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TRUNG DAI HC BCH KHOA D NANG


KHOA CNG NGHJ THNG TIN

G GI I O O T TR R N NH H M M N N H HO OC C
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H
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Ths. NGUYEN TN KHI
(Luu hnh noi bo)
D Nng 2004
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MJC LJC
Chuong 1 MO DAU 1
1.1 Gii thiu................................................................................ 1
1.2 Phn loi mng ...................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Dua theo khoang cch dia l........................................................ 2
1.2.2 Dua theo cu trc mang............................................................... 2
1.2.3 Theo phuong php chuyn mach ................................................. 3
1.3 Kin trc phn tng v chun ho mng.............................. 5
1.3.1 Cc t chuc chun ho mang ....................................................... 5
1.3.2 Kin trc phn tng ..................................................................... 6
1.4 M hnh OSI........................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Kin trc cua m hnh OSI .......................................................... 7
1.4.2 Su ghp ni giua cc muc............................................................ 8
1.4.3 Chuc nng cua mi tng .............................................................. 9
1.4.4 Cc giao thuc chun cua OSI..................................................... 11
1.5 H diu hnh mng.............................................................. 12
1.6 Mng Internet ...................................................................... 13
1.6.1 Lich su ra doi v pht trin........................................................ 13
1.6.2 Cu trc cua mang Internet ........................................................ 14
1.6.3 Cc kin trc khc..................................................................... 15
Chuong 2 1ANG VT L 16
2.1 Mi trung truyn tin.......................................................... 16
2.1.1 Phuong tin truyn .................................................................... 16
2.1.2 Cc thng s co ban cua mi truong truyn tin.......................... 19
2.2 Chun giao din................................................................... 19
2.2.1 Modem...................................................................................... 19
2.2.2 DTE v DCE............................................................................. 21
2.2.3 Chun RS-232C ........................................................................ 21
Chuong 3 1ANG LIN KET D LI(U 22
3.1 Chc nng ............................................................................ 22
3.2 Cc vn d cua tng lin kt d liu ................................... 22
3.2.1 Cung cp dich vu cho tng mang ............................................... 22
3.2.2 Khung tin - Nhn bit gi tin..................................................... 23
3.2.3 Kim tra li ............................................................................... 23
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3.2.4 Diu khin lung du liu............................................................23
3.2.5 Quan l lin kt .........................................................................24
3.2.6 Nn du liu khi truyn ...............................................................24
3.3 Pht hin v hiu chinh li .................................................. 24
3.3.1 Phuong php bit chn le (Parity) ................................................25
3.3.2 Tnh theo da thuc chun.............................................................25
3.3.3 M sua sai..................................................................................26
3.4 Thu tc lin kt d liu co ban ........................................... 27
3.4.1 Giao thuc don cng voi knh c li............................................28
3.5 Diu khin dng truyn....................................................... 28
3.5.1 Co ch cua s ............................................................................29
3.5.2 Trao di ban tin voi cua s 1 bit.................................................30
3.5.3 Vn chuyn lin tuc ...................................................................31
3.6 Cc giao thc cua tng Lin kt d liu ............................. 33
3.6.1 Giao thuc BSC...........................................................................33
3.6.2 Giao thuc HDLC........................................................................34
Chuong 4 MNG C(C B 37
4.1 Cc cu hnh cua mng LAN.............................................. 37
4.1.1 Mang dang hnh sao (Star Topology) .........................................37
4.1.2 Mang hnh tuyn (Bus Topology) ..............................................38
4.1.3 Mang dang vng (Ring Topology) .............................................38
4.1.4 Mang dang kt hop ....................................................................39
4.2 Cc giao thc diu khin truy nhp dung truyn........... 39
4.2.1 Phuong php CSMA..................................................................40
4.2.2 Phuong php CSMA/CD ...........................................................41
4.2.3 Diu khin truy nhp bus voi the bi ..........................................41
4.2.4 Diu khin truy nhp vng voi the bi........................................43
4.3 Chun ha mng cc b...................................................... 44
4.3.1 Chun Ethernet ..........................................................................46
Chuong 5 1ANG MNG 47
5.1 Cc vn d cua tng mng................................................... 47
5.1.1 Dinh dia chi cho tng mang........................................................47
5.1.2 Dich vu cung cp cho tng giao vn...........................................48
5.1.3 T chuc cc knh truyn tin trong tng mang.............................49
5.1.4 Tm duong di trong mang ..........................................................50
5.1.5 Tc nghn trong mang ...............................................................51
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5.2 Kt ni lin mng................................................................. 51
5.2.1 Cc thit bi dng d kt ni lin mang....................................... 52
5.3 Giao thc lin mng IP........................................................ 58
5.3.1 Cu trc khung tin IP................................................................. 59
5.3.2 Dia chi IP.................................................................................. 64
5.4 Phn chia mng con............................................................. 66
5.5 Hot dng cua giao thc IP................................................. 67
5.6 Cc giao thc lin quan dn IP ........................................... 68
5.6.1 Giao thuc phn giai dia chi ARP................................................ 68
5.6.2 Giao thuc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) .......... 71
5.6.3 Giao thuc ICMP........................................................................ 71
5.7 Phin ban IPv6..................................................................... 76
5.7.1 Khung tin IPng v6 ..................................................................... 77
5.8 D|nh tuyn trn Internet...................................................... 77
5.8.1 Bang chon duong ...................................................................... 77
5.8.2 Xy dung bang chon duong cho cc Router/Gateway................ 78
5.9 Mng X.25............................................................................ 80
5.9.1 Co so k thut ........................................................................... 80
5.10 K thut FRAME RELAY.................................................. 82
5.10.1 Khun dang gi du liu Frame-Relay.................................... 82
Chuong 6 1ANG GIAO VN 84
6.1 Cc vn d cua tng giao vn.............................................. 84
6.1.1 Cung cp dich vu cho tng phin ............................................... 84
6.1.2 Cht luong dich vu QoS ............................................................ 86
6.1.3 Cc lop giao thuc cua tng giao vn .......................................... 87
6.1.4 Thu tuc giao vn trn X. 25 ....................................................... 90
Chuong 7 H GIAO THC TCP/IP 91
7.1 M hnh TCP/IP................................................................... 91
7.2 Giao thc TCP..................................................................... 93
7.2.1 Khun dang gi tin TCP............................................................ 94
7.2.2 Qu trnh ni-tch...................................................................... 96
7.2.3 Qu trnh trao di du liu........................................................... 97
7.2.4 Thu tu thuc hin ung dung TCP/IP............................................ 97
7.3 Giao thc UDP................................................................... 100
7.4 Cng v Socket................................................................... 101
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7.4.1 S hiu cng ............................................................................101
7.4.2 Socket......................................................................................101
7.5 M hnh giao tip Client/Server........................................ 103
7.5.1 Qu trnh trao di du liu dng Stream Socket .........................103
7.5.2 Qu trnh trao di du liu dng Datagram Socket.....................104
7.5.3 V du chuong trnh client/server...............................................105
Chuong 8 1ANG PHIN 108
8.1 D|ch v OSI cho tng Phin .............................................. 108
8.1.1 Cung cp cho nguoi su dung dich vu tng phin (SS-user).......108
8.1.2 Diu khin trao di du liu.......................................................109
8.1.3 Diu hnh phin lm vic.........................................................110
8.1.4 Lin kt phin..........................................................................111
8.2 Giao thc chun tng phin.............................................. 111
8.2.1 Cc loai SPDU, cc tham s v chuc nng ...............................112
Chuong 9 1ANG TRNH DIEN 114
9.1 Vai tr v chc nng ......................................................... 114
9.1.1 Phin dich du liu ....................................................................116
9.2 D|ch v OSI cho tng trnh din....................................... 116
9.3 Giao thc chun tng trnh din....................................... 117
9.3.1 Cc chun khc cho tng trnh din..........................................118
Chuong 10 1ANG NG DING 119
10.1 An ton thng tin trn mng............................................. 119
10.1.1 Cc chin luoc an ton h thng ..........................................119
10.1.2 An ton thng tin bng m ha ............................................120
10.2 CC phuong php m ha d liu.................................... 122
10.2.1 Phuong php hon vi ...........................................................122
10.2.2 Phuong php thay th ..........................................................123
10.2.3 Phuong php m ha chun DES.........................................124
10.2.4 Phuong php m ho kho cng khai ...................................128
10.3 Co ch bao v bng firewall .............................................. 132
10.3.1 Cc loai firewall v co ch hoat dng...................................134
10.4 H thng tn min DNS (Domain Name System ) ............ 137
10.4.1 Khng gian tn min DNS...................................................138
10.4.2 My chu quan l tn ............................................................140
10.4.3 Chuong trnh phn giai tn...................................................140
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10.5 H quan tr| mng............................................................... 140
10.5.1 H bi quan tri ...................................................................... 141
10.5.2 Co so du liu chua thng tin quan tri mang ......................... 141
10.6 D|ch v thu din tu............................................................ 142
10.6.1 Giao thuc SMTP ................................................................. 143
10.6.2 MIME................................................................................. 147
10.6.3 Giao thuc POP .................................................................... 151
10.7 D|ch v truy cp t xa - TELNET .................................... 154
10.7.2 Dich vu truyn tp tin FTP .................................................. 156
10.7.3 UserNEWS ......................................................................... 162
10.7.4 WORLD-WIDE-WEB ........................................................ 163
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Chuong 1 MO DAU
1.1 Gii thiu
Mang my tnh l tp hop nhiu my tnh din tu v cc thit bi du cui duoc
kt ni voi nhau bng cc thit bi lin lac nhm trao di thng tin, cng chia se
pcung, phn mm v du liu voi nhau
Mang my tnh bao gm phn cung, cc giao thuc v cc phn mm mang.
Khi nghin cuu v mang my tnh, cc vn d quan trong duoc xem xt l giao
thuc mang, cu hnh kt ni cua mang, v cc dich vu trn mang.
Mang my tnh c nhung cng dung nhu sau :
1. Tap trung ti nguyn tai mot so my v chia se cho nhiu my khc
- Nhiu nguoi c th dng chung mt phn mm tin ch.
- Du liu duoc quan l tp trung nn an ton hon, trao di giua nhung nguoi su
dung thun loi hon, nhanh chng hon.
- Mang my tnh cho php nguoi lp trnh o mt trung tm my tnh ny c th
su dung cc chuong trnh tin ch cua mt trung tm my tnh khc dang ri,
s lm tng hiu qua kinh t cua h thng.
2. Khc phuc su tro ngai v khoang cch dia l.
3. Tng chat luong v hiu qua khai thc thng tin.
4. Cho php thuc hin nhng ung dung tin hoc phn tn
5. o an ton tin cay cua h thong tng ln nho kha nng thay th khi c su co
voi my c su co : An ton cho du liu v phn mm v phn mm mang s
kho cc tp tin khi c nhung nguoi khng du quyn han truy xut cc tp tin
v thu muc d.
6. Pht trin cc cng ngh trn mang: Nguoi su dung c th trao di thng tin
voi nhau d dng v su dung h mang nhu l mt cng cu d ph bin tin
tuc, thng bo v mt chnh sch moi, v ni dung bui hop, v cc thng tin
kinh t khc nhu gi ca thi truong, tin rao vt (mun bn hoc mun mua
mt ci g d), hoc sp xp thoi kho biu cua mnh chen ln voi thoi kho
biu cua nhung nguoi khc , . . .
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1.2 Phn loi mng
1.2.1 Da theo khoang cch d|a l
Mang my tnh c th phn b trn mt khu vuc nht dinh hoc c th trong
mt quc gia hay ton cu. Dua vo pham vi phn b, nguoi ta c th phn ra cc
loai mang nhu sau:
a. LAN (Local Area Network - Mang cuc b) : LAN thuong duoc su dung
trong ni b mt co quan/t chuc..., kt ni cc my tnh trong mt khu vuc
bn knh khoang 100m-10km. Kt ni duoc thuc hin thng qua cc mi
truong truyn thng tc d cao, v du cp dng truc hay cp quang.
b. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network - Mang d thi) : Kt ni cc my tnh
trong pham vi mt thnh ph. Kt ni ny duoc thuc hin thng qua cc
mi truong truyn thng tc d cao (50-100 Mbit/s).
c. WAN (Wide Area Network) - Mang din rng, kt ni my tnh trong ni
b cc quc gia hay giua cc quc gia trong cng mt chu luc. Thng
thuong kt ni ny duoc thuc hin thng qua mang vin thng. Cc WAN
c th duoc kt ni voi nhau thnh GAN hay tu n d l GAN.
d. GAN (Global Area Network) : Mang ton cu, kt ni my tnh tu cc chu
luc khc nhau. Thng thuong kt ni ny duoc thuc hin thng qua mang
vin thng v v tinh.
Trong cc khi nim ni trn, WAN v LAN l hai khi nim hay duoc su
dung nht.
1.2.2 Da theo cu trc mng
1.2.2.1 Kiu dim - dim (point - to - point)
Hnh sao Chu trnh Hnh cy Dng y
Hnh 1-1. Cu trc mang kiu dim-dim.
Duong truyn ni tung cp nt mang voi nhau. Thng tin di tu nt ngun qua
nt trung gian ri goi tip nu duong truyn khng bi bn. Do d cn c tn l
mang luu tru v chuyn tip (store and forward).
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1.2.2.2 Kiu khuych tn
Ban tin duoc goi di tu mt nt no d s duoc tip nhn boi cc nt cn lai
(cn goi l broadcasting hay point to multipoint). Trong ban tin phai c vng dia chi
cho php mi nt kim tra xem c phai tin cua mnh khng v xu l nu dng ban
tin duoc goi dn.
Bus V tinh hoc radio Back bone (xuong sng)
Hnh 1-2. So d kt ni theo kiu khuych tn.
Trong cu trc dang Bus v Vng cn co ch "trong ti" d giai quyt cc
xung dt (collision) xay ra khi nhiu nt mun truyn tin dng thoi. Trong cu trc
v tinh hoc radio, mi nt cn c ng-ten thu v pht.
1.2.3 Theo phuong php chuyn mch
- Mang chuyn mach knh (Line switching network), v du nhu mang din
thoai.
- Mang chuyn mach thng bo (Message switching network)
- Mang chuyn mach gi (Packet switching network)
1.2.3.1 Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mach knh (line switching) duoc dng trong mang din thoai. Mt
knh c dinh duoc thit lp giua cp thuc th cn lin lac voi nhau. Mang ny c
hiu sut khng cao v c lc knh bo khng.
Hnh 1-3. Mang chuyn mach knh.
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Dat a
Dat a
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1.2.3.2 Mng chuyn mch ban tin
Hnh 1-4. Phuong php chuyn mach thng bo.
Cc nt cua mang cn cu vo dia chi dch cua ban tin d chon nt k tip.
Nhu vy cc nt cn luu tru v doc tin nhn duoc, quan l vic truyn tin. Trong
truong hop ban tin qu di v nu sai phai truyn lai th hiu sut khng cao.
Phuong php ny ging nhu cch goi thu thng thuong.
Uu dim so voi phuong php chuyn mach knh:
- Hiu sut su dung duong truyn cao v khng bi chim dung dc quyn m
duoc phn chia giua nhiu thuc th.
- Mi nt mang (hay nt chuyn mach thng bao) c th luu tru message cho
toi khi knh truyn ri moi gui ban tin di. Do d giam duoc tnh trang tc
nghn (congestion) trn mang.
- Diu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp d uu tin cho cc ban tin.
- C th tng hiu sut su dung giai thng cua mach bng cch gn dia chi
quang b (broadcast) d goi ban tin dng thoi dn nhiu dch.
Nhuoc dim:
- Do khng han ch kch thuoc cua ban tin nn c th dn dn ph tn luu tru
tam thoi cao v anh huong dn thoi gian hi dp v cht luong truyn di.
Mang chuyn mach thng bo thch hop voi cc dich vu thng tin kiu thu
din tu (Email) hon l di voi cc ung dung c tnh thoi gian thuc v tn tai d tr
nht dinh do luu tru v xu l thng tin diu khin tai mi nt.
1.2.3.3 Mng chuyn mch gi
Hnh 1-5. Mang chuyn mach gi.
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Mess 1
Mess Mess
Mess 2
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Message Message
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Ban tin duoc chia thnh nhiu gi tin (packet) d di 512 bytes, phn du l
dia chi dch, m d tp hop cc gi. Cc gi cua cc ban tin khc nhau c th duoc
truyn dc lp trn cng mt duong truyn. Vn d phuc tap o dy l tao lai ban tin
ban du, dc bit khi duoc truyn trn cc con duong khc nhau.
Chuyn mach gi mm deo, hiu sut cao. Xu huong pht trin hin nay l su
dung hai k thut chuyn mach knh v chuyn mach gi trong cng mt mang
thng nht goi l mang ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network - Mang thng
tin s da dich vu).
1.3 Kin trc phn tng v chun ho mng
Tnh trang khng tuong thch giua cc mang dc bit l cc mang trn thi
truong gy tro ngai cho nhung nguoi su dung khc nhau. Do d cn phai xy dung
m hnh chun lm co so cho cc nh nghin cuu thit k mang d tao ra cc san
phm moi v mang, d ph cp, san xut, su dung. Cc chun c vai tr quan trong
trong cng tc thit k v xy dung cc h thng k thut v cng ngh.
Chuan ha mang my tnh l nu ra cc tiu chuan co ban thong nhat v cau
trc mang gip cho cc mang khc nhau c th trao doi thng tin duoc voi nhau.
D mang hoat dng dat kha nng ti da, cc tiu chun duoc chon phai cho
php mo rng mang d c th phuc vu nhung ung dung khng du kin truoc trong
tuong lai tai lc lp dt h thng v diu d cung cho php mang lm vic voi
nhung thit bi duoc san xut tu nhiu hng khc nhau.
1.3.1 Cc t chc chun ho mng
Hai t chuc chnh thuc hin chun ha mang l ISO v CCTTT.
1. ISO (International Standards Organization) - T chuc chun ha quc t. ISO
hoat dng duoi su bao tro cua LHQ. Thnh vin cua ISO l cc co quan tiu
chun ha cua cc quc gia v cc Ban chuyn mn. Ban TC97 duoc chia ra
thnh cc tiu ban v cc nhm cng tc.
2. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) - Vin nghin cuu cc
vn d v k thut din v din tu cua M. IEEE chiu trch nhim v tng Data
Link v Physical. Phn ban cc chun ny l phn ban 802 (thnh lp thng
Hai nm 1980).
3. CCITT (Commit Consultatif Internatinal pour Tlgraphe et Tlphone) - T
chuc tu vn quc t v din bo v din thoai hoat dng duoi su bao tro cua
LHQ, chuyn nghin cuu nhm cng b cc khuyn nghi thng nht v mang
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my tnh. Bao gm cc khuyn nghi lin quan dn vic truyn du liu trn
mang, mang ISDN.
4. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) :Vin nghin cuu cc chun
quc gia cua M.
5. ECMA (European Computer Manufactures Association) : Hip hi my tnh
chu u
6. ATM Forum (Asynchronous Transfers Mode) - Thuc hin cc giai php cho
mang ISDN.
7. IETF (Internet Enggineering Task Force) : San xut cc chun lin quan dn
Internet (SNMP, TCP/IP ...)
1.3.2 Kin trc phn tng
D giam d phuc tap thit k, kin trc mang duoc t chuc thnh mt cu trc
da tng, mi tng duoc xy trn tng truoc n, tng duoi s cung cp dich vu cho
tng cao hon. Tng N trn mt my thuc hin vic giao tip voi tng N trn mt
my khc. Cc qui tc, lut l duoc su dung cho vic giao tip ny duoc goi l cc
giao thuc cua tng N.
Cc thuc th (entity) nm trn cc tng tuong ung trn nhung my khc nhau
goi l cc tin trnh dng muc. Cc tin trnh dng muc giao tip voi nhau bng
cch su dung cc giao thuc trong tng cua n.
Giua 2 tng k nhau tn tai mt giao din (interface) xc dinh cc hm nguyn
thuy v cc dich vu tng duoi cung cp cho tng trn.
Tp hop cc tng v cc giao thuc duoc goi l kin trc mang (Network
Architecture).
Cu trc phn tng cua mang my tnh c nghia dc bit nhu sau :
- Thun tin trong cng tc thit k, xy dung v ci dt cc mang my tnh,
trong d mi h thng thnh phn duoc xem nhu l mt cu trc da tng.
- Mi tng duoc xy dung dua trn co so tng k lin truoc d. Nhu vy tng
duoi s cung cp dich vu cho tng trn.
- S luong, tn goi v chuc nng cua mi tng s duoc nguoi thit k mang my
tnh cu th quy dinh.
- Tp hop cc giao thuc, cc vn d k thut v cng ngh cho mi tng c th
duoc khao st, nghin cuu trin khai dc lp voi nhau.
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Giao thuc : Mi khi trao di thng tin nhu din thoai, telex, vit . . . nguoi ta
phai tun theo mt s quy lut. Cc quy lut ny duoc nhm lai v goi l
giao thuc (protocol).
Giao thuc c cc chuc nng chnh nhu sau :
1. Dinh nghia cu trc khung mt cch chnh xc cho tung byte, cc k tu v
ban tin.
2. Pht hin v xu l cc li, thng thuong l gui lai ban tin gc sau khi pht
hin ln truoc bi li
3. Quan l thu tu cc lnh d dm cc ban tin, nhn dang, trnh mt hoc thu
thua ban tin.
4. Dam bao khng nhm ln giua ban tin v lnh
5. Chi ra cc thuc tnh duong dy khi lp cc duong ni da dim hoc bn
song cng (cho bit ai di thoai voi ai).
6. Giai quyt vn d xung dt thm nhp (yu cu dng thoi), gui khi chua c
s liu, mt lin lac, khoi dng.
1.4 M hnh OSI
1.4.1 Kin trc cua m hnh OSI
Dua trn kin trc phn tng, ISO d dua ra m hnh 7 tng (layer) cho mang,
goi l m hnh kt ni h thng mo hoc m hnh OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection model), vo nm 1984.
S hi u
tng
H t hng A H t hng B Tn don vi du liu
7 Applicat ion G.t huc t ang 7 Ung dung APDU, Messag ,Packet
6 Present at ion Trnh din PPDU, Packet
5 Session Phin SPDU, Packet
4 Transport Giao van TPDU,Segment ,
Packet
3 Net work Nang Dat agram, Packet
2 Dat a link G. t huc t ang 2 Lin kt du liu Frame, Packet
1 Physical G. t huc t ang 1 vat l Bit , Packet
Hnh 1-6. M hnh OSI 7 tng.
Nhm cc tng thp (physical, data link, network, transport) lin quan dn cc
phuong tin cho php truyn du liu qua mang. Cc tng thp dam nhim vic
truyn du liu, thuc hin qu trnh dng gi, dn duong, kim duyt v truyn tung
nhm du liu. Cc tng ny khng cn quan tm dn loai du liu m n nhn duoc
tu hay gui cho tng ung dung, m chi don thun l gui chng di.
Cc t ang
t hap
Truyn t in
Cc t ang cao
Xu l t in
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Nhm cc tng cao (session, presentation, application) lin quan chu yu dn
vic dp ung cc yu cu cua nguoi su dung d trin khai cc ung dung cua ho trn
mang thng qua cc phuong tin truyn thng cung cp boi cc nhm tng thp.
H thng kt ni mo OSI l h thng cho php truyn thng tin voi cc h
thng khc, trong d cc mang khc nhau, su dung nhung giao thuc khc nhau, c
th thng bo cho nhau thng qua chuong trnh d chuyn tu mt giao thuc ny
sang mt giao thuc khc.
M hnh OSI dua ra giai php cho vn d truyn thng giua cc my tnh
khng ging nhau. Hai h thng, d khc nhau du c th truyn thng voi nhau
mt cch hiu qua nu chng dam bao nhung diu khin chung sau dy :
1. Cc h thng du ci dt cng mt tp hop cc chuc nng truyn thng.
2. Cc chuc nng d duoc t chuc thnh cung mt tp cc tng. Cc tng
dng muc phai cung cp cc chuc nng nhu nhau, nhung phuong thuc
cung cp khng nht thit phai ging nhau.
3. Cc tng dng muc phai su dung mt giao thuc chung.
D dam bao nhung diu trn cn phai c cc chun xc dinh cc chuc nng v
dich vu duoc cung cp boi mt tng (nhung khng cn chi ra chng phai ci dt nhu
th no). Cc chun cung phai xc dinh cc giao thuc giua cc tng dng muc. M
hnh OSI chnh l co so d xy dung cc chun d.
1.4.2 S ghp ni gia cc mc
Trong thuc t du liu khng truyn truc tip tu tng i my ny sang tng i my
kia (tru tng thp nht). tng thp nht c duong truyn thng vt l toi tng thp
nht cua my tuong ung tu d du liu v thng tin diu khin lai duoc chuyn
nguoc ln tng trn. Tng trn chi xc dinh duong truyn thng lgic (truyn thng
ao).
- Cc Header cua giao thuc : Thng thuong, thng tin diu khin giao thuc duoc
gi thnh mt khi v duoc dt truoc du liu n di km v duoc goi l Header
hay Protocol Header, duoc dng d truyn thng tin giua cc tng v giua cc
my tnh voi nhau. Cc header cua giao thuc duoc pht trin theo cc lut
duoc cho trong tp ti liu ASN.1 cua ISA.
- Khi my A gui tin di, cc don vi du liu di tu tng trn xung duoi. Qua mi
tng n duoc b sung thng tin diu khin cua tng d.
- Khi nhn tin, thng tin di tu duoi ln. Qua mi tng thng tin diu khin duoc
khu bo dn v cui cng my B nhn duoc ban tin cua A.
- 9 -
1.4.3 Chc nng cua mi tng
1. Tng Vt l
Cung cp phuong tin truyn tin, thu tuc khoi dng, duy tr huy bo cc lin kt
vt l. Giu nhim vu chuyn tai cc bit thng tin trn knh truyn thng. Tng Vt
l lm vic voi cc giao din co, din v giao din thu tuc (chuc nng) trn mi
truong vt l, khng quan tm dn ni dung biu din cua cc bit.
Thuc cht tng ny thuc hin ni lin cc phn tu cua mang thnh mt h
thng bng cc phuong php vt l, o muc ny s c cc thu tuc dam bao cho cc
yu cu v chuyn mach hoat dng nhm tao ra cc duong truyn thuc cho cc
chui bit thng tin.
2. Tng lin kt d liu
Thit lp, duy tr, huy bo cc lin kt du liu kim sot lung du liu, pht
hin v khc phuc sai st truyn tin
Tin hnh chuyn di thng tin duoi dang chui cc bit o muc mang thnh
tung doan goi l khung tin (frame). Sau d dam bao truyn lin tip cc khung tin
toi tng vt l, dng thoi xu l cc thng bo tu tram thu gui tra lai. Bit thng tin
trong khung tin du mang nhung nghia ring, bao gm cc truong dia chi, truong
kim tra, d liu v kim tra loi dng cho cc muc dch ring.
Nhim vu chnh cua muc 2 ny l khoi tao, t chuc cc khung tin v xu l cc
thng tin lin quan toi khung tin.
3. Tng mng
Tng mang duoc xy dung dua trn kiu ni kt dim - dim do tng LKDL
cung cp, bao dam trao di thng tin giua cc mang con trong mt mang lon, muc
ny cn duoc goi l muc thng tin giua cc mang con voi nhau.
C nhim vu gn dia chi cho cc ban tin v chuyn di dia chi logic hay cc
tn thnh cc dia chi vt l.
Thuc hin chon duong truyn tin, cung cp dich vu dinh tuyn (chon duong)
cho cc gi du liu trn mang. Tng ny chi ra du liu tu ngun toi dch s di theo
tuyn no trn co so cc diu kin cua mang, d uu tin dich vu v cc nhn t
khc.
Kim sot lung du liu, khc phuc sai st, ct/hop du liu, gip loai tru su tc
nghn cung nhu diu khin lung thng tin.
4. 1ng Giao vn
- 10 -
Tng giao vn gip dam bao d tin cy khi chuyn giao du liu v tnh ton
ven du liu tu noi gui dn noi nhn. Diu ny duoc thuc hin dua trn co ch kim
tra li do cc tng bn duoi cung cp. Tng giao vn cn chiu trch nhim tao ra
nhiu kt ni cuc b trn cng mt kt ni mang goi l ghp knh (multiplexing),
phn chia thoi gian xu l (time sharing), ct hop du liu.
Nhim vu cua muc ny l xu l cc thng tin d chuyn tip cc chuc nng tu
tng phin dn tng mang v nguoc lai. Thuc cht muc truyn ny l d dam bao
thng tin giua cc my chu voi nhau. Muc ny nhn cc thng tin tu tng phin,
phn chia thnh cc don vi du liu nho hon v chuyn chng toi muc mang.
5. 1ng phin
Thit lp, duy tr, dng b ho v huy bo cc phin truyn thng. Lin kt
phin phai duoc thit lp thng qua di thoai v trao di cc thng s diu khin.
Dng tng giao vn d cung cp cc dich vu nng cao cho phin lm vic nhu:
kim sot cc cuc hi thoai, quan l the bi (token), quan l hoat dng (activity
management).
Nhn dang tn v thu tuc cn thit cung nhu l cc cng vic bao mt, d hai
ung dung c th giao tip voi nhau trn mang. Nho tng phin, nhung nguoi su
dung lp duoc cc duong ni voi nhau, khi cuc hi thoai duoc thnh lp th muc
ny c th quan l cuc hi thoai d theo yu cu cua nguoi su dung. Mt kt ni
giua hai my cho php nguoi su dung duoc dng k vo mt h thng phn chia
thoi gian tu xa hoc chuyn tp tin giua 2 my.
6. 1ng trnh din
Quan l cch thuc biu din thng tin theo c php du liu cua nguoi su dung,
loai m su dung (ASCII, OBCDIC, ...) v thuc hin cc vn d nn du liu.
Nhim vu cua muc ny l lua chon cch tip nhn du liu, bin di cc k tu,
chu s cua m ASCII hay cc m khc v cc k tu diu khin thnh mt kiu m
nhi phn thng nht d cc loai my khc nhau du c th thm nhp vo h thng
mang.
7. 1ng ng dng
Tng ny l giao din giua nguoi su dung v mi truong h thng mo.
Tng ny c nhim vu phuc vu truc tip cho nguoi su dung, cung cp tt ca
cc yu cu phi ghp cn thit cho nguoi su dung, yu cu phuc vu chung nhu
chuyn cc File, su dung cc Terminal cua h thng,.... Muc su dung bao dam tu
dng ho qu trnh thng tin, gip cho nguoi su dung khai thc mang tt nht.
- 11 -
1.4.4 Cc giao thc chun cua OSI
1.4.4.1 Cc hm nguyn thuy
Mi thuc th truyn thng voi cc thuc th o tng trn v duoi n qua mt
giao din (interface). Giao din ny gm mt hoc nhiu dim truy cp dich vu
(SAP - Service Access Point). Thuc th tng N-1 cung cp dich vu cho thuc th
tng N thng qua vic goi cc hm dich vu nguyn thuy (primitive).
Hm nguyn thuy chi r chuc nng cn thuc hin v duoc dng d chuyn du
liu v thng tin diu khin. Bn hm nguyn thuy duoc su dung d dinh nghia
tuong tc giua cc tng k nhau nhu sau :
request Iu cau
indication Chi bo
response Tra loi
confirm Xc nhan
request duoc goi boi nguoi su dung dich vu o tng N+1 trong h thng A d
goi thu tuc cua giao thuc o tng N. Iu cu ny duoc cu tao duoi dang mt hoc
nhiu don vi du liu giao thuc (PDU - Protocol Data Unit) d goi toi B.
Khi nhn duoc PDU, mt thu tuc cua giao thuc o tng N cua B s thng bo
yu cu d ln tng N+1 bng hm nguyn thuy indication. Sau d response duoc
goi tu N + 1 cua B xung N goi thu tuc giao thuc tng N d tra loi toi A.
Khi nhn duoc tra loi ny mt thu tuc giao thuc tng N s goi hmconfirm ln
N+1 d hon tt chu trnh yu cu thit lp lin kt cua nguoi su dung o tng N+1
cua A.
Cc chu trnh cua nguoi su dung khc nhau duoc phn bit nho khi nim
dim thm nhp dich vu (SAP - Service Access Point) o ranh gioi cua 2 tng N + 1
v N.
1.4.4.2 Cc phuong thc truyn thng
Tai mi tng trong m hnh OSI c 2 phuong thuc hoat dng chnh duoc su
dung : phuong thuc c lin kt (connection oriented) v phuong thuc khng lin kt
(connectionless).
Voi cc phuong thuc truyn khng lin kt th chi c mt giai doan truyn du
liu. Cc gi tin du liu (cn duoc goi l datagram) duoc truyn dc lp voi nhau
theo mt con duong xc dinh dn bng dia chi dch duoc dt trong mi datagram.
C 3 giai doan phn bit :
- 12 -
- Thit lap lin kt : hai thuc th cng tng o hai du cua lin kt s thuong
luong voi nhau v tp cc tham s su dung trong giai doan truyn du liu.
- Truyn d liu : cc co ch kim sot sai st, lung du liu, ghp knh, ct
hop du liu duoc thuc hin d tng cuong d tin cy v hiu sut cua vic
truyn du liu.
- Kt thc truyn : giai phng cc ti nguyn h thng d duoc cp pht cho lin
kt d dng vo muc dch khc.
Tuong ung voi 3 giai doan trao di trn, c 3 loai thu tuc co ban duoc su dung
: CONNECT, DATA, DISCONNECT.
V du di voi giao thuc tng N ta c cc thu tuc :
N_CONNECT Thit lp lin kt
N_DATA Truyn du liu
N_DISCONNECT Huy bo lin kt
Ngoi ra c mt s cc thu tuc phu duoc su dung tuy theo chuc nng cua mi tng.
V du: Thu tuc N_RESTART Dng d khoi dng lai h thng o tng 3
Thu tuc T_EXPEDITED_DATA Dng cho vic truyn du liu nhanh tng 4
Thu tuc S_TOKEN_GIVE Dng d chuyn diu khin o tng 5
Mi thu tuc trn s dng cc hm nguyn thuy (request, indication, response,
confirm) d tao thnh cc hm co ban cua m hnh OSI.
1.5 H diu hnh mng
Vic lua chon h diu hnh mang (NOS - Network Operating System) lm
nn tang cho mang tuy thuc vo kch c cua mang hin tai v su pht trin trong
tuong lai, ngoi ra cn tuy thuc vo nhung uu dim v nhuoc dim cua tung h
diu hnh.
Mt s h diu hnh mang ph bin hin nay:
H diu hnh mang UNIX: Dy l h diu hnh do cc nh khoa hoc xy
dung v duoc dng rt ph bin trong gioi khoa hoc, gio duc. H diu hnh
mang UNIX l h diu hnh da nhim, da nguoi su dung, phuc vu cho truyn
thng tt. Nhuoc dim cua n l hin nay c nhiu Version khc nhau, khng
thng nht gy kh khn cho nguoi su dung v l h diu hnh ny phuc tap.
H diu hnh mang Windows 2000: Dy l h diu hnh cua hng Microsoft,
cung l h diu hnh da nhim, da nguoi su dung. Duoc xy dung dua trn
cng ngh cua h diu hnh Windows NT. Dc dim cua n l tuong di d
su dung, h tro manh cho cc phn mm WINDOWS. Windows 2000 c th
- 13 -
lin kt tt voi my chu Novell Netware, Unix. Tuy nhin, d chay c hiu
qua, Windows 2000 Server di hoi cu hnh my tuong di manh.
H diu hnh mang NetWare cua Novell: Dy l h diu hnh ph bin trn
th gioi trong thoi gian cui, n c th dng cho cc mang nho (khoang tu 5-
25 my tnh) v cung c th dng cho cc mang lon gm hng trm my
tnh. Netware l mt h diu hnh LAN dng cho cc my tnh theo chun
cua IBM hay cc my tnh Apple Macintosh, chay trn h diu hnh MS-
DOS hoc OS/2.
1.6 Mng Internet
1.6.1 L|ch su ra di v pht trin
Vo nhung nm 60, B Quc phng M cho trin khai khn truong mt
mang luoi thng tin voi yu cu: Nu nhu mt tram trung chuyn no d trong
mang bi ph huy, ton b h thng thng tin vn phai lm vic bnh thuong... Co
quan Nghin cuu Du n Cao cp (ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency)
thuc B Quc phng M duoc giao trch nhim thuc hin vic nghin cuu k thut
lin mang (internet) nhm dp ung yu cu trn. Dy l mang chuyn mach gi
(packet switching) du tin trn th gioi, ly tn l ARPAnet. Ban du, ARPAnet
chi gm mt vi mang nho duoc chon lua cua cc trung tm nghin cuu v pht
trin khoa hoc. Giao thuc truyn thng lc by gio l kiu dim - dim, rt chm v
thuong xuyn gy tc nghn trn mang. D giai quyt vn d ny, vo nm 1974
Vinton G. Cerf v Robert O. Kahn dua ra tuong thit k mt b giao thuc mang
moi thun tin hon, d chnh l tin thn cua giao thuc TCP/IP.
Thng 09/1983, duoi su ti tro cua B Quc phng M, Berkeley Software
Distribution dua ra ban Berkeley UNIX 4.2BSD c kt hop giao thuc TCP/IP, bin
TCP/IP thnh phuong tin kt ni cc h thng UNIX. Trn co so d, mang
ARPANOT nhanh chng lan rng v chuyn tu mang thuc nghim sang hoat dng
chnh thuc: nhiu truong dai hoc, vin nghin cuu ghi tn gia nhp d trao di thng
tin. Dn nm 1984, mang ARPANOT duoc chia thnh hai nhm mang nho hon l
MILNET, dnh cho quc phng, v nhm mang thu hai vn goi l ARPANET,
dnh cho nghin cuu v pht trin. Hai nhm ny vn c mi lin h trao di du liu
voi nhau qua giao thuc TCP/IP v duoc goi chung l Enternet.
Mang Internet d v dang tro thnh phuong tin trao di thng tin ton cu, l
phuong thuc thng tin nhanh voi luu luong truyn tai du liu rt lon. Thng qua
Internet m cc nh nghin cuu khoa hoc k thut, cc co quan gio duc do tao,
cc nh doanh nghip... c th trao di thng tin voi nhau, hoc truy cp thng tin
- 14 -
cua nhau v cc cng trnh, cc linh vuc nghin cuu moi nht; v cc phuong php,
hnh thuc gio duc v do tao, v cc thng tin kinh t, thi truong gi ca... mt cch
nhanh chng, thun tin v d dng.
1.6.2 Cu trc cua mng Internet
Mang Internet khng phai mt mang don m l bao gm nhiu mang con (sub-
network) duoc kt ni voi nhau thng qua cc cng (gateway) nhu trn hnh. Thut
ngu mang con o dy mang nghia mt don vi mang hon chinh trong h thng mang
lon. Mang con hon ton c th l mt mang WAN voi quy m quc gia, v c kha
nng hoat dng dc lp voi Internet. Do giao thuc TCP/IP khng phu thuc lop vt
l, cc mang con c th su dung nhung cng ngh ghp ni khc nhau (nhu
Othernet, X.25,...) m vn giao tip duoc voi nhau.
groupOfName
s
groupOfName
s2
groupOfName
s
groupOfName
s2
groupOfName
s2
M ng 3
M ng 2
M ng 4
M ng 5
M ng 1
Gateway
Gateway
Gateway
Hnh 1-7. Cu trc cua mang Internet.
Cc cng duoc dng d ni cc mang con tao thnh mt mang lon.
C 2 cch kt ni voi Internet nhu sau :
My con ni trong mang LAN (hay WAN) v mang ny ni voi Internet
My con ni dn mt tram cung cp dich vu Internet (Internet Service
Provider), thng qua d kt ni voi Internet. Trong hnh trn, ta c th thy
cc tram ISP lai kt ni voi Internet thng qua IAP (Internet Access
Provider). Mt IAP c th lm lun chuc nng cua ISP nhung nguoc lai th
khng.
- 15 -
Tr c chnh I nter net
IAP
ISP
ISP
ISP
Ng- i d ng
truy cp trc ti p
Ng- i d ng truy cp t xa (qua i n
tho i , - ng thu bao ri ng...)
Nh cung cp kh n ng
truy cp I nternet
M y ch
M y ch
M y ch
Nh cung cp
dch v I nternet
Ng- i d ng cng t c
Hnh 1-8. So d kt ni cua cc trung tm cung cp dich vu (ISP)
1.6.3 Cc kin trc khc
Level I SO ARPANET SNA DECNET
7 Applicat ion User End User
6 Presentat ion Telnet , FTP NAU Services
Applicat ion
Dat a Flow Cont rol 5 Session (none) (none)
Host - Host
Transmision Cont rol
4 Transport Net work Services
SRC t o DESI - I MP
3 Net work
Pat h Cont rol
Transport
2 Dat alink
I MP - I MP
Dat a Link Cont rol Dat a Link Cont rol
1 Physical Physical Physical Physical
ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency FTP: File Transfer Protocol
SNA: System Network Architecture ca IBM IMP: Interface Message Procesor
NAU: Network Addressable Unit
Nguyn Tan Khi,
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trung Di hc Bch Khoa D Nng.
- 16 -
Chuong 2 TANG VAT L
Nhim vu cua tng vt l l chuyn cc bit tin tu my ny dn my kia. Tc d
truyn tin phu thuc vo mi truong truyn tin. Tn hiu truyn c th o dang tuong
tu (analog) hoc o dang s (digital). Huong pht trin hin nay :
- Truyn tin bng cp quang, bng v tinh.
- H thng ni nhanh (Fast - Connect), h thng chuyn mach gi
- Mang thng tin s da dich vu (Integrated Services Digital Network)
2.1 Mi trung truyn tin
2.1.1 Phuong tin truyn
Muc dch lp dt cp l dam bao dung luong (tc d) cn thit cho cc nhu cu
truyn thng trong mang. H thng cp cn phai n dinh. D dat duoc muc tiu ny,
nguoi quan tri mang phai cn di bn yu t sau:
- Tc d truyn lon nht cua h thng cp hin hnh, kha nng nng cp.
- Nhu cu v tc d truyn thng trong vng 5-10 nm toi l bao nhiu.
- Chon trong s nhung loai cp dang c trn thi truong.
- Chi ph d lp dt thm cp du phng.
Vic kt ni vt l mt my tnh vo mang duoc thuc hin bng cch cm mt
card giao tip mang NIC (Network Interface Card) vo khe cm cua my tnh v ni
voi cp mang. Sau khi kt ni vt l d hon tt, quan l vic truyn tin giua cc
tram trn mang tuy thuc vo phn mm mang.
NIC s chuyn gi tn hiu vo mang LAN, gi tn hiu duoc truyn di nhu
mt dng cc bit du liu th hin bng cc bin thin tn hiu din. Khi n chay
trong cp dng chung, moi tram gn voi cp du nhn duoc tn hiu ny, NIC o mi
tram s kim tra dia chi dch trong tn hiu du cua gi d xc dinh dng dia chi
dn, khi gi tn hiu di toi tram c dia chi cn dn, dch o tram d s sao gi tn hiu
ri ly du liu ra khoi khung tin v dua vo my tnh.
C hai k thut truyn tn hiu d m ha ln mang : Truyn o dai tn gc
(baseband) v truyn o dai tn rng (broadband).
Dc tnh cua cp bao gm su nhay cam voi nhiu cua din, d mm deo, kha
nng un nn d lp dt, cu ly truyn du liu, tc d truyn (Mbit/s). Hin nay, tc
d truyn du liu trn cc loai cp bin dng tu 10Mbit/s dn 100Mbit/s v hon nua.
C 3 nhm cp chnh duoc dng d ni hu ht cc mang :
- 17 -
- Cp dng truc (Coaxial)
- Cp xon di (Twisted-Pair) : gm c cp xon di trn (Unshielded Twisted-
Pair) v cp xon di c boc (Shielded Twisted-Pair).
- Cp soi quang (Fiber-Optic)
2.1.1.1 Card mng
Card mang cn duoc goi l card
giao tip mang NIC (Network Interface
Card) duoc lp dt trong mi my tnh
trong mang cuc b, Card ny c nhim
vu chuyn du liu tu my tnh vo cp
mang v nguoc lai. Qu trnh ny chnh
l su chuyn di tu tn hiu s cua my
tnh thnh cc tn hiu din hay quang
duoc truyn dn trn cp mang. Dng
thoi n cung thuc hin chuc nng t
hop du liu thnh cc gi v xc dinh ngun v dch cua gi. Hnh 2-1. Card mang (NIC)
Cc loai du ni cho card mang :
Mt vi loai card mang c nhiu du ni d ni voi cp mang, d xc dinh du
no dng ta c th thay di cc jump hay cng tc chuyn DIP ngay trn card mang
hoc su dung phn mm.
- Mang thin Ethernet su dung cc du ni cp dng truc BNC (British Naval
Connector)
- Mang thicknet dng gic ni AUI 15 chn d cm vo du DB15 cua card
mang.
- Mang Ethernet twisted-pair (10 Base T) su dung du ni RJ45.
2.1.1.2 Cp dng trc
Cp dng truc duoc ch tao gm mt dy dng o giua cht cch din, chung
quanh cht cch din duoc qun bng dy bn kim loai dng lm dy dt. Giua dy
dng dn din v dy dt c mt lop cch ly, ngoi cng l mt vo boc bao v.
Cp dng truc c hai loai : loai nho (Thin) v loai to (Thick). Dy cp dng
truc loai nho duoc thit k d truyn tin cho bng tn co ban (Base Band) hoc bng
tn rng (broadband). Dy cp loai to dng cho duong xa, dy cp nho dng cho
duong gn, tc d truyn tin qua cp dng truc c th dat toi 35 Mbit/s.
- 18 -
2.1.1.3 Cp dy xon (Twisted Pair)
Cp xon gm hai soi dy dng duoc xon cch din voi nhau. Nhiu di dy
cp xon gp voi nhau v duoc boc chung boi vo cp hnh thnh cp nhiu soi. Cp
ny c dc tnh d bi anh huong cua nhiu din nn chi truyn du liu o cu ly
khoang 100m (khoang 328 feet). Cp xon di c hai loai: cp xon di khng boc
(UTP) v cp xon di c boc (STP).
