
Bt
Bx
9. f , ,
.
10. pq f fx1 px0 , y0 q , fy1 px, yq px0 , y0 q , f
px0 , y0 q .
2
2
11. pq fx1 fy1 px0 , y0 q , fxy
px0 , y0 q fyx
px0 , y0 q.
12.4
Taylor
p, q P Rn ,
q
(t)
ptq p1 tq p ` t q, @ t P r0, 1s.
: r0, 1s Rn Rn p, q . A
Rn , a1 , a2 P A, a1 , a2
A, A . , .
12.6
.
12.4.1. Rn Br pxq .
, Lagrange Cauchy
. , . , ,
12.4.1 (). D Rn , f : D R ,
a, b P D, P D,
f pbq f paq Jf pq pb aq,
a ` pb aq, P p0, 1q, a, b .

. : r0, 1s D a, b , ptq f ptq
. , P p0, 1q
p1q p0q 1 pq p1 0q.
f pbq f paq Jf pq pb aq, pq a ` pb aq.
426
12.4.2. D Rn p q, f : D R .
Jf 0, f .
. D , 12.4.1 . , D
p, q, : r0, 1s D p, q .
T ts P r0, 1s | f psq f ppqu.
0 P T , T . T t. f t P T .
t 1 (). t 1. , D , 0
B ppq D. , ptq p , 0,
prt, t ` sq B ppq. B ppq , f B ppq . ,
rt, t ` s T . t .
t 1 f pqq f ppq. p, q , f .
12.4.2. f : R R2 , f ptq pt2 , t3 q,
2t
Jf ptq
.
3t2
P p0, 1q
f p1q f p0q Jf pq p1 0q,
1
1
2
32
. 12.4.1 .
, .
.
12.4.3 (). D Rn , f : D Rm ,
a, b P D, P D
}f pbq f paq} }Jf pq} }b a},
a ` pb aq, P p0, 1q.

. : r0, 1s D a, b .
: r0, 1s R, ptq xf pbq f paq, f ptqy,
12.4 Taylor
427
, 1 ptq xf pbq f paq, Jf pptqq pb aqy.

, P p0, 1q
|p1q p0q| |1 pq| }f pbq f paq} }Jf ppqq pb aq}
}f pbq f paq} }Jf pq} }b a}.
|p1q p0q| |xf pbq f paq, f pbqy xf pbq f paq, f paqy|

}f pbq f paq}2 ,
12.4.4. D Rn , f : D Rm . Jf 0, f
.
. 12.4.2 , .
, , ,
.
12.4.3. ?
1.032
?
.
0.98 3 1.06
x2
. f px, y, zq ? ?
, x0 p1, 1, 1q, h p0.03, 0.02, 0.06q,
y3z
?
1.032
?
f p1.03, 0.98, 1.06q
0.98 3 1.06
f px0 ` hq f px0 q ` Jf px0 q h
0.03
1 1
1.05.
1 ` p2, , q
0.02
2 3
0.06
, ,
. , .
. i P Z` p1 i nq, p1 , , n q, .
||
i , ! 1 ! 2 ! n !.
i1
x px1 , , xn q P Rn ,
2
n
1
x x
1 x2 xn .
f , || :
D f px0 q
B || f
px0 q.
Bxnn
Bx11
428
12.4.5 (Taylor ). D Rn , f P C m`1 pDq p f

m ` 1 q, a pa1 , , an q P D. x P D, P p0, 1q
f pxq
D f paq
px aq `
!
k0
||k
||m`1
D f pa ` px aqq
px aq .
!
. ptq f pa ` t px aqq, t P r0, 1s. m ` 1

, Taylor , P p0, 1q,
pq p1q p0q ` 1 p0q `
1 2
1 pmq
1
p0q ` `
p0q `
pm`1q pq,
2!
m!
pm ` 1q!
k!
D f pa ` tpx aqq px aq .
!
pkq ptq
||k
, t 0 ,
pkq p0q
k!
D f paq px aq ,
!
||k
pq .
Rm f pxq
D f paq
px aq .
!
k0
||k
Taylor , f P C m`1 pDq

Rm
||m`1
D f pa ` px aqq
px aq .
!
pLagrange q
12.4.6. , }x a} , Rm Op}x a}m`1 q.

. 0, B paq D. f P C m`1 pDq, B paq ,
M 0
paq, || m ` 1.
|D f pxq| M, @ x P B
|Rm | M
||m`1
||m`1
1
|px aq |
!
1
}x a}|| C }x a}m`1 .
!
12.4 Taylor
429
. p1q f P C m pDq, Taylor

f pxq
m1
D f paq
D f pa ` px aqq
px aq `
px aq
!
!
k0 ||k
||m
D f paq
px aq ` Rm ,
!
k0
||k
Rm
||m
1
D f pa ` px aqq D f paq px aq .
!
:
Rm op}x a}m q px aq. pPeano q
p2q Taylor
f pxq f paq ` Jf paq px aq `
n
1 B2 f
paq pxi ai q pxj aj q `
2 i,j1 Bxi Bxj
B2 f
Hesspf q
paq
Bxi Bxj
,
nn
f a Hessian.
p3q Taylor f .
12.4.1 (). D Rn , f : D R .
x y P D,
f ptx ` p1 tqyq tf pxq ` p1 tqf pyq, @ t P p0, 1q,
f D . , .
12.4.7. p1q f D , f
f pyq f pxq ` Jf pxq py xq, @ x, y P D.
p2q f , f Hesspf q 0 p q.
. p1q x, y P D, t P p0, 1q,

tpf pyq f pxqq f px ` tpy xqq f pxq
Jf pxq tpy xq ` opt}y x}q,
430
t, t 0`
f pyq f pxq ` Jf pxq py xq.
x, y P D, t P r0, 1s, z tx ` p1 tq y,
f pxq f pzq ` Jf pzq px zq,
f pyq f pzq ` Jf pzq py zq,
tf pxq ` p1 tqf pyq f pzq ` Jf pzq tpx zq ` p1 tqpy zq f pzq.

p2q f , Hesspf q , Taylor ,
x, y P D, x ` py xq, P p0, 1q
1
f pyq f pxq ` Jf pxq py xq ` py xqT Hesspf qpq py xq
2
f pxq ` Jf pxq py xq.
p1q f .
(). Hesspf q , x P D, Rn
h,
hT Hesspf qpxq h 0.
Taylor , 0 ,
1
f px ` hq f pxq ` Jf pxq h ` 2 hT Hesspf q h ` op}h}2 q
2
1
f pxq ` Jf pxq h ` 2 hT Hesspf qpxq h ` op1q .

2
0 , 0.
f px ` hq f pxq ` Jf pxq h.
f ( p1q).
12.4.4. f : Rn R ,
Hesspf qpxq In , @ x P Rn ,
In n , f .
12.4 Taylor
431
. Taylor , f pxq
1
f pxq f p0q ` Jf p0q x ` xT Hesspf qpq x.
2
1
f pxq f p0q ` Jf p0q x ` }x}2 , @ x P Rn .
2
, x 8 , f pxq `8, f . f
, ().
12.4
1. f , , f Lipschitz ,
L,
|f pyq f pxq| L}x y}.
2. f D , ,
f .
3. : p1q 1.0022 2.0032 3.0043 , p2q 0.971.05 .
4. k , a pa1 , a2 , , an q P Rn ,
pa1 ` a2 ` ` an qk
k!
a .
!
||k
, a1 a2 an 1 ?
5. ptq f pa ` tpx aqq,
pkq ptq
k!
D f pa ` tpx aqq px aq .
!
||k
6. f a m , a ,
f pxq
c px aq ` op}x a}m q,
k0 ||k
1
D f paq, @ || m.
!
432
7. Taylor :
p1q f px, yq 2x2 xy y 2 6x 3y ` 5, px, yq p1, 2q;

p2q f px, y, zq x3 ` y 3 ` z 3 3xyz, px, y, zq p1, 1, 1q;
p3q f px, yq p1 ` xqm p1 ` yqn , m, n , px, yq p0, 0q;
p4q f px, yq ex`y , px, yq p0, 0q.
8. Taylor :
p1q f px, yq xy , p1, 1q ;
p2q f px, yq
cos x
cos y ,
p0, 0q ;
p3q f px, yq sinpx2 ` y 2 q, p0, 0q ;

y
p4q f px, yq arctan 1`x
2 , p0, 0q .
12.5
: , ,
. , ,
() . .
12.5.1. .
, A : Rn Rn det A 0, A .
: B : Rn Rn , }B} 1, In B .
, pIn Bqv 0,
}v} }In v} }Bv} }B} }v},
v 0.
,
. , .
, ,
. , .
12.5.1 (). W Rn , f : W Rn C k pk 1q
, x0 P W . det Jf px0 q 0, x0 U W y 0 f px0 q
V Rn , f |U : U V , C k .
. , x0 0, y 0 f px0 q 0. A f x0 0
, A , f A1 0 . f A1
, f . , Jf px0 q In .
12.5
433
x0 , f ,
g : W Rn
x f pxq x,
g C k , Jgp0q 0. , 0 0
}Jgpxq}
1
p0q W.
, @xPB
0
2
,
}gpx1 q gpx2 q} }Jgpq} }x1 x2 }
1
p0q.
}x1 x2 }, @ x1 , x2 P B
0
2
y P B 20 p0q,
f pxq y, x P B0 p0q.
(12.4)
B0 p0q gy pxq x ` y f pxq y gpxq .

. ,
}gy pxq} }y gpxq} }y} ` }gpxq}
0
1
0
0
p0q.
` }x}
`
0 , @ x P B
0
2
2
2
2
(12.5)
, gy : B0 p0q B0 p0q B0 p0q :

}gy px1 q gy px2 q} }gpx2 q gpx1 q}
1
p0q.
}x1 x2 }, @x1 , x2 P B
0
2
(12.4) B0 p0q , xy . (12.5), xy P B0 p0q.

U f 1 pB 20 p0qq X B0 p0q, V B 20 p0q,
f |U : U V , hpyq xy
y gphpyqq hpyq.
p1q h : V U : y1 , y2 P V
}hpy1 q hpy2 q} }y1 y2 } ` }gphpy1 qq gphpy2 qq}
1
}y1 y2 } ` }hpy1 q hpy2 q},
2
}hpy1 q hpy2 q} 2}y1 y2 }, @ y1 , y2 P V .
(12.6)
434
p2q h : V U : y0 P V , y P V ,
hpyq hpy0 q py y0 q rgphpyqq gphpy0 qqs
py y0 q Jgphpy0 qq phpyq hpy0 qq ` op}hpyq hpy0 q}q,
rIn ` Jgphpy0 qqs phpyq hpy0 qq py y0 q ` op}y y0 q}q.
hpyq hpy0 q rIn ` Jgphpy0 qqs1 py y0 q ` op}y y0 }q.
h y0 .
p3q h : V U C k .
p2q
Jhpyq rIn ` Jgphpyqqs1 rJf phpyqqs1 , @ y P V.
(12.7)
f P C k Jf P C k1 . p2q (12.7) Jh P C 0 , h P C 1 .
Jf P C k1 , h P C 1 (12.7) Jh P C 1 h P C 2 . ,
h P Ck.
. , f : W R Jacobian , f pW q .
n
12.5.2. f : R2 R2 , f px, yq pex cos y, ex sin yq. , f ,
detJf px, yq det
ex cos y
ex sin y
ex sin y
ex cos y
e2x 0.
12.5.1 , !
12.5.3. f : R2 R2 , f px, yq px3 , y 3 q, f , ,
Jf p0, 0q 0, f . Jacobian .
12.5.4. f : R2 R C k pk 1q , f px0 , y 0 q 0,
Bf 0 0
px , y q 0,
By
px0 , y 0 q
f px, yq 0.
. F : R2 R2 , F px, yq px, f px, yqq, F px0 , y 0 q px0 , 0q,
1
0
Bf 0 0
detJF px0 , y 0 q det Bf 0 0
px , y q 0.
Bf 0 0
By
px , y q
px , y q
Bx
By
12.5
435
, px0 , y 0 q , F . x x0 , y 0
gpxq, F px, gpxqq px, 0q, f px, gpxqq 0. x
Bf
Bf
px, gpxqq `
px, gpxqq g 1 pxq 0
Bx
By
Bf
Bx
g 1 pxq Bf
px, gpxqq
By px, gpxqq
.
y gpxq f px, yq 0 .
, () .
12.5.2 (). W Rn`m , W px, yq ,
x px1 , , xn q, y py1 , , ym q. f : W Rm C k ,
f px, yq pf1 px, yq, f2 px, yq, , fm px, yqq.
px0 , y 0 q P W , f px0 , y 0 q 0 det Jfy px0 , y 0 q 0,
Bfi
Jfy px, yq
px, yq
.
Byj
mm
x0 V Rn C k g : V Rm ,
p1q y 0 gpx0 q, f px, gpxqq 0, @ x P V .
p2q Jgpxq rJfy px, gpxqqs1 Jfx px, gpxqq,
Jfx px, yq
Bfi
px, yq
.
Bxj
1im
1jn
. F : W Rn`m
F px, yq px, f px, yqq,
px0 , y 0 q , 12.5.4 , .
. gpxq f px, yq 0 .
12.5.5. x2 ` 2y 2 ` 3z 2 ` xy z 9 0, x 1, y 2, z 1
Bz B 2 z
,
.
By BxBy
. F px, y, zq x2 ` 2y 2 ` 3z 2 ` xy z 9,
F p1, 2, 1q 0, Fz p1, 2, 1q p6z 1q|z1 5 0,
Bz
,
Bx
436
z x, y , z zpx, yq. 12.5.2, p1, 2, 1q ,
pzx , zy q Fz1 pFx , Fy q

7
1
p2x ` y, 4y ` xq|px,y,zqp1,2,1q p0, q.
5
5
zy Fz1 Fy
1
p4y ` xq,
6z 1
B2 z
6
1
,
zx p4y ` xq
BxBy
p6z 1q2
6z 1
B2 z
1
p1, 2, 1q .
BxBy
5
12.5.6. px, yq pr, q
(x, y)
r
x r cos , y r sin .
r x, y .
12.7
.
Br Br
Bx By
B B
Bx By
cos
sin
Bx Bx 1
Br B
By By
Br B
1
r cos
r sin
1
r
r cos
sin
r sin
cos
Br
cos ,
Bx
Br
sin ,
By
B
sin
,
Bx
r
B
cos
.
By
r
12.5.7 (). F : R3 R C k pk 1q .
S tpx, y, zq P R3 | F px, y, zq 0u.
px, y, zq P S, Fx1 , Fy1 , Fz1 0, S F

.
12.5
437
m0 px0 , y0 , z0 q P S, Fz1 px0 , y0 , z0 q 0. 12.5.2,

px0 , y0 , z0 q , S z zpx, yq :
F px, y, zpx, yqq 0.
px0 , y 0 , z 0 q
n p1, 0, zx px0 , y 0 q p0, 1, zy px0 , y 0 qq
pzx px0 , y 0 q, zy px0 , y 0 q, 1q
1
pF 1 px0 , y 0 , z 0 q, Fy1 px0 , y 0 , z 0 q, Fz1 px0 , y 0 , z 0 qq.
Fz1 x
S px0 , y 0 , z 0 q
Fx1 px x0 q ` Fy1 py y0 q ` Fz1 pz z0 q 0.
px0 , y 0 , z 0 q
y y0
z z0
x x0
1
1
.
Fx1 px0 , y0 , z0 q
Fy px0 , y0 , z0 q
Fz px0 , y0 , z0 q
12.5.8 (). F : R3 R, G : R3 R C k pk 1q ,
l tpx, y, zq P R3 | F px, y, zq Gpx, y, zq 0u,
px, y, zq P l,
BpF, Gq
px, y, zq det
Bpy, zq
Fy1
Fz1
G1y
G1z
l F , G .
12.8
0,
438
m0 px0 , y0 , z0 q P l, , m0 l
y ypxq, z zpxq
,
F px, ypxq, zpxqq Gpx, ypxq, zpxqq 0,
y 1 pxq
z 1 pxq
Fy1
Fz1
G1y
G1z
Fx1
G1x
Fx1 ` Fy1 y 1 ` Fz1 z 1 0,

G1x ` G1y y 1 ` G1z z 1 0.
p1, y 1 , z 1 q pFx1 , Fy1 , Fz1 q pG1x , G1y , G1z q . m0

x x0
F1 F1
y
z
1
Gy G1z
y y0
F1 F1
z
x
Gz G1x
z z0
F1 F1
x
y
Gx G1y
x x0
F1
x
G1x
y y0
Fy1
G1y
z z0
Fz1 0.
G1z
12.5
1. A n , , pAq 0, }B} pAq , A ` B
.
2. f : Rn Rn , }Jf pxq} q 1, @ x P Rn . f
.
3. 1 ,
.
4. y x :
p1q f px, yq x2 y 2 , px, yq p0, 0q;
p2q f px, yq sinrpx ` yqs 1, px, yq p 41 , 14 q;
p3q f px, yq xy ` ln xy 1, px, yq p1, 1q;
p4q f px, yq x5 ` y 5 ` xy 3, px, yq p1, 1q.
12.6
439
5. :
p1q z y xz 3 1 0,
Bz
By p1, 2, 1q;
p2q x2 ` 2y 2 ` 3z 2 ` xy z 9,
6. xv 4y ` 2eu ` 3 0,
B2 z
Bx2 p1, 2, 1q.
2x z 6u ` v cos u 0 x 1, y
1, z 1, u 0, v 1 u upx, y, zq, v vpx, y, zq. u, v
Jacobian .
7. :
p1q x3 ` 2xy 2 7z 3 ` 3y ` 1 0, px, y, zq p1, 1, 1q;
p2q px2 ` y 2 q2 ` x2 y 2 ` 7xy ` 3x ` z 4 z 14, px, y, zq p1, 1, 1q;
p3q sin2 x ` cospy ` zq 43 , px, y, zq p 6 , 3 , 0q;
p4q x2 ` y 2 z 2 ` sin z, px, y, zq p0, 0, 0q.
8. :
p1q x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 3x, 2x 3y ` 5z 4, px, y, zq p1, 1, 1q;
p2q x2 ` z 2 10, y 2 ` z 2 10, px, y, zq p1, 1, 3q;
?
p3q 3x2 ` 3y 2 z 2 32, x2 ` y 2 z 2 , px, y, zq p 7, 3, 4q;
p4q x3 y ` y 3 x 3 x2 y 2 , px, yq p1, 1q.
9. U , V Rn , f : U V , det Jf pxq 0, @ x P U .
f , .
10. pq f : Rn Rn ,
}f pxq f pyq} }x y}, @ x, y P Rn .
f , .
12.6
12.6.1 (). f : A R , A Rn ,
x0 px01 , , x0n q P A. 0,
f px0 q f pxq
pf px0 q f pxqq, @ x P A X B px0 q tx0 u,
x0 f p q , f px0 q f p q . pq
pq , x0 , f px0 q .
12.6.1 (). x0 f , x0 A
, f x0 , fx1 1 px0 q fx1 2 px0 q fx1 n px0 q 0.
440
. fx1 1 , pxq f px, x02 , , x0n q, , x01

, Fermat 1 px01 q 0, fx1 1 px0 q 0.

. fx1 1 px0 q fx1 n px0 q 0 x0 f .
12.6.2. U Rn , f : U R , x0 f
.
p1q x0 f p q , Hesspf qpx0 q p q ;
p2q Hesspf qpx0 q p q , x0 f p q ;
p3q Hesspf qpx0 q , x0 f .
. x0 f Taylor :
1
f px0 ` hq f px0 q Jf px0 q h ` hT Hesspf qpx0 q h ` op}h}2 q
2
1 T
h Hesspf qpx0 q h ` op}h}2 q.
2
(12.8)
p1q x0 f , v , (12.8) h t v,
t P R, |t| ,
0 f px0 ` hq f px0 q t2
1
2
v T Hesspf qpx0 q v ` op1q ,
t2 , t 0
0 v T Hesspf qpx0 q v, @ v P Rn , }v} 1.
Hesspf qpx0 q . x0 .
p2q Hesspf qpx0 q ,
0 min v T Hesspf qpx0 q v 0.
}v}1
}h}
1
}h}2 0 ` op}h}2 q
2
`1
1
}h}2 0 ` op1q 0 }h}2 ,
2
4
f px0 ` hq f px0 q
x0 . Hesspf qpx0 q .
p3q p1q, p2q , .
12.6.1. f px, yq x4 ` y 4 px ` yq2 .

. :
0
Bf
Bf
4x3 2x 2y, 0
4y 3 2x 2y,
Bx
By
12.6
441
m0 p0, 0q,
m1 p1, 1q,
m2 p1, 1q.
, , Hessian:
2

B f
B2 f
2
12x
2
2
2
BxBy
Hesspf qpx, yq BBx2 f
.
B2 f
2
12y 2 2
ByBx
By 2
m1 , m2 , Hessian , m1 , m2 ,
f pm1 q f pm2 q 2.
m0 Hesspf q , Hesspf q m0 . 0 x 1,
y x,
f px, yq 2x4 4x2 0;
y x, f px, yq 2x4 0, m0 .
12.6.2 (). px1 , y1 q, , pxn , yn q R2 n ,

n
y ax ` b, F pa, bq paxi ` b yi q2 .
i1
. F pa, bq pa, bq
. :
0
BF
pa, bq 2 paxi ` b yi qxi ,
Ba
i1
BF
pa, bq 2 paxi ` b yi q,
Bb
i1
12.9
x
0
i1
x2i
i1
xi
1
pxi xj q2 0
2 ij
, (), , F Hessian
n
n
2
x
x
i
i
i1
i1
,
2
n
xi
n
i1
, . pa, bq 8 F pa, bq `8,

().
442
, , px, yq ,
x
y
1
xi
yi
n
a, 1, b T 0,
i1
i1
n
n
n
x2i
xi yi
xi
i1
i1

x

n

xi

i1
n

x2i

i1
i1
y
n
i1
n
yi
xi y i
i1

1

n
0,
n

xi

i1
.
12.6.3. f px, yq x2 ` y 3 3y .
. :
0
Bf
Bf
2x, 0
3y 2 3.
Bx
By
p0, 1q, p0, 1q. Hessian:
2 0
2 0
Hesspf qp0, 1q
, Hesspf qp0, 1q
.
0 6
0 6
p0, 1q , f p0, 1q 2; p0, 1q .
. p0, 1q f , !
, , , ,
!
12.6.4. f px, yq x2 ` y 2 p1 ` xq3 .
. p0, 0q f , , f p2, 3q 5 f p0, 0q 0,
p0, 0q .
12.6.3. f : Rn R ,
p1q lim f pxq 8, f Rn ;
}x}8
p2q lim f pxq `8, f Rn .

}x}8
. p1q , x0 P Rn , , R 0 }x} R ,
f pxq f px0 q.
f BR p0q f Rn .
12.6
443
y
12.6.5. f px, yq x2 ` y 2 2x y
4
D : x 0, y 0, 2x ` y 4 , .
. f D . D
:
2x + y = 4
Bf
1
1
5
Bf
px, yq p1, q, f p1, q ;

Bx
By
2
2
4
:
p1q y 0, 0 x 2: f px, 0q x2 2x,
p1, 0q, f p1, 0q 1.
p2q x 0, 0 y 4: f p0, yq y 2 y, p0, 1{2q,
x
0
12.10
f p0, 1{2q 1{4;

p3q x 0, y 0, 2x ` y 4: f px, yq 5x2 16x ` 12, p8{5, 4{5q,
f p8{5, 4{5q 4{5.
, : f p0, 0q 0,
f p2, 0q 0,
f p0, 4q 12,
f 12, 5{4.
12.6
1. , , :
p1q f px, yq y 2 psin x x2 q;
p2q f px, yq cospx ` yq ` sinpx yq;
p3q f px, yq y ;
p4q f px, yq x{y xy;

2
x2 y 2
p5q f px, yq pax ` by qe

2.
b :
p1q f px, yq xy 1
x2
a2
y2
b2 ,
p6q f px, yq yex .
a, b 0;
p2q f px, yq sin x ` cos y ` cospx yq, 0 x
2,
0y
2;
p3q f px, yq xy lnpx2 ` y 2 q, x, y 0.

3. :
p1q f px, yq 4px yq x2 y 2 ;
p2q f px, yq x2 ` py 1q2 ;
p3q f px, yq x2 ` xy ` y 2 ` x y ` 1;
p4q f px, yq x3 ` y 3 3xy.
4. y x2 x y 2 0 .
5. Rn m , .
444
6. 0 a b, n 1. pa, bq n x1 , x2 , , xn ,
u
x1 x2 xn
pa ` x1 qpx1 ` x2 q pxn1 ` xn qpxn ` bq
.
7. pq f px, yq, p0, 0q f ,
y kx , p0, 0q , p0, 0q f .
12.7
Lagrange
U Rn , f : U R U , : U Rm pm nq C 1
.
A tx P U | pxq 0u,
f A , pxq 0 .
A Rn C 1 (), x0 P A f
, A x0 ptq pp0q x0 q, t 0 f pptqq ,
d
f pptqq Jf px0 q 1 p0q,
dt t0
f x0 Jf px0 q A x0 1 p0q . Jf px0 q

A x0 .
() , .
12.7.1 (Lagrange ). f P C 1 pU q, x0 P A f .
Jpx0 q m, P Rm ,
Jf px0 q Jpx0 q 0.
(12.9)
. p1 , , m q,
B
Bx1
.
.
det
.
Bm
Bx1
..
.
B1
Bxm
Bm
Bxm
..
0
. px q 0.
, z 0 px0m`1 , , x0n q V C 1 g : V Rm
y 0 gpz 0 q, pgpzq, zq 0, @ z P V.
12.7 Lagrange
445
y 0 px01 , , x0n q, y px1 , , xm q, z pxm`1 , , xn q, x py, zq P U .

x0 py 0 , z 0 q ,
Jgpz 0 q pJy q1 px0 q Jz px0 q.
(12.10)
x0 f , z 0 f pgpzq, zq (), z0 ,
Jy f px0 q Jgpz 0 q ` Jz f px0 q 0.
(12.11)
(12.10) (12.11),
Jz f px0 q Jy f px0 q pJy q1 px0 q Jz px0 q.
(12.12)
Jy f px0 q pJy q1 px0 q,

Jy f px0 q Jy px0 q.
(12.13)
Jz f px0 q Jz px0 q.
(12.14)
(12.12)
(12.13) (12.14)
Jf px0 q Jpx0 q 0.
. p1q , A x0 n m , x0
J1 px0 q, , Jm px0 q , (12.9) Jf px0 q .
p2q , (12.9) : x0 , px0 , q
F px, q f pxq
i i pxq
i1
.
y
12.7.1. px 1q2 ` y 2 1
p0, 1q , .
. px 1q2 ` y 2 1 0
a
d x2 ` py 1q2 .
F px, y, q x2 ` py 1q2 rpx 1q2 ` y 2 1s,
x
1
12.11
446
:
$
$
px
1q
&
&
1
1
Fx1 Fy1 F1 0
y 1 y 0
y
1 ?
% px 1q2 ` y 2 1 0
%
1 2
d2 2 , d ||,
d , ,
2 ` 1,
2 1.
12.7.2. V
?
. , , x, y, z,
z
y
A 2pxy ` yz ` zxq,
12.12
V xyz. xyz V 0 A
.
F px, y, q 2pxy ` yz ` zxq pxyz V q,
:
$
2py ` zq yz 0
& 2pz ` xq zx 0
1
Fx1 Fy1 Fz1 F1 0
x y z V 3 .
2px
`
yq
xy
%
xyz V 0
2
x, y z 0 , A `8, A , 6V 3 .
12.7.3. i 0, xi 0, i 1, , n.
``n
1 x1 ` ` n xn 1
n
1
,
x
n
1
1 ` ` n
x1 x2 xn .
.
n
1
f px1 , , xn q lnpx
1 xn q
i1
i ln xi
12.7 Lagrange
447
i xi c pc 0q .
i1
n
F px, q
i ln xi
i1
i xi c ,
i1
:
n
i
i ,
i xi c 0,
xi
i1
c
xi n
, i 1, , n.
Fx1 i F1 0
i1
D : xi 0,
i xi c
i1
, f 8, f D ,
,
n
1
lnpx
1 xn q
i ln n
i1
i1
1
x
1
n
x
n
1 x1 ` ` n xn
1 ` ` n
1 ``n
12.7
1. :
p1q f px, yq xy, x ` y 1;
p2q f px, yq
y
x
a ` b,
2
2
p3q f px, yq x ` y ,
x2 ` y 2 1;
x
a
y
b
1;
p4q f px, yq cos px ` yq, x2 ` y 2 1;

p5q f px, y, zq x 2y ` 2z, x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 1;
p6q f px, y, zq 3x2 ` 3y 2 ` z 2 , x ` y ` z 1;
p7q f px, y, zq xa y b z c , x ` y ` z 1, a, b, c 0.
2. 2l .
3.
x2
y2
`
1 .
a2
b2
4.
y2
z2
x2
`
`
1 .
a2
b2
c2
448
5. 2x ` 2y ` z ` 9 0, 2x y 2z 18 0 .
6. x2 ` 4y 2 4 x ` y 4 .
7. .
8. a1 , a2 , , an 0, u
ai xi
i1
x2i r2
i1
.
9. p 1,
1 1
` 1, Holder
p q
n
ui vi
i1
upi
n
p1
i1
viq
q1
, @ ui , vi 0, i 1, n.
i1
10. pq A paij qnn n , b pb1 , b2 , , bn q P Rn ,

n
f pxq xTAx ` bx
aij xi xj `
i,j1
bi xi , x P Rn
i1
p1q f Rn ;
n
p2q f
x2i 1 .
i1
12.8

12.8.1
Hesspf q , .
.
A n , A A : Rn Rn . , A
Q : Rn R,
Qpxq xx, Axy
aij xi xj , A paij qnn .
i,j1
n 1
(
S n1 x P Rn
x2i 1
i1
, Q S
n1
12.8.1. Qpxq S n1 A .
12.8
449
. 0 min
tQpxqu, x0 P S n1 ,
n1
S
0 Qpx0 q.
Qpxq 0 }x}2 , @ x P Rn .
, y P Rn , t P R,
ptq Qpx0 ` tyq 0 }x0 ` ty}2 0.
ptq t , t 0 0, 1 p0q 0.
xy, Ax0 y ` xx0 , Ayy 0 pxx0 , yy ` xy, x0 yq 0.
A
xy, Ax0 0 x0 y 0.
y Ax0 0 x0 , ,
Ax0 0 x0 0.
0 .
: V R , AV V ,
n
V A .
inftQpxq | x P V, }x} 1u,
A .
V ,
V K ty P Rn | xy, xy 0, @ x P V u
A ; ,
V pq tx P Rn | Ax xu
. , , A
0 1 r ,
r n.
i mintQpxq x K V p0 q V p1 q V pi1 q, }x} 1u,
i 1.
450
12.8.2. A n ,
p1q A ;
p2q A .
. p1q p2q .
p2q : A 0 , , r , Rn
Rn V p0 q V p1 q V pr q.
x P Rn , x 0, x
x x0 ` x1 ` ` xr ,
xi P V pi q,
Qpxq
i }xi }2 0.
i0
A . : , ,
12.8.1 A .
12.8.3. A n , p q k,
V Rn , x P V px 0q, Qpxq 0, dim V k.
. () dim V k, A
V0 , dim V0 k.
P : V V0 ,
dim V dim V0 , ker P t0u. x P V px 0q xKV0 .

