I.

M u

Vit Nam (ta a l: Kinh tuyn: 1028 - 10927 ng; V tuyn: 827 - 2323 Bc) nm cc ng Nam bn o ng Dng. Vng bin ca Vit Nam chim din tch khong 1.000.000 km. Bin gii Vit Nam gip vi vnh Thi Lan pha nam, vnh Bc B v Bin ng pha ng, Trung Quc pha bc, Lo v Campuchia pha ty. Vit Nam hnh ch S v khong cch t bc ti nam l khong 1.650 km, v tr hp nht theo chiu ng sang ty l 50 km. Vi ng b bin di 3.260 km khng k cc o. (thiu ni on) H sinh thi c bin ng vai tr quan trng trong c h thng ven bin rng ln v c mi tng tc qua li vi mi trng sng ny. Cc thm c bin c coi nh mt ngun li bin quan trng bi kh nng n nh nn y, tng hp cc cht hu c t v c nh cacbon, nit, oxy v pht pho, tham gia vo chui thc n, chu trnh dinh dng v l ni sng cho nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t cao T nm 1999 n nay, Vit Nam c khong 60 cng trnh cng b v h sinh thi c bin, l nhng c gng n lc ca cc nh khoa hc gip cho h sinh thi c bin Vit Nam theo kp vi th gii. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu v h sinh thi c bin cn hn ch so vi cc h sinh thi bin khc. Hn na, nhng hiu bit v h sinh thi c bin cn cha y v cc thm c bin ang dn dn b mt i trn ton th gii v c Vit Nam. Nhng tin b trong nghin cu c bin khng kp lp nhng l hng v kh nng d bo trong tng lai. gp phn vo vic nh gi hin trng v phn tch tc ng ca vic xy dng cc khu du lch m c bit l ti m Gi, m Tre (vnh Nha Trang) v M Giang (vnh Vn Phong). Chng ti k tha cc nghin cu trc y v C bin tin hnh ni dung nghin cu ny. II. 1. Tng Quan nh ngha

C bin l thc vt c hoa, sng ngp chm trong nc bin (Lewmanomont, 1995).Hnh thi c bin c chia thnh 4 phn r rt bao gm thn b, thn ng, l v r bm cht vo nn y (den Hartog, 1970).Chng chim u th cc ca sng, vnh, m ph
1

(Kirkman, 1996). C bin c tm thy cc vng nhit i v vng nc m trn th gii v l mt thnh phn quan trng ca h sinh thi ven b (den Hartog, 1970; Fortes, 1993; Lewmanomont, 1995)
2. 3.

Phn Loi (a kha phn loi vo) . H sinh thi thm c bin

a, Phn b v cu trc Bn di mt nc, trn lp trm tch thy vc cn, thng c nhng tp on dy c cc loi c thy sinh. Trn th gii 58 loi c pht hin thuc 12 ging, 4 h v 2 b. Tuy nhin, phn b ca c bin ang b suy gim do cc hot ng ca con ngi v thin nhin (UNDP, 2004) S phn b cc loi c ph thuc cc yu t nh sng, nhit , mn, s phn tng, sng, dng chy, dng cht, tnh cht nn y v ngun ging sn c. S a dng ca c bin c lin quan n cc nhn t ti ch. S loi nhiu nht c ghi nhn vng c nn y bn ct, c che chn mt phn tc ng mnh ca sng gi. Ngc li, thnh phn loi rt ngho vng i sng vi nn y cng hoc khng n nh v nhng ni hon ton b che chn vi nn y bn. C bin l mt nhm thc vt bc cao sng thy sinh vng ven b bin nhit i v n i. Chng pht trin mnh vng nc cn ni c chiu su nc v c cho php nh sng chiu qua, v c kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng nc mn, chu c sng gi v c kh nng th phn nh nc. Ngi ta thy s phn b tng loi theo cc chiu su khc nhau, mang tnh c trng loi. Cc thm c bin bao ph mt s vng rng ln di ven b vi nhiu chc nng l-sinh hc v to nn mt h sinh thi c th. Hu ht cc thm c bin xut hin cc vng nc trng n su 30 m. C bin l mt c trng ca cc h sinh thi vng nhit i, c nng sut ngang vi cc rn san h. Cc thm c bin tp trung n - Ty Thi Bnh Dng, vnh Caribbe v vng b Thi Bnh Dng thuc Trung M. Vng ng c khu h c bin a dng nht th gii v c th y l trung tm pht tn ca c bin. Chnh v vy, chng rt phong ph di ven bin thuc vng ny. Tng thm c bin c tnh phn i t vng triu thp n vng di triu. Mi i c loi u th v t hp loi km theo trong mi quan h vi dng sinh trng ca cy. Cu trc ca qun hp c bin cn
2