Cp xon thuong duoc dng trong h thng din thoai d truyn tn hiu tuong
tu (analog) cung nhu tn hiu s (digital). Trong khoang cch vi km th khng cn
b khuych dai v c tc d o muc megabit/giy.
2.1.1.4 Cp quang (Fiber Optics)
Khi cc tn hiu s duoc diu ch thnh cc tn hiu xung nh snh th duoc
truyn tai qua cp quang. Cp soi quang bao gm mt soi thuy tinh cuc manh goi l
li (core), duoc bao boc boi mt lop thuy tinh dng tm goi l lop vo boc hay cn
goi l lop phu (cladding). Di khi cc soi duoc lm bng cht deo. Cht deo d lp
dt hon nhung khng th mang xung nh sng di xa nhu thuy tinh.
Mi soi thuy tinh chi truyn tn hiu theo mt huong nht dinh, do d cp c 2
soi nm trong vo boc ring bit : mt soi truyn v mt soi nhn. Cp soi quang c
th truyn tn hiu di xa hon voi tc d cuc nhanh (theo l thuyt cp quang c th
truyn tn hiu voi tc d ti da 200.000Mbit/s).
Cp quang c dai thng lon hon cp dng, uu dim manh cua cp quang l
khoang cch truyn dn lon, gi re, dung luong truyn cao.
2.1.1.5 V tinh thng tin
V tinh truyn thng (communication satellites) nhn thng tin mt dt,
khuych dai tn hiu thu duoc v pht lai xung mt dt o tn s khc d trnh giao
thoa (interference) voi tn hiu thu duoc. Cc v tinh c vai tr nhu nhung tram lp
tin giua cc tram mt dt voi nhau. Mt v tinh du phu sng rt rng v c th c
nhiu tram mt dt, thuong hoat dng o tn s 12 - 14Ghz. Truyn tin qua v tinh
c di truyn rt rng, do d nhung khoang cch xa (hng trm km) duoc bao dam
cht luong tin. Ngoi ra gi cua truyn v tinh dang giam nhanh.
Uy ban k thut din tu (IEEE) d nghi dng cc tn sau dy d chi 3 loai dy
cp dng voi mang Ethernet chun 802.3 :
1. Dy cp dng truc soi to (thick coax) goi l 10BASE5, c tc d 10 Mbps,
tn s co so, 500m.
- 19 -
2. Dy cp dng truc soi nho (thin coax) goi l 10BASE2, c tc d 10 Mbps,
tn s co so, 200m.
3. Dy cp di xon khng vo boc (twisted pair) goi l 10BASET, c tc d 10
Mbps, tn s co so, su dung cp soi xon.
4. Dy cp quang (Fiber Optic Inter-Repeater Link) goi l FOIRL .
2.1.2 Cc thng s co ban cua mi trung truyn tin
2.1.2.1 D suy giam
Tn hiu trn duong dy bi suy giam trong qu trnh truyn tin. D khc phuc
ta dng cc b khuych dai (amplifiers). D suy giam duoc tnh bng don vi
decibel. Nu din th ban du l V
1
v sau d giam xung V
2
th s decibel cua d
suy giam duoc dinh nghia nhu sau:
V
V
log 20 (decibel) S
2
1
10
=
2.1.2.2 D nhiu
Din tu truong trong mi truong truyn tin gy nhiu cho cc tn hiu mang
thng tin. D khc phuc ta dng cc b loc nhiu (filters). D dc trung d nhiu
trn duong dy, ta dng ti s tn s tn hiu/tap m (Signal/Noise - S/N) :
) : ; : ( log 10 ) (
10
Noise N Signal S
N
S
decibel SN =
2.1.2.3 Tc d truyn
Trong d B l d rng dai tn tnh bng Hz. C l tc d tnh bng bit/giy (b/s). Nu
mang din thoai c dai tn 3000Hz, ti s S/N = 20dB th tc d truyn cuc dai l :
Cc tn hiu trn knh truyn c th l tn hiu tuong tu hoc tn hiu s v
tuong ung s tao thnh knh tuong tu hoc knh s.
2.2 Chun giao din
2.2.1 Modem
Modem l b diu ch v giai diu ch bin di cc tn hiu s thnh cc tn
hiu tuong tu v nguoc lai trn mang din thoai.
100 20 log 10
10
= = =
N
S
N
S
N
S
s bit
N
S
B C / 1 log
2

+ =
s b
N
S
B C / 19963 ) 100 1 ( log 3000 1 log
2 2
= + =

+ =
- 20 -
im A au cuoi au cuoi DCE im B
so liu truyn
Bo xu l Bo dm tin DTE
Hnh 2-2. So d truyn tin giua hai dim A v B.
Tn hiu s tu my tnh dn modem, duoc modem bin di thnh tn hiu
tuong tu d c th di qua mang din thoai. Tn hiu ny dn modem o dim B duoc
bin di nguoc lai thnh tn hiu s dua vo my tnh o B.
Cc k thut diu ch co ban l diu ch bin d AM, diu ch tn s FM,
diu ch pha PM .
- Diu ch bin d : Cc tn hiu 1 v 0 duoc phn bit boi bin d, cn tn s
cua tn hiu l ging nhau. Diu ch bin d d thuc hin nhung d bi nhiu.
- Diu ch tn s : Cc tn hiu 1 v 0 duoc phn bit boi tn s, cn bin d cc
tn hiu ging nhau.
K thut diu tn phuc tap hon nhung tnh chng nhiu cao.
- Diu ch theo pha : Cc tn hiu 1 v 0 duoc phn bit boi cc pha cua dao
dng, cn bin d v tn s cua cc tn hiu ging nhau. Diu pha cung phuc
tap nhung t bi nhiu.
D tng tc d truyn tin nguoi ta kt hop diu pha voi diu bin goi l diu
pha bin.
Hin nay c rt nhiu loai modem hin dai tu loai thp: 300, 600, 1200, 2400
bit/s, dn loai 9600 bit/s. Voi tc d truyn tuong di cao trn duong truyn bng
hep (bng thoai) nn di hoi nhung phuong php diu bin phuc tap.
Cc phuong thuc truyn d liu giua hai dim c th l:
- Mt chiu don (simplex)
- Hai chiu lun phin (half - duplex)
- Hai chiu dy du (duplex)
Truyn mt chiu don chi cho php truyn mt huong. Truyn hai chiu lun
phin cho php truyn hai huong, nhung mi thoi dim chi c mt huong duoc
truyn, sau d phai thuc hin chuyn mach d truyn nguoc lai. Truyn hai chiu
dy du c th nhn hoc pht cng mt lc. Cc modem hin nay du c th hoat
dng o hai ch d bn song cng v song cng.
M ng t in
t ho i cng
cng
MODEM
M
UART CPU MODEM UART CPU
- 21 -
2.2.2 DTE v DCE
Truoc khi nghin cuu cc chun cho giao din tng Vt l, chng ta c hai
khi nim moi : d l DTE v DCE.
- DTE (Data Terminal Equipment - Du cui s liu) : l khi nim duoc su
dung d chi cc my m nguoi su dung bnh thuong thao tc truc tip ln d.
Cc my ny c th l my tnh hay tram cui.
- DCE (Data Communication Equipment - Du cui truyn) : l khi nim chi
cc thit bi cui knh du liu c chuc nng ni cc DTE voi cc duong truyn
vt l v chuyn di du liu. DCE c th l cc Modem, Tranducer,
Multiplexer...
ISO qui dinh cc chun quy uoc phuong thuc ghp ni giua du cui s liu
DTE v du cui truyn DCE.
2.2.3 Chun RS-232C
Du nhung nm 50, chun RS-232(Recommended Standard 232C, cua EIA)
duoc pht trin d truyn tin giua cc thit bi du cui du liu. Chun ny hin nay
dang duoc su dung, n chnh l cc cng COM1, COM2 trn cc my PC.
Phan co hoc : l mt b c 25 chn d rng tnh o giua l 47,05mm 13
hng trn dnh s 1 13 (tri qua phai) hng duoi 14 25 (tri qua phai).
Phan din : gm qui uoc logic 1 <-3V v logic 0 >+ 3V.
Tc d truyn cho php 20 kbps qua dy cp 15m (thuong l 9,6 kbps)
Tu nm 1987, RS-232-C d duoc sua di v dt tn lai l EIA-232-D. Ngoi
ra cn c mt s chun mo rng khc nhu RS-422-A, RS-423-A RS-449, cc
khuyn nghi loai X cua CCITT nhu X21. . .. Mc du RS-232-C vn l chun thng
dung nht cho giao din DTE/DCE nhung cc chun moi ni trn duoc p dung ph
bin hin nay.
Di voi cc my tnh, thng thuong nguoi ta su dung hai cng COM1, COM2
d kt noi truc tip. Cng COM1 c dia chi vo/ra l 3F8_3FF hex v ngt l IRQ4,
cng COM2 c dia chi vo/ra l 2F8_2FF hex v ngt l IRQ3. Cc chn cm cua
hai cng cung duoc chun ha d tin loi hon cho vic su dung.
- 22 -
Chuong 3 TANG LIN KET D LIJU
3.1 Chc nng
Tng lin kt du liu thuc hin cc cng vic chnh nhu sau :
- Dinh danh cc thit bi trn mang, cu hnh logic cua mang.
- Diu khin lung du liu v vic truy nhp o tng vt l.
- Pht hin v chinh sua cc li xut hin trong qu trnh truyn du liu.
Chuc nng chnh cua tng LKDL l tch roi cc khung thnh cc bt d truyn
di v kin tao cc khung (frames) tu cc dng bt nhn duoc.
Tng LKDL nghin cuu cc thut ton thuc hin thng tin hiu sut, tin cy
giua hai my canh nhau o tng 2. Dua ra cc thu tuc truyn tin c luu dn li c
th xy ra do nhiu trn duong dy, su tr do lan truyn.
Thng thuong, tng LKDL c lin quan dn nhiu cua tn hiu cua phuong
tin truyn vt l, cho d l truyn qua dy dng, cp quang hay truyn thng qua
sng ngn. Nhiu l mt vn d rt thng thuong v c th do rt nhiu ngun khc
nhau, trong d c ca nhiu cua cc tia vu tru, nhiu do tap m cua kh quyn v tu
cc ngun khc nhau.
3.2 Cc vn d cua tng lin kt d liu
3.2.1 Cung cp d|ch v cho tng mng
Tng 2 chuyn du liu tu muc 3 o my ngun toi muc 3 o my nhn.
Hnh 3-1. duong truyn du liu trong tng LKDL.
Cc dich vu tng 2 c th l:
1. Dich vu khng kt ni, khng bin nhn (Unacknowledged Connectionless
Service)
2. Dich vu khng kt ni, c bin nhn (Acknowledged Connectionless Service)
3. Dich vu c kt ni (Connection Oriented Service)
.
.
.
.
uong s liu ao
(Virt ual Communicat ion)
.
.
.
.
uong s liu t huc
(Act ual Communicat ion)
- 23 -
Dich vu kt ni c huong c 3 giai doan: kt noi, truyn so liu, tch bo lin
kt (kt thc) : CONNECT, DATA, DISCONNECT. Truyn tin giua 2 tng k nhau
dng cc hm dich vu nguyn thuy (request, indication, response v confirm).
Dich vu khng kt ni duoc th hin bng mt buoc duy nht l truyn tin,
khng cn thit lp lin kt logic. Cc don vi du liu truyn dc lp voi nhau.
3.2.2 Khung tin - Nhn bit gi tin
D cung cp dich vu cho tng mang, tng LKDL phai dng dich vu duoc cung
cp tu tng Vt l. Tng Vt l tip nhn dng bt v giao cho noi nhn. Dng bit
ny c th c li. Tng LKDL s kim tra v nu cn s sua li.
Tng LKDL tch dng bit thnh cc khung tin (frame) v tnh thng s kim
tra tng (checksum) cho mi khung tin ny, nu kt qua tnh duoc khc voi
checksum chua trong khung tin, nghia l c li v khi d li s duoc thng bo cho
noi gui.
Mun tch cc khung tin, c th chn cc doan phn cch (timegaps) vo giua
cc khung tin, ging nhu khoang trng (space) giua cc tu trong vn ban. Nhung
diu ny kh thuc hin nn nguoi ta thuong dng cc phuong php sau :
Dm s k tu : Hin nay t duoc dng, v tu dm cung bi li khi truyn.
Dng k tu bt du (STX) v kt thc (ETX) voi k tu dm (DLE).
Dng cc co (flags) dnh du bt du v kt thc voi cc bit dm.
3.2.3 Kim tra li
Cc cch d kim tra li trong qu trnh truyn :
- Dng thng s tra loi c bin nhn (ACK) hoc khng bin nhn (NAK) d
bit d nhn dng ban tin hay phai pht lai.
- Dng b dinh thoi gian, nu qu thoi gian quy dinh khng c tra loi nghia l
ban tin chua nhn duoc.
- Dng phuong php dnh s thu tu cc khung tin (frame) duoc gui di.
Qu trnh kim tra li dng thoi voi quan l thoi gian v s thu tu cua cc
khung tin nhm bao dam mi khung tin chi nhn duoc mt ln duy nht. Dy l
chuc nng quan trong cua tng LKDL.
3.2.4 Diu khin lung d liu
Trong qu trnh truyn du liu, nu tc d bn pht nhanh hon bn thu th xay
ra hin tuong mt tin do khng nhn kip. V vy cn phai diu khin lung truyn
- 24 -
(flow control ) d qu trnh thu pht duoc phi hop nhip nhng v dng b voi nhau.
Chuc nng c tai mt vi cp giao thuc, k ca tng con LLC.
Cc giao thuc phai chua cc quy tc xc dinh r khi no noi goi c th pht
cc khung tin k tip.
3.2.5 Quan l lin kt
Mt chuc nng khc cua tng LKDL l quan l cc kt ni nhu tch, ni, dnh
s khung tin, bt du lai khi li, quan l cc thit bi du cui thu cp hoc so cp
bng khung tin thm d (poll).
3.2.6 Nn d liu khi truyn
Nn du liu l mt vn d quan trong don vi vic truyn du liu trn mang. V
co ban, nn du liu l p chng lai d d tn ch khi luu tru trn dia v d tn thoi
gian khi truyn trn duong dy. Thuc t, cc du liu s chua nhiu doan lp di lp
lai, nn du liu s thay th cc thng tin lp lai bng mt k hiu hoc mt doan m
d rt ngn d di cua tp tin. Cc k thut nn du liu co so bao gm :
- Null compression : Thay th mt dy cc du cch bng mt m nn v mt
gi tri s luong cc du cch.
- Run-length compression : Mo rng k thut trn bng cch nn bt ky mt dy
no c tu 4 k tu lp. Cc k tu ny duoc thay th bng mt m nn, l mt
trong cc k tu ny, v mt gi tri bng dng s ln lp.
- Keyword encoding : Tao ra mt bang m cho cc tu hoc cc cp k tu thuong
xuyn xut hin v thay th.
- Phuong php thong k Huffman : K thut nn ny gia thit rng su phn b
cua cc k tu trong du liu l khng dng nht. Tuc l mt s k tu xut hin
nhiu hon cc k tu khc. K tu no cng xut hin nhiu th cng t tn bit d
m ha n. Mt bang duoc tao ra d ghi lai luoc d m ha v bang ny c th
chuyn cho modem nhn d n bin di tro lai cc k tu d m ha.
- Ngoi ra cn mt thut ton nn nua duoc goi l nn ngu nhin. Thut ton
ny duoc su dung trong mt chun nn du liu V.24bits
3.3 Pht hin v hiu chinh li
Trong khi truyn di mt byte trong h thng my tnh th kha nng xay ra mt
li do hong hc o phn no d hoc do nhiu gy nn l kh lon. Cc knh vo-ra
thuong xy ra nhiu li, dc bit l khi truyn s liu. Phn lon cc h thng du c
cc phuong php pht hin v sau d sua li. Qu trnh sua li thuong kh hon rt
nhiu so voi pht hin li. C th chia phuong php xu l li ra lm hai nhm:
- 25 -
- Pht hin li v thng bo cho bn pht bit d pht lai tin.
- Pht hin li v tu sua.
3.3.1 Phuong php bit chn le (Parity)
Dy l phuong php thuong dng nht d pht hin li. Bng cch thm 1 bit
(duoc goi l bit chn le) vo tu nhi phn phu thuc vo tng s cc bit 1 trong mt
tu l mt s chn hay le, v nho vo php ton logic XOR, ta s bit duoc bit thm
vo d l bit chn hay bit le.
Mach kim tra s xc dinh cc s bit 1 c dng tnh chn le hay khng.
Phuong php tuong di don gian v c hai cch nhu sau :
Kim tra ngang (VRC - Vertical Redundancy Checking) : Thm mt bit chn
le vo mi byte d pht hin li. Cch ny lm mt di khoang 12,5% dung
luong ban tin. D khc phuc ta c th dng php kim tra tng cc byte.
Kim tra doc (LRC - Longitudinal Redundancy Checking) : li duoc pht
hin trong cc khi byte thay cho vic tm li trong tung byte. Trong phuong
php ny nguoi ta thm mi khi 1 byte o cuoi, byte ny mang cc thng tin
v tnh cht dc th cua khi (Characteristic Redundancy Checking - CRC).
Byte ny don gian c th tnh bng php logic XOR cua tt ca cc byte trong
khi hoc tnh theo da thuc chun d duoc FCS.
V du :
Khi k t u t ruyn di vi t r bit t rong
k t u
A S C I I
LRC
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 0 1 1 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 1 1 0 0 0
6 1 1 1 1 1 1
VRC 0 0 1 1 1 1
Kim sot li 2 chiu : VRC-LRC.
Bn nhn s kim tra parity theo ca hai chiu d pht hin v dinh vi li cho
tung k tu. ( 1 1 = 0 0 0 = 0 1 0 = 0 0 1 = 1 )
3.3.2 Tnh theo da thc chun
Cch tnh check sum nhu sau :
- Gia su ta nhn duoc ban tin M(x).
- 26 -
- Nu da thuc chun G(x) c bc l r, ta b sung thm r bit 0 vo cui ban tin v
duoc m+r bit tuong ung da thuc xrM(x).
- Chia xrM(x) theo module 2 cho G(x). Kt qua ta duoc s du T(x) l checksum
duoc pht di.
Cc da thuc chun thuong duoc dng d tnh bin kim tra tng l :
CRC-12 = x
12
+ x
11
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x + 1 (dng cho k tu 6 bit)
CRC-16 = x
16
+ x
15
+ x
2
+ 1 (dng cho k tu 8 bit)
CRC-CCTTT= x
16
+ x
12
x
5
+ 1 (dng cho k tu 8 bit)
V du Khung tin ban du 1101011011, G(x) = x
4
+ x + 1, vy r = 4, chui bit
thm : 10011. Ta c xrM(x) = 1101011011 0000. Chia xrM(x) theo module 2 cho
G(x), ta duoc thng s kim tra tng T(x) = 1110
Khung tin duoc truyn di: 1101011011 1110
3.3.3 M sua sai
D sua sai mt bit, ta dng tp m Hamming dua trn cc "bit chn le" duoc
rai vo cc bit s liu trong tung byte theo nguyn l cn bng chn le d chi ra cc
bit li.
Nu trong ban tin c k bit v s "bit chn le" l r, th s bit tin v "bit chn le"
pht di s l n=k+r. r bit kim tra lun cc vi tr 1, 2, 4, 8,..., 2r-1 v duoc tao boi
cng module 2 gi tri nhi phn cua cc vi tr c bit 1 cua tu m. V cc bit kim tra
chim vi tr 2
i
voi i = 0, 1, 2,..., r-1 nn d di cuc dai cua cc tu m Hamming l n
2
r
- 1 v tu dy s cuc dai cua cc bit tin duoc bao v l : k (2
r
- 1 - r). Tu dy ta
xc dinh duoc r.
V du: Ban tin 11 bit (10101011001) duoc bao v boi m Hamming.
Tu diu kin 11 2 - 1-r, ta cn 4 bit kim tra (r =4) d tao m Hamming
(n=11+4=15)
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 C 1 0 0 C 1 C C
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Cc bt kim tra C duoc tnh nhu sau:
11010'1'1011 0'00'0'
10011

010011
10011
0000010110
10011
0010100
10011
001110 S du l 1110
- 27 -
3.4 Thu tc lin kt d liu co ban
D truyn tin c d tin cy cao ta dng dich vu lin kt (Connection Oriented
Service).
V du my A gui s liu cho my B, khi tng 2 d duoc ni, s liu tu tng 3
my A chuyn xung tng 2 nho chuong trnh con FromNetworkLayer. Tng 2
b sung phn du thng tin diu khin v tnh co kim tra tng (FCS).
Khung t in (Frame) = au t in (Header)
Thng t in
(I nformat ion)
FCS
Khung tin duoc pht sang tng 2 my B nho chuong trnh con
ToPhysicalLayer.
My B doi tin bng chuong trnh con Procedure CallWait(Event). Khi khung
tin toi bn nhn, my B tnh co kim tra tng, nu khng dng co s bo event =
CKsumErr, nu khung tin dng n bo event=FrameArrival v thu nhn khung tin
tu tng Vt l nho chuong trnh con FromPhysicalLayer.
Sau d du tin chua cc thng tin diu khin (header) s duoc kim tra v nu
tt ca du dng ca, phn s liu duoc chuyn ln tng 3 nho chuong trnh con
ToNetworkLayer.
Giao thuc don cng voi knh khng li v khng cho : Trong giao thuc ny
do tin chi truyn theo mt huong, duong knh khng c li nn s liu lun
sn sng khng phai cho.
Giao thuc don cng voi knh khng li v phai doi : Bn thu b nho han ch
v tc d vt l huu han, do d bn pht phai cho.
V t r bi t 1
15
13
11
9
7
Gi t r nh phn
1111
1101
1011
1001
0111
1101
Nu bn t i n nhn -c l :
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
0
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
bit error
Vj t r bi t 1
15
13
9
7
4
3
Gi t rj nhj phn
1111
1101
1001
0111
0100
0011
1011 (11)
V t r sai bit 11
-> Tp m c c bit kim t ra Hamming: 0100
T m Hamming: 101010101001100
- 28 -
3.4.1 Giao thc don cng vi knh c li
Bn nhan
Khi no duong knh c li, bn nhn s chi gui tn hiu bin nhn nu gi tin
nhn duoc l dng, nu gi tin nhn duoc l sai th s bi bo di. Qu thoi han qui
dinh, bn pht s gui lai gi tin. Qu trnh ny lp lai cho dn khi nhn duoc gi tin
dng. Trong truong hop ny, tng 3 o my B khng bit duoc gi tin bi mt hay
nhn hai ln, tng 2 phai nhn bit duoc diu ny.
C th xay ra cc truong hop :
- Tng 3 o my A gui gi tin X xung tng 2 cua n v pht di.
- My B nhn duoc v tra loi bng tn hiu bin nhn ACK.
- Tn hiu bin nhn bi mt trn duong di.
- Qu thoi gian qui dinh m my A khng nhn duoc tn hiu bin nhn, n s
pht lai gi tin X. Dn dn my B nhn duoc hai gi tin X
D giai quyt vn d ny nguoi ta dnh du gi tin gui di v bn nhn gui tn
hiu cho bit d nhn gi tin s my.
Bn pht
Bn pht sau khi pht gi tin, c 3 kha nng xay ra: nhn duoc tn hiu bin
nhn dng, tn hiu bin nhn bi mt hoc qu thoi gian m chua nhn duoc tra loi.
Nu tn hiu bin nhn dng, my A nhn tip gi tin tu tng mang dt vo vng
dm (buffer), xo gi tin truoc, tng s thu tu gi tin pht. Nu tn hiu bin nhn bi
mt hoc d qu thoi gian m chua nhn duoc th pht lai gi tin voi s thu tu gi
tin khng thay di.
Bn nhn nu nhn dng gi tin th tip nhn v chuyn dn tng mang v
pht tn hiu bin nhn. Nu gi tin sai hoc nhn 2 ln th khng duoc chuyn ln
tng mang.
3.5 Diu khin dng truyn
D tn dung duong dy, cc tn hiu bin nhn (ACK ) duoc ghp cng voi
gi tin. Khi gi tin dn, thay cho vic tra loi ngay tn hiu bin nhn, bn thu nhn
tip gi tin tu tng mang d ghp cng cng tn hiu bin nhn v gui tra loi. K
thut ny duoc goi l Piggybacking (ghp thm).
Uu dim cua phuong php ny l tn dung duong knh. Nu qu thoi gian (vi
s) m khng c gi tin moi th bn thu cung phai tra loi tn hiu bin nhn d bn
pht khng phai pht lai gi tin cu.
- 29 -
D tn dung duong knh, bn pht v bn thu phai dng b d bn thu kip
nhn cc gi tin v bn pht cung khng lng ph duong truyn, nguoi ta dng co
ch cua s truot (sliding windows). Cua s mo to th s gi tin dua ln duong knh
nhiu hon(tc d nhanh), cua s mo b th s gi tin dua ln duong knh t lai (tc
d chm lai). Tuong tu nhu cua chn dp nuoc.
3.5.1 Co ch cua s
Nguoi ta dng s bit d dc trung cho d rng cuc dai cua cua s. Trong thu
tuc ny, mi gi tin di s duoc dnh s tu 0 dn Max (Max l 2
n
- 1) thng qua mt
dy gm cc s 0, 1. Chng han cua s 3 bit s quan l cc gi tin c s tu 0 7. Ta
c th dng n tuy .
Danh sch cc gi tin gui di giu trong cua s pht. Danh sch cc gi tin nhn
duoc giu trong cua s nhn. Cua s pht v nhn khng bt buc phai c kch
thuoc, gioi han trn v duoi ging nhau.
Mc du thu tuc ny cho php tng lin kt du liu linh hoat hon v thu tu goi,
nhn goi tin nhung n yu cu phai dam bao tng mang dch o bn nhn c cng
thu tu voi tng mang ngun o bn gui.
Cua so bn pht
Trong cua s bn pht dt cc gi tin gui di nhung chua nhn duoc tn hiu
bin nhn. Khi nhn duoc gi tin moi dn tu tng mang d pht di, bin trn cua s
tng 1, v khi c tn hiu bin nhn, bin duoi cua cua s tng 1. Bn pht lun giu
trong b nho cc gi tin d pht di nhung chua nhn duoc tn hiu bin nhn v c
th pht lai. Nhu vy nu Max bng n th bn pht cn n vng dm d giu cc gi
tin d pht di nhung chua nhn duoc tra loi. Nu cua s d toi Max th tng lin kt
du liu bn pht ngung nhn tin tu tng 3 cho dn khi c b dm tu do.
Cua so bn nhan
Cua s bn nhn chua cc gi tin duoc chuyn dn. Khi gi tin c s thu tu
trng voi bin duoi cua cua s duoc nhn, cua s chuyn tin ln tng ba, pht tn
hiu bin nhn v quay mt don vi. Khng nhu cua bn pht, cua s bn nhn lun
duy tr cng mt kch thuoc. Khi kch thuoc cua s = 1, tng 2 nhn gi tin theo
thu tu. Nhung nu kch thuoc cua s lon hon th khng phai nhu vy.
- 30 -
Hoat dng cua cua s c kich thuoc l 3 bit voi d truot 1 bit nhu sau :
Hnh 3-2. diu khin dng truyn theo co ch cua s.
3.5.2 Trao di ban tin vi cua s 1 bit
Ban tin gn c gi tin voi phn diu khin (Header). Phn diu khin gm c
s gi tin, s thu tu pht seq, s gi tin, s thu tu nhn l ack.
Trong truong hop bnh thuong my A gui truoc nhu sau :
A gui (0,1, A
0
)
B nhan (0,1,A
0
)*
B gui (0,0, B
0
)
A nhan (0,0, B
0
)
A gui (1,0, A
1
)
B nhan (0,1,A
1
)*
B gui (1,1, B
1
)
A nhan (1,1, B
1
)
A gui (0,1, A
2
)
B nhan (0,1,A
2
)*
B gui (0,0, B
2
)
A nhan (0,0, B
2
)
A gui (1,0, A
3
)
B nhan (1,0,A
3
)*
B gui (0,0, B
3
)
A nhan (1,1, B
3
)
A gui (0,1, A
4
)
B nhan (0,1,A
4
)*
B gui (0,0, B
4
)
Hnh 3-3. Trao di ban tin voi cua s 1 bit bnh thuong.
Ca s
pht
Ca s
t hu
(a) Bat dau (b) Gi gi t in Au t in (c) Nhan t in v t ra loi ACK (d) Nhan A C K
- 31 -
Trong truong hop bt thuong my A v B cng gui nhu sau :
A gui (0,1, A
0
)
B gui (0,1, B
0
)
B nhan (0,1,A
0
)*
B gui (0,0, B
0
)
A nhan (0,1, B
0
)*
A gui (0,0, A
1
)
B nhan (0,0,A
0
)*
B gui (1,0, B
1
)
A nhan (0,0, B
0
)
A gui (1,0, A
1
)
B nhan (1,0,A
1
)*
B gui (1,1, B
1
)
A nhan (1,0, B
1
)
A gui (1,1, A
1
)
B nhan (1,1,A
1
)*
B gui (0,1, B
2
)
A nhan (1,1, B
1
)
A gui (0,1, A
2
)
B nhn (0,1,A
2
)*
B gi (0,0,B
2
)
Hnh 3-4. Trao di ban tin voi cua s 1 bit bt thuong.
My A o tng 2 nhn gi tin o tng 3, tao ban tin v gui di. Khi ban tin ny
dn tng 2 my B, n s duoc kim tra xem c bi lp lai khng. Nu dng l ban tin
dang mong doi th n duoc chuyn ln tng 3 v cua s nhn dich di 1 nc.
Vng tn hiu bin nhn chua s ban tin cui cng d duoc nhn m khng c
li. Nu s ny trng voi s ban tin vua gui. Bn pht s ly ban tin tip theo tu
tng mang. Nu s khng dng n phai gui lai ban tin cu.
3.5.3 Vn chuyn lin tc
Thuc t cho ta thy thoi gian tu lc pht gi tin dn lc nhn tra loi bin nhn
ACK l khng dng k. Khi d, nu duong knh v tinh c tc d 50Kbp/s voi tr
lan truyn 500 ms, ta dng thu tuc diu khin dng truyn gui gi tin l 1000 bit qua
v tinh. Thoi gian pht gi tin l 20ms, vy sau 520ms moi nhn duoc tn hiu bin
nhn tra loi. Nhu vy bn pht phai cho dn 96% thoi gian (500/520), chi c 4% d
rng bng duoc dng dn.
D nng cao hiu sut duong truyn ta khng cho tn hiu bin nhn m cu
pht tip. V du, voi thoi gian pht 20ms cho mt gi tin, ta s gui lin tuc 26 gi
tin. Nhu th khi gui ht 26 gi tin th mt khoang thoi gian l 520 ms, dng lc tn
hiu bin nhn cho gi tin 0 cung vua dn. K thut ny goi l Pipe-Lining (vn
chuyn lin tuc).
Khi c gi tin o doan giua bi hong th lm th no ?, c bo nhung gi tin dng
di tip sau n khng?. C hai phuong php nhu sau :
- 32 -
- Pht lai tt ca cc gi tin k tu gi tin hong (go back n)
- Pht lai chi ring gi tin bi hong, cn goi l pht c chon loc .
- Pht lai tu gi tin hong
Trong truong hop ny, bn thu huy bo cc gi tin tip theo gi tin bi hong.
Bn pht pht lai tt ca cc gi tin chua duoc bin nhn bt du tu gi tin bi hong.
Phuong php ny lng ph duong truyn v phai pht lai nhiu gi tin.
Hnh 3-5. Co ch vn chuyn lin tuc.
3.5.3.1 Pht li c chn lc
Hnh 3-6. Co ch pht ban tin c chon loc.
Trong phuong php ny, cc gi tin nhn duoc c th khng theo thu tu nhung
s duoc sp xp lai d chuyn ln tng mang theo dng thu tu. Khi c gi tin bi li,
bn thu tip tuc thu cc gi tin dng sau gi tin hong o tng 2. Bn pht chi pht lai
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 E D D D D D D 0 1
ACK
0
ACK
1
ACK
2
ACK
3
ACK
4
..
ACK
8
Li
Nhung gi t in bi hu bi
tang lin kt du liu
Qu t hoi gian
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 D D D 0 1 E 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1
ACK
0
ACK
1
ACK
8
Li
Nhung gi t in duoc luu vo vng
dm bi t ang lin kt du liu
Qu t hoi gian
Ban t in 2-8 duoc chuyn ln
tang mang
Qu t hoi gian
Qu t hoi gian
D
- 33 -
gi tin hong. Phuong php ny ung voi cua s bn thu lon hon 1 v di hoi b nho
lon d giu cc gi tin sau gi tin hong.
3.6 Cc giao thc cua tng Lin kt d liu
Tng LKDL cung cp cc phuong tin d truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l
dam bao tin cy thng qua cc co ch dng b ha, kim sot li v kim sot lung
du liu. Cc giao thuc duoc xy dung cho tng LKDL (DLP - Data Link Protocol)
duoc phn thnh hai loai :
1. Giao thuc di b (asynchronous DLP) : Cho php mt k tu du liu duoc
truyn di bt ky lc no m khng cn quan tm dn cc tnh hiu dng
b truoc d.
2. Giao thuc dng b (synchronous DLP) : Chn cc k tu diu khin hoc
cc co giua cc du liu cua nguoi su dung d bo cho bn nhn. C hai
nhm giao thuc dng b :
a. Dng b huong k tu (character -oriented)
b. Dng b huong bit (bit - oriented)
Cc h thng truyn thng di hoi hai muc dng b ha :
Muc vt l : d giu dng b giua cc dng h nguoi gui v nguoi nhn
Muc LKDL : d phn bit du liu cua nguoi su dung voi cc 'co'v cc vng
thng tin diu khin khc
Sau dy ta xt hai loai giao thuc dng b l giao thuc truyn tin dng b nhi
phn BSC (Binary Synchronous Control) v giao thuc diu khin lin kt du liu
muc cao HDLC (Highlevel Data Link Control).
3.6.1 Giao thc BSC
Dy l giao thuc huong k tu (COP - Character Oriented Protocol) duoc xy
dung dua trn cc k tu dc bit cua mt b m chun no d (nhu ASCII hoc
EBCDIC) hoat dng theo phuong thuc hai chiu lun phin.
3.6.1.1 Tp k t diu khin
ENQ (05): Enquire - Yu cau t ra loi t u mt t ram xa
ACK (06): Acknowledgement - Thng bo t ip nhan t t t hng t in
NAK (15): Negat ive ACK - Thng bo t ip nhan khng t t t hng t in
STX (02): St art of t ext - Kt t hc phan Header v bat dau phan du liu
ETX (03): End of t ext - Kt t hc phan du liu
ETB (17): End of t ransmission block - Kt t hc doan t in (khi du liu)
- 34 -
SOH (01): St art of heading - Bat dau phan header cua ban t in
EOT (04): End of t ransmission - Kt t hc qu t rnh t ruyn t in v giai phng lin kt
DLE (10): Dat a Link Escape - t hay di nghia cua cc k t u diu khin t ruyn t in khc
SYN (16): Synchronous - K t u dng b ban t in dng d duy t r dng b giua 2 bn
3.6.1.2 Khun dng tng qut ban tin cua giao thc BSC
SYN SYN SOH Header STX
TI N
S k t u (d rng 5-8 bit )
ETX/ ETB CRC
Noi nhan Number Seq Cont rol Bin nhan
D thng sut ban tin, c th dng thm cc byte dm :
SYN SYN DLE DLE DLE ETX/ ETB CRC
Khi pht nu k tu pht trng voi DLE th ta chn thm DLE. Khi thu, DLE
chn thm s duoc khu bo.
V du v thu tuc BCS
A B
Yu cu ni SYN ENQ
SYN ACK Tr li ni
Chuyn s liu DLE STX ... DLE ETX
SYN ACK Tr li nhn
Yu cu tch SYN EOT
3.6.2 Giao thc HDLC
HDLC l giao thuc huong bit (Bit Oriented Protocol - BOP) c cc phn tu
cua giao thuc (don vi du liu, thu tuc) duoc xy dung tu cc cu trc nhi phn (xu
bit) v khi nhn du liu s duoc tip nhn ln luot tung bit mt.
Dy l giao thuc c vi tr quan trong nht, duoc ISO pht trin d su dung
trong ca hai truong hop : dim - dim v nhiu dim, cho php truyn thng hai
chiu dng thoi.
3.6.2.1 Khun dng tng qut ban tin cua giao thc HDLC
<--- Huong truyn
8 bit s 8 bit s 128-1024 byt es
Flag HEADER I NFORMATI ON FCS Flag
01111110 Address Cont rol S cc bit (16 bit ) 01111110
- 35 -
Trong d :
Flag (01111110): l co dng d nhn bit dim bt du v kt thc ban tin.
D trnh su xut hin cua m co trong ni dung cua ban tin, nguoi ta ci dt
co ch 'cung' c cc chuc nng sau :
- Khi truyn tin cu sau nm bit 1 lin tip th thm mt bit 0 d khng nhm voi
Flag : 01101111111110010
011011111011110010
bit chn thm (khi thu th bit ny se duoc khu bo)
- Khi nhn tin, nu pht hin c bit 0 sau 5 bit 1 lin tip th tu dng loai bo bt
0 d di.
Address : vng chua dia chi tram dch cua khung tin.
Information : vng ghi thng tin truyn di, c kch thuoc khng xc dinh.
FCS (Frame Check Sequence) : vng d ghi m kim sot li (checksum)
cho ni dung khung tin, dng phuong php CRC voi da thuc sinh l CRC-
CCITT = x
16
+ x
12
+ x
5
+ 1
Control : vng dinh danh cho cc loai khung tin khc nhau cua HDLC, c ba
dang nhu sau :
Dang I : hiu luc truyn tin tuc - Information
Dang S : hiu luc diu hnh su ni - Supervisor
Dang N : chuc nng phu cua diu hnh ni Unnumbered
3.6.2.2 Phuong thc trao di thng tin
Giao thuc HDLC c 3 phuong thuc trao di thng tin chnh, ung voi mi
phuong thuc c cc giao thuc khung tin tuong ung l SNRM, SARM hoc SABM :
Phuong thuc tra loi chuan SNRM (Set Normal Response Mode): Duoc su
dung trong truong hop cu hnh khng cn bng, c mt tram diu khin
chung (master), cc tram cn lai (slave) chi c th truyn tin khi tram chu
cho php.
Phuong thuc tra loi di bo SARM (Set Asynchronous Response Mode): Cung
duoc su dung trong truong hop cu hnh khng cn bng nhu truong hop
trn, nhung cc tram slave duoc php truyn tin m khng cn su cho php
cua tram master. Phuong thuc ny duoc su dung trong truong hop dim-
dim voi lin kt 2 chiu, cho php tram slave gui cc gi tin (frame) khng
dng b voi tram master.
- 36 -
Phuong thuc tra loi di bo cn bng SABM (Set Asynchronous Balanced
Mode) : Su dung trong truong hop dim-dim, lin kt 2 chiu. Trong d cc
tram du c vai tr tuong duong.
3.6.2.3 Cc giao thc dn xut cua HDLC
- LAP (Link Access Procedure) : tuong ung voi phuong thuc tra loi di b
(ARM).
- LAPB (Link Access Protocol-Balanced) : tuong ung voi phuong thuc tra loi di
b cn bng (ABM), duoc dng hu ht trong cc mang truyn du liu cng
cng X25.
- LAP-D (Link Access Procedure, D Channel ) : Duoc xy dung tu LAP-B v
duoc dng nhu giao thuc lin kt du liu cho cc mang ISDN
- SDLC, ADCCP
3.6.2.4 So snh BOP v COP
- BOP nhn ln luot tung bit mt, do d mm deo, d dng tuong thch voi cc
h khc nhau.
- BOP c overhead (phu tri) ngn, s bt b sung v s tn hiu diu khin t do
d c tc d cao.
- Thu tuc diu khin trn bit nhi phn dam bao khng phu thuc m dng. Cch
giai quyt ny mm deo v cho php giai quyt v s yu cu khc.
- Thu tuc HDLC duoc coi l chun quc t v s thng tri trong thoi gian toi, n
thch ung voi cc h thng phuc tap. Di voi cc thit bi t phuc tap c th
dng HDLC don gian ho d dam bao su tuong thch voi HDLC v su pht
trin mo rng h thng sau ny.
BI TAP
1. Tm hiu thm v chun giao tip RC232 v cc chun khc duoc
pht tin tu chun ny.
2. Tm hiu cc chun mo rng cua giao thuc HDLC.
-
- 37 -
Chuong 4 MANG CJC B
Mang cuc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc d cao duoc thit k d kt ni cc
my tnh v cc thit bi xu l du liu khc cng hoat dng voi nhau trong mt khu
vuc dia l nho nhu o mt tng cua to nh, hoc trong mt to nh.... (100m dn vi
km), c tc d truyn du liu cao (c th toi 100Mbps), ty l sai s du liu nho (10
-8
->10
-11
). Mt s mang LAN c th kt ni lai voi nhau trong mt khu lm vic.
Mang LAN thuong bao gm mt hoc mt s my chu (file server, host), cn
goi l my phuc vu) v mt s my tnh khc goi l tram lm vic (Workstations,
Client) hoc cn goi l nt mang (Network Node) - mt hoc mt s my tnh cng
ni vo mt thit bi nt.
4.1 Cc cu hnh cua mng LAN
Cu hnh (topology) cua mang l cu trc hnh hoc khng gian m thuc cht l
cch b tr phn tu cua mang cung nhu cch ni giua chng voi nhau. Thng
thuong mang c 3 dang cu trc l: Mang dang hnh sao (Star Topology), mang
dang vng (Ring Topology) v mang dang tuyn (Linear Bus Topology). Ngoi 3
dang cu hnh k trn cn c mt s dang khc bin tuong tu 3 dang ny nhu mang
dang cy, mang dang hnh sao - vng, mang hn hop,v.v....
4.1.1 Mng dng hnh sao (Star Topology)
Mang dang hnh sao bao gm mt trung tm v cc nt thng tin. Cc nt
thng tin l cc tram du cui, cc my tnh v cc thit bi khc cua mang. Trung
tm cua mang diu phi moi hoat dng trong mang voi cc chuc nng co ban l:
- Xc dinh cp dia chi gui v nhn duoc php chim tuyn thng tin v lin lac
voi nhau.
- Cho php theo di v xu l sai trong qu trnh trao di thng tin.
- Thng bo cc trang thi cua mang...
Uu dim :
- Hoat dng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c mt thit bi no d o mt
nt thng tin bi hong th mang vn hoat dng bnh thuong.
- Cu trc mang don gian v cc thut ton diu khin n dinh.
- Mang c th mo rng hoc thu hep tuy theo yu cu cua nguoi su dung.
Nhuoc dim:
- Kha nng mo rng mang hon ton phu thuc vo kha nng cua trung tm.
Khi trung tm c su c th ton mang ngung hoat dng.
- 38 -
- Mang yu cu ni dc lp ring r tung thit bi o cc nt thng tin dn trung
tm. Khoang cch tu my dn trung tm rt han ch (100 m).
Nhn chung, mang dang hnh sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b tp
trung (HUB) bng cp xon, giai php ny cho php ni truc tip my tnh voi HUB
khng cn thng qua truc BUS, trnh duoc cc yu t gy tc nghn mang. Gn
dy, cng voi su pht trin switching hub, m hnh ny ngy cng tro nn ph bin
v chim da s cc mang moi lp.
4.1.2 Mng hnh tuyn (Bus Topology)
Theo cch b tr hnh lang cc duong nhu hnh v th my chu (host) cung
nhu tt ca cc my tnh khc (workstation) hoc cc nt (node) du duoc ni v voi
nhau trn mt truc duong dy cp chnh d chuyn tai tn hiu.
Tt ca cc nt du su dung chung duong dy cp chnh ny. Pha hai du dy
cp duoc bit boi mt thit bi goi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v gi du liu (packet)
khi di chuyn ln hoc xung trong dy cp du mang theo dia chi cua noi dn.
Loai hnh mang ny dng dy cp t nht, d lp dt. Tuy vy cung c nhung
bt loi d l s c su n tc giao thng khi di chuyn du liu voi luu luong lon v
khi c su hong hc o doan no d th rt kh pht hin, mt su ngung trn duong
dy d sua chua s ngung ton b h thng.
4.1.3 Mng dng vng (Ring Topology)
Mang duoc b tr theo dang vng trn, duong dy cp duoc thit k lm thnh
mt vng khp kn, tn hiu chay quanh theo mt chiu no d. Cc nt truyn tn
hiu cho nhau mi thoi dim chi duoc mt nt m thi. Du liu truyn di phai c
km theo dia chi cu th cua mi tram tip nhn.
Mang Token Ring c th chay o tc d 4Mbps hoc 16Mbps. Phuong php
truy cp dng trong mang Token Ring goi l Token passing. Token passing l
phuong php truy nhp xc dinh, trong d cc xung dt duoc ngn ngua bng cch
o mi thoi dim chi mt tram c th duoc truyn tn hiu. Diu ny duoc thuc hin
bng vic truyn mt b tn hiu dc bit goi l Token (m thng bo) xoay vng tu
tram ny qua tram khc. Mt tram chi c th gui di b du liu khi n nhn duoc
Token, khi d n s chim duoc quyn uu tin hoat dng trn mang.
Mang dang vng c thun loi l c th noi rng ra xa, tng duong dy cn
thit t hon so voi hai kiu trn. Nhuoc dim l duong dy phai khp kn, nu bi
ngt o mt noi no d th ton b h thng cung bi ngung.
- 39 -
4.1.4 Mng dng kt hp
4.1.4.1 Kt hp hnh sao v tuyn (star/Bus Topology)
Cu hnh mang dang ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) giu vai tr thit bi
trung tm, h thng dy cp mang c th chon hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus
Topology.
Uu dim cua cu hnh ny l mang c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic o cch xa
nhau, ARCNET l mang dang kt hop Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dang ny dua
lai su uyn chuyn trong vic b tr duong dy tuong thch d dng di voi bt cu
to nh no.
4.1.4.2 Kt hp hnh Sao v Vng (Star/Ring Topology)
Cu hnh dang kt hop Star/Ring Topology, c mt "the bi" (token) duoc
chuyn vng quanh mt ci HUB trung tm. Mi tram lm vic duoc ni voi HUB -
l cu ni giua cc tram lm vic v d tng khoang cch cn thit.