12.8.2 , Qpxq 0, .
:
12.8.4. A paij qnn detpaij q 1ik 0, @ 1 k n.
1jk
. A , paij q 1ik , ,
1jk
().
n . n 1 . n 1 , n ,
, paij q 1in1 , A Rn1 tx P Rn | xn 0u

1jn1
. 12.8.3, A n 1 . det A 0,
, 12.8.2 A .
. , .
12.8
12.8.2
451
, .
. fi : U R p1 i mq U Rn
.
F : U Rm , F px1 , x2 , , xn q pf1 px1 , x2 , , xn q, , fm px1 , x2 , , xn qq
. V F pU q : V R,
pF q pf1 , f2 , , fm q 0, pyq 0, @ y P V,
tfi u U .
. tfi u , , ,
tfi u , fj ,
fj pf1 , f2 , , fj1 , fj`1 , , fm q,
.
12.8.1.
f1 pxq
xk , f2 pxq
k1
x2k , f3 pxq
k1
xi xj
1ijn
.
.
f1 pxq2 f2 pxq ` 2f3 pxq,
tf1 , f2 , f3 u ( pyq y12 y2 2y3 ).
x P U , tfi u , tfi u
0
. ? ,
. tfi u , pF q 0 ,
Jacobian
J JF pxq 0, @ x P U.
J 0, RankJF pxq m, @ x P U , Rank .

, .
12.8.5. m n, tfi u . RankJF pxq m, @ x P U , tfi u
; , m n det JF pxq 0 @ x P U , tfi u .
452
. RankJF pxq m tfi pxqum

i1 .
12.8.2. fi pxq
aij xj p1 i nq Rn ,
j1
det A 0 tfi u ; det A 0 tfi u , A paij qnn .
: x puq, tfi pxqu

tfi ppuqqu . ,
, Jacobian JF
RankJF pxq l m, @ x P U.
, tfi u x0 P U . ,
JF px0 q l,
det
Bfi
Bxj
px0 q 0.
1il
1jl
G : U Rn , Gpx1 , x2 , , xn q pf1 pxq, f2 pxq, , fl pxq, xl`1 , , xn q,
det JGpx0 q 0, , , G x0 , G1
, x puq . , F
F puq pu1 , u2 , , ul , F l`1 puq, , F n puqq.
RankJpF q RankJF l,
BF i
0, @ l ` 1 i, j n.
Buj
, u0 Gpx0 q , F i pl ` 1 i nq u1 , , ul . ,
F u0 Gpx0 q , F x0
.
RankJF max RankJF pxq,

xPU
RankJF F U . JF x0 P U , x0 JF
RankJF . ,
12.8.6. tfi u F . JF x0 P U l,
l x0 , l .
. ,
, , .
, R2
. :
,
.
13.1
Riemann
ra, bs, rc, ds R , I ra, bs rc, ds R2 ,

dpIq vpIq
a
dpIq pb aq2 ` pd cq2 , vpIq pb aqpd cq.
1 : a x0 x1 xm b, 2 : c y0 y1 yn d,
x xi p0 i mq y yj p0 j nq I mn
Iij rxi1 , xi s ryj1 , yj s p1 i m, 1 j nq,
I , 1 2 .
}} maxi,j dpIij q.
y
d
c
0
1
a
x
b
13.1
453
454
13.1.1 ( Riemann ).
f : I R I ,
A, 0, 0, }} ,
f pij qvpIij q A , @ ij P Iij ,

i,j
f I Riemann , A f
I ,
A f
f px, yqdxdy.
I
. p1q
13.2
f pij qvpIij q f Riemann ,
i,j
Spf, , q. f ,
f lim Spf, , q.
}}0
p2q , f I Riemann f .
f I .
f . Mij sup f ppq, mij inf f ppq,
pPIij
pPIij
Spq Sp, f q
Mij vpIij q,
spq sp, f q
i,j
mij vpIij q,
i,j
Spq spq f Darboux Darboux .
,
ij Mij mij sup f ppq inf f ppq
pPIij
pPIij
f Iij . f
Spq spq
ij vpIij q.
i,j
ra, bs 11 1 , rc, ds 21 2
, ra, bs rc, ds 1 11 21 1 2
. , .
13.1.1. 1 ,
spq sp 1 q Sp 1 q Spq,
, .
13.1 Riemann
455
13.1.2. I 1 , 2 ,
sp 1 q Sp 2 q.
. 1 1 2 , 2 11 21 ,
1 Y 2 p1 Y 11 q p2 Y 21 q,
1 , 2 ,
sp 1 q spq Spq Sp 2 q,
.
, .
Spf q inf Spq, spf q sup spq.
Spf q, spf q f I .
13.1.1. f pxq k , I Riemann
k vpIq, . ,
.
k , f ` k f ,
Spf ` kq Spf q ` k vpIq, spf ` kq spf q ` k vpIq.
13.1.3 (Darboux). f I ,
lim Spq inf Spq,
}}0
lim spq inf spq.
}}0
. . f , , 0 f M .
0, 1 ,
Sp 1 q inf Spq ` .
456
0 , Iij rxi1 , xi s
ryj1 , yj s 1 ,
, ()
Iij
pxi1 ` , xi q pyj1 ` , yj q,
J I
Iij
,
i,j
J () , vpJ q ,
13.3
, . ,
vpJ q
.
2M ` 1
}} , , ,
J , 1 () , ().
, :
inf Spq Spq M vpJ q ` Sp 1 q
` inf Spq `
2M ` 1
2
inf Spq ` .
lim Spq inf Spq.

}}0
. , ?
Darboux ,
.
13.1.4 (). f I , :
p1q f I Riemann .
p2q f I .
p3q lim
ij vpIij q 0.
}}0 i,j
p4q 0, I ,
Spq spq
ij vpIij q .
i,j
13.1.5. f I , f Riemann ;
. f I f I . (
p3q), .
, .
13.1 Riemann
457
13.1.6 (Riemann). f I , f
, 0, I ,
vpIij q .
ij
, .
13.1.2 (). A R2 . 0,
Ii , i 1, 2, ,
i1
Ii ,
vpIi q ,
i1
A .
,
13.1.7. p1q ; p2q ; p3q
; p4q ; p5q f ra, bs
, graphpf q tpx, f pxqq | x P ra, bsu R2 .
. , .
p4q 0 , ,
, ,
. , , .
p5q 0, f , ra, bs
: a x0 x1 xn b
i xi , i Mi mi f rxi1 , xi s , Mi
i1
mi f .
tpx, f pxqq | x P rxi1 , xi su rxi1 , xi s rmi , Mi s Ii , 1 i n.
graphpf q
Ii ,
i1
i1
vpIi q
i1
graphpf q .
pxi xi1 qpMi mi q
i xi ,
i1
458
y
x
0
13.4
. , ,
.
, . f : A R , x P A. f x
pf, xq lim supt|f px1 q f px2 q| : x1 , x2 P Br pxq X Au.

r0`
, f x pf, xq 0. 0,
D tx P A | pf, xq u,
8
f () Df
D n1 .
n1
13.1.8 (Lebesgue). I f Riemann

f Df .
. Lebesgue ,
Darboux , .
.
13.1.9. p1q f I , J I, f
J ; p2q I tJi u , f Ji
, f I .
() ,
.
13.1.3 (). A R2 . 0,
Ii , i 1, 2, , n
i1
A .
Ii ,
i1
vpIi q ,
13.1 Riemann
459
, .
13.1.10. p1q ; p2q ;
p3q ; p4q A A A Y BA
; p5q A A .
. .
p4q A , p2q , A A . , A
, 0, tIi u,
A
Ii ,
i1
vpIi q ,
i1
Ii ,
i1
vpIi q ,
i1
A .
p5q . ,
, ,
, .
13.1.7 ,
, . .
13.1.11. f : I R I . A tx P I | f pxq
0u , f .
. f I BI A , f BI Y A .
A A . BI Y A . Lebesgue
, f . I , ,
f , f Riemann , f .
. A P R2 , A : R2 R
:
$
&1, x P A,
A pxq
%0, x R A.
A A .
13.1.4 (). A , I A .
A A I Riemann , A ,
A I .
460
. p1q A I . A
,
.
p2q A , , A ,
.
13.1.2. A, B , A X B, A Y B
.
.
AXB A B , AYB maxtA , B u,
.
.
13.1.12. A BA .
. A I BI. A BA. A
BA . BA , .
, . ,
. A , f : A R
A , f R2 fA :
$
&f pxq, x P A,
fA pxq
%0,
x P R2 A.
13.1.5. A f , I A . fA I
, f A , fA I ,
f fA .
A
. p1q I . A ,
.
p2q , 1
.
.
13.1.13. f : A R A . f
f A .
13.1 Riemann
461
. I A I BI. , f A fA I
. Lebesgue , fA . I A
fA , fA A . BA , fA
fA A BA . A BA fA f , fA
f A BA , f A
13.1
1. , f , g I , f g I .
2. , f , g ra, bs rc, ds , f pxqgpyq
ra, bs rc, ds .
3. Riemann .
4. f px, yq ra, bsrc, ds , x P ra, bs, f px, yq
y ; y P rc, ds, f px, yq x

. f .
5. f I ,
f I .
6. f ra, bs , : I ra, bs I ,
f I .
7. f I , p1 , 2 q : J I J
, f J .
8. , . (: .)
9. r0, 1s r0, 1s .
10. A R . A R R2 .
11. : r, s R2 , ptq pxptq, yptqq. xptq yptq ,
pr, sq R2 .
12. r0, 1s Dirichlet Dpxq ,
?
13. A , A , A
462
13.2
n . n
R ,
n
I ra1 , b1 s ra2 , b2 s ran , bn s
n , dpIq vpIq
a
dpIq pb1 a1 q2 ` ` pbn an q2 , vpIq pb1 a1 q pb2 a2 q pbn an q.
rai , bi s pi 1, 2, , nq
i : ai xi0 xi1 ximi bi ,
xi xij pi 1, 2, , n; j 0, 1, , mi q I m1 m2 mn
n
Ii1 in rx1i1 1 , x1i1 s rxnin 1 , xnin s, 1 i1 m1 , , 1 in mn .
1 n ,
}} max dpIi1 in q,
i1 in
.
13.2.1 (n Riemann ). f : I R n I
, A, 0, 0, }} ,

f pi1 in qvpIi1 in q A , @ i1 in P Ii1 in ,
i1 in
f I Riemann , A f I ,

A f f pxqdx f px1 , , xn qdx1 dxn .
I
n Riemann Riemann ,
, Rn , R2
, , .
. .
13.2.1. f, g : A R A ,
, , f ` g A ,
pf ` gq f `
g.
A
13.2
463
. f ` g
, .
.
13.2.2. A1 , A2 , A1 X A2 . f
A1 A2 , f A1 Y A2 ,
f
f`
f.
A1 YA2
A1
A2
. I A1 Y A2 , fA1 YA2 pfA1 ` fA2 q A1 X A2

, , 13.1.11 fA1 YA2 pfA1 ` fA2 q I
, fA1 YA2 I ,
f fA1 YA2
A1 YA2
I
pfA1 ` fA2 q
I
fA1 ` fA2
I
I
f`
f.
A1
A2
.
13.2.3. A, f, g A .
p1q f 0,
f 0;
A
p2q f g,
f
g;
A
. p1q I A, f fA , Riemann
, fA I , f A .
p2q f g, f g , p1q f g A ,
f A g A .
13.2.4. A , f A , |f |
A ,

|f |.
f
A
. I A, |fA | |f |A . fA I |fA | I ,
|f |A I , |f | A .
|f |A fA |f |A ,
464
fA
|f |A
I
|f |A ,
|f |
A
|f |,
A
13.2.5 (). A , f, g A
. g A , ,
f g g,
A
inf f sup f .
A
. g 0. , f g A .
pinf f qgpxq f pxqgpxq psup f qgpxq, @ x P A
A
pinf f q
A
g
A
f g psup f q
A
g,
A
g 0, f g A , .
A
g 0,
A
fg
inf f A
sup f,
A
A
g
A
fg
A
,
g
13.2.6. A , f A . g
A , P A,
f g f pq g,
A
13.2
465
. .
13.2
1. R2 , Rn .
2. , n Rn ; Rn .
3. f n I , J I . f J .
4. f, g A , maxtf, gu mintf, gu A
.
5. f I, J , I J , f I Y J
f`
IYJ
f.
J
6. A1 , , Ak , Ai X Aj p1 i j kq .
f Ai p1 i kq , f A1 Y Y Ak ,
f
f ` `
f.
A1 YYAk
A1
7. f I ,
Ak
f 0, f 0.
8. f 0 I ,
f 0.
I
9. A Rn , f A , P A,
f f pqvpAq.
A
10. ,
dxdy
2.
100 ` cos2 x ` cos2 y
1.96
|x|`|y|10
11. tfn u I , fn 0 pn 8q,
lim
fn 0.
n8 I
12. f ,
1
lim
r0` r 2
f px, yqdxdy.
x2 `y 2 r 2
466
13.3
.
. .
f px, yq I ra, bs rc, ds . x P ra, bs,
f px, yq rc, ds y , rc, ds
pxq pxq, ra, bs .

13.3.1. f px, yq I , pxq pxq ra, bs ,
b
b
f
pxqdx
pxqdx.
I
. 1 , 2 ra, bs rc, ds :
1 : a x0 x1 xm b, 2 : c y0 y1 yn d,
I 1 2 . f I , 0, 0,
}}
f
I
f pij qvpIij q
f ` , @ ij pi , j q P Iij .
I
ij
?
?
, }1 } { 2, }2 } { 2 , .
inf
f pi , j qxi yj
f
I
ij
j Pryj1 , yj s
sup
f pi , j qxi yj
f ` ,
ij j Pryj1 , yj s
inf
j1 j Pryj1 , yj s
f pi , j qyj f pi , yq rc, ds Darboux ,
j1
inf
j Pryj1 , yj s
sup
f pi , j qyj pi q.
f pi , j qyj pi q.
j1 j Pryj1 , yj s
f
I
i1
pi qxi
i1
f ` .
pi qxi
I
pxq pxq ra, bs , f I .
13.3
467
13.3.2. f px, yq I . x P ra, bs, y

f px, yq rc, ds ,
d
b
dx
f px, yqdy.
f
a
, y P rc, ds, x f px, yq ra, bs ,
d
b
f
dy
f px, yqdx.
I
13.3.3. f px, yq I ,
b
d
d
b
f
dx
f px, yqdy
dy
f px, yqdx,
I
, .
, . ,
.
13.3.1. I r0, 1s r0, 1s,
ydxdy
3 .
p1 ` x2 ` y 2 q 2
I
. ,
1
1
ydxdy
ydy
dx
3
2
2
2
2 3
p1 ` x ` y q 2
0
0 p1 ` x ` y q 2
I
?
1
1
1
2` 2
?
? .
? 2
dx ln
1` 3
1 ` x2
x `2
0
13.3.2. I r0, 1s r0, 1s, f ,

I
f px, yq
$
&1 x y,
x ` y 1,
%0,
x ` y 1.
. f ,
1
1
f
dx
f px, yqdy
I
0
0
1
1x
dx
p1 x yqdy
0
0
1
1
1
p1 xq2 dx .
2
6
0
468
13.3.3. I r0, 1s3 r0, 1s r0, 1s r0, 1s,
dxdydz
.
3
I p1 ` x ` y ` zq
. ,
1
1
1
dxdydz
dz
dx
dy
3
p1
`
x
`
y
`
zq
p1
`
x
`
y ` zq3
I
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
dy
dx
2
2
p2 ` x ` yq
0
0 2 p1 ` x ` yq
1
1 ` 1
1 ` 1
1
dx
1`x 2`x
2`x 3`x
0 2
1
p5 ln 2 3 ln 3q.
2
,
.
13.3.4. A R2 , f : A R .
A x
I tx P R | y px, yq P Au.
x P I, Ax ty P R | px, yq P Au p q,
f dx
f px, yqdy.
A
Ax
, A y
J ty P R | x px, yq P Au.
y P J, Ay tx P R | px, yq P Au p q,
f
dy
f px, yqdx.
A
Ay
. A , f , f . A ra, bs rc, ds,

fA ra, bs rc, ds . x P I , fA px, yq y rc, ds
f px, yq y Ax . x P ra, bs X I c fA px, yq 0.
, x P ra, bs, fA px, yq y rc, ds ,
b
d
f
fA
dx
fA px, yqdy
A
ra,bsrc,ds
dx
y .
fA px, yqdy
dx
f px, yqdy.
Ax
13.3
469
y
Ax
y2 (x)
A
y1 (x)
13.5
. f A , f px, yq y Ax ,
, .
.
y1 pxq y2 pxq ra, bs ,
A tpx, yq P R2 | y1 pxq y y2 pxq, a x bu
, A . A x ,
,
13.3.5. y1 , y2 A . f : A R ,
x P ra, bs, y
y2 pxq
f px, yqdy
y1 pxq
,
b
f
A
y2 pxq
dx
f px, yqdy.
y1 pxq
. , .
, A
d
A
tpx, yq P R2 | x1 pyq x x2 pyq, c y du,

x1 (y)
d
x2 pyq
f
dy
f px, yqdx.
A
x1 pyq
x2 (y)
y
c
x
0
n , ( 13.6 y
), .
470
13.3.4.
I
x2 y 2 dxdy,
y=x
A y 0, x 1 y x
. x ,
1
x
1
1 5
1
I
dx
x2 y 2 dy
x dx
.
18
0
0
0 3
x=1
13.7
13.3.5.
y 2 dxdy,
I
A
A 2x y 1 0 x y 2 .
`1 1
. 2x y 1 0 x y 2 , p1, 1q.
4 2
y ,
y`1
1
1
2
1 2
63
dy
I
y 2 dx
y py ` 1q y 4 dy
.
640
y2
21
12 2
y
x = 12 (y + 1)
x = y2
y = x2
y=x
A
x
0
A
x
12
13.8
13.3.6.
?y
1
I
dy
0
sin x
dx.
x
. .
sin x
y x
x
y x2 ,
1
x
1
sin x
sin x
I
dx
dy
px x2 qdx 1 sin 1.
x
x
2
0
x
0
13.3
471
y
13.3.7. .
. px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 r2
px0 , y0 q, r . x
I rx0 r, x0 ` rs, x P I,
a
2 r2 px x0 q2 ,
x0 `r a
v
2 r2 px x0 q2 dx
x0 r
r
(x0 , y0 )
13.9
r2 cos2 d r2 .
x
x0 + r
0 x0 r
13.3.8. A tpx, yq P R2 | x, y 0, x ` y au pa 0q
xy dxdy.
A
. ,
a
ax
a
1
a4
xy dxdy
dx
xydy
xpa xq2 dx
.
24
A
0
0
0 2
y
13.3.9. pa 0q
a
A tpx, y, zq P R3 | x, y, z 0, x ` y ` z au
xyz dxdydz.
. ,
a
xyz dxdydz
dx
A
xyzdydz
y,z0, y`zax
1
1 6
xpa xq4 dx
a .
24
720
13.10
13.3.10. n n paq pa 0q ,
n paq tpx1 , , xn q P Rn | x1 0, , xn 0, x1 ` ` xn au.
. n paq
tx P Rn | 0 x1 a, 0 x2 a x1 , , 0 xn a x1 xn1 u,
a
vpn paqq
ax1
dx1
ax1 xn1
dx2
dxn .
0
472
yn x1 ` ` xn , , y2 x1 ` x2 , y1 x1 ,
a
vpn paqq
a
dy1
0
a
y1
a
dy1
a
dy2
dyn
yn1
a
dy2
y1
1
pn 1q!
pa yn1 qdyn1
yn2
pa y1 qn1 dy1
an
.
n!
13.3
1. :
x2
dxdy, I r0, 1s r0, 1s;
p1q
1 y2
I

p2q sinpx ` yq dxdy, I 0,
0, ;
2
2
I
a
p3q
sin2 x dxdy, A y 0, x {2, y x ;
A
x2
p4q
dxdy, A x 2, y x xy 1 ;
2
A y
p5q
xy 2 dxdy, A y 2 2px, x p{2 pp 0q .
A
2. x 0, x 1, y 0, y 2, z 0 z xy 2 .
3. x 1, x 1, y 1, y 2, z 0 z x2 ` y 2 .
4. |x| ` |y| ` |z| a pa 0q .
5. z xy, z x ` y, x ` y 1, x 0, y 0 .
6. A tpx, y, z, wq | x, y, z, w 0, x ` y ` z ` w au,
xyzw dxdydzdw.
A
7. f , g ra, bs rc, ds ,
b
d
f pxqgpyqdxdy
f pxqdx
gpyqdy .
a
ra,bsrc,ds
13.3
473
8. f px, yq ra, bs ra, bs ,

b
x
dx
b
f px, yqdy
b
dy
f px, yqdx.
9. f ra, bs ,
b
x
dx
b
f pyqdy
f pyqpb yqdy.
a
10. f ra, bs ,
b
x
f pxqdx
1
f pyqdy
2
2
f pxqdx .
11. f ra, bs ,
b
x1
f px1 qdx1
xn1
f px2 qdx2
f pxn qdxn
a
12. n :
1
x1
xn1
p1q
x1 dx1
x2 dx2
xn dxn ; p2q
0
1
n!
b
f pxqdx
px1 ` ` xn q2 dx1 dxn .
r0,1sn
13. r0, 1s r0, 1s f px, yq :

$
&1,
x ,
f px, yq
%3y 2 , x .
f Riemann ,
1
dx
f px, yqdy .
14. r0, 1s r0, 1s f px, yq :

$
0, x, y ,
&
f px, yq p1 , x , x pr , y ,
% 1 , x , y , y s .
q
f Riemann , .
15. f ra, bs ,
Af tpx, yq P R2 | a x b, 0 y f pxqu.
, Af f , Af f ra, bs .
474
v3
v2
v1
v2
0
v1
13.11
13.4
, , .
, : .
? , :
P pv1 , v2 , , vn q
(
xi vi P Rn | 0 xi 1, i 1, 2, , n.
(13.1)
i1
vi p1 i nq Rn . n 2 v1 , v2 , P pv1 , v2 q
. ,
. ? .
13.4.1
p1q . v0 P Rn , : Rn Rn ,
pxq x ` v0 . , A Rn ,
pAq , , .
p2q . i P R p1 i nq : Rn Rn ,
px1 , x2 , , xn q p1 x1 , 2 x2 , , n xn q, px1 , x2 , , xn q P Rn .
I ra1 , b1 s ran , bn s (),

vppIqq |1 | |n |vpIq | detpq|vpIq.
I , ,
.
13.4.1 (). Rn ,
0, tIi u tJj u,
Ii ,
vpIi q vpq ;
Jj ,
vpJj q vpq ` ,
i
13.4
475
tIi u .
. I, ,
vpq.
I
, 0, I tIij u,
pij qvpIij q vpq , @ ij P Iij .

ij
ij
inf pij qvpIij q
ij PIij
13.12
vpIij q,
Iij
,
vpq
vpIij q vpq.
Iij
sup pij qvpIij q
ij ij PIij
vpIij q,
Iij XH
vpq
vpIij q vpq ` .
Iij XH
. , B 2,
B ,
. ,
.
13.4.1. n
n paq tpx1 , , xn q P Rn | x1 0, , xn 0,
x1 ` ` xn au pa 0q
.
. , .
pxq ax
vpn paqq vpn p1qqan .
476
, vpn p1qq vn , vn . ,
1
1
1
vn`1
vpn p1 x1 qqdx1 vn p1 x1 qn dx1
vn ,
n
`
1
0
0
v1 1
1
, @ n 1.
n!
vn
vpn paqq
1 n
a , .
n!
13.4.2. x0 P Rn , r n
r px0 q tx P Rn | px x0 q px x0 q r2 u
B
.
. , x0 . r n
n prq. n prq n p1qrn , , n n p1q.
,
1
n`1
`b
1 x21 dx1
p1 x21 qn{2 dx1
n
1
2n
cosn`1 tdt 2n Jn`1 .
, Jn`1 :
J2k
p2k 1q!!
p2kq!!
, J2k`1
, @ k 0.
p2kq!! 2
p2k ` 1q!!
1 2
1 2, 2 , n`2 n
2
, n 1.
n`2
2k
k
2k k1
p2qk
, 2k1
, k 1.
p2kq!!
k!
p2k 1q!!
13.4.3. ai p1 i nq ,
!
x2
)
x2
px1 , , xn q P Rn 21 ` ` 2n 1
a1
an
(13.2)
13.4
477
. xi ai ti p1 i nq pa1 a2 an qn ,
n n .
p3q . : Rn Rn , Rn tei u
pe1 , e2 , , en q pe1 , e2 , , en qA,
A ,
AAT AT A In pIn q.
.
13.4.2 (). Rn ,
0, n tBi u tB j u,
Bi ,
vpBi q vpq ;
B j ,
vpB j q vpq ` ,
tBi u .
. vpq 0. 13.4.1 , I ra, bsn
I. I mn , m , tIi1 u
vpIi1 q
1
vpq.
2
Ii1 Bi1 ,
,
vpBi1 q
n
n
vpIi1 q n`1 vpq.
2n i
2
q 1
n
,
2n`1
13.13
0 q 1,
0 vp
Bi1 q q vpq.
1
i Bi
,
0 vp
Bi1
i1
Bi1 tBi21 u,
Bi21 q q vp
Bi1 q q 2 vpq.
478
, q k 0 pk 8q, 0,
n tBi u, (k )
0 vp
Bi q q k vpq min
, 1
(
1
, 1 .
n n
n
2
Bi , I mn , m ,
1 tI j u,
vpI j q vp1 q `
1
,
n
n 2 n
I j B2j ,
vpB2j q
n
n
n n 2
n 2 n `
1
j
vp1 q ` n .
vpI
q
n
n
2
2
n 2 n
j
tBi , B2j u n , .
vpq 0 , .
13.4.3. .
. n n , (
). , , .
, ,
.
.
13.4.4. A n ,
EA tx px1 , x2 , , xn q P Rn | xAxT 1u
.
. , , O,
A O diagp1 , 2 , , n q OT , i 0 p1 i nq.
y xO, EA
ty P Rn | 1 y12 ` ` n yn2 y diagp1 , 2 , , n q y T 1u
,
1
vpEA q n p1 q 2 pn q 2 n pdet Aq 2 .
13.4
479
, P , ,
P pq,
vpP pqq pdet P qvpq,
, .
p4q . : Rn Rn , Rn
n A. A. Rn
, Apq. , (det A 0), Apq
Rn , . det A 0, AAT
, , , AAT
AAT P 2 ,
P , det P | det A|. O P 1 A, O