thay i theo ma. Tuy nhin, s bin thin cng rt khc nhau gia cc loi, ty theo kh nng thch nghi vi bin ng iu kin mi trng. Sinh vt bm (periphyton) l thnh phn quan trng ca thm c bin. Trong nhm ny c cc sinh vt nh nh to, vi khun, nm, ng vt v mn b hu c. Chng ng gp mt phn ng k cho dng carbon tng s trong thm c bin v tr nn c ngha sinh thi i vi vng ven b nhit i. Cc nghin cu ng Nam ch ra rng rong (Phodophytes) chim u th trong qun hp sng bm. Tnh u th thp hn thuc v rong lc (Chlorophytes) rong nu (Phaeophytes) v vi khun lam (Cyanobacteria). Tuy vy, tnh u th thay i v ph thuc vo iu kin ti ch. To lam xanh (bluegreen algae) thng gp hn thm c bin nc l, cn cc nhm khc nhiu hn trong vng bin khi. S lng loi c trong thm c bin nhiu hn 5 ln so vi trn nn y bin l bn, xc sinh vt v ct. ng vt y ln thng gp trong thm c bin gm tm, hi sm, cu gai, cua, ip, vm v c. Mt s trong chng c th t s lng v mt cao. Trong khi , rong bin ln tng i km pht trin do c bin lm thay i trm tch y v chim lnh vng c tr. Tuy vy, mt s t loi rong cng xut hin theo ma v v c th tr nn phong ph. Hn na, giai on non, nhiu rong bm trn c bin v ch bm y khi trng thnh. Mt s sinh vt qu him nh b st v th bin c mi quan h vi thm c bin. Trong cc loi b st, ra Xanh Chelonia mydas, ra Lepidochelys olivacea, vch Caretta caretta, ra Lng dt Chelonia depressa v loi rn Acrochirdus granulatus thng xut hin trong cc thm c dy Thi Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia v Philippines. i mi cng n c bin, d y khng phi l thc n chnh. Phn b ca b bin Dugong dugong trng hp vi vng c c bin. C bin l thc n chnh ca loi th qu him v nhiu huyn thoi ny. Ti Vit Nam, nhiu nghin cu v c bin c Phng Thc vt bin, Vin Hi dng hc Nha Trang thc hin t nm 1996 cho thy c bin c tm thy nhiu cc tnh pha Nam Vit Nam. Chng phn b cc ao m ven bin, vng vnh, ca sng, quanh cc o vi din tch ln n hng nghn hecta, c bit ti Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, B Ra - Vng Tu Cc loi u th c kch thc ln nh c L da - Enhalus acoroides, c Vch - Thalassia
3

hemprichii v c Kiu rng ca - Cymodocea serrulata (Nguyn Hu i, 1999). b, Chu trnh dinh dng Vai tr sinh thi ca thm c bin c quyt nh bi tc hnh thnh cht hu c nhanh chng ca c bin. Tnh theo n v din tch, gi tr ny cao hn nng sut ca thc vt ph du. Cc thm c bin c mt ng vt v vi khun cao hn v a dng loi ln hn so vi cc thy vc khng c thc vt. iu ny c c l nh nng sut sinh hc cao ca chng. Vo thi k cao im ca gi ma, l ca chng b t khi cy. Mt s b dng nc ra tri i, s cn li chm xung y v b phn hy. Sinh vt n mn b cn x l c thnh nhng mnh nh v sau c tiu th bi vi khun v nm. Nhiu ng vt khng xng sng cng n c bin trong giai on thi ra. n lt chng tr thnh thc n cho bc dinh dng cao hn nh c v cua. Do vy, thm c bin kim sot tnh phc tp ca qun c, tnh a dng loi v phong ph ca ng vt khng xng sng lin quan v hnh thnh cu trc qun x. iu ng ni l cc sinh vt n tp (omivorous) kh phong ph trong qun x sinh vt ca thm c bin. Nhm ny gm nhiu loi gip xc mi chn, c v mt s da gai. Mt loi c th n c bin hoc rong thi ra, mn b nh trn l v nn y v c nhng ng vt cn sng hay cht. Thm ch mt s cua bi ln cn n c thn mm, gip xc, giun nhiu t v mt phn ng k m thc vt thi ra v to si. Qu trnh thi ra l mt c trng ca thm c bin. Nh m cc b phn ca c bin khi cht i gii phng cc cht hu c. Cui ma sinh trng, phn ln rong b cht v bt u phn hy. Trong qu trnh , hu ht cc nguyn t N,P,C v nhiu nguyn t khc c trong c thy sinh c gii phng tr li vo mi trng dng ha tan. Cc hp phn carbon cu trc cn li b vi sinh vt (vi khun v nm) phn hy v cc sn phm c phn hy cha nhiu vi khun v nm tr thnh thc n cho ng vt y. Hu ht ng vt a bo ch tiu ha vi khun v m cht ca l thi ra c thi ra cho qu trnh phn hy tip tc. S ph v mn b thnh cc mnh nh hn lm tng b mt tip xc v tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt.