Mt hub thng thuong c nhiu cng ni voi nguoi su dung d gn my tnh
v cc thit bi ngoai vi. Mi cng h tro mt b kt ni dng cp dy xon
10BASET tu mi tram cua mang. Khi b tn hiu Ethernet duoc truyn tu mt tram
toi hub, n duoc lp lai trn khp cc cng khc cua hub. Cc hub thng minh c
th dinh dang, kim tra, cho php hoc khng cho php boi nguoi diu hnh mang
tu trung tm quan l hub. C ba loai hub:
Hub don (stand alone hub)
Hub modun (modular hub) : Modular hub rt ph bin cho cc h thng
mang v n c th d dng mo rng v lun c chuc nng quan l, modular
c tu 4 dn 14 khe cm, c th lp thm cc modun Ethernet 10BASET.
Hub phn tng (stackable hub) : thun tin cho nhung co quan mun du tu
ti thiu ban du nhung lai c k hoach pht trin LAN sau ny.
4.2 Cc giao thc diu khin truy nhp dung truyn
Giao thuc dng d dnh gi kha nng cua mt mang duoc phn chia boi cc
tram nhu th no. H s ny duoc quyt dinh chu yu boi hiu qua su dung mi
truong truy xut (medium access) cua giao thuc.
Moi knh phuong tin chi c th h tro mt ln tn hiu. Nu hai my tnh
truyn trn knh cng mt lc, cc tn hiu cua chng s gy nhiu cho nhau (v du
nhu hai nguoi cng ni mt lc). C hai phuong php diu khin vic truy nhp
phuong tin d khng xay ra su c gy nhiu : truy nhp ngu nhin v truy nhp c
diu khin.
- 40 -
Loai truy nhap ngau nhin
Tram c th truy nhp phuong tin truyn tuy theo mun, bt ky o thoi dim
ngu nhin no.
a. K thut truy cp ngu nhin di voi dang bus
- Phuong php da truy nhp su dung sng mang (CSMA - Carrier Sense
Multiple Access).
- Phuong php da truy nhp su dung sng mang voi pht hin xung dt
(CSMA/CD - with Collision Detection)
b. K thut truy cp ngu nhin di voi dang vng
- Phuong php chn thanh ghi (Register insertion)
- Phuong php vng c ngn (Slotted-ring)
Loai truy nhap c diu khin
Phuong php diu khin tranh chp thuong thch hop voi cc mang c su trao
di du liu khng lin tuc v tuong di t my tnh. Dy l dang thng dung trong
cu trc mang cuc b.
- K thut bus voi the bi (Token Bus) : dng cho cc mang LAN
- K thut vng voi the bi (Token Ring) : dng cho cc mang LAN
- K thut trnh xung dt : dng cho cc mang cuc b tc d cao.
4.2.1 Phuong php CSMA
Cn duoc goi l phuong php LBT (Listen Before Talk - Nghe truoc khi ni).
Mt tram c du liu cn truyn truoc ht phai 'nghe' xem phuong tin truyn ri hay
bn. Nu ri th bt du truyn tin, cn nu bn th thuc hin mt trong ba giai thut
sau :
Giai thut 'non-persistent' : Tram rt lui (khng kin tr) cho doi mt thoi
gian ngu nhin no d ri lai bt du 'nghe' duong truyn. Giai thut ny c
hiu qua trnh xung dt nhung c thoi gian cht.
Giai thut '1-persistent' : Tram tip tuc nghe dn khi phuong tin truyn ri
th tin hnh truyn du liu di (voi xc xut 1). Giai thut ny giam thoi gian
cht, xong nu c nhiu tram cng cho v tin hnh pht du liu cng mt
ln th s xay ra xung dt.
Giai thut 'p-persistent' : tram tip tuc nghe, dn khi phuong tin truyn ri
th tin hnh pht tin voi mt xc xut nht dinh no d (mi tram c gn
mt h s uu tin). Nguoc lai tram 'rt lui' trong mt thoi gian c dinh ri
- 41 -
truyn voi xc sut p hoc tip tuc cho doi voi xc xut 1-p. Giai thut ny
phuc tap nhung giam duoc ti da xung dt v thoi gian cht.
Phuong php CSMA chi 'nghe truoc khi ni', khng c kha nng pht hin
xung dt trong qu trnh truyn, dn dn lng ph duong truyn.
4.2.2 Phuong php CSMA/CD
Phuong php CSMA/CD c ngun gc tu h thng radio d pht trin o
truong dai hoc Hawai vo khoang nm 1970, goi l ALOHANET, cn duoc goi l
phuong php LWT (Listen While Talk - Nghe ca trong khi ni). Cc va cham lun
xay ra tai mt cp no d trn cc mang, voi s luong gia tng theo ti l thun khi
cc phin truyn gia tng.
Phuong php CSMA/CD ngoi cc chuc nng cua CSMA cn b sung cc
quy tc sau :
1. Khi dang truyn vn tip tuc nghe duong dy.
2. Nu pht hin c xung dt th ngung truyn v tip tuc goi sng mang
thm mt thoi gian nua d bao dam cc tram du c th nghe duoc su
kin xung dt.
3. Sau khi cho doi mt thoi gian ngu nhin th tram thu truyn lai bng
cch su dung cc phuong php cua CSMA.
Voi phuong php CSMA/CD thoi gian chim dung v ch duong truyn
giam xung bng thoi gian dng d pht hin mt dung d. CSMA/CD su dung ba
giai thut 'persistent' o trn. Trong d giai thut '1-persistent' duoc su dung trong
mang Ethernet, Mitrenet v duoc chon ca trong chun IEEE.802. Ngoi ra mi
chun LAN cn c thm cc co ch b sung.
4.2.3 Diu khin truy nhp bus vi the bi
Cc tram trn bus tao nn mt vng logic, duoc xc dinh vi tr theo mt dy
thu tu, trong d tram cui s tip lin ngay sau tram du tin. Mi tram duoc bit
dia chi cua cc tram k sau v k truoc n.
The bi dng cp pht quyn truy nhp, duoc luu chuyn trong vng logic.
Khi tram nhn duoc the bi th duoc trao quyn su dung phuong tin trong mt thoi
gian xc dinh d truyn du liu. Khi truyn xong hoc ht thoi han, tram s chuyn
the bi dn tram k tip trong vng logic. Cc tram khng su dung the bi vn c
mt trn bus nhung chng chi c th tra loi cho yu cu xc nhn (nu chng l dch
cua gi tin no d). Thu tu vt l cua tram trn bus l khng quan trong, dc lp voi
thu tu logic.
- 42 -
Hnh 4-1. Diu khin truy nhp bus voi the bi.
Cc chuc nng :
- Khoi tao vng logic : khi thit lp mang hoc khi vng logic bi gy.
- B sung tram vo vng logic (xem xt dinh ky) bng cch moi nt dung sau
nhp vng. Loai bo mt tram ra khoi vng logic bng cch ni tram truoc v
sau n voi nhau
- Quan l sai st : trng dia chi, gy vng (cc tram bi treo, roi vo trang thi
cho ln nhau), boi nt giu Token.
- Khi dang giu the m c tram khc nhn duoc gi tin th chung to nt khc d
c the, lc d n s bo the bng cch chuyn sang trang thi 'nghe'.
- Khi nt d hon thnh cng vic, n gui the dn nt dung sau, nu nt tip sau
hoat dng th n goi the chuyn sang trang thi bi dng. Nu nguoc lai, n gui
the cho nt k tip ln nua. Nu hai ln gui khng duoc th xem nhu nt k
tip hong v gui di gi tin "tm nt k tip" d tm nt tip theo.
- Nu khng thnh cng th nt bi xem l c su c. Nt ngung hoat dng v
'nghe' trn bus.
Dang ban tin cua mang Token bus
Bat dau
t in
iu khin gi
t in
ia chi
ngun
ia chi dch TI N FSC Kt t hc t in
1 byt e 1 byt e 2-6 byt es 2 - 6 byt es 4 byt es 1 byt e
Khung t in cuc dai 8191 byt es Tc d c t h l 1; 5; 10Mbps
So snh CSMA/CD v Token Bus
- Token bus quan l phuc tap hon so voi CSMA/CD. Trong truong hop tai nhe
th khng hiu qua bng CSMA/CD (do phai qua nhiu tram)
- Tuy nhin Token Bus c hiu qua trong truong hop tai nng, d diu ho luu
thng trn mang Token Bus. Khng quy dinh d di ti thiu cua gi tin,
khng cn nghe truoc khi ni.
A
t r= C
C
t r= B
B
t r= D
D
t r= A
t r = Tr-c
s = Sau
- 43 -
4.2.4 Diu khin truy nhp vng vi the bi
Dy l giao thuc thng dung duoc dng trong cc LAN c cu trc vng
(Ring). Phuong php ny su dung mt khi tn hiu dc bit goi l Token di chuyn
vng quanh mang theo mt chiu xc dinh. Mt tram mun truyn phai doi cho dn
khi nhn duoc the bi. Khi mt tram dang chim Token th n c th pht di mt
gi du liu. Khi d pht ht gi du liu cho php hoc khng cn g d pht nua th
tram d chuyn khung the bi dn cho tram k tip trn mang. Trong token c chua
mt dia chi dch v duoc lun chuyn toi cc tram theo mt trt tu d dinh truoc.
Di voi cu hnh mang dang xoay vng th trt tu cua su truyn token tuong duong
voi trt tu vt l cua cc tram xung quanh vng.
Cc chun mang su dung phuong php diu khin truy nhp the bi :
- Chun IEEE 802.5, cn goi l chun Token Ring.
- FDDI l chun soi quang 100 Mps su dung phuong php chuyn the bi v
vng trn.
Phuong php chuyn the bi thch hop trong cc diu kin nhu sau :
- Khi mang dang tai du liu quan trong v thoi gian do phuong php ny cung
cp kha nng bn giao.
- Khi mang duoc su dung nhiu, do trnh duoc xung dt.
- Khi mt vi tram c muc uu tin cao hon so voi cc tram khc. Phuong php
chuyn the bi c th p dung cc muc uu tin cho tram d ngn cm mt tram
bt ky khng duoc dc quyn v mang.
- Do the bi lun chuyn quanh mang nn mi tram c th truyn theo qung
thoi gian ti thiu.
Phuong php chuyn the bi di hoi co ch diu khin phuc tap v chi ph du
tu phn cung cao, nhung duoc thit k voi d tin cy cao. Tuy vy hin nay
Ethernet vn l chun LAN thng dung, chung to duoc uu dim cua phuong php
tranh chp khi su dung trn cc mang LAN.
Giao thuc truyn token c trt tu hon nhung cung phuc tap hon CSMA/CD, c
uu dim l vn hoat dng tt khi luu luong truyn thng lon. Giao thuc truyn
token tun thu dng su phn chia cua mi truong mang, hoat dng dua vo su xoay
vng toi cc tram. Vic truyn token s khng thuc hin duoc nu vic xoay vng
bi dut doan. Giao thuc phai chua cc thu tuc kim tra token d cho php khi phuc
lai token bi mt hoc thay th trang thi cua token v cung cp cc phuong tin d
sua di logic (thm vo, bot di hoc dinh lai trt tu cua cc tram).
Khung tin cuc dai l 16KB o ch d truyn 16Mbps v 4KB o ch d truyn 4Mps.
- 44 -
Dang ban tin voi mang Token Ring :
Bat
dau
t in
iu khin
t hm nhap
iu
khin gi
t in
ia chi
ngun
ia chi
dch
TI N FSC
Kt
t hc
gi t in
Trang
t hi gi
t in
1
byt e
1 byt e 2-6 byt es 2 - 6
byt es
2 - 6
byt es
4 byt es 1 byt e 1 byt e
4.2.4.1 Phuong php diu khin truy nhp d bo
D bo (polling) l mt phuong php diu khin truy cp su dung mt thit bi
trung tm d diu khin ton b vic truy cp mang. Dy l phuong php duoc su
dung ph dung nht trn cc mang my tnh lon.
Thit bi trung tm c tn l thit bi chnh s yu cu du liu tu cc thit bi
khc trn mang c tn l thit bi thu cp (secondaries). Sau khi duoc d bo, thit bi
thu cp c th truyn mt luong du liu duoc xc dinh boi cc giao thuc dng trn
mang. Mt thit bi thu cp khng th truyn tru phi n duoc thit bi chnh d bo.
Phuong php d bo c nhiu uu dim cua phuong php chuyn the bi nhu :
- Du don duoc cc ln truy cp dinh sn.
- Gn duoc cc muc uu tin, trnh duoc va cham.
So snh phuong php d bo v phuong php chuyn the bi : k thut d bo
tp trung ha quyn diu khin. Nhn duoi gc d quan l th dy l mt uu dim,
nhung nu co ch diu khin trung tm bi hong, mang s ngung hoat dng. Phuong
php chuyn the bi su dung cc chuc nng diu khin phn phi hon do d t bi
hong tp trung tai mt dim. Bn canh d, phuong php d bo di khi lng ph cc
luong bng thng lon do phai d bo tung thit bi thu cp, cho d cc thit bi khng
c g d truyn.
4.3 Chun ha mng cc b
Cc chun LAN l cc tiu chun cng ngh cho Lan duoc ph chun boi cc
t chuc chun ha quc t, nhm huong dn cc nh san xut thit bi mang di dn
su thng chung kha nng su dung chung cc san phm cua ho, v loi ch cua nguoi
su dung v tao diu kin thun loi cho cc nghin cuu pht trin.
Cc chun ny quy dinh mi truong truyn dn cung nhu cch thuc su dung
chng trong kt ni LAN; Cc giao thuc truyn thng o cc tng vt l v tng lin
kt du liu cua mang theo m hnh OSI.
Cc giao thuc truyn thng o cc tng trn cua m hnh OSIhin tai duoc xc
dinh qua mt s giao thuc ph bin nhu TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS,. . .
- 45 -
Uy ban IEEE pht trin tiu chun IEEE LAN v d xut phn chia hai tng
thp nht cua m hnh OSI nhu duoi dy.
Theo chun 802 th tng LKDL duoc chia thnh 2 tng con:
Tng con diu khin logic LLC (Logical Link Control Sublayer) : giu vai tr
t chuc du liu, t chuc thng tin d truyn v nhn. Thu tuc tng LLC
khng bi anh huong khi su dung cc duong truyn dn khc nhau, nho vy
m linh hoat hon trong khai thc.
Tng con diu khin xm nhp mang MAC (Media Access Control
Sublayer). lm nhim vu diu khin vic xm nhp mang.
Net work Chc n ng ha m ng
LLC (Logical Link
Cont rol)
802/ 2 (dang 1)
802/ 2 (dang 2)
802/ 2 (dang 3)
Khng kt ni khng bin nhan
C kt ni
Khng kt ni c bin nhn
Dat aLi nk
MAC (Media Access
Cont rol)
802/ 3 CSMA/ CD
802/ 4 Token bus
80254 Token ring
Physi cal Physical
Hnh 4-2. Cc tng con LLC v MAC.
Chun 802.2 o muc con LLC tuong duong voi chun HDLC cua ISO hoc
X.25 cua CCITT.
Chun 802.3 xc dinh phuong php thm nhp mang tuc thoi c kha nng pht
hin li chng cho thng tin CSMA/CD. Phuong php CSMA/CD duoc dua ra tu
nm 1993 nhm muc dch nng cao hiu qua mang. Theo chun ny cc muc duoc
ghp ni voi nhau thng qua cc b ghp ni.
Chun IEEE 802.3 dng cho mang Ethernet (su dung giao thuc truy nhp
CSMA/CD) bao gm ca 2 phin ban bng tn co ban v bng tn mo rng.
Chun IEEE 802.4 lin quan toi su sp xp tuyn token, thuc cht l phuong
php thm nhp mang theo kiu pht tn hiu thm d token qua cc tram v duong
truyn bus.
Chun IEEE 802.5 dng cho mang dang vng v trn co so dng tn hiu thm
d token. Mi tram khi nhn duoc tn hiu thm d token th tip nhn token v bt
du qu trnh truyn thng tin duoi dang cc frame. Cc frame c cu trc tuong tu
nhu cua chun 802.4. Phuong php xm nhp mang ny quy dinh nhiu muc uu tin
khc nhau cho ton mang v cho mi tram, vic quy dinh ny vua cho nguoi thit
k vua do nguoi su dung tu quy dinh.
- 46 -
Chun IEEE 802.11 dng cho mang khng dy (Wireless).
4.3.1 Chun Ethernet
Chun Ethernet duoc su dung ph bin nht, dn muc di khi duoc hiu
dng nghia voi LAN. Tuy nhin n d duoc xy dung v pht trin qua cc giai
doan voi cc tn goi l DIX standard Ethernet v IEE 802.3 standard. Chun
Ethernet do cc cng ty Xerox, Intel v Digital equipment xy dung v pht trin.
Ethernet LAN duoc xy dung theo chun 7 lop trong cu trc mang cua ISO, mang
truyn s liu Ethernet cho php dua vo mang cc loai my tnh khc nhau k ca
my tnh mini. Ethernet c cc dc tnh k thut chu yu sau dy:
- C cu trc dang tuyn phn doan, duong truyn dng cp dng truc, tn hiu
truyn trn mang duoc m ho theo kiu dng b (Manchester), tc d truyn
du liu l 10 Mb/s.
- Chiu di ti da cua mt doan cp tuyn l 500m, cc doan tuyn ny c th
duoc kt ni lai bng cch dng cc b chuyn tip v khoang cch lon nht
cho php giua 2 nt l 2,8 km.
- Su dung tn hiu bng tn co ban, truy xut tuyn (bus access) hoc tuyn
token (token bus), giao thuc l CSMA/CD, du liu chuyn di trong cc gi.
Gi tin dng trong mang c d di tu 64 dn 1518 byte.
Cu trc cua mang Ethernet : Mang Ethernet c cu trc dang bus nhu sau :
Hnh 4-3. Cu trc cua mang Ethernet.
S tram cuc dai trong mang l 1024, s luong segment cua mang gioi han nho
hon 5 segment, khoang cch ti da giua hai tram l 2,5km. Mang su dung cp dng
truc tc d 10Mps. Cu trc khung tin Ethernet c khun dang nhu sau :
Co ia chi dch
ia chi
ngun
Loai t in TI N CRC Co
6 byt es 6 byt es 2 byt es 46 - 1500 byt es 4 byt es
Tram lm vic
vi mach
repeat er
- 47 -
Chuong 5 TANG MANG
Tng mang dam bao truyn tin thng sut giua hai nt du cui trong mang.
Trn co so cu hnh cua mang, tng mang s kim tra so d kt ni (topology) cua
ton mang d quyt dinh duong di ti uu truyn gi du liu, trnh qu tai trn mt
duong truyn trong khi mt s duong truyn ri. Thuc hin ct/ hop du liu khi qua
mang v lin kt mang khi c nhiu mang ni voi nhau.
5.1 Cc vn d cua tng mng
5.1.1 D|nh d|a chi cho tng mng
Tng mang su dung cc kiu dia chi b sung sau :
1. Dia chi mang logic (Logical network addresses), dinh tuyn cc gi tin
theo cc mang cu th trn lin mang. Dng d dinh danh mt mang cu th
trn lin mang duoi dang mt ngun hay dch cua mt gi tin.
2. Dia chi dich vu (Service addresses), dinh tuyn cc gi tin theo cc tin
trnh cu th dang chay trn thit bi dch, dng dinh danh mt giao thuc
hay tin trnh trn my tnh l ngun hay dch cua mt gi tin.
3. Dia chi mang vt l (MAC) dinh danh mt thit bi cu th duoi dang mt
ngun hay dch cua mt khung.
ia chi vat l cua my tram :
Mi thit bi trn mt mang c mt dia chi vt l duy nht d giao tip voi cc
thit bi khc, cn goi l dia chi phn cung. Trn tt ca cc mang hin nay, mi dia
chi xut hin mt ln duy nht (nghia l mi thit bi chi c mt dia chi duy nht).
Di voi phn cung, dia chi thuong duoc m ho trong thit bi card mang (Network
Interface Card), c th duoc dt bng chuyn mach hoc bng phn mm. Trong m
hnh OSI th dia chi ny duoc dt o lop vt l.
D di cua dia chi vt l phu thuc vo tung mang, chng han voi mang
Ethernet v mt s mang khc th dng dia chi vt l di 48 bit. D trao di thng
tin th cn c dia chi cua noi goi, v dia chi cua noi nhn.
Hin nay IEEE dang dam nhim vic n dinh dia chi vt l tng th (universal
physical address) cho cc subnetwork. Di voi mi subnetwork, IEEE n dinh mt
phn dia chi dng nht di voi tt ca cc subnetwork goi l OUI (Organization
Unique Identifier) phn ny c d di l 24 bit, cho php IEEE n dinh phn dia chi
24 bit cn lai theo yu cu. (Trn thuc t, hai trong 24 bit dia chi OUI l cc bit diu
khin, do d 22 bit l d xc dinh subnetwork d. D d chi c khoang 2
22
dia chi
- 48 -
duoc dng, nu voi tc d pht trin nhu hin nay c th s thiu dia chi trong
tuong lai). Sau dy l cu tao cua dia chi OUI :
Hnh 5-1. Cu tao cua dia chi vt l AUI.
5.1.2 D|ch v cung cp cho tng giao vn
- Cc dich vu phai dc lp voi cng ngh duoc dng trong mang.
- Tng giao vn phai dc lp voi cng ngh duoc dng trong mang.
- Cc dia chi mang phai thng nht d tng giao vn c th dng ca mang LAN
v WAN.
C 2 loai dich vu :
- Dich vu truyn tin c lin kt (Connection riennted Service)
- Dich vu truyn tin khng lin kt (Connectionless Service)
Su khc nhau giua hai dich vu
Vn d D|ch v c lin kt D|ch v khng lin kt
Khoi dng knh Cn thit Khng
Dia chi dch Chi cn lc khoi dng Cn o moi gi tin
Thu tu gi tin Duoc dam bao Khng dam bao
Kim sot li o tng mang o tng giao vn
Diu khin thng luong o tng mang o tng giao vn
Thao thun tham s C Khng
Nhn dang lin kt C Khng
Cc hm co ban cua dich vu lin kt tng mang :
N-CONNECT. Request (callce, caller, acks want ed, exp want ed, qos, user dat a)
N-CONNECT. I ndicat ion (callce, caller, acks want ed, exp want ed, qos, user dat a)
N-CONNECT. Response (response acks want ed, exp want ed, qos, user dat a)
N-CONNECT. Confirmat ion (response acks want ed, exp want ed, qos, user dat a)
N-DI SCONNNECT. Request (originat or, reason, user dat a, responding address)
N-DI SCONNNECT. I ndicat ion (originat or, reason, user dat a, responding address)
N-DATA. Request (user dat a)
N-DATA. I ndicat ion (user dat a)
N-DATA-ACKNOWLEDGED. Request ()
N-DATA-ACKNOWLEDGED. I ndicat ion ()
N-EXPEDI TED-DATA. Request (user dat a)
N-EXPEDI TED-DATA. I ndicat ion (user dat a)
N-RESET. Request (originat or, reason)
0= I ndividual 0= Universal
1 bit 1 bit 22 bit 24 bit
I / G U/ L ia chi subnet work ia chi vat l cua khu vuc
- 49 -
N-RESET. I ndicat ion (originat or, reason)
N-RESET. Response()
N-RESET. Confim()
Cc hm co ban cua dich vu khng lin kt tng mang
N-UNI TDATA. Request (source address, dest inat ion address, qos, user_dat a)
N-UNI TDATA. I ndicat ion (source address, dest inat ion address, qos, user_dat a)
N-FACI LI TY. Request (qos)
N-FACI LI TY. I ndicat ion (dest inat ion address, qos, reason)
N-FACI LI TY. I ndicat ion (dest inat ion address, qos, reason)
Hm N_FACILITY.request cho php NSD dich vu mang bit ty l phn trm
gi tin dang duoc giao vn.
Hm N_REPORT.indication cho php tng mang thng bo lai cho NSD dich
vu mang.
5.1.3 T chc cc knh truyn tin trong tng mng
C hai loai knh truyn tin hoat dng trong mang :
5.1.3.1 Knh ao (virtual circuit)
Tuong duong knh din thoai trong tng vt l su dung trong mang c lin
kt. Knh ao duoc thit lp cho mi lin kt. Mt khi d duoc thit lp th cc gi
tin duoc chuyn di tuong tu trong mang din thoai cho dn khi lin kt bi huy bo.
- Mi nt mang chua mt knh ao, voi cua vo cho mt knh ao
- Khi mt lin kt duoc khoi dng, mt knh ao chua dng s duoc chon
- Nt chon knh ao chua duong dn dn tram tip theo v c s thp nht
Khi gi tin khoi dng dn nt dch, nt chon knh ao c s thp nht thay th
s trong gi tin v chuyn vo tram dch. S knh ao ni voi tram dch c th khc
s knh ao m tram ngun su dung.
5.1.3.2 Mng Datagram
Tuong duong voi din bo su dung trong mang khng lin kt. Trong mang
ny, khng c tuyn duong no duoc thit lp. Cc gi tin c th di theo nhiu
duong khc nhau m khng nht thit theo mt trnh tu xc dinh. Thng tin vo l
dia chi dch, thng tin ra l nt mang phai toi.
Mang Datagram phuc tap v diu khin nhung nu knh hong th d dng di
theo knh khc. Do d c th giai quyt duoc vn d tc nghn du liu.
Cc dc trung cua mang Datagram v mang knh ao
- 50 -
Vn d Mng datagram Mng knh ao
Khoi dong knh Khng Cn thit
ia chi (d/c) ho Gi tin phai c d/c ngun v d/c dch Gi tin chi cn s cua knh ao
Thng tin tm duong Khng cn bt cu thng tin no. Mi knh ao cn mt vng trong
bang
Tm duong Mi gi tin tm duong dc lp. Phai
tm duong mi khi c gi tin toi nt
mang.
Duoc thit lp khi khoi dng knh
ao moi. Lin kt s duoc duy tr
cho ca phin.
iu khin Chi mt gi tin o trong nt hong Knh ao di qua nt hong s bi huy
Hong nt Kh khc phuc D khc phuc hon
o phuc tap Trong tng giao vn Trong tng mang
Thch hop Cc dich vu lin kt v khng lin kt Cc dich vu lin kt
5.1.4 Tm dung di trong mng
Chuc nng quan trong nht cua tng mang l dn duong cho cc gi tin tu tram
ngun toi tram dch. Thut ton tm duong l qui trnh d quyt dinh chon duong ra
khoi nt mang nhm goi gi tin di tip toi nt khc.
Yu cu cua thut ton tm duong
- Chnh xc, n dinh, don gian v ti uu.
- Thut ton tm duong phai c kha nng cp nht lai cu hnh v duong vn
chuyn d khng phai khoi dng lai mang khi c mt nt hong hoc phai
ngung hoat dng cua cc my o tram.
Cc thut ton chia lm hai nhm chnh:
- Nhm khng thch nghi (non adaptive) : vic chon duong khng dua vo vic
dnh gi tnh trang giao thng v cu hnh trong thoi gian thuc.
- Nhm thch nghi (adaptive) : vic tm duong phai thch nghi voi tnh trang
giao thng hin tai.
So d mang duoc biu din duoi dang d thi, mi nt cua d thi l mt nt
mang, cung cua d thi biu din duong truyn ni giua hai nt. Vic chon duong
giua hai nt mang l tm duong ngn nht giua chng.
Mi cung duoc gn mt nhn cho bit thoi gian trung bnh phai doi v thoi gian
truyn mt gi tin chun. Thoi gian ny duoc thu mi gio hay mi ngy mt ln.
Duong ngn nht l duong c t buoc chuyn tip qua nt nht v c s do d di nho
nht, mt t thoi gian.
C nhiu thut ton d tm duong ngn nht giua 2 dim, v du nhu thut ton
Dijkstra (1959). Ta xy dung d thi cho cc nt mang v tm khoang cch giua cc
nt mang.
- 51 -
5.1.5 Tc nghn trong mng
Khi c qu nhiu gi tin trong mang hay mt phn cua mang lm cho hiu sut
cua mang giam di v cc nt mang khng cn du kha nng luu tru, xu l, gui di v
chng bt du bi mt cc gi tin. Hin tuong ny duoc goi l su tc nghn
(congestion) trong mang.
Hng doi s bi dy (phai luu tp tin, tao cc bang chon duong ...) nu kha nng
xu l cua nt yu hoc khi thng tin vo nhiu hon kha nng cua duong ra
iu khin dng d liu l xu l giao thng giua dim voi dim, giua tram thu
v pht. Trong khi d diu khin trnh tc nghn l mt vn d tng qut hon bao
gm vic tao ra hoat dng hop l cua cc my tnh cua cc nt mang, qu trnh luu
tru bn trong nt, diu khin tt ca cc yu t lm giam kha nng vn chuyn cua
ton mang.
Cc bin php ngn ngua
- B tr kha nng vn chuyn, luu tru, xu l cua mang du so voi yu cu.
- Huy bo cc gi tin bi tc nghn qu thoi han.
- Han ch s gi tin vo mang nho co ch cua s (flow control).
- Chn duong vo khi cua cc gi tin khi mang qu tai.
5.2 Kt ni lin mng
Nhu cu trao di thng tin v phn chia cc ti nguyn dng chung di hoi
hoat dng truyn thng khng chi o pham vi cuc b m o ca khun kh quc gia v
quc t. Tu d dn dn su ni kt cc mang vin thng tin hoc duoc dt o cc vi tr
dia l khc nhau v chiu su quan l cua cc t chuc hoc quc gia khc nhau.
Su ni kt mang (Networks Interconnection) ging nhu ghp ni mang don le
nhung phuc tap hon nhiu do tnh cht khng thun nht cua cc mang con duoc kt
ni. Chng c th c kin trc khc nhau bao gm cc my tnh nt mang. Duong
truyn khc nhau, chin luoc quan l khc nhau.
Nguoi ta thuong xem xt cc vn d sau d kt ni cc mang con lai voi nhau :
- Xem mi nt cua mang con nhu l mt h thng mo : mi nt mang con c
th truyn thng truc tip voi mt nt cua mang con khc bt ky. Nhu th yu
cu phai xy dung mt chun chung cho cc mang.
- Xem mi mang nhu l mt h thng mo : Hai nt thuc hai mang con khng
bt tay truc tip voi nhau m phai thng qua mt phn tu trung gian goi l
giao din kt noi (interconnection interface) dat giua hai mang con d.
- 52 -
Chuc nng cua giao din kt ni phu thuc vo su khc bit kin trc cua
mang con : su khc bit cng lon th chuc nng cua giao din cng phuc tap.
C th c cc kt ni mang nhu sau :
LAN-LAN : Ni cc mang cuc b.
LAN-WAN : Ni cc mang cuc b voi mang duong di.
WAN-WAN : Ni cc mang duong di
LAN-WAN- LAN : Ni mang duong di voi mang cuc b.
Nu my ngun v my dch khng o cng mt mang phai tm duong tu mang
ny sang mang khc. Nu tram ngun v dch khng o hai mang lin k th giai
quyt tm duong qua nhiu tram.
Cc mang khc nhau c cc giao thuc khc nhau, dn dn khc nhau v dang
khun cua gi tin, du gi tin, diu khin dng du liu v qui tc xc nhn.
Hnh 5-2. Kt ni lin mang.
5.2.1 Cc thit b| dng d kt ni lin mng
Vic kt ni cc LAN ring le thnh mt lin mang chung goi l
Internetworking, su dung cc thit bi kt ni thng dung nhu sau :
5.2.1.1 B lp
B lp (repeater) thuc hin chuc nng o tng vt l d khuych dai tn hiu khi
tn hiu truyn di xa. B lp duoc su dung d kt ni cc doan mang lai voi nhau.
B lp nhn tn hiu tu mt doan mang, ti tao v truyn tn hiu ny dn doan
mang khc. Nho c b lp m tn hiu bi suy yu do phai truyn qua mt doan cp
di c th tro lai dang ban du v truyn di duoc xa hon.
SNA
8025
X.25 8025 B
B
G G
G
G
.
- 53 -
Applicat ion Layer Applicat ion Layer
Present aion Layer Present aion Layer
Session Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Net work Layer Net work Layer
Dat a Link Layer Dat a Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer
Hnh 5-3. So d kin trc cua Repeater trong m hnh OSI.
B loc khng c kha nng xu l luu luong. Tt cc tn hiu din, bao gm ca
nhiu din tu v cc li khc cung duoc lp v khuch dai. D b lp hoat dng, ca
hai doan mang ni toi b lp phai su dung cng mt phuong thuc truy nhp duong
truyn. V du: b lp khng th ni mt doan mang su dung phuong thuc
CSMA/CD v mt doan mang su dung phuong thuc chuyn the bi.
B lp c th di chuyn gi du liu tu phuong tin truyn dn ny sang
phuong tin truyn dn khc. V du c th nhn gi du liu tu mt doan mang dng
cp dng truc v chuyn gi d sang doan mang su dung cp quang.
5.2.1.2 Hub
HUB l mt thit bi lin kt mang duoc su dung rng ri. HUB cn l thnh
phn trung tm trong cu trc mang hnh sao (Star). Mang Star su dung su phn
chia tn hiu trong HUB d dua cc tn hiu ra cc duong cp khc nhau. Do vy, c
3 loai HUB c th su dung trong mang l: HUB chu dng, HUB thu dng v HUB
lai.
HUB chu dng: Hu ht cc HUB du l HUB chu dng, chng ti tao v
truyn lai tn hiu ging nhu b lp. HUB thuong c nhiu cng nn thinh
thoang chng cn duoc goi l b lp da cng. HUB chu dng dua ra cc tn
hiu manh hon do d cho php doan cp di hon.
Hnh 5-4. Thit bi kt ni mang HUB.
End Node End Node Repeat er
Net work A Net work B
- 54 -
HUB thu dong: Cc HUB thu dng hoat dng nhu cc dim kt ni, chng
khng ti tao hoc khuch dai tn hiu.
HUB lai: Cc HUB thch ung voi nhiu loai cp khc nhau duoc goi l HUB
lai.
5.2.1.3 Cu ni (Bridge)
Cu ni l mt thit bi hoat dng o tng lin kt du liu. Dng d ni hai hoc
nhiu doan (segment) cua mang LAN khc nhau.
Hnh 5-5. Cu ni.
Chuc nng cua cu ni :
- Mo rng khoang cch cua phn doan mang, tng s luong my tnh trn mang.
- Loc nhung gi du liu d gui di (hay khng gui) cho doan ni, hoc gui tra lai
noi xut pht.
- Phn chia mt mang lon thnh hai mang nho nhm c lp luu luong, tng tc
d mang. Nu luu luong tu mt nhm my tnh tro nn qu tai v lm giam
hiu sut ton mang th cu ni c th c lp my tnh hoc b phn ny.
- Lm giam hin tuong tc nghn do s luong my tnh ni vo mang qua lon :
Cu ni c th tip nhn mt mang qu tai v chia n thnh hai mang ring
bit, nhm giam bot luu luong truyn trn mi doan mang v do d mi mang
s hoat dng hiu qua hon.
- Kt ni cc phuong tin truyn dn khc nhau, nhu cp xon di v cp
quang.
- Kt ni cc doan mang su dung phuong thuc truy nhp duong truyn khc
nhau, chng han CSMA/CD v chuyn the bi.
Nguyn l hoat dng
- Cu ni khng phn bit giua giao thuc ny voi giao thuc khc, chi c nhim
vu chuyn luu luong cua tt ca cc giao thuc doc theo mang. V giao thuc no
cung di chuyn ngang qua cu ni, nn tuy thuc vo tung my tnh quyt
dinh chng c th nhn din duoc giao thuc no.
- 55 -
- Cu ni hoat dng trn nguyn tc mi nt mang c mt dia chi ring. Cu ni
chuyn gi du liu du trn dia chi cua nt dch (dia chi MAC). Khi du liu
truyn qua cu ni, thng tin dia chi cua my tnh duoc luu trong RAM cua
cu ni dng d xy dung bang dia chi dua trn dia chi ngun cua gi tin.
Giao din Bridge chi chua tng 1 v tng con MAC, c chuc nng chuyn di
khun dang cua cc don vi du liu (frame) cua cc giao thuc khc nhau v gui
chng toi cc mang cuc b dch c km theo phi hop tc d.
Applicat ion Layer Applicat ion Layer
Present aion
Layer
Present aion
Layer
Session Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Net work Layer Relay Net work Layer
Dat a Link Layer MAC Layer MAC Layer Dat a Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer
Hnh 5-6. So d kin trc cua Bridge trong m hnh OSI.
V du mt Bridge ni giua IEEE 820.3 v IEEE 820.5. Cu ni ny c hai card
mang: card Token Ring v card Ethermet d giao tip voi hai mang.
5.2.1.4 B dn dung (router)
Trong mi truong gm nhiu doan mang voi giao thuc v kin trc mang khc
nhau, cu ni khng th dam bao truyn thng nhanh trong tt ca cc doan mang.
Mang c d phuc tap nhu vy cn mt thit bi khng nhung bit dia chi cua mi
doan mang, m cn quyt dinh tuyn duong tt nht d truyn du liu v loc luu
luong quang b trn cc doan mang cuc b. Thit bi nhu vy duoc goi l b dinh
tuyn.
Hnh 5-7. B dinh tuyn.
End Node End Node Bridge
Net work A Net work B
- 56 -
Chuc nng cua b dinh tuyn :
- Chuyn di v dinh tuyn gi du liu qua nhiu mang dua trn dia chi phn
lop cua mang, cung cp cc dich vu nhu bao mt, quan l luu thng...
- Phn chia mt mang lon thnh nhiu mang nho, v c th kt ni nhiu doan
mang voi nhau.
- Loc gi tin v c lp luu luong mang : hoat dng nhu mt ro can an ton giua
cc doan mang ( do c th loc du liu).
- Ngn chn tnh trang quang b v chng khng chuyn tip cc gi tin quang
b, cai thin vic phn pht gi du liu.
- Cc b dinh tuyn c th chia s thng tin trang thi v thng tin dinh tuyn
voi nhau v su dung thng tin ny d bo qua cc kt ni hong hoc chm.
Nguyn l hoat dng :
Trong b dinh tuyn c mt bang dinh tuyn chua cc dia chi mang. Tuy
nhin, dia chi mang c th duoc luu tru tuy thuc vo giao thuc mang dang chay.
B dinh tuyn su dung bang dinh tuyn d xc dinh dia chi dch cho du liu nhn
duoc. Bang ny lit k cc thng tin sau:
- Dia chi mang d kt ni.
- Cch kt ni toi cc mang khc.
- Ph tn truyn du liu qua cc l trnh d.
Khi b dinh tuyn nhn duoc mt gi du liu cn goi dn mang o xa, n kim
tra bang dinh tuyn v chon duong di ti uu (theo mt tiu chun no d) d goi gi
du liu dn dch.
Applicat ion Layer Applicat ion Layer
Present aion Layer Present aion Layer
Session Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer Relay Transport Layer
Net work Layer Net work Layer Net work Layer Net work Layer
Dat a Link Layer Dat a Link Layer Dat a Link Layer Dat a Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer
Hnh 5-8. So d kin trc cua Router trong m hnh OSI.
End Node End Node Rout er / Gat eway
Net work A Net work B
- 57 -
Truyn du liu qua b dinh tuyn
Trong moi truong hop, khi mt tram xc dinh rng n phai goi mt gi du liu
toi mt tram trn mt mang khc. Cng vic du tin tram ny cn lm l ly dia chi
vt l MAC cua Router (dia chi cng ni ngm dinh). Sau d n din thng tin
trong truong dia chi vt l dch cua gi du liu bng dia chi vt l MAC cua Router,
v truong thng tin dia chi dch o tng mang (chng han dia chi IP nu dng giao
thuc TCP/IP) bng dia chi cua tram dch.
Khi Router kim tra dia chi dch, n xc dinh xem n bit hay khng bit cch
chuyn tip gi du liu dn buoc nhay tip theo (Router k tip trn duong di) bng
cch kim tra dia chi. Nu dia chi mang dch nm trong gi du liu khng c bang
dinh tuyn, Router thuong bo gi du liu di. Trong truong hop dia chi mang dch c
bang dinh tuyn, Router thay dia chi vt l dch bng dia chi vt l cua buoc nhay
tip theo v truyn gi du liu dn buoc nhay tip theo.
Nhu vy, khi mt gi tin duoc chuyn qua lin mang, dia chi vt l dch cua
n thay di, nhung dia chi cua giao thuc khng di.
B dinh tuyn duoc chia thnh 2 loai, tuy theo cch su dung chng. B dinh
tuyn cuc b (Local Router) ni cc doan mang o gn nhau. Hai b dinh tuyn o xa
nhau (Remote Router) ni hai doan mang o xa qua cc knh truyn thng.
5.2.1.5 B chuyn mch
Chuc nng chnh cua b chuyn mach (switch) l cng mt lc duy tr nhiu
cu ni giua cc thit bi mang bng cch dua vo mt loai duong truyn xuong sng
(backbone) ni tai tc d cao. Switch c nhiu cng, mi cng c th h tro ton b
Othernet LAN hoc Token Ring. B chuyn mach kt ni mt s LAN ring bit v
cung cp kha nng loc gi du liu giua chng.
Cc b chuyn mach l loai thit bi mang moi, hin dang duoc su dung rng
ri v Switch cho php chuyn sang ch d truyn khng dng b ATM.
5.2.1.6 Gateway
Hoat dng o muc mang, thuc hin ghp ni voi WAN. Nguyn l chung cua
ni kt ny l tao ra 1 tng lin mang (internet) chung trong tt ca cc kin trc cua
mang con tham gia ni kt. Tng lin mang thuong l tng con nm ngay trn tng 3
m hnh OSI.
- 58 -
Sub net 1 Gat eway Sub net 2
4-7 4-7
I nt ernet I nt ernet Layer I nt ernet
Net work Layer 1 Net work Layer Net work Layer 2
Dat a Link Layer Dat a Link Layer Dat a Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer
Hnh 5-9. So d kin trc cua gateway trong m hnh OSI.
Tng con Internet duoc ci dt trong tt ca cc tram cung nhu trong cc giao
din kt ni (gateway), Tng ny cung cp dich vu truyn thng lin mang voi hai
chuc nng chnh :
- Chuyn di cc don vi du liu cua giao thuc (Protocol Data Unit - PDU)
- Chon duong di cho cc PDU ny.
Cc gi tin o tng con Internet luu thng trong mang theo phuong php
'gi/bc' (encapsulation/decasulation). Khi mt datagram duoc truyn tu mang con
ny sang mang con khc thng qua gateway th n duoc b sung thm vo (hoc
tch ra) cc phn thng tin diu khin cn thit tuong ung voi cc mang con.
5.3 Giao thc lin mng IP
Giao thuc IP (Internet Protocol) hoat dng o tng mang, cung cp dich vu du
liu khng lin kt (connectionless) cho nhiu giao thuc lin kt du liu khc. Don vi
du liu dng trong giao thuc IP duoc goi l datagram, hay cn goi l khung tin IP.
Chuc nng cua giao thuc IP :
- Dinh nghia gi tin Datagram l don vi du liu co ban cua vic truyn tin trn
mang Internet.
- Xc dinh m hnh dnh dia chi cho cc khung tin v quan l cc qu trnh trao
di, xu l cc khung tin ny.
- Chon duong cho cc datagram trn mang
- Cung cp co ch trn gi tin trn mang hiu qua nht.
- Phn doan v tng hop cc gi tin.
Tnh cht cua giao thuc IP :
- Hoat dng theo phuong thuc khng kt ni : IP khng chuyn cc thng tin
diu khin truoc khi truyn du liu.
- 59 -
0 34 7 8 15 16 31
- Khng tin cy : giao thuc IP khng c kha nng pht hin v khc phuc li.,
khng quan tm dn vn d du liu c duoc nhn mt cch chnh xc hay
khng. Do d, cc gi du liu c th bi tht lac, bi trng lp, bi chuyn chm
hoc di khng dng thu tu, mi gi du liu duoc xu l dc lp voi nhau v c
th gui theo nhung duong dinh tuyn khc nhau.
5.3.1 Cu trc khung tin IP
IP Header duoc gn cho mi datagram, chua cc thng tin cn thit cho su
hoat dng cua gi tin trn mang. Cu trc khung tin IP nhu hnh sau :
VER I HL Type of
Service
Tot al Length
I dent ificat ion Flag Frag offset
Time To Live Transport Header checksum
Source Address
Dest inat ion Address
Opt ions + Padding
Dat a (Max : 65535 byt es)
Hnh 5-10. Cu trc khung tin IP.
VER (4 bit)
Chua phin ban giao thuc IP dang dng. Phin ban hin nay l IPV4.
Mt phn cua giao thuc IP quy dinh rng phn mm nhn du liu truoc
tin phai kim tra phin ban cua IP trong cc khung tin dn, truoc khi phn
tch tip phn cn lai cua Header v du liu. Nu nhu khng dng phin ban
th lop IP cua my nhn s tu chi v bo qua ton b ni dung cua khung tin
dn.
IHL (Internet Header length) (4 bit)
Chua chiu di cua Header IP do my gui du liu tao nn, chiu di ny
duoc tnh theo cc word c chiu di 32 bit. Header ngn nht c chiu di l
5 word (20 byte), nhung do vic dng cc truong lua chon c th lm tng
chiu di cua Header ln dn 6 word (24 byte). IHL dng d giao thuc IP duoc
vi tr kt thc cua Header v bt du phn du liu cua khung tin.
Type of Service - Loai dich vu (8 bits)
Truong ny chua cc thng tin v quyn uu tin cua vic truyn
datagram v cc anh huong c th xay ra trong qu trnh truyn cc datagram
- 60 -
d. IP chun khng yu chi ra cc hnh dng cu th dua trn gi tri cua truong
Type of Service. IP chi dinh su dung n trong vic thit lp cc tuy chon cho
cc mang con v n s truyn qua trong buoc nhay toi.
V du, vic truy nhp vo mang Token Ring cn thit c cc muc d uu
tin duoc xc dinh. IP c th chuyn cc muc d uu tin cua n sang cc muc
d uu tin tuong ung cua mang Token Ring.