, , Apq P pOpqq ,
vpApqq vpP pOpqqq pdet P qvpOpqq pdet P qvpq,
vpApqq | det A|vpq.
(13.3)
.
13.4.5. tvi uni1 Rn ,
P pv1 , , vn q
(
xi vi P Rn 0 xi 1, i 1, 2, , n.
i1
.
. Rn tei uni1 , A : Rn Rn , Apei q vi .
P pv1 , , vn q
(
xi vi P Rn 0 xi 1, i 1, 2, , n.
i1
n
(
A
xi ei P Rn 0 xi 1, i 1, 2, , n.
i1
ApP pe1 , , en qq.
P pe1 , , en q r0, 1sn , , (13.3)

vpP pv1 , , vn qq | det A|vpr0, 1sn q | det A|.
480
, n 2, v1 pa1 , b1 q, v2 pa2 , b2 q ,
vpP pv1 , v2 qq |a1 b2 a2 b1 |,
.
13.4.6. tvi uni1 Rn ,
Spv1 , , vn q
(
xi vi P Rn xi 0 p1 i nq, x1 ` ` xn 1
i1
.
. , A : Rn Rn , Apei q vi ,
Spv1 , , vn q Apn p1qq,
n p1q . (13.3)
vpSpv1 , , vn qq | det A|vpn p1qq
1
| det A|.
n!
13.4.7. r 0,
Er tpx, y, zq P R3 | x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ` xy ` yz ` zx r2 u
.
. Er
Er tpx, y, zq P R3 | px ` yq2 ` py ` zq2 ` pz ` xq2 2r2 u,
A : R3 R3 :
Apx, y, zq px ` y, y ` z, z ` xq,
ApEr q
2r ,
4 ?
4?
vpEr q | det A|1 p 2rq3
2r3 .
3
3
13.4.2
,
. : Rn Rn Lipschitz , L,
|pxq pyq| L}x y}, @ x, y P Rn .
13.4
481
13.4.4. Lipschitz , A Rn .
pAq ,
vppAqq Ln vpAq.
, .
. 13.4.2, 0, A n tB j u,
vpB j q vpAq ` .
j
B j xj , rj ,
|pxq pxj q| L}x xj } Lrj , @ x P B j
, pB j q pxj q , Lrj n . pAq
j
j pB q,
vppAqq
n pLrj qn Ln vpB j q Ln vpAq ` Ln ,
j
vppAqq Ln vpAq. , , A
, pAq .
. , Lipschitz .
() Lipschitz . , : Rn Rn
, . x0 ,
, x0 , . , x0
, x0 .
. Lpxq px0 q ` Jpx0 qpx x0 q
, pxq
pxq Lpxq, Jpqpx

0 q 0. ,
0, 0,
}Jpqpxq}
, @ x P B px0 q.
,
}pxq
pyq}
}Jpqpq}
}x y} }x y}, @ x, y P B px0 q.
B px0 q , 1 . ,
} L1 pxq L1 pyq} p1 ` }L1 }q}x y}, @ x, y P LpB px0 qq,
L1 L , .
`
}L 1 pxq L 1 pyq} 1 `

}x y}, @ x, y P pB px0 qq.
}L}
482
A B px0 q , 13.4.4
vppAqq vp L1 pLpAqqq p1 ` }L1 }qn vpLpAqq
p1 ` }L1 }qn | det Jpx0 q|vpAq,
,
`
| det Jpx0 q|vpAq vpLpAqq vpL 1 ppAqqq 1 `
n
vppAqq,
}L}
( ):
vppAqq | det Jpx0 q| vpAq vpAq.
(13.4)
(13.3)
13.4.5. : Rn C 1 , , J ,
A pA q, pAq ,
vppAqq
| det J|.
A
. (13.4) , .
13.4.6 (). : Rn C 1 , J .
A , A , f : pAq R ,
f
f | det J|.
(13.5)
pAq
. : pq ,
. BpAq pBAq, BA , pBAq
, pAq .
, , A . A tAij u,
13.4.5 ,
f | det J|
A
ij
f | det J|
Aij
f pij q
| det J|
Aij
ij
f pij qvppAij qq
ij
f`
pAq
ij
pAij q
rf ppij qq f s.
13.4
483
f pAq () , }} 0 , (13.5)
. f pAq Riemann ,
.
13.4.8. A x 0, y 0 x ` y 1 ,
xy
I
e x`y dxdy.
A
. , A tp0, 0qu , A .
, x y u, x ` y v,
x
1
1
pu ` vq, y pv uq,
2
2
px, yq pu, vq Jacobi

Bpx, yq 12

Bpu, vq 1
2
1
2

1
2
1
.
2
,
D tpu, vq P R2 | u ` v 0, v u 0, v 1u.
v
1
u
1 1
I
e
dudv
dv
e v du
2
2
D
0
v
1 1
1
vpe e1 qdv pe e1 q.
2 0
4
u
v
v
y
v+u=0
v=1
D
x+y =1
u
x
0
vu=0
13.14
484
y
xy = b
y 2 = qx
xy = a
y 2 = px
x
13.15
13.4.9. 0 p q, 0 a b. y 2 px, y 2 qx
xy a, xy b A.
I
xy dxdy.
A
. , , y 2 {x u, xy v,
pu, vq px, yq Jacobi

Bpu, vq y 2 {x2

Bpx, yq y

2y{x
3y 2 {x 3u,
x
px, yq pu, vq Jacobi p3uq1 . ,

rp, qs ra, bs,
q
b
q
1
I
du v p3uq1 dv pb2 a2 q ln .
6
p
p
a
13.4.3
, R2 px, yq pr, q,
x r cos , y r sin , r 0, 0 2.
, Jacobi

Bpx, yq cos r sin

r.
sin r cos
Bpr, q
pr, q r0, Rs r0, 2s px, yq x2 ` y 2
R2 . , , r 0 . ,
13.4
485
p0, `8q p0, 2q , 13.4.6 ,
.
13.4.10. D tpx, yq P R2 | x2 ` y 2 R2 u
2
2
I
epx `y q dxdy.
D
. . ,
R 2
R
2
2
r 2
I
dr
e rd 2
er rdr p1 eR q.
0
13.4.11. x ` y ` z a x2 ` y 2 ax ,
2
.
. , (0, 0, a)
a
, z a2 x2 y 2
D tpx, yq P R2 | y 0, x2 ` y 2 axu
(a, 0, 0)
, V x r cos ,
y r sin
a
V 4
a2 x2 y 2
13.16
a cos a
d
a2 r2 rdr
4
a3
3
p1 sin3 qd
4` 2 3
a .
3 2
3
, .
13.4.12.
x2
y2
`
1 pa, b 0q .
a2
b2
.
x ar cos , y br sin , r P r0, 1s, P r0, 2s,
Jacobi

Bpx, yq a cos

b sin
Bpr, q

ar sin
abr,
br cos
2
dr
abrd ab.
0
486
R3 . :
x r cos , y r sin , z z,
Jacobi r.
13.4.13. D x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 4
x2 ` y 2 3z .
z dxdydz.
I
. , D
13.17
A tpr, , zq | r2 ` z 2 4, r2 3zu,
?
A pr, q t0 r 3, 0 2u. pr, q, z
?
1
r2 , 4 r2 ,
3
2 ?3
?4r2
13
I
rzdrddz
d
rdr
zdz
.
1 2
4
A
0
0
3r
, R3 :
x r sin cos , y r sin sin , z r cos , r 0, P r0, s, P r0, 2s.
Jacobi

sin cos r cos cos r sin cos

Bpx, y, zq
sin sin r cos sin r sin cos r2 sin .
Bpr, , q

cos

r sin
0
.
13.4.14. D x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 R2
a
x2 ` y 2 z ,
I
px2 ` y 2 ` z 2 qdxdydz.
. , D
13.18
1 (
A pr, , q 0 r R, 0 2, 0 ,
4
r |r sin |drdd
A
r dr
0
2
sin d
d
0
p2 2qR5 .
5
13.4
487
x2
y2
z2
` 2 ` 2 1 pa, b, c 0q .
2
a
b
c
13.4.15.
. :
x ar sin cos , y br sin sin , z cr cos ,
Jacobi abcr2 sin ,

tpr, , q | r P r0, 1s, P r0, s, P r0, 2su,
1
V
dr
abcr sin d
0
d
0
4
abc.
3
.
, Rn pn 3q
$
x1 r cos 1 ,
x2 r sin 1 cos 2 ,
& x3 r sin 1 sin 2 cos 3 ,
x
r sin 1 sin 2 sin n2 cos n1 ,
n1
% x r sin sin sin

n
1
2
n2 sin n1 ,
0 r R, 0 1 , , n2 , 0 n1 2,
R n () . Jacobi
Bpx1 , x2 , , xn q
rn1 sinn2 1 sinn3 2 sin n2 .
Bpr, 1 , , n1 q
n ,
1
n1
r
dr
sinn2 1 sinn3 2 sin n2 d1 d2 dn1 ,
n
0
An
An tp1 , , n1 q | 0 1 , , n2 , 0 n1 2u,
sinn2 1 sinn3 2 sin n2 d1 d2 dn1 nn ,
(13.6)
An
. nn n 1
.
488
13.4.16. B : x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ` w2 1 x2 .
. ,
1
x2 dxdydzdw
px2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ` w2 qdxdydzdw,
4 B
B
(13.6) ,
1 1 5
1
1 2
x2 dxdydzdw
r 44 dr 4
.
4
6
12
B
0
13.4
1. .
2. , Rn , n .
3. A . vpAq 0, n
tBi u,
vpAq
vpBi q.
i1
4. I , 0, D I , D ,
D , . ( D
, .)
5.
pa1 x ` b1 y ` c1 q2 ` pa2 x ` b2 y ` c2 q2 1
, a1 b2 a2 b1 0.
6. 0 p q, 0 a b, x ` y p, x ` y q y ax, y bx
.
7.
x1 x2 xn dx1 dx2 dxn , n paq n .
n paq
8. (a 0):
p1q t|x| ` |y| au; p2q t|x| ` |y| ` |z| au, p3q t|x1 | ` ` |xn | au.
9. 0 p q, 0 a b, y 2 px, y 2 qx x2 ay, x2 by
13.4
489
10. :
p1q px yqdxdy, A y 2 2x, x ` y 4, x ` y 12 ;

A
px2 ` y 2 qdxdy, A x2 y 2 1, x2 y 2 2, xy 1, xy 2 ;
p2q
A
p3q
px y 2 qdxdy, A y 2, y 2 y x 0, y 2 ` 2y x 0 .
p4q
x`
a, x 0, y 0 ;
11.
p1q px2 ` y 2 qdxdy, A tpx aq2 ` y 2 a2 u;

A
p2q
px2 ` y 2 qdxdydz, A x2 ` y 2 2z z 2 ;
c
p3q
A
p4q
x2
(
x2
y2
y2
`
dxdy,
A
`
1 ;
2
2
2
2
a
b
a
b
px ` yqdxdy, A tx2 ` y 2 x ` yu;
p5q
` x2
a2
y 2 2
xy
2 .
b2
c
12. ;
` x2
y2
z 2 2
x2
y2
p1q 2 ` 2 ` 2 2 ` 2 ;
a
b
c
a
b
p2q px2 ` y 2 ` z 2 q2 az, a 0;
p3q x2 ` z 2 a2 , |x| ` |y| a;
p4q
x2
y2
z
`
` 1, z 0.
a2
b2
c
13. :
a
p1q
x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 dxdydz, A tx2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 u;
A
p2q
px2 ` y 2 q dxdydz, A tr2 x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 R2 , z 0u;
c
` x2
x2
(
y2
z2
y2
z2
1 2 ` 2 ` 2 dxdydz, A 2 ` 2 ` 2 1 .
p3q
a
b
c
a
b
c
A
14. f puq ,
1
f px ` yqdxdy
f puqdu.
1
|x|`|y|1
490
15. f puq ,
1 a
f pax ` byqdxdy 2
1 u2 f pkuqdu,
x2 `y 2 1
a2 ` b2 .
16. f puq , a, b, c ,
1
f pax ` by ` czqdxdydz
x2 `y 2 `z 2 1
p1 u2 qf pkuqdu,
a2 ` b2 ` c2 .
17. pq : Rn Rn C 1 ,
13.5
: (
) , .
.
. A Rn () ,
rk, ksn pk 1q, A X rk, ksn , lim vpA X rk, ksn q
k`8
(), A ,
vpAq lim vpA X rk, ksn q.
k`8
A , ,
.
13.5.1. A px, yq |y|
1 (
.
1 ` x2
. , A X rk, ks2 , ,
vpA X rk, ks2 q 2
k
k
k
1
dx
2
arctan
x
4 arctan k,
1 ` x2
k
vpAq lim vpA X rk, ks2 q lim 4 arctan k 2.

k`8
A .
k`8
13.5
491
y
1
A
0
1
13.19
vpA X rk, ksn q k ,
13.5.1. A A X rk, ksn
.
, rk, ksn k Bk p0q,
. ,
A X Bk p0q pA X rk, ksn q X Bk p0q
, A X rk, ksn ,
A X Bk p0q ,
k
k n
AX ? , ?
A X Bk p0q A X rk, ksn
n
n
lim vpA X Bk p0qq lim vpA X rk, ksn q.
k`8
k`8
, A X Bk p0q , A X rk, ksn ,

.
.
13.5.1 (). ti u Rn ,
i i`1 , @ i 1; p2q
p1q
i Rn ,
i1
ti u Rn .
tpk, kqn u tBk p0qu Rn . ,
, .
i i`1 .
,
.
492
13.5.2. ti u Rn , A tAXi u
,
vpAq lim vpA X i q.
i8
, . f : A R
A Rn . rk, ksn , A X rk, ksn
, f A X rk, ksn ,
lim
k`8 AXrk,ksn
(), f A , ()
f lim
f.
k`8 AXrk,ksn
, A ().
`8, f A . .
13.5.3. f : A R
,
p1q f A
f k ;
AXrk,ksn
p2q ti u Rn , f A f A X i
, ,
f lim
i8 AX
i
f.
f : A R,
f ` maxtf, 0u, f maxtf, 0u,
f f ` f . f ` , f , f ` , f A , f
A ,
f`
f .
|f | f ` ` f , f A , |f | A ,
!
().
, , ,
, .
.
13.5
493
13.5.2. epx
`y 2 q
R2 .
. BR tx2 ` y 2 R2 u , ,
epx
`y 2 q
dxdy p1 eR q,
BR
epx
R2
`y 2 q
dxdy lim
R`8 B
R
epx
2
2
epx `y q dxdy lim

R2
R`8 rR,Rs2
`y 2 q
dxdy lim p1 eR q .
R`8
epx
`y 2 q
dxdy lim
R`8
2
2
ex dx ,
:
?
`8
`8
?
2
2
.
ex dx ,
ex dx
2
8
0
2
13.5.3. epx1 ``xn q Rn .

. ,
2
2
px21 ``x2n q
e
dx1 dxn lim
epx1 ``xn q dx1 dxn
R`8 rR,Rsn
Rn
lim
R`8
ex dx
2.
BR p0q , (13.6)
R
2 lim
R`8 0
er rn1 pnn qdr,
t,
8
pxq
tx1 et dt px 0q,
0
n n
n
2
2 2
.
n
n
np 2 q
p 2 ` 1q
pxq Gamma .
, .
(13.7)
494
13.5.4. P n , exP x Rn .
. P , O,
P O diagp1 , , n q OT , i 0, i 1, , n.
y xO,
T
exP x
Rn
ep1 y1 ``n yn q ,
Rn
ti i yi ,
n
2
pt21 ``t2n q
12
xP xT
?
e
p1 n q
e
.
det P
Rn
Rn
, ? 13.5.3,
.
13.5.4. gpxq A , f A X rk, ksn
, }x} , |f pxq| gpxq, f pxq A .
, rk, ksn Bk p0q. r }x}, rp
tr0 r Ru pr0 0q , (13.6)
R
1
p
r
rn1p pnn qdr
pRnp r0np qpnn q,
n
p
r0 rR
r0
p n , rp tr r0 u . ,
13.5.5. f A X Bk p0q . p n , }x}
,
|f pxq| }x}p ,
f A .
, .
.
. A Rn , p P A. f : A p R,
0, f A B ppq ,
f
lim
`
0
AB ppq
(), f A ,
f,
f lim
`
A
AB ppq
13.5
495
. f A , f A
.
f , f ` f , f ` f A
, f A ,
f
f`
f .
A
, B ppq p
, . .
13.5.6. f : A p R , f A B ppq ,
f
AB ppq
, f A ; .
1
B1 p0q .
13.5.5. a
x2 ` y 2
. , 0 1 , ,
1
2
dxdy
r
a
? dr
d
r2
x2 ` y 2
B1 p0qB p0q
0
2p1 q,
2.
, }x}p n B1 p0q ,
, p n , , p n .
, .
, f p , p f .
, f .
, A , S A, f A S ,
S i , vpi q 0,
f
lim
i8 A
i
(), f A ,
f.
f lim
A
i8 A
i
, , .
496
y
13.5.6. ? r0, 1s r0, 1s .
x
y
. t0u r0, 1s ? ,
x
D r, 1s r0, 1s,
y
? dxdy
x
dx
?
x
1
ydy 1
y
? r0, 1s r0, 1s 1.

x
, ,
, . , Riemann
, Lebesgue .
.
p1q . A , px, y, zq, m
m
px, y, zqdxdydz.
A
, px, yq ,
.
p2q . A , px, y, zq,
p
x, y, zq
1
1
1
x
xpx, y, zq, y
ypx, y, zq z
zpx, y, zq.
m A
m A
m A
p3q . A x , y , z
2
2
2
2
Ix py ` z qpx, y, zq, Iy px ` z qpx, y, zq, Iz px2 ` y 2 qpx, y, zq.
A
, l , px, y, zq l rpx, y, zq, l
Il
r2 px, y, zqpx, y, zqdxdydz.
p4q . A , B px0 , y0 , z0 q m0
, Newton , A B F
px, y, zq
rdxdydz,
F Gm0
r3
A
, G ,
r px x0 , y y0 , z z0 q, r }r}
a
pz z0 q2 ` py y0 q2 ` pz z0 q2 .
13.5
497
13.5.7. R , , .
. p . p
l. , p z , p0, 0, lq. p
F ppq G
px, y, z lq
BR
rx2
` y 2 ` pz lq2 s 2
, F ppq x, y . z F ppqz :
R
F ppqz G
dr
r2 pr cos lq sin
d
pr2 ` l2 2rl cos q3{2
R
d 2G
r2 prqdr,
pr cos lq sin
d,
pr2 ` l2 2rl cos q3{2
prq
0
t pr ` l 2rl cos q1{2 ,

2
1
prq 2
2l r
r`l 2
r l2
1 rl
1
dt
1
,
t2
l2 |r l|
|rl|
r l prq 0; r l prq 2l2 . , l R

R
F ppqz 2G
0
4
r2 p2l2 qdr GR3 l2 ;
3
lR
l
F ppqz 2G
0
4
r2 p2l2 qdr Gl.
3
4
r r3 , , ,
3
;
, .
13.5
1. A , BA .
2. A , f : A R . 0, f
A B ppq , f A ,
f lim
A
0 AB ppq
f.
498
3. A () t , r r0 u, f px, yq
A f px, yq crp , c , p 2, f px, yq A

.
4. Rn f pxq t}x} r0 u
f pxq c}x}p ,
p n f pxq Rn .
5. Rn f pxq t}x} r0 u
f pxq }x}p ,
p n f pxq Rn .
6. :
dxdy
p1q
;
p qp1 ` |y|q q
p1
`
|x|
2
R
dxdy
p2q
, A t|x| ` |y| 1u;
p ` |y|q
|x|
A
lnpx2 ` y 2 ` z 2 q
p3q
, A tx2 ` y 2 ` z 2 1u;
2
2
2 p
A px ` y ` z q
dxdy
a
, A tx2 ` y 2 1u;
p4q
2 y2
1
x
A
dxdy
p5q
, A txy 1, x 1u.
p q
A x y
7.
p1q
lnpx2 ` y 2 qdxdy; p2q
x2 `y 2 1
dxdy
; p3q
p1 ` x ` yq3
x0, y0
epx`yq dxdy.
xy0
8. A n , b P Rn ,
T
T
exAx `bx .
Rn
9. R , p0, 0, Rq, pxq k}x}2 ,
.
10. z x2 ` y 2 z 1 , .
11. tx2 ` y 2 ` z 2 1u .
12. , R, 2,
Rn , ,
, , .
14.1
. , ptq pxptq, yptqq,

xptq, yptq t , ,

a
Lpq
rx1 ptqs2 ` ry 1 ptqs2 dt.
. : r, s Rn ,
. , r, s
: t0 t1 t2 tm ,
pti1 q pti q p1 t mq,
Lp; q
}pti q pti1 q}.
14.1
i1
,
m
sup
}pti q pti1 q} `8,
i1
,
Lpq sup
}pti q pti1 q}.
i1
r, s , .
ptq ,
,
Lpq
} 1 ptq}dt.
. ,
. , : t 0 pxp0q, yp0qq p0, 0q; 0 t 1 ,
pxptq, yptqq pt, 1q. , 2 !
:
499
500
, r, s r, s, r,s ;
, P r, s,
Lpq Lp|r,s q ` Lp|r,s q.
, .
, .
14.1.1 (). f r, s .
: t0 t1 t2 tm ,
vpf ; q
|f pti q f pti1 q|,
i1
sup vpf ; q , f r, s , r, s
pf q sup vpf ; q.
:
. f r, s , , ,
vpf ; q
|f pti q f pti1 q|
i1
pf pti q f pti1 qq f pq f pq,
i1
pf q |f pq f pq|.
Lipschitz . |f pxq f pyq| L|x y|,

vpf ; q
|f pti q f pti1 q|
i1
Lpti ti1 q Lp q,
i1
f .
. ,
Lipschitz , .
14.1
501
gpxq r, s Riemann ,
x
f pxq
gptqdt, x P r, s
Lipschitz , .
, .
().
14.1.1 (Jordan). ptq
.
. ptq px1 ptq, , xn ptqq , r, s ,
vpxi ; q
|xi ptj q xi ptj1 q|
j1
}ptj q ptj1 q} Lpq,
j1
xi ptq .
, xi ptq ,
Lp; q
j1
m
}ptj q ptj1 q}
`
|x1 ptj q x1 ptj1 q| ` ` |xn ptj q xn ptj1 q|
j1
i1
vpxi ; q
pxi q.
i1
ptq .
. t P r, s,
sptq Lp|r,ts q,
sptq , ptq ,
spt2 q spt1 q Lp|rt1 ,t2 s q, t1 t2 .
, t2 t1 , spt2 q spt1 q, ptq rt1 , t2 s . ptq

, sptq .
ptq , sptq (). ptq
, sptq t , ,
t tpsq:
tpsq : r0, Lpqs r, s.
502
, ptq ptpsqq s , s .
ptq , } 1 ptq} (, )
, ptq ,
s1 ptq } 1 ptq} ds } 1 ptq}dt.
. f
, ptq, f pptqq . r, s , i P rti1 , ti s
p1 i mq,
m
f ppi qqsi ,
i1
si spti q spti1 q.
m
lim
}}0
f ppi qqsi
i1
ti u , f ,
m
f ds lim
}}0
f ppi qqsi .
i1
f 1 , .
: ,
.
, Riemann
:
Lpq
f ds
f ppsqqds;
ptq () , f
( f ):
f ds
f pptqq} 1 ptq}dt.
, Riemann-Stieltjes ,
.
14.1
503
y
x2
y2
14.1.1. 2 ` 2 1
b
a
b
, I xyds.
14.2

ptq pa cos t, b sin tq, t P 0, .
2
} 1 ptq}
a
a2 sin2 t ` b2 cos2 t ,
a
a cos t b sin t a2 sin2 t ` b2 cos2 t dt
0
c
ab 2
a2 ` b2
b2 a2
sin 2t
`
cos 2t dt
2 0
2
2
c
a2 ` b2
ab 1
b2 a2
`
u du
4 1
2
2
ab a2 ` ab ` b2
.
3
a`b
z
14.1.2. x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2
x ` z a ,
xzds.
. : z a x
a
2
a
2
x ` y ` pa xq a ,
a
2
14.3
a 2 1 2 ` 1 2
` y a ,
2
2
2
xptq
a a
a
a a
` cos t, yptq ? sin t, zptq cos t, t P r0, 2s.
2 2
2 2
2
} ptq}
c
`
a
? ,
2
2 ` a
2 ` a
2
a
sin t ` ? cos t `
sin t
2
2
2
504
xzds
` a 2
` a
sin2 t ? dt
2
a3
? .
4 2
14.1
1. , lim Lp; q , .
}}0
2. ,
Lpq lim Lp; q.
}}0
3. .
4. , , .
5. :
p1q xptq t, yptq t2 , zptq t3 , t P r0, 1s;
?
p2q x ` y ` z a p|a| 3q, x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 1.
6. :
p1q
yds, y 2 2px p0, 0q p2p, 2pq ;
p2q
yds,
p3q
x2
y2
` 2 1 x ;
2
a
b
x2 ds, x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 , x ` y ` z 0;
p4q
px ` yqds, p0, 0q, p1, 0q, p0, 1q .
7.
y2
x2
`
1 px, yq px, yq |y|, .
a2
b2
8. pq pxq px, yq
$
&x cos 1 , 0 x
x
y
%0,
x 0.
2,
14.2
505
14.2
: F ,
F . .
, : r, s Rn , f Rn
, fi p1 i nq. r, s
: t0 t1 t2 tm ,
fi ppj qqpxi ptj q xi ptj1 qq, pj P rtj1 , tj sq
(14.1)
j1
lim
}}0
fi ppj qqpxi ptj q xi ptj1 qq
j1
tj u , fi dxi ,
fi ppj qqpxi ptj q xi ptj1 qq.

fi dxi lim
}}0
j1
fi dxi ,
f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn ,
f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn ,
f .
.
, . ,
. : r, s r, s ,
: r, s Rn , ,
. , ;
, ().
(14.1) , , ;
, !
, .
, , ,
. . ,
,
f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn .
506
, Riemann-Stieltjes
. () , Riemann :
f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn
fi pptqqx1i ptqdt.
i1
, , s ,
} 1 psq} } 1 ptq} ps1 ptqq1 1.
1 psq pcos 1 , , cos n q,

Lpq
f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn
f ppsqq 1 psqds
n Lpq
fi ppsqq cos i ds,
i1 0
.
14.2.1. Riemann .
b
f ra, bs ,
f pxqdx f pxqdx ra, bs
a
, , x , x
.
a
b
f pxqdx
f pxqdx
a
f pxqdx ra, bs .
14.2.2. .
(), pq pq, ,
, ,
f1 dx1 ` ` fn dxn .
S ,
1
ptq pcos t, sin tq, t P r0, 2s
, S 1 .
14.2
507
y
14.2.3.
y
x
I
dx 2
dy,
x2 ` y 2
x ` y2
C x2 ` y 2 a2 ,
.
. C
xptq a cos t, yptq a sin t, t P r0, 2s.
14.4
1
I
a sin tpa cos tq1 a cos tpa sin tq1 dt 2.
2
a
0
y
14.2.4.
I py zqdx ` pz xqdy ` px yqdz,
C x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 , y x tan
p0 q, x , C
2
.
. C
14.5
xpq a cos cos , ypq a cos sin , zpq a sin ,
P r0, 2s.
2
I
pa cos sin a sin qpa sin cos qd ` pa sin a cos cos q

0
pa sin sin qd ` pa cos cos a cos sin qa cos d

2
a2 pcos sin qd 2a2 pcos sin q.