Qu trnh trn y cng lin quan n s bin i theo ma ca qun x sinh vt. Cc ng vt n mn b v n lc tng ln vo ma c bin thi ra. Ngc li ng vt di chuyn n thc vt li tng vo ma pht trin c bin v gim vo thi k thi ra. Hm lng oxy cng thay i, thng gim vo ma h (ma thi ra), vi s lng ln ca vi sinh vt, ma ny thun li cho s pht trin ca u trng ca sinh vt y n lc v v vy l ma sinh sn ca nhiu loi. c, Chc nng Nhiu ngi rt quan tm n cc sn phm ca khu h c thy sinh vng CSNL, h cho rng bi c thy sinh c vai tr quan trng v mt nng sut sinh hc trong h thy sinh. N ng gp vo s pht trin ca nhng sinh vt bc cao hn, thng qua chui thc n, to ni che ch v lu tr trnh ch hi cho ng vt khng xng sng c v, cng nh cc giai on u nin (juvenile) ca cc loi thy sn. Ngoi ra chng cn to nn cho s pht trin ca nhng tp on thc vt ph sinh phong ph. Mt khc, bng cch sa lng cht l lng,hp th cht dinh dng v nhng cht ha tan khc, c thy sinh gip lm tng trong v gip lm tt cht lng chung ca nc vng CSNL. Nh s c nh nng lng mt tri c hiu qu v sn lng sinh khi cao, c bin c kh nng tng cng v duy tr ph nhiu ca thy vc. iu ny cn c b sung bi qu trnh trao i vt cht hu c c hiu qu din ra trn l v nn y. Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca thm c bin l cu ni trong con ng di c ca sinh vt v l qun c ng ging cho bin. Cc thm c bin thng pht trin vng trung gian ca rng ngp mn v rn san h hoc l vng m ca hai h sinh thi khc nhau. V vy, chng tr thnh im dng chn ca nhiu loi c, ng vt khng xng sng, th v b st. Bng vic cung cp ni n nu cng nh ngun dinh dng giu c, thm c bin tr thnh bi ng ging cht lng cao ca nhiu sinh vt. Ngun ging sau khi c nui dng y s pht tn n cc h xung quanh ra bin khi. Thm c bin dy vi h thng r neo cht vo nn y c tc dng lm gim nng lng ca sng, dng chy v nh vy chng c kh nng chng xi l, bo v ng b bin. nhng vng chu nhiu bo t, c bin c vai tr lu gi trm tch nh h thng thn, r
5

ngm v nh vy to nn vng m chng sng gi. Mt khc, thm c bin l b my c hiu qu cao i vi vic hp th cht dinh dng, cht thi t t lin v c vai tr nh nhng by trm tch lm gim c ca nc. Hin nay, cc thm c bin ang cung cp cho loi ngi nhng sn phm trc tip nh vt liu di truyn, thc phm; vt liu th cho cng nghip v nng lng. cc nc nh Philippines, Indonesia, cc loi rong sng trong thm c bin nh Caulerpa,Gracilaria, Coclidiela ang c khai thc lm thc phm, ch bin cc cht dng trong cng nghip v phn bn cho nng nghip. Nhiu loi sinh vt y sng thng xuyn ch tri qua giai on u trng trong thm c bin c coi nh l c gi tr thng mi cao. Thnh phn ca chng kh a dng gm: tm, hi sm, cu gai, cua, vm v c. Tm quan trng ca thm c bin i vi ngh c thng c nh gi trong mi quan h cht ch vi rn san h. Mt khc, mt s loi c c khai thc ngay trn thm c bin m sn lng cao thuc v cc h bng v da,... Ngoi ra, thm c bin cn c coi l mi trng thun li cho nui trng trn bin. Du lch bin cng ly thm c bin lm ni gii tr, cu c. III. Hin trng thm c bin Vit Nam
1. a dng loi