Mt s my tnh v b chon duong (router) khng quan tm dn gi tri
cua truong ny trong khi mt s khc lai dua vo dy d quyt dinh duong
truyn.
Cu trc cua truong nhu sau :
Cu trc cua truong Type of Service
Precedence (3 bt) : chi thi v quyn uu tin gui datagram, cu th l :
111 - Net work Cont rol (cao nhat ) 011 - Flash
110 - I nt ernet work Cont rol 10 - I mmediat e
101 - CRI TI C/ ECP 001 - Priorit y
100 - Flag Overrride 000 - Rout ime (t hap nhat )
D (Delay) - 1 bit : chi d t r yu cau
D = 0 d t r bnh t huong
D = 1 d t r t hap
T (Throughput ) - 1 bit : chi t hng luong yu cau
T = 0 t hng luong bnh t huong
T = 1 t hng luong cao
R (Reliabilit y) - 1 bt chi d t in cay yu cau
R = 0 d t in cay bnh t huong
R = 1 d t in cay cao
Ba bit du tin cua truong ny l d chi ra quyn cua khung tin d, voi
cc gi tri tu 0 (bnh thuong) dn 7 (Mang diu khin). Nu gi tri cua phn
ny cng cao th khung tin d cng quan trong v trn l thuyt th khung tin
ny phai duoc chuyn dn dch nhanh hon. Nhung trn thuc t th TCP/IP v
cc phn cung dng giao thuc TCP/IP du bo qua truong ny v coi tt ca cc
khung tin c d uu tin nhu nhau.
Ba bit tip theo l ba co 1-bit d diu khin thoi gian tr, d tin cy, v
thng luong (throughput) cua khung tin. Nu tt ca cc bit du l 0 th c
nghia l dt o ch d bnh thuong. Nu bit thu nht l 1 th c nghia l thoi
gian tr thp, truyn nhanh v d tin cy cao cho tung co. Cn hai bit cn lai
cua truong ny khng dng. Phn lon cc bit cua truong ny du bi bo qua khi
thuc hin IP, v tt ca cc khung tin du duoc dt thoi gian tr, thoi gian
truyn, v d tin cy nhu nhau.
Delay Throughput Reliabilit y Reserved Precedence
0 2 3 4 5 7
- 61 -
Trong thuc t, hu ht tt ca cc bit cua truong loai dich vu du duoc dt
v gi tri 0 boi v su khc nhau v quyn, thoi gian tr, thoi gian truyn, d tin
cy giua cc my hu nhu khng tn tai tru khi mt mang moi duoc thnh lp.
Total Length (16 bits) - Chiu di gi tin
Truong ny cho bit ton b chiu di cua khung tin (datagram) bao gm
phn Header v phn du liu, don vi tnh bng byte. D lon cua truong ny l
16 bit do d m chiu di cua khung tin ti da l 65535 byte.
Indentification (16 bits) -Truong dinh danh
Truong ny chua mt gi tri dc trung do my gui khung tin tao ra, cng
voi cc tham s khc (nhu Source Address v Destination Address), tham s
ny dng d dinh danh duy nht mt khung tin trong khoang thoi gian n tn
tai trn lin mang.
S trong truong ny duoc cn dn khi sp xp cc khung tin d dam bao
rng cc khung tin khng bi ln ln voi nhau. Khi lop IP nhn duoc mt doan
du liu tu cc lop cao hon th n s gn cc s dinh danh ny vo. Nu nhu
khung tin d duoc tch (bng k tht tch thng tin) th tt ca cc khung tin s
mang cng mt s dinh danh nhu nhau.
Flags (3 bits) - Cc co
Truong ny c chiu di 3 bit, lin quan dn su phn doan cc datagram.
Bit 0 : Dng d du tru - chua su dung, lun c gi tri 0
Bit 1 : (DF) = 0 (May Fragment)
=1 (Dont Fragment)
Bit 2 : (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment)
=1 (More Fragment)
Nu nhu co DF c gi tri l 1 th c nghia l khung tin khng th tch ra
duoc trong bt cu truong hop no. Nu nhu m phn mm cua lop IP hin tai
khng th gui khung tin dn noi nhn nu nhu khng tch ra, m hin tai bit
co dang l 1 th khi d khung tin s bi huy bo v mt thng bo li duoc gui
dn thit bi pht.
Nu router khng th truyn nguyn ca mt datagram m bit ny duoc
thit lp bng 1 th datagram d s bi loai bo v n s c mt thng bo li gui
dn my pht. Bt k mt nguoi quan l mang no cung c th su dung cch
ny d kim tra d lon cua cc datagram c th duoc truyn trn cc phn
khc nhau trn mang kt hop.
- 62 -
Nu nhu co MF l 1 c nghia l khung tin hin tai vn dang cn cc gi
tin khc nua dang dn, do d m phai cn dn vic sp xp lai d khi phuc lai
message ban du. Khung tin cui cng dn s lon hon cc khung tin bnh
thuong v n cn chua thm phn MF=0 d bo cho my nhn bit l d ht
cc khung tin cn thit khng cn phai doi thm nua. C th l cc khung tin
dn khng dng voi thu tu chng d duoc pht di, do d co MF cn duoc
dng cng voi truong Fragment Off d chi cho my nhn duoc thu tu cua ton
b message ban du.
Fragment Offset (13 bits)
Nu m co MF bng 1 (tuc l c su tch thng tin tu mt khung tin lon),
khi d fragment offset chua .vi tr cua cc message con trong message ban du
trong khung tin hin thoi. Diu ny cho php IP sp xp lai cc khung tin
thnh message ban du t theo dng trt tu.
Offset thuong duoc d o du message. Truong ny c chiu di l 13 bit,
do vy offset duoc tnh theo don vi 8 byte, tuong ung voi gi lon nht l
65535 byte. Vic dng s dinh danh d chi rng khung tin dn l thuc ban tin
no, lop IP o my nhn c th dng fragment offset d sp xp lai message
ban du.
TTL (Time to Live - Thoi gian song)
Truong ny cho bit khoang thoi gian tnh bng giy m mt khung tin
c th tn tai trn mang truoc khi n bi huy bo. Gi tri ny duoc nt gui khung
tin di n dinh.
Cc chun cua TCP/IP quy dinh rng truong TTL phai duoc giam di t
nht l 1 giy cho mi nt xu l khung tin d, thm ch l thoi gian xu l c
th nho hon 1 giy. Khi mt gateway nhn duoc mt khung tin th thoi gian
dn duoc dnh vo khung tin do d nu nhu khung tin d phai cho d duoc xu
l. Boi vy nu mt gateway no d m bi qu tai v khng th ly khung tin
v, khi d b dm thoi gian cua truong TTL s tu dng giam di trong qu trnh
cho d duoc xu l. Nu truong TTL giam v 0 th khi d khung tin d phai
duoc nt hin thoi huy bo, s c mt thng bo gui v my gui.
Hu ht cc TCP/IP ci dt gi tri truong TTL khoang 60 hoc cao hon,
nghia l datagram c th di qau 60 router hay hop d dn dch. Truong TTL
duoc thit k d trnh vic cc gi du liu cu chuyn vng quanh trn mang
m khng c duong ra.
- 63 -
Giao thuc giao van (Transport Protocol)
Truong ny chua s dinh danh cua giao thuc giao vn m d xu l khung
tin. S dinh danh ny do trung tm thng tin mang Internet NIC n dinh. Hin
nay d c khoang 50 giao thuc giao vn duoc n dinh. Hai giao thuc quan
trong nht l : ICMP (Internet Control message Protocol) v TCP.
Header checksum
Dng d tnh checksum cua truong Header d lm cho qu trnh xu l
thng tin duoc nhanh hon. Do truong TTL bi giam di 1 giy mi khi duoc xu
l, truong checksum cung thay di tai cc my m khung tin di qua. Thut
ton checksum l mt thut ton nhanh v c hiu qua, nhung c mt s
truong hop bi sai chng han mt hon ton mt tu 16 bit m 16 bit ny du
bng 0. Tuy nhin truong checksum do ca TCP v UDP d dng gi, cc li
ny s duoc pht hin khi khung tin duoc tp hop d truyn trn mang.
Source Address (32 bits) : chua dia chi IP 32 bit cua my gui.
Destination Address (32 bits) : chua dia chi IP 32 bit cua my nhn.
Hai truong trn duoc tao ra cng voi khung tin v khng bi thay di
trong qu trnh truyn.
Options (32 bits) - Phan lua chon
Phn lua chon duoc tao ra tu mt vi m m cc m ny c d di c th
thay di duoc. Nu nhu c nhiu lua chon trong khung tin, th cc lua chon d
duoc dt lin tuc nhau trong phn Header cua IP. Tt ca cc lua chon ny duoc
diu khin bng mt byte c ba truong: C copy c d di 1 bit, loi la chn
c d di 2 bit, v trung s la chn c d di 5 bit. Truong co copy duoc
dng d quy dinh l lua chon s duoc thuc hin nhu th no nu o mt
gateway no d cn dn k thut tch thng tin. Nu nhu co ny c gi tri l 0
th c nghia l lua chon d s duoc copy vo khung tin thu nht m khng
copy vo cc khung tin tip theo sau. Nu nhu co ny c gi tri l 1 th c
nghia l lua chon d s duoc sao chp vo tt ca cc khung tin.
Cc lua chon quan trong l Record route v Timestamp.
Record route
Truong Record Route (Ban ghi chon duong) chua danh sch du tru cua
cc route m datagram d di qua trn duong tm toi dch. Mi ln di qua mt
router th truong ny s b sung mt dia chi cua router d vo danh sch cua
n. D di cua truong ny do my ngun xc lp, do d rt c th l n s bi
- 64 -
dy truoc khi datagram tm duoc dn dch. Trong truong hop ny th cc dia
chi cua cc router sau s khng duoc thm vo danh sch cua n.
Timestamp : C 3 dinh danh cho truong Timestamp. Truong ny c th chua:
- Danh sch cua 32 bit Timestamp.
- Danh sch cua dia chi IP v cc cp Timestamp tuong ung.
Danh sch cua cc dia chi cho truoc boi my ngun. Mt nt bt ky duoc
ghi vo truong ny chi khi dia chi cua n l muc k tip trong danh sch ny.
Truong ny c th bi dy nu roi vo hai truong hop du, trong truong hop
ny s c truong ghi trn (overllow field) dng d dm s nt m khng th
ghi vo timestamp duoc.
Padding (o di thay doi)
Ni dung cua phn Padding phu thuc vo phn Options nhu th no.
Phn Padding thuong duoc dng d bao dam rng chiu di Header cua khung
tin lun l mt s nguyn bi s cua 32.
Data : Vng du liu c d di thay di, nhung lun l bi s cua 8 bits, v ti
da l 65535 bytes.
5.3.2 D|a chi IP
Mi thit bi ni vo mang TCP/IP duoc gn mt dia chi IP duy nht (mi card
mang s c dia chi IP ring). Khi su dung mang cuc b khng kt ni voi cc mang
khc, nguoi su dung c th gn dia chi IP tuy cho cc my tram. Tuy nhin, di
voi cc site Internet th dia chi IP phai duoc cung cp tu trung tm quan l thng tin
mang trn th gioi (NIC - Network Information Center).
Dia chi cua IP c d di 32 bit, duoc chia lm 4 phn, mi phn 1 byte, phn
cch nhau bng du chm. Dang tng qut : x.y.z.t voi 0 x,y,z,t 255
V du: 128.83.12.14 hoc 0x80530C0E Hex.
Dia chi IP bao gm hai phn thng tin: dia chi mang (network address) v dia
chi my (host address): NetworkID.HostID
Khi d nghi NIC cung cp dia chi IP ta s khng nhn duoc dia chi tuong ung
cua my tram, thay vo d l dia chi mang v ta c quyn gn dia chi cho cc my
tram cua mang trong pham vi dia chi duoc cung cp.
5.3.2.1 Cc lp dja ch IP
Dia chi IP thuc mt trong E lop dia chi, tu lop A dn E. Cc lop dia chi nhm
d phn loai cc mang c quy m khc nhau.
- 65 -
Class A 0 Net I D (7 bit ) Host I D
Class B 1 0 Net I D (14 bit ) Host I D
Class C 1 1 0 Net I D (21 bit ) Host I D
Class D 1 1 1 0 Mult icast address
Class E 1 1 1 1 0 Reserved for fut ure use
Hnh 5-11. Cc lop dia chi IP.
1. Lop A (1 x 126) : NetworkID= x, HostID=y.z.t
- Cho php dinh danh 126 mang, voi ti da 2
24
(= 167.772) my tram trn mi
mang, lop A gioi han s subnetwork trong Internet.
- Cc mang lop A thuc loai mang din rng (very large), nhu mang quc gia
2. Lop B (128 x 191) : NetworkID= x.y, HostID=z.t
- Cho php dinh danh dn 16384 mang, voi ti da 2
16
(=65.536) host trn mi
mang.
- Mang lop B thuc loai mang trung bnh nhu mang University Campuses.
3. Lop C (192 x 223) : NetworkID= x.y.z, HostID=t
- Gioi han s tram trong mang lon nht l 256, c 21 bit cho dia chi mang. Cho
php dinh danh dn 2 triu mang, voi ti da 254 host trn mi mang.
- Mang lop C duoc su dung cho cc loai LAN, nhu cc mang Enterprise-wide.
4. Lop D (224 x 239)
- Dia chi lop D dng cho cc giao thuc dc bit (Internet Group management
Protocol - IGMP) v cc giao thuc khc.
5. Lop E (240 x 255) : D dnh cho su pht trin v sau.
- Cc my trong cng mt mang phai c dia chi mang ging nhau.
- Cc mang khc nhau c dia chi mang khc nhau.
5.3.2.2 Cc dja ch IP dc bit
1. Dia chi quay vng : 127.y.z.t
Tt ca cc gi tin duoc gui dn dia chi 127.0.0.0 s duoc gui nguoc tro lai
my tnh. Gi tin ny duoc sao chp tu noi truyn dn b dm noi nhn trn cng
mt my tnh. Dia chi loopback c th duoc su dung nhu mt dia chi kim tra
- 66 -
nhanh xem phn mm TCP/IP c duoc cu hnh thch hop. Trn h diu hnh
Windows dia chi loopback l 127.0.0.1 cn Unix l 127.1.*.
2. Mt na mang (Netmask)
Mt n mng cua mt dia chi IP l mt gi tri 32 bits trong d cc bit tuong
ung voi phn dia chi mang bng 1, cc bit cua phn my bng 0.
V du : Dia chi IP lop B c mt na mang l 255.255.255.0 s cho dia chi mang
con l 180.10.15.0
3. Dia chi quang b (broadcast address)
Dia chi ny c cc bit cua phn HostID bng 1, duoc su dung khi mun
chuyn mt gi tin dn moi my tnh trong mang con.
V du mt mang con c dia chi l 180.10.0.0 s c dia chi quang b l
180.10.255.255. Tuong tu, mt mang con c dia chi l 180.10.15.0 s c dia chi
quang b l 180.10.15.255.
Dc bit dia chi 255.255.255.255 quang b cuc b (local broadcast) hay cn
goi l limited broadcast c th su dung trong cc LAN.
Dia chi 0.0.0.0 cung duoc su dung trong bang dinh tuyn d chi dn dim vo
mang cho dia chi b dinh tuyn mc dinh.
5.4 Phn chia mng con
D thun tin cho vic quan l v dinh huong du liu trn mang lon, nguoi ta
thuong t chuc mang IP theo co ch dia chi phn cp : mi mang duoc chia nho
thnh nhiu mang con, mi mang con thuc hin cc dvc v dia chi trong ni b
mang d. Su phn cp ny cho php giam khi luong cng vic chon duong cho cc
gi tin trong ton lin mang.
Mi mang con chiu trch nhim cho vic chon duong cho cc gi tin IP trong
mang cua mnh, cc gi tin ny duoc nhn ra nho phn dia chi mang cua n. Trong
cc mang loai A, B, C th phn dia chi ny c d di c dinh. Tuy nhin, d tao su
linh hoat trong vic phn chia mang con th dia chi mang c th mo rng sang cc
bit cua dia chi my. D l k thut phn chia mang con.
V du mt mang loai B c dia chi mang l 203.160.9.0 v mt na mang l
255.255.255.0 (dia chi mang di 24 bit). Nguoi ta cn chia mang ny thnh 4 mang
cuc b ring, do d s ly thm 2 bit cho dia chi mang (26 bit). Vy ta c dia chi cc
mang con ny l :
- 67 -
203 160 9 0
ia chi mang 1 :
11001011 10100000 00001001 00000000
203 160 9 64
ia chi mang 2 :
11001011 10100000 00001001 01000000
203 160 9 128
ia chi mang 3 :
11001011 10100000 00001001 10000000
203 160 9 192
ia chi mang 4 :
11001011 10100000 00001001 11000000
Mt na cua cc mang con ny l : 255.255.255.192
255 255 255 192
11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000
Vic phn chia mang duoc tin hnh boi nguoi quan tri h thng v thuong
dua trn ranh gioi vt l giua cc nhnh mang. Khi c gi du liu cn chuyn di, b
dinh tuyn s dng mt na mang d kim tra gi du liu ny thuc mang con ni b
hay thuc mang ngoi. Su phn chia mang ring thnh cc mang con chi c nghia
bn trong mang d.
Nu kt ni Internet thng qua mt mang LAN, diu quan trong l phai su
dung dng mt na mang. Cung ging nhu dia chi IP, mt mt na mang con c th
duoc gn mt cch ring le hay c th tu dng thng qua DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol).
5.5 Hot dng cua giao thc IP
Nu dia chi dch cua gi tin IP khng nm trn cng mang voi my chu ngun
th giao thuc IP trong my chu huong gi tin dn b dinh tuyn ni b. Nu b dinh
tuyn ny khng duoc ni dn mang dch, gi tin s duoc goi dn mt b dinh
tuyn khc. Cu th cho dn khi toi tram dch. Vic quy dinh truyn theo duong
truyn no cua router dua trn bang duong truyn (routing table). Cc b dinh tuyn
c th pht hin :
- Mt mang moi d duoc thm vo lin mang
- Duong dn dn tram dch d bi hong
Cc buoc thuc hin boi mt thuc th IP nhu sau :
oi voi thuc th IP o tram nguon
- 68 -
- Khi nhn duoc lnh SEND tu tng trn, n thuc hin cc buoc nhu sau:
- Tao mt IP datagram dua trn cc tham s cua lnh SEND
- Tnh checksum v ghp vp phn du cua datagram
- Ra quyt dinh chon duong
- Chuyn datagram xung tng duoi
oi voi gateway
- Khi nhn duoc datagram qu canh, n thuc hin cc tc dng nhu sau :
- Tnh checksum, nu khng dng th loai bo datagram
- Giam gi tri tham s thoi gian tn tai. Nu ht thoi gian th loai bo datagram
- Ra quyt dinh chon duong
- Phn loai datagram nu cn
- Kin tao lai phn du IP bao gm gi tri moi cua vng TTL, checksum,
Fragmentation.
- Chuyn datagram xung tng duoi d truyn qua mang.
Tai tram dch
- Tnh checksum, nu khng dng th loai bo datagram.
- Tp hop cc doan cua datagram.
- Chuyn du liu v cc tham s diu khin ln tng trn.
Nhu vy, do gi tin IP khng sua di, don gian nn hiu sut duong truyn
cao. V gi tin IP cung cp dich vu giao nhn gi tin khng tin cy nn cn c giao
thuc ICMP d h tro, cc ban tin ICMP duoc dng gi v chuyn tai trong cc gi
tin IP. Tng TCP dam nhn vic bao dam cc datagram duoc truyn dn dch mt
cch an ton v dy du.
5.6 Cc giao thc lin quan dn IP
5.6.1 Giao thc phn giai d|a chi ARP
Dia chi IP duoc dng d dinh danh cc host v mang o tang mang cua m
hnh OSI, v chng khng phai l cc dia chi vt l (hay dia chi MAC) cua cc tram
d trn cng mt mang cuc b (Ethernet, Token Ring, ...). Trn mt LAN nhu vy,
hai tram chi c th lin lac voi nhau nu chng bit dia chi vt l cua nhau.
Vn d dt ra l phai thuc hin nh xa dia chi IP (32 bits) v dia chi vt l (48
bits) cua mt tram. Giao thuc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) d duoc xy
dung d chuyn di tu dia chi IP sang dia chi vt l khi cn thit. Nguoc lai, giao
- 69 -
thuc RARP (Reserse Address Resolution Protocol) duoc dng d chuyn di tu dia
chi vt l sang dia chi IP.
Ca hai giao thuc ARP v RARP du khng phai l b phn cua IP, IP s dng
dn chng khi cn.
Mi ghp ni mang c dia chi giao thuc mang (IP address) v dia chi giao
thuc lin kt d liu (Datalink Protocol Address) ring. Do d cn c bang nh xa
giua hai dia chi ny ( dia chi ao v dia chi vt l ). Bang dia chi ny c th lm bng
tay, nhung do khi luong dia chi lon, tng kh nhanh, nn nguoi ta giai quyt thng
qua thu tuc Tm giai php cho dia chi (Address Resolution Protocol -ARP).
Cc gi tin ARP duoc dng gi trong khung du liu lin kt (data link frame).
Di voi mang Ethernet, kiu truong (type field) s l 0x0806.
ARP nh xa dia chi IP sang dia chi lin kt du liu (datalink address). Tram tin
s gui gi tin yu cu ARP (request packet) voi khun dang gi tin nhu hnh sau.
Dat alink Type (16 bit s) Net work Type (16 bit s)
Hlen PLen Opcode (16 bit s)
Sender Dat alink (48 bit s)
Sender Net work (32 bit s)
00: 00; 00: 00: 00: 00 Receiver Dat alink (48 bit s)
Receiver Net work (32 bit s)
Hnh 5-12. Khun dang gi tin ARP.
- Data link type: Loai du liu lin kt, voi mang Ethernet th truong ny c gi
tri l 0x0001
- Network type : Loai dia chi mang, Ethernet type used for IP (0x0800)
- Hlen : D rng cua phn dia chi du liu lin kt, voi mang Ethernet d rng l
6 bytes
- Plen : D rng cua dia chi mang, trong giao thuc IP, phn ny l 4 byte
- Opcode : C gi tri l 0x0001 cho thu tuc yu cu ARP, 0x0002 cho ARP tra
loi.
- Sender datalink and sender network : Dia chi vt l v dia chi ao (dia chi
mang) cua nguoi gui
- Receive datalink and receive network : Dia chi vt l v dia chi ao (dia chi
mang) cua nguoi nhn
V du: Tram A mun gui tram B mt gi tin IP. Ca hai my A, B du c
cng c dia chi mang IP v cng kt ni vo mang Ethernet nhu hnh sau :
A B
IP : 128.81.10.1 IP : 128.81.10.2
- 70 -
Tram A bit duoc dia chi mang cua tram B nhung khng bit dia chi vt l cua
tram B. Tram A cn hoi dia chi vt l cua tram B d gui tin. Khi d tram A pht di
mt gi tin ARP yu cu (ARP request packet) dng gi trong khung tin Ethernet.
Qu trnh goi yu cu ARP
0 15 16 31 32 47
FF: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF
80: 20: 2F: 23: 21: 05
0x0806
0x01 0x0800
0x06 0x04 0x0001
80: 20: 2F: 23: 21: 05
128.81.10.1
00: 00: 00: 00: 00: 00
128.81.8.2
Checksum
Hnh 5-13. Khun dang gi tin ARP yu cu.
Gi tin yu cu ARP (ARP request packet) duoc gui toi cc tram, chi tram B
l dng dia chi IP. Tram B s tao ARP tra loi :
0 15 16 31 32 47
80: 20: 2F: 23: 21: 05
20: 12: 23: 12: 34: 2F
0x0806
0x01 0x0800
0x06 0x04 0x0002
20: 12: 23: 12: 34: 2F
128.81.8.2
80: 20: 2F: 23: 21: 05
128.81.10.1
Checksum
Hnh 5-14. Khun dang gi tin ARP tra loi.
Tram B b sung IP_ to_Ethernet Address entry cua host A v ARP cache cua
B
Tram A b sung IP_to_Ethernet Address entry cua host B v ARP cache cua
A
Nhu vy bang nh xa tu dng b sung nhung duong dn (entry) moi m n
bit, dng thoi cung huy bo nhung duong dn (entry) m n khng dng dn.
- 71 -
5.6.2 Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
Di khi ta cn nh xa nguoc lai.
V du mt tram khng dia, bit dia chi vt l (datalink address) tuc l dia chi
card mang giu o b nho ROM, nhung khng bit dia chi IP v khng c dia. Khi
ny cn nh xa tu dia chi vt l sang dia chi mang.
Ta cung lm nhu trn, nhung thay kiu truong tu 0x0806 bng 0835.
Yu cu chuyn di (reverse request) l 0x0003 v tra loi chuyn di (reverse
reply) l 0x0004.
Qu trnh goi yu cu RARP
0 15 16 31 32 47
FF: FF: FF: FF: FF: FF
80: 10: 8F: 23: 20: 55
0x0835
0x01 0x0800
0x06 0x04 0x0003
80: 10: 8F: 23: 20: 55
0.0.0.0
80: 10: 8F: 23: 20: 55
0.0.0.0
Checksum
Hnh 5-15. Khun dang gi tin RARP yu cu.
Qu trnh goi tra loi RARP
0 15 16 31 32 47
80: 10: 8F: 23: 20: 55
24: 12: 23: 25: 12: 2F
0x0835
0x01 0x0800
0x06 0x04 0x0004
24: 12: 23: 25: 12: 2F
199.12.1.1
80: 10: 8F: 23: 20: 55
199.12.1.8
Checksum
Hnh 5-16. Khun dang gi tin tra loi RARP .
5.6.3 Giao thc ICMP
Giao thuc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) thuc hin truyn cc
thng tin diu khin (cc bo co v cc tnh trang li trn mang, ...) giua cc
- 72 -
gateway hoc cc my chu trn lin mang theo giao thuc IP. Tnh trang li c th l:
mt datagram khng th dn duoc dch cua n, hoc mt router khng du b nho
dm d luu v chuyn mt datagram, ... . Mt thng bo ICMP duoc khoi tao v
chuyn cho IP. IP s boc (encapsulate) thng bo d voi mt IP header v truyn
dn cho router hoc tram dch.
5.6.3.1 Ccc thnh phn cua thng bo ICMP h tr xc djnh li v truy
vn
Thng bo ICMP duoc chia lm 2 loai: thng bo li ICMP v thng bo truy
vn ICMP.
Cc thng bo ICMP khc nhau v dinh dang tuy vo chuc nng cua tung
loai, nhung kin trc tng qut bao gm 2 phn: phn du (ICMP header) v phn
du liu (ICMP data).
Phn du cua thng bo ICMP lun bt du bng 3 truong:
a. TYPE: 8 bits, xc dinh loai thng bo ICMP.
b. CODE: 8 bits, cung cp thng tin chi tit cua tung loai thng bo ICMP.
c. CHECKSUM: 16 bits, xc dinh su ton ven du liu trong qu trnh
truyn.
1. Cc thng bo li ICMP
V mt k thut, ICMP duoc thit k d cung cp cc thng tin v trang thi
khng n dinh v thuc hin thng bo cc truong hop li pht sinh cua h thng
phn cung cung nhu phn mm lm ngn chn, huy bo qu trnh gui, nhn hoc xu
l cc datagram trn mang Internet truoc khi duoc chuyn dn dch cui cng.
C 5 loai thng bo li ICMP trong bang I.1 v cc thng bo c dang chung
nhu hnh sau :
Hnh 5-17. Dang chung thng bo li cua ICMP Bang I.1: Cc loai thng bo li cua ICMP
Original IP header: 20-60 bytes chua IP header cua gi bi li.
Type Thng bo l i I CMP
3 Dest inat ion Unreachable
4 Source Quench
5 Redirect
11 Time Exceeded
12
Paramet er Problem
Unused
Type Code Checksum
0 8 16 31 4
I P header + 64 bit Original dat a
- 73 -
Original data: 8 bytes, chua ni dung 64 bits du tin cua gi du liu bi li.
Destination Unreachable
Cc thng bo ICMP Destination Unreachable duoc tao ra khi khng th
chuyn dn 1 dch duoc xc dinh trong IP datagram. Bao gm cc loai li sau:
Bang 5-1. Cc li cua ICMP Destination Unreachable
Source Quench : Khi vng dm cua h thng nhn khng du ch trng luu
tru, h thng s pht ra thng bo Source Quench. Truong CADO cua thng
bo ny lun lun nhn gi tri 0.
Redirect : Mt thng bo ICMP Redirect duoc tao ra boi 1 router trong
truong hop n nhn thy rng mt my tnh dang su dung con duong dinh
tuyn khng ti uu.
Truong CADO nhn 4 gi tri trong bang v c dinh dang nhu hnh sau:
Code Ni dung
0 Redirect for t he net work (or subnet )
1 Redirect for t he host
2 Redirect for t he t ype of service and net work
3 Redirect for t he t ype of service and host
Bang 5-2. Cc li cua ICMP Redirect Hnh 5-18. Dang ICMP Redirect
Router ip address l dia chi cua b dinh tuyn m my ngun s dng d tro
my dch.
Code Ni dung t hng bo I CMP
0 Net work Unreachable
1 Host Unreachable
2 Prot ocol Unreachable
3 Port Unreachable
4 Fragment at ion needed and DF flag set
5 Source Rout e Fail
6 Dest inat ion Net work unknown
7 Dest inat ion Host unknown
8 Source Host I solat ed
9 Communicat ion wit h Dest inat ion Net work is Administ rat ively
Prohibit ed
10 Communicat ion wit h Dest inat ion Host is Administ rat ively Prohibit ed
Type
0 8 1
31
Code Checksum
Rout er I P address
I P header + 64 bit Original dat a
- 74 -
Time Exceeded : Router s huy bo, khng xu l 1 datagram khi gi tri TTL
cua n bng 0 v pht ra mt thng bo ICMP Time Exceeded. C 2 loai
ICMP Time Exceeded nhu sau:
Code Ni dung
0 B dm t hoi gian sng TTL cua 1 dat agram bang 0
1 Qu t hoi gian doi d kt hop cc gi bi phn manh
Bang 5-3. Cc li cua ICMP Time Oxceeded.
Parameter Problem : Thng bo ny duoc gui di khi c li xut hin o phn
cc tham s chon lua cua datagram gui dn. Truong CADO cua thng bo
ny nhn 3 gi tri trong bang v c dinh dang nhu hnh sau :
Code Gi i t hch
0 C mt li dac bit t rong luoc d du liu.
1 Phan opt ion cua I P header chua dinh nghia.
2 Li Header Lengt h v (hoac) Tot al Packet
Lengt h t rong I P header.
Hnh 5-19. Dang ICMP Parameter Problem Bang 5-4. Cc li cua ICMP Parameter Problem
Pointer: xc dinh vi tr gy ra li trong datagram.
2. Cc thng bo truy vn ICMP
ICMP duoc su dung trong vic khao st cc dc trung chung cua mang voi 2
loai thng bo request v reply. C 8 loai thng bo truy vn ICMP duoc lit k
trong bang v c dinh dang nhu hnh sau :
Type Loi t hng bo
0 Echo Reply
8 Echo Request
13 Timest amp Request
14 Timest amp Reply
15 I nformat ion Request
16 I nformat ion Reply
17 Address Mask Request
18 Address Mask Reply
Hnh 5-20. Dang ICMP truy vn. Bang 5-5. Cc loai thng bo truy vn ICMP.
- Identifier duoc su dung d phn bit cc thng bo duoc goi dn cc host khc
nhau.
- Sequence number duoc su dung d phn bit cc thng bo duoc gui dn cng
mt host.
- Data/additional fields duoc dng theo tung loai thng bo truy vn ICMP.
Type
0 8 16 31
Code Checksum
Unused
I P header + 64 bit Original dat a
Point
er
Type
0 8 16 31
Code Checksum
Sequence Number
Dat a/ addit ional fields
I dent ifier
- 75 -
Echo Request v Echo Reply
Hnh 5-21. Dang ICMP Echo Request & Reply.
Nguoi ta su dung ICMP Echo d xc dinh xem mt dia chi IP dch cn hoat
dng hay khng bng cch gui thng bo ICMP Echo Request dn h thng dch v
cho xem nu nhn duoc thng bo ICMP Echo Reply th s xc dinh dch dy vn
cn hoat dng nguoc lai th d bi down. Dinh dang thng bo nhu trong hnh sau :
Kch thuoc cua DATA thay di tuy thuc vo tung loai h diu hnh. Trong
h diu hnh UNIX, kch thuoc cua n l 56 bytes, trong Microsoft Windows l 32
bytes,...
Timestamp Request v Timestamp Reply
Mi my du c 1 dng h ring xc dinh thoi gian vn hnh cua n, qu trnh
hoat dng trong nhung h thng phn mm phn tn th su khc bit nhau lon v
thoi gian giua cc my tnh s gy ra nhiu vn d kh khn. ICMP cung cp mt
co ch cho php ly thoi gian tu mt my khc v c dinh dang nhu hnh sau.
Hnh 5-22. ICMP Timestamp Request & Reply
- Originate timestamp l thoi gian my ngun thuc hin gui bo.
- Receive timestamp l thoi gian du tin my dch nhn duoc thng bo.
- Transmit timestamp l thoi gian cui bn dch xu l thng bo v gui di.
Information request v reply
Hnh 5-23. ICMP information request & reply
Type
0 8 16 31
Code Checksum
Sequence Number
Dat a
I dent ifier
Type
0 8 16 31
Code Checksum
Sequence Number
Transmit TimeSt amp
I dent ifier
Originat e TimeSt amp
Receive TimeSt amp
Type
0 8 16 31
Code Checksum
Sequence Number I dent ifier
- 76 -
Duoc su dung nhm h tro cc h thng my tram khng dia khi khoi dng;
cho php cc my tnh tm ra dia chi Internet cua chng lc khoi dng h thng.
Address Mask Request v Reply
Hnh 5-24. ICMP Adress Mask Request & Reply
D bit subnet mask, my s gui mt thng bo ICMP Address Mask Request
dn 1 router v cho nhn thng bo ICMP Address Mask Reply. Subnet Address
Mask chua dia chi cua mt na con cua mang.
Cc b dinh tuyn pht ban tin ICMP d bo cho cc tram bit : gi tin khng
toi, hoc tn tai duong di tt hon. Mt s truong hop c th xay ra l :
- Destination unreachable (khng toi duoc dch): Ban tin khng toi duoc dch
do c li hoc khng tm duoc duong di.
- Routing redirect (di duong di): Thay di duong di cua ban tin do tn tai
duong di ti uu hon (yu cu di duong di).
- Time expirect (ht thoi gian): Ht thoi han khi TTL v 0 (timeout).
- Echo request v cho echo reply : Xut hin yu cu v tra loi.
ICMP duoc dng vo vic g ri mang cho bit tnh trang cua mang.
Lnh Ping (Packet Internet Oroper) duoc dng d hoi (query) h thng (my
tnh) khc d dam bao rng mt kt ni vn dang hoat dng (active). Lnh Ping hoat
dng bng cch gui ra mt yu cu phan hi (echo request) ICMP (Internet Control
Message Protocol). Nu nhu phn mm IP cua my tnh nhn duoc yu cu ICMP
d, n dua ra mt tra loi phan hi (echo reply) ngay lp tuc. My gui lai tip tuc gui
mt yu cu phan xa cho dn khi lnh ping duoc kt thc bng mt t hop phm
thot (Ctrl+C hoc phm Delete trn UNIX).
5.7 Phin ban IPv6
Voi su pht trin nhanh chng cua Internet th dia chi IP 32 bit khng th dp
ung duoc nhu cu su dung Internet. D khc phuc diu ny phin ban IP6 (IP Next
Generation) dang duoc pht trin. Phin ban IPv6 c cc thay di nhu sau :
- Su dung 128 bit dia chi mang thay cho 32 bit dia chi nhu phin ban IPv4.
- Mo rng phn Header cho ung dung v lua chon cua khung tin.
- H tro cc loai du liu audio v video.
Type
0 8 16 31
Code Checksum
Sequence Number I dent ifier
Subnet Address Mask
- 77 -
0 3 4 15 16 31
- C cc giao thuc mo rng : cho php b sung nhiu thng tin vo mt
datagram.
5.7.1 Khung tin IPng v6
Phn Header cua cc khung tin Ipng d duoc thay di so voi phin ban 4. Phn
lon su thay di cua IPng l dia chi IP 128 bit v bo cc truong khng cn thit. Cu
tao cua khung tin IPng nhu sau :
VER
Priorit y
Classificat ion
Flow Label
PayLoad Lengt h Next Header Hop Limit
Source Address
Dest inat ion Address
DATA
Hnh 5-25. Cu to ca gi tin IPv6.
5.8 D|nh tuyn trn Internet
5.8.1 Bang chn dung
Mt s phuong thuc thng thuong xy dung mt bang chon duong (routing
table) nhu sau :
- Bang c dinh duoc tao ra dua vo so d cua mang, bang ny lin tuc duoc
thay di v duoc cp nht lai mi khi c su thay di vt l o bt cu noi no
cua mang.
- Bang dng duoc dng d uoc luong v duong truyn v cc thng dip tu cc
nt khc d diu chinh lai thng tin cua bang bn trong.
- Bang dn duong c dinh chnh duoc tai v tu mt trung tm cua cc nt mang
trong mt khoang thoi gian nht dinh hoc duoc tai v khi cn thit.
Mi mt phuong thuc du c cc uu, nhuoc dim cua n. Bang dng duoc dt
o tung nt mang hoc duoc tai v trong nhung khoang thoi gian nht dinh tu mt
- 78 -
noi chua bang c dinh, n khng phuc tap v thch ung voi nhung thay di nhanh
chng trn mang. Bang chnh thuong l tt hon bang c dinh boi v quan l mt
bang o trung tm s d dng hon quan l tung bang duoc dt tai mi nt mang.
5.8.2 Xy dng bang chn dung cho cc Router/Gateway
Trong lin mang, tai mi cng phai c mt bang chon duong d chi ra mun
dn mang dch no th phai dn cng tip theo l cng no. Bang chon duong gm
hai phn : phn bn tri l mang dch, noi mun dn, phn bn phai l khoang cch
toi d v cng tip theo.
D xy dung bang chon duong, tu cng dang dung ta xt cc mang canh d,
sau d l cc mang o canh cc cng tip theo v cu th cho dn ht cc mang trong
lin mang.
V du 1: Lp bang chon duong cho cc router.gateway cua lin mang sau :
GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6
Net i D,G Net i D,G Net i D,G Net i D,G Net i D,G Net i D,G
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0,1
1,2
0,1
1,2
2,2( 4)
2,2
1,4
2,2( 4)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0,2
0,2
1,1
0,2
1,3( 5)
1,3
1,5
1,5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1,2
0,3
2,2
1,2( 5)
0,3
0,3
1,5
1,5( 6)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1,2
2,1( 5)
0,4
1,5
1,5
2,5
0,4
1,5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1,2
1,2
1,4
0,5
0,5
1,3( 6)
0,5
0,5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2,3( 5)
1,3
2,5
1,5
1,3( 5)
0,6
1,5
0,6
Dua vo bang chon duong, tm duong di tu GW1 toi Net 5 nhu sau :
Di voi nhiu host, bang dn duong tinh hoat dng nhu sau :
- Nu dch nm trong mang cuc b, du liu duoc goi dn my dch
- Nu dch nm trn mang o xa, du liu duoc chuyn tip dn gateway cuc b.
Net 3 Net 4 Net 6
GW1 GW2 GW3
GW4 GW5 GW6
Net 5
Net 8
Net 2
Net 1
Net 7
GW1 GW2 GW3 Net 5
GW4 GW5
- 79 -
Tuy thuc vo kch c cua mang m cc giao thuc chon duong khc nhau s
duoc su dung. Giao thuc chon duong trong mt h thng ni b l RIP (Routing
Information Protocol). Giao thuc chon duong giua cc h thng l EGP (External
Gateway Protocol) v BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
- 80 -
5.9 Mng X.25
Vo nhung nm cui thp nin 70, nguoi ta phai cn dn mt loat cc giao
thuc d cung cp cho nhung nguoi su dung mang din rng WAN kt ni thng qua
mang du liu cng cng (Public Data Networks - PDNs). Cc loai hnh PDNs nhu
TELENET v TYMNET d dat duoc nhung thnh cng dng ghi nhn, nhung vic
tiu chun ha giao thuc duong nhu cn ngoi tm nhung nguoi su dung mang
PDNs do vic di hoi tnh tuong thch cua thit bi ngy mt cao v dng thoi chi
ph phai thp. Kt qua cua su n luc khng ngung ny l su ra doi cua mt loat giao
thuc, trong d X.25 duoc xem l giao thuc ph bin nht.
Mang X.25 v cc giao thuc lin quan do mt t chuc Quc gia goi l Hip
hi Vin thng Quc t (ITU) quan l. Ban chiu trch nhim v cc nghip vu
truyn tn hiu m thanh v du liu cua ITU goi l uy ban Tu vn Quc t v Din
thoai v Din bo (CCITT). Cc thnh vin cua CCITT bao gm FCC, PTTs u
chu, cc doanh nghip truyn thng v nhiu hng my tnh, truyn du liu khc.
Do nhiu thnh qua dng gp truc tip c tnh k thua, mang X.25 thuc su duoc
xem l mang tiu chun c tnh ton cu.
5.9.1 Co so k thut
Mang X.25 l mt mang din thoai dng d truyn du liu. D bt du thuc
hin qu trnh giao tip, mt my tnh cn phai lin kt voi mt my khc d yu
cu thuc hin giao tip. My duoc yu cu lin kt c th chp nhn hoc tu chi
vic giao tip. Nu lin kt duoc chp nhn, hai h thng c th bt du truyn tai
thng tin qua lai hai chiu dng thoi voi nhau. Ca hai bn du c th chm dut vic
giao tip vo bt cu thoi dim no ty .
Cc dc tnh cua mang X.25 cho php xc dinh qu trnh tuong tc tu nt-dn-
nt (point-to-point) giua cc thit bi truyn du liu du cui (Data Terminal
Equipment - DTE) voi cc thit bi kt cui mach truyn du liu (Data Circuit-
terminating Equipment - DCE). DTEs (bao gm cc tram du cui v my chu cua
nguoi su dung mang) kt ni voi DCEs (bao gm modem, cc gi tin v cc cng
truy cp PDN, thuong dt tai cc tram truyn thng), DCEs lai ni kt vo knh
chuyn mach gi (Packet Switching Exchanges - PSEs) v cc DCEs khc trong
mang PSNs v cui cng dn mt DTE khc.
Mt DTE c th xem l mt tram du cui nhung khng thuc hin dy du cc
chuc nng cua mang X.25. Cc DTE duoc ni kt voi DCE thng qua mt thit bi
chuyn di goi l thit bi ghp/tch gi tin (Packet Assembler/Disassembler - PAD).
- 81 -
Qu trnh hoat dng cua mach ghp ni tu tram du cui dn PAD, cc dich vu do
PAD cung cp v cc tuong tc giua PAD v cc my chu do CCITT quy dinh.
So d dc tnh cua mang X.25 kiu phn tng tu 1 toi 3 theo m hnh tham
chiu cho vic ni kt cc h thng mo OSI. Tng 3 cua mang X.25 m ta cc quy
trnh dinh dang v chuyn mach gi giua cc thnh t tng 3 ngang cp. Tng 2 cua
mang X.25 do cc thu tuc truy cp lin kt cn bng (Link Access Procedure
Balance - LAPB) kim sot. LAPB xc lp cc don vi gi tin (packet framing) cho
cc lin kt DTE/DCE. Tng 1 cua mang X.25 xc lp cc thu tuc v din v co d
kch hoat v chm dut qu trnh kt ni vt l cua DTE v DCE. Mi quan h ny
duoc minh hoa theo hnh v duoi dy. Ch rng tng 2 v 3 cung tham chiu theo
tiu chun ISO 7776 (LAPB) v ISO 8208 (cc tng gi tin mang X.25).
M hnh OSI Mng X25
7
6
5
4
Cc t in t rnh do
nguoi su dung quy
dinh
3 Cap gi t in mang
X.25
2 Cap cau t rc vat l
mang X.25
1
DTC
Giao t huc DTE/ DCE
DCE
Hnh 5-26. Mi quan h giua cc tng trong mang X.25.
Qu trnh giao tip tu nt-toi-nt (end-to-end) giua cc DTEs duoc thuc hin
hon thin thng qua mt su kt ni song phuong goi l lin kt truyn ao (virtual
circuit). Cc lin kt ao cho php cc h mang khc nhau c th giao tip duoc voi
nhau thng qua moi nt lin kt trung gian m khng cn dn cc b phn chuyn
dung d dinh r cc lin kt vt l. Cc lin kt ao hoc c th duy tr vinh vin
hoc c th tam thoi. Lin kt ao vinh vin duoc goi l PVCs (Permanent Virtual
Circuits), lin kt ao tam thoi duoc goi l SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits). PVCs
chu yu p dung cho phuong thuc truyn du liu thuong xuyn cn SVCs duoc p
dung cho phuong thuc truyn du liu khng thuong xuyn. Tng 3 cua mang X.25
lin quan toi phuong thuc giao tip tu nt toi nt bao gm ca hai lin kt ao PVCs
v SVCs.
Mt khi d thit lp lin kt ao, PTE c th thuc hin truyn mt gi tin dn
mt PTE khc bng cch chuyn gi tin dn DCE thng qua mt lin kt ao thch
hop. Sau d DCE s tin hnh n uu tin cua lin kt ao d dinh ra thuc truyn gi
tin ln mang X.25. Cc giao thuc cua tng 3 mang X.25 s tin hnh chn thng tin
- 82 -
vo giua cc DTE duoc kim sot boi DCE cua mang pha nhn gi tin ri sau d
duoc chuyn dn DTE dch.