0
508
14.2.5. q
()
A pq B pq
W .
x
. .
, px, y, zq
r
q px, y, zq
F q 3 2
,
r
px ` y 2 ` z 2 q3{2
()
14.6
qx
qy
qz
W
dx ` 2
dy ` 2
dz
2 ` y 2 ` z 2 q3{2
2 ` z 2 q3{2
2 ` z 2 q3{2
px
px
`
y
px
`
y
xx1 ` yy 1 ` zz 1
q
dt
2
2
2 3{2
px ` y ` z q
rpq
q rpq dr2
dr
q
3
2
2 rpq r
rpq r
1
1
q
.
rpq rpq
, ,
14.2
1. :
p1q
xdx ` ydy ` zdz, C p1, 1, 1q p2, 3, 4q ;
C
p2q
px2 ` y 2 qdx ` px2 y 2 qdy, C p1, 0q, p2, 0q, p2, 1q, p1, 1q
C
, ;
px ` yqdx px yqdy
, C x2 ` y 2 a2 , ;
p3q
x2 ` y 2
C
p4q
px2 2xyqdx ` py 2 2xyqdy, C y x2 p1, 1q p1, 1q
C
x2
y2
p5q px ` yqdx ` px yqdy, C 2 ` 2 1, .
a
b
C
14.3
509
2.
py zqdx ` pz xqdy ` px yqdz,

C
2
C x2 ` y 1, x ` z 1, x , C .
3. P px, yq, Qpx, yq ,
P px, yqdx ` Qpx, yqdy LpqM,
a
M sup P 2 ` Q2 .
4. C x2 ` y 2 R2 , .
ydx xdy
IR
,
2
px ` xy ` y 2 q2
C
lim IR 0.
R`8
5. m A pq B
pq W .
6. , , .
14.3
. m n, Rm Rm . C 1
: Rn Rn . ,
. : Rm Rn , I Rm . (
m), pRm q m , pIq
m ; , pRm q m, pIq m
, m . , m
, .
Rm
Rn
(I)
I
0
0
14.7
510
m
I r0, 1sm . vj pej q pa1j , , anj q, tej um
j1 R
.
pIq
(
xj vj 0 xj 1, j 1, , m .
j1
n m A paij q. i m aij 0,
pRm q Rm t0u tpx1 , , xm , 0, , 0q P Rn u,
, (13.3) , pIq
b
ppIqq | detpaij qmm | pIq detrpaij qTnm paij qnm s pIq.
, Rn O, OppRm qq Rm t0u,
,
b
ppIqq pOppIqqq detrOpaij qnm sT rOpaij qnm s pIq
b
detrpaij qTnm paij qnm s pIq.
, Rm () , pq Rn m
,
ppqq
b
detpAT Aq pq,
(14.2)
A paij qnm . (13.3) .

y
14.3.1. v1 px1 , y1 , z1 q, v2 px2 , y2 , z2 q R3
v2
, v1 , v2
.
v1
x
. pv1 , v2 q. (14.2) ,
b
pv1 , v2 q detpAT Aq,
14.8
x
1
A y1
z1
x2
y2
,
z2
A A
v1 v1
v1 v2
v1 v2
v2 v2
pv1 , v2 q
pv1 , v2 q
a
pv1 v1 qpv2 v2 q pv1 v2 q2 .
(14.3)
14.3
511
R3 ,
pv1 , v2 q }v1 v2 }.
: R , C . x0 P ,
n
Jpx0 q ( m), L : Rm Rn
Lpxq px0 q ` Jpx0 qpx x0 q, x P Rm .
: Rn LpRm q ,
L : LpRm q,
Jp Lqpx0 q 0. , 0,
0, A x0 ,
|pppAqqq pLpAqq| pAq,
( (14.2) )
b
pppAqqq detrpJqT px0 q Jpx0 qs pAq pAq,
(14.4)
(13.4) . pAq x0
LpRm q ppAqq ,
:
14.3.1 (). : Rn C 1 , Rm
, pq
b
ppqq
detrpJqT Js.
(14.5)
L(Rm )
L(Rm )
(A)
()
((A))
14.9
512
. p1q pRm q Rm t0u, (14.5) 13.4.5 ;

m 1, (14.5) .
p2q , . : 1 C 1
, : 1 Rm , (14.5)
().
p3q Binet-Cauchy ,
puq p1 pu1 , , um q, , n pu1 , , um qq,
detrpJqT Js
det
B
ki
2
,
(14.6)
2 21

n
Bp1 , , i1 , i`1 , , n q
ppqq
.
Bpu1 , u2 , , un1 q
i1
(14.7)
1k1 k2 km n
Buj
mm
, m n 1 ,
14.3.2. R3 .
rpu, vq pxpu, vq, ypu, vq, zpu, vqq ppu, vq P Dq , (14.5)
,
}ru rv }dudv
EG F 2 dudv,
D
(14.8)
E ru ru x2u ` yu2 ` zu2 , G rv rv x2v ` yv2 ` zv2 ,

F ru rv xu xv ` yu yv ` zu zv .
,
z f px, yq, px, yq P D
, rx p1, 0, fx q, ry p0, 1, fy q,
EG F 2 p1 ` fx2 qp1 ` fy2 q pfx fy q2 1 ` fx2 ` fy2 ,
1 ` fx2 ` fy2 dxdy.

D
14.3.3. x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 .
(14.9)
14.3
513
.
x a sin cos , y a sin sin , z a cos , P r0, s, P r0, 2s.
r pa cos cos , a cos sin , a sin q, r pa sin sin , a sin cos , 0q,
EG F 2 a4 sin2 ,
a2 sin d 4a2 .
14.3.4. f : D R , D Rn1 . graphpf q Rn

,
a
1 ` }f }2 ,
(14.10)
f pfx1 , , fxn1 q f .
(14.9) . graphpf q
px1 , , xn1 q px1 , , xn1 , f px1 , , xn1 qq,
1 0
fx1
0 1
pJq J
0 0
fx2
fxn1

1

0

fx1
..
.
In1 ` pf qT f.
fx2
fxn1
,
detrpJqT Js detrIn1 ` pf qT f s
1 ` f pf qT 1 ` }f }2 ,
(14.5)
a
1 ` }f }2 .
D
(14.7) .
14.3.5. tx1 ` ` xn a, xi 0, i 1, , nu , a 0.
. ,
n1 paq tx P Rn1 | x1 ` ` xn1 a, xi 0, 1 i n 1u,
514
: n1 paq Rn , pxq px, f pxqq,
f pxq a x1 xn1 . (14.10)
a
?
1 ` }f }2
n,
n1 paq
n1 paq
a
0
?
?
n
an1 .
n pn1 paqq
pn 1q!
14.3.6. x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ` w2 a2 .
a x
14.10
. , .
a
w a2 x2 y 2 z 2 , x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 ,
,
1 ` }w}2 1 ` px{wq2 ` py{wq2 ` pz{wq2 pa{wq2 ,
(14.10)
2
x2 `y 2 `z 2 a2
a
a
dxdydz,
2
2
a x y2 z2
R3 ,
a
2
a
ar2
ar2
?
?
2
dr
sin
d
d
8
dr,
a2 r2
a2 r2
0
0
0
0
r a sin t,
2
8
a3 sin2 tdt 2 2 a3 .
0
R4 , w 0 .
, C 1 ,
.
, .
. . , ,
, ()
? Schwarz () .
, Hausdor ,
, .
, , ,
.
14.3
515
14.3.2 (). : Rn C 1 , f
, f
b
f d
f detrpJqT Js.
: , ,
.
1
d,
14.3.7.
z
x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 z h
, 0 h a.
.
z
a
a2 x2 y 2 , x2 ` y 2 a2 h2 .
14.11
1
d
z
1b
1 ` zx2 ` zy2 dxdy
x2 `y 2 a2 h2 z
a
dxdy
2
2
2
x2 `y 2 a2 h2 a x y
?a2 h2
2
ar
dr
d
a2 r2
0
0
à
2a ln
.
h
14.3.8. z 2 px2 ` y 2 q, z 0
px, yq x2 ` y 2 ,
z
2
. m px, yq x2 ` y 2
,
b
m
px2 ` y 2 q 1 ` zx2 ` zy2 dxdy
x2 `y 2 2
px2 ` y 2 q 1 ` 4px2 ` y 2 qdxdy

x2 `y 2 2
?2
r2
149
.
30
2
a
1 ` 4r2 rdr
d
0
14.12
516
14.3
1. , .
2. z axy x2 ` y 2 a2 .
3. z 2 x2 ` y 2 x2 ` y 2 2ax 0 z 0 .
4. x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 x2 ` y 2 ax .
5. |x1 | ` |x2 | ` ` |xn | a .
6. n x21 ` x22 ` ` x2n a2 .
7. , ?
8. :
p1q px ` y ` zqd, x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 , z 0;
d
p2q
, x ` y ` z 1, x, y, z 0;
p1
`
x ` yq2
a
x2
y2
z2
x2 {a4 ` y 2 {b4 ` z 2 {c4 d, 2 ` 2 ` 2 1;
p3q
a
b
c
p4q
xyzd, z x2 ` y 2 , z 1.
9. x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 , .
10. S 2 x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 1. f ,
1
f pax ` by ` czqd 2
S2
` a
f u a2 ` b2 ` c2 du.
14.4
, ,
. , . : Rn
, : 1 C 1 , ,
. det J , ; det J
, .
14.4
517
z
14.4.1. Rn .
Rn ().
f px1 , , xn q px1 , x2 , , xn q
14.13
Jacobi 1, .
R , : R R C ,
n
, . , C 1 , det J
Rn , det J ,
. .
n
14.4.2. .
R3 r : R3 ,
rv
rpu, vq pxpu, vq, ypu, vq, zpu, vqq, pu, vq P .
ru
, rpu, vq ru pxu , yu , zu q rv pxv , yv , zv q 14.14

,
Bpy, zq Bpz, xq Bpx, yq

ru rv pyu zv zu yv , zu xv xu zv , xu yv yu xv q
,
,
Bpu, vq Bpu, vq Bpu, vq
. pu, vq ps, tq ,
rs rt pru rv q
Bpu, vq
pru rv q det J,
Bps, tq
, pu, vq ps, tq () , (). ,

R3 n ,
n
ru rv
.
}ru rv }
, .
n pcos , cos , cos q,
, , n . cos 0, n z
{2 , ; ,
. ,
,
.
518
n
n
14.15
Rn .
rpu1 , , un1 q px1 pu1 , , un1 q, , xn pu1 , , un1 qq,
puq pN1 , , Nn q,
N
Ni puq p1qi1
Bpx1 , , xi1 , xi`1 , , xn q

.
Bpu1 , , un1 q
u pvq ,
pvq N
puq det J,
N
, .
, . ,
R3 .
14.4.1 (). R3 ,
rpu, vq pxpu, vq, ypu, vq, zpu, vqq, pu, vq P .
pP, Q, Rq,
Bpz, xq
Bpx, yq
Bpy, zq
Q
R
P
dudv `
dudv `
dudv,
I
Bpu,
vq
Bpu,
vq
Bpu, vq
P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy.
. p1q ,
P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy pP, Q, Rq pru rv qdudv,
14.4
519
P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy pP, Q, Rq nd,
.
p2q , pP, Q, Rq ,
. ,
P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy.
p3q , Rn
puqdu1 dun1 .
P1 dx2 ^ dxn ` ` Pn dx1 ^ dn1 pP1 , , Pn q N
m ,
.
: v pP, Q, Rq ,
. :
, , v , n,
v n.
v nd,
.
.
14.4.3.
xyz dx ^ dy,
x ` y ` z 1, x 0, y 0,
2
.
. ,
14.16
a
1 : z 1 x2 y 2 , px, yq P tx2 `y 2 1, x 0, y 0u
a
2 : z 1 x2 y 2 , px, yq P tx2 ` y 2 1, x 0, y 0u.
520
, px, yq pzx , zy , 1q, , 1

, 2 . ,
xyz dx ^ dy
xyzdx ^ dy `
xyzdx ^ dy
1
2
a
` a
xy 1 x2 y 2 dxdy
xy 1 x2 y 2 dxdy
2
1
a
2
d
r3 sin cos 1 r2 dr
0
2
.
15
14.4.4.
x2 dy ^ dz ` y 2 dz ^ dx ` z 2 dx ^ dy,
I
px aq2 ` py bq2 ` pz cq2 R2 , .

.
x a ` R sin cos , y b ` R sin sin , z c ` R cos , P r0, s, P r0, 2s.
Bpy, zq
Bpz, xq
Bpx, yq
R2 sin2 cos ,
R2 sin2 sin ,
R2 cos sin ,
Bp, q
Bp, q
Bp, q
p, q , ,
2
2
I
pa ` R sin cos q2 R2 sin2 cos dd `
pc ` R cos q2 R2 cos
0 0
0 0
2
sin dd `
pb ` R sin sin q2 R2 sin2 sin dd
0
pa ` b ` cqR3 .
3
. , R1 px a, y b, z cq,
, .
14.4.5.
xyzw dx ^ dy ^ dz,

x ` y ` z ` w 1, x 0, y 0, z 0, w 0
, .
14.4
521
. R4 , ,
, .
1 : w 1 x y z, px, y, zq P tx ` y ` z 1, x 0, y 0, z 0u,
pwx , wy , wz , 1q p1, 1, 1, 1q, ,
xyzw dx ^ dy ^ dz
I
1
xyzp1 x y zqdxdydz
1yz
1yz
yz
xdxdydz 3
yz
x2 dxdydz
ty`z1, y, z0u
0
ty`z1, y, z0u
0
yzp1 y zq2 dydz

yzp1 y zq3 dydz
2 ty`z1, y, z0u
ty`z1, y, z0u
1
.
7!
x, y, z .
14.4
1. ,
, .
2.
xdy ^ dz ` ydz ^ dx ` zdx ^ dy,
px aq2 ` py bq2 ` pz cq2 R2 .

3.
yzdy ^ dz ` zxdz ^ dx ` xydx ^ dy,
x2 ` y 2 a2 .
4.
x3 dy ^ dz,
y2
z
x2
` 2 ` 2 1, z 0 .
2
a
b
c
5.
yzdy ^ dz ` zxdz ^ dx ` xydx ^ dy,
x ` y ` z a, x 0, y 0, z 0 .
522
6.
x3 dy ^ dz ` y 3 dz ^ dx ` z 3 dx ^ dy,
x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 .
7.
xdy ^ dz ^ dw,
x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ` w2 a2 .
8.
xdy ^ dz ^ dw,
|x| ` |y| ` |z| ` |w| a .
14.5
, Newton-Leibniz . ,
Newton-Leibniz :
f pxq ra, bs , F pxq
f ptqdt ra, bs ,
d
F pxq f pxq,
dx
1
x
f ptqdt f pxq;
a
f ra, bs ,
b
f 1 pxqdx f pbq f paq,
b
a
df f .
a
.
, .
14.5.1

.
f : Rn R C 1 , }f } 0. ra, bs f pRn q, t P ra, bs
, f 1 ptq Rn . , x0 P f 1 ptq, }f px0 q} 0,

Bf 0
px q 0. ,
Bxn
f px1 , , xn q t 0
(14.11)
14.5
523
C 1 ()
xn t px1 , , xn1 q, px1 , , xn1 q P D Rn1 .
(14.12)
x0 f 1 ptq . , t t C 1 .
(14.11) t ,
Bf Bxn
1 0,
Bxn Bt
` Bf 1
Bxn
.
Bt
Bxn
: D ra, bs Rn ,
px1 , , xn1 , tq px1 , , xn1 , t px1 , , xn1 qq,
Jacobi
det J
` Bf 1
Bt
.
Bt
Bxn
pD ra, bsq,
b
` Bf
` Bf 1
dx
dt
dt
dx1
dx1 dxn1 .
n1
Bxn
Bxn
Dra,bs
a
D
(14.13)
vpq
, f 1 ptq . , (14.12)
Bt
Bf ` Bf 1
, i 1, , n 1.
Bxi
Bxi Bxn
1 ` }t }2 }f }2
` Bf 2
.
Bxn
(14.10)
d
1 a
` Bf 1
1 ` }t }2 dx1 dxn1
dx1 dxn1 ,
Bxn
f 1 ptqX }f }
D }f }
D
(14.13)
b
vpq
dt
f 1 ptqX
1
d.
}f }
(14.14)
(co-area formula).
, .
524
14.5.1 (). f . g f 1 pra, bsq

,
b
gpxqdx1 dxn
f 1 pra,bsq
dt
f 1 ptq
g
d.
}f }
. .
14.5.1. f f pxq xn .
f pxq xn , }f } 1. D Rn1 ,
b
gpxqdx1 dxn
Dra,bs
dxn
gpxqdx1 dxn1 ,
D
.
14.5.2. .
f pxq r }x}, x 0 }r} 1,
vpBR q vpf
r0, Rsq lim vpf

0
R
r, Rsq
pSt qdt,
(14.15)
, BR R t}x} Ru, St t t}x} tu. ,

(14.15) R ,
pSR q
d
vpBR q,
dR
vpBR q n Rn ,
pSR q nn Rn1 .
, n 2 R R2 , R
pR2 q1 2R; n 3 , R p4{3qR3 , R
pp4{3qR3 q1 4R2 .
, f (), ,
. m n , f : Rn Rm ,
.
14.5.2
Green
R2 , C 1 . R2
. B .
: pxptq, yptqq B , px1 ptq, y 1 ptqq ,
14.5
525
(x (t), y (t))
(y (t), x (t))
14.17
py 1 ptq, x1 ptqq . py 1 ptq, x1 ptqq , t
. , ,
.
14.5.3. .
b a 0, ta2 x2 ` y 2 b2 u b
a . tx2 ` y 2 b2 u tx2 ` y 2 a2 u
. , tx2 ` y 2 b2 u , ;
tx2 ` y 2 a2 u , .
,
Green .
14.5.2 (Green). , C 1 ,
. P , Q ,
` BQ BP
dxdy
P dx ` Qdy.
By
Bx
B
,
. .
: D C 2 ,
pu, vq pxpu, vq, ypu, vqq, pu, vq P D.
R2 . , pBDq B.
.
ptq puptq, vptqq ptq B, t P r, s. ,
P dx ` Qdy
rP pptqqx1 ptq ` Qpptqqy 1 ptqsdt.
526
,
P pptqqx1 ptq ` Qpptqqy 1 ptq P pxu u1 ptq ` xv v 1 ptqq ` Q pyu u1 ptq ` yv v 1 ptqq
pP xu ` Q yu qu1 ptq ` pP xv ` Q yv qv 1 ptq.
P xv ` Q yv ,
P P xu ` Q yu , Q

P du ` Qdv
P dx ` Qdy,

P du ` Qdv
BD
P dx ` Qdy,
(14.16)
.
, ,
BP
BP
BP
BP
BP
BP
xu `
yu ,
xv `
yv ,
Bu
Bx
By
Bv
Bx
By
BP
BP
BP
pxu yv yu xv q
xu
xv ,
By
Bv
Bu
BQ
BQ
BQ
pxu yv yu xv q
yv
yu ,
Bx
Bu
Bv
` BQ
Bx
BP Bpx, yq ` BP
BQ ` BP
BQ
xv `
yv
xu `
yu
By
Bpu, vq
Bu
Bu
Bv
Bv
BpP xv ` Qyv q BpP xu ` Qyu q
Bu
Bv
BQ
B P
.
Bu
Bv
, xu yv yu xv 0,
` BQ
` BQ BP
B P
dudv
dxdy.
Bv
By
D Bu
Bx
(14.17)
(14.16) (14.17) , Green ,

D , .
, Green ,
. ptq pxptq, yptqq B C 2
, t P r, s. t0 P p, q, x1 pt0 q 0.
14.5
527
14.18
, pxpt0 q, ypt0 qq p0, 0q, px1 pt0 q, y 1 pt0 qq p1, 0q. x1 pt0 q 0,
, t t0 t x , ptq x ,
pxq px, pxqq, x P ra, as. ,
pxq . p0q 0, 0 a{2,
|pxq| a{2, @ x P r, s.
: P , Q B p0q . ,
X B p0q Green . p1, 0q ,
, p0, 1q , pxq .
,
px, yq px, y pxqq, px, yq P ra, as ra, as.
, px, pxqq px, 0q, x ,

p X B p0qq ra, as ra, as.
p0, 1q , pB p0q X q
.
14.19
528
P , Q B p0q , ra, as r0, as

Green . I ra, asr0, as , px, 0q px P ra, asq
, P , Q .
a
P dx ` Qdy
P px, 0qdx,
BI
` BQ
Bx
BP
dxdy
By
BQ
dx
Bx
BP
dy
0
a
a
0 By
a
a
rQpa, yq Qpa, yqsdy

rP px, aq P px, 0qsdx
0
a
a
P px, 0qdx,
dy
dx
Green I .
. , C , C .
2
, , , Green
. , C 1 , Green .
14.5.4. .
ptq pxptq, yptqq pt P r, sq R2 ,
. Green P px, yq y, Qpx, yq x,
` BQ BP
1
1
pq
dxdy
P dx ` Qdy
2 Bx
By
2
(14.18)
rxptqy 1 ptq x1 ptqyptqsdt,
2
, t .
x2
y2
, 2 ` 2 1 .
a
b
xptq a cos t, ypxq b sin t, t P r0, 2s,
1
2
2
pa cos t b cos t ` a sin t b sin tqdt ab.
0
14.5
529
y
14.5.5.
I
x2 ydx xy 2 dy,
C x2 ` y 2 a2 , y 0,
14.20
. , C px, 0q
px P ra, asq , Green
px2 y 2 qdxdy
I
tx2 `y 2 a2 ,
a
d
y0u
r3 dr a4 .
4
y
14.5.6. ,
C 1 , .
ydx
xdy
I
` 2
.
2 ` y2
x
x
` y2
B
. x2 ` y 2 2 ,
B p0q .
(), B p0q
Green ,
14.21
ydx
xdy
`
2
2
x2 ` y 2
x2 `y 2 2 x ` y
B ` x
B ` y
`
`
dxdy
2
2
By x2 ` y 2
B p0q Bx x ` y
2
d 2.
14.5.7. .
Green , v C 1 ,
Bv
BpQvq BpP vq BQ BP
Bv
v` Q
P
Bx
By
Bx
By
Bx
By
BQ
Bx
BP
v dxdy
By
vpP dx ` Qdyq
Bv
Bv
Q
P
dxdy,
Bx
By
(14.19)
530
. C 2 u,
u uxx ` uyy
` Bu Bu
B2 u B2 u
` 2 , u pux , uy q
,
,
2
Bx
By
Bx By
P uy , Q ux (14.19)
vu dxdy
vpuy dx ` ux dyq
u v dxdy,
(14.20)
n, s
nds py 1 ptq, x1 ptqqdt
(14.20)
vudxdy
vpu nqds
vudxdy
u v dxdy,
(14.21)
Bu
ds
Bn
u v dxdy,
(14.22)
v C 2 , u, v ,
` Bu
Bv
pvu uvqdxdy
v
u
ds.
Bn
Bn
(14.23)
.
14.5.3
Gauss
R3 , B C 1 . ,
. Green , Gauss
.
14.5.3 (Gauss). R3 , C 1
, . P , Q, R ,
` BP
BQ BR
`
`
dxdydz
P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy.
By
Bz
Bx
B
Green , :
P , Q R . , Gauss
, Gauss .
C 2 ,
, :
pu, v, wq pxpu, v, wq, ypu, v, wq, zpu, v, wqq, pu, v, wq P .
14.5
531
Bpy, zq
Bpz, xq
Bpx, yq
P P
`Q
`R
,
Bpv, wq
Bpv, wq
Bpv, wq
P Bpy, zq ` Q Bpz, xq ` R Bpx, yq ,
Q
Bpw, uq
Bpw, uq
Bpw, uq
Bpy,
zq
Bpz,
xq
Bpx,
yq
P
R
`Q
`R
.
Bpu, vq
Bpu, vq
Bpu, vq
P dv ^ dw ` Qdw ^ du ` Rdu ^ dv
P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy. (14.24)
. ,
xu xv xw
pPu , Pv , Pw q pPx , Py , Pz q
yu yv yw ,
zu zv zw
BP Bpx, y, zq
Bpy, zq
Bpy, zq
Bpy, zq
Pu
` Pv
` Pw
,
Bx Bpu, v, wq
Bpv, wq
Bpw, uq
Bpu, vq
BQ Bpx, y, zq
Bpz, xq
Bpz, xq
Bpz, xq
Qu
` Qv
` Qw
,
By Bpu, v, wq
Bpv, wq
Bpw, uq
Bpu, vq
BR Bpx, y, zq
Bpx, yq
Bpx, yq
Bpx, yq
Ru
` Rv
` Rw
,
Bz Bpu, v, wq
Bpv, wq
Bpw, uq
Bpu, vq
B
Bu
Bpy, zq
Bpv, wq
B
`
Bv
Bpy, zq
Bpw, uq
B
`
Bw
Bpy, zq
Bpu, vq
0,
py, zq pz, xq px, yq .
B P
BQ
BR
BQ BR Bpx, y, zq
BP
`
`
`
`
,
Bu
Bv
Bw
Bx
By
Bz Bpu, v, wq
,
` B P
` BP
BQ
BR
BQ BR
`
`
dudvdw
`
`
dxdydz.
(14.25)
Bv
Bw
By
Bz
Bu
Bx

(14.24) , Gauss ,
, .
, px0 , y0 , z0 q p0, 0, 0q,
P , Q, R B p0q , BXB p0q C 1 px, yq , p0, 0q
532
0, p0, 0q p0, 0q. , p0, 0, 0q p0, 0, 1q,

X B p0q .
Green , ,
I ra, as2 ra, 0s , B X B p0q
ra, as2 t0u , P , Q, R ra, as2 ra, 0s
. Gauss .
P dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dy
Rpx, y, 0qdxdy,
ra,as2
BI
BQ BR
`
dxdydz
By
Bz
I Bx
a
0
a
a
0
a
a
a
0
BP
BQ
BR
dy
dz
dx `
dx
dz
dy `
dx
dy
dz
Bx
By
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a Bz
a
0
a
0
dy
rP pa, y, zq P pa, y, zqsdz `
dx
rQpx, a, zq Qpx, a, zqsdz
a
a
a
a
a
a
`
dx
rRpx, y, 0q Rpx, y, aqsdy
a
a
a
a
dx
Rpx, y, 0qdy,
` BP
Gauss .
. C Gauss ,
1
Rn .
14.5.8. .
C 1 , Gauss P x, Q y, R z
vpq
1
3
xdy ^ dz ` ydz ^ dx ` zdx ^ dy.

B
, Epa, b, cq
x2
a2
(
y2 z2
` 2 1 .
2
b
c
x a sin cos , y b sin sin , z c cos , P r0, s, P r0, 2s.
14.5
533
1
vpEpa, b, cqq
xdy ^ dz ` ydz ^ dx ` zdx ^ dy
3 B
2
1
Bpy, zq
Bpz, xq
Bpx, yq
d
x
`y
`z
d
3 0
Bp, q
Bp, q
Bp, q
0
2
1
d
rabc sin3 cos2 ` abc sin3 sin2 ` abc cos2 sin sd
3 0
0
2
1
4
d
abc sin d abc.
3 0
3
0
a
14.5.9. r x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 ,
x
y
z
I
dy ^ dz ` 3 dz ^ dx ` 3 dx ^ dy,
3
r
r
B r
, .
. P x{r3 , Q y{r3 , R z{r3 ,
BQ BR
BP
`
`
0.
Bx
By
Bz
tx2 ` y 2 ` z 2 2 u,
, Gauss
y
z
4
x
dy ^ dz ` 3 dz ^ dx ` 3 dx ^ dy 3 3 3 4.
I
3
r
r
3
x2 `y 2 `z 2 2 r
, px0 , y0 , z0 q q,
a
q px x0 , y y0 , z z0 q, r px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 ` pz z0 q2 ,
E
3
r
B
E
qpx x0 q
qpy y0 q
qpz z0 q
E nd
dy ^ dz `
dz ^ dx `
dx ^ dy
3
3
r
r
r3
B
B
4q.
14.5.10. Gauss .
pP, Q, Rq. divX

P , Q, R X

divX
BP
BQ BR
`
`
,
Bx
By
Bz
534
Gauss
dxdydz
divX
n d,
X
(14.26)
n .