Vit Nam nm trong vng Bin ng ni c s a dng loi cao theo xu hng tng dn t vng cn nhit i pha bc ti vng nhit i pha nam. Tng kt t cc ngun ti liu t nm 1997 n nay cho thy Vit Nam c tng s 14 loi c bin, l: Zostera japonica, Halophila decipiens, H. minor, H. beccarii, H. ovalis, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata, C. rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, H. uninervis, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassodendron ciliatum, Ruppia maritima (Nguyn Vn Tin v cs, 2004). Tuy nhin, sau trn bo Linda nm 1997, th loi c bin Thalassodendron ciliatum b bit mt hon ton ti Cn o (Nguyn Xun Ha v cs, 2002) So vi cc nc trong khu vc th Vit Nam ng th 3 v a dng loi c bin ch sau x-try-lia th nht (20 loi) v Philipin ng th hai (16 loi) (UNEP, 2004). So snh thnh phn loi gia cc vng
6

bin c trng: Bc, Trung, Nam Vit Nam c th thy a ng loi thay i r nt gia cc vng. iu ny khng ch th hin thnh phn loi, din tch phn b m cn c c trng sinh hc ca c bin, l kt qu ca s tng tc ca cc qun th ca tng loi vi iu kin mi trng. Vng bin Ty Nam Trung B c a dng loi cao nht (Cn o: 10 loi; o Ph Quc: 9 loi; Khnh Ha: 9 loi; Bnh Thun: 8 loi; Ph Qu: 7 loi; (Nguyn Vn Tin v cs, 2006)), sau l Tam Giang - Cu Hai v Lp An thuc min trung c 6 loi, vng bin c thnh phn loi cng din tch phn b thp l pha Bc (H Long, Ct B: 5 loi).
Bng 1. Thnh phn loi v phn b c bin Vit Nam

Tn khoa hc C. rotundata Cymodocea serrulata Enhalus acoroides H. beccarii H. minor H. ovalis H. uninervis Halodule pinifolia Halophila decipiens Ruppia maritima Syringodium isoetifolium Thalassia hemprichii Thalassodendron ciliatum Zostera japonica

Phn b QNg, PY, KH, NT, BT, BR-VT, KG KH, BR-VT, KG PY, KH, NT, BR-VT, KG QN, HP,TB, N, TH, QB, TT-H, N, QNa, KH QNg, KH, BT, BR-VT, PQ QN, TT-H, B, QNg, PY, KH, BT, BR-VT, KG B, QNg, PY, KH, NT, BT, BR-VT, KG TT-H, QNg, BR-VT, KG HP, BR-VT QN, HP, TB, N, NB, TH, QB, HT, TT-H, N, QNa, PY, KH BT, BR-VT, KG TT-H, QNg, KH, PY, NT, BT, BR-VT, KG BR-VT QN, HP, QB, TT-H, QNa, B

Ngun: Nguyn Hu i (2002); Nguyn Vn Tin v m c Tin (2000) Nguyn Vn Tin v cs (2002); Nguyn Vn Tin v cs (2004).

2. S suy gim c bin v hu qu Trong khi 12.000 km2 din tch c bin mt trn ton cu, ring vng bin Chu -Thi Bnh Dng c 10 im cnh bo v s suy gim c bin, chim 25% tng s cc vng c bin mt trn ton th gii (Short v Wyllie -Echeverria, 1996). Ring Vit Nam, theo thng k t cc ti liu hin c th din tch c bin ang suy gim t 40% n 50% bi hng lot cc tc ng do con ngi gy ra (Nguyn Hu i v cs, 2002; Nguyn Vn Tin, 2004). Trong ,
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vng bin Khnh Ha mt i 30% trong vng 5 nm t nm 1997 n 2002 (Nguyn Hu i v cs, 2006) do cc hot ng nui trng thy sn. Din tch thm c bin vng bin pha bc gim i n 90% do cc hot ng xy dng pht trin ven b. Mt s thm c bin Zostera japonica vng bin Qung Ninh, Hi Phng b bin mt hon ton. y l loi c bin n i ch xut hin vng bin Vit Nam trong khu vc ng Nam . Nhn chung, cc thm c bin rt nhy cm vi s bin i ca mi trng nc v chng gim i nhanh chng khi mi trng b tc ng mnh. Mt c bin dn n mt cc chc nng v dch v i km ca vng ven bin. Thm c bin mt lm thay i li thc n v mt ngun li bin. S suy gim cht lng nc bin v ph hy ni sinh c t nhin lm gim ng k ngun li sinh vt bin. Khong 85 loi c lit k l nhng loi ang b e da trong hn 70 loi c trong sch Vit Nam. Tr lng ngun li bin, nng sut v kch thc c bin ang gim st; v d nm 1984 n 1994 tr lng c gim 30% (Nguyn Vn Qun, 2006). Theo ng dn Bi Thm (o Ph Quc) cho bit khi cc thm c bin y mt i th tr lng hi sn cng suy gim r rt. S suy gim ca cc thm c bin cng lm gim ngun li c nga 200 - 250 kg/ha (nm 1980) xung cn 70-80 kg/ha (Nguyn Vn Qun, 2006). Trong hin ti v tng lai, s suy gim ny cn tip tc nh hng n i sng ca ngi dn v th h mai sau. Mc d, t l i ngho ca cng ng dn c ven bin thp hn cc vng khc, nhng s gia tng dn s cng vi cc phng thc nh bt hy dit v pht trin khng bn vng s sm tc ng n nn kinh t. Hin trng cc thm c bin ti m Gi, m Tre (vnh Nha Trang) v M Giang (vnh Vn Phong) (Tuyn tp bo co Hi ngh Sinh thi v Ti nguyn sinh vt ln th 3, 22/10/2009 Vin ST&TNSV - Vin KH&CN Vit Nam)
IV.

A. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun 1. Thm c bin ti m Gi v m Tre, Vnh Nha Trang Thnh phn loi

Tng cng c 5 loi c tm thy trong khu vc nghin cu, bao gm: Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) Hooker f.; Halophila minor (Zollinger) den Hartog; Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson; Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle v Halodule uninervis (Forsskal) Ascherson. Cu trc thm c bin m Tre: Thm c bin thng n loi, hoc l Halodule uninervis hoc l Halophila ovalis. khu vc nc nng vi su nh hn 4m, Halodule uninervis chim u th to thnh thm c bin n loi. T su 4m tr i, loi Halophila ovalis hon ton chim u th v to thnh thm c bin n loi phn b ti su 12m. m Gi: Khc vi m Tre, c Halophila ovalis khu vc ny mc su 2 m to thnh thm c n loi. Tuy nhin, vng nc su hn Halophila ovalis, Enhalus acoroides v Thalassia hemprichii to thnh thm c hn hp phn b ti su 5m. Bin ng sinh lng v mt c bin nm 2003 v 2006 ti m Gi v m Tre Kt qu bin ng mt v sinh lng c bin ti m Tre c th hin qua bng 1 v hnh 3. T kt qu bng 1 cho thy, mt c bin suy gim nhiu. su 2m, mt c Halodule uninervis l 1404 thn/m2 nm 2003, nhng n nm 2006 mt ch cn 490 thn/m2. Loi Halophila ovalis mc vng nc nng ( su 4m) cng suy gim mnh v mt , mt ca chng m c l 1440 thn/m2 nm 2003, nhng n nm 2006 mt ch cn 440 thn/m2. Ti vng nc su hn (8m), mt loi Halophila ovalis m c nm 2006 l 840 thn/m2 trong khi con s ny l 1170 thn/m2 vo nm 2003. Mt loi c ny khng thay i nhiu vng nc su hn (trn 10m).

Bng 1. Bin ng mt c bin ti m Tre - Vnh Nha Trang trong nm 2003v 2006

su 2 4 6 8 10 12

Loi Halophila ovalis Halodule uninervis Halophila ovalis Halophila ovalis Halodule uninervis Halophila ovalis Halophila ovalis Halophila ovalis

Mt (cy/m2) Nm Nm 2003 2006 207 1404 490 1440 440 576 840 756 1170 580 675 850 477 920

Theo kt qu bo co nc bin kh c, trm tch bao ph ln c bin, lm chng kh pht trin. ng thi vi lng vt cht l lng trong nc cao lm cho kh nng quang hp ca c bin gim i nhiu. Bn cnh , rong pht trin dy c (Hnh 5) trn thm c bin cnh tranh gay gt mi trng sng vi c bin v rong l loi rt thch nghi vi mi trng c dinh dng cao (u dng). Ngun vt cht l lng c th bt ngun t vic xy dng c s h tng ca khu du lch cao cp Vinpearl Land nh san lp mt bng cho xy dng, to cc con ng chy dc bin tc ng mnh vo mi trng sng ca c bin.