5.10 K thut FRAME RELAY
Buoc sang thp ky 80 v du thp ky 90, cng ngh thng tin c nhung buoc
tin dc bit l ch tao v su dung cp quang vo mang truyn dn tao nn cht
luong thng tin rt cao. Su dung giao thuc X25 d truyn da s liu trn mang cp
quang, du liu nhn duoc c th dnh gi l dat yu cu. Tuy nhin nguoi ta nhn
thy rng su dung giao thuc ny lm mt rt nhiu thoi gian d truyn s liu trn
mang cp quang. Do d cng ngh Frame Relay ra doi c th chuyn nhn cc
khung lon toi 4096 byte trong khi d gi tiu chun cua X25 khuyn co dng l
128 byte, khng cn thoi gian cho vic hoi dp, pht hin li v sua li o lop 3 (No
protocol at Network Layer) nn Frame Relay c kha nng chuyn tai nhanh hon
hng chuc ln so voi X25 o cng tc d. Frame Relay rt thch hop cho truyn s
liu tc d cao v cho kt ni LAN to LAN v ca cho m thanh, nhung diu kin
tin quyt d su dung cng ngh Frame relay l cht luong mang truyn dn phai
cao.
Frame-Relay bt du duoc dua ra nhu tiu chun cua mt trong nhung giao
thuc truyn s liu tu nm 1984 trong hi nghi cua uy ban Tu vn Quc t v
Dinthoai v Din bo CCITT v cung duoc Vin tiu chun quc gia M ANSI
dua thnh tiu chun cua ANSI vo nm d.
Muc tiu chnh cua Frame-Relay cung ging nhu cua nhiu tiu chun khc,
d l tao ra mt giao din chun d kt ni thit bi - cua cc nh san xut thit bi
khc nhau - giua nguoi dng v mang UNI (User to Network Interface). Frame-
Relay duoc thit k nhm cung cp dich vu chuyn khung nhanh cho cc ung dung
s liu tuong tu nhu X.25 hay ATM.
Mang truyn s liu theo cng ngh chuyn mach gi X.25 chi c th phuc vu
cho cc nhu cu truyn s liu tc d thp (ti da toi 128 Kbps) nhung n c tnh an
ton cao, khc phuc duoc cc yu dim cua mt mang truyn dn cht luong km.
Voi cc cng ngh truyn dn hin nay, vn d nng cp cht luong cc duong
truyn dn khng cn qu phuc tap nhu truoc kia. V vy, chng ta cn c th chon
huong pht trin l xy dung mang truyn s liu theo cng ngh Frame-relay v
tin toi cng ngh ATM.
5.10.1 Khun dng gi d liu Frame-Relay
- 83 -
Flag Error check Dat a C&A Flag
<--- trail ---> <--- header --->
Hnh 5-27. Khun dang gi du liu Frame-Relay.
Flag: Co
Error check: Truong kim tra li
Data: Truong du liu
C&A: Truong dia chi v diu khin
D thuc hin nhim vu truyn s liu, mang Frame-Relay s phai giai quyt
vn d tc nghn thng tin trn mang, thuc cht dy l vn d cua tng Mang trong
m hnh 7 tng. Frame-Relay lm vic o tng Lin kt nhung cung phai giai quyt
vn d ny d dam bao kha nng luu chuyn thng tin. Hu ht cc mang truyn s
liu du su dung k thut diu khin lung d giai quyt vn d tc nghn. C hai
phuong php duoc su dung khi xay ra tc nghn trong mang: thng bo cho nguoi
dng, router, chuyn mach v su c tc nghn xay ra v thuc hin cc cng vic
nhm hiu chinh lung thng tin. Ca hai phuong php ny mang Frame-Relay du
dng dn cc bit BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) v bit FECN
(Forward Explicit Congestion Notification) trong truong diu khin.
Bit FECN duoc thit lp khi c tc nghn d thng bo rng thu tuc xu l tt
nghn d duoc khoi tao, v tuong ung voi luu luong bi nghn tu huong cua Frame
c bit FECN toi. Nguoc lai, bit BECN cung duoc thit lp khi c tc nghn d
thng bo rng thu tuc xu l nghn d duoc khoi tao, nhung tuong ung voi luu l-
uong bi nghn tu huong nguoc voi Frame c bit BECN toi. Khi cc bit ny duoc
thit lp th mang phai dng dn mt lin kt logic du phng d chuyn cc thng
tin d xu l nghn, d l lin kt voi m nhn dang DLCI (Data Link Connection
Identifier) s 1023. Cc lin kt voi m nhn dang nho hon duoc dng d truyn s
liu cua nguoi dng.
BI TAP
1. Vit so d m ta thut giai hoat dng chon duong trn mang.
2. Khao st cu trc v hoat dng cua giao thuc diu khin ICMP
3. Tm hiu cc lnh cua h diu hnh Windows v Linux d xem v thay di cc
thng s bang chon duong.
- 84 -
Chuong 6 TANG GIAO VAN
Tng giao vn lm nhim vu thit lp, duy tr v huy bo cc cuc giao tip
giua hai my, dam bao vic du liu truyn ging hon ton du liu nhn. Du liu
qua cc mang con c th bi li, tp tin tng giao vn thuc hin cai thin cht luong
dich vu, dam bao du liu duoc truyn mt cch chnh xc v truyn lai nu nhu pht
hin thy li. Tng giao vn quan l d liu gui, xc dinh trat tu cua du liu v do
uu tin cua du liu d.
6.1 Cc vn d cua tng giao vn
6.1.1 Cung cp d|ch v cho tng phin
D thuc hin muc tiu chuyn giao du liu tin cy, an ton cho tng 5, tng 4
phai dng cc dich vu duoc cung cp tu tng 3 (network layer). Phn cung v phn
mn trong phn 4 d thuc hin cng vic coi l thuc th giao vn (transport entity).
Mi quan h giua cc lop 3, 4, 5, duoc m ta boi hnh sau:
A B
6-7
5 Session Layer
TSAP
Session Layer
I nt erface
4
3 NSAP
Net work Layer
NSAP
Net work Layer
1 - 2
Hnh 6-1. Mi quan h giua cc thuc th trong tng Phin.
C hai dich vu mang nn cung c hai dich vu giao vn: dich vu c kt noi v
khng kt noi.
Do du liu qua cc subnet c th sai st, nguoi su dung khng c duoc diu
khin trn subnet hoc tng cuong quan l li o tng hai. Chi c kha nng dt thm
mt tng trn lop 3 d cai thin cht luong dich vu (QoS). Nu giua chng mt tng
giao vn duoc kt ni mang duoc kt thc dt ngt v khng bit duoc su c g d
xay ra, n c th thit lp mt kt ni moi o lop mang toi tng giao vn o xa v goi
yu cu hoi s liu no dn, s liu no khng tu n bit duoc sai st xay ra o du.
Tng 4 c th pht hin mt gi tin, s liu bi bin di, N-RESET o lop mang. Tng
1 -> 4 cung cp dich vu giao vn. Tng 5 ->7 su dung dich vu giao vn
Transport
Ent it y
Transport
Ent it y
Net work layer services
Services provided t o t he
Transport
Prot ocol
TPDU
- 85 -
Cc hm dich vu cua tng giao vn c kt ni
Ngoi phn giao thuc chun, ISO cn dinh nghia cc dich vu m tng Giao vn
cung cp cho cc thuc th o tng Phin trong truong hop c lin kt, duoi dang mt
tp hop cc hm dich vu nguyn thuy(services primitives) nhu sau :
T-CONNECT request (callce, caller, exp want ed, qos, user dat a)
T-CONNECT indicat ion (callce, caller, exp want ed, qos, user dat a)
T-CONNECT response (qos, responder, exp want ed, user dat a)
T-CONNECT confirm (qos, responder, exp want ed, user dat a)
T-DI SCONNECT request (user dat a)
T-DI SCONNECT indicat ion (reason, user dat a)
T-DATA request (user dat a)
T-DATA indicat ion (reason, user dat a)
T-EXPEDI TED-DATA request (user dat a)
T-EXPEDI TED-DATA indicat ion (reason, user dat a)
Cc hm dich vu cua tng giao vn khng c kt ni : Chi c hai hm dich
vu duoc dinh nghia :
T-UNI TDATA request (callce, caller, QoS, user dat a)
T-UNI TDATA indicat ion (callce, caller, QoS, user data)
Quan h giua cc hm OSI nguyn thuy : Qu trnh ni, tch v trao di du
liu din ra nhu sau :
T-CONNECT
Request
T-CONNECT
Request
T-CONNECT
Request
T-CONNECT
I ndicat ion
T-CONNECT
I ndicat ion
T-CONNECT
Reponse
T-DI SCONNECT
Request
T-CONNECT
Confirm
T-DI SCONNECT
I ndicat ion
T-CONNECT
I ndicat ion
(a) (b) (c)
Chp nhn Tu chi boi bn duoc goi Tu chi boi tng giao vn
T-DI SCONNECT
Request
T-DI SCONNECT
Request
T-DI SCONNECT
Request
T-DI SCONNECT
I ndicat ion
T-DI SCONNECT
I ndicat ion
T-
DISCONNECT
Indication
(d) (e) (f)
Bnh thuong Dng thoi tch ca hai pha Tch tu tng giao vn
- 86 -
T-DATA
Request
T T-EXPEDI TED-DATA
Request
i
m T-DATA
I ndicat ion
T-EXPEDI TED-DATA
Request
e
(g) (h)
Bnh thuong Goi s liu khn
Hnh 6-2. Quan h giua cc hm OSI nguyn thuy.
Giai thch
(a) Qu trnh ni duoc chp nhn
(b) Qu trnh ni bi tu chi boi bn duoc goi
(c) Qu trnh ni bi tu chi boi tng Giao vn do li cua nguoi su dung hoc
nguoi chung cp dich vu giao vn gy nn.
(d) Qu trnh tch bnh thuong
(e) Qu trnh tch dng thoi ca hai pha
(f) Qu trnh tch tu tng Giao vn
(g) Qu trnh trao di du liu bnh thuong
(h) Qu trnh trao di du liu khn
Trong hnh (c) trn, vic tu chi c th do li cua nguoi su dung hoc nguoi
cung cp dich vu giao vn gy nn. Khi d, khng c g duoc pht qua mang v vy
du kia khng nghe duoc g ca. C nhung qui tc cho nguoi su dung cc hm dich
vu giao vn. V du, khng duoc dng T-DISCONNECT.request khi tip ni chua
duoc thit lp.
6.1.2 Cht lung d|ch v QoS
Chuc nng co ban cua tng 4 l tng cuong cht luong dich vu duoc cung cp
boi tng 3. Nu lop cht luong chua tt, tng Giao vn s khc phuc khoang ngn
cch giua nhung g m nguoi su dung tng Giao vn mun v nhung g m lop mang
cung cp. Cc tham s cua cht luong dich vu QoS (Quality of Service) bao gm :
Thoi gian thit lap lin kt l thoi gian tu khi goi yu cu toi thoi dim nhn
duoc xc nhn lin kt.
Xc nhan khng thnh cng cua thit lap lin kt - l ty l yu cu lin kt
khng duoc chp nhn trong mt thoi han ti da.
Luu luong cua lin kt do s byte huu ch c th truyn trong mt giy, luu
luong duoc tnh trong mot cuoc trao doi hoc dua vo kha nng cua mang
theo 2 chiu.
- 87 -
Thoi gian tr (D tr truyn dn - transmit delay) l khoang thoi gian giua
thoi dim m nguoi su dung dich vu cua tng Giao vn bn pht goi thng
bo toi thoi dim thuc th cua tng Giao vn bn thu nhn duoc. Dnh gi
theo 2 chiu.
Tv l loi l ty s giua tin bo bi li (hoc mt) trn tng s tin bo duoc
truyn trong mt chu ky dinh truoc.
Xc nhan su co truyn: ty s giua thoi gian c su c voi thoi gian ca chu ky
quan st.
Thoi gian huy lin kt l thoi gian tu khi mt nguoi su dung pht huy cu
huy lin kt dn khi lin kt duoc huy tht su tai thit bi du cui tu xa.
Xc suat loi khi huy lin kt l ty l s yu cu huy lin kt khng duoc thuc
hin trong thoi gian lon nht.
Kha nng bao v l kha nng cua nguoi su dung cm thit bi du cui bn
ngoi truy nhp bt hop php hay thay di du liu truyn.
Thng so uu tin: cho php nguoi su dung c quyn uu tin duoc phuc vu
cao hon di voi mt lin kt.
Thng so huy bo cho php tng giao vn tu quyt dinh huy lin kt khi c tc
nghn hay cc vn d bn trong mang.
Nguoi su dung khi yu cu lin kt s goi tt ca cc thng s voi cc gi tri
yu cu toi tng giao vn v bt du qu trnh dm thoai voi cc thng s d.
So snh cc hm co ban cua dich vu giao vn v dich vu mang, ta thy cc
dich vu mang v giao vn gn ging nhau. Su khc nhau l dich vu mang cho php
nguoi su dung xu l Acknowledgements v N-ROSOTS. Nguoc lai, dich vu giao
vn khng quan tm dn v dich vu lop giao vn l tin cy, khng c li. Dich vu
mang duoc dng boi tng giao vn.
6.1.3 Cc lp giao thc cua tng giao vn
Cc dich vu tng giao vn bao dam bng cc giao thuc giua 2 thuc th cua tng
cung tuong tu nhu giao thuc cua tng lin kt du liu n giai quyt vn d li, diu
khin luu luong v bao dam trnh tu mang tin.
tng lin kt du liu, hai IMP truyn tin truc tip qua duong knh vt l. o
tng giao vn, duong knh vt l ny duoc thay bng subnet. Su khc nhau ny ko
theo su khc nhau v xy dung cc thu tuc. o tng giao vn phai xc dinh dia chi noi
nhn, o tng lin kt du liu th khng cn v chi c mt duong truyn tin giua hai
dim. Qu trnh kt ni o tng giao vn cung phuc tap hon o tng lin kt giu liu.
- 88 -
Tng giao vn di hoi kha nng luu tru trong mang (subnet) d giu nhung gi
tin bi su c v di hoi thu tuc dc bit. tng giao vn s cc kt ni lon hon nn cc
vn d b dm v diu khin dng phuc tap hon.
Tu quan dim thit k thu tuc giao vn, cc dich vu duoc cho boi mang quan
trong hon cc tnh cht thuc t cua mang, mc d ci sau bi anh huong manh boi ci
truoc. Tuy vy, trong mt pham vi no d, dich vu muc mang c th che nhung mt
t duoc ch cua mang v cung cp ghp ni tt hon. D tin loi xem xt cc thu tuc
giao vn, ta chia cc dich vu trn mang thnh 3 nhm :
Nhm nghia
Nhm A
- Hon thin, ty l cc gi tin bi mt, trng lp hoc bi hong khng
dng k.
- Lnh N-RESET c th bo qua.
- Tng giao vn don gian, khng cn cc dich vu phuc hi v sp
xp lai thu tu gi tin.
- Thuong l mang cuc b.
Nhm B
- Gi tin bi mt, nhung kim sot duoc.
- Thinh thoang tng mang goi lnh N-RESET do tc nghn, hong
phn cung, vn d phn mm.
- Thng thuong l mang duong di
Giao thuc tng Giao vn c nhim vu:
- Thit lp tai lin kt. Dng b lai
- Theo di ton b yu cu khoi dng lai cho NSD.
Nhm C
- Truyn tin khng tin cy, khng lin kt
- Mang duong di, kt ni nhiu mang con
- Giao thuc cua tng giao vn phuc tap, phai c kha nng phuc hi
li khi xay ra su c v sp xp lai thu tu cc gi tin.
Bang 6-1. Cc nhm dich vu cua tng Giao vn.
Dich vu mang xu th giao thuc cua tng giao vn s phuc tap hon. OSI d nhn
thuc vn d ny v chia giao thuc cua tng giao vn thnh 5 lop ung voi cc loai
mang nhu sau :
- 89 -
Lp nghia
Lop O
Mang loai A
- Lop thu tuc don gian
- Kt ni mang khi c yu cu giao vn khng phai giai quyt li
- Chu yu tao ra trnh tu, diu khin dng du liu d tng mang
hoat dng tt.
- Bao gm co cu thit lp v huy lin kt o tng giao din.
Lop 1
Mang loai B
C tnh cht tuong tu lop 0, ngoi ra cn thm:
- Khoi dng lai mang sau khi N-RESET. Giao thuc c kha nng
bo nhn (ACK) v truyn du liu khn.
- Dng b lai v sau d ni lai lin lac giua cc thuc th giao vn
d bi gin doan
- Lop 1 khng kim tra li v kim sot dng du liu.
Lop 2
Mang loai A
Lop 2 l phin ban cua lop 0 v duoc xy dung cho mang tin
cy v c thm mt s chuc nng nhu sau :
- Su ghp knh : Hai hay nhiu lin kt cua tng giao vn c th
dng chung mt kt ni o tng mang.
- Su dung khi nhiu lin kt o tng giao vn duoc mo dng thoi,
ni lin kt c luu luong nho.
V du nhu h thng dt v my bay cho php tit kim duong truyn.
Lop 3
Mang loai B
L t hop lop 1 v lop 2
- Cho php dn knh
- Khoi dng lai
- Diu khin dng du liu.
Lop 4
Mang loai C
Lop 4 c hu ht cc chuc nng cua lop truoc v b sung thm mt
s kha nng kim sot lung du liu.
- Phai c bin php giai quyt vn d mt gi tin, gi tin bi hong
- Phai giai quyt yu cu khoi dng lai
- Thu tuc Giao vn phuc tap nht.
Bang 6-2. Cc lop dich vu cua tng Giao vn.
Dich vu khng c kt ni dt tt ca su phuc tap v thu tuc Giao vn.
- 90 -
6.1.4 Thu tc giao vn trn X. 25
Thu tuc X. 25 l thu tuc c ni v tin cy, coi nhu lop mang loai A. Do d thu
tuc giao vn trn X.25 l thu tuc giao vn lop 0 m hnh OSI. Thu tuc ny duoc th
hin qua cc hm dich vu co ban v qu trnh ni, tch, trao di s liu cua thu tuc.
6.1.4.1 Cc hm djch v co ban
Cc hm dich vu co ban duoc thuc hin bng cc chuong trnh con minh hoa
bng ngn ngu Pascal
1. Hm Connect thuc hin T-CONNECT .request
connum = CONNECT(local, remote)
Hm dich vu ny d thit lp kt ni tng giao vn giua 2 my. Nu kt ni
thnh cng, hm tra v mt s duong, nguoc lai hm tra v s m.
2. Hm Listen thuc hin T-CONNECT.indication
connum = LISTEN (local)
Hm ny dng d thng bo tip nhn yu cu kt ni
3. Hm Disconnect thuc hiin T-DISCONNECT.request
status = DISCONNECT (commun)
Hm ny dng d kt thc kt ni, tham s commun cho bit kt ni no s bi
ngt, kt qua thuc hin s duoc gn cho bin status voi gi tri OK hoc error
4. Hm Send thuc hin T-DATA.request
status = SEND (commun, buffer, bytes)
Hm ny d pht ni dung o buffer voi kch thuoc l bytes cho s kt ni dt o
commun. Kt qua dt o status.
5. Hm Receive thuc hin T-DATA.indication
status = RECEIVE (commun buffer, bytes)
Hm ny d nhn tin vo buffer voi kch thuoc l gi tri o bin bytes. Kt qua
thuc hin dt vo status gi tri OK hoc error.
Nguyn Tan Khi,
KHOA CNG NGHJ THNG TIN - TRUNG DAI HC BCH KHOA D NANG
- 91 -
Chuong 7 H GIAO THUC TCP/IP
Do dc tnh cua m hnh OSI l mt m hnh tham chiu, vic p dung m
hnh OSI vo thuc t thuong c hiu sut km do du liu phai truyn qua tt ca cc
lop cua m hnh OSI o c hai my, m hnh OSI l tiu chun d cc nh pht trin
dua vo m pht trin cc m hnh khc ti uu hon. C rt nhiu m hnh khc nhau
nhu NetBIOS, IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, tuy nhin m hnh TCP/IP hin nay dang duoc su
dung ph bin nht.
TCP/IP thuc cht l mt ho giao thuc cng lm vic voi nhau d cung cp ptn
truyn thng lin mang. M hnh TCP/IP c nhung tnh cht chung nhu sau :
- TCP /IP dc lp voi phn cung mang vt l, diu ny cho php TCP/IP hoat
dng trn nhiu mang khc nhau nhu Ethernet, Token Ring, X25, dial up,...
- TCP/IP su dung so d dnh dia chi ton cuc duy nht : mi my tnh trn
mang TCP/IP c mt dia chi xc dinh duy nht. Mi gi tin goi trn mang c
mt tiu d chua dia chi ngun v dch.
- Chun giao thuc mo : TCP/IP c th thuc hin trn bt ky phn chung hay h
diu hnh no.
- Hoat dng theo m hnh Client/Server.
- Cung cp cc giao thuc ung dung : cung cp cho nguoi lp trnh phuong thuc
truyn du liu trn mang giua cc ung dung m cn cung cp nhiu giao thuc
o muc ung dung nhu giao thuc truyn nhn mail, truyn file, . . .
- TCP/IP h tro cho lin mang (internetworking) v dinh tuyn, cc giao thuc
muc cao duoc chun ho thch hop v cung cp sn cc dich vu nguoi dng.
7.1 M hnh TCP/IP
Cu trc cua b giao thuc TCP/IP c bn tng, duoc m ta nhu hnh v sau
Hnh 7-1. Kin trc TCP/IP v cc don vi du liu.
Applicat ion Layer
Transport Layer
I nt ernet Layer
Net work Access Layer
St ream
Segment
Dat agram
Frame
Message
Packet
Dat agram
Frame
TCP UDP
- 92 -
Chuc nng cua cc tng nhu sau :
1. Tng truy cp mng NAL (Network Access Layer)
- Cung cp cho h thng phuong thuc d truyn du liu trn cc thit bi phn
cung vt l khc nhau cua mang.
- Dng gi cc luoc d du liu IP (IP datagram) vo cc frame truyn trn
mang v vic nh xa cc dia chi IP thnh cc dia chi vt l tuong ung dng
cho mang truoc khi truyn xung knh vt l.
- Dinh nghia cch thuc truyn cc khi du liu IP : Cc giao thuc o lop ny
phai bit chi tit cc phn cu trc vt l mang o duoi n d dinh dang chnh
xc cc du liu s duoc truyn phu thuc vo tung loai mang vt l cu th.
Lop truy cp mang NAL cua m hnh kin trc TCP/IP tuong duong voi ba
lop thp nht cua m hnh OSI l Network layer, Datalink layer, v Physical layer.
2. Tng mng
Tng mang chiu trch nhim dinh tuyn cc thng bo (message) qua cc
mang vt l khc nhau, lin mang, giao thuc o lop ny l IP l giao thuc quan trong
nht v IP cung cp dich vu giao nhn gi tin co ban trn cc mang TCP/IP, moi
giao thuc o cc lop trn v bn duoi tng mang du su dung giao thuc IP d thuc
hin vic giao nhn du liu. Hon nua IP b sung mt h thng dia chi logic duoc
goi l dia chi IP, duoc su dung boi lop Internet v cc lop cao hon d nhn din cc
thit bi v thuc hin dinh tuyn lin mang.
3. Tng Giao vn (Host to Host Transport Layer)
- Cung cp phuong tin lin lac tu mt chuong trnh ung dung ny dn chuong
trnh ung dung khc, chiu trch nhim dam bao ton ven du liu du cui.
- Trong lop ny c 2 giao thuc quan trong nht:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) : V chuc nng TCP tuong duong voi
lop giao thuc dy du nht cua giao thuc chun Transport cua OSI. Tuy
nhin, khc voi m hnh ISO, TCP su dung phuong thuc trao di cc dng
du liu (data stream ) giua nguoi su dung.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) : cung cp dich vu giao nhn du liu theo
kiu khng lin kt (connectionless), khng cn phai thuc hin thit lp
lin kt logic giua mt cp thuc th UDP truoc khi chng trao di du liu voi
nhau.
4. Tng ng dng (Application Layer)
- 93 -
Bao gm tt ca cc tin trnh su dung cc giao thuc cua lop Transport d
truyn du liu. C nhiu giao thuc ung dung o lop ny, phn lon l nhm cung cp
cho nguoi dng cc dich vu ung dung, su dung 2 giao thuc chnh TCP v UDP.
Tng ung dung cung cp cc dich vu trn Internet nhu thu din tu (SMTP),
truyn file (FTP), v.v.. Tng duoi l phn mang d dinh tuyn dia chi dn.
Ping
Telnet &
Rlogin
FTP SMTP SNMP
Trace -
Rout e
Appl i cat i on
DNS TFTP BOOTP RI P OSPF et c.
Tr anspor t TCP UDP I CMP
Net work I P
LLC HDLC PPP
Dat aLi nk
Et hernet 802.3 X.25
Token
Ring
Frame
Relay
ATM SMDS et c.
Physi cal Fiber Opt ics UTP Coax Microwave Sat elit e STP
Hnh 7-2. Ho giao thuc TCP/IP.
Telnet Tele Comunication Dich vu truy cp tu xa.
FTP File Transfer Protocol Dich vu truyn File.
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Dich vu truyn thu don gian.
DNS Domain Name System H thng tn min
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Giao thuc quan l mang don gian
RPC Remote Procedure Call Thu tuc goi tu xa
RIP Routing Information Protocol Giao thuc dinh tuyn thng tin
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Giao thuc TCP
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thuc du liu cua nguoi dng.
IP Internet Protocol Giao thuc IP
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol G.thuc kim sot message giua cc mang.
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Multiplexing
7.2 Giao thc TCP
Tng Giao vn su dung hai giao thuc chnh l TCP v UDP. Giao thuc TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) dam bao d tin cy giua noi goi v noi nhn (end-
to-end) trong diu kin lop mang loai C khng tin cy. Dng s liu c chiu di tuy
duoc phn thnh nhung doan khng vuot qu 64KB, gui di dn du bn kia lai
duoc gp lai thnh ban tin ban du.
Chuc nng cua giao thuc TCP :
- 94 -
Chc nng Gi i t hch
Pht hin li
Bang cch su dung mt t ruong checksum d kim t ra li bat cu khi
no dat agram duoc cat ra t rong qu t rnh t ruyn.
Truyn lai
TCP se t ruyn lai cc gi t in bi mat hoac bi sai hng t rong qu t rnh
t ruyn.
nh s t hu tu
Cho php bn gi d pht di cc gi t in t heo mt t rat tu, bn nhan
d nhan v kt hop cc gi t in t heo mt t rat t u d dinh
Bo nhan v kim sot lung
Bn TCP nhan se gui mt doan bo nhan xc dinh mt s chuc
nang t rong qu t rnh t ruyn t in.
Pht gi t in dn dng ung
dung yu cau
Ni doan gi t in TCP c mt s hiu cng ngun v dch, l gi t ri
duy nhat d xc dinh mt phin lm vic.
Tnh cht cua giao thuc TCP :
Tnh cht Gi i t hch
Tin cay
TCP cung cap kha nang t in cay bang cch gi lai du liu dn khi
bn nhan c mt bo nhan hng. on vi du liu m TCP t ruyn di
l segment v duoc giao t huc I P phn ra t hnh cc dat agram.
Hung kt ni
TCP t hit lap kt ni logic giua cc my khi t ruyn du liu, hoat
dng t heo co ch bat t ay" (handshake), v c nhim vu dng b
vic kt ni giua hai my.
Dng du liu
TCP xu l du liu dui dang mt dng ni t ip cc byt e, t heo co
ch dnh s t hu t u gi t in.
7.2.1 Khun dng gi tin TCP
TCP l mt giao thuc c lin kt (connection - oriented) nghia l cn phai
thit lp lin kt logic giua mt cp thuc th TCP truoc khi chng trao di du liu
voi nhau, c 3 giai doan : thit lp lin kt, truyn tai d liu v huy lin kt. Don
vi du liu cua TCP duoc goi l segment (doan du liu). Cu trc don vi du liu cua
TCP duoc m ta nhu hnh sau :
Source Port - So hiu cong nguon (16 bits)
Xc dinh s hiu cng cua tram ngun - User TCP cuc b (thuong l mt
chuong trnh ung dung trn lop cao hon).
Destination Port - So hiu cong dch (16 bits)
Xc dinh s hiu cng cua tram dch cua my o xa. Dng d nhn din cc tin trnh
dim du mt o knh ao TCP.
Sequence Number - So thu thu (32 bits)
Truong ny chua mt s chi vi tr hin tai cua khi tin trong Message. S ny cung
duoc cc phin ban khc nhau cua TCP d cung cp s thu tu cua khi tin ban du
(ISN).
- 95 -
0 15 16
Dy l s hiu byte du tin cua segment tru khi bit SYN duoc thit lp. Nu bit
SYN duoc thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun tu khoi du (ISN) v byte
du liu du tin l ISN+1.
Source Port Dest inat ion Port
Sequence Number
Acknowledgment Number
Dat a
Offset
Reserved
U
R
G
A
C
K
P
S
H
R
S
T
S
Y
N
F
I
N
Windows
Checksum Urgent Point er
Opt ion + Padding
TCP DATA
Hnh 7-3. Cu trc cua gi tin TCP.
Acknowledgment Number - So phc dp (32 bits)
Dng d chi ra s hiu cua segment (khi tin) sp duoc truyn tip theo m tram
dch dang cho d nhn. Dng bo nhn tt cc Segment m tram ngun d gui cho
tram dch. Ngoi ra n cung chi ra s thu tu cua khi tin nhn duoc sau cng; n chi
ra s thu tu cua khi tin nhn duoc cng thm 1.
Data offset (32 bits) : Truong ny dng d chi ra vi tr bt du cua truong du liu.
Reserved (6 bits) : Chua dng dn, dnh su dung v sau. Cc bit duoc dt bng 0.
Control Bits - Cc bit diu khin
Co URG : Nu c gi tri l 1 th th truong urgent pointer rt quan trong.
Co ACK : Nu c gi tri l 1 th truong Acknowledgment rt quan trong.
Co PSH : Nu thit lp th tuc l chuc nng PUSH sp duoc thuc hin.
Co RST : Nu duoc thit lp th kt ni hin tai sp duoc khoi tao lai.
Co SYN : Chi ra s thu tu cua doan tin s duoc dng b ho. Co ny duoc
dng khi m kt ni duoc thit lp.
Co FIN : Nu co ny thit lp, n chi ra rng pha gui khng cn du liu d
gui nua. Diu ny tuong duong voi vic dnh du kt thc qu
trnh truyn.
TCP
Header
URG ACK PSH
0 1 2
RST SYN FI N
3 4 5
- 96 -
Window - Cua so (16 bits)
Truong ny cp pht the dng d kim sot lung du liu theo co ch cua s. Dy l
s luong cc byte du liu khi tin m pha thu c th chp nhn duoc.
Checksum (16 bits)
Chua m kim sot li (theo phuong php CRC) cho ton b segment.
Urgent Pointer - Con tro khan (16 bits)
Truong ny duoc dng khi m co URG duoc thit lp; con tro ny tro toi s hiu
tun tu cua cc byte di theo sau du liu khn, cho php bn nhn bit duoc d di
cua du liu khn.
Options (c do di thay doi)
Truong ny dng d xc dinh cc Option cua TCP. Mi lua chon bao gm mt s (1
byte) d chi ra lua chon d, mt s chi gi tri cua cc byte trong truong Option, v
cc gi tri lua chon. Hin nay voi TCP moi c 3 Option duoc dinh nghia, nhu sau:
S 0 : Cui danh sch cc lua chon
S 1 : Khng hoat dng (No Operation)
S 2 : Kch c lon nht cua mt Segment
Truong Options chi d xc dinh kch thuoc lon nht cua b dm m TCP nhn c
th chp nhn duoc. Boi v TCP dng truong du liu c chiu di thay di duoc nn
c th c truong hop l my gui s tao ra mt doan tin m pha nhn khng th chp
nhn duoc.
Padding :
Dng d b sung vo Header d bao dam rng phn Header lun l bi s cua 32
bit. Phn thm vo bao gm ton s 0.
TCP Data (C do di thay doi)
Chua du liu cua tng trn, d di ti da ngm dinh l 536 bytes. Gi tri c th diu
chinh bng cch khai bo trong vng Options.
7.2.2 Qu trnh ni-tch
SYN=1, Seq=X
Client Server
SYN=1, ACK=1, Ack=X+1, Seq=Y
ACK=1, Ack=Y+1
- 97 -
Qu trnh thit lp kt ni bng thu tuc bt tay 3 ln (three-way hand). Client
gui ban tin voi SYN=1 (yu cu kt ni). Server nhn duoc, gui ban tin voi SYN=1
v ACK=1. Client lai dp lai voi ban tin ACK=1.
Kt thc kt ni bng thu tuc bt tay hai ln (two-way hand). Bn kt thc goi
s liu, goi ban tin voi FIN=1, TCP cho php nhn tip tuc s liu cho dn khi bn
kia gui ban tin FIN=1
FIN=1
Client Server
...
FIN=1
Ngoi ra, thu tuc TCP/IP cn dng d kt ni giua LAN v WAN nhu mt thu
tuc cho mang LAN.
7.2.3 Qu trnh trao di d liu
Send DATA
Send ACK
Send ACK
Send ACK
Send ACK
Send DATA
Send ACK
Hnh 7-4. S qu trnh trao i d liu ca TCP.
W= maximun Segment size (W>N)
2W = Windows limit
7.2.4 Th t thc hin ng dng TCP/IP
Su kt hop cua thu tuc TCP v IP thuc su l su kt hop giua cc mang my
tnh ni voi nhau cho php nguoi dng cc mang my tnh ni voi nhau cho php
nguoi dng cc mang khc nhau lin lac v lm vic duoc voi nhau.
ACK = 1, ACk = Y+ W+ 1 (Windows = W)
ACK = 1, Ack = X+ N+ 1 (Window = N)
SEQ = 1, Seq = Y
SEQ = 1, Seq = Y+ N
SEQ = 1, PSH = 1, Seq = X
ACK = 1, ACk = Y+ 2W+ 1(Windows = W)
SEQ = 1, Seq = Y+ 2W
ACK = 1, ACk = Y+ 3W-1 (Windows = W)
- 98 -
Thu tuc TCP l thu tuc tai du cui, cn IP dng d chay trn mang. Khi nguoi
su dung thu tuc TCP tao duoc phn doan TCP v kt hop vo IP d tao thnh IP
datagram. Router cn cu vo dia chi IP trong gi tin v thng tin chua trong bang
dinh tuyn d chuyn gi ny di toi cc router sau. Khi gi tin IP dn router cui
cng, router ny tm v chuyn gi tin dn dia chi h thng du cui.
Nu IP datagram khng chuyn toi du cui duoc v mt l do no d, n s bi
huy bo v giao thuc IP khng cn thng bo duoc diu ny cho nguoi su dung bit.
Giao thuc TCP cung cp mi lin h tin cy giua cc du cui, dam bao du liu pht
di dng dia chi, khng bi thiu hay pht lp nghia l tai dim cui cng thu tuc TCP
s doc s thu tu trong phn doan TCP d bit gi tin bi thiu hay gi d nhn ri v
bo lai cho bn pht bit.
Gi tin IP khng phu thuc vo cc giao thuc cu th cua cc mang khc nhau
m n di qua (X.25 hay Frame relay v.v..). Voi IP cc mang chi don thun l duong
dn cc Router. Ta c th hnh dung IP datagram nhu mt phong b bnh thuong,
nguoi gui thu khng quan tm dn buc thu dn duoc nguoi nhn bng t, tu hoa
hay my bay.
Su kt hop giua thu tuc TCP v IP gip nguoi dng su dung duoc cc dich vu
trao di trn Internet thuc hin qua cc buoc chnh sau dy:
Buc 1: Cc du liu ung dung kt hop voi s thu tu d hnh thnh phn doan TCP.
Nguoi su dung dng dich vu trn mang nhu thu din tu, Telnet hay FTP v.v..
c nghia l dua cc du liu cua nguoi dng vo phn du liu cua gi tin TCP. Giao
thuc TCP s dua vo phn header cua gi tin cc thng tin sau:
- S hiu cng quy dinh cua Internet.
- S thu tu Segment gui di.
- Thng bo cho bn gui bit d nhn duoc Segment thu my (ACK)
- S byte cn pht.
Buc 2: Kin tao ra gi tin IP datagram
Trn co so cua gi tin TCP, IP thm cc thng tin sau dy vo d tao thnh IP
Datagram.
- Dia chi pht v nhn : Router su dung dia chi ny d dinh tuyn.
- S thu tuc (Protocol number): dinh nghia thu tuc m IP thuc hin.
- Thoi gian tn tai (Time to live): dinh nghia s Router bt buc Datagram phai
di qua truoc khi n bi huy bo.
- Thng tin v cc phn doan bi chia nho trong qu trnh chuyn di trn mang.
- 99 -
Kch thuoc gi tin thay di ty thuc vo mang khc nhau, chng han nhu
kch thuoc gi tin trong mang Ethernet l 1500 bytes cn mang X.25 chi c 128
bytes.
Cc thng tin ty chon
- Source Routing (Dinh tuyn bn pht): cung cp danh sch cc Router su
dung.
- Route recording (Ghi lai tuyn duong d di qua): Thng tin s yu cu mi
Router ghi lai dia chi IP khi n chuyn datagram qua, dng d thng k duoc
s liu cua duong dn trong Internet.
- Fragmentation limit (Gioi han phn manh): Dinh nghia c lon nht (tnh theo
byte) cua mt datagram c th chuyn di m khng cn phai chia nho.
- Routing priority or security (Uu tin hoc bao dam an ton cho Datagram): chi
r tuyn no dnh uu tin hay tuyn no bao dam duoc an ton cho datagram.
Hnh 7-5. Cu trc cua IP Datagram.
Nhu vy Datagram thuc cht l hnh thuc mt gi tin chua du liu thng tin
duoc dng trong internet.
Buc 4: Chuyn gi dn dia chi dch
Cc IP Datagram chuyn qua cc lop duoi dua vo v dinh tuyn d tm toi
dia chi dn qua mang cn cu vo dia chi vt l cua mang luoi v du nhu dia chi
mang X.25, mang Frame relay hoc ngay ban thn cua Internet. Tt ca cc thng tin
ny du nm trong bang dinh tuyn trong cc Router. Cc mang X.25 hay Frame
relay chi lm nhim vu chuyn tai cc Datagram.
Tai pha du cui thu, TCP tch IP datagram d ly phn doan TCP xu l du
liu thng tin, di chiu s thu tu, pht hin nhung gi thiu thiu hay d nhn
duoc, dng thoi cung nhn duoc thng bo (ACK) tu pha pht bo cho bit bn dy
d nhn duoc gi thu my do bn ny pht di.
- 100 -
Pha thu thng bo (ACK) cho bn pht bit s du liu d nhn duoc dng thoi
cung yu cu pht lai nhung gi tin thiu nu c.
7.3 Giao thc UDP
Giao thuc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) cho php nguoi su dung goi ban tin
m khng cn thit lp lin kt, do d khng bao dam vic giao nhn chnh xc
hoc thu tu ban tin. Giao thuc UDP dng cho dich vu khng tin cy 100%. Thuc t
trong cc mang 99% ban tin UDP duoc giao nhn dng dch. Do t chuc nng phuc
tap nn UDP hoat dng nhanh hon so voi TCP.
Source Port Dest inat ion Port
Message Lengt h Checksum
DATA
Hnh 7-6. Khun dang cua UDP Datagram.
Cc truong c nghia nhu sau:
Source Port - S hiu cng ngun (cua my gui): Mt truong c th lua chon
duoc voi s hiu cng. Nu mt s hiu cng khng xc dinh th truong ny
c gi tri l 0.
Destination Port - S hiu cng trn my nhn.
Message Length - Chiu di cua du liu trong d ca phn Header v du liu.
Truong Checksum: l 16 bit b mt cua php tng b mt cua truong du liu,
c ca phn pseudoHeader ging nhu cua TCP.
Truong checksum cua UDP cung c th lua chon duoc, nhung khng duoc
dng. Khng mt checksum no duoc dng cho phn du liu v phn checksum cua
IP chi dng cho phn Header IP m thi. Nu phn checksum khng duoc dng th
cc bit cua truong ny duoc thit lp l 0.
Giao thuc UDP duoc su dung trong mt s tnh hung dc bit :
- Khi truyn mt du liu nho th dng UDP c hiu qua hon so voi vic kt ni
v huy kt ni khi su dung TCP.
- Cc ung dung hoi dp, mong mun tra loi trong mt thoi gian ngn sau khi
nguoi su dung goi di yu cu. Tra loi cung l mt co ch bo nhn. Nguoi ta
su dung giao thuc UDP nhu trong cc dich vu ung dung khng yu cu d
chnh xc cao nhu thng bo gio hay cc dich vu goi nhn tin, ty gi .. .
0 1 5 1 6 3 1
- 101 -
- Mt s m hnh nn d truyn cc thng tin audio, video, c th chp nhn
duoc mt vi gi du liu bi hong hay tht lac.
- Mt vi ung dung c d tin cy ring trong khi truyn du liu th nn dng
UDP hon l TCP.
7.4 Cng v Socket
7.4.1 S hiu cng
Khi mt my khch kt ni vo my chu th c th yu cu nhiu dich vu khc
nhau trn my chu. Mi dich vu du c cch goi v nhn du liu theo quy uoc ring.
TCP v UDP chi chiu trch nhim dua du liu tu mt my tnh ny dn mt my
tnh khc, cn du liu d duoc goi dn dich vu theo cch no th phai thng qua
cng cua dich vu.
Cng duoc dc trung boi mt s c gi tri tu 0 dn 65535. Cc cng chun tu
0 - 1023 l cng duoc dng cho cc dich vu ph bin nhu FTP, eMAIL, POP3,
HTTP, ... Khng th c hai tin trnh cng su dung chung mt s hiu cng.
Cc s hiu cng (Port Numbers) duoc dng thng dung trong thuc t :
UDP Por t TCP Por t
0 Reversed
7 Echo
37 Time
42 Name Server
53 Domain Name Server
69 Trivial File Transfer Program
( TFTP )
514 Syst em Log
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 Reversed
1 TCP Mult iplexor
20 FTP_ Dat a Connect ion
21 FTP_ Command Connect ion
23 TELNET
25 SMTP
42 Name Server
53 Domain Name Server
79 Finger_ find a act ive user
80 HTTP
7.4.2 Socket
Mi socket xc dinh mt dim cui trong lin kt truyn thng hai chiu giua
cc tin trnh giao tip trn mang, l di tuong m qua d cc dich vu ung dung
truyn hoc nhn cc gi du liu trn mang. Khi cn goi du liu di, cc tin trnh
ghi du liu vo socket, khi c du liu dn, cc tin trnh s doc socket d ly du liu.
Trong nhung nm 80, do nhu cu cn c mt giao din lp trnh ung dung API
(Application Programming Interface) d pht trin cc trnh ung dung trn mang
TCP/IP, giao din socket d duoc xy dung ln du tin trn h diu hnh UNIX.
Loai Berkelay Socket (Berkeley Software Distribution - BSD, tai Truong Dai hoc
- 102 -
California o Berkeley) duoc thit k voi nguyn tc truyn thng lin tin trnh (IPC
- InterProcess Communication) trn mang gn lin voi TCP/IP.
Cc Socket cung cp kha nng gui v nhn du liu thng qua kt ni mang m
khng di su vo cc muc v khun dang gi tin, co ch quan l b dm. Co ch
trao di Socket duoc su dung trong cc m hnh mang nhu sau :
M hnh Client/Server
M hnh mang ngang hng, nhu cc trnh ung dung "chat"
Tao cc cuc goi thu tuc tu xa ( Remote Procedure Calls - RPC )
Cc kiu socket :
1. Stream socket :
Su dung voi giao thuc TCP, c thit lp kt ni giua hai my truoc khi trao di
du liu.
Stream socket cung cp co ch trao di du liu theo hai chiu, tin cy, c thu
tu v khng pht lp.
Khng c bin gioi giua cc record.
2. Datagram socket
Su dung voi giao thuc UDP, khng cn thit lp lin kt giua hai my truoc
khi truyn du liu. Vic dinh vi Server v Client s thng qua dia chi dch
trong gi tin.
Datagram socket cung cp co ch trao di du liu theo hai chiu, khng bao
dam tin cy v c thu tu , c th pht lp.
Bin gioi giua cc record trong du liu goi di duoc bao ton.
3. Raw socket
Cung cp su truy xut vo cc giao thuc giao tip nn c h tro socket. Cc
Socket ny tnh hung l cc gi tin c dinh huong mc d d tin cy phu
thuc vo giao din duoc cung cp boi giao thuc.
Raw socket chi dnh cho cc nguoi su dung mun pht trin cc giao thuc
giao tip moi hoc mun truy xut su vo cc tin ch b mt cua giao thuc
d.
Mt socket c ba thnh phn chnh :
Giao din duoc lin kt : l dia chi IP cua my.
Port : s hiu cua cng dich vu d truyn hoc nhn du liu,
- 103 -
Loai socket : Stream socket hoc Datagram socket.
Mt lin kt giua hai my trn voi nhau duoc xc dinh boi mt cp socket :
Socket (Host1, Port1) v Socket (Host2, Port2). S Socket l duy nht cho php
mt tin trnh c th giao tip voi mt tin trnh khc trn mang.
Hnh 7-7. Nhiu my ngun ni voi mt my dch.
Mt lin kt c th duoc thit lp theo mt trong hai cch : chu dng (active)
hoc bi dng. Cc thuc th tng trn su dung TCP thng qua bng cch goi cc hm
dich vu nguyn thuy. Dich vu TCP duoc thit lp nho mt lin kt logic giua mt
cp Socket. Mt Socket c th tham gia nhiu lin kt voi cc Socket o xa khc
nhau. V cc khung tin duoc dua qua cng du c dy du cc thng tin v socket
(voi dia chi IP), cho nn khng c xung dt du liu xay ra.
7.5 M hnh giao tip Client/Server
TCP/IP phu thuc vo khi nim my khch (Client) v my chu (Server).
Thut ngu Server dng d chi nhung chuong trnh cung cp cc dich vu thng qua
mang. Cc Server nhn dam nhim chuc nng dp ung cc yu cu cua my khch,
thuc hin vic phuc vu v tra lai kt qua. Thut ngu Client dng d chi cc chuong
trnh ung dung goi cc yu cu dn Server v cho kt qua tra v.
Cc chuong trnh Client v Server thuong thuc thi trn cc my khc nhau.
Mi chuong trnh Server c th cng dp ung cho nhiu chuong trnh Client trn
nhiu my tnh khc nhau cng mt lc.