, E,
()
px, y, zq, E
nd
4px, y, zqdxdydz,
E
Gauss (14.26) ,
4qdxdydz 0,
pdivE
Gauss :
4.
divE
14.5.11. R3 .
v C 1 , Green , Gauss vP , vQ, vR
P , Q, R
` BP
BQ BR
v
`
`
dxdydz
vpP dy ^ dz ` Qdz ^ dx ` Rdx ^ dyq
Bx
By
Bz
` Bv
Bv
Bv
(14.27)
P
`Q
`R
dxdydz,
Bx
By
Bz
dxdydz
v divX
n d
vX
v dxdydz,
X
(14.28)
n , v pvx , vy , vz q v .
u C 2 ,
u divu
u ,
(14.28) X
vu dxdydz
B2 u B2 u B2 u
` 2 ` 2,
Bx2
By
Bz
Bu
v d
B Bn
u v dxdydz.
(14.29)
v C 2 , u, v
` Bu
Bv
pvu uvqdxdydz
v
u
d.
Bn
Bn
(14.30)
, (
u 0 u ).
14.5
14.5.4
535
Stokes
R3 C 2 ,
, C 1 . B
:
,
.
Stokes
14.22
.
14.5.4 (Stokes). , ,
. P , Q, R ,
` BR BQ
` BP BR
` BQ BP
dy^dz`
dz^dx`
dx^dy
P dx`Qdy`Rdz.
Bz
Bz Bx
Bx By
By
B
, : : D R3 C 2
,
D R2 . , B

, pq
.
Stokes .
pu, vq pxpu, vq, ypu, vq, zpu, vqq, pu, vq P D.
S P xu ` Qyu ` Rzu , T P xv ` Qyv ` Rzv ,
Sdu ` T dv
P dx ` Qdy ` Rdz.
(14.31)
S, T
Tu Sv pPu xv Pv xu q ` pQu yv Qv yu q ` pRu zv Rv zu q.
,
Pu Px xu ` Py yu ` Pz zu , Pv Px xv ` Py yv ` Pz zv ,
Q, R , (14.32)
Tu Sv Py pyu xv xu yv q ` Pz pzu xv xu zv q ` Qx pxu yv yu xv q
` Qz pzu yv yu zv q ` Rx pxu zv zu xv q ` Ry pyu zv zu yv q,
(14.32)
536
Tu S v
` BR
By
BQ Bpy, zq ` BP
BR Bpz, xq ` BQ BP Bpx, yq
`
,
Bz Bpu, vq
Bz
Bx Bpu, vq
Bx
By Bpu, vq
BR BQ
BP
BR
pTu Sv qdudv p
qdy ^ dz ` p
qdz ^ dx
Bz
Bz
Bx
By
BQ BP
qdx ^ dy,
` p
By
Bx
, Green
pTu Sv qdudv
Sdu ` T dv,
(14.31) Stokes .
. C Stokes .
1
14.5.12. Stokes .
pP, Q, Rq ,
X
`
BR BQ , BP BR , BQ BP .
rotX
By
Bz Bz
Bx Bx
By
. , Stokes
curlX
n d
T ds,
rotX
X
(14.33)
n , T , s .
14.5.13. .
pP, Q, Rq ,
v C 1 , X
`
v rotX
` R Bv Q Bv , P Bv R Bv , Q Bv P Bv ,
rotpv Xq
By
Bz
Bz
Bx
Bx
By
,
v rotX
` v X,
rotpv Xq
(14.33)
nqd
vprotX
T qds
vpX
n d.
pv Xq
u ()
u C 1 , X
Bu
v ds,
pv uq nd
B Bs
Bu
u T
Bs
u .
(14.34)
(14.35)
14.5
537
z
14.5.14.
I
py zqdx ` pz xqdy ` px yqdz,
B
tx2 `y 2 `z 2 1, x, y, z 0u,
. Stokes
I 2 dy ^ dz ` dz ^ dx ` dx ^ dy.
px, y, zq,
14.23
I 2 p1, 1, 1q px, y, zqd 2 px ` y ` zqd,
x, y, z
I 6 zd 6
tx2 `y 2 1, x,y0u
b
3
1 ` zx2 ` zy2 dxdy .
2
dy ^ dz ` dz ^ dx ` dx ^ dy
, .
14.5
1. pq
` x2
y2
z 2 1{2
I
` 4 ` 4
d,
4
b
c
a
x2
y2
z2
`
`
1.
a2
b2
c2
2. pq f px1 , , xn q x1 ` ` xn n 1
tx1 ` ` xn a, x1 , , xn 0u
.
3. Green :
p1q
xy 2 dx x2 ydy, C x2 ` y 2 a2 , ;
C
p2q
C
px ` yqdx px yqdy, C
x2
y2
`
1, ;
a2
b2
538
px ` yq2 dx px2 ` y 2 qdy, C p1, 1q p3, 2q p2, 5q p1, 1q
p3q
C
p4q
ex sin ydx ` ex cos ydy, C x2 ` y 2 ax py 0q, .
C
4. Green :
p1q px ` yq2 ax pa 0q x ;
p2q px2 ` y 2 q2 a2 px2 y 2 q pa 0q;
p3q x3 ` y 3 3axy pa 0q.
5. C , v ,
v n ds 0,
C
n C .
6. pq pxq ra, as , p0q 1 p0q 0. ,
0 a, pxq r, s tx2 ` y 2 2 u
. (: ).
7. Gauss :
p1q
x3 dy ^ dz ` y 3 dz ^ dx ` z 3 dx ^ dy, x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 ,
p2q
x2 dy ^ dz ` y 2 dz ^ dx ` z 2 dx ^ dy, r0, as3 ,
p3q px yqdy ^ dz ` py zqdz ^ dx ` pz xqdx ^ dy, z x2 ` y 2
pz 1q, ;
8. R3 , C 1 . v ,
v nd 0,
B
n .
9. R3 , C 1 , px0 , y0 , z0 q R B.
a
` x x0 y y0 z z0
r
,
,
, r px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 ` pz z0 q2 ,
r
r
r
dxdydz
1
r
2
r n d.
B
14.5
539
10. Stokes :
p1q
ydx ` zdy ` xdz, C x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 , x ` y ` z 0, x
C
p2q
y 2 dx ` z 2 dy ` x2 dz, C x2 ` y 2 ` z 2 a2 , x ` y ` z a, x
C
p3q pz yqdx ` px zqdy ` py xqdz, C pa, 0, 0q p0, a, 0q p0, 0, aq

C
pa, 0, 0q ;
11. , ; .
,
12. v C 1 , X
v divX
` v X,
rotpv Xq
v rotX
` v X.
divpv Xq
13. u, v C 2 ,
divpuvq u v ` uv, puvq vu ` uv ` 2u v.
Y
, divpX
Y
qY
rotX
X
rotY
.
14. X,
15. R3 , C 1 , . v C 1
C 2 ,
, X
nqd.
v rotXdxdydz
vprotX
16. pq , C 1 . u C 2 ,
u 0, px0 , y0 q,
r n
Bu
1
u
ln r ds,
upx0 , y0 q
2 B r
Bn
a
1
r px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 , r px x0 , y y0 q, n B
r
.
17. pq R3 , C 1 . u C 2 ,
u 0, px0 , y0 , z0 q,
r n
1 Bu
1
u`
d,
upx0 , y0 , z0 q
2
4 B r
r Bn
a
1
px x0 q2 ` py y0 q2 ` pz z0 q2 , r px x0 , y y0 , z z0 q,
r
n B .
540
14.6

: Riemann-Stieltjes
, ,
.
14.6.1
: f ra, bs , ra, bs
: a x0 x1 xn b,
vpf ; q
|f pxi q f pxi1 q|,
i1
sup vpf ; q , f ra, bs ,

b
pf q sup vpf ; q.
, Lipschitz . ,
:
. ,
|f pxq| |f paq| ` |f pxq f paq| ` |f pbq f pxq| |f paq| `
pf q.
.
f , g , |gpxq| 0, f {g .
c P pa, bq. f ra, bs f ra, cs rc, bs
,
b
pf q
pf q `
(14.36)
pf q.
: f ra, bs , ra, cs rc, bs 1

2 ,
b
pf q,
vpf ra,cs ; 1 q ` vpf rc,bs ; 2 q vpf ; 1 Y 2 q
a
14.6 : Riemann-Stieltjes
541
f ra, cs rc, bs ,
c
pf q `
pf q
pf q.
(14.37)
, f ra, cs rc, bs , ra, bs ,

c , c , f ,
vpf ; q
pf q `
pf q,
f ra, bs ,
b
pf q
pf q `
pf q.
(14.38)
(14.37) (14.38) (14.36).
14.6.1. f ra, bs ,
gpxq
pf q, x P ra, bs
ra, bs .
. x y P ra, bs,
gpyq gpxq
pf q
pf q
pf q 0,
g .
.
14.6.2. f .
. . f ra, bs ,
gpxq
pf q, hpxq gpxq f pxq, x P ra, bs,
f g h, g , h .
x y P ra, bs,
hpyq hpxq rgpyq gpxqs rf pyq f pxqs
pf q rf pyq f pxqs |f pyq f pxq| rf pyq f pxqs 0,
h .
. f g h f .
542
14.6.3. f ra, bs , f ,
gpxq
pf q
.
. a , g , . g
, gpxq gp 0q , gp 0q gpq.
0, ra, s
: a x0 x1 xm
|f pxi q f pxi1 q|
pf q .
i1
f , 0 | xm1 |, |x |
|f pxq f pq| .
x P p , q ,
gpxq
m1
|f pxi q f pxi1 q| ` |f pxq f pxm1 q|
i1
m1
|f pxi q f pxi1 q| ` |f pxq f pxm1 q| ` |f pq f pxq|
i1
m
|f pxi q f pxi1 q|
i1
pf q 2.
gp 0q gpq.
, .
14.6.4. p1q ;
p2q f ra, bs ,
lim vpf ; q
}}0
pf q.
14.6.2
543
Riemann-Stieltjes
ra, bs , f ra, bs . ra, bs
: a x0 x1 xn b,
Mi pf q
sup
f, mi pf q
rxi ,xi1 s
U pf, ; q
inf
rxi ,xi1 s
f, i pxi q pxi1 q,
Mi pf qi , Lpf, ; q
i1
mi pf qi ,
i1
U pf, ; q Lpf, ; q f Darboux Darboux
, .
b
b
f pxqdpxq inf U pf, ; q,
f pxqdpxq sup Lpf, ; q,
f , Ipf, q Ipf, q.
, f Riemann-Stieltjes ,
b
f pxqdpxq inf U pf, ; q sup Lpf, ; q,
a
, f (RS ), f P Rpq.
, pxq x , f f ra, bs Riemann ,
Riemann-Stieltjes Riemann , Riemann
(), .
RS , . , 1
ra, bs , 1 , 1 , 1
1 . Riemann ,
, Lpf, ; q U pf, ; q, ;
1 , , ,
U pf, ; 1 q U pf, ; q, Lpf, ; 1 q Lpf, ; q;
1 , 2 ,
Lpf, ; 1 q U pf, ; 2 q,
1 Y 2 ;
544
Ipf, q Ipf, q, .
Riemann , , i P rxi1 , xi s p1 i nq, f

ti u Riemann-Stieltjes
Spf, ; , q
f pi qi .
i1
14.6.5. ra, bs , f ,
:
p1q f P Rpq, f Riemann-Stieltjes ;
p2q 0, ,
U pf, ; q Lpf, ; q ;
p3q I, 0, ,
|Spf, ; , q I| , @ i P rxi1 , xi s.
. Riemann , .
. , Riemann , f ra, bs Riemann

b
lim Spf ; , q
f pxqdx,
}}0
p3q , Riemann-Stieltjes
. , :
$
$
&1, x P r0, 1{2s,
&3, x P r0, 1{2q,
f pxq
pxq
%2, x P p1{2, 1s,
%4, x P r1{2, 1s,
f P Rpq, lim Spf, ; , q .
}}0
.
14.6.6. ra, bs , f ra, bs ,
f P Rpq,
b
lim Spf ; , q
}}0
f pxqdpxq.
a
. 14.6.5 , .
14.6.7. ra, bs , f ra, bs

, f P Rpq.
545
. f . n, ra, bs ,
i
pbq paq
, 1 i n.
n
, . ,
n
pbq paq
rf pxi q f pxi1 qs
n
i1
U pf, ; q Lpf, ; q
pbq paq
rf pbq f paqs,
n
n, 14.6.5 p2q f .
Riemann-Stieltjes :
f1 , f2 P Rpq, c1 , c2 P R, c1 f1 ` c2 f2 P Rpq,
b
b
pc1 f1 ` c2 f2 qdpxq c1
b
f1 pxqdpxq ` c2
f2 pxqdpxq.
c P pa, bq, f ra, bs f ra, cs rc, bs
,
b
c
f pxqdpxq
b
f pxqdpxq `
f pxqdpxq.
c
a
f pxqdpxq 0,
b
f pxqdpxq
f pxqdpxq,
a
.
f1 , f2 P Rpq, f1 f2 ,
b
b
f1 pxqdpxq
f2 pxqdpxq.
a
f P Rpq, |f | P Rpq,
b
b
|f pxq|dpxq.
f pxqdpxq
a
f1 , f2 P Rpq, f1 f2 P Rpq.
f1 , f2 P Rpq, |f2 | 0, f1 {f2 P Rpq.
f P Rpq, f pra, bsq , pf q P Rpq.
546
1 , 2 , f P Rp1 q, f P Rp2 q, c1 c2 ,
f P Rpc1 1 ` c2 2 q,
b
b
f pxqdrc1 1 pxq ` c2 2 pxqs c1
b
f pxqd1 pxq ` c2
f pxqd2 pxq.
a
14.6.8 (). ra, bs , f ra, bs

, P ra, bs,
b
f pxqdpxq f pqrpbq paqs.
a
. pbq paq, , . pbq

paq 0. f , ra, bs m M .
,
b
mrpbq paqs Lpf, ; q
f pxqdpxq U pf, ; q M rpbq paqs,

a
b
f pxqdpxq
m
pbq paq
M,
, P ra, bs,
b
f pxqdpxq
f pq
pbq paq
,
, Riemann-Stieltjes ,
. ra, bs ,
. f , f RiemannStieltjes , f P Rpq, f
b
b
f pxqdpxq
b
f pxqdpxq
f pxqdpxq.
a
, :
f , , f P Rpq;
f , , f P Rpq.
547
14.6.9. , f ,
b
b
|f pxq|dpxq,
f pxqdpxq
a
pxq .
. f , f , |f |
.
1
1
p ` q, q p q,
2
2
p, q , f , |f | p, q ,
b
b
b
f pxqdpxq f pxqdppxq ` f pxqdqpxq

a
a
a
b
b
|f pxq|dppxq `
|f pxq|dqpxq
p
|f pxq|dpxq.
a
Riemann-Stieltjes .
14.6.10. ra, bs , f .
:
p1q f P Rpq;
p2q I, 0, ,
n
f pi qrpxi q pxi1 qs I , @ i P rxi1 , xi s.
i1
p3q f P Rpq,
pxq
pq, x P ra, bs.
. p1q p2q. , , f P Rpq f P Rpq

, 14.6.5 p2q ,
b
I
f pxqdpxq.
a
p2q p3q , , pxi q pxi1 q 0 , i , i1 P

rxi1 , xi s
f pi q f pi1 q Mi pf q mi pf q ;
i , i1 P rxi1 , xi s,
f pi1 q f pi q Mi pf q mi pf q .
548
rMi pf q mi pf qs|pxi q pxi1 q|
rf pi q f pi1 qsrpxi q pxi1 qs
i1
i1
|pxi q pxi1 q|
i1
2 ` pbq,
pbq
pq.

pbq
|pxi q pxi1 q| ,
i1
rMi pf q mi pf qsrpxi q pxi1 qs
i1
rMi pf q mi pf qstrpxi q pxi1 qs |pxi q pxi1 q|u
i1
` 2 ` pbq
2M
trpxi q pxi1 qs |pxi q pxi1 q|u ` 2 ` pbq
i1
n
2M pbq
|pxi q pxi1 q| ` 2 ` pbq
i1
2M ` 2 ` pbq,
M |f | . 14.6.5, f P Rpq.
p3q p1q. f P Rpq, 0, ra, bs ,
0 U pf, ; q Lpf, ; q .
,
|pxi q pxi1 q|
xi
pq pxi q pxi1 q
xi1
pxi q pxi1 q rpxi q pxi1 qs rpxi q pxi1 qs 2rpxi q pxi1 qs,
549
U pf, ; q Lpf, ; q
i1
n
i1
2rU pf, ; q Lpf, ; qs 2,

f P Rpq, f .
14.6.11. 1 1 , 1 , 1 .
f P Rp1 q, f P Rp1 q, f P Rpq,
b
b
b
f pxqdpxq
f pxqd1 pxq
f pxqd1 pxq.
a
. . x y P ra, bs,
|pyq pxq| r1 pyq 1 pxqs ` r1 pyq 1 pxqs,

|pxi q pxi1 q|
xi
pq r1 pxi q 1 pxi1 qs ` r1 pxi q 1 pxi1 qs,
xi1
14.6.5 f P Rp1 q, f P Rp1 q f P Rpq, .
, Riemann-Stieltjes
, .
14.6.12 (). f, g ra, bs , f P Rpgq
g P Rpf q,
b
b
f pxqdgpxq f pbqgpbq f paqgpaq
gpxqdf pxq.
a
. 14.6.10, 0, ,
b
f pxqdgpxq .
Spf, g; , q
a
f pbqgpbq f paqgpaq
gpi qrf pxi q f pxi1 qs
i1
i1
n
i1
rf pxi qgpxi q f pxi1 qgpxi1 qs
i1
f pxi qrgpxi q gpi qs `
i1
f pxi1 qrgpi q gpxi1 qs,
550
f g 1 Y ti u Riemann-Stieltjes , ,
b
n
f pxqdgpxq ,
f pbqgpbq f paqgpaq
a
i1
14.6.10, g P Rpf q,
b
b
gpxqdf pxq f pbqgpbq f paqgpaq
f pxqdgpxq,
a
.
14.6.13. f, g , f P Rpgq,
x
pf q P Rpgq.
. f P Rpgq , g P Rpf q,
gPR
x
`
pf q ,
,
x
pf q P Rpgq,
14.6.14 (). f ra, bs , g ra, bs

, P ra, bs,
b
f pxqdgpxq f paqrgpq gpaqs ` f pbqrgpbq gpqs.
a
. ,
b
b
f pxqdgpxq f pbqgpbq f paqgpaq
gpxqdf pxq,
a
, P ra, bs,
b
f pxqdgpxq f pbqgpbq f paqgpaq gpqrf pbq f paqs,
a
14.6.15 (). r, s , gpxq

pr, sq ra, bs , f P Rpgq, f pq P Rpgpqq,
pq
f pqdgpq
f pxqdgpxq.
pq
551
. g . f P Rpgq 14.6.5 , 0,
ra, bs ,
b
n
f pi qrgpxi q gpxi1 qs
f pxqdgpxq .
i1
txi u , r, s : t0 . i 1 , ti P r, s
ti pti q xi , , ,
1 : t0 t1 tn
r, s . 1 1 , 1 ra, bs (
), , ,
1 : t10 t11 t1n ,
b
n
1
1
1
f pxqdgpxq ,
f ppi qqrgppti qq gppti1 qqs
i1
14.6.5, f pq P Rpgpqq,
b
f pqdgpq
f pxqdgpxq.
a
.
. , .
Riemann Riemann-Stieltjes .
14.6.16. gpxq ra, bs Riemann , C .
x
Gpxq
gptqdt ` C, x P ra, bs.
a
f ra, bs , f P RpGq f g ra, bs Riemann ,
b
f pxqdGpxq
f pxqgpxqdx.
a
. f g ra, bs Riemann , , 0, }}
b
n
n
f pi qgpi qxi
f pxqgpxqdx ,
i pgqxi
i1
i1
,
M `1
552
|f | M .
b
n
f pi qrGpxi q Gpxi1 qs
f pxqgpxqdx
i1
xi
b
n
f pi q
gpxqdx
f pxqgpxqdx
xi1
i1
b
xi
n
n
gpxq gpi q dx
f pi qgpi qxi `
f pi q
f pxqgpxqdx
i1
i1
xi1
b
n
n
f pi qgpi qxi
f pxqgpxqdx ` M
i pgqxi
a
i1
i1
2,
14.6.10 f P RpGq,
b
b
f pxqdGpxq
f pxqgpxqdx.
a
.
14.6.1. Fourier .
f r, s , Fourier an , bn .
,
1
an
1
f pxq cos nxdx
1 sin nx
df pxq,
n
|an |
|bn |
f pxqd
sin nx
n
1
pf q, @ n 1.
n
1
1
|f p 0q f p ` 0q| `
pf q, @ n 1.
n
n
, f , g ra, bs Riemann , .
, Riemann :
14.6.17 (). f , g Riemann ,
x
x
F pxq
f ptqdt ` C, Gpxq
gptqdt ` D, x P ra, bs.
a
b
F pxqgpxqdx F pbqGpbq F paqGpaq
f pxqGpxqdx.
a
553
Riemann-Stieltjes Riemann
, . Riemann : , 1 r, s , f
pr, sq Riemann , f pq1 r, s Riemann ,
pq
f pq ptqdt
f pxqdx.
pq
.
14.6.18 (). gptq r, s Riemann ,
t
Gptq
gpsqds ` C, t P r, s.
f pxq Gpr, sq Riemann , f pGq P RpGq,
f pGqdG
Gpq
f pGqgptqdt
f pxqdx.
Gpq
. 0, g Riemann , r, s
: t0 t1 tn ,
ti .
i pgq
i pgq rti1 , ti s :
p1q |gptq| , @ t P rti1 , ti s. I ,
|Gpti q Gpti1 q|
ti
I
|gptq|dt p q.
ti1
p2q P rti1 , ti s |gpq| . II . ,

i pgq , gptq rti1 , ti s , . Gptq rti1 , ti s
. , ,
II
i pf pGqq|Gpti q Gpti1 q|
554
|f |, |g| M . ,
n
i1
i pf pGqq|Gpti q Gpti1 q| `
i pgq
II
2M 2 ti `
2M |Gpti q Gpti1 q| `
i pgq
2M 2 ` 2M p q ` .
Gpq
n
f pGpi qqrGpti q Gpti1 qs

f pxqdx
Gpq
i1
n
n Gpti q
f pGpi qqrGpti q Gpti1 qs

f pxqdx
i1 Gpti1 q
i1
n Gpti q
rf pGpi qq f pxqsdx
i1 Gpti1 q
n
i1
2M 2 ` 2M p q ` .
, . , 14.6.10 f pGq P RpGq,
Gpq
f pGqdG
f pxqdx,
Gpq
. Riemann-Stieltjes Stieltjes ,
.
, ,
.
Green , Gauss Stokes
. , ,
, .
15.1
, f : R R , f pxq x0 , f pxq x0
x0 ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 q :
f pxq rx0 ` f 1 px0 qpx x0 qs opx x0 q px x0 q,
, ,
dfx0 df px0 q : R R, t f 1 px0 qt
f x0 . f pxq x , ,
, dxpx0 q , f , f x0
dfx0 f 1 px0 qdxpx0 q.
. f : Rn R x0 ,
f pxq rf px0 q ` Jf px0 qpx x0 qs op}x x0 }q px x0 q,
Jf px0 q f px0 q
` Bf
Bf
px0 q, ,
px0 q .
Bx1
Bxn
dfx0 : Rn R, t pt1 , , tn q Jf px0 qptq
Bf
px0 qtn
Bx
n
i1
f x0 . f pxq xi i , ,
f x0
dfx0
Bf
Bf
px0 qdx1 px0 q ` `
px0 qdxn px0 q.
Bx1
Bxn
555
556
. Rn ,
: Rn ,
pu1 , , um q px1 pu1 , , um q, , xn pu1 , , um qq.
u0 , pu0 q p. f ,
: p f ?
() . ,
. , p p Tp ,
p , m ,
ui pu0 q
` Bx1
Bui
pu0 q, ,
Bxn 0
pu q , i 1, , m.
Bui
f u0 , f p
dfp : Tp R
m
m
Bpf q 0
Xp
i ui pu0 q
i
pu q,
Bui
i1
i1
f p , : Xp P Tp p
, p ptq, 1 p0q Xp , Xp ,
d
dfp pXp q f pptqq,
dt t0
. dfp pXp q Xp pf q, dfp pXp q
f Xp .
, ,
, . , f p dfp Tp
Tp , Tp p ,
.
T
Tp , T
pP
Tp ,
pP
.
f ,
df : T , p dfp P Tp ,
f . , : T
ppq P Tp , @ p P ,
15.1
557
1 , 1 , 1 . f
1 . , 1
.
1 , 1 p p
ppq . , :
p p . , 1
() : p
, .
15.1.1. Rm 1 .
Rm Rn m (n m), .
, , T Rm Rm Rm .
, T Rm Rm pRm q . , Rm Rm ,
.
Rm 1 . p P Rm , ppq P Tp Rm , Tp Rm
tdx1 ppq, , dxm ppqu, ppq
ppq
ai ppqdxi ppq,
i1
p ai ppq p1 i mq p .
ai dxi .
i1
tai u C k , 1 C k . , f C k ,
df C k1 .
. Tp s
pTp qs Tp Tp .
: pTp qs R ,
(i) , , P R
p , Xi ` Yi , q p , Xi , q ` p , Yi , q, @ Xi , Yi P Tp .
(ii) ,
.
pXp1q , , Xpsq q p1q pX1 , , Xs q,
558
t1, 2, , su , p1q 1;
p1q 1.
p s , p s
s
1
Tp . s 1 ,
Tp Tp .
15.1.2.
Tp .
, p 2 Tp
. , P Tp , ^ : X,
Y,
^ pX, Y q pXqpY q pY qpXq,
^ , ^ P 2 Tp .
^ ^ , p1 ` 2 q ^ 1 ^ ` 2 ^ .
, ^ 0. Tp tei um
i1 , Tp
tei um
i1 ,
ei
m
`
j ej i , @ j P R p1 j mq,
j1
te ^ e u pi jq
i
Tp . ,
ij ei ^ ej 0,
ij
i j (
lk
1, k l; lk 0, k l)
0
kl ek ^ el pei , ej q
kl
kl rek pei qel pej q ek pej qel pei qs
kl
kl rik jl jk il s
kl
ij ,
tei ^ ej u pi jq .
, P 2 Tp , ij pei , ej q,
ij ei ^ ej .
ij
, tei ^ ej u pi jq
dim
Tp . ,
2
Tp Cm
1
mpm 1q.
2
15.1
559
,
2
Tp ,
pP
2 . :
ppq p P
Tp , @ p P ,
2 , 2 2 .
2 p 2 . ,
1 , ^ , 2 .
15.1.3. 2 .
px, yq , dx ^ dy R2 2 .
pu, vq ,
x xpu, vq, y ypu, vq,
dx xu du ` xv dv, dy yu du ` yv dv,
dx ^ dy pxu du ` xv dvq ^ pyu du ` yv dvq pxu yv yu xv qdu ^ dv,
dx ^ dy
Bpx, yq
du ^ dv.
Bpu, vq
, .
, dx ^ dy px, yq , 2
. x r cos , y r sin ,
dx ^ dy rdr ^ d.
s . , ,
3
, , Tp , ^ ^ P
Tp : X, Y, Z Tp
,
^ ^ pX, Y, Zq pXqpY qpZq pXqpZqpY q
` pY qpZqpXq pY qpXqpZq
` pZqpXqpY q pZqpY qpXq,
560
^ ^ 3 , 3 ,
.
2 , tei ^ ej ^ ek u pi j kq
Tp ,
3
, Cm
.
Tp ,
pP
3 . :
ppq p P
Tp , @ p P ,
3 , 3 3 .
3 p 3 . , ,
1 , ^ ^ , 3 .
15.1.4. 3 .
px, y, zq R3 , dx ^ dy ^ dz 3 .
pu, v, wq ,
x xpu, v, wq, y ypu, v, wq, z zpu, v, wq,
dx xu du ` xv dv ` xw dw, dy yu du ` yv dv ` yw dw,
dz zu du ` zv dv ` zw dw.
dx ^ du ^ dz
pxu du ` xv dv ` xw dwq ^ pyu du ` yv dv ` yw dwq ^ pzu du ` zv dv ` zw dwq
xu du^pyv dv ` yw dwq^pzv dv ` zw dwq ` xv dv^pyu du ` yw dwq^pzu du ` zw dwq
` xw dw ^ pyu du ` yv dvq ^ pzu du ` zv dvq
xu pyv zw yw zv qdu ^ dv ^ dw xv pyu zw yw zu qdu ^ dv ^ dw
` xw pyu zv yv zu qdu ^ dv ^ dw
Bpx, y, zq
du ^ dv ^ dw,
Bpu, v, wq
, dx ^ dy ^ dz
.
15.1.5. R3 2 .
15.1
561
px, y, zq R3 , dy ^ dz, dz ^ dx dx ^ dy 2
. 2 , R3 2
P px, y, zqdy ^ dz ` Qpx, y, zqdz ^ dx ` Rpx, y, zqdx ^ dy.
P , Q, R C k , C k 2 .
s, i p1 i sq s 1 , s
1 ^ ^ s : pTp qs R
:
1 ^ ^ s pX1 , , Xs q
p1q 1 pXp1q q s pXpsq q,
Xi p1 i sq , t1, , su .
, s Tp
tei1 ^ ^ eis u, 1 i1 is m.
s
. s m , s .
, Cm
Tp ,
pP
s . :
ppq p P
Tp , @ p P ,
s , s s .
s p s .
15.1.6. m .
px1 , , xm q Rm , dx1 ^ ^ dxm m
. u1 , , um ,
xi xi pu1 , , um q, i 1, , m,
dxi
Bxi
duj , i 1, , m.
Buj
j1
562
m
m
`
Bx1
Bxm
duj ^ ^
duj
Bu
Bu
j
j
j1
j1
Bx1
Bxm
duj1 ^ ^ dujm
Bu
Bu
j1
jm
1j1 , ,jm m
Bx1
Bxm
dup1q ^ ^ dupmq
Bu
Bu
p1q
pmq
Bx1
Bxm
du1 ^ ^ dum
p1q
Bu
Bu
p1q
pmq
dx1 ^ ^ dxm
Bpx1 , , xm q
du1 ^ ^ dum .
Bpu1 , , um q
, x Apuq,
xi
aij uj , i 1, , m,
j1
dx1 ^ ^ dxm pdet Aqdu1 ^ ^ dum ,
. u Bpwq ,
du1 ^ ^ dum pdet Bqdw1 ^ ^ dwm ,
dx1 ^ ^ dxm pdet Aqpdet Bqdw1 ^ ^ dwm ,
, x ApBpwqq
dx1 ^ ^ dxm pdet ABqdw1 ^ ^ dwm ,
det AB pdet Aqpdet Bq.