Hnh 3: Bin ng sinh lng c bin ti m Tre

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S bin ng c bin mnh m nht phi k n l thm c bin m Gi. Thm c n loi Enhalus acoroides ang dn b bin mt. Nm 2003, khu vc ny c mt thm c bin Enhalus acoroides rt rng vi mt rt cao, dao ng t 45 n 162 thn/m2. Th nhng kt qu kho st nm 2006 cho thy rng thm c bin ny hu nh b bin mt, ch cn li nhng m nh vi mt ch cn 40 cy/m2 (Hnh 6). Trong t kho st nm 2003, mt loi c Thalassia hemprichii t t 36 - 45 thn/m2 nhng kt qu kho st nm 2006 cho thy hu nh khng cn s hin din ca loi ny, nu c th ch l nhng bi nh mc lc c (Hnh 7). Bin ng sinh lng v mt c bin nm 2003 v 2006 ti Hn M Giang, vnh Vn Phong Thnh phn loi C 7 loi c tm thy ti Hn M Giang bao gm: Enhalus acoroides (L. f.) Royle; Halophila minor (Zollinger) den Hartog; Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) Hooker f.; Thalassia hemprichi (Ehrenberg) Ascherson; Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenberg & Hemprich ex Ascherson; Cymodocea serrulata (R. Brown) Ascherson v Halodule uninervis (Forsskal) Ascherson. Cu trc Thm c bin ti M Giang thng thng l thm a loi, nhng cng c mt s thm l n loi. Thm a loi c hnh thnh t 2 loi tr ln vi s u th ca Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata v Cymodocea serrulata. Do tnh a dng loi cao (7 loi) v phn b c hai mt bc v nam nn hnh thnh 5 dng cu trc ph thuc vo iu kin nn y. - Dng 1 (hnh 9): Thm Enhalus acoroides/Cymodocea serrulata: Chng phn b dy trn y ct bn v t khi trn ln vo nhau. dng ny, hoc l thm Enhalus acoroides hoc l thm Cymodocea serrulata. Nhng thnh thong vn tm thy loi Thalassia hemprichii trong dng ny. - Dng 2 (hnh 10): Thm Cymodocea serrulata: Duy nht ch c mt loi to thnh thm n loi vi ph kh cao trn nn y ct.

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- Dng 3 (hnh 11): Thm Enhalus acoroides/Thalassia hemprichii/Cymodocea serrulata: Chng phn b gn b trn nn y l san h cht hoc ct to thnh thm a loi. - Dng 4 (hnh 12): Thm Halophila ovalis: Chng c tm thy vng nc trong, su khong 5m, pht trin thnh thm lm m. - Dng 5 (hnh 13): Thm c b by kh khi triu kit, rt nhiu loi mc chung trn nn y l san h cht, v s c. ph ca dng ny tng i thp. Kt qu kho st nm 2003 cho thy mt trung bnh c Enhalus acoroides l 41 cy/m2. Tuy nhin, hin nay ch cn li lc c nhng bi nh. Mt v sinh lng loi c Vch Thalassia hemprichii nm 2003 l 426 cy/m2 nhng con s ny l 150 cy/m2 vo nm 2006. Kt qu kho st nm 2003 v 2006 c th hin qua hnh 14.

Hnh 14: Bin ng mt loi c Enhalus acoroides v c Thalassia hemprichii ti Bc M Giang nm 2003 v 2006

T kt qu trn cho thy thm c bin ti Bc M Giang suy gim nghim trng. Mt c Vch gim t 426 cy/m2 nm 2003 cn 150 cy/m2 nm 2006, tng ng 65%.
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Thm c bin ti nam Hn M Giang rt t b tc ng v sinh lng v mt . Thnh phn a dng v ph vn cn cao. Mt loi c Vch Thalassia hemprichii kho st nm 2006 l 250 thn/m2, khng thay i nhiu so vi nm 2003 (mt l 243 thn/m2). i vi loi c kch thc nh nh Halophila ovalis thng phn b trn nn y ct c mt l 360 thn/m2 trong t kho st nm 2003, nhng trong t kho st nm 2006 mt loi ny gim cn 220 thn/m2. Nh vy t kt qu kho st nm 2003 v 2006 cho thy, bin ng thm c bin ti nam Hn M Giang l khng ng k. Kt qu kho st nm 2003 v 2006 v mt v sinh lng c bin ti nam Hn M Giang c th hin qua hnh 16.

Hnh 16: Bin ng mt loi c Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii v Halophila ovalis ti Nam M Giang nm 2003 v 2006

V.