7.5.1 Qu trnh trao di d liu dng Stream Socket
Stream socket dua trn nn giao thuc TCP di hoi phai tao mt kt ni truoc
khi hai bn c th truyn hoc nhn du liu cho nhau. Stream Socket cung cp mt
dng cc byte du liu khng c phn cch c th truyn hai chiu. Cc dng du liu
c th tin cy duoc phn pht tun tu, du liu khng trng lp, nghia l cc gi du
liu duoc phn pht theo thu tu duoc pht, v mi ln chi c mt gi ring bit
duoc truyn.
My C My B
S hiu cng ngun 350, cng dch l 23
S hiu cng ngun 351, cng dch l 23
S hiu cng ngun 352, cng dch l 23
My A
My dch
- 104 -
Dang socket ny rt thch hop voi m hnh Client/Server. Server s tao mt
socket, gn cho n mt tn (cung cp mt dia IP cua my v mt port d giao tip),
v doi client ni kt dn socket. Bn client cung tao mt socket v ni kt dn tn
socket trn server. Khi server pht hin c yu cu kt ni tu client, n s tao mt
socket moi v su dung socket moi d d giao tip voi client. Socket cu tip tuc doi
kt ni tu cc client khc.
So d trao di du liu giua Client/Server bng cch dng Socket duoc biu
din nhu sau :
Start
connect()
send()/r ecv()
socket()
Kt thc
close()
CLIENT
socket()
bind()
Star t
End
W a i t f o r
c o n n e c t i o n s f r o m
c l i e n t s
accept()
send() / r ecv()
listen()
close()
SERVER
Hnh 7-8. So d trao di du liu giua Client/Server bng StreamSocket.
7.5.2 Qu trnh trao di d liu dng Datagram Socket
Datagram Socket dua trn giao thuc UDP khng di hoi phai thit lp mt kt
ni truoc khi truyn v nhn du liu. Du liu chi l mt gi don, v vy dang socket
ny thuong dng d truyn cc mu tin, khng cn nhiu cc header lop ung dung.
Dang socket ny cung cp lung du liu khng bao dam theo thu tu hoc khng bi
trng lp, khng bao dam du liu s dn duoc noi nhn. Du liu c th dn khng
theo thu tu duoc pht v c kha nng bi trng lp. Nhung su phn cch giua cc
- 105 -
mu tin th duoc duy tr. Trong mang LAN datagram c kha nng tin cy tuong di
tt, nhung trong mang WAN, nhu mang Internet th khng duoc dam bao.
Luu d client/server su dung giao thuc UDP
socket()
bind()
Star t
End
send() / r ecv()
close()
SERVER
Star t
send()/r ecv()
socket()
End
close()
CLI ENT
Hnh 7-9. So d trao di du liu giua Client/Server bng DatagramSocket.
7.5.3 V d chuong trnh client/server
Trong v du duoi dy chuong trnh server thuc hin cc buoc thit lp cho vic
cho doi mt kt ni tu chuong trnh client. Sau khi thit lp kt ni voi client, ca hai
thuc hin mt s thao tc truyn v nhn thng tin ri kt thc chuong trnh.
7.5.3.1 M lnh chuong trnh Server
- Tao ra mt socket voi hm socket().
- Rng buc socket voi mt dia chi bng hm bind ().
- Dng hm listen() d cho doi mt kt ni.
- Nhn bt ky thng tin no yu cu kt ni bng hm accept().
- Nhn cc thng bo gui dn bng hm read() v gui thng bo dn client bng
hm write().
-
/* mksock.c make and bind to a socket - userver*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<sys/un.h>
#include<unistd.h>
void die(char * message);
void copyData(int from, int to);
- 106 -
int main(void) {
struct sockaddr_un address;
int sock,conn;
size_t addrLength;
if ((sock=socket(PF_UNIX,SOCK_STREAM,0))<0)
die("socket");
/*unlik("./sample_socket");*/
address.sun_family=AF_UNIX;
strcpy(address.sun_path,"./sample_socket");
addrLength=sizeof(address.sun_family)+strlen(address.sun_path);
if(bind(sock,(struct sockaddr *)&address,addrLength))
die("bind");
if(listen(sock,5))
die("listen");
while((conn=accept(sock,(struct sockaddr*)&address,&addrLength))>=0) {
printf("---getting data\n");
copyData(conn,1);
printf("---done\n");
close(conn);
}
if (conn<0) die("accept");
close(sock);
return 0;
}
void die(char * message){
perror(message);
exit(1);
}
void copyData(int from,int to){
char buf[1024];
int amount;
while ((amount=read(from,buf,sizeof(buf)))>0){
if(write(to,buf,amount)!=amount){
die ("write");
return;
}
}
if (amount<0) die("read");
}
7.5.3.2 M lnh chuong trnh client
Tu chuong trnh client , d thuc hin duoc mt kt ni dn server v truyn
nhn thng tin chi cn thuc hin 2 buoc co ban nhu sau:
- Tao mt socket() tuong ung voi chuong trnh server cu th .
- Yu cu dn server thuc hin kt ni bng cch goi hm connect().
Nu mt kt ni duoc tao ra, client c th gui yu cu bng hm write() v
nhn cc dp ung phan hi bng hm read().
/* sockconn.c - connect to a socket - uclient*/
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<sys/un.h>
#include<unistd.h>
void die (char * message);
- 107 -
void copyData(int from, int to);
int main(void){
struct sockaddr_un address;
int sock;
size_t addrLength;
if ((sock=socket(PF_UNIX,SOCK_STREAM,0))<0) die("socket");
address.sun_family=AF_UNIX;
strcpy(address.sun_path,"./sample_socket");
addrLength=sizeof (address.sun_family) + strlen(address.sun_path);
if(connect(sock,(struct sockaddr *)& address,addrLength)) die("connect");
copyData(0,sock);
close(sock);
return 0;
}
void die(char * message){
perror(message);
exit(1);
}
void copyData(int from, int to){
char buf[1024];
int amount;
while ((amount=read(from,buf,sizeof(buf)))>0){
if(write(to,buf,amount)!=amount) {
die("write");
return;
}
}
if (amount<0) die("read");
}
----------------------------------------------------
BI TAP
1. Tm hiu cc m ta Socket v cu trc du liu cua socket m h diu hnh
cp pht d luu tru cc thng tin cn thit cho kt ni mang.
2. Tm hiu cc thu vin lp trnh WinSock trn h diu hnh Windows.
3. Vit cc chuong trnh giao tip Client/Server theo m hnh giao tip
TCP/IP hoc UDP/IP.
- 108 -
Chuong 8 TANG PHIN
Tng phin (Session Layer) lm nhim vu t chuc v dng b su chuyn di
du liu giua cc tin trnh ung dung khc nhau. Tng Phin lm vic voi tng ung
dung d cung cp cc tp du liu, duoc goi l cc dim dng b, cc dim ny cho
php mt ung dung bit qu trnh truyn v nhn du liu duoc thuc hin nhu th
no.
Tng phin chiu trch nhim thit lp v duy tr mt phin truyn thng giua
hai tram hoc nt mang. Mt phin truyn thng qua mt mang hoat dng c phn
ging voi mt cuc goi qua cc duong dy din thoai. Tng Phin c gng thit lp
mt phin truyn thng giua hai nt trn mt mang. Ca hai nt du thua nhn phin
truyn thng ny thuong s duoc gn mt s hiu nhn din. Mi nt c th ngt
phin truyn thng giua hai nt trn mt mang duoc goi l mot cong luan l
(Socket). Khi mt phin truyn thng duoc thit lp, mt cng lun l s duoc mo
ra. Mt phin truyn thng duoc kt thc duoc goi l mot cong luan l bi dng
(Close Socket).
Muc tiu cua tng phin l c kha nng cung cp cho nguoi su dung cc chuc
nng cn thit d quan l cc phin ung dung cu th nhu:
- Diu phi vic trao di du liu giua cc ung dung bng cch thit lp v giai
phng (mt cch logic) cc phin (hay goi l cc hi thoai dialogues).
- Cung cp cc dim dng b ha d kim sot vic trao di du liu.
- p dt cc qui tc cho cc tuong tc giua cc ung dung cua nguoi su dung.
- Cung cp co ch ly luot (nm quyn) trong cc qu trnh trao di du liu.
Trong tng phin th vn d dng b ha duoc thuc hin tuong tu nhu mt co
ch kim tra / phuc hi (check point/reset).Trong mt h quan tri tp tin, dich vu
ny cho php nguoi su dung xc dinh cc dim dng b ha trong dng du liu v
c th khi phuc lai vic hi thoai bt du tu mt trong cc dim d.
8.1 D|ch v OSI cho tng Phin
Tng phin lm vic quan l cc cuc thoai giua hai my tnh bng cch thit
lp, quan l, v kt thc cc phin truyn thng.
8.1.1 Cung cp cho ngui su dng d|ch v tng phin (SS-user)
- Thit lp mt lin kt voi mt nguoi su dung dich vu tng phin khc, trao di
du liu voi nguoi su dung d mt cch dng b v huy bo lin kt mt cch c
trt tu khi khng dng dn nua.
- 109 -
- Thuong luong v vic dng cc the bi (TOKEN) d trao di du liu,dng b
ha v huy bo lin kt ,sp xp phuong thuc trao di du liu (half-duplex hoc
full-duplex).
- Thit lp cc dim dng b ha trong cc hi thoai v khi xay ra su c th c
th khi phuc lai vic hi thoai bt du tu mt dim dng b ha d thoa
thun.
- Ngt hi thoai v khi phuc lai hi thoai sau d tu mt dim xc dinh truoc.
Cc dich vu xc dinh dim dng b ha l nhm vo hai muc dch :
1) Cc dim dng b ha c th phn tch cc phn cua mt hi thoai.
2) Cc dim dng b ha c th dng d phuc hi li.
Cc dim dong bo ha chnh dng d cu trc qu trnh trao di du liu thnh
mt chui cc don vi hi thoai (dialogue), mi dim ny phai duoc xc nhn v
nguoi su dung s bi han ch trong mt s dich vu nht dinh cho toi khi nhn duoc
mt su xc nhn moi. Mt dim dng b ha chnh duoc dng d tch bit cc hai
don vi hi thoai lin tip.
Cc dim dong bo ha phu duoc dng d cu trc qu trnh trao di du liu o
trong mt don vi hi thoai, v cc dim ny khng cn phai duoc xc dinh
truoc.Vic dng cc dim dng ha phu trong qu trnh truyn tp n s ngn chn
vic truyn lai du liu voi mt khi luong lon
Mot don vi hoi thoai l mt Activity (hnh dng) nguyn tu trong d moi hnh
dng truyn thng khng c lin quan g dn bt ky mt hoat dng truyn thng no
truoc v sau d. Mt hnh dng bao gm nhiu don vi hi thoai, v dy cung chnh
l mt tp hop logic cc nhim vu lin quan voi nhau; o mt thoi dim th chi c
mt activity trn mt lin kt phin nhung mt activity th c th din ra trn nhiu
lin kt phin, n c th bi ngt v sau d c th khi phuc lai trong mt lin kt
phin khc, mt vng doi cua mt lin kt phin th c th c nhiu Activity lin
tip.
8.1.2 Diu khin trao di d liu
Vic trao di du liu xay nhu sau d thuc hin mt trong ba phuong thuc nhu
sau : hai chiu dng thoi (full-duplex), hai chiu lun phin (haft -duplex), mt
chiu (simplex).
- 110 -
8.1.2.1 Trao di d liu mt chiu
Lin quan dn cc dot chuyn giao du liu mt chiu. Bo chy l mt v du,
n gui mt thng dip bo dng dn tram chng chy, nhung khng th (v khng
cn) nhn cc thng dip tu tram chng chy.
Voi phuong thuc mt chiu th t xay ra: chng han nhu du liu duoc gui dn
mt di tuong tam thoi khng lm vic, th chi c mt chuong trnh nhn voi mt
nhim vu duy nht l tip nhn du liu dn v giu lai.
8.1.2.2 Trao di d liu hai chiu lun phin
Lin quan dn cc dot chuyn giao du liu hai chiu, o d cc lung du liu
mi ln di theo mi huong. Khi mt thit bi hon tt mt phin truyn, n phai " tra
lai " vt tai cho thit bi kia d dn phin thit bi d duoc truyn.
Voi phuong thuc lun phin hai chiu th nay sinh cc vn d nhu sau :
- Cc di tuong su dung phin phai ly luot d truyn du liu (din hnh cua
phuong thuc ny l dng cho cc ung dung hoi dp).
- Thuc th tng phin (session entity) duy tr tuong tc lun phin bng cch bo
cho cc di tuong khi dn luoc ho s truyn du liu.
8.1.2.3 Trao di d liu hai chiu dng thi.
Cho php tin hnh cc dot chuyn giao du liu hai chiu dng thoi bng cch
cung cp cho mi thit bi mt knh truyn thng ring bit. Din thoai ting l
nhung thit bi song cng dy du, v mt trong hai bn cua mt cuc dm thoai c
th ni bt ky lc no. Hu ht cc mdem my tnh du c th hoat dng theo ch
d song cng dy du.
Ch d truyn thng bn song cng c th dn dn tnh trang bng thng bi
lng ph trong qung thoi gian m dot truyn thng dang quay tra. Trong khi d, ch
d truyn thng song cng dy du thuong yu cu mt ban thng lon hon so voi ch
d truyn thng bn song cng
Voi phuong thuc hai chiu dng thoi th ca hai bn cng dng thoi gui du liu
cng mt lc, mt khi phuong thuc ny d duoc thoa thun th khng di hoi phai
c nhim vu quan tri tuong tc dt bit dy cung l mt phuong thuc ph bin nht.
8.1.3 Diu hnh phin lm vic
Phin lm vic (session) l mt cuc thoai chnh thuc giua mt bn yu cu
dich vu v mt bn cung cp dich vu. Cc phin ban lm vic thuong c t nht ba
giai doan :
- 111 -
Thit lap tuyn lin kt : Bn yu cu dich vu s yu cu khoi pht mt dich
vu. Trong qu trnh xc lp, phin truyn thng duoc thit lp v cc quy tc
duoc thoa thun.
Chuyn giao d liu : Do cc quy tc duoc thoa thun trong khi xc lp, nn
mi bn cua cuc thoai s bit ni dung mong doi. Phin truyn thng s huu
hiu v cc li cung d pht hin.
Giai phng cc kt noi : Khi hon tt phin lm vic, cuc thoai kt thc
trong trt tu.
8.1.4 Lin kt phin
Tng Phin thuc hin dt tuong ung lin kt phin voi cc lin kt giao vn.
Trong mt qu trnh lin kt c th xay ra 2 truong hop :
1. Mt lin kt giao vn thit lp voi nhiu lin kt phin lin tip :
Lin kt Phin
Lin kt Giao vn
2. Nhiu lin kt giao vn su dung cng mt lin kt phin:
Lin kt Phin
Lin kt Giao vn
K hiu : : Thit lp lin kt
: Giai phng lin kt
8.2 Giao thc chun tng phin
Giao thuc chun tng phin su dung toi 34 loai don vi du liu (SPDU) khc
nhau,v c khun dang tng qut nhu sau :
Trong d :
SI: Dinh danh cua loai SPDU (mt trong 34 loai)
L PARAMETERS USER DATA
Time
Time
- 112 -
LI(length indicator): Chi d di cua vng tham s(parameters)
PARAMETERS: vng khai bo cc tham s SPDU, mi loai SPDU c danh
sch tham s ring. Mi tham s duoc khai bo duoi dang tng qut gm 3
vng con : parameter identifier, length indecation, parameter value v chng
duoc goi theo don vi pi hoc PGI (mi don vi PGI gm c 3 vng con: PGI,
LENGTH INDICATION, PARAMETER VALUE).
User data: chua du liu cua nguoi su dung.
8.2.1 Cc loi SPDU, cc tham s v chc nng
SPDU PARAMENTERS FUNCTI ON
CONNECT
Connect ion I D, Prot ocol Opt ions,
Version Number, Serial Number,
Token set t ing, Maximum TSDU size,
Requirement s, Calling SSAP, Called
SSAP, User Dat a.
I nit iat e session Connect ion
ACCEPT Same as CONNECT SPDU.
Et ablist SESSI ON
CONNECTI ON
REFUSE
Connect ion I D, Transport
disconnect , Requirement s, Version
number, Season.
Rej ect connect ion request
FI NI SH Transport Disconnect , User Dat a. I nit iat e Orderly Release
DI SC0NNECT User Dat a. Acknowledge orderly Release
NOT FI NI SHED User Dat a. Rej ect Orderly Release
ABORT
Transport disconnect , Prot ocol Error
Code, User Dat a.
Abnormal connect ion Release
ABORT ACCEPT
Transport disconnect , Prot ocol Error
Code, User Dat a.
Acknowledge Abort
DATA TRANSFER Enclosure it em,User Dat a. Transfer normal Dat a
EXPEDI TED User dat a. Transfer t yped dat a
CAPABI LI TY DATA ACK User Dat a. Acknowledge Capabilit y dat a
GI VE TOKENS Tokens. Transfer t okens
PLEASE TOKENS Tokens , User Dat a. Request t oken Assignment
GI VE TOKENS CONFI RM - Transfer all t okens
GI VE TOKENS ACK - Acknowledge all t okens
MONOR SYNC POI NT
Confirm required flag, Serial
number, User dat a.
Define minor sync point
MI NOR SYNC ACK Serial number, User Dat a.
Acknowledge minor sync
point
MAJOR SYNC POI NT
End of act ivit y flag, Serial number,
User Dat a.
Define maj or sync point
MAJOR SYNC ACK Serial number,User dat a.
Acknowledge maj or sync
point
RESYNCHRONI ZED
Tokens sit t ings, resync t ype, serial
number, user dat a.
Resynchorize
RESYNCHRONI ZED ACK
Tokens set t ings, Serial number,
User Dat a.
Acknowledge resynchronize
- 113 -
PREPERE Type. Not ify t ype SPDU is coming
EXCEPTI ON REDORT SPDU bit pat t em. Prot ocol Error det ect ed
EXCEPTI ON DATA Reason, User Dat a. Put prot ocol in Error st at e
ACTI VI TY START Act ivit y I D, User dat a. Signal beginning of act ivit y
ACTI VI TY RESUME
Connect I D, Old act ivit y I D, New
Act ivit y I D, User dat a.
Signal resumpt ion of act ivit y
ACTI VI TY I NTERRUPT Reason. I nt errupt act ivit y
ACTI VI TY I NTERRUPT ACK - Acknowledge int errupt
ACTI VI TY DI SCARD Reason. Cancel act ivit y
ACTI VI TY DI SCARD ACK - Acknowledge cancellat ion
ACTI VI TY END Serial number/ User dat a. Signal act ivit y end
ACTI VI TY END ACK Serial number/ User dat a. Acknowledge act ivit y end
Tng Phin dng mt vai tr quan trong trong vic trao di thng tin giua cc
my Client voi my Server. Nhung thng tin m chng ta cn truyn tai th duoc
chia nho ra thnh cc khung (hay gi) truoc khi chng duoc truyn tai qua mt
mang. Mi tng cua m hnh 7 tng OSI du c th b sung thm cc thng tin vo
doan du v doan cui cua mt khung du liu vv sau d cc thng tin ny s duoc
doc boi tng tuong duong o my tram tip nhn. V mt s tng khc c th b
sung thm phn du(header) v ca mt phn dui(trailer) vo khung du liu c sn.
Sau d, khung du liu ny truyn chuyn toi tng tuong duong trn tram tip nhn.
- 114 -
Chuong 9 TANG TRNH DIEN
Tng Trnh din c nhim vu phn cch giua cc tng cao hon v cc tng
thp hon tu dinh dang du liu cua tng ung dung, chuyn di dinh dang du liu tu
dinh dang cua tng ung dung thnh dinh dang thng thuong, goi l trnh din hop
voi quy tc. Tng Trnh din xu l du liu khng phu thuc vo my tnh tu tng
ung dung thnh du liu c dinh dang phu thuc vo my tnh d chuyn cho cc
tng thp hon.
Tng trnh din xu l c php, hoc cc quy tc vn pham, cn thit cho phin
truyn thng giua hai my tnh, bao dam cho cc h thng cui truyn th6ng c kt
qua khi chng su dung cc dang biu din du liu khc nhau. Tng ny trnh by
mt dang thuc du liu dng dang cho tng ung dung.
9.1 Vai tr v chc nng
Muc dch cua tng trnh din l dam bao cho cc h thng cui c th truyn
thng c kt qua ngay ca khi chng su dung cc biu din du liu khc nhau .D dat
duoc diu d n cung cp mt biu din chung d dng trong truyn thng v cho
php chuyn di tu biu din cuc b sang biu din chung d.
Tn tai 3 dang c php thng tin duoc trao di giua cc thuc th ung dung :
C php dng boi thuc th ung dung ngun.
C php dng boi thuc th ung dung dch.
C php dng boi giua cc thuc th trnh din ,loai c php ny goi l c
php truyn (transfer syntax).
Tng trnh din dam nhn vic chuyn di biu din thng tin giua c php
truyn v mi mt c php kia khi c yu cu
Ch rng khng tn tai mt c php truyn xc dinh truoc duy nht cho moi
hoat dng trao di du liu. C php truyn duoc duy nht cho moi hoat dng trao
di du liu. C php truyn duoc su dung trn mt lin kt cu th cua tng trnh
din phai duoc thuong luong giua cc thuc th trnh din tuong ung. Mi bn lua
chon mt c php truyn sao cho c th sn sng duoc chuyn di sang c php
nguoi su dung v nguoc lai. Ngoi ra c php truyn duoc chon phai phan nh cc
yu cu dich vu khc chng han nhu cu nn du liu .vic thuong luong c php
truyn su dung c th duoc thay di trong vng doi lin kt d .Tng trnh din chi
lin quan dn c php truyn v th trong giao thuc s khng quan tm dn cc c
php su dung boi thuc th ung dung. Tuy nhin mi thuc th trnh din phai chiu
trch nhim chuyn di giua c php nguoi su dung v c php truyn.
- 115 -
Cc khi nim lin quan dn bi canh cua tng trnh din : Khi qua ranh gioi
giua hai tng trnh din v tng phin c mt su thay di quan trong trong cch nhn
du liu. Di voi tng phin tro xung tham s User Data trong cc service
primitives duoc dc ta duoi dang nhi phn (mt chui cc byte). Gi tri ny c th
duoc dua vo truc tip trong cc SDU (Service Data Unit) d chuyn giua cc tng
trong mt h thng v trong cc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) d chuyn giua cc tng
dng muc o h thng kt ni voi nhau. Tuy nhin tng ung dung lai lin quan cht
ch voi cch nhn du liu cua nguoi su dung ni chung cch nhn d l mt tp
thng tin c cu trc no d nhu l vn ban (text) trong mt ti liu mt tp v nhn
su hoc mt co so du liu .... Nguoi su dung chi quan tm dn ngu nghia
(semantics) cua du liu. Do d tng trnh din o giua chi c nhim vu cung cp
phuong thuc biu din du liu v chuyn di thnh cc gi tri nhi phn dng cho
cc tng duoi nghia l tt ca nhung g lin quan dn c php cua du liu
Tuy nhin trong thuc t khng th tch bach hon ton giua c php v ngu
nghia v ngu nghia du liu. Nu tng ung dung khng bit g v c php th tng
trnh din khng bit g v nhu nghia th khng th no hon tt duoc vic kt hop
ngu nghia voi c php dng d tao ra mt biu din cu th cc gi tri du liu cho
dich vu phin.
o tng ung dung thng tin duoc biu din duoi dang c php truu tuong
(abstract syntax) lin quan dn cc kiu du liu (data values) c php truu tuong
ny dc ta mt cch nhn hnh thuc du liu dc lp voi moi biu din cu th.
Do vy mt c php truu tuong c nhiu dc dim ging kiu du liu nhu cc
ngn ngu lp trnh Pascal, C .... Cc ngu nghia nhu l BNF. Cc giao thuc tng ung
dung m ta cc PDU cua chng bng mt c php truu tuong. Tng trnh din
tuong tc voi tng ung dung cung dua trn c php truu tuong ny, tng trnh din
c nhim vu dich thut c php truu tuong cua tng ung dung v c php truyn
(transfer syntax) m ta cc gi tri du liu duoi dang nhi phn thch hop cho vic
tuong tc voi dich vu phin vic dich thut ny duoc thuc hin nho qui tc m ho
chi r biu din cua mi gi tri du liu thuc mt kiu no d .
Truoc khi su dung lin kt cua mt tng trnh din d trao di du liu th hai
thuc th trnh din o hai du phai thoa thun v c php truyn duoc xem nhu l bi
canh trnh din (presentation context) duoc dng d trao di du liu
C php truyn phai ym tro c php truu tuong tuong ung. Ngoi ra c php
truyn c th c cc thuc tnh khc khng lin quan g dn c php truu tuong m
n ym tro v du mt c php truu tuong c th ym tro boi bt k mt c php
truyn v co ban th ging nhau chi khc nhau o ch mt cung cp kha nng mt
m, mt ch cung cp ca hai v mt khng cung cp kha nng no.
- 116 -
9.1.1 Phin d|ch d liu
Mt muc tiu quan trong cn giai quyt khi thit k cc mang d l cho php
kiu my tnh khc nhau trao di du liu. Tuy muc tiu ny t khi duoc giai quyt
ton ven, nhung vic vn dung hiu qua cc k thut phin dich du liu c th gip
nhiu kiu my tnh truyn thng voi nhau. C bn dang phin dich du liu, thu tu
bt, thu tu byte, m k tu, v c php tp tin nhu sau :
Thu tu bit : Khi s nhi phn duoc truyn qua mt mang, chng goi di theo
tung bit, thu tu byte, m k tu, v c php tp tin.
Phin dich thu tu Byte : Cc gi tri phuc tap thuong phai duoc biu thi bng
nhiu byte, nhung cc my tnh khc nhau thuong dng quy uoc khc nhau
v vic s truyn byte no truoc. Cc b vi xu l Intel bt du bng byte t
quan trong nht. Do chng bt du tai du nho, nn duoc goi l kt du nho.
Cc b vi xu l Motorola bt du bng byte quan trong nht. D ho hop
nhung khc bit ny, ta cn phai c tnh nng phin dich thu tu byte.
Phin dich m k tu : Hu ht cc my tnh du dng mt trong cc bang m
dnh s nhi phn duoi dy d biu thi cc b k tu : Bang m ASCII duoc
dng d biu thi cc k tu ting Anh trn tt ca my tnh v hu ht cc my
tnh mini. EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code =
M hon di thp phn m ho nhi phn mo rng) duoc dng d biu thi cho
cc k tu ting Anh trn my tnh lon nht.
Phin dich c php tp tin : Khi cc dang thuc tp tin khc nhau giua cc
my tnh, cc dang d di hoi phai phin dich.
9.2 D|ch v OSI cho tng trnh din
Dich vu OSI cho tng trnh din c 2 loai : mt loai bao gm cc dich vu lin
quan dn biu din cua du liu nguoi su dung d dam bao cho hai thuc th ung
dung c th trao di du liu thnh cng ngay khi chng dng cc biu din cuc b
khc nhau cho du liu d, loai thu hai bao gm cc dich vu cho php cc thuc th
ung dung c th su dung cc dich vu tng phin d quan l hi thoai.
D cung cp loai dich vu thu nht tng trnh din thuc hin hai nhim vu sau :
Thuong luong v c php truyn : voi mi kiu du liu nguoi su dung cho
truoc mt c php truyn duoc thuong luong.
Chuyn di : du liu cung cp boi nguoi su dung duoc chuyn di thnh biu
din theo c php truyn d truyn di , nguoc lai du liu nhn duoc d giao
cho nguoi su dung s chuyn di tu biu din theo c php truyn sang biu
din cua nguoi su dung.
- 117 -
o thoi dim bt k trong vng doi cua mt lin kt trnh din dich vu trnh din
dich vu trnh din c lin quan dn mt hoc nhiu bi canh trnh din (presentation
context). Mi bi canh chi r c php truu tuong cua du liu d. C hai loai bi
canh duoc su dung :
Defined context set : bao gm cc bi canh d duoc xc dinh thng qua su
thoa thun giua nguoi su dung dich vu trnh din (presentation service user)
vaf nguoi cung cp dich vu trnh din (presentation service provider).
Default context : l mt bi canh trnh din m nguoi cung cp dich vu trnh
din lun lun bit r v nguoi su dung khi vng mt
O tng phin do kin trc phn tng cua ISO cc thuc th ung dung khng th
truy cp truc tip toi cc dich vu tng phin, do vy cc yu cu dich vu lin quan
dn tng phin phai duoc chuyn qua tng trnh din dn cc dich vu tng phin.
9.3 Giao thc chun tng trnh din
Giao thuc chun cua ISO/CCITT cho tng Trnh din dc ta nhung ni dung
chnh sau dy:
- Cu trc v m ho cc don vi du liu cua giao thuc trnh din (PPDU) dng
d truyn du liu v thng tin diu khin .
- Cc thu tuc d truyn du liu v thng tin diu khin giua cc thuc th trnh
din cua hai h thng mo.
- Lin kt giua giao thuc trnh din voi dich vu trnh din v voi dich vu phin .
Cung nhu cc PDU o cc tng khc ,cc PPDU cung c khun dang tng qut
bao gm mt phn du (header ) chua cc thng tin diu khin v c th thm mmt
phn chua du liu duoc truyn tu trn xung hoc duoc truyn ln cho tng trn.
Giao thuc trnh din su dung 14 PPDU duoc lit k trong bang 2-17 cng voi cc
tham s cua chng .
Qua bang trn ta thy s luong PPDU khng nhiu nhu s luong SPDU (o
tng Phin) v nhiu tham s (c dnh du *) l ging voi cc tham s cua cc
SPDU. Nhu vy ca v phuong din dich vu v giao thuc, tng trnh din v tng
Phin c mt mi lin kt rt cht ch .
Qua xem xt cc tng duoi tu tng phin tro xung, chng ta thy c 2 nguyn
l sau dy lun duoc tun thu :
Mi dich vu tng n duoc ci dt nho trao di cc nPDU;
Mi nPDU tro thnh User data v duoc nht vo trong mt (n-1) PDU;
- 118 -
Tuy nhin o tng trnh din (v ca o tng ung dung m ta s thy), cc nguyn
l d khng cn lun lun duoc p dung .Thuc t l khng phai moi dich vu trnh
din du yu cu cc PPDU v mt s tham s cua mt s PPDU khng duoc
chuyn thnh User data trong mt SPDU. D giai thch dng co cu a su khc bit
d, ta xem xt hai dich vu trnh din : thit lp lin kt (connection etablishment) v
chuyn the bi (token passing).
Khi pht trin cc giao thuc cho 3 tng cao cua M hnh I,nguoi ta thy r
rng nn thuong luong v thit lp dng thoi cc lin kt Phin ,trnh din v ung
dung,mc d diu d di hoi mt quan h 1-1 cht ch (khng c dn knh) voi
cng vng doi cho ca ba loai lin kt .Qu trnh thit lp dng thoi cc lin kt d
duoc goi l qu trnh nhng (embeding), v cc PDU CONNECT.request v
CONNECT.response cho ca ba tng cao d ,ci ny duoc nhng vo trong ci kia.
Khun dang cua cc PDDU header duoc dc ta theo c php truu tuong
chun.
9.3.1 Cc chun khc cho tng trnh din
Ngoi cc chun v dich vu v giao thuc cho tng Trnh din nhu d trnh by
o trn, ISO v CCITT d pht trin cc chun lin quan dn c php truu tuong
(Abstract Syntas) v quy tc m ho (Encoding Rules) m chng ta d ni dn khi
trnh by vai tr v chuc nng cua tng Trnh din
Cc chun cua ISO gm c :
- ISO 8824:Abstract Syntax Notation One(vit tt l ASNI.1)
- ISO 8825:Bic Encoding Rules(Vit tt l BER)
- Tuong ung CCITT c cc khuyn nghi X208 (ANSI.1) v X.209 (BER).
Khi nim c php truu tuong m ISO v CCITT dinh nghia duoc dua trn
khi nim kiu du liu (data type) m chng ta d quen thuc trong cc ngn ngu
lp trnh ph bin. Thng thuong cc ngn ngu ny dinh nghia truoc cc kiu du
liu don gian nhu integer v boolean, cng voi cc phuong thuc t hop cc kiu don
gian d d c cc cu trc du liu phuc tap hon. Hon nua, cc phuong php t hop
c th thuc hin mt cch d quy cho php tao ra cc kiu phuc tap tuy .
- 119 -
Chuong 10 TANG UNG DING
Tng ung dung giao tip truc tip voi nguoi su dung. Nhim vu cua tng ung
dung l hin thi cc thng tin nhn duoc v gui cc thng tin moi cua nguoi su
dung cho cc tng thp hon.
Tng ung dung lin quan dn tin trnh cung cp cc dich vu trn mang, cc
dich vu ny bao gm : dich vu tp tin, dich vu in, dich vu co so du liu, v cc dich
vu khc.
Chng ta s xem xt cc vn d truoc khi bt du voi cc ung dung. D l su
an ton mang, dich vu tn min DNS dng d diu khin dt tn trong Internet,
giao thuc h tro quan tri mang, phn cn lai l cc ung dung thuc nhu thu din tu,
UserNet, FTP, Telnet, WWW ...
10.1 An ton thng tin trn mng
Vic kt ni mang my tnh nhm su dung v chia se ti nguyn cua cc di
tuong trong h thng mang cho d ho c th cch xa nhau v mt dia l. Ti nguyn
h thng o dy chu yu l l thng tin. Tuy nhin dy l loai ti nguyn d bi xm
pham, bi dnh cp, bi tro di nht, dc bit l n dang duoc trong luu giu trong
mi truong mang dy phuc tap v phai chia xe cho nhiu nguoi dng khc nhau o
nhung vi tr khc nhau.
Vn d an ton thng tin trn mang di hoi phai su dung nhiu bin php khc
nhau tu co ban dn phuc tap, tuy theo luong thng tin cn bao v v kha nng cho
php cua tung h thng cu th.
10.1.1 Cc chin luc an ton h thng
1. Quyn han ti thiu : Dy l chin luoc nn tang nht. Theo nguyn tc ny
bt k di tuong no cung chi c nhung quyn han nht dinh di voi nhung
ti nguyn mang nht dinh khi thm nhp vo mang.
2. Bao v theo chiu su : Tao nhiu co ch an ton cho h thng d chng h
tro cho nhau.
3. Co ch nt tht : Tao ra mt cua khu hep v chi cho php thng tin di vo
h thng cua mnh bng duy nht con duong ny. Dng thoi phai t chuc
mt co ch kim sot v diu khin cc lung thng tin di qua cua khu ny.
4. Tnh ton cuc : Cc h thng an ton di hoi phai c tnh ton cuc cua cc h
thng cuc b. Nu c ke no d c th be gy mt co ch an ton th chng
c th thnh cng bng cch tn cng h thng ni b tu bn trong.
- 120 -
5. Tnh da dang cua vic bao v : Cn phai su dung nhiu bin php khc nhau
cho nhung h thng khc nhau. Nu khng, ke no d tn cng duoc h
thng ny th cung c th tn cng vo h thng khc.
Cc muc bao v thng tin trn mang:
V khng c mt giai php bao v no an ton tuyt di nn nguoi ta thuong
su dung nhiu muc bao v khc nhau tao thnh nhiu lop ro chn cho h thng.
M hnh nhu sau :
Hnh 10-1. Cc muc bao v thng tin trn mang.
10.1.2 An ton thng tin bng m ha
D bao v thng tin trn duong truyn, nguoi ta chuyn di n tu dang nhn
thuc duoc sang dang khng nhn thuc duoc truoc khi truyn di trn mang nhm bao
dam tnh b mt cn thit. Qu trnh ny din ra o tram pht duoc goi l m ho
thng tin (encrypting), o tram nhn phai thuc hin qu trnh nguoc lai, tuc l bin
di thng tin tu dang khng nhn thuc duoc (d m ho) sang dang nhn thuc duoc
(dang gc), qu trnh ny goi l giai m (decrypting). Dy l mt lop bao v thng
tin rt quan trong v duoc ung dung trong hu ht cc h thng mang.
D bao v thng tin bng mt m, nguoi ta thuong tip cn theo hai huong:
Tu nt dn nt (end_to_end )
Theo duong truyn (link_oriented security)
Theo cch thu nht, thng tin duoc m ho d bao v trn duong truyn giua
hai nt m khng quan tm dn ngun v dch cua thng tin d. Oo dy ta ch
rng thng tin chi duoc bao v trn duong truyn, tuc l o mi nt du c qu trnh
giai m d sau d thng tin duoc chuyn di tip, do d cc nt cn duoc bao v tt.
Nguoc lai theo cch thu hai, thng tin trn mang duoc bao v trn ton duong
truyn tu ngun dn dch. Thng tin s duoc m ho ngay sau khi moi tao ra v chi
duoc giai m khi d v dn dch. Cch ny c nhuoc dim l chi c du kiu nguoi
dng moi duoc m ho cn cc thng tin diu khin th phai giu nguyn d c th
xu l tai cc nt.
Qu trnh m ho v giai m duoc m ta nhu sau :
Quyn
t ruy
nhap
login/
pass
M
ha
du
liu
Bao
v vat
l
Buc
tuong
lua
Du liu
- 121 -
Hnh 10-2. So d qu trnh m ha.
+ Vn ban gc (plaintext) l vn ban chua duoc m ho.
+ Kho (key) : gm mt s huu han cc bit thuong duoc biu thi duoi dang
cc xu k tu chu s, s thp phn hoc thp luc phn. Trong thuc t thuong dng
cc kho c 8 k tu.
Nu goi : M l vn ban gc
C l vn ban mt m (Ciphertext)
E l hm m ho (Encryption Function )
D l hm giai m (Descryption Function)
Ta c hm biu din su phu thuc giua vn ban gc v vn ban m nhu sau:
C = E(M)
M = D(C) = D(E(M))
Kho KE duoc dng d m ho, kho KD duoc dng d giai m .
C rt nhiu phuong php m ho nhung tt ca du qui v 2 phuong php
chung tuy theo vic su dung cp kho KD v KE:
Kho KD trng voi kho KE : phuong php ny goi l m ho kho di
xung, voi phuong php ny yu cu kho phai duoc giu b mt tuyt di, v
kho dng d m ho cung duoc dng giai m.
Kho KD khc voi kho KE : phuong php ny goi l m ho kho cng
khai. Trong d, c th chuyn di vai tr giua 2 kho v rt kh d suy ra
kho ny tu kho kia. Kho m ho (KE) c th dua ra cng khai nhung
kho dng giai m (KD) phai duoc giu b mt tuyt di.
Nguoi ta cn phn bit 2 loai kha:
- Cc kho dng trong thoi gian di goi l kho chnh (primary) hay kho m
ho (key encryption).
- Cc kho duoc dng trong khun kh mt cuc truyn thng goi l kho lm
vic (working) hay kho m ho du liu (data encryption).
Vn bn gc Vn bn gc
M ha
Giai m
van ban
mat m
Kho K
E
Kha K
D
Quan l kha
- 122 -
10.2 CC phuong php m ha d liu
10.2.1 Phuong php hon v|
Phuong php ny sp xp lai cc k tu trong vn ban gc d tao ra vn ban
mt m. Phuong php ny c mt s k thut sau :
1. ao nguoc ton bo vn ban goc
Tu vn ban gc, ta m ho bng cch vit theo thu tu nguoc lai. V du
DHKTDN duoc m ho thnh NDTKHD. Dy l mt trong nhung phuong php m
ho don gian nht v chi mang tnh tham khao v khng an ton.
2. M ho theo mau hnh hoc
Sp xp lai vn ban gc theo mu hnh hoc no d (thuong l ma trn 2 chiu)
d tao vn ban mt m.
V du : DAIHOCDANANG duoc vit thnh ma trn 3 x 4:
D A I H
O C D A
N A N G
Nu ta ly cc k tu ra theo thu tu cc hng l 3,1,2 ta s c vn ban mt m l
N A N G O C D A D A I H. Phuong php cung km an ton, c th dua vo tn s
xut hin cua cc k tu trong ban m d suy ra vn ban gc.
3. oi cho cot
Sp xp lai vn ban gc thnh dang hnh chu nht theo cc ct, sau d cc ct
duoc sp xp lai v ly cc k tu theo chiu ngang.
V du : vn ban TRUONGDAIHOCKYTHUATDANANG duoc vit thnh ma
trn 5 x 5 :
V c 5 ct nn c th sp xp lai theo 5!= 120 cch khc nhau. Nu ta
chuyn vi cc ct theo thu tu 2,3,4,1,5 ri ly cc k tu theo hng ta s c vn ban
m nhu sau: RUOTN DAIGH CKYOT UATHD NANAG.
Ct 1 2 3 4 5
Van ban T R U O N
G D A I H
O C K I T
H U A T D
A N A N G
- 123 -
Ta thy rng, voi mt vn ban cng lon (nhiu k tu) s cch sp xp c th s
rt lon lm tng kha nng an ton. Han ch cua phuong php ny l ton b ma trn
k tu phai duoc sinh d m ho v giai m v cung d nhm ln trong vic giai m.
4. Hon vi cc k tu cua vn ban goc theo chu k co dinh T
Cho hm f l hon vi cua mt khi gm T k tu th kho m ho duoc biu
din boi hm K(T,f). Do vy, vn ban gc :
M = m
1
m
2
md md
+1
. . .m
2d
Trong d m
i
l cc k tu ring le s duoc m ho thnh :
Ek(M) = mf
(1)
mf
(2)
. . . mf
(d)
md
+f(1)
. . .md
+f(d)
Voi mf
(1)
mf
(2)
. . .mf
(d)
l mt hon vi cua m
1
m
2
. . . md
V du : gia su T=7 v f hon vi dy i = 12345 thnh f(i)=23415, chng han tu
gc STUDY duoc biu din nhu sau :
Ji tr dau Vi tr hon vi tu M ho
1 2 S T
2 3 T U
3 4 U D
4 1 D S
5 5 Y Y
Bng cch d vn ban gc TRUONGDAIHOCKYTHUATDANANG duoc
m ho thnh RUOTN DAIGH CKYOT UATHD NANAG
10.2.2 Phuong php thay th
Phuong php ny m ho vn ban bng cch thay th mi k tu trongvn ban
bng mt k tu khc no d (c th l chu ci, chu s hoc k hiu), c th dng mt
trong cc phuong php thay th sau :
1. Thay th don gian
Mi k tu trong vn ban gc duoc thay th bng mt k tu tuong ung trong vn
ban mt m. Mt nh xa 1 1 duoc dng d m ho v giai m thng dip.
2. Thay th dong m
Mi k tu trong vn ban gc duoc m ho voi mt s k tu cua vn ban mt m
(nh xa 1 - n). Ngoi ra cn mt s phuong php thay th khc nhu thay th da mu
tu, thay th theo so d...
Mt trong nhung mt m thay th don gian duoc bit dn nhiu nht l m
Morse, trong d cc chu ci duoc thay th bng cc k tu gach v chm. Bang m
ASCII ta thuong dng cung l mt dang mt m thay th don gian. Trong d, chu A
- 124 -
duoc biu din bng chui s nhi phn 1000001 hoc s thp phn 65, chu B duoc
biu din boi 1000010 hoc 66,v.v...
Mt dang mt m khc cung duoc bit dn nhiu d l bang chu ci dich
chuyn. o dy, cc chu ci trong bang duoc dich chuyn sang phai k vi tr, k goi l
kho. Ta c hm dich chuyn : f(a) = ( a + k ) mod n voi a l mt chu ci trong bang
m, n l s chu ci (n=26 nu l bang chu ting Anh chun).
V du : voi k = 5 ta c :
Bang chu gc : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Bang chu mt m : F G H I J K LMN O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E
D giai m, nguoi nhn phai bit kho k v phuc hi lai vn ban gc bng cch
bin di nguoc.
Nhu vy nu vn ban gc l TRUONG DAI HOC KY THUAT DA NANG th
vn ban m s l YWZTSL IFN MTH PN YMZFY IF SFSL. Phuong php ny
km an ton v chi cn thu ln luot 26 kha nng l ta d giai m duoc.
Mt phuong php thay th khc tt hon l dng tu kho theo so d Vignre.
Theo so d ny, tu kho duoc cng vo lin tip theo tung k tu mt cho vn ban
gc, mi k tu duoc biu din boi mt vi tr cua n trong bang k tu v php cng
duoc thuc hin theo mdun 26. V du, gia su ta c bng :
Cho tu kho l ABCDEF, vn ban DAIHOC duoc m ho thnh DBKKSH.
Luu rng o trn cc tu duoc vit tch ra cho d doc, trn thuc t du liu duoc
truyn thnh tung dng lin tuc d sau d b mt tnh chu k.
10.2.3 Phuong php m ha chun DES
Nhung thut ton hin dai hon dng kt hop ca hai k thut thay th v di
ch. Trong d phuong php duoc bit dn nhiu nht l chun m ho du liu DES
(Data Encryption Standard) duoc M v hng IBM pht trin trong nhung nm 70.
Luu d m ho DES duoc m ta nhu hnh sau.
Jj tr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
K t A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
T U V W X Y Z
- 125 -
Hnh 10-3. So d m ho DES.
Du vo l mt dy 64 bit biu din mt khi cc k tu trong vn ban gc v
du ra l mt dy 64 bit biu din vn ban m. Qu trnh m ho duoc chia lm 3
giai doan :
Du tin vn ban gc duoc chuyn qua b hon vi khoi du (initial
permutation-IP) d tao ra 64 bit d hon vi . Sau d thuc hin 16 php lp cua mt
hm chu s (cipher function), k hiu l f(R,K) l t hop ca ki thut hon vi ln ki
thut thay th. Trong d R l dy con phai (32 bit) cua vn ban gc, kho K c d
di 56 bit. 64 bit du ra duoc lm du vo cho hon vi nguoc voi hon vi khoi du
IP
-1
d tao ra 64 bit vn ban gc.
Chi tit cua hm f(R,K) duoc m ta nhu sau :
I NPUT
I NI TI AL PERMUTATI ON
L
0
R
0
L
1
= R
0 R
1
= L
0
f(R
0
,K
1
)
L
2
= R
1
R
2
= L
1
f(R
1
,K
2
)
L
15
= R
14 R
15
= L
14
f(R
14
,K
15
)
R
16
= L
15
f(R ,K )
L
15
= R
15
I NVERSE I NI TI AL PERM
f
f
f
f
PERMUTE
K
1
K
2
K
n
K
16
OUTPUT
PREOUTPUT
- 126 -
Hnh 10-4. Hm f(R,K).