, Rm s ,
i1 is dxi1 ^ ^ dxis ,
1i1 is m
i1 is Rm , C k , C k s
.
s , t , s ` t
^ :
^
1i1 is m 1j1 jt m
i1 is j1 jt dxi1 ^ ^ dxis ^ dxj1 ^ ^ dxjt ,
15.1
563
, ;
^ ,
p1 1 ` 2 2 q ^ 1 1 ^ ` 2 2 ^ ;
^ ,
^ p1qst ^ ;
,
p ^ q ^ ^ p ^ q,
, .
. , p s
t , s ` t ^ :
^ pX1 , , Xs`t q
1
pXp1q , , Xpsq q pXps`1q , , Xps`tq q,
s!t!
t1, , s ` tu , Xi p1 i s ` tq .
, Rm .
. . f : 1 2
(), f ppq q. p Xp ,
1 p ptq, 1 p0q Xp ,
dfp pXp q pf q1 p0q P Tq 2 ,
dfp : Tp 1 Tp 2
f p , f p .
f , 2 s , 1 s
f :
f pX1 , , Xs q pdf pX1 q, , df pXs qq,
, Xi p1 i sq p , df pXi q dfp pXi q f ppq .

f f . f , f
. :
f p ^ q f ^ f ;
564
g, h 2 , f pgdhq g f dph f q.
15.1.7. 2 .
: R3 ,
x xpu, vq, y ypu, vq, z zpu, vq,
R3 2
P px, y, zqdy ^ dz ` Qpx, y, zqdz ^ dx ` Rpx, y, zqdx ^ dy,

pq P pqpyu du ` yv dvq ^ pzu du ` zv dvq ` Qpqpzu du ` zv dvq ^ pxu du ` xv dvq
` Rpqpxu du ` xv dvq ^ pyu du ` yv dvq
P pq
Bpy, zq
Bpz, xq
Bpx, yq
du ^ dv ` Qpq
du ^ dv ` Rpq
du ^ dv.
Bpu, vq
Bpu, vq
Bpu, vq
15.1.8. .
: Rm Rm , ,
pdx1 ^ ^ dxm q dx1 ^ ^ dxm
d1 ^ ^ dm
m
m
`
B1
Bm
dxi ^ ^
dxi
Bx
Bx
i
i
i1
i1
pdet Jqdx1 ^ ^ dxm .
15.1.9. R2n .
R2n 2
dxi ^ dxnì ,
i1
2 R2n . A : R2n R2n ,
A ,
A . A paij q2n2n ,
A
i1
A dxi ^ A dxnì
i1 1k,l2n
aik anì l dxk ^ dxl ,
15.1
565
A
aik anì n`k ai n`k anì k 1 p1 k nq,
aik anì l ail anì k 0 p|k l| nq.
In
In
In
In
, pdet Aq2 1.
det A 1.
, dx1 ^ ^ dx2n R2n ,

n ^ ^ p1q
npn1q
2
n!,
(15.1)
, A A pqn pA qn n , A .
, A pdet Aq, det A 1.
15.1
1. u P Rn , f : Rn R . : r0, 1s Rn
, 1 p0q u,
Bf
d
p0q f pptqq.
Bu
dt t0
2. 2 , pei , ej q ij ,
ij ei ^ ej ,
ij
tei u , tej u .
3.
p1q pxdx ` ydyq ^ pzdz zdxq.
p2q pdx ` dy ` dzq ^ pxdx ^ dy ydy ^ dzq.
4. px, yq R2 , pr, q ,
dx ^ dy rdr ^ d.
566
5. px, y, zq R3 , pr, , q ,
x r sin cos , y r sin sin , z r cos ,
dx ^ dy ^ dz r2 sin dr ^ d ^ d.
6. , dpg f qp dgf ppq dfp .
7. f pdhq dph f q.
8. (15.1) .
15.2
, 0 . , f ,
df 1 . f df . ,
s , s ` 1 , ,
d.
Rm . C 1 s ,
i1 is dxi1 ^ ^ dxis ,
1i1 is m
di1 is ^ dxi1 ^ ^ dxis ,
1i1 is m
, d s ` 1 , .
15.2.1. 1 .
P px, yqdx ` Qpx, yqdy R2 1 ,
d dP ^ dx ` dQ ^ dy pPx dx ` Py dyq ^ dx ` pQx dx ` Qy dyq ^ dy
pQx Py qdx ^ dy.
15.2.2. R3 2 .
R3 2
P px, y, zqdy ^ dz ` Qpx, y, zqdz ^ dx ` Rpx, y, zqdx ^ dy,
15.2
567
d dP ^ dy ^ dz ` dQ ^ dz ^ dx ` dR ^ dx ^ dy
pPx dx ` Py dy ` Pz dzq ^ dy ^ dz ` pQx dx ` Qy dy ` Qz dzq ^ dz ^ dx
` pRx dx ` Ry dy ` Rz dzq ^ dx ^ dy
pPx ` Qy ` Rz qdx ^ dy ^ dz.
15.2.3. R3 1 .
P px, y, zqdx ` Qpx, y, zqdy ` Rpx, y, zqdz 1 ,
d dP ^ dx ` dQ ^ dy ` dR ^ dz
pPx dx ` Py dy ` Pz dzq ^ dx ` pQx dx ` Qy dy ` Qz dzq ^ dy
` pRx dx ` Ry dy ` Rz dzq ^ dz
pRy Qz qdy ^ dz ` pPz Rx qdz ^ dx ` pQx Py qdx ^ dy.
:
, s , , P R,
dp ` q d ` d;
s , t ,
dp ^ q d ^ ` p1qs ^ d;
d2 0, dpdq 0. apxqdxi1 ^ ^ dxis :
dpdq dpda ^ dxi1 ^ ^ dxis q
m
`
Ba
d
dxi ^ dxi1 ^ ^ dxis
Bxi
i1
m
` Ba
d
^ dxi ^ dxi1 ^ ^ dxis
Bxi
i1
B2 a
dxj ^ dxi ^ dxi1 ^ ^ dxis
Bxj Bxi
1i,jm
B2 a
B2 a
dxi ^ dxj ^ dxi1 ^ ^ dxis

Bxi Bxj
Bxj Bxi
ij
0.
df f d. .
568
. :
: Rn , , dp : Tp Tppq , @ p P Rm .
s , s , d
s ` 1 . d s ` 1 , d,
d d ,
d . , .
. d 0, ;
d, . d2 0 , .
15.2.4. R2 t0u .
R2 t0u 1
x
y
dy 2
dx,
x2 ` y 2
x ` y2
d 0, 1 . pr, q ,
dx cos dr r sin d, dy sin dr ` r cos d
d. , ,
R2 t0u . , R2 t0u f , df . () f
, dpf q 0, f R2 tpx, 0q | x 0u ,
R2 t0u , .

m
Rm 1
ai pxqdxi , df ,
i1
Newton-Leibniz ,
1
d
f ptxqdt
0 dt
1
m
Bf
f p0q `
ptxqxi dt
0 i1 Bxi
1
m
f p0q `
ai ptxqxi dt.
f pxq f p0q `
0 i1
15.2
569
, , f pxq,
m
m 1
m 1
Bai
t
ai ptxqdt dxi `
df
dt xi dxj
0 Bxj
0
i1 j1
i1
m 1
m
m 1
Baj
aj ptxqdt dxj `
t
dt xi dxj
0
0 Bxi
j1
j1 i1
m 1
m 1
daj
ptxqdt dxj
aj ptxqdt dxj `
t
dt
0
0
j1
j1
1 dptaj q
ptxqdt dxj
dt
0
j1
aj pxqdxj .
j1
Bai
Baj
d 0. R2 1 ,
Bxj
Bxi
.
15.2
1. :
p1q xydx ` dz.
p2q x2 ydx yzex dy.
p3q xydy ^ dz ` yzdz ^ dx ` zxdx ^ dy.
2. f Rn C 1 . df 0 f .
3. , s , t ,
dp ^ q d ^ ` p1qs ^ d.
4. u : R2 R C 2 ,
u
B2 u B2 u
` 2 0.
Bx2
By
,
Bu
Bu
dy
dx ;
Bx
By
p2q v : R2 R,
p1q
Bv Bu
Bv
Bu
,
.
Bx
By By
Bx
570
15.3
, ,
. .
M Rn Rn . q P M , Rm U Rn
C k pk 1q : U Rn
p1q ;
p2q rankJ m;
p3q pU q Vq X M,
Vq q Rn , M Rn m C k
. m 1 , m 2 2 .
, m m () , m n 1
. q , Vq X M
q , q M .
15.3.1. .
f : U R C k , U Rn1 , f
graphpf q tpx, f pxqq P Rn | x P U u,
Rn C k , graphpf q :
: U Rn , pxq px, f pxqq.
graph(f )
15.1
. , U Rm , f1 , , fnm : U R U
n m C k ,
graphpf1 , , fnm q tpx1 , , xm , f1 pxq, , fnm pxqq | x px1 , , xm q P U u
Rn m , f1 , , fnm () .
15.3
571
, m M m
. , q , ppq q.
rankJ m,
det
B
i
Buj
mm
ppq 0.
vi i puq, i 1, , m. , puq pv1 , , vm q p

1 C k , , 1 q ,
1 pv1 , , vm q pv1 , , vm , m`1 1 pvq, , n 1 pvqq,
q M .
, q
, 1 Rm C k .
.
15.3.2. S 1 .
, . ,
S 1 :
: p0, 2q R2 , : p, 3q R2
pq pcos , sin q, pq pcos , sin q,
, ,
p0, 2q S 1 tp1, 0qu, p, 3q S 1 tp1, 0qu.
S 1 R2 .
15.3.3. S 2 .
, . , 6
:
tpx, y, zq P S 2 | z 0u, tpx, y, zq P S 2 | z 0u, tpx, y, zq P S 2 | y 0u,
tpx, y, zq P S 2 | y 0u, tpx, y, zq P S 2 | x 0u, tpx, y, zq P S 2 | x 0u,
, tpx, y, zq P S 2 | z 0u :
: tpx, yq P R2 | x2 ` y 2 1u R3 , px, yq px, y,
a
1 x2 y 2 q.
572
(0, 0, 1)
(x, y, z)
(u, v)
0
15.2
S 2 :
1 : R2 R3 , 1 pu, vq
2v
u2 ` v 2 1
2u
,
,
.
1 ` u2 ` v 2 1 ` u2 ` v 2 1 ` u2 ` v 2
1 pR2 q S 2 tp0, 0, 1qu,

u
x
y
, v
, px, y, zq P S 2 tp0, 0, 1qu.
1z
1z
,
2 : R2 R3 , 2 pu, vq
2u
2v
1 u2 v 2
,
,
.
1 ` u2 ` v 2 1 ` u2 ` v 2 1 ` u2 ` v 2
2 pR2 q S 2 tp0, 0, 1qu,

u
x
y
, v
, px, y, zq P S 2 tp0, 0, 1qu.
1`z
1`z
, S 2 R3 .
. q
, 1 Vp X M C k , p1 q dui p1 i mq
M q 1 , dui . q
s
i1 is dui1 ^ ^ duis ,
1i1 is m
i1 is q .
d
di1 is ^ dui1 ^ ^ duis ,
1i1 is m
d d ,
15.3
573
d .
. M Rn m ().
: U Rn : U Rn M .
1
1
1
: pV X V X M q pV X V X M q
det Jp1
q 0,
. M
tV X M u, , M , tV X M u
M , .
, .
, , S 1 S 2 .
, .
15.3.1. Rn M M
.
. M , tV X M u,
.
pu1 , , un1 q px1 pu1 , , un1 q, , xn pu1 , , un1 qq.
pqq pN1 , , Nn q,
q ppq, q M N
Ni p1qi1
i`1
n
Bpx1 , , xi1
, x , , x q
ppq,
Bpu1 , , un1 q
, q N pqq
pqq det Jp1 q N
pqq,
N
,
{}N
}
n N
M .
, M
, M N
: p P M , p Vp X M ,
p np , Vp X M fp ,
fp np ,
N
574
fp , , fp .
, fp .
, .
M , ,
, M n 1
N
}du1 ^ ^ dun1 ,
}N
, M
n 1 , M .
}1
}N
p1qi1 Ni dx1 ^ ^ dxi1 ^ dxi`1 ^ ^ dxn .
i1
, , Rn M M
n 1 () .
.
15.3.2. M Rn m , M M
m .
. M , V X M ,
. m
b
detrpJqT Js du1 ^ ^ dum ,
, M , M
m , M .
.
.
pu1 , , um q px1 pu1 , , um q, , xn pu1 , , um qq,
M
`
1{2
detrpJqT Js
1i1 im
Bpxi1 , , xim q
dxi1 ^ ^ dxim .
Bpu1 , , um q
n
15.3.4. f : Rn R C k pk 1q , c P R. f 1 pcq H,
p P f 1 pcq, f ppq 0, M f 1 pcq Rn .
15.3
575
. x0 px01 , , x0n q P M , f px0 q 0,

, px01 , , x0n1 q f pxq c
Bf 0
px q 0.
Bxn
px1 , , xn1 , gpx1 , , xn1 q,
g C k . , x0 M f 1 pcq , .
M ptq, f pptqq c
f pptqq 1 ptq 0,
f M , f M , 15.3.1
M .
. p1q f f
pcq ,
}f }1
p1qi1
i1
Bf
dx1 ^ ^ dxi1 ^ dxi`1 ^ ^ dxn .
Bxi
p2q : f : Rn Rm C k pk 1q , c P Rm .
f 1 pcq H, p P f 1 pcq, rankJf ppq m, M f 1 pcq Rn
n m ,
`
1
detrJf pJf qT s 2
p1qi1 `ìm `mpm`1q{2
1i1 im n
Bpf1 , , fm q
Bpxi1 , , xim q
y
z
dx1 ^ dx
i1 ^ ^ dxim ^ ^ dxm ,
xi dxi .
, fi f i , dx
, f pxq x21 ` ` x2n , R 0 , f 1 pR2 q Rn

, R n 1 ,
n
1
p1qi1 xi dx1 ^ ^ dxi1 ^ dxi`1 ^ ^ dxn .
R i1
.
Hm tpx1 , , xm q P Rm | xm 0u,
Hm m , BH m 1 Rm1 .
M Rn Rn . q P M , Hm U Rn
C k pk 1q : U Rn
p1q ;
p2q rankJ m;
p3q pU q Vq X M,
576
Vq q Rn , M Rn m C k
, . , .
, q P pU X BHm q, , q
. q , M
, BM . Vq X M q P BM ,
, U X BHm , BM
m 1 () .
: m 1 , , ,
; m 2 , , ,
2 ; m 3 , ,
3 . , Hm m ,
m 1 .
.
, , Mobius
() :
180
Mobius ,
15.3 Mobius
(). Mobius
.
15.3.3. M , BM .
. , M BM
. , M ,
y 1 pxq, yi yi px1 , , xm q, i 1, , m.
, ,
ym pxq 0, ym px1 , , xm1 , 0q 0.
Bym
px1 , , xm1 , 0q 0, i 1, , m 1,
Bxi
(15.2)
Bym
ym pxq 0
px1 , , xm1 , 0q lim
0.
`
Bxm
xm 0
xm 0
(15.3)
(15.2)
det Jp 1 qpx1 , , xm1 , 0q det
By
i
Bxi
pm1qpm1q
Bym
.
Bxm
15.3
577
(15.3)
By
i
det
px1 , , xm1 , 0q 0,
Bxi pm1qpm1q
BM .
, BM : m ,
M BM ,
; m , M BM
, .
, Hm tx1 , , xm u ,
BHm tp1qm x1 , x2 , , xm1 u .
, . , 1
, . , f suppf
suppf tx | f pxq 0u.
, R ,
:
pxq 1, x P r1{2, 1{2s; 0 pxq 1, 1{2 |x| 1; pxq 0, |x| 1.
15.3.4. M Rn , tV u M .
Rn M V , V t u,
1, supp V .
t u tV u .
. q P M , , q P V . q 0, B2q pqq V .
tBq {2 pqquqPM M , M , ,
tBi {2 pqi quki1 .

V
Bi pqi q,
i1
V M .
1 i k,
pxq
` }x qi }
, x P Rn ,
i
i1
, Rn ,
pxq 0, @ x P V.
578
i pxq
1 ` }x qi }
, x P V,
pxq
i
i V ,
k
i pxq 1, x P V.
i1
,
suppi Bi pqi q B2i pqi q, i 1, , k.
V i (), t u
15.3
1. R4 3 S 3 , .
2. S 1 .
3. S 2 .
4. .
5. S 2
xdy ^ dz ` ydz ^ dx ` zdx ^ dy.
6. R3 px, y, zq , R3
. , S 2
?
7. M , f : M R . , 0, M
g,
|gpxq f pxq| , @ x P M.
15.4 Stokes
579
15.4
Stokes
M m , BM . M m
, supp
supp tx P M | pxq 0u,
supp . M .
p1q supp V X M ,
: U Rn ,
,
a du1 ^ ^ dum ,
a V X M . M
a puqdu1 dum .
U
. , supp
V X M ,
: U Rn ,

a dv1 ^ ^ dvm ,
, 1

1
v 1
puq, u P pV X V X M q.
dv1 ^ ^ dvm det Jp1

qdu1 ^ ^ dum ,
a pvq det Jp1 qpuq a puq.
580
supp V X V X M , ,
a pvqdv1 dvm
U
a pvqdv1 dvm
1
pV XV XM q
a pvq| det Jp1

qpuq|du1 dum
1
pV XV XM q
a puqdu1 dum
1
pV XV XM q
a puqdu1 dum .
U
, , .
, M
k
. ,
i , supp i
i1
i .
i1 M
p2q m , supp
tV X M u, t u ,
,
M
. , tV X M u ,
t u,
supp V X M . ,
15.4 Stokes
581
M .
, :
. M ,
.
M
. , , , P R,
p ` q
M
`
M
.
M
supp V X M , V X M , ,
.
M
, Stokes .
15.4.1 (Stokes). M m , M
m 1 ,
,
BM
BM .
. , , ,
M .
, , M Hm ,
, Hm m 1 , BM BHm
.
m 1 Hm tu1 , , um u
xi ^ ^ dum ,
p1qi1 ai du1 ^ ^ du
i1
ai Hm .
d
m
`
Bai
du1 ^ ^ dum .
Bui
i1
582
Hm
Bai
du1 dum
m Bui
i1 H
m1
`8
Bai
dum
du1 dum1
Bu
m1
i
R
i1 0
`8
Bam
du1 dum1
`
dum
Bu
m1
m
R
0
m1
ui `8
`8
xi dum1
du1 du
dum
ai
ui 8
Rm2
i1
m1
um `8
am
du1 dum1
um 0
am pu1 , , um1 , 0qdu1 dum1 .
BHm
um |BHm 0,
|BHm p1qm1 am pu1 , , um1 , 0qdu1 ^ ^ dum1 ,
BHm tp1qm u1 , u2 , , um1 u ,
p1qm1 p1qm am pu1 , , um1 , 0qdu1 dum1

BHm
BHm
am pu1 , , um1 , 0qdu1 dum1 .

BHm
Hm
,
BHm
.
. p1q M , BM H , Stokes .
p2q Hm X
X pa1 puq, , am puqq,
divX
divX
Bai
,
Bu
i
i1
X , Stokes
divXdu1 dum
X p0, , 0, 1qdu1 dum1 ,
Hm
BHm
p0, , 0, 1q BHm . .
15.4 Stokes
583
15.4.2 (Gauss-Green). D Rm , m 1
. X D ,
d,
divXdu1 dum
X N
D
BD
BD .
N
. D Rm , BD
,
m
xi ^ ^ dum ,
p1qi1 Ni du1 ^ ^ du
i1
Ni i . D m
m
xi ^ ^ dum ,
p1qi1 Xi du1 ^ ^ du
i1
Xi X i ,
d divXdu1 ^ ^ dum ,
Stokes ,
divXdu1 dum
BD
, :
,
|BD X N
divXdu1 dum

X N
BD
d,
X N
BD
, .
. M , M ,
, .
15.4.1. m 1 .
, m 1
i1
xi ^ ^ dum ,
p1qi1 ui du1 ^ ^ du
584
Stokes ,
pS
m1
q
S m1
d
Bm
du1 ^ ^ dum mvpB m q,
m
Bm
B m m , vpB m q .
.
15.4
1. Stokes Green , Gauss Stokes
.
2. : ra, bs Rn , f ,
df f ppbqq f ppaqq.
3. F : S n r0, 1s S n ,
f0 pxq F px, 0q, f1 pxq F px, 1q, @ x P S n .
Sn
f0
Sn
f1 ,
S n .
4. , 0, f, g : S n S n
}gpxq f pxq} , @ x P S n
Sn
S n .
Sn
g ,
, ,
. ,
, Fourier .
16.1
f px, yq ra, bs rc, ds , y P rc, ds,

x f px, yq ra, bs Riemann ,
b
Ipyq
f px, yqdx, y P rc, ds,

a
, y , n.
16.1.1 (). y0 P rc, ds. pxq px P ra, bsq,
0, 0, 0 |y y0 |
|f px, yq pxq| , @ x P ra, bs,
lim f px, yq pxq ra, bs .

yy0
, f px, yq ra, bs rc, ds ,

, lim f px, yq f px, y0 q x P ra, bs .
yy0
():
lim f px, yq pxq ra, bs 0, 0,
yy0
0 |y1 y0 | , 0 |y2 y0 |
|f px, y1 q f px, y2 q| , @ x P ra, bs,
Cauchy .
y P rc, ds, f px, yq x P ra, bs ,
lim f px, yq pxq
yy0
ra, bs , pxq ra, bs .

585
586
16.1.1 (). y P rc, ds, f px, yq

x P ra, bs Riemann , lim f px, yq pxq ra, bs
yy0
, pxq ra, bs Riemann ,

b
b
pxqdx lim
f px, yqdx.
yy0
. 0, , 0, 0 |y y0 | ,
|f px, yq pxq|
, @ x P ra, bs.
4pb aq
y1 , 0 |y1 y0 | , f px, y1 q x , ra, bs ,
i pf p, y1 qqxi
i1
.
2
,
i pq i pf p, y1 qq `
i pqxi
i1
,
2pb aq
i pf p, y1 qqxi `
i1
xi ,
2pb aq i1
pxq ra, bs Rieamnn , 0 |y y0 | ,

b
b
b
f px, yqdx
|pxq f px, yq|dx ,
pxqdx
4
a
a
a
b
lim
yy0
b
f px, yqdx
pxqdx,
a
.
16.1.2. f px, yq ra, bs rc, ds ,
b
Ipyq
f px, yqdx, y P rc, ds
a
y .
. .
16.1.3. f px, yq y y0 ,
lim
yy0
f px, yq f px, y0 q
fy px, y0 q
y y0
x P ra, bs , Ipyq y0 ,
b
1
I py0 q
fy px, y0 qdx.
a
16.1
587
. . , fy px, yq ra, bs rc, ds

, .
16.1.1. pq f , g ,
h
`8
f px yqgpyqdy,
hpxq
8
h ,
h
pnq
`8
pxq
f pnq px yqgpyqdy.
. f pM, M q . a 0, x P ra, as , hpxq
M à
hpxq
f px yqgpyqdy,
M a
hpxq pa, aq ,
M à
`8
hpnq pxq
f pnq px yqgpyqdy
f pnq px yqgpyqdy,
M a
a 0 , h p8, `8q .
. f , h g .
16.1.2. 0 a b,
1 b
x xa
I
dx.
ln x
0
. a , b , Ipbq,
,
I 1 pbq
xb dx
1
,
b`1
Ipbq lnp1 ` bq ` C.
Ipaq 0, C lnp1 ` aq,

I ln
1`b
.
1à
.
16.1.3. || 1,
I
lnp1 ` cos xqdx.
0
588
. 0 a 1, P ra, as , f px, q lnp1 ` cos xq

f px, q
cos x
1 ` cos x
r0, s ra, as , I Ipq ,
cos x
I 1 pq
dx ?
.
1 2
0 1 ` cos x

Ipq lnp1 `
a
1 2 q ` C,
Ip0q 0,
C ln 2,
I ln
1`
1 2
.
2
|| 1 .
.
bpyq
F pyq
f px, yqdx,
apyq
apyq, bpyq y .
16.1.4. f px, yq ra, bs rc, ds , apyq, bpyq y ,
a apyq b, a bpyq b, @ y P rc, ds,
F pyq rc, ds .
. y0 P rc, ds, y P rc, ds ,
bpyq
bpy0 q
F pyq F py0 q
f px, yqdx
f px, y0 qdx
apyq
apy0 q
apy0 q
bpyq
bpy0 q
apyq
bpy0 q
rf px, yq f px, y0 qsdx.
f px, yqdx `
f px, yqdx `
apy0 q
f , M 0, |f px, yq| M .
|F pyq F py0 q| M |apyq apy0 q| ` M |bpyq bpy0 q|
` sup |f px, yq f px, y0 q||b a|,
xPra,bs
apyq, bpyq f px, yq () F pyq y y0 .

F pyq ,
16.1
589
16.1.5. f px, yq fy px, yq ra, bs rc, ds , apyq,

bpyq y , F pyq y ,
bpyq
F 1 pyq
fy px, yqdx ` f pbpyq, yqb1 pyq f papyq, yqa1 pyq.
apyq
. .
16.1.4. a 0,
a
Ipaq
0
lnp1 ` axq
dx.
1 ` x2
. ,
a
lnp1 ` a2 q
x
`
dx
1 ` a2
p1
`
axqp1
` x2 q
0
a
lnp1 ` a2 q
arctan a `
.
2
1à
2p1 ` a2 q
I 1 paq
a ,
lnp1 ` a2 q
arctan a ` C.
2
Ip0q 0, C 0.
Ipaq
Ipaq
lnp1 ` a2 q
arctan a.
2
16.1
1. f px, yq y , fy px, yq ra, bs rc, ds ,
lim
yy0
f px, yq f px, y0 q
fy px, y0 q
y y0
x P ra, bs . (: .)
2. f pxq ra, bs , x P pa, bq,
1 x
lim
rf pt ` hq f ptqsdt f pxq f paq.
h0 h a
3. n Bessel
Jn pxq
cospn x sin qd
0
Bessel
x2 Jn2 pxq ` xJn1 pxq ` px2 n2 qJn pxq 0.
590
4.
p1q
lnp1 2a cos x ` a2 qdx; p2q
0
arctanpa tan xq
dx pa 0q.
tan x
5.
2
1
` 1 xb xa
1 ` a cos x dx
p1q
p|a| 1q; p2q
dx pb a 0q.
ln
sin ln
1 a cos x cos x
x
ln x
0
0
6. 1,
lnp2 sin2 xqdx.
7.
$
&yp1 xq,
Kpx, yq
%xp1 yq,
y x,
y x.
f pxq r0, 1s ,
1
upxq
Kpx, yqf pyqdy
0
u2 pxq f pxq, up0q up1q 0.