Kt lun v xut cc gii php qun l thm c bin Vit Nam

1.Kt Lun (B xung kt lun, nhn mnh tm quang trng ca h sinh thi c bin, a ra thm nhn nh v tnh hnh chung, s suy thoi h sinh thi c bin) R rng vic xy dng c s h tng cho khu khu lch Vinpearl Land ti Vnh Nha Trang tc ng rt ln n cc thm c bin trong khu vc nghin cu. C th ti m tre, c bit l vng ven b su 2- 4m. Thm c bin ti m Gi l thm b thit hi nng
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n nht. t kho st nm 2003 cho thy y l khu vc c bin rng ln vi loi u th l loi c L da vi mt trung bnh t 45 n 162 thn/m2. Tuy nhin t kho st nm 2006 cho thy thm c bin Enhalus acoroides ti khu vc ny hu nh b xa s, hin ch cn nhng lm m nh. Hot ng ca nh my ng tu Huyndai-Vinashin t lu c xem l nguyn nhn gy nh hng ti cc h sinh thi trong vng c cc thm c bin phn b quanh hn M Giang.Thm c bin tip gip vi khu nh my ny b suy gim nghim trng v sinh lng v mt , c bit l thm c Enhalus acoroides hu nh b bin mt. Kt qu kho st nm 2003 cho thy mt trung bnh c Enhalus acoroides l 41 cy/m2 nhng hin nay ch cn li lc c nhng bi nh. Mt v sinh lng loi c Vch Thalassia hemprichii nm 2003 l 426 cy/m2 nhng con s ny ch cn150 cy/m2 vo nm 2006. Nh vy trong 4 thm c bin kho st l m Gi, m Tre, Bc Hn M Giang v Nam Hn M Giang trong nm 2003 v 2006 cho thy 2 thm c bin l m Gi v m Tre l 2 thm c bin b suy gim mnh nht, thm c ti m Tre b suy gim vng nc nng cn c bin phn b su hn khng b tc ng nhiu. S bin ng ca thm c ti Nam Hn M Giang khng b thay i nhiu.
2. xut cc gii php qun l thm c bin Vit Nam

t c mc tiu bo v thm c bin, cc nh khoa hc, x hi v nh qun l cn phi hp thc hin lp k hoch gim st cc hot ng khai thc v pht trin vng ven bin. Tng kt cc kinh nghim qun l h sinh thi c bin Chu u, Duarte (2002) a ra tng l trong chin lc bo v cc thm c bin, cn c s phi hp cc nhn t x hi, qun l v khoa hc l v cng cn thit bo tn h sinh thi c bin mt cch hiu qu (hnh 14).

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Hnh 14. Kt hp cc yu t bo v hiu qu h sinh thi c bin