Php ton cua f(R,K) :
Gia su, bit du tin trong kt qua hon vi l bit 58 trong dy ban du, bit thu 2
trong kt qua l bit thu 50 trong dy ban du,v.v... Dy hon vi duoc chia lm 2
dy con 32 bit : dy con tri, k hiu l L
0
trong so d, v dy con phai k hiu l R
0
.
Hm f(R,K) dng cc php ton thay th v mt kho K
1
d chuyn R
0
thnh mt
dy 32 bit moi, k hiu f(R
0
,K
1
). Dy bit ny duoc cng vo L
0
tung bit mt theo
modun 2(php ton cng loai tru) d tao ra dy con phai o giai doan tip theo. Dy
R
0
ban du tro thnh dy con tri L
1
.
Php hon vi ban du IP duoc cho nhu bang duoi dy :
R(32 bit )
48 bit
E
+
K(48 bit )
32 bit
P
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
I P
58 50 42 34 26 18 10 2
60 52 44 36 28 20 12 4
62 54 46 38 30 22 14 6
64 56 48 40 32 24 16 8
57 49 41 33 25 17 9 1
59 51 43 35 27 19 11 3
61 53 45 37 29 21 13 5
63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7
- 127 -
Chui cc php ton duoc thuc hin 16 ln voi 16 kho khc nhau K
1
, K
2
,...,
K
16
, ngoai tru mt diu l khng c php chuyn qua o giai doan cui cng.
Nhung php ton ny tao ra dy 64 bit R
16
L
16
, duoc dnh du PREOUTPUT trong
so d. Php ton nguoc IP
-1
cua php hon vi IP duoc dng d bin di dy
PREOUTPUT d tao ra ban m cui cng.
Dy con phai duoc k hiu boi R truoc ht duoc mo rng thnh mt dy s 48
bit dng bang chon bit E sau dy :
Nhu vy, khi 6 bit du tin gm cc bit 32,1,2,3,4,5 cua R; khi thu hai gm
cc bit 4,5,6,7,8,9, ... Sau d mt php ton thay th duoc p dung cho dy 48 bit
ny bng cch cng n (theo php cng loai tru) voi kho 48 bit. Mt php thay th
khc duoc su dung cho cc khi 6 bit d tao ra cc khi 4 bit d kt qua cui cng l
dy 32 bit. V du bang thay th cho S
1
l :
E
32 1 2 3 4 5
4 5 6 7 8 9
8 9 10 11 12 13
12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21
20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29
28 29 30 31 32 1
I P
- 1
40 8 48 16 56 24 64 32
39 7 47 15 55 23 63 31
38 6 46 14 54 22 62 30
37 5 45 13 53 21 61 29
36 4 44 12 52 20 60 28
35 3 43 11 51 19 59 27
34 2 42 10 50 18 58 26
33 1 41 9 49 17 57 25
S
1
S hng 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 14 5 13 1 2 15 11 8 3 10 6 12 5 9 0 7
1 0 15 7 4 14 2 13 1 10 6 12 11 9 5 3 8
2 4 1 14 8 13 6 12 11 15 12 9 7 3 10 5 0
3 15 12 8 2 14 9 1 7 5 11 3 14 10 0 6 13
- 128 -
D minh hoa cch su dung, gia su rng khi 6 bit du tin l 101000. S nhi
phn 10 tao boi bit du tin v bit cui cng xc dinh mt hng trong bang, cu th l
hng 2, 4 bit giua 0100 xc dinh ct trong bang, cu th l ct 4. Biu din nhi phn
4 bit 1101 cua phn tu 13 o hng 2 ct 4 trong bang l gi tri thay th cho 6 bit ny.
cc php ton tuong tu S
2
, S
3
,..., S
8
duoc dng d chuyn di cho cc khi 6 bit
khc.
Php hon vi cui cng P duoc p dung cho dy 32 bit d tao ra f(R,K):
Muoi su kho khc nhau dng trong DES duoc ly ra theo mt qui dinh cht
ch tu mt kho 64 bit duy nht. Nhu vy nguoi dng chi cn giu mt kho d m
ho v giai m hon l giu 16 kho khc nhau. Thut ton giai m cung tuong tu nhu
khi m ho, chi khc mt diu l 16 kho duoc dng theo thu tu nguoc lai.
Vic giai m duoc thuc hin nguoc lai voi 64 bit vn ban m lm du vo cho
hon vi nguoc voi hon vi khoi du IP
-1
d tao ra 64 bit vn ban gc.
Phuong php DES duoc Uy ban tiu chun quc gia (National Bureau of
Standards) Hoa Ky d nghi nhu l mt so d m ho chun . Tuy nhin, nguoi ta
cn dang tranh lun liu kho 48 bit c du di hay chua v cc php ton thay th c
du d bao mt cn thit hay chua.
10.2.4 Phuong php m ho kho cng khai
10.2.4.1 Nguyn l m ha cng khai
Trong khi thut ton m ho c din dng mt kho chung cho m ho v giai
m th phuong php m ho bng kho cng khai su dung hai kho c quan h voi
nhau trong thut ton d ung dung trong m ho/giai m. Cc thut ton ny c dc
trung quan trong l kh c th tnh ton bng my d tm ra duoc kho giai m nu
chi bit duoc kho m ho v phuong php m ho.
P
16 7 20 21
29 12 28 17
1 15 23 26
5 18 31 10
2 8 24 14
32 27 3 9
19 13 30 6
22 11 4 25
- 129 -
Mt s cc thut ton m ha cng khai (nhu RSA chng han) cn c mt dc
trung nua l kha nng hon di vai tr giua cp kho. C nghia l khi kho ny
dng d m ho th kho kia dng d giai m v nguoc lai.
Hnh sau m ta nguyn l qu trnh m ho/giai m bng kho cng khai :
Thng ip M ho Thng ip
User A User B
Hnh 10-5. Qu trnh m ho/giai m bng kho cng khai.
Qu trnh m ho/giai m nhu sau:
b. Mi h thng cui trong mt mang tao ra mt cp kho dng d m
ho v giai m thng tin khi nhn duoc chng.
c. Mi h thng phai c 2 kha, kha cng khai v kha b mt, kho
cng khai duoc cng b ln mang tai noi cho php dng k cng cng
hoc dua vo file. Kho cn lai phai duoc giu b mt tuyt di.
d. Nu A mun gui thng dip cho B, A s dng kho cng khai cua B
trn mang d m ho n ri goi.
e. Khi B nhn duoc thng dip cua A, B s dng kho ring cua mnh d
giai m thng dip nhn duoc. Khng ai c th giai m thng dip
duoc v chi c mt mnh B bit kho giai m.
Thng tin v kho phai duoc giu an ton tuyt di v c th cp nht hoc
thay di lai kho cu. Vic tao ra cc h thng bao v v quan l kho cung cn ht
suc cht ch.
10.2.4.2 Phuong php m ha RSA
Ban thuyt trnh du tin cua Diffe v Hellman dua ra nm 1976 tai hi nghi
MIT v gn nhu ngay lp tuc, su thch thuc v vn d m ho d tm duoc cu tra
loi boi h thng m ho cng khai. Mt trong nhung cu tra loi du tin dua ra vo
nm 1977 boi Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir v Len Adltian duoc cng b vo nm 1978
Thut t on
gi i m
Thut t on
m ha
Kha ring
cua B
Kha cng khai
cua B
- 130 -
(goi tt l rsa). tuong RSA tro thnh gn nhu dc tn v duoc su dung rng ri
trong phuong php m ho bng kho cng khai.
Gia su ta c :
Vn ban gc : M = M
1
M
2
... Mk
Vn ban m ha : C = C
1
C
2
... Ck , trong d Ci =
E
i
M mod n, n l tch 2 s
nguyn t bt k p v q.
Thut ton RSA dng thuyt s d pht trin phuong php pht sinh mt cp
cc s nguyn t - cc kho, thut ton dua trn nhn xt: C th d dng sinh ra 2
so nguyn to lon v khi nhn chng voi nhau th rat kh khi muon phn tch tch cua
chng thnh thua so v kh c th tm duoc so cn lai tu so kia.
Theo mt h qua cua dinh l Euler dua ra: Cho 2 so nguyn to p v q v hai so
nguyn n v m d n=p.q v 0<m<n, ton tai mot so nguyn duy nhat k sao cho:
(mk
(n)+1
= mk
(p-1)(q-1)+1
) mod m = n
trong d (n) l hm Euler voi gi tri s nho hon n v c quan h nguyn t
voi n, (n)=(p-1)(q-1).
Do d ta c th dat duoc kt qua mong mun nu: ED = k(n) + 1
Diu ny tuong duong voi: ED mod (n) = 1.
Thut ton RSA duoc m ta nhu sau:
1. Chon 2 s nguyn t p, q.
2. Tnh tch n = p*q
3. Tnh (n) = (p-1)(q-1)
4. Chon E thoa USCLN( (n), E) = 1 ; voi 1< E < (n)
5. Tm D thoa DE mod (n) = 1.
Kho cng khai l KE = {E,n}, kho ring l KD = {D,n} hoc nguoc lai.
Gia su rng user A cng b kho cng khai KE ln mang v user B mun gui
thng dip cho user A :
- B s dng kha cng khai cua user A d m ho thng dip cua mnh bng
cng thuc C = ME mod n, ri goi n di.
- User A s nhn duoc thng dip d m ho v giai m n bng kho ring cua
mnh bng cng thuc M = CD mod n
V du: Chon p =7, q =17
Tnh n = p*q = 7*17 = 119
- 131 -
(n) = (p-1)*(q-1) = 96
Chon E thoa : USCLN(E, 96) = 1. Ta chon E = 5.
Tm D thoa : D*E mod 96 = 1 v D < 96 , suy ra D =77.
Ta duoc KE = {5,119} , KD = {77,119}.
Gia su M = 19. Qu trnh m ho: C = 19
5
mod 119 = 66.
Qu trnh giai m: M = 66
77
mod 119 = 19.
10.2.4.3 Cc vn d nay sinh trong thut ton
1. Vn d phuc tap trong tnh ton.
Trong qu trnh m ho v giai m, thut ton RSA pht sinh ra cc s nguyn
rt lon, cho d c php chia modulo n. Rivest, Shamir v Adltian d nghi rng cc
s p v q phai c d di trn 100 chu s d dam bao an ton gn nhu tuyt di. Nhu
vy su lu thua qu lon v sau d cho d c chia modulo n th kt qua trung gian
cung s khng l v rt d dn dn trn s. Ta c th ung dung tnh cht cua php
chia modulo sau:
((a mod n) * (b mod n)) mod n = (a * b) mod n
Do d, chng ta c th lm giam kt qua trung gian trong php chia ny di.
Diu ny lm cho cc php ton tro nn kha thi hon.
2. Vn d be kho
Voi thut ton thay th v hon vi, v mt l thuyt khi d di cua kho cng
lon th muc d an ton cng cao, nhung nhung nguoi giai m giu kinh nghim vn
c th phn tch tn s xut hin cua mt s k tu xc dinh hay t hop cua chng d
tu d suy ra kho v thuc hin giai m. Trong thut ton RSA kho KE(E,n) l kho
cng khai nn ta khng cn giu b mt, ta chi giu b mt cho kho ring KD(D,n).
V vy, d be kha phai xc dinh duoc D tu cc gi tri E v n. Theo nhu cch chon
cc s E v D, diu ny c th lm duoc nu c th phn tch n thnh tch cua hai s
nguyn t. Nhu vy tnh an ton cua thut ton RSA phu thuc vo su kh khn cua
vic xc dinh cc thua s nguyn t cua mt s nguyn t lon. Hin nay nu su
dung thut ton phn tch thua s nhanh nht cua Schroeppel th cung cn dn : S =
exp [( ln n ) ln ( ln n )]
1/2
buoc tnh ton d phn tch n thnh p v q.
Bang duoi dy hin thi cc thoi gian du don cua cc nh phn tch, gia su
rng mi php ton duoc thuc hin trong 1 micro giy :
di ca kha Thoi gi an
50 4 gio
- 132 -
75
100
200
300
500
104 ngy
74 nam
4.000.000 nam
5 x 10
15
nam
4 x 10
25
nam
Phuong php m ho voi kho cng khai xem nhu duoc bao dam v hin nay
vn chua tm ra mt thut ton phn tch thua s nguyn t c hiu qua.
10.2.4.4 ng dng cua m ho d liu
M ho du liu c cc uu dim l an ton v t phu thuc vo cu trc h thng
mang. Ngoi ra m ho du liu c tnh bao mt do du liu duoc m ho ri th chi
c nhung nguoi c quyn moi c th giai m d nhn lai duoc du liu ban du. Cc
phuong php m ho trn c th p dung trong nhung tnh hung sau :
Phuong php m ho thay th kt hop voi phuong php m ho hon vi dng
tao ra phuong php m ho DES.
Cc dich vu e-mail trn mang Internet hay cc mang cuc b c th su dung
thut ton RSA d tao ra mt mt na nhn dang (authentication mask) cc
thng dip giua cc c nhn voi nhau. C nghia l chi nhung nguoi nhn
duoc thu goi cho mnh bng kho m ho cua mnh th moi giai m duoc
thng dip d v hon ton khng th (ni theo nguyn tc) doc duoc cc thu
khng phai goi cho mnh.
K thut m ho chu k s (digital signature) c th dng d tao ra mt chu
k m ho dng d xc dinh, nhn dang mt di tuong trong cc dich vu
thuong mai, v du nhu cc the tn dung hoc cc loai visa, cardphone chng
han....
Thu din tu e-mail cung c th kt hop thut ton ny voi cc thut ton m
ho khc nhu DES theo m hnh c th l:
- Ni dung thu duoc m ho bng phuong php DES
- Tao mt chu k s v m ho bng kho RSA
- Kho DES dng d giai m c th duoc m ho bng RSA v gui km trong
thu lun m khng cn phai b mt. Nguoi nhn s dng kha ring cua mnh
d giai m kho DES, sau d giai m thu nhn duoc.
10.3 Co ch bao v bng firewall
Vn d quan trong trong vic quan l cc ti nguyn thng tin l co ch bao v
chng vic truy cp bt hop php trong khi vn cho php nguoi duoc uy nhim su
dung nhung ngun thng tin m ho duoc cp quyn, v phuong php chng tht
- 133 -
thot thng tin duoc truyn tai trn cc mang truyn du liu cng cng (Public Data
Communication Network). D chnh l yu cu cua mt giai php hoc h thng an
ninh cho h thng mang hay cn goi l h thng an ninh du liu (Data Security
System).
Nhu cu an ninh h thng ngy cng tro nn quan trong v nhiu nguyn nhn
nhu cc di thu lun tm cch d nm duoc moi thng tin lin quan, ngy cng
nhiu hacker truy cp thng tin tu cc mang ni b theo nhiu muc dch khc nhau.
Mt giai php an ninh cho h thng mang duoc ung dung nhiu d l buc
tuong lua (firewall). Thut ngu firewall c ngun gc tu mt k thut thit k trong
xy dung d ngn chn, han ch hoa hoan. Trong cng ngh mang thng tin,
firewall l mt k thut duoc tch hop vo h thng mang d chng lai vic truy cp
tri php nhm bao v cc ngun thng tin ni b cung nhu han ch su xm nhp
vo h thng cua mt s thng tin khc khng mong mun.
J mt chc nng h thng, firewall l mt thnh phn duoc dt giua hai
mang d kim sot tt ca cc vic luu thng v truy cp giua chng voi nhau, bao
gm:
1. Tt ca cc trao di du liu tu trong ra ngoi v nguoc lai phai thuc hin thng
qua firewall.
2. Chi c nhung trao di no duoc php boi ch d an ninh cua h thng mang
ni b (trusted network) moi duoc quyn luu thng qua firewall.
J mt vt l, firewall bao gm:
1. Mt hoc nhiu h thng my chu kt ni voi cc b dinh tuyn (router) hoc
c chuc nng router.
2. Cc phn mm quan l an ninh chay trn cc h thng my chu. Thng
thuong l cc h quan tri xc thuc (Authentication), cp quyn
(Authorization) v k ton (Accounting).
Firewall bao gm phn cung v/hoc phn mm nm giua 2 mang (nhu mang
ni b v mang Internet), bao v mang ni b bng cch cm cc nguoi su dung
truy cp tri php dn v dng thoi ngn chn nhung thng dip khng duoc php
gui di cho nguoi nhn bn ngoi mang. Firewall c th nm trn b dn duong hay
trn Server. Co ch lm vic cua Firewall dua trn vic kim tra cc gi du liu IP
luu chuyn giua hai mang ty thuc vo cc qui tc m nguoi quan tri h thng d
xc lp.
Khi qut phuong thuc lm vic cua Firewall nhu trong hnh v sau:
- 134 -
Hnh 10-6. Co ch hoat dng cua Firewall.
10.3.1 Cc loi firewall v co ch hot dng
Khi ni dn vic luu thng du liu giua cc mang voi nhau thng qua firewall
th diu d c nghia rng firewall hoat dng kt hop cht ch voi giao thuc TCP/IP.
V giao thuc ny lm vic theo thut ton chia nho cc du liu nhn duoc tu cc ung
dung trn mang, hay chnh xc hon l cc dich vu chay trn cc giao thuc (Telnet,
SMTP, DSN, SMNP, NFS,...) thnh cc gi du liu ri gn cho cc gi ny nhung
dia chi d c th nhn dang ti lp lai o dch cn gui dn. Do d cc loai firewall
cung lin quan rt nhiu dn cc packet v cc dia chi cua chng.
10.3.1.1 B lc packet (Packet filtering)
Loai firewall ny thuc hin vic kim tra s nhn dang dia chi cua cc packet
d cho php chng c th luu thng qua lai hay khng. Cc thng s c th loc duoc
cua mt packet nhu sau:
1. Dia chi IP noi xut pht (source IP address).
2. Dia chi IP noi nhn (destination IP address).
3. Cng TCP noi xut pht (TCP source port).
4. Cng TCP noi nhn (TCP destination port).
Nho d firewall c th ngn can duoc cc kt ni vo nhung my chu hoc
mang no d duoc xc dinh, hoc kha vic truy cp vo h thng ni b tu nhung
dia chi khng cho php.
Hon nua vic kim sot cc cng lm cho firewall c kha nng chi cho php
mt s loai kt ni nht dinh vo my chu no d, hoc chi c nhung dich vu no d
(Telnet, SMTP, FTP,...) duoc php moi chay duoc trn h thng mang ni b.
10.3.1.2 Cng ng dng (Application gateway)
Dy l mt loai firewall duoc thit k d tng cuong chuc nng kim sot cc
loai dich vu, giao thuc duoc cho php truy cp vo h thng mang. Co ch hoat
Rout er
ACL
1
2
4
3
Rout er nam giua 2 mang.
Nguoi quan l soan mt ACL
t rong d c cc dia chi I P hop l.
Nt t hng dip duoc gi t i
Rout er, t hit bi ny se kim t ra
dia chi cua t hng dip ny t rong
ACL, nu c t hng dip se duoc
gi di.
Nguoc lai, t hng dip se bi t u
chi t ruy cap.
1
2
3
4
- 135 -
dng cua n dua trn cch thuc goi l Proxy Service (dich vu dai din): mt ung
dung no d duoc quy chiu dn (hay dai din boi) mt Proxy Service trong khi cc
Proxy Service chay trn cc h thng my chu th duoc quy chiu dn application
gateway cua firewall. Co ch loc cua packet filtering phi hop kim sot voi co ch
"dai din" cua application gateway cung cp mt kha nng an ton v uyn chuyn
hon.
V du mt h thng mang c chuc nng loc cc gi tin ngn cc kt ni bng
Telnet vo h thng chi tru mt chu duy nht -Telnet application gateway l duoc
php. Mt nguoi su dung dich vu Telnet mun kt ni vo h thng phai thuc hin
cc buoc sau :
1. Thuc hin dich vu TELNET dn Telnet application gateway ri cho bit tn
cua my chu bn trong cn truy cp.
2. Gateway kim tra dia chi IP noi xut pht cua nguoi truy cp ri cho php
hoc tu chi ty theo ch d an ninh cua h thng.
3. Nguoi truy cp phai vuot qua duoc h thng kim tra xc thuc.
4. Proxy Service tao mt kt ni Telnet giua gateway v my chu cn truy cp.
5. Proxy Service lin kt luu thng giua nguoi truy cp v my chu.
Co ch hoat dng ny c nghia quan trong trong vic thit k an ninh h
thng v du nhu:
1. Che giu cc thng tin: nguoi dng chi c th nhn thy truc tip cc gateway
duoc php.
2. Tng cuong kim tra truy cp bng cc dich vu xc thuc (Authentication).
3. Giam dng k gi thnh cho vic pht trin cc h quan tri xc thuc v cc h
thng ny duoc thit k chi quy chiu dn application gateway.
4. Giam thiu cc quy tc kim sot cua b loc (Packet filtering). Diu ny lm
tng tc d hoat dng cua firewall.
10.3.1.3 B lc session thng minh (Smart session filtering)
Co ch hoat dng phi hop giua b loc packet v cng ung dung nhu trn
cung cp mt ch d an ninh cao tuy nhin n cung bi vi han ch. Vn d chnh
hin nay l lm sao d cung cp du Proxy Service cho rt nhiu ung dung khc nhau
dang pht trin at. Diu ny c nghia l nguy co, p luc di voi vic dnh lua
firewall gia tng ln rt lon nu cc proxy khng kip dp ung.
Trong khi gim st cc packet o nhung muc pha trn, nu nhu lop network
di hoi nhiu cng suc hon di voi vic loc cc packet don gian, th vic gim st
- 136 -
cc giao dich luu thng o muc mang (Session) di hoi t cng vic hon. Cch ny
cung loai bo duoc cc dich vu dc th cho tung loai ung dung khc nhau.
Nu kt hop kha nng ghi nhn thng tin v cc session v su dung n d tao
cc quy tc cho b loc th s c duoc mt b loc thng minh hon. D chnh l co
ch hoat dng cua b loc session thng minh.
V mt session o muc network duoc tao boi 2 packet luu thng theo 2 chiu,
cho nn nu thit k 2 quy tc loc cho 2 chiu ny: mt d kim sot cc packet luu
thng tu host pht sinh ra n dn my chu cn toi, mt d kim sot packet tro v tu
my chu pht sinh. Mt b loc thng minh s nhn bit duoc rng packet tro v theo
chiu nguoc lai nn quy tc thu 2 l khng cn thit. Do vy, cch d tip nhn cc
packet khng mong mun sinh ra tu bn ngoi firewall s khc bit rt r voi cch
tip cn cho cc packet do nhung kt ni duoc php (ra bn ngoi). V nhu vy d
dng nhn dang cc packet "bt hop php".
10.3.1.4 Firewall hn hp (Hybrid firewall)
Trong thuc t cc firewall duoc su dung l su kt hop cua nhiu k thut d
tao ra hiu qua an ninh ti da. V du vic d lot luoi tai cc kim sot cua b loc
packet c th duoc thuc hin tai b loc session thng minh o muc ung dung. Cc
gim st cua b loc lai duoc boc lt cht ch boi cc dich vu proxy cua application
gateway.
10.3.1.5 Mt vi ng dng cua Firewall
Tu cc ch d hoat dng trn, firewall duoc ung dung nhiu vo h thng an
ninh du liu. C 3 yu cu chnh cho vn d an ninh h thng theo tiu chun ISO
cho m hnh mang OSI :
- Quan l xc thuc (Authentication)
- Quan l cp quyn (Authorization)
- Quan l k ton (Accounting management)
-
f. Uu dim cua Firewall
Firewall l dim kim tra cc kt ni giua mang ni b v mang Internet bn
ngoi, moi kt ni du phai di qua cua khu ny. Dy chnh l mt b loc an ton
boi v c rt nhiu dich vu dang hoat dng trn Internet, nu chng ta khng c mt
co ch kim sot cht ch th cc dich vu ny s tu do mang thng tin trn vo mang
cua chng ta v nguoc lai.
- 137 -
Firewall c th duoc su dung d ghi nhn lai cc hoat dng kt ni voi
Internet. Boi v, moi hoat dng nhu vy du phai thng qua Firewall nn n c th
cung cp thm chuc nng thu thp moi thng tin v cc kt ni xay ra giua mang
ni b v mang Internet bn ngoi.
Ta cung c th su dung Firewall d bao v mt my don cua nguoi su dung.
g. Hn ch cua Firewall
Bn canh nhung mt tch cuc cua Firewall k trn, n cn c nhung han ch
v nhung vic m n khng th thuc hin duoc nhu sau:
1. Bn canh vic ngn chn cc nguoi dng trong mang ni b kt ni ra ngoi
khi khng duoc php th n cung ngn can cc vic lm tt cua ho.
2. Firewall khng th chng lai cc mi nguy him moi, boi v chng nm
ngoi su kim sot cua Firewall.
3. Do khng kim tra trn ni dung cua cc gi tin, nn Firewall khng su dung
d ngn ngua cc thng tin xu trn mt dich vu d duoc cho php v cung
khng th nhn bit cc doam m virus trong cc tp tin truyn di.
10.4 H thng tn min DNS (Domain Name System )
Dia chi Internet 32 bit thoa mn yu cu k thut, nhung phuc tap v kh nho
di voi nguoi dng. Giai php dua ra o dy l dng nhung tn goi nho thay cho dia
chi s l tu nhin v d nho di voi nguoi su dung. Hon nua, dng tn tin cy hon
dia chi s v dia chi s c th thay di nhung tn lun lun dng lai duoc. Do d
nay sinh vn d cch dt tn v nh xa dia chi IP voi tn.
Truoc dy trung tm thng tin Internet NIC chiu trch nhim cp pht v quan
l tn. Nguoi ta dng mt file c tn host.txt trn Windows hoc /etc/hosts trn
Unix, tp tin ny chua tn cua tt ca cc mang, router, host v dia chi IP tuong ung
voi chng. Cc tn duoc cp pht khng c mi lin h g voi nhau. Khi Internet
pht trin, giai php ny tro nn phuc tap khng chp nhn duoc v mt quan l.
Theo Paul Mockepetris, nguoi thit k chnh DNS, muc tiu thit k bt du
cua DNS l d thay th cc tp tin host phuc tap bng mt co so du liu phn tn
nhe hon c kha nng cung cp mt khng gian tn thu bac, su quan l phn tn, c
bo dm cuc bo (caching), cc kiu d liu mo rong, kch thuoc co so d liu khng
gioi han v c hiu nng.
DNS tuong ung voi tng 7 cua m hnh OSI v dng giao thuc UDP hay TCP
o tng duoi. Vic truy cp DNS thuc hin theo m hnh Client/Server. Hu ht cc
h thng kt ni Internet du h tro DNS. Cc dc ta chnh cua DNS duoc dinh
- 138 -
nghia trong cc ti liu RFC 974, 1034, 1035. Dich vu ci dt giao thuc DNS ph
bin nht l BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), duoc pht trin du tin tai
Berkeyley cho h diu hnh Unix.
DNS gm 3 thnh phn : Namespace, cc NameServer v Resolver.
10.4.1 Khng gian tn min DNS
Hnh 10-7. Cu trc khng gian tn min DNS.
DNS t chuc khng gian tn min theo cu trc cy, trn cng l gc, ri dn
cc nt cha, nt con... v cui cng l cc nt l.
Mt my tnh trong mang s ung voi mt nt cua cy. Nhu o cy trn, my o
l www s c dia chi hon chinh l www.microsoft.com. Mi nt trn cy biu din
mt min (domain) trong h thng DNS; mi min lai c mt hay nhiu min con.
Tai mi min ny du phai c my chu DNS tuong ung quan l h thng tn trong
min d.
Nt trn cy : Mi nt c mt tn tuong ung di tu - dn 63 k tu duoi 128
trong bang m ASCII. Cc nt k nhau khng duoc c cng tn. Mi nt c mt tp
(c th rng) cc ban ghi ti nguyn (Resource Record - RR) chua thng tin di km
nt d. Nhn rng dnh ring cho nt gc, k hiu bng du chm (.).
Min con : Duoc tao thnh tu mi nt cua khng gian tn v cc nt bn duoi
c th di dn duoc cc nt d.
Vng : l mt phn cy con cua cy DNS duoc quan l nhu mt thuc th
ring. Vng c th bao gm mt min hay mt min voi mt s min con. Cc min
con muc thp hon cua mt vng lai c th chia thnh cc vng roi nhau.
com
edu gov mi l
i nt / net / org . .
mi cr osof t
r hi no
mi t whi t ehous
Microsoft Domain
Do Microsoft quan l
Do NI C quan l
www
COM Commercial organizat ions
EDU Educat ional
GOV Government
MI L Milit ary groups
NET Net work support cent ers
ORG Noncommercial
I NT I nt ernat ional Organnizat ions
- 139 -
Tn min cua mot nt : l dy cc nhn tu mt nt trn cy dn gc cua cy.
Cc nhn trong tn min cch nhau bng du chm (.). Tn min tuyt doi kt thc
bng du chm. V du poneria.ISI.EDU.. Tn min tuong doi khng kt thc
bng du chm v s duoc phn mm cuc b ghp dy du khi xu l. D don gian
vic ci dt, d di tn min duoc gioi han duoi 255. Mt min l min con cua
min khc nu tn min d chua tn min kia. V du A.B.C.D l min con cua cc
min con cua cc min B.C.D, C.D, D v min gc.
Tn min day du l tn cc nt tu gc dn l cua cy ni voi nhau v phn
cch bng du chm. V du : mrp2.widgets.mfg.universal.co.uk
Cc min muc dinh : Min gc v cc min muc dinh cua cy DNS do NIC
quan l. Cc tn min muc dinh c th chia ba loai :
- Cc min t chuc (tn 3 k tu) : com, edu, gov, . . .
- Cc min dia l (cc m quc gia, 2 k tu) : uk, vn, ca, fr, . . .
- Min in-addr-arpa : min dc bit dng d nh xa dia chi thnh tn.
Trch nhim quan l khng gian tn DNS duoi muc dinh duoc NIC uy nhim
cho cc t chuc khc. Cc t chuc ny lai chia khng gian tn pha duoi v uy
nhim xung. M hnh quan l phn tn ny cho php DNS duoc quan l tu tri boi
cc t chuc tham gia. Cch dt tn nhu vy c tc dung phn cp quan l vng tn.
Cc t chuc c th tu tao v quan l khng gian tn ring cua mnh trong mang,
khng phu thuc vo su cho php cua NIC.
Vn d tn v vng cn duoc nhiu hng lon b sung v lm phong ph thm
bng nhung giai php cua ring ho. V du Microsoft c WINS - Windows Internet
Naming Service, IBM c DDNS - Dynamic Domain Name System.
10.4.1.1 C php tn min
C php cho tn min sau dy cho php ph hop voi nhiu ung dung nhu mail,
telnet, . . .
< domain> : : = < subdomain> |
< subdomain> : : = < label> | < subdomain> . < label>
< label> : : = < let t er> [ [ < ldh-st r> ] < let -dig> ]
< ldh-st r> : : = < let -dig-hyp> | < let -hyp> < ldh-st r>
< let -dig-hyp> : : = < let -dig> | -
< let -dig> : : = < let t er> | < digit >
< let t er> : : = k t u t u A-Z, a-z
< digit > : : = chu s 0-9
- 140 -
10.4.2 My chu quan l tn
My chu quan l tn (Name Server) l h thng chuong trnh quan l cu trc
cy cua min v cc tp thng tin di km. My chu tn c thng tin dy du v mt
s tp con goi l vng cua khng gian tn v cc con tro dn cc nameserver khc
d ly tin v mt min bt ky cua cy min. Cc my chu tn c thng tin dy du v
mt s phn cua cy min duoc goi l c thm quyn (authoritative) v cc phn d.
Mt vng (zone) l mt don vi thng tin c thm quyn cua co so du liu DNS.
Trong thuc t, cc my chu tn thuong luu tam thoi trong b dm cu trc v thng
tin cc vng v thng tin v cc vng khc d tng hiu nng. Cc my chu quan l
tn trong vng trao di thng tin voi nhau bng Zone Transfer Protocol.
10.4.3 Chuong trnh phn giai tn
Chuong trnh phn giai tn (Resolver) l cc thuong trnh h thng ly thng
tin tu namserver d tra loi yu cu cua nhung ung dung khch (client). Resolver
phai c kha nng truy cp dn t nht mt nameserver v dng thng tin tu
nameserver d d truc tip tra loi cu hoi hay d hoi tip dn cc nameserver khc.
Chuong trnh nguoi su dung c th truy cp truc tip dn resolver, do d khng cn
c mt giao thuc giua resolver v chuong trnh nguoi dng.
Hnh 10-8. Qu trnh phn giai tn
trong thuc t .
10.5 H quan tr| mng
H thng quan tri mang (Network Management) cn goi l m hnh
Manager/Agent bao gm cc thnh phn nhu sau :
H quan tri - Manager
H bi quan tri - Managed system
Mt co so du liu chua thng tin quan tri v giao thuc quan tri mang.
H quan tri - Manager
Name
Ser ver
Mai l
Program
TCP
I P
User
200.201.202.180
200.201.202.180 200.201.202.180
200.201.202.180
server@linux.cnt t .edu
4
1
2
3
5
- 141 -
Thuc hin cung cp giao din giua nguoi quan tri mang v cc thit bi mang
duoc quan tri, bao gm cc thng tin th hin duoi dang d hoa, d thi, s liu
thng k, bo co. V du nhu hin thi dang d hoa ban d v topology lin mang
th hin cc vi tr cua cc LAN segments, tu d c th chon xem trang thi hoat
dng hin hnh cua n.
10.5.1 H b| quan tr|
- Bao gm tin trnh Agent v cc di thuong quan tri (manager objects).
- Tin trnh Agent thuc hin cc thao tc quan tri mang nhu dt cc tham s cu
hnh v cc thng k hoat dng hin hnh cua cc router trn mt segments
cho truoc.
- Cc di tuong quan tri bao gm cc tram lm vic, my server, hub, knh
truyn.
10.5.2 Co so d liu cha thng tin quan tr| mng
Duoc goi l co so thng tin quan tri (Management Information Base - MIB)
duoc luu tru tai Server v Client. MIB duoc t chuc thnh mt cu trc cy, goi l
SMI (Structure of Management Information). SMI bt du tu gc root, tip theo l
cc nhnh chua cc di tuong quan tri duoc phn loai lgic.
Kin trc quan tri mang ISO nhu sau :
1. Quan tri su c (Fault Management) : pht hin, c lp v khc phuc su
c.
2. Quan tri k ton (Accounting Management) : kim sot va 2dnh gi vic
su dung ti nguyn trong mang
3. Quan tri cu hnh (Configuration Management)
4. Quan tri hiu nng (Performance Management)
5. Quan tri an ton (Security Management)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) duoc tao ra ban du voi muc
dch cung cp phuong tin d diu khin cc router trn mang. SNMP, mc d l
mt phn trong gia dnh giao thuc TCP/IP, khng phu thuc vo IP. SMNP duoc
thit k dc lp voi giao thuc truyn, tuy nhin phn lon cc hng du san xut
SNMP chay trn IP.
SNMP thuc cht l gm 3 giao thuc cu tao thnh, tt ca du duoc thit k d
lm vic voi muc dch diu hnh:
Management Information Base (MIB): Mt co so du liu chua cc thng tin
trang thi.
- 142 -
Structure and Identification of Management Information (SMI): Mt tiu
chun dinh nghia cc du muc cua mt MIB.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): Phuong thuc trao di thng
tin giua cc thit bi v Server.
10.6 D|ch v thu din tu
Electronic Mail (vit gon l e-Mail, thu din tu) l mt trong nhung dich vu
thng tin ph bin nht trn Internet. Dich vu e-Mail gip moi nguoi c th trao di
thng tin voi nhau trn mang Internet. Lin lac bng thu din tu nhanh hon, thun
tin hon v chi ph thp hon rt nhiu so voi trao di thu tu qua duong buu din
bnh thuong. Ngoi ra cn cho php ho gui cho nhau ca cc loai ti liu nhu: cc
vn ban, cc bo co, cc chuong trnh my tnh, . .. v nhiu thng tin khc nua.
Mi nguoi su dung du c mt thu muc luu tru thu trn my Server goi l
Mailbox. Tt ca cc dia chi mail bao gm hai phn duoc ngn cch nhau bng 1 k
tu @ (ampersand). V du : . Tn min c th duoc chia nhiu phn cch nhau boi
du chm (.). Mt dia chi mail tiu biu c cc thnh phn nhu sau :
Username @ ServerName. Type of Organization . Country
Cu trc cua mt E-Mail bao gm cc phn nhu sau :
Phn tiu d thu
Phn ny do cc MTA (Message Transfer Agent) tao ra v su dung, n chua
cc thng tin d chuyn nhn e-Mail nhu dia chi cua noi nhn, dia chi cua noi gui.
Cc h thng e-Mail cn nhung thng tin ny d chuyn du liu tu my tnh ny
sang my tnh khc. Cu tao phn ny gm nhiu truong (field), mi truong l mt
dng vn ban ASCII chun 7 bit nhu sau: <tn truong >: <ni dung cua truong>.
Sau dy l mt s truong thng tin thng dng:
Tr uong Chc nng
DATE Chi ngy gio nhan mail.
FROM Chi dia chi nguoi gi.
TO Chi dia chi nguoi nhan.
CC
Chi dia chi nhung nguoi nhan ban copy cua mail. Cc nguoi nhan
t hay duoc dia chi cua nhung nguoi cng nhan t rong nhm.
BCC
Chi dia chi nhung nguoi nhan ban sao chp cua buc mail, nhung
tung nguoi khng bit nhung nguoi no se nhan buc t hu ny.
REPLY-TO
Chua cc t hng t in d nguoi nhan c t h t ra loi lai, t huong n chnh
l dia chi nguoi gi.
MESSAGE-I D inh danh duy nhat , duoc su dung bi h diu hnh.
SUBJECT Chu d cua ni dung t hu.
- 143 -
Cc truong trn l cc truong chun do giao thuc SMTP quy dinh, ngoi ra
trong phn header cung c th c thm mt s truong khc do chuong trnh e-Mail
tao ra nhm quan l cc e-Mail ring. Cc truong ny duoc bt du bng k tu X-
v thng tin theo sau l cung ging nhu ta thy trn mt truong chun.
Phn ni dung
D phn bit phn tiu d v phn ni dung cua e-Mail, nguoi ta qui uoc dt
ranh gioi l mt dng trng (chui k tu "\r\n"). Kt thc cua phn ni dung l
chui k tu "\r\n.\r\n".
Nhu vy ni dung buc thu nm trong khoang giua dng trng du tin v k tu
kt thc thu, v trong phn ni dung cua buc thu khng duoc php tn tai chui k
tu kt thc thu. Mt khc do mi truong truyn thng l mang Internet nn cc k tu
cu thnh phn thn cua buc thu phai l cc k tu ASCII chun.
10.6.1 Giao thc SMTP
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) l giao thuc qui dinh vic truyn mail
chu yu dng trong mang Internet.
Mi quan h giua SMTP v h thng Mail cuc b nhu sau:
User User
Operat ing Syst em Operat ing Syst em
Local Mail Syst em Local Mail Syst em
Client
SMTP
Server
SMTP
Client
SMTP
Server
SMTP
Port = 25
TCP/ I P TCP/ I P
I nt ernet work
Hnh 10-9. Quan h giua SMTP v h thng Mail cuc b.
Client lin quan dn thu di, Server lin quan dn nhn thu. H thng thu cuc
b hp thu (mailbox) cho mi user. Mail box c 2 phn: phn cuc b v phn ton
cuc.
Sau khi tho buc thu trong khun dang chun, h thng mail cuc b xc dinh
tn nguoi nhn o hp thu cuc b hay phai gui ra ngoi. d gui buc thu Client SMTP
- 144 -
phai bit dia chi IP cua noi nhn qua DNS v gui qua cng dia chi SMTP (25) d
bt du thit lp kt ni server SMTP noi nhn. Khi mi ni d duoc thit lp,
Client bt du chuyn buc thu dn Server boi cc lnh cua SMTP. SMTP dng tu
kha nhu cc lnh d thuc hin thao tc chuyn giao mail. Mt s lnh chnh cua
SMTP trong phin lm vic giua Client MTA v Server MTA nhu sau :
Lnh Tc dng
HELLO Xung danh voi SMTP bn nhn, bo cho bn nhn bit bn goi l ai. SMTP
bn goi gui lnh ny du tin cho SMTP bn nhn.
MAIL Khoi dng mt cuc giao dich mail m muc dch cui cng l chuyn giao
cc mail toi mt hay nhiu Mailbox (noi chua Mail nhn duoc) khc nhau.
RCPT Ni r nguoi nhn mail l ai.
DATA Cc dng sau lnh DATA l du liu cua Mail. Di voi SMTP, chui k tu
"CRLF.CRLF" bo nhn bit kt thc ni dung buc Mail.
RSET Bo (Reset) cuc giao dich hin tai.
NOOP
Yu cu SMTP bn nhn khng lm g ngoi vic tra v cu tra loi OK
(dng d kim tra).
QUIT Yu cu SMTP nhn tra loi OK v kt thc phin giao dich hin tai.
VRFY Yu cu SMTP bn nhn kim tra nguoi nhn l dng, xc nhn cc tham
s goi theo dng lnh.
SEND Khoi dng mt cuc giao dich m mail s duoc goi toi mt hay nhiu thit
bi du cui chu khng phai mailbox.
SOML Khoi dng mt cuc giao dich m mail s duoc goi toi mt hay nhiu thit
bi du cui hay mailbox.
SAML Khoi dng mt cuc giao dich m mail s duoc goi toi mt hay nhiu thit
bi du cui v mailbox.
HELP Yu cu SMTP bn nhn gui thng tin gip d cho SMTP bn pht.
EXPN Yu cu SMTP bn nhn goi v danh sch nhung nguoi nhn Mail d c
th mo rng vic chuyn mail cho cc user khc.
TURN Yu cu SMTP bn nhn gui OK v di vai tr tro trnh SMTP goi.
Bang 10-1. Cc lnh cua giao thuc SMTP.
SMTP (trong RFC 821) ban du duoc thit k d cho php cc mail server
chuyn di cc mail message. Co ch chnh duoc dng d chuyn di cc mail l
phn duong cc message quanh Internet. SMTP hoat dng trn m hnh luu v
truyn trong d client nm cc message cn d truyn dn server v gui cc lnh
dn server d bo cho server cch xu l cc message. Mail client c th l mt mail
server khc, n c mt hay nhiu message phai truyn dn mt server khc. Hu ht
cc Internet mail client su dung SMTP d gui cc message.
- 145 -
Client SMTP TCP Server SMTP
TCP connection
establishment (port 25)
220 : ready for mail
HELLO client name
Server name
MAIL FROM sender's
name
250: okay
RCPT TO : recipient's
name
Either :
550 recipient not here
or
250 : okay
DATA
Bt u Mail body
354 : ready for mail
Ni dung bc th- kt thc
vi dng chm n
.......
Mail received
250 : Okay
QUIT
221 : destination
closing
TCP connection cleared
Hnh 10-10. Co ch trao di SMTP.
10.6.1.1 Quy tc lm vic vi SMTP
1. Mi cu lnh phn cch tham s theo sau bng khoang trng v kt thc bng
k tu CRLF. Mail di tu SMTP goi dn mt SMTP nhn v dn luot SMTP
nhn tro thnh SMTP goi d gui mail di tip cho dn khi chng duoc giao
vo Mailbox cua nguoi nhn.
2. Cc lnh SMTP phai din ra mt cch tun tu.
3. Vic dnh dia chi phai theo cch dnh dia chi Internet.
Giao thuc SMTP qui dinh cc Server MTA (o dy l SMTP bn nhn) phai
goi tn hiu phan hi ACK sau mi lnh m n nhn duoc tu Client MTA. Mi cu
tra loi cua bn nhn du mo du voi mt m s theo sau moi l thng tin dang text.
Mi s mo du trong m s c mt nghia khc nhau, n chi ra rng kt qua thuc
hin thao tc l tt (s 2), tht bai (s 5) hay chua hon thnh (s 3).
- 146 -
10.6.1.2 Mt s m phan hi thng dng cua SMTP
220 Dich vu d sn sng.
221 Dng kt ni d duoc thit lp.
250 Thao tc do Client MTA yu cu d duoc hon thnh.
354 Sn sng nhn ni dung cua mail.
550 Thao tc yu cu khng thuc hin duoc do khng c mailbox trn my.
.v.v...
10.6.1.3 Phin giao djch SMTP
D hiu cch dng mt s lnh chng ta xem xt qua v du sau: Bn goi tn
Thun o my Sample1 mun goi cho Tn , Thuc o my Sample2, gia su Thuc
khng c Mailbox tai Sample2.
Bn goi thuc hin mt kt ni dn SMTP Server.
RECEI VER : 220 sample2 Simple Mail Transfer Service Ready
Khi duoc kt ni qua giao t huc TCP/ I P, my nhan t ra loi vi m 220
d bo cho my gi bit dich vu SMTP d san sng.
SENDER : HELO sample1
Bn nhan d san sng, bn gi gi HELLO v xung t n nguoi gi.
RECEI VER : 250 sample2
Tra vi m 250 bo cho bit bn nhan d san sng.
SENDER : MAI L FROM: < >
Bn gi dng lnh MAI L d khi dng phin giao dich. C php t rn cho bn nhan bit
dia chi bn gi (mailbox cua bn gi) d bn nhan gi t hng bo li nu c v bn gi.
RECEI VER : 250 OK
Tra loi vi m 250 cho bit d chap nhan.
SENDER: RCPT TO: < >
Bn gi cho bit e-Mail dch
RECEI VER: 250 OK
Tra loi vi m 250 cho bit d chap nhan
SENDER : RCPT TO: < >
Mun gi cho bao nhiu nguoi dng bay nhiu lnh RCPT km t heo dia chi nhan,
bn nhan nu dng se t ra v m 250 km t heo OK.
RECEI VER : 550 No such user here
Bo km t heo m 550 cho bit khng c mailbox t rn dia chi t rn di vi noi nhan.
SENDER : DATA
Bo cho bn nhan bit du liu bat dau tu sau tu DATA.