8. f px, yq ra, bs rc, ds ,
Ip, , yq
f px, yqdx, , P ra, bs, y P rc, ds
, , y , , .
9. .
10. f pxq x 0 ,
upxq
1
pn 1q!
px tqn1 f ptqdt
upnq pxq f pxq, up0q u1 p0q upn1q p0q 0.

11. , 2 1 ,
1
1 xàt
upx, tq rpx atq ` px ` atqs `
psqds
2
2a xat
B2 u
B2 u
a2 2 .
2
Bt
Bx
16.2
591
16.2
Riemann , .
, . ,
, .
16.2.1
f px, yq ra, `8q rc, ds , y P rc, ds,

x f px, yq ra, `8q ,
`8
Ipyq
f px, yqdx, y P rc, ds,
a
, y .
16.2.1 (). 0, y A0 A0 pq a,
A, A1 A0 , y P rc, ds,
A1
`8
f
px,
yqdx
f px, yqdx ,
`8
f px, yqdx y P rc, ds .
rc, ds . ,
. , y P rc, ds, b
b
f px, yqdx , 0, 0 0 pq 0, 0 , 1 0 ,
a
rc, ds y,
b1
f px, yqdx
f px, yqdx ,
16.2.1.
`8
Ipyq
yexy dx
0
.
, y 0, .
`8
yexy dx eyA ,
A
592
Ipyq y P r, `8q , . Ipyq

y P r0, `8q .
,
.
p1q (Weierstrass) F pxq,
|f px, yq| F pxq, @ px, yq P ra, `8q rc, ds,
`8
F pxqdx ,
`8
:
A1
A1

F pxqdx.
f px, yqdx
p2q (Dirichlet) f px, yq, gpx, yq :

A
piq A `8 ,
f px, yqdx y P rc, ds ,
a
K,
f px, yqdx K, @ A P ra, `8q, y P rc, ds;
piiq gpx, yq x , x `8 gpx, yq y P rc, ds
, 0, A0 A0 pq, x A0
|gpx, yq| , @ y P rc, ds;
`8
f px, yqgpx, yqdx y P rc, ds .
: , A, A1 a ,
A1
A
A1
f px, yqdx
f px, yqdx `
f px, yqdx 2K.
, A, A1 A0 ,
A1
pyq
A1
1
f px, yqgpx, yqdx |gpA, yq|
f px, yqdx ` |gpA , yq|
f px, yqdx
2K ` 2K 4K,
.
p3q (Abel) f px, yq, gpx, yq :
pyq
16.2
piq
`8
593
f px, yqdx y P rc, ds ;
piiq gpx, yq x , y P rc, ds ;

`8
f px, yqgpx, yqdx y P rc, ds .

a
, .
, .
.
16.2.2.
`8
Ipq
ex sin x dx
P p0, `8q .
0 ,
|ex sin x| ex ,
`8
ex dx , Weierstrass Ipq P r, `8q
Ipq P p0, `8q , 0 ,

A1
ex sin x dx
A1
sin x dx cos A cos A1 ,
A 2n, A1 2n ` {2 .
16.2.3.
`8
Ipq
0
sin x
dx
`x
P p0, `8q .
0 ,
A
|1 cos A|
2
,
sin x dx
0
1
x , . , Dirichlet Ipq
`x
P r, `8q .
. Ipq P p0, `8q .
594
16.2.4.
`8
Ipq
ex
sin x
dx
x
P r0, `8q .
`8
sin x
dx , , .
x
0
ex x , , x 0 0 ex 1, Abel Ipq
P r0, `8q .
16.2.2
, ,
.
16.2.1 ().
`8
f px, yqdx y0 ,
`8
lim f px, yq pxq ra, bs ,
pxqdx
a
yy0
,
`8
lim
yy0
`8
f px, yqdx
pxqdx.
a
. 16.1.1 pxq ra, bs . , 0,

A0 , A, A1 A0 ,
A1
f px, yqdx .
A, A1 , 0, 0 |y y0 | ,
|f px, yq pxq|
,
|A A1 | ` 1
A1
A1
A1
pxqdx
f px, yqdx `
rf px, yq pxqsdx
2,
` |A A |
|A A1 | ` 1
1
pxq ra, `8q , A1 `8

`8
pxqdx 2.
lim f px, yq pxq ra, As , 0 0, 0

yy0
|y y0 | 0
|f px, yq pxq|
, @ x P ra, As.
Aa`1
16.2
595
, 0 |y y0 | 0 ,
`8
`8
`8
`8
f px, yqdx
pxqdx
f px, yq `
pxqdx
a
a
A
A
A
`
|f px, yq pxq|dx
a
` 2 ` pA aq
Aa`1
4,
lim
yy0
`8
`8
f px, yqdx
pxqdx.
a
16.2.2 (). f px, yq ra, `8q rc, ds ,

`8
Ipyq
f px, yqdx
a
y P rc, ds , Ipyq y P rc, ds .

. f px, yq ra, bs rc, ds ,
.
16.2.5.
`8
Ipq
0
sin x
dx
x
P r0, `8q .
, 0 , Ipq 0. 0 , t x
Ipq {2. Ipq P r0, `8q , Ipq 0
. , 0, Ipq P r, `8q
16.2.3 (Dini). f px, yq px, yq P ra, `8q rc, ds ,
`8
Ipyq
f px, yqdx
a
y P rc, ds , Ipyq y P rc, ds .

. Dini . Ipyq
8
8 a`n`1
f px, yqdx
an pyq,
Ipyq
n0 a`n
n0
a`n`1
an pyq
f px, yqdx pn 0, 1, 2, q.
a`n
596
f px, yq , an pyq y . , Ipyq y

8
, Dini ,
an pyq y P rc, ds . ,
n0
0, N ,
8
`8
an pyq
f px, yqdx .
a`N
nN
A0 a ` N , A A0 , f
`8
`8
0
f px, yqdx
f px, yqdx ,
A
A0
Ipyq y P rc, ds .
16.2.4 (). f px, yq fy px, yq ra, `8q rc, ds ,
`8
fy px, yqdx
a
y P rc, ds , y0 P rc, ds,

`8
Ipy0 q
f px, y0 qdx
a
,
`8
Ipyq
f px, yqdx
a
y P rc, ds ,
`8
I pyq
fy px, yqdx.
a
. .
8
8 a`n`1
an pyq
f px, yqdx,
n0 a`n
n0
,
8
a1n pyq
n0
y P rc, ds .
8 a`n`1
fy px, yqdx
n0 a`n
8
an py0 q , 9.2.2
an pyq
n0
n0
y P rc, ds ,
8
n0
`8
8
1
an pyq
a1n pyq
fy px, yqdx.
n0
(16.1)
16.2
597
Ipyq y P rc, ds . , , 0, A0 ,
A, A1 A0 ,
A1
f px, y0 qdx
A1
fy px, yqdx , @ y P rc, ds.
pyq
A1
f px, yqdx ,
A1
A1
f px, yqdx
f px, y0 qdx
A1
fy px, qdx py y0 q,
A1
A1
A1
fy px, qdxpd cq ` pd cq,

f px, yqdx
f px, y0 qdx `
Ipyq y P rc, ds , (16.1)

`8
I 1 pyq
fy px, yqdx.
a
.
16.2.6.
`8
Ipq
ex cos 2x dx.
0
2
. , f px, q ex cos 2x x, ,
2
|f px, q| |ex 2x sin 2x| 2xex ,
Weierstrass
`8
ex 2x sin 2x dx
. , Ipq .
`8
2
ex 2x sin 2x dx,
I 1 pq
0
I 1 pq 2Ipq,
Ipq Ce ,
?
1 ? 2
Ip0q {2, Ipq
e
.
2
598
16.2.7.
`8
Ipq
0
ex
sin x
dx p 0q.
x
. Ipq P r0, `8q . 0,
`8
0
` x sin x
e
dx
x
`8
ex sin xdx
P r, `8q , Ipq r, `8q ,

`8
1
I 1 pq
ex sin xdx
.
1 ` 2
0
, 0 .
Ipq C arctan .
`8
|Ipq|
ex dx
1
0 p `8q,
C {2, Ipq {2 arctan . 0 Ip0q {2.
.
.
16.2.5. b a, fn pxq ra, bs f pxq.
`8
`8
fn pxqdx n ,
f pxqdx ,
a
`8
`8
f pxqdx lim
n8 a
fn pxqdx.
. , 0, A0 0, A, A1 A0
A1
fn pxqdx , @ n 1.
fn pxq f pxq , n ,
A1
A1
A1
f pxqdx
|f pxq fn pxq|dx `
fn pxqdx 2.
`8
f pxqdx , A1 `8
`8
`8
fn pxqdx ,
f pxqdx 2.
16.2
599
n ,
`8
`8
A0
fn pxqdx
f pxqdx
|fn pxq f pxq|dx
a
a
a
`8
`8
`
fn pxqdx `
f pxqdx
A0
A0
4,
lim
`8
`8
fn pxqdx
n8 a
f pxqdx.
a
. .
16.2.6. fn pxq n , pa, `8q
f pxq.
`8
f pxqdx
`8
f1 pxqdx
a
,
`8
lim
`8
fn pxqdx
n8 a
f pxqdx.
a
. fn pxq n ,
0 f pxq fn pxq f pxq f1 pxq,
Weierstrass , f pxq fn pxq pa, `8q , fn pxq

pa, `8q .
0, , 0, A a ` ,
a`
`8
0
rf pxq f1 pxqsdx , 0
rf pxq f1 pxqsdx .
a
Dini , f pxq fn pxq ra ` , As .

N , n N
, @ x P ra ` , As,
Aa
|f pxq fn pxq|
a`
`8
0
rf pxq fn pxqsdx
a
A
rf pxq f1 pxqsdx `
8
rf pxq f1 pxqsdx
`
A
`
3,
rf pxq fn pxqsdx
a`
pA a q `
Aa
600
lim
`8
`8
fn pxqdx
n8 a
f pxqdx.
a
. a . () ,
.
16.2.8. J
`8
ex dx.
.
`
lim
n`8
1`
2
x2 n
ex ,
n
p1 ` x2 {nqn n ,
`8
ex dx lim
n`8 0
x
J lim
n`8
`8
`8
n
0
x2 n
q dx,
n
p1 `
nt
?
? p2n 3q!!
dt
lim
n
,
n`8
p1 ` t2 qn
p2n 2q!! 2
2
Wallis .
16.2.9. I
1
0
lnp1 xq
dx.
x
. x 1 , .
8
lnp1 xq
xn1
x
n
n1
, :
8 1 n1
8
x
1
2
I
dx
.
n
n2
6
n1 0
n1
, r0, 1s .
16.2.7 (). f px, yq ra, `8q rc, ds ,
`8
Ipyq
f px, yqdx
a
y P rc, ds ,
d
`8
dx
a
d
f px, yqdy
d
Ipyqdy
`8
dy
f px, yqdx.
a
16.2
601
. `8 An a,
An
f px, yqdx, y P rc, ds.
In pyq
a
In pyq y P rc, ds Ipyq.
d
Ipyqdy lim
n`8 c
In pyqdy,
An
Ipyqdy lim
n`8 a
tAn u ,
d
Ipyqdy.
d
dx
f px, yqdy.
c
f px, yqdx x P ra, `8q ,
. ra, bs rc, `8q ,

.
16.2.10. , 0,
`8
cos x cos x
I
dx.
x2
0
`8
sin yx
dx y P r, `8q p 0q ,
.
x
0
`8
`8
cos x cos x
dx
dx
sinpyxqdy
x2
x
0
0
`8
sinpyxq
dx
dy
x
p q.
2
`8
sin yx
dx .

, y 0 ,
x
2
0
, . ,
.
16.2.8 (). f px, yq px, yq P pa, `8q pc, `8q
,
piq
`8
pyq
`8
f px, yqdx, pxq
f px, yqdy
c
602
y P pc, `8q x P pa, `8q ;

piiq
`8
`8
pyqdy,
pxqdx
, , ,
`8 `8
`8 `8
dx
f px, yqdy
dy
f px, yqdx.
a
`8
pyqdy . Dini , pyq pxq
pc, `8q pa, `8q . c cn ,

`8
n pxq
f px, yqdy,
cn
f n pxq x , A a1 a ,
`8
dx
a1
`8
f px, yqdy
cn
dy
`8
f px, yqdx
a1
cn
pyqdy.
c
Dini , n pxq ra1 , As n pxq,

A
A
`8
pxqdx lim
n pxqdx
pyqdy,
n8 a1
a1
pxq , A a1 a pxq pa, `8q

,
`8
`8
pxqdx
pyqdy.
c
,
`8
`8
pyqdy
pxqdx,
c
.
16.2.11. J
`8
ex dx.
. x ut pu 0q,
`8
J u
eu
2 2
dt,
0
2
eu , u
`8
`8
`8
2
2
2 2
J2
Jeu du
eu u du
eu t dt.
0
16.2
603
,
J2
`8
`8
ep1`t
dt
qu2
1
2
u du
`8
0
dt
,
1 ` t2
4
{2.
16.2.9 (). f px, yq px, yq P ra, `8q rc, `8q .

f
:
`8
`8
piq
f px, yqdx
f px, yqdy y, x
;
`8
`8
`8
`8
piiq
dx
|f px, yq|dy
dy
|f px, yq|dx ;
a
c
`8
`8
`8c `8a
dx
f px, yqdy
dy
f px, yqdx , :
c
`8
`8
`8
dx
a
f px, yqdy
c
`8
`8
dx
A A0
`8
dy
f px, yqdx.
a
|f px, yq|dy . , 0, A0 ,
`8
`8
dx
|f px, yq|dy .
(16.2)
`8 Cn c,
`8
f px, yqdx y P rc, Cn s
,
Cn
`8
dy
Cn
`8
f px, yqdx
dx
a
f px, yqdy.
c
Cn
fn pxq
f px, yqdy,
c
fn pxq ra, bs
`8
f px, yqdy. A A0
`8
`8 `8
fn pxqdx
dx
|f px, yq|dy ,
fn pxq ra, `8q n , fn pxq 16.2.5

,
Cn `8
`8 Cn
`8 `8
lim
dy
f px, yqdx lim
dx
f px, yqdy
dx
f px, yqdy,
n`8 c
n`8 a
tCn u
`8
dy
c
`8
f px, yqdx ,
`8
f px, yqdy
c
`8
dx
`8
`8
dy
f px, yqdx.
a
604
.
. p8, 8q p8, 8q .
16.2.12. Fresnel :
`8
`8
I
sin x2 dx, J
cos x2 dx.
0
. x t
2
1
2
`8
0
sin t
1
? dt, J
2
t
`8
0
cos t
? dt.
t
2
. 0 , f pt, uq et sin tetu 16.2.9

.
sin t
2
? ?
`8
sin t etu du,
`8
0
`8
`8
2
sin t t
2
t
? e dt ?
e
sin t dt
etu du
t
0
0
`8 `8
2
2
?
du
epù qt sin t dt
0
0
`8
2
du
?
.
0 1 ` p ` u2 q2
`8
0
`8
sin t t
? e dt,
t
du
1 ` p ` u2 q2
r0, `8q , 0,
c
`8
`8
du
sin t
2
? dt ?
,
4
1
`
u
2
t
0
0
`8
0
1
sin x dx
2
2
.
2
J, 0,
`8
`8
`8
2
cos t t
2
? e dt ?
etu du
et cos t dt
t
0
`8 `8
2
pù2 qt
?
du
e
cos t dt
0
`8
2
2
epù q
?
rp ` u2 q cos sin sdu.
0 1 ` p ` u2 q2
0
`8
0
cos t t
2
? e dt ?
`8
0
` u2
du,
1 ` p ` u2 q2
16.2
605
0
`8
0
cos t
2
? dt ?
`8
0
u2
du
1 ` u4
,
2
`8
cos x2 dx
1
2
.
2
. 0, 0 .
16.2
1. Abel .
`8
2.
f pxqdx , gpx, yq x , y P rc, ds
`8
f pxqgpx, yqdx
a
y P rc, ds .
3. f ,
`8
Ipyq
f px, yqdx
a
y P rc, dq ,
.
`8
f px, dq , Ipyq y P rc, dq
4. :
`8
cos xy
p1q
dx, y P p8, `8q;
1
` x2
0`8
cos xy
? dx, y P p0, `8q;
p2q
x
0`8
sin x
p3q
dx, P p0, `8q;
xp ` xq
0`8
sin x
p4q
dx, P p0, `8q;
2 ` x2
0
5.
Ipq
0
lnp2 sin2 qd
606
6. :
`8
cos xt
p1q F pxq
dt, x P p8, `8q;
1 ` t2
0
`8
2
p2q F pxq
xex t dt, x P p8, `8q;
0
sin t
p3q F pxq
dt, x P p0, 2q.
x p tqx
t
0
7. (a 0)
c
`8
`8
1
1
1
dx
1
ax2
?
e
dx
,
,
xa1 dx ,
2
2
a
a
`
x
2
a
a
0
0
0
:
`8
`8
2
p1q
eax x2n dx, p2q
0
dx
, p3q
pa ` x2 qn`1
xa1 lnn xdx.
8. (a, b 0):
`8
`8 ax
`8 ax
2
pe
ebx q2
e
ebx
p1q
dx, p3q
dx.
xeax sin bx dx, p2q
x
x2
0
0
0
9. (a, b 0):
`8 ax
`8
`8
2
2
e
ebx
lnpa2 ` x2 q
p1q
sin mxdx, p2q
dx, p3q
eay by dy.
2 ` x2
x
b
0
0
0
10.
`8
etp
`x2 q
dt p2 ` x2 q1 Laplace :
`8
I
0
cos x
dx, J
2 ` x2
`8
0
x sin x
dx.
2 ` x2
11. (a, b 0):

`8 ax2
`8
`8
2
e
ebx
sin2 x
sin3 x
p1q
dx,
p2q
dx,
p3q
dx.
x2
x2
x
0
0
0
12. :
`8
`8
`8
sinpx2 q
sin4 x
2
sinpx
q
cos
2xdx,
p3q
p1q
dx,
p2q
dx.
x2
x
0
0
8
16.3
,
1
`8
p1
q1
Bpp, qq
x p1 xq dx pp, q 0q, psq
xs1 ex dx ps 0q. (16.3)
0
Bpp, qq Beta , psq Gamma , Euler .
16.3
16.3.1
607
Beta
Bpp, qq , 0 1 , , p 0, q 0 ,
Bpp, qq .
p1q () , 0, p , q ,
0 xp1 p1 xqq1 x1 p1 xq1 ,
, Bpp, qq pp, qq P r, `8q r, `8q

, Bpp, qq . , Bpp, qq
.
p2q () x 1 t,
Bpp, qq Bpq, pq, @ p 0, q 0.
p3q () p 0, q 1 , ,
1
xp
Bpp, qq p1 xqq1 d
p
0
1
1
q1 1 p
xp p1 xqq1 `
x p1 xqq2 dx
p
p
0
0
q 1 1 p1
q 1 1 p1
q2
x p1 xq dx
x p1 xqq1 dx
p
p
0
0
q1
q1
Bpp, q 1q
Bpp, qq,
p
p
Bpp, qq
q1
Bpp, q 1q, @ p 0, q 1.
p`q1
(16.4)
Bpp, qq
p1
Bpp 1, qq, @ p 1, q 0.
p`q1
(16.5)
y
y
1x
1`y
1`y
`8
y p1
y q1
dy
dy,
p1 ` yqp`q
p1 ` yqp`q
0
p4q () x
`8
Bpp, qq
0
x sin2 x cos2 ,
2
2p1
2q1
Bpp, qq 2
sin
cos
d 2
0
cos2p1 sin2q1 d.
608
16.3.2
Gamma
Gamma
1
psq
s1 x
`8
dx `
xs1 ex dx,
s 0 , , s 0 , Gamma
s 0.
p1q () , 0, s P r, s ,
0 xs1 ex x1 ex , @ x P p0, 1s,
r0, 1s . ,
0 xs1 ex x1 ex , @ x P r1, `8q
, psq s P r, s , psq
. psq .
p2q () s 0 ,
`8
`8
ps ` 1q
xs ex dx
xs dpex q
0
0
`8
`8
xs ex
`s
xs1 ex dx
0
spsq,
ps ` 1q spsq, @ s 0.
(16.6)
Gamma . , p1q 1.
(16.6) Gamma
pnq pn 1q!, @ n 1.
p3q () x t p 0q
`8
s
ts1 et dt.
psq
0
x t ,
2
`8
psq 2
t2s1 et dt,
, s 1{2,
1
p q 2
2
`8
0
et dt
(16.7)
16.3
609
p4q () ln psq p0, `8q . ln psq
,
ln
` s1 ` s2
2
1
1
ln ps1 q ` ln ps2 q
2
2
s1 , s2 0 .
a
` s1 ` s2 a
ps1 q ps2 q.
2
, Cauchy-Schwarz ,
`8
` s1 ` s2
ts1 {2`s2 {21 et dt
2
0
`8
` ps 1q{2 t{2 ` ps 1q{2 t{2
t 1
e
t 2
e
dt
0
`8
1{2 `8
1{2
ts1 1 et dt
ts2 1 et dt
0
0
a
a
ps1 q ps2 q.
16.3.3
16.3.1. Beta Gamma :

Bpp, qq
ppqpqq
, @ p, q 0.
pp ` qq
(16.8)
. Gamma , y 0 ,
8
1
1
xp`q1 ep1`yqx dx.

p1 ` yqp`q
pp ` qq 0
Beta
8
8
8
y p1
1
p1
Bpp, qq
dy
y
dy
xp`q1 ep1`yqx dx
p`q
p1
`
yq
pp
`
qq
0
0
0
8
8
1
q1 x
p1 yx
x e dx
pxyq e
xdy
pp ` qq 0
0
8
ppq
ppqpqq
xq1 ex dx
,
pp ` qq 0
pp ` qq
.
, Gamma .
16.3.2 (Bohr-Mollerup). f psq p0, `8q ,
piq f ps ` 1q sf psq, @ s 0;
piiq f p1q 1;
piiiq ln f psq p0, `8q ;
f psq psq, @ s 0.
610
. Gamma ,
. piq piiq, s P
p0, 1q f psq . piiiq, n 1,
ln f pnq ln f pn 1q
ln f pn ` sq ln f pnq
ln f pn ` 1q ln f pnq
,
n pn 1q
pn ` sq n
pn ` 1q n
piq piiq f pnq pn 1q!,

lnpn 1q! lnpn 2q!
ln f pn ` sq lnpn 1q!
ln n! lnpn 1q!,
s
pn 1qs pn 1q! f pn ` sq ns pn 1q!.
f pn ` sq pn 1 ` sq p1 ` sqsf psq,
pn 1qs pn 1q!
ns pn 1q!
f psq
,
sps ` 1q ps ` n 1q
sps ` 1q ps ` n 1q
( n 1 n)
n
n!ns
f psq
f psq
n`s
sps ` 1q ps ` nq
n `8,
n!ns
f psq,
n8 sps ` 1q ps ` nq
lim
f psq .
Gamma :
16.3.3 (Euler-Gauss). s 0,
n!ns
.
n`8 sps ` 1q ps ` nq
psq lim
(16.9)
Euler , psq :
16.3.4 (Weierstrass). s 0,
psq es
8
1 es{n
,
s n1 1 ` s{n
Euler ,
n
1
ln n.
n8
k
k1
lim
(16.10)
16.3
611
.
1
1
` ` ln n,
2
n
cn Euler .
cn 1 `
ns es ln n esp1` 2 `` n cn q ,
(16.9)
escn
1es 2es{2 nes{n
n`8
s ps ` 1qps ` 2q ps ` nq
psq lim
1
es
es{n
lim
s n`8 p1 ` sq
1 ` s{n
8
s{n
1
e
es
.
s n1 1 ` s{n
es
Gamma .
Gamma .
16.3.5 (Legendre). s 0,
22s1
p2sq ? psqps ` 1{2q.
2s1 s
s`1
f psq ? p qp
q,
2
2
f psq 16.3.2 . ,
2s
s`1
s`2
f ps ` 1q ? p
qp
q
2
2
2s
s`1 s s
? p
q p q
2 2 2
2s1 s
s`1
s ? p qp
q sf psq,
2
2
f psq .
1
1 ?
1
f p1q ? p qp1q ?
1,
2
. Gamma .
f psq psq,
s`1
2s1 s
q,
psq ? p qp
2
2
s 2s .
Gamma .
612
16.3.6 (Euler). 0 s 1 ,
psqp1 sq
.
sin s
. (16.9)
ns n!
n1s n!
n`8 sps ` 1q ps ` nq p1 sqp2 sq pn ` 1 sq
1
npn!q2
1
lim
n`8 s p1 s2 qp22 s2 q pn2 s2 q pn ` 1 sq
8
1
s2
p1 2 q1 .
s n1
n
psqp1 sq lim
(10.2) (9.5) sin s

sin s s
n1
p1
s2
q
n2
.
sin s
?
. s 1{2 p1{2q .
psqp1 sq
16.3.1. .
Beta p q s ,
1
1
1
s1
1
Bps, sq
ts1 p1 tqs1 dt
p tq2
dt
2
0
0 4
1{2
1
s1
1
2
p tq2
dt.
4
2
0
1 1?
x,
2 2
1
1
1
Bps, sq 2s1
x1{2 p1 xqs1 dx 2s1 Bp1{2, sq.
2
2
0
16.3.1,
psqpsq
1 p1{2qpsq
2s1
,
p2sq
2
ps ` 1{2q
p1{2q
16.3.2. pa, b 0q:
I
0
sina1 t cosb1 tdt.
16.3
613
. x sin2 t,
1 1 a{21
I
x
p1 xqb{21 dx
2 0
1
1 p a2 qp 2b q
Bpa{2, b{2q
.
2
2 p a`b
2 q
, b 1 ,
?
sina1 tdt
p a2 q
.
2 p a`1
2 q
a, b , Gamma .
16.3.3. p|| 1q:
tan t dt.
. a ` 1, b 1 ,
I
1 ` ` 1 `1
,
2
2
2
.
`1
2 sin 2
2 cos
2
, 1{2
{2 ?
?
tan t dt { 2.
16.3.4
Stirling
, Stirling ( (5.14)):
n!
2n
` n n
e
en , n
n
, 0 n 1.
12n
psq , . s 0,
rpsq ln ?
?
psqes
2,
ln
psq
`
s
ps
1{2q
ln
s
ln
2ss1{2
gpsq rpsq rps ` 1q, ps ` 1q spsq

`
1
1 `
ln 1 `
1.
gpsq s `
2
s
gpsq p0, `8q :
g 2 psq
1
0.
` 1q2
2s2 ps
614
Taylor
ln
`t
1`t
t3
t5
2 ` ` ` p|t| 1q
1t
1
3
5
t p2s ` 1q1
gpsq
1
1
1
`
`
` ,
3p2s ` 1q2
5p2s ` 1q4
7p2s ` 1q6
1
1
1
1
1`
`
`
.
3p2s ` 1q2
p2s ` 1q2
p2s ` 1q4
12sps ` 1q
0 gpsq
psq
gps ` nq, psq p0, `8q ,
n0
8
1 ` 1
1
1
.
12 n0 s ` n s ` n ` 1
12s
0 psq
gpsq , psq . ,
p1q
gpnq
n1
?
rrpnq rpn ` 1qs rp1q 1 ln 2,
n1
lim rpnq lim n 0 Stirling .

n8
? n8
f psq 2ss1{2 es epsq , f 16.3.2 .
f ps ` 1q `
1 s`1{2 1 gpsq
1`
se e
s,
f psq
s
f . :
f p1q
2e1 ep1q 1.
?
ln f psq ln 2 ` ps 1{2q ln s s ` psq,
, ln f . 16.3.2,
psq
2ss1{2 es epsq
2ss1{2 es e 12s ,
(16.11)
0 1. Gamma Stirling .
. f psq psq rpsq psq. 16.3.2,
rpsq s , 16.3.2.
, Gamma ,
ln psq s ln s `
n1
rs{n lnp1 ` s{nqs,
16.3
615
,
pln psqq1
1
1
1
`
,
s n1 n s ` n
p0, `8q , . Euler