T cc kt qu hot ng gim st v mi trng sinh thi, hin trng thm c bin v phn tch nhng bt cp trong qun l hin nay c th xut mt s gii php cp bch nhm qun l c hiu qu. Xc nh r s phn b ca c bin: bo v v qun l ngun li c bin, cn nm r s phn b v thnh phn loi c bin. C bin phn ng ra sao khi iu kin mi trng thay i v s bin ng theo ma ca c bin. Quan trc nh k: K thut vin thm s dng cc phng php quang hc quan trc ph ca c bin cho php pht hin din tch thm c bin thu hp hay m rng nhng khng th gii quyt nhng vn xy ra bn trong thm c. V vy cn nghin cu v p dng phng php quan trc c kh nng pht hin nhng bin ng ni ti cng nh hnh thnh cc ch s cnh bo sm. Vic hon thin mng li quan trc cp quc gia, khu vc v ton cu c th cung cp cng c chun on trn din rng v cc xu hng bin ng ca c bin. Gio dc nng cao nhn thc: Trong vic qun l v hot ng lu di ca cc Khu bo tn c bin, khc vi trc y vai tr ca cng ng dn c ven bin ngy cng c cao. Nu khng ch trng cng tc gio dc nng cao nhn thc v bo v thm c bin cho nhn dn a phng th s nghip bo v c bin s khng thnh
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cng. Cc e da ln c bin khc nhau m cc hot ng qun l c hiu qu khng ging nhau tr khi c s phi hp ng b gia quan im v hiu bit ca cng ng. Chin lc gio dc cn thc hin c trng im nhng ni d kim sot. V th, cn phi to s ng thun, ng h cao ca Chnh quyn v nhn dn a phng trong vic bo v c bin l rt quan trng. T chc cc cuc gp mt gia cc nh khoa hc, nh qun l v dn a phng trao i chia x thng tin v c bin. Trng phc hi: K thut di trng c bin t c thnh cng mt s nc pht trin. Tuy nhin, di trng c bin trn phm vi rng s rt tn km, y cng l hn ch chnh ca cc nc ang pht trin. Do , d chng trnh trng rng ngp mn c thc hin rng khp cc quc gia nh Vit Nam v Thi Lan nhng nhng sng kin nh vy cha kh thi i vi c bin. Thm vo , khi ly c ging t bi c ny em trng ni khc th cng tc ng tiu cc ln qun th , iu ny lm gim i gi tr ca vic di trng cng nh la chn cch qun l. V vy, trong iu kin nc ta ni chung vn bo v c bin nn theo hng an ton, t tn km v trong nhim v qun l v pht trin bn vng ngun li c bin, ly nhim v bo v, bo tn l u tin. iu quan trng l cn gi cho mi trng nc bin khng b nhim v khng b nhng tc ng tiu cc th c bin c th t phc hi tr li m khng cn phi di trng va tn km va kh thnh cng m cn lm nh hng n cc thm c t nhin. T chc lc lng bo v: Cn thit phi kin ton t chc li lc lng bo v gm cc c quan chc nng nh lm nhim v bo v nh Kim ng, Thanh tra Thu sn, B i Bin phng. Tng thm cc trm kim sot, cm mc phao ch gii v cung cp trang thit b tu thuyn, v kh v.v cho lc lng bo v. Bn cnh cn thit c s tham gia ca chnh ngi dn vo lc lng bo v. Cng ch thi hnh cc vn bn php lut: Hin nay c kh nhiu vn bn php lut v bo v ngun li thu sn ca Quc hi Vit Nam v ca UBND cc tnh. gim thiu nhim du trong nc, cn hn ch n mc ti thiu hot ng ca cc tu thuyn trong khu vc, khoanh vng hot ng ca tu thuyn v c cc bin php kim sot vic x thi t tu. Nghim cm khai thc thu sn trn cc thm c bin, khng cho tu thuyn neo u ti cc khu
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vc c bin phn b tp trung. Qui nh ni neo u tu thuyn. Mt khc, cn nghim cm cht ph rng u ngun ng thi tin hnh trng phc hi rng trn o bo v thm c bin. Hon thin nhng chnh sch bo v c bin. V d M khi ai lm hng c bin, h phi bi thng bng cch trng li mt bi c mi. thc cng ng bo v cc h sinh thi tng khi cc chnh sch qun l c hon thin hn. Du lch cng l tc nhn dn n s suy thoi cc h sinh thi cn hng ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng. Hp tc quc t: Cn tng cng trao i hc tp kinh nghim v nghin cu, qun l h sinh thi c bin vi cc nc c kinh nghim v t c nhng thnh cng nht inh nh: M, x-trylia v mt s nc Chu u. Cc c quan qun l cc khu bo tn bin m c h sinh thi c bin nn ng k tham gia mng li gim st c bin ton cu SeagrassNet v Chng trnh gim st c bin da vo cng ng SeagrassWatch. Ti liu tham kho
Ti liu ting Vit

1. Nguyn Hu i, Phm Hu Tr, Nguyn Th Lnh, Nguyn Xun V, 2002. S suy gim cc thm c bin Khnh Ho v kh nng phc hi chng. Tuyn tp Bo cc Khoa hc Hi ngh Khoa hc tan quc v Bin ng, Nha Trang, 16-19/2002: 359-368. 2. Nguyn Hu i, Phm Hu Tr, Nguyn Th Lnh, Nguyn Xun V, 2006. Chng VIII. Cc gii php bo v v phc hi h sinh thi c bin. Tm tt Bo co ti: Nghin cu gii php bo v, phc hi cc h sinh thi rn san h, c bin v khc phc nhim mi trng bin t sinh trong Tuyn tp cc kt qu ch yu ca chng trnh iu tra c bn v nghin cu ng dng cng ngh Bin. Quyn II. M s KC.09. 3. Nguyn Xun Ha v Trn Cng Bnh, 2002. Quan trc cc thm c v dugongs Cn o, 1998-2002. Bo co Hi ngh Khoa hc Bin ng 2000, Nha Trang, 19-22, thng 9 nm 2002. Ti liu ting anh

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1. Nguyen Huu Dai et al., 2000: Seagrass beds along the southern coast of Vietnam and their signification for associated flora and fauna. Collection of Marine research works. Vol. X. pp. 149-160. 2. Nguyen Huu Dai, Pham Huu Tri, 2000: Distribution of seagrasses and seaweed in the littoral zones in Ninh Phuoc (Ninh Hoa, Khanh Hoa). Biological issues in Program of natural basic researches: 19962000. 3. Den Hartog C., 1970: The seagrasses of the world. North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1970. 4. Dolens J., 2003: Genome size of Adriatic seagrasses. Aquatic Botany. 77. 9 p.

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