,
pln psqq1 lim
ln n
lim
ln n
n8
n8
ptq
n
n
1
1 1
1
` lim
k
s n8 k1 k s ` k
k1
n
1 1
.
s`k
s
k1
1
,
t`s
k`1
dt
1 1
1
`
, @ k 0.
t`s
2 s`k s`k`1
k
n k`1
1
1
1
1
dt
11
`
` `
`
lnps ` n ` 1q ln s,
2s s`1
s ` n 2 s ` n ` 1 k0 k
t`s
pln psqq1 lim
n8
ln n lnps ` n ` 1q ` ln s `
1
11 1
1
1
`
ln s ,
2s 2s`n`1
s
2s
`
11
0.
r1 psq pln psqq1 ` 1 ln s s
2 s
rpsq . C lim rpsq,

s`8
rpsq C
rrps ` nq rps ` n ` 1qs
n0
gps ` nq psq,
n0
rpsq
psq
2es ss1{2 eC`psq , s 0.
,
`
1 s
, s 0.
ep2sq eC`psq`ps`1{2q1{2 1 `
2s
0 psq p12sq1 , s `8
1 eC ,
616
C 0, (16.11).
Stirling , Euler-Maclaurin (16.11)
psq .
16.3
1. Beta .
2. :
pBpp, q ` 1q qBpp ` 1, qq, Bpp ` 1, q ` 1q
pq
Bpp, qq.
pp ` qqpp ` q ` 1q
3. , m, n :
Bpp, nq
1 2 3 pn 1q
pm 1q!pn 1q!
, Bpm, nq
.
p pp ` 1q pp ` 2q pp ` n 1q
pm ` n 1q!
4. Gamma .
5.
1
p2n 1q!! ?
pn ` q
.
2
2n
6. :
1a
2
p1q
x x dx, p2q
0
sin t cos tdt, p3q
7. :
8
p1q
0
dx
pp 1q, p2q
1 ` xp
8.
`8
ex dx pk 0q.
tp1 p1 tm qq1 dt pp, q, m 0q.
?
ln psqds ln 2.
9.
8
1
d2
ln
psq
ps 0q.
2
ds
ps ` nq2
n0
10. Gamma .
11. ln Bpp, qq p p0, `8q , 16.3.1.
12. Gauss :
psqps `
1
2
n1
qps ` q ps `
q p2qpn1q{2 n1{2ns pnsq, @ s 0.
n
n
n
16.4 Fourier
617
16.4
Fourier
, f pxq p8, `8q ,

, f Fourier
`8
rapq cos x ` bpq sin xsd,
f pxq
0
apq
`8
f ptq cos tdt, bpq
8
`8
f ptq sin tdt.
8
Fourier
f pxq
`8
`8
d
f ptq cos px tqdt,

8
.
16.4.1. f pxq p8, `8q , f pxq
,
f pxq
`8
`8
d
f ptq cos px tqdt.
(16.12)
. f pxq ,
`8
f ptq cos px tqdt
8
, , 16.2.7, A 0,
`8
1 A
SpA, xq
d
f ptq cos px tqdt
0
8
A
1 `8
dt
f ptq cos px tqd
8
0
1 `8
sin Apx tq
dt
f ptq
8
xt
1 `8
sin At
dt.
0
t
r1, `8q , f , Riemann-Lebesgue , A1 0,
A A1
`8
sin At
dt .
t
1
f px ` tq ` f px tq 2f pxq
, Riemannt
Lebesgue , A2 0, A A2
1
sin At
dt .
rf px ` tq ` f px tq 2f pxqs
t
0
r0, 1s ,
618
f pxq
`8
2f pxq
0
sin t
1
dt
t
`8
2f pxq
0
sin At
dt,
t
A3 , A A3 ,
1 1
sin At 1 `8
sin At 1 `8
sin t
2f pxq
dt
2f pxq
dt
2f pxq
dt ,
f pxq
0
t
1
t
A
t
, A A0 maxtA1 , A2 , A3 u ,
sin At
1 `8
dt
|SpA, xq f pxq|
1
t
1 1
sin At
` rf px ` tq ` f px tq 2f pxqs
dt
0
t
1 1
sin At
` f pxq
2f pxq
dt
0
t
1
1
` ` ,
lim SpA, xq f pxq,
A`8
(16.12) .
. f , , (16.12) rf px 0q `
f px ` 0qs{2.
f ,
`8
2 `8
f pxq
cos xd
f ptq cos tdt, pFourier q.
0
0
, f
`8
2 `8
f pxq
sin xd
f ptq sin tdt, pFourier q.
0
0
16.4.1. f pxq ex p 0, x 0q Fourier
.
. Fourier :
`8
`8
f ptq cos tdt
et cos tdt
0
,
` 2
ex
`8
0
cos xd
` 2
p 0, x 0q.
16.4 Fourier
619
,
`8
`8
f ptq sin tdt
et sin tdt
,
2 ` 2
ex
`8
0
sin xd
2 ` 2
,
`8
cos t
dt e ,
2
1
`
t
2
0
`8
0
p 0, x 0q.
sin tdt e , 0.
1 ` t2
2
16.4.2.
`8
gptq sin xt dt f pxq,
0
$
& sin x,
f pxq 2
%0,
x P r0, s,
x P p, `8q.
. f pxq p8, `8q , ,
`8
2 `8
gpq
sin xdx
gptq sin xtdt
0
0
sin
2
sin x sin xdx
.
0 2
1 2
, cos x , Fourier .

.
16.4.1 (Fourier ). f p8, `8q ,
`8
1
f pq ?
f ptqeit dt, P R,
2 8
f f Fourier .
Fourier :
`8
f ptq cos px tqdt
, Fourier
f pxq
`8
1
2
`8
`8
f ptq cos px tqdt,
d
8
f ptq sin px tqdt , ()
`8
`8
d
f ptq sin px tqdt 0.

8
620
1
f pxq
2
1
2
`8
`8
d
8
`8
eix d
8
`8
1
?
2
f ptqeipxtq dt
`8
f ptqeit dt
fpqeix d.
Fourier . , ,
, Fourier .
f pxq fpq
f f Fourier .
h P R, f px ` hq fpqeih , f pxqeixh fp ` hq.
0, f pxq 1 fp 1 q. .
fpq , 8 , fpq 0. f
, Riemann-Lebesgue .
f , f 1 , f 1 pxq i fpq.
x 8 f pxq 0. , 0, f 1 , A0 0,
B A A0
B
B
1
|f pBq f pAq|
f pxqdx
|f 1 pxq|dx ,
A
lim f pxq . f . x 8
x`8
. , .
xf pxq , f , ixf pxq f1 pq.
.
Fourier .
16.4.3. r1, 1s Fourier .
. ,
1
pq
?
2
it
e
1
2
dt ?
2
2
1
cos tdt
0
16.4.4. f pxq ex Fourier .
2 sin
.

16.4 Fourier
621
. 16.2.6 ,
`8
2
1
fpq ?
et eit dt
2 8
`8
2
2
1
1
?
et cos tdt ? e {4 .
2 8
2
, 0 , Fourier
2
2
1
e 2 x ? e 2 .
K ,
8
?
K pxqdx 2, lim
`
0
K pxqdx 0, @ 0.
(16.13)
|x|
f , g Fourier , f, g , f pxq
g pxq
gpxqf pxq (). A 0,

A
1
f pxq
g pxqdx ?
2
A
1
?
2
gptqeixt dt
f pxqdx
A
8
8
A
f pxqeixt dx.
gptqdt
8
, A `8
8
8
f pxq
g pxqdx
gptqfptqdt.
8
(16.14)
Fourier .
16.4.5. .
0, f pxq e|x| , gpxq r1,1s r1, 1s ,
,
c
fptq
2 2
, gptq
2 ` t2
2 sin t
.
t
8
0
0`
ex
sin x
dx
x
8
0
1
0
2
1
dt arctan .
` t2
sin x
dx .
x
2
622
. , Fourier . ,
2
f , f f . g ex {2 ,
8
8
2
f pxqK pxqdx
fptqe 2 t dt.
8
0` , (16.13) ( 10.5.1 )
8
?
2f p0q
fptqdt.
8
f px ` hq ,
1
f phq ?
2
fptqeiht dt.
(16.15)
Fourier .
f pxq fpxq, f pxq fpxq.
f , gpxq fpxq, gpxq f pxq,
|f pxq|2 dx
|fpxq|2 dx.
(16.16)
Plancherel , Fourier Parseval .

Plancherel , , f Fourier
, |f |2 (16.16) . . ,
m 1, () fm ,
8
8
1
1
2
|fm f | dx ,
|fm f |dx .
m
m
8
8
Fourier
1 1
|fm ptq fptq| ?
, @ t P R.
2 m
(16.17)
fm , , A 0,
A
8
2
|fm ptq fn ptq| dt

|fm ptq fn ptq|2 dt
A
8
8
|fm pxq fn pxq|2 dx

8
8
8
2
2
|fm pxq f pxq| dx `
|fn pxq f pxq|2 dx
8
`1
1
`
.
2
m n
16.4 Fourier
623
n 8, (16.17)
A
|fm ptq fptq|2 dt
2
.
m
|fptq|2 dt lim
|fm ptq|2 dt
m8 8
8
lim
|fm pxq| dx
m8 8
|f pxq|2 dx.
Plancherel f .
f g , x P R, f px tqgptq t (
),
1
f gpxq ?
2
f px tqgptqdt, x P R.
(16.18)
f g f g . f g g f . (), f g
, A 0,
A
A
8
1
dx
|f gpxq|dx ?
|f px tqgptq|dt
2 A
A
8
8
A
1
|gptq|dt
|f px tq|dx
?
2 8
A
8
8
1
?
|gptq|dt
|f pxq|dx.
2 8
8
f g , Fourier . ,
p8, 8q p8, 8q F px, yq f px yqgpyqeix , F px, yq
16.2.9 ,
8
8
dx
8
2
8
F px, yqdy
f gpxqeix dx
8
dy
F px, yqdx,
8
gpyqeiy dy
f ptqeit dt,
f gpxq fpq
g pq.
(16.19)
Fourier . , , f g
.
Fourier .
p1q Poisson .
624
f . , C 0,
|f pxq|
C
, @ x P R,
p1 ` |x|q1`
f . ,
F pxq 2
f px ` 2nq, x P R.
n8
, F 2 , f
. Fourier :

8
1
cm
F pxqeimx dx
f px ` 2nqeimx dx
2
n8
8
f px ` 2nqeimx dx
n8
8 p2n`1q
n8 p2n1q
8
imy
f pyqe
f pyqeimy dy
dy
2 fpmq.
f ,
?
fpnqeinx
n8
, , Fourier F . Fourier
( 10.3.3)
2
f px ` 2nq
n8
fpnqeinx , @ x P R.
(16.20)
n8
Poisson .
16.4.6. Poisson .
0, P pxq 1 x2 `
2 , P Poisson .
1
||
16.4.1 P pq ? e
. P Poisson ,
2
8
8
e|n| einx .
2 ` 2
px
`
2nq
n8
n8
(16.21)
r e , Pr pxq, Poisson .
Pr pxq
1 r2
.
1 2r cos x ` r2
16.4 Fourier
625
(16.21) , 2, 0` , x 2k
8
1
1
,
2
px
`
2nq
2p1
cos xq
n8
x 2x
8
1
1
2 , x k.
2
px
`
nq
sin
x
n8
16.4.7. Gauss .
t 0, Gt pxq
x
? 1 e 4t
4t
t pq
,G
2
?1 e t .
2
Poisson
n8
2
px`2nq2
4t
e
en t einx ,
t
n8
(16.22)
Ht pxq, , .
s 0
psq
en
n8
Theta . (16.22) x 0, t s
psq s1{2 p1{sq, @ s 0.
, Theta Riemann-Zeta .
(16.23)
p2q .
S 1 , t 0 f pxq,
x P S 1 . S 1 R 2 .
: t 0 , ? Fourier
.
upx, tq t 0 x P S 1 .
,
Bu
B2 u
2,
Bt
Bx
(16.24)
upx, tq x 2, upx, 0q f pxq.

.
upx, tq XpxqT ptq
. (16.24)
XpxqT 1 ptq X 2 pxqT ptq.
626
,
X 2 pxq Xpxq, T 1 ptq T ptq,
upx, tq XpxqT ptq (16.24) . Xpxq 2 ,

, n2 , n P Z. Xpxq sin nx cos nx
, einx einx , T ptq en
. , upx, tq
:
8
upx, tq
cn en t einx .
(16.25)
n8
upx, 0q f pxq, cn f Fourier .

f Riemann , tcn u . t 0 , (16.25)
, upx, tq x, t , upx, tq
(16.24) . upx, 0q f pxq , f
. , Fourier (Fourier
), (16.25) t 0.
f , lim` upx, tq f pxq, @ x P S 1 .
t0
(16.25)
8
2
1
f pyqeiny dy en t einx
2
n8

8
2
1
en t einpxyq f pyqdy
2 n8
Ht px yqf pyqdy,
2
upx, tq
(16.26)
Ht (16.22) , . Ht
, ( (16.13)):
1
Ht pxqdx 1, lim
Ht pxqdx 0, 0.
2
t0` |x|
, t 0 , (16.22)
c
px`2nq2
1
1
Ht pxqdx
e 4t dx
2
4t
n8
c
p2n`1q
8
x2
1
e 4t dx
4t p2n1q
n8
c
8
x2
1
e 4t dx 1.
4t 8
(16.27)
16.4 Fourier
627
, Ht
c
Ht pxq
x2
e 4t ` Et pxq,
t
Et pxq (0 t 1)
c
px`2nq2
4t
0 Et pxq
e
t
|n|1
c
c
8
8
2n2
n2 n2
e t
e t e t
2
2
t
t
n1
n1
c
8
n2 1
2
e
e t Ct1{2 e1{t .
t
n1
|x|
?
x2
e 4t 4
t
? |y| ?
4t
4t
ey dy 0 pt 0` q
(16.27) Ht pxq . (16.27), f
1
lim
Ht px yqf pyqdy f pxq, @ x P S 1 .
t0` 2
(16.26) upx, tq .
: u1 , u2 (16.24) , u
u1 u2 , u (16.24) upx, 0q 0.
1 2
Eptq
u px, tqdt,
2
( u )
Bu
B2 u
E ptq
upx, tq
dx
upx, tq 2 dx
Bt
Bx
Bu
Bu 2 dx
u
Bx x
Bx
Bu
| |2 dx 0.
Bx
1
Ep0q 0 Eptq 0, upx, tq 0,

.
p3q .
R . R f pxq,
B2 u
Bu
2 , x P R,
Bt
Bx
(16.28)
628
upx, 0q f pxq.
f , f R . , P R
2
, e t eix (16.28). , (16.25) n

:
1
upx, tq ?
2
e t eix cpqd, x P R, t 0.
upx, 0q f pxq, Fourier cpq fpq.

f , t 0 , upx, tq x, t ,
(16.28).
, upx, tq :
8
8
1
1 8 2 t ix
2 t ix
upx, tq ?
e
e
f pyqeiy dy
e f pqd
e d
2 8
2 8
8
8
2
1 8
f pyqdy
e t eipxyq d
2 8
8
8
1 pxyq2
4t
?
e
f pyqdy.
4t
8
: (16.28) x Fourier ,
B
u
p, tq 2 u
p, tq,
Bt
2
up, tq cpqe t . t 0 cpq fpq.
2
x2
1
? e 4t e t ,
2t
Fourier
8
1 pxyq2
4t
?
upx, tq
e
f pyqdy, t 0.
4t
8
(16.29)
upx, tq f pxq pt 0` q. , f 2 R ,
Plancherel
8
8
|upx, tq f pxq|2 dx
|
up, tq fpq|2 d
8
8
8
2
|fpq|2 |e t 1|2 d 0 pt 0` q.
8
: , upx, tq x
, (16.28) , xt Gt pxq
. u,
.
Bu
Bx
x ,
16.4 Fourier
629
p4q Dirichlet .
D . S 1 f ,
, upx, yq
B2 u B2 u
` 2 0,
Bx2
By
(16.30)
Laplace , u 0 . (16.30)
u|S 1 f () Dirichlet .
(16.30), , ,
x r cos , y r sin , p0 r 1, 0 2q
. (16.30)
u
B 2 u 1 Bu
1 B2 u
`
`
0.
Br2
r Br
r2 B2
upr, q RprqSpq
S 2 pq ` Spq 0, r2 R2 prq ` rR1 prq Rprq 0,
. S , 2, n2 , n P Z.
Spq C1 ein ` C2 ein , C1 , C2 P R.
Rprq , n 0
rprR1 q1 0,
Rprq C1 ` C2 ln r. n 0 , gprq rn Rprq,

rn`2 g 2 ` p2n ` 1qrn`1 g 1 0,
pr2n`1 g 1 q1 p2n ` 1qr2n g 1 ` r2n`1 g 2 0,
gprq C1 r2n ` C2 , Rprq rn gprq C1 rn ` C2 rn .
u , ln r, r1 . ,
upr, q
n8
cn r|n| ein .
(16.31)
630
up1, q f pq, cn f Fourier . f

, tcn u , (16.31) ,
upr, q , . (16.31)
(16.30) .
(16.31)
8
cn r
|n| in
n8
f ptqeint dt r|n| ein

2
n8
f ptq
r|n| einptq dt
2
n8
1
Pr p tqf ptqdt,
upr, q
1
2
Pr p tqf ptqdt,
(16.32)
Pr Poisson , (0 ):
1
Pr pqd 1, lim
Pr pqd 0.
2
r0` ||
(16.32)
lim upr, q f pq,
r1
, .
: u1 , u2 Dirichlet , u u1 u2 , u 0.
u , , u .
() p0 P D, upp0 q 0. upp0 q 0.
1
v u upp0 qp1 r2 q,
2
vpp0 q 0, v|S 1 0. v , , q0
.
vpq0 q 0.
,
1
v u upp0 qp1 r2 q 2upp0 q 0,
2
.
p5q Dirichlet .
16.4 Fourier
631
, R2` tpx, yq | x P R, y 0u Dirichlet :

u
B2 u B2 u
` 2 0, px, yq P R2` ,
Bx2
By
(16.33)
upx, 0q f pxq, f R , f .
(16.33) . (16.33) x Fourier ,
2 u
p, yq `
B2 u
p, yq 0.
By 2
, up, yq
u
p, yq cpqe||y .
, cpq fpq.
c
2
y
e||y ,
x2 ` y 2
Fourier
8
upx, yq
8
1
y
f ptqdt.
px tq2 ` y 2
(16.34)
y 0 , upx, yq x, y , (16.33),
,
lim upx, yq f pxq, @ x P R.
y0`
f , f pxq 0, |x| 8, x ,
upx, yq ,
lim
|x|`y8
upx, yq 0.
: ,
, , . () upx0 , y0 q 0,
upx0 , y0 q 0. u , a |x0 | ` |y0 |, u
tpx, yq P R | a x a, 0 y au
u|B
1
upx0 , y0 q.
2
1
vpx, yq upx, yq ` upx0 , y0 qexa , px, yq P .
2
632
1
v|B u|B ` upx0 , y0 q upx0 , y0 q vpx0 , y0 q,
2
v , q0 . vpq0 q 0. ,
,
v
1
upx0 , y0 qexa 0,
2
.
upx, yq , (16.33) ,
upx, yq y , , .
16.4
1. Fourier :
$
&1, |x| 1,
p1q f pxq
%0, |x| 1.
$
&sin x, |x| 1,
p3q f pxq
%0,
|x| 1.
$
&sgnx, |x| 1,
p2q f pxq
%0,
|x| 1.
p4q f pxq e|x| cos x, p 0q.
2. |x| 1 f pxq 1 |x|; |x| 1 f pxq 0. f Fourier
.
3. Fourier :
p1q f pxq e|x| cos x p 0q, p2q f pxq
1
p 0q.
` x2
4. :
`8
p1q
f ptq sin xtdt ex px 0q;
0
`8
f ptq cos xtdt
p2q
0
1
.
1 ` x2
5.
2
`8
0
$
&1 x, 0 x 1,
sin t
cos
2xtdt
%0,
t2
x 1.
2
6. 0,
ptq
1 sin2 t
, t P R.
t2
16.4 Fourier
633
ptqdt 1,
lim
8 |t|
ptqdt 0, 0.
Fejer .
7. f R ,
1
Sp, xq ?
2
fpqeix dx, 0.
1
8
Sp, xqd f pxq.
lim
8. Plancherel .
9. , f Fourier f .
10. tpx, yq P R2 | x2 ` y 2 1u p0 1q Dirichlet
.
11. tpx, yq P R2 | x P R, 0 y au pa 0q Dirichlet
634

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, 65
Dirichlet , 73
N , 26
Dirichlet , 358
n , 475
Euler , 276
s , 561
Euler-Maclaurin , 347
Abel , 293
Euler-Poisson , 274
Abel , 326
Fejer , 375
Abel , 294, 315
Fermat , 163
Abel , 293
Fibonacci , 337
Archimedes , 24
Fourier , 618
Baire , 61, 399
Fourier , 618
Bernoulli , 338
Fourier , 354
Bernoulli , 334
Fourier , 353
Beta , 606
Fourier , 619
Fourier , 384
Cauchy , 10
Fourier , 354
Cauchy , 396
Fresnel , 604
Cauchy , 194
Cauchy , 267, 284
Gamma , 606
Cauchy , 300
Gauss , 530
Cauchy , 49, 72, 279, 313
Gauss , 287
Cauchy , 47
Gauss , 625
Cauchy , 288
Green , 525
Cauchy-Hadamard , 324
Holder , 111
dAlembert , 284
Holder , 94
Darboux , 214, 454
Heine , 71
Darboux , 214, 454
Heine-Borel , 58
Darboux , 164
Hessian , 429
Dedekind , 19
Dini , 359
Jacobian , 420
Dini , 315
Jensen , 178
Dirichlet , 629
Kummer , 286
Dirichlet , 294, 314

Dirichlet , 360
LHopital , 188
637
638
Lagrange , 194
Tauber , 377
Lagrange , 444
Taylor , 193, 428
Lebesgue , 402
Theta , 625
Lebsegue , 222
Lebsegue , 223
Leibniz , 130
Leibniz , 291
Lipschitz , 94
Machin , 341
Maclaurin , 196
Newton , 207
Newton-Cotes, 246
Wallis , 239
Weierstrass , 314
Weierstrass , 371, 372
Wirtinger , 380
Young , 109, 178
, 12
, 311, 591
, 585
, 93
Newton-Leibniz , 135, 234
, 408
Parseval , 365
, 280
Peano , 351
Plancherel , 622
, 10, 389
Poincare , 381
, 353
Poisson , 624
, 353
Poisson , 624
, 353
, 43
Raabe , 287
, 8
Riemann , 212, 454
, 8
Riemann , 212, 454
, 148
Riemann , 84
, 43
Riemann , 212
, 8
Riemann-Lebesgue , 232, 355
, 8
Riemann-Stieltjes , 543
, 336
Riemann-Zeta , 286
, 1
Schwarz , 388
, 58, 400
Simpson , 244
, 57, 392
Stirling , 206, 259, 349, 614
, 391
Stokes , 535, 581
, 57, 392
Stolz , 51
, 58, 400
639
, 77
, 570
, 77
, 416
, 279
, 354
, 304
, 282
, 262
, 84
, 3
, 499
, 7
, 459
, 1
, 3
, 3
, 66
, 134
, 81
, 8
, 525
, 212
, 66
, 267, 283
, 284
, 556
, 415, 416
, 416
, 118, 416
, 563
, 61, 394
, 387
, 387
, 14
, 174
, 81
, 479
, 177, 429
, 425
, 177
, 394
, 566
, 454
, 394
, 394
, 556
, 336
, 264
, 398
, 620
, 398
, 91, 406
, 3
, 360
, 400
, 292
, 500
, 237
, 89
, 142
, 16
, 212, 453
, 8
, 411
, 25
, 122
, 148
640
, 82, 145
, 556
, 6
, 556
, 28, 67
, 354
, 3
, 523
, 128
, 3
, 500
, 585
, 124, 423, 556
, 268, 295
, 2
, 444
, 291
, 81
, 56
, 396
, 392
, 491
, 57, 392
, 16
, 2
, 359
, 115
, 219
, 563
, 324
, 186
, 279
, 397
, 279
, 387
, 307
, 17
, 387
, 426
, 17
, 163
, 141
, 163
, 623
, 163
, 577
, 163
, 12
, 484
, 17
, 163, 439
, 38
, 163
, 416
, 128
, 416
, 249
, 118
, 81
, 416
, 81
, 517, 573
, 403
, 212
, 611
, 65
, 556
, 7
641
, 250, 502
, 58, 400
, 12
, 158, 259
, 65
, 621
, 451
, 12
, 416
, 99
, 164
, 107, 464
, 12
, 195
, 407
, 285
, 58
, 576
, 486
, 511
, 164
, 11
, 243
, 408
, 482
, 14
, 33
, 389
, 389
, 14
, 432
, 15
, 577
, 268, 295
, 227
, 228
, 611
, 127
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, 279
, 280
, 25, 279
, 486
, 47
, 244
, 420
, 160
, 408
, 12
, 502
, 515
, 84
, 96
, 505
, 236
, 518
, 140
, 84
, 626
, 17
, 1
, 411
, 284
, 26
, 134
, 536
, 11
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642
, 437
, 8
, 436
, 12
, 435
, 171
, 570
, 533
, 8
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, 8
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, 90, 406
, 120, 422
, 378
, 1
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, 263
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, 474

数学分析讲义

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数学分析讲义

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c 2006-2010

Euler-Maclaurin Stirling Fourier

Green Gauss Stokes

Fourier Plancherel Fourier

10.1 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

13.1 Riemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

14.6 : Riemann-Stieltjes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

16.4 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617

1.1.4. A t1, 2, 3u, B t4, 5, 6u ,

A t1, 2, 3u, B t3, 4, 5u ,

p2 qpnq k 2 q 2kpq ql, l nq k 2 2kp.

a, b ; ra, bq, pa, bs (),

ra, `8q tx P R | x au, pa, `8q tx P R | x au,

p8, bs tx P R | x bu, p8, bq tx P R | x bu,

M sup A ` sup B, sup A ` sup B A ` B

1.2.4. A B, B inf A inf B; B

6. a, b, c (). P p0, 1q,

, A tx | x P Au , sup pAq inf A.

11. x P ra, bs, y P rc, ds,

Cnk |x0 |k px0 qn y0 ,

x q pxp q q px 0q, x q p1q q p|x|p q q px 0q,

() ; x1 x2 , f px1 qpq f px2 q,

1.3.10. f pxq x3 ; gpxq

p8, 0s , r0, `8q .

gpxq , hpxq , f pxq gpxq ` hpxq.

(iii) A, B X , #pA Y Bq #A ` #B #pA X Bq.

, t P 0 , t{2 0, n, nt{2 P , pn ` 1qt{2 P c .

2.1.6. C , lim an 0, lim Can 0.

. |an | bn , lim bn 0 lim an 0.

pn!q2 p1 nqp2pn 1qq pkpn k ` 1qq pn 1q nn , @ n 1.

2.1.15. pq lim an A, lim

t|an |u `8, tan u 8,

2.1.18. q 1, lim logq n `8.

lim logq n `8.

2.1.4 (). tan u A, t|an |u |A|.

|an | |A| |an A| , @ n N.

lim |an | |A|.

2.1.5. tan u 0 |an | 0; tan u A

2.1.6 (). tan u A, tbn u B,

2.1.8 (). tan u A, tbn u B,

0 |an bn AB| |pan Aqbn ` Apbn Bq| M |an A| ` |A||bn B|,

p1q lim an bn AB.

tan u , tank u. ta2k u ta2k1 u

. a2k 1, a2k1 0, tan u ,

2 sin 1 cos n sinpn ` 1q sinpn 1q A A 0 pn 8q.

sin 1 0, cos n 0 pn 8q,

p2q P p0, 1q, N , n N , |an A| , lim an A;

p3q 0, N , n N , |an A| 2, lim an A;

p2q tsinpn2 qu; p3q t

9. pq lim pan`1 an q A, lim

p1q lim log2 pn ` 1q log2 n ;

14. tan u lim an A, lim

p2q tan u , lim an inftak | k 1u.

. p1q M suptak | k 1u, M . 0,

lim an M suptak | k 1u.

p2q p1q , tan u p1q.

an2 P pa1 , Aq. , n3 n2 , an3 P pan2 , Aq. ,

2 ` A lim p2 ` an q lim a2n`1 A2 ,

A lim an`1 lim

B lim a2k lim

p1q . p2q p1q .

lim c2n ` lnp2nq pcn ` ln nq

1.2.4 tan u tan u ,

tan u tan u tan u ,