RECEI VER : 354 St art mail input ; end wit h < CRLF> . < CRLF>
M 354 bo cho bit d san sng nhan mail, kt t hc mail vi k t u CRLF.CRLF".
SENDER : Bat dau t hn cua mail
SENDER : . . .
SENDER : (dn khi kt t hc gi CRLF.CRLF)
RECEI VER : 250 OK
E-Mail d duoc chap nhan.
- 147 -
SENDER : QUI T
Pht lnh bo kt t hc phin giao dich.
RECEI VER : 221 sample2 Service closing t ransmission channel
M 221 dng kt ni d t hit lap
10.6.1.4 Giao thc mo rng ESMTP
SMTP c mt han ch gy kh khn lon trong vic truyn nhn mail l gioi
han ti da kch thuoc ni dung mt buc mail chi l 128KB. Do vy nguoi ta d cai
tin chun SMTP thnh mt chun mo rng moi goi l ESMTP, cho php tng gioi
han kch thuoc cua mail ln trn 1MB.
D bit xem Server MTA c theo chun ESMTP hay khng, thay v dng lnh
HELO o du mt cuc giao dich, Client MTA dng lnh moi EHLO, nu Server
MTA c trang bi, n s tra v m thnh cng l 250. Ngy nay chun ESMTP d
thay th chun SMTP o da s cc h thng.
Chng han d khoi dng cuc giao dich voi kch thuoc mail ln toi 1MB, su
dung dng lnh sau:
MAIL FROM :<thuan@sample1> SIZE=1000000
10.6.2 MIME
Tu khi MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extention) duoc dua ra, kiu du
liu m user c th gui thng qua e-Mail duoc mo rng. Ban du du liu chi o dang
text. Ngy nay, ta c th gui cc ti liu (file *.doc), cc file anh hay cc file m
thanh.
D c th phn pht cc kiu du liu ny, khun dang cc message trn
Internet nn duoc mo rng. MIME duoc pht trin cho muc dch ny.
10.6.2.1 Cu trc message cua MIME
MIME khng phai cho cc ung dung e-Mail moi, nhung cho php mo rng
kha nng e-Mail trn Internet trong khi vn giu cc ung dung giao vn v nn tang
hin tai. Khun dang MIME duy tr cc cu trc message co ban voi cc phn
Header v phn body (tham khao RFC 822). V du v khun dang cua mt ti liu
MIME nhu sau :
{ Dng ny xc dinh MI ME message}
MI ME-Version: 1.0
To:
Subj ect : Book CD
{ Dng ny xc dinh dy l mt kiu messsage hn hop v cc phan duoc phn t ch
nhau bi dau bin}
Cont ent -Type: mult ipart / mixed; boundary= "--------6B9767D111AE"
X-Mozilla-St atus: 0001
- 148 -
{ Kt t hc phan header}
{ Bin dau t in, t h hin phan dau cua message}
--------6B9767D111AE
{y l doan t ext , t h hin cc k t u dang US-ASCI I }
Cont ent -Type: t ext / plain; charset = us-ascii
Cont ent -Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
{ Kt t hc phan header}
Davis,
I am .............................................. ..............................................
Thanhs,
Davis
{ Phan sau l phan dnh dau bin}
--------6B9767D111AE
{ Phan t ip sau l mt file nhi phn}
Cont ent -Type: applicat ion/ oct et -st ream
Cont ent -Transfer-Encoding: base64
Cont ent -Disposit ion: at t achment ; filename= "Sublic2.doc"
{ Phan dui dy l ni dung file}
0M8............................................................................ ........
{ Phan sau dy l bin kt t hc file}
--------6B9767D111AE
10.6.2.2 MIME version header
MIME version header dinh danh mt message nhu mt message MIME, v
xc dinh version cua MIME chun d dich message. Nu khng tm thy header,
client s di xu voi message theo khun dang chun trong RFC. Phin ban hin tai
cua MIME l 1.0. C php cua MIME header version nhu sau:
MIME-Version: 1.0
1. Content Type header
Content Type header xc dinh khun dang file duoc gn vo trong mt di
tuong. Header bo cho MIME cch hin thi hay thao tc trn thn cua message.
Content Type Header bao gm tn cua header, theo sau boi kiu MIME. Kiu
MIME theo sau hai tn v duoc cch bit nhau boi k tu slash (/). Tn du tin l tn
kiu v tn thu hai l mt tn phu. Sau dy l cc v du cua Content type header:
Cont ent -Type: image/ j peg
Cont ent -Type: image/ gif
Cont ent -Type: image/ bmp
Cont ent -Type: image/ mpeg
- 149 -
Cont ent -Type: applicat ion/ oct et -st ream
Ba v du du tin trong phn ny, di tuong l kiu anh (cung l kiu nhi
phn), kiu con cua n l jpeg, gif, v bmp. Cc file anh ny duoc nhng vo trong
cc message. Dng thu tu trong cc v du ny d l mt file chuong trnh.
Cc kiu v kiu con c th duoc thit lp boi cc tham s. Mi tham s bao
gm mt tn tham s, theo sau boi du bng (=) v tip theo l gi tri tham s. Cc
tham s ny duoc tch bit giua kiu v kiu con, cung nhu cc tham s khc v
duoc tch bit nhau boi du chm phy. V du sau dy th hin mt tp cc tham s:
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Kiu di tuong ny bo cho nguoi doc message rng cc phn theo sau l dang
text v su dung cc k tu theo kiu text.
Header ny c th hon ton tuy chon. Nu n khng duoc cung cp th
message duoc di xu nhu mt chui cc k tu ASCII.
2. Content Transfer Encoding Header
Content Transfer Encoding Header xc dinh m hnh m ho duoc su dung
d nhng di tuong vo trong thn cua message. D nhng mt di tuong nhi phn
vo trong mt thu din tu, cn phai chuyn n sang kiu dang ASCII, do vy n
duoc bin dich theo khun dang RFC 822. V du mt c php header dng d m
ho ni dung khi truyn l Content-Transfer-Encoding Base64.
Ti liu MIME dinh nghia 5 kiu m ho, nhung 3 kiu m ho th hin di
tuong khng duoc m ho. M ho 7 bit thuong duoc dng cho cc vng text theo
khun dang MIME. Hai kiu kia m ho theo kiu 8 bit v nhi phn, chi duoc su
dung khi chuyn thu khng phai SMTP, do SMTP chi cho php cc k tu ASCII
theo kiu m ho 7 bit. Hai m hnh m ho cn lai d l quoted-printable v
base64 d chuyn cc cc di tuong tu dang nhi phn sang kiu ASCII.
10.6.2.3 Cu trc message MIME da phn
Mt trong s cc kha nng ph bin cua MIME d l c mt message da phn.
Bng cch su dung message da phn, ta c th nhng ca hnh anh v m thanh vo
cc message text hay xy dung mt ung dung v mt di tuong hoat hnh, n bao
gm mt s file cn thit d chay ung dung.
Cu trc message da phn bao gm nhiu message kt hop vo trong thn cua
mt message, mi message voi thng tin header cua n th hin kiu ni dung m
m hnh m ho. Cc phn ny duoc tch bit boi cc du bin m message chnh
dinh ra. D hiu chi tit v cu trc cua mt message da phn, xem RFC 1521.
- 150 -
10.6.2.4 M ha BASE64
Thut ton m ho Base64 duoc thit k d m ta mt chui tuy cc gi tri
8bit m con nguoi khng c kha nng doc duoc thnh cc k tu ASCII. Thut ton
m ho v giai m don gian nhung du liu m ho s lon hon du liu ngun 33%.
Mt tp 65 k tu US-ASCII duoc dng, cho php 6bits biu din cho cc k tu
c th in duoc. (K tu thu 65, =, l mt k tu xu l dc bit)
Tin trnh m ho biu din nhm 24 bits du liu nhp thnh 4 k tu m ho o
du ra. Tin trnh thuc hin tu tri sang phai, mt nhm 24 bit nhp duoc kt hop tu
nhm 3 k tu 8bits. 24 bits d duoc chia lm 4 nhm k tu 6bits, mi nhm duoc
dich thnh mt k tu don dua vo bang m Base64.
Bang m Base64
Val ue Encodi ng Val ue Encodi ng Val ue Encodi ng Val ue Encodi ng
0 A 17 R 34 i 51 z
1 B 18 S 35 j 52 0
2 C 19 T 36 k 53 1
3 D 20 U 37 l 54 2
4 E 21 V 38 m 55 3
5 F 22 W 39 n 56 4
6 G 23 X 40 o 57 5
7 H 24 Y 41 p 58 6
8 I 25 Z 42 q 59 7
9 J 26 a 43 r 60 8
10 K 27 b 44 s 61 9
11 L 28 c 45 t 62 +
12 M 29 d 46 u 63 /
13 N 30 e 47 v
14 O 31 f 48 w (pad) =
15 P 32 g 49 x
16 Q 33 h 50 y
V du sau m ta tin trnh m ho 3 k tu nhp l com:
Lung du liu duoc m ho du ra phai duoc biu din bng cc dng c d
di khng lon hon 76 k tu. Tt ca cc k tu xung dng hay cc k tu khc khng c
trong bang m Base64 du duoc phn mm giai m bo qua.
`c' `o' `m'
24 54 61 45
`Y' `2' `9' `t'
com
Y29t
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
- 151 -
Khi nhm bit dng nhp t hon 24 bits (nghia l dn cui cua du liu cn m
ho) th cn c xu l dc bit. Khi c t hon 24 bits dng nhp th cc bits 0 duoc
thm vo pha bn phai nhm bit d duoc du s 24 bits. Khi dng nhp d du 24bits
th c cc kha nng c th xay ra:
1. Phn cui cng cua du liu cn m ho l 24 bits th du liu du ra cui cng
s l 4 k tu d m ho m khng c k tu dm "=".
2. Phn cui cng cua du liu cn m ho chnh xc l 8 bits th du liu du ra
cui cng s l 2 k tu d m ho km theo voi 2 k tu dm = o cui.
- Nu phn cui cng cua du liu cn m ho chnh xc l 16 bits th du liu du
ra cui cng s gm 3 k tu d m ho km theo voi 1 k tu dm = o cui.
Boi v cc k tu dm chi duoc thm vo cui cua du liu nn khi gp bt k
mt k tu = no th hin nhin l d dn vi tr kt thc cua du liu.
10.6.3 Giao thc POP
Nguoi su dung c th gui thu bng cch su dung SMTP, v c th nhng bt
ky di tuong no vo trong message thng qua vic su dung khun dang MIME.
Tuy nhin, voi SMTP, server d nhn duoc cc message thu phai ni dn client v
gui tt ca cc message duoc phn pht cho client. Do d, nguoi su dung phai dng
k tn my duoi dang tn dia chi Internet cua nguoi nhn.
SMTP duoc thit k trong truong hop nhiu user su dung tt ca thoi gian cua
ho kt ni dn mt vi host v chay mt phin du cui. Giao thuc khng duoc thit
k cho cc tnh hung thng dung hin nay, trong d, hu ht tt ca cc user su
dung e-mail kt ni han ch dn mail server dang giu hp thu. Nguoi su dung phai
duy tr cc message thu trn server v chuyn n dn cho client khi client yu cu.
Dy l mt muc dch trong thit k cua POP.
POP (Post office Protocol) duoc thit k d b dp cho SMTP trong phn
nhn cc message. Nhung nguoi thit k POP khng gp cc chuc nng gui
message v cho rng SMTP tip tuc duoc su dung d thuc hin cc chuc nng d.
Voi giao thuc POP, my tnh nhn khoi tao kt ni. My nhn kt ni dn mail
server, login v nhn bt ky mt message no dang cho. Do vy m my gui khng
cn bit g v my nhn tru khi n su dung login v password d dng nhp. Ngy
nay, hu ht tt ca cc mail client trn Internet m ban c th su dung d kt hop ca
SMTP v POP.
- 152 -
10.6.3.1 M hnh thng tin POP
Trong m hnh luu v pht, server mail cuc b luu cc message dn khi cc
client nhn n. POP client kt ni voi server trn cng 110 cua TCP. D dng nhp
vo server, user su dung dinh danh (ID) v password. Sau khi dng nhp thnh cng
vo server, client c th yu cu server v cc message moi dang sn sng, ly bt
ky message no m server dang gui hay xo di mt message no d trn server.
M hnh thng tin POP su dung 3 trang thi giao tc d cung cp chuc nng
ny dn POP client:
Trang thi dc quyn : Server kim tra quyn truy nhp cua client (ID v
password).
Trang thi giao tc : Client c th nhn hay xo cc message.
Trang thi cp nht : Trang thi ny duoc chuyn dn ngay sau khi client tao
ra lnh QUIT.
Trang thi cp nht l trang thi cho php thao tc trn cc message. Khi client
dang o trn trang thi giao tc, ban c th tao ra lnh reset d huy bo tt ca cc thao
tc xa truoc d (undo).
10.6.3.2 Chun POP3
Giao thuc POP3 duoc cai tin tu giao thuc POP. Nhim vu cua giao thuc
POP3 l ly mail tu mailbox v khi no nguoi nhn mun.
Dc dim cua h thng dng POP l cho php nguoi su dung login vo POP
Server v nhn cc mail tu mailbox cua mnh m khng cn phai login vo mang
mc d cc mailbox thuong nm o cc Mail Server nm trong mang ( thng thuong
mun thm nhp mang ta phai c mt account trn mang v phai cung cp
Password khi dng nhp vo mang ). Nguoi su dung c th truy xut POP Server tu
bt cu mt h thng no trn mang Internet, tu bt cu UA no dng giao thuc POP.
POP3 dinh nghia 3 giai doan tao thnh POP Session : Giai doan 1 l giai doan
xc dinh tnh hop php cua nguoi nhn mail (Authorization); giai doan 2 l giai
doan giao dich giua PC v POP Server (Transaction) v giai doan 3 l giai doan cp
nht thng tin (Update).
Sau khi thit lp kt ni voi Server, giai doan du Client s cho Server bit n
l ai. Nu Client hop php POP Server s mo Mailbox v bt du chuyn sang giai
doan giao dich. Giai doan giao dich, chuong trnh Client s yu cu POP3 Server
cung cp cc thng tin nhu danh sch mail..v..v..hay yu cu goi v cho n mt buc
mail xc dinh no d. Giai doan cui cng s cp nht v dng kt hin hnh.
- 153 -
Cc lnh thng dung cua giao thuc POP3 :
Lnh nghia
User Cho bit tn cua user cho POP Server
Pass Yu cu mt Password cho nguoi su dung trn Server
Quit Dng kt ni TCT d duoc thit lp truoc d
Stat POP Server tra v s luong Mail c trong mailbox cua nguoi su dung cng
kch thuoc chng
List Tra v cc ID v size cua cc Message
Retr Nhn mt Message tu Mailbox (yu cu tham s l ID cua mail cn nhn)
Dele Dnh du mt Message d xa (yu cu tham s l ID cua mail cn xa)
Noop POP Server tra v +OK nhung khng lm g ca
Last Yu cu POP Server tra v s Message d truy nhp
Top Lit k Header cua Mail
Rset Huy dnh du trn Message bi dnh du d xa
POP3 chi dinh nghia 2 loai tra loi cho mi cu lnh l : +OK d chi thao tc
hon thnh tt v - ERR d bo c li. V du cch dng mt s lnh cua POP3 nhu
sau (cc hng sau du chm phy d ch thch lnh).
Giai doan 1 : Nhn dang user
CLI ENT : USER user01 ; cho bit t n user l user01
SERVER : + OK ; bo t hnh cng
CLI ENT : PASS abc ; cho bit password l abc
SERVER : + OK user01's ; maildrop has 2 messages ( 520 oct et s)
Giai doan 2 : Trao di
CLI ENT : STAT ; s mail c t rong mailbox
SERVER : + OK 2 520 ; C 2 mail vi t ng kch t huc l 520
CLI ENT : LI ST ; Lit k cc I D v kch t huc cc mail
SERVER : + OK 2 message ( 520 oct et s )
SERVER : 1 110 ; mail t hu 1 kch t huc 110
SERVER : 2 410 ; mail t hu 2 kch t huc 410
CLI ENT : LI ST 1 ; Cho t hng t in v mail c I D l 1
SERVER : + OK 1 110
CLI ENT : LI ST 4
SERVER : -ERR no such message, only 2 message in maildrop
. . . v. . . v . . .
Giai doan 3 : Kt thc
CLI ENT : QUI T ; dng kt ni TCP hin hnh
SERVER : + OK dhbk POP3 server signing off
Ch rng cc message bi dnh du d xa bng lnh DELE thuc su chua bi
xa ngay d nu sau d ta c th dng lnh phuc hi khng xa bng lnh RSET,
- 154 -
chng chi thuc su bi xa bo khoi maildrop khi buoc vo giai doan Update (khi goi
lnh QUIT).
10.7 D|ch v truy cp t xa - TELNET
Cl i ent Host Ser ver Host
Operat ing Syst em Operat ing Syst em
Client TELNET Server TELNET
TCP/ I P TCP/ I P
Hnh 10-11. Phuong thuc truy nhp tu xa Telnet.
Chuong trnh Telnet (TELecommunication NETwork) cho php truy cp tu xa
hoc c cc thit bi ao thng qua mang (diu ny c nghia l bnh thuong th ban
khng th c duoc thit bi ny nhung nay nho c dich vu Telnet, ban c th truy cp
v dng duoc cc thit bi du cui do d goi l cc thit bi du cui ao). Ni cch
khc, mt user A c th truy cp vo mt my B o bt cu noi no trong mang v
lm vic voi my d ging nhu dang ngi truoc my d. Dich vu Telnet duoc cung
cp qua cng s 23 cua TCP/IP. Khi nim Telnet d chi ca dich vu v giao thuc
cung cp cc dich vu truy cp tu xa ny.
Giao thuc Telnet dng mt khi nim Network Virtual Terminal (NVT), d
dinh nghia kt ni Telnet cho ca hai pha. Mi du cua kt ni (mi NVT) c mt
bn phm v mt my in logic. My in logic c th hin thi cc k tu v bn phm
logic c th tao cc k tu. My in logic thuong l mt mn hnh cua thit bi du
cui, trong khi d bn phm logic thuong l bn phm cua nguoi dng
Khi mt kt ni Telnet duoc thit lp, Telnetd (hay bt ky mt chuong trnh
no khc m lm vic nhu l Telnet server) bt du qu trnh chay mt s cc ung
dung. Mi phm duoc n s phai qua Telnet, Telnetd, v cc ung dung duoc dng
trong qu trnh thuc hin mt phin lm vic cua kt ni Telnet.
Nguoi su dung dua vo lnh v s liu, chuong trnh Telnet o my khch
(client Telnet) s chuyn lnh v s liu dn chuong trnh Telnet trn my chu
(server telnet) tuong ung. Server telnet xu l v gui kt qua tro lai cho Client
Telnet.
- 155 -
10.7.1.1 Cc lnh cua Telnet
Hai h thng Telnet Client/Server lin lac voi nhau bng nhung lnh gm
nhung k tu don hay mt chuoi k tu, n duoc m ho trong dang chun NVT
(Network Virtual Terminal - Mang du cui ao).
Khi mt kt ni Telnet duoc thit lp, mt s dich vu c th sn sng d lua
chon. Gi tri cua chng c th thay di trong mt phin lm vic Telnet (Telnet
Session) nu ca hai pha cua kt ni dng su thay di d. (C th xay ra truong
hop mt du cua kt ni Telnet khng th cho php hay khng cho php mt dich
vu trong qu trnh kt ni Telnet din ra do su cho quyn cua nh quan l hoc cc
thit lp ngun (Source settings)). C bn giao thuc Telnet duoc dng d D nghi
(offer), Tu chi (refuse), Yu cu (request) v Ngn chn (prevent) cc dich vu, d
l cc dng tu: WILL, WONT, DO v DONT. Cc dng tu trn duoc thit k di
voi nhau theo tung cp ( WILL/WONT v DO/DONT).
Lnh M thp phn nghia
IAC 255 Nhn bit byte tip theo l lnh
NOP 241 Khng diu khin
EC 247 Xa k tu (Erase character)
EL 248 Xa dng (Erase line)
GA 249 V du (Go ahead)
AYT 246 Are you there
IP 244 Qu trnh ngt (Interrupt process)
AO 245 Xa bo du ra (Abort output)
BRK 243 Dung (break output)
DMARK 242 Phuc hi du ra (Resume output)
SB 250 Bt du trao di (Start potion request)
SE 240 Kt thc (End)
WILL 251 Thoa thun/Yu cu (Agreement/request option)
WONT 252 Tu chi (Refuse option request)
DO 253 Tip nhn yu cu (Accept request option)
DON'T 254 Tu chi tip nhn yu cu
Cc hm chuc nng khc :
Tn M nghia
Transmit binary 0 Yu cu/T.nhn trao di s nhi phn 8 bit
Echo 1 K tu phan hi (Echo character receiving back to sender)
Status 5 Trang thi (Request/reply status of receiving TELNET)
Timing mark 6 Dnh du thoi gian.
Terminal type 24 Loai yu cu/tra loi cua thit bi du cui.
Line mode 34 Gui dng k tu
V du cc dng lnh tiu biu nhu sau :
- 156 -
IAC, SB, WILL, 'O', SE : Yu cu bn nhn nhn s nhi phn 8 bit
IAC, SB, DO, 'O', SE : H truy nhp tu xa nhn tra loi tip nhn
IAC, SB, DON'T, 'O', SE : Hoc tu chi
IAC, SB, DO, 'O', SE : Bn nhn yu cu
IAC, SB, WILL, 'O', SE : Bn gui thoa thun
IAC, SB, WON'T, 'O', SE : Hoc tu chi
Lm vic voi Telnet
- Truy nhp vo mang TCP/IP tu my tram
- G lnh : telnet <DiachiIP hoc tnmyServer>
- Thao tc trn mn hnh Telnet.
10.7.2 D|ch v truyn tp tin FTP
Giao thuc truyn tp tin FTP (File Transfer Protocol) cho php truyn cc tp
tin giua hai my tnh, quan l cc thu muc v truy cp vo thu tn din tu. FTP
khng duoc thit k d truy cp vo mt my khc v chay cc chuong trnh o my
d. FTP gip nguoi su dung truy cp file v thu muc trn mt my chu o xa v thuc
hin nhung thao tc trn thu muc nhu sau :
- Lit k cc file trn mt thu muc cuc b hay o xa.
- Di tn v xa tp tin (nu c quyn).
- Truyn file di hay v tu tram v my o xa (download/upload).
FTP dng hai knh TCP, voi s hiu cng 20 l knh d liu, v s hiu cng
21 l knh lnh (command channel). FTP khc cc ung dung khc cua TCP/IP o l
FTP quan l tt ca vic truyn cc tp tin bng foreground thay v background. Ni
cch khc, FTP khng dng cc hng doi hay cc tin trnh kiu ng (spooler) do d
ban c th quan st qu trnh truyn tp tin trong thoi gian thuc. Bng cch dng
TCP, FTP loai tru duoc vic quan l kt ni v d tin cy, boi v FTP c th dua
trn TCP d thuc hin cc chuc nng ny mt cch chnh xc.
Kt ni du tin, knh lnh, duoc khoi tao thng qua FTP client. Client kt ni
voi server dua trn cng 21 cua TCP, cung cp cho server tn (login) v password
v sau d tin dn cc phin FTP. Nu client tao ra mt lnh yu cu mt dng tra
loi tu server, knh lnh s truyn tra loi ny.
Khi client goi mt yu cu c nhiu hon mt tra loi d gui hay nhn du liu,
knh thu hai duoc dt vo hoat dng. D thit lp kt ni thu hai, ban c 3 tuy chon.
Mc dinh, server khoi tao kt ni thu 2 thng qua cng 20 cua TCP v kt ni dn
mt socket thu hai trn client, su dung cng mt dia chi v cng nhu trong kt ni
thu nht trn client. Tuy nhin, client c th chi dinh mt dia chi khc hay mt
cng khc d truyn du liu, trong truong hop ny, server c gng kt ni dn client
- 157 -
thng qua vic su dung mt dia chi moi. Tuy chon thu 3 l client khoi tao mt kt
ni truyn du liu l bo cho server chuyn sang ch d thu dng, server tra loi mt
dia chi v s hiu cng d truyn du liu.
Ngay sau khi truyn du liu kt thc, kt ni d truyn du liu duoc dng lai.
Kt ni ny duoc mo lai khi client tao ra mt lnh yu cu truyn du liu.
Hnh 10-12. M hnh giao tip FTP.
FTP hoat dng theo m hnh Client/Server bao gm thnh phn chnh :
+ Don vi trao di du liu (Data Transmission interface)/
+ Don vi nhn bit lnh (Command interface)
10.7.2.1 Ch d truyn dn
C 3 ch d duoc dng d truyn du liu giua hai h thng. Ch d du tin l
ngm dinh nhung 2 ch d kia truyn hiu qua hon v c th phuc hi.
Truyn theo dng: dy l ch d truyn ngm dinh, gui mt file duoi dang
mt chui cc byte; FTP server v client khng dinh dang file d. File ngun
khng c cch g d bo ht ni dung truyn, do vy vn d kt thc file
duoc qui dinh bng dng kt ni du liu.
Truyn theo khi: chia file thnh cc khi, v mi khi c thm cc byte
diu khin (header). Trong header c mt truong xc dinh s luong byte
trong khi, truong m ta m, n c th dinh d l khi dc bit, kt thc
trong qu trnh truyn. Ch d truyn ny cho php phuc hi khi bi ngt
trong qu trnh truyn file thng qua vic bo truyn lai mt khi chi dinh
trong truong count cua header.
Server dat a
t ransmission
int erface
Server dat a
t ransmission
int erface
Server
command
int erface
4 4
File syst em
File
Cc lnh cua
giao t huc FTP
User
int erface
Client
command
int erface
7
Gi ao t hc FTP t rn my khch
User
Gi ao t hc FTP t rn my
ch
- 158 -
Ch d truyn nn: nn file d truyn thng qua vic su dung thut ton m
ho m run-length. Thut ton nhm lm giam cc byte lp lai vo trong hai
byte k tip. Byte du tin cho bit byte theo sau l nn v s ln n duoc lp
lai. D th hin nn, bit du tin cua byte diu khin duoc thit lp 1. Nu bit
ny l 0, n cho bit byte theo sau khng phai l byte nn. Phn cn lai cua
byte diu khin xc dinh s luong cc byte khng nn theo sau. Do vy, hiu
qua khi nn cc k tu lp lai d l khng lm mt di cc k tu khng nn.
D bt du, client gui yu cu read hay write. Gi tin trao di c d di dn
512 bytes. Mi block s liu c dnh s v phai duoc bin nhn d gui tip hay pht
lai. D trnh pht trng lp khi ht thoi han, pht lai ban tin vua pht v khi nhn
ACK (n) trng lp th khng pht g .
10.7.2.2 Dng ban tin FTP
Read request opcode St ring EOs St ring EOs
(RRQ) 01 File name 0 mode 0
2 byt es n byt es 1 byt e n byt es 1 byt e
Writ e request opcode St ring EOs St ring EOs
(WRQ) 02 File name 0 mode 0
2 byt es n byt es 1 byt e n byt es 1 byt e
opcode
DATA 03 Block# Dat a
2 byt es 2 byt es n byt es, 0n512
Acknowled- opcode
gement (ACK) 04 Block#
2 byt es 2 byt es
Read request opcode St ring EOs
(RRQ) 05 Errorcode Err St ring 0 (EOs : End of St ring)
2 byt es 2 byt es n byt es 1 byt e
Hnh 10-13. Khun dang ban tin FTP.
- 159 -
V du: Qu trnh pht lp :
Send DATA(n)
receive DATA (n)
send ACK(n)
(t imeout )
ret ransmit DATA (n)
receive DATA(n) (duplicat e)
send ACK(n) (duplicat e)
receive ACK(n)
send DATA(n+ 1)
receive DATA(n+ 1)
send ACK(n+ 1)
receive ACK(n) (dup)
send DATA(n+ 1) (dup)
receive DATA(n+ 1) (duplicat e)
send ACK(n+ 1) (duplicat e)
receive ACK (n+ 1)
send DATA (n+ 2)
receive DATA(n+ 2)
send ACK(n+ 2)
receive ACK(n+ 1) (dup)
send DATA(n+ 2) (dup)
... ... ... ... ... ...
+ Trnh pht lp
Send DATA (n)
receive DATA (n)
send ACK(n)
(t imeout )
ret ransmit DATA (n)
receive DATA(n) (duplicat e)
send ACK(n) (duplicat e)
receive ACK (n)
send DATA (n+ 1)
receive DATA(n+ 1)
send ACK(n+ 1)
receive ACK(n) (dup)
(don't send anyt hing)
receive ACK (n+ 1)
send DATA (n+ 2)
receive DATA(n+ 2)
send ACK(n+ 2)
... ... ...
Hnh 10-14. Qu trnh pht lp ban tin FTP.
10.7.2.3 Qu trnh lm vic FTP
1. Truy nhp vo mang TCP/IP tu my tram.
2. G lnh : ftp <Dia_chi_my_Server>.
3. Lm vic voi FTP.
- 160 -
Khi mt kt ni FTP duoc thit lp, thuc hin cc buoc nhu sau:
- Duyt tn v mt khu (ID) cua nguoi dng.
- Xc dinh thu muc bt du lm vic.
- Dinh nghia ch d truyn tp tin.
- Cho php cc lnh cua nguoi dng.
- Huy kt ni.
Lnh FTP M ta
ascii Chuyn sang ch d truyn ascii
bell m thanh cua chuong trnh sau khi truyn mi tp tin
binary Chuyn sang ch d truyn nhi phn
cd directory Chuyn di thu muc hin hnh trn server
cdup Li thu muc hin hnh v mt cp truoc d
close Huy kt ni
delete filename Xo mt tp tin trn server
dir directory Hin thi thu muc directory cua server
get filename Truyn tp tin trn server v my cuc b
hash Hin thi/lm mt du # cho mi khi cc k tu d truyn duoc
help Hin thi cc tro gip
lcd directory Chuyn di thu muc hin hnh trn my cuc b
ls directory Xem danh sch cc tp tin trong thu muc directory trn Server
mdelete files Xa nhiu tp tin trn my Server
mdir directories Lit k cc tp tin trong nhiu thu muc trn my Server
mget files Ly mt s file trn Server v thu muc hin hnh cua my cuc b
mkdir directory Tao thu muc directory trn my Server
mput files Gui mt s tp tin tu my cuc b ln my Server
open host Kt ni voi Server host tu xa
put filename Truyn tp tin tu my cuc b ln my Server
pwd Hin thi thu muc hin thoi cua server
status Hin thi trang thi cua ftp
rename file1 file2 Di tn file1 trn my Server thnh file2
quote Cung cp mt lnh FTP mt cch truc tip
quit Chm dut kt ni v thot khoi ftp
? Hin thi danh sch lnh
D truyn mt tp tin tu thu muc hin hnh trn my Client dn my Server
ban dng lnh put, nguoc lai, mun tai tp tin tu my Server v my Client, ban
dng lnh get. C php nhu sau :
ftp>put local_file remote_file
ftp>get remote_file local_file
Khi truy cp vo h thng, nu chua c account, nguoi su dung c th su dung
mt login name dc bit l anonymous d truy cp vo h thng. Acount ny khng
c mt khu.
FTP cho php truyn cc tp tin thng qua my thu 3, my ny nm giua
client v server. Thu tuc ny duoc goi l truyn tay ba diu ny cn thit d c duoc
c duoc su cho php chnh xc d truy cp vo my o xa. Hnh sau m ta so d cua
thu tuc ny :
- 161 -
Hnh 10-15. Truyn cc tp tin thng qua my thu 3.
10.7.2.4 Khun dng d liu
Khi truyn du liu giua hai h thng, c th su dung 4 kiu du liu d truyn.
Trong s cc kiu du liu ny th c 2 kiu du liu hay duoc su dung nht hin nay,
hai kiu khc vn duoc h tro nhung t duoc su dung. Cc h thng o ca hai du
trong qu trnh dm thoai FTP phai h tro tt ca cc kiu du liu sau dy:
Kiu ASCII, dy l kiu mc dinh duoc dng trong cc phin FTP. N duoc
dng d truyn cc file text. Nu ban c truyn cc file nhi phn m ban
khng thay di mode th ban cung nhn duoc kt qua o dang text, do vy ni
dung cua file d bi thay di.
EBCDIC duoc su dung d truyn cc file giua giua cc host, su dung
EBCDIC nhu mt tp cc k tu bn trong cua n. V mt k thut th kiu du
liu ASCII v EBCDIC l ging nhau, chi khc mt diu l tp cc k tu m
n su dung
Kiu nhi phn l kiu duoc su dung d truyn cc file nhi phn nhu cc file
anh v cc file chuong trnh (cc file ZIP v cc file DOC). Vic truyn cc
file ny duoi dang mt chui cc byte, kiu du liu ny khng quan tm dn
mi truong cua my dch v cu trc tu. Tt ca cc ci dt FTP nn h tro
kiu truyn du liu ny cung nhu kiu ASCII.
Kiu du liu cuc b. Kiu du liu ny dua trn byte, xc dinh cho cc host
cuc b. Khun dang phai kha dung voi cc h thng khc d cu trc lai du
liu dua vo dua trn khun dang ban du.
Kiu du liu ASCII v EBCDIC c th c tham s tuy chon thu hai d xc
dinh cc rng buc du liu. Khi duoc su dung, tham s ny l mt tuy chon duoc
thm vo d xc dinh kiu du liu. Cc rng buc dinh dang phu thuc vo vic su
dung cua file duoc truyn. Liu mt file c th duoc in, xem, hay duoc xu l nhu
mt du vo. Vic dinh dang mt file c th khc nhau o mi dch. Cc khun dang
du liu sau duoc t su dung hon kin du liu ngm dinh:
Client :
Cont rol (21)
D a t
Cont rol (21)
Server

: Client
- 162 -
Khun dang khng in: l kiu du liu ngm dinh ASCII v EBCDIC. Khun
dang file ny khng c thng tin dinh dang. Ch rng, dinh dang su cc
dang chun cho k tu cch v phn l.
Dinh dang Telnet duoc su dung cho cc file mt thit bi du cui dng d
hin thi. Dinh dang ny gm cc k tu diu khin, k tu xung dng, tab.
Kim sot di chuyn bao gm cc k tu diu khin dinh dang in. Theo khun
dang ny, k tu du tin cua mi dng khng duoc in ra. Thay vo d, k tu
ny xc dinh su di chuyn theo truc dung so voi mp giy truoc khi mt ban
ghi hay mt dng no d duoc in ra.
10.7.2.5 Cc cu trc d liu
Giao thuc FTP cho php truyn cc file c cu trc voi 3 cu trc file khc
nhau. Cc cu trc tp tin ny chu yu dng d truyn cc tp tin giua cc h thng
c cu trc luu tru khc nhau. C cc dang nhu sau :
Cu trc theo kiu file, xem file mt chui cc byte du liu ni tip nhau m
khng duoc cu trc bn trong.
Cu trc ban ghi duoc su dung d truyn cc file l mt chui cc ban ghi.
Cu trc ny duoc su dung cho cc Host IBM nhung hin nay t su dung.
Cu trc trang duoc su dung cho cc file duoc chia thnh cc di tuong voi
kch thuoc khc nhau, c th c cc thng tin khc duoc thm vo trong d.
Cu trc trang c mt cu trc header d dinh nghia kch thuoc cua trang,
theo sau l ni dung cua trang. Header cua mi trang cn chua s hiu trang
logic cua cc trang du liu nhung s hiu trang d khng cn thit khi truyn.
10.7.3 UserNEWS
Bi u t ung nghia Bi u t ung nghia
: -) Ti hanh phc = ): = ) ABC Lincol
: -( Ti bun/ t uc gian = ): = ) Bc Sorn
: -| Ti t ho o * < : -) ng gi Noel
; -) Ti nhy mat < : -( Nguoi t i da
; -(0) Ti ku la (-: Nguoi Uuc
: -(* ) Nguoi nn (mua) : -)x Man wit h bowt ic
: + ) Cam che # -) Tc mut
: -)) Cam che 8 -) Mang knh
: -{ ) Ria C: -) Mo ln
Khi m c nhiu nguoi thu bao USENET, nhu cu v nhung newsgroup moi,
chuyn bit hon lun duoc di hoi. Kt qua l mt thu tuc d tao ra newsgroup moi,
chuyn bit hon lun duoc di hoi. Kt qua l mt thu tuc d tao ra nhung
- 163 -
Newsgroup moi duoc. Trn Newsgroup, nguoi ta c th thao lun, bu cu, trao di
voi nhau.
10.7.4 WORLD-WIDE-WEB
World Wide Web (WWW) l mt h thng quan l thng tin phi cu trc. Bao
gm cc Server cung cp thng tin theo dinh dang siu vn ban (Hypertext) v cc
client (Browser, trnh duyt) nhn thng tin tu nguoi su dung v dng thoi hin thi
thng tin m cc Server cung cp theo dinh dang duoc chi dinh boi nguoi su dung.
Thng tin trn WWW duoc biu din trong cc trang Web. Mi trang Web c
th l mt chi muc hoc mt ti liu chua vn ban, hnh anh, m thanh, cc lin
kt... Nguoi su dung c th truy cp thng tin cn thit trn WWW thng qua cc
di tuong d duoc dnh du trong ti liu.
Cc lnh duoc dng voi WWW d duoc dinh nghia trong giao thuc HTTP
(HyperText Transfer Protocol). Dy l giao thuc chun d lin lac giua Client v
Server. Yu cu duoc gui toi Server thng qua Client. Server xu l cc yu cu v
gui kt qua v cho Client yu cu. Kt qua s duoc trnh by duoi dang thch hop
cho nguoi su dung.
Pha my chu
Mi web Site c mt my chu dam nhn vic lng nghe TCP tai cng 80
cho nhung kt ni dn tu cc my khch (thuong l cc trnh duyt). Sau khi mt
kt ni duoc thit lp, my khch gui yu cu v my chu tra loi dp lai, kt ni
chm dut. Giao thuc HTTP dinh nghia cho cc yu cu v tra loi hop l.
V du nguoi dng kch ln mt mu vn ban hoc c th l biu tuong tro dn
trang c tn (tuc l URL hay dia chi toi my tram Internet). Mt URL c 3 phn
sau: tn cua giao thuc (http), tn cua my noi c chua trang web, v tn cua tp tin
chua trang d (hypetext/WWW/TheProject.html). Tu khi nguoi dng nhp chut
cho dn khi trang web duoc hin ra trn mn hnh d xay ra cc su kin sau :
1. Trnh duyt kim tra URL (xem xt di tuong duoc chon l g).
2. Trnh duyt hoi DNS v dia chi IP cua URL.
3. DNS tra loi l 18.23.0.23
4. Trnh duyt tao mt kt ni TCP dn cng 80 trn dia chi 18.23.0.23
5. Trnh duyt gui lnh GET /hypetext/WWW/TheProject.html.
6. My chu gui dn tp tin TheProject.html
7. Giai phng kt ni TCP.
- 164 -
8. Trnh duyt hin thi tt ca cc vn ban trong tp tin TheProject.html.
9. Trnh duyt tip tuc ly v v hin thi tt ca cc hnh anh c trong
TheProject.html.
10.7.4.1 Ngn ng HTML
HTML (HyperText Markup Laguage) l mt ngn ngu HTML l mt ngn
ngu c cu trc, n bao gm cc the (TAGS) v cc thuc th (ENTITY), dng d
cung cp cc chi thi dinh dang d phuc vu cho vic trnh by vn ban trn Web.
Mt tp tin HTML l mt tp tin vn ban trong d mt s xu k tu duoc coi
l cc the dnh du cc vng ti liu v n dinh cc nghia dc bit cho chng. Cc
the l cc xu k tu duoc bt du l du nho hon (<) v kt thc bng du lon hon
(>). Cc the c th duoc phn lm nhiu loai ty theo ni dung, chuc nng, kiu tc
dng cua chng nhu: The m ta dinh dang, the m ta cu trc, the rng, the chua...
Cu trc tng qut cua mt ti liu HTML nhu sau :
<HTML> Thng bo cho trnh duyt dy l mot vn ban ti liu HTML
<HEAD> Thng bo bt dau phan dau cua ti liu
<TITLE> Tiu d cua ti liu </TITLE>
Phn du cua ti liu dt tai dy
</HEAD> Kt thc phan dau
<BODY> Thng bo bt dau phan thn ti liu
..................
Ni dung ti liu HTML duoc dt tai dy
</BODY> Kt thc phan thn ti liu
</HTML> Kt thc ti liu HTML
Phn du d cua ti liu HTML thuong chua tiu d cua ti liu, tn tc gia,
loi ch thch, tm tt... Dy l phn gip ch cho vic tm kim thng tin trn WEB
hoc cho cc dich vu tm kim c th dnh chi muc, tin hnh tm kim mt cch d
dng. Mt s cc the phuc vu trong phn du nhu: Title, Meta, Isindex...
Phn thn l phn chnh cua ti liu HTML, nm giua cp the <BODY> v
</BODY>, n dinh nghia, hin thi ton b ni dung bn trong cua ti liu. Trong
phn thn ta c th su dung cc the d dinh dang vn ban, chn cc hnh anh, bang
biu, lin kt...
Nguoi su dung c th tao mt ti liu HTML bng cch su dung cc trnh soan
thao Web chuyn dung nhu Microsoft Front Page 2000, hoc Microsoft Word,
Notepad ...
Mt s the HTML quan trong :
- 165 -
1. The <!-- (ch thch) -->:
Dng d thm nhung dng ch thch trong file HTML, nguoi ta dng the ny.
Ni dung vn ban nm giua <!-- v --> s duoc chuong trnh Browse bo qua. Cho
php c khoanh trng giua -- v >, nhung khng duoc c khoang trng giua <! v --
.
Th du:
<HEAD> <TITLE>The HTML Reference</TITLE>
<!-- Created by Nguyen Tan Khoi, April 1996 --> </HEAD>
2. The <A>
Dng d tao cc siu lin kt (HyperLink). WWW cho php kt ni v giao
tip giua cc ti nguyn mt cch d dng nho dinh nghia cc loai lin kt sau:
1. Lin kt giua cc thnh phn khc nhau trong mt ti liu HTML.
2. Lin kt giua cc ti liu HTML khc nhau.
3. Lin kt voi cc dang ti liu Multimedia.
4. Truy cp toi cc dich vu thng tin khc trn mang Intranet/Internet
Cc thuc tnh cua the <A> nhu sau:
a. Lin kt dn dim neo trong trang HTML
NAME: Thuc tnh NAME xc dinh mt vi tr d nhung thnh phn
khc trong ti liu hoc trong ti liu khc c th tham tro dn (goi l
dim neo trong ti liu HTML). Th du :
<A NAME="coffee"> Coffee</A>
Cc ti liu khc c th lin kt voi ti liu ny ngay tai vi tr xc
dinh.
b. Lin kt dn mot trang HTML
<A HREF = "URL_HTML[#Name_Anchor]"> Noi dung thng bo </A>
Trong d URL_HTML l dia chi d tham chiu toi ti liu HTML.
Nu chi ra Name_Anchor th c nghia ta dinh nghia mt dim
neo dng d chuyn dn mt vi tr duoc quy dinh sn trong ti liu
HTML ny. Th du:
The <A HREF="document.html#glossary"> GLOSSARY </A>
- 166 -
Trong th du trn, nu kch vo "GLOSSARY" s duoc chuyn
dn ti liu document.html, ngay tai vi tr dim neo c tn glossary
trong ti liu ny.
c. Lin kt voi cc kiu d liu khc nhau
D lin kt giua ti liu hin thoi voi cc kiu du liu khc nhau
nhu: hnh anh, m thanh, video...
<A HREF ="URL_DATA"> ...</A>
Trong d URL_DATA l dia chi toi kiu du liu cn lin kt. V du:
<A HREF ="car.jpg">
<IMG SRC ="carla.gif" WIDTH=87 HEIGHT=60> </A>
d. Lin kt voi cc dich vu thng tin khc trn mang
<A HREF = "URL_Service" > ... </A>
Trong d URL_Service l mt dia chi dn cc dich vu trn internet.
<A HREF="http://..."> Lin kt voi 1 Web Site.
<A HREF="ftp://..."> Voi 1 Ftp Site.
<A HREF="gopher://..."> Voi 1 Gopher server.
<A HREF="news:..."> Lin kt voi 1 nhm Tin.
<A HREF="mailto:..."> lin kt toi 1 dia chi goi Mail. Lin kt ny s
kch hoat chuong trnh Mail v tu dng din dia chi vo muc To dm
ban. Ban c th khai bo lun ca chu d thu (?subject).
Th du: <A HREF="mailto:cmlehunt@swan.ac.uk?
subject=The HTMLib is fantastic">link text</A>
TARGET: Chuong trnh Browser c th nap di tuong lin kt vo 1
cua s chi dinh bng the ny. Nu cua s ny cha c, trnh Browse s
mo 1 cua s moi. Chu yu the ny dng cho frames.
Dang chung:
<A HREF="url.html" TARGET="window_name">Link text</A>
Trong d window_name l tn dt cho Frame.
Khi kch chut vo dng "Link text", trang "url.html" s duoc nap vo
frame c tn chi dinh.
- 167 -
Ngoi ra ta cn c th chn thm cc Script sau vo the <A> dua vo cc
phuong thuc nhu sau :
Phuong t hc Gi i t hch
OnMouseOver
Khi ban di chuyn Mouse dn lin kt, s c 1 dng vn ban m ta
xut hin trong thanh trang thi cua trnh Browse. Th du:
<A HREF="index.html"
OnMouseOver="self.status=('Back to the main page')">Link
text</A>
Dng chu "Back to the main page" s hin trong thanh trang thi
khi doi Mouse dn chu "Link text".
OnMouseOut
Tuong tu nhu trn nhung dng chu ny lai xut hin khi ko
Mouse ra khoi lin kt. Th du:
<A HREF="index.html"
OnMouseOut="alert('Oh please go to this document')">Link
text</A>
OnClick
Khi bm Mouse ln lin kt, s xut hin hp thoai yu cu xc
nhn. Th du:
<A HREF="http://www.netscape.com/"
OnClick="confirm('Are you want to go to the Netscape
site?')">Link text</A>
3. The <INPUT>
Dng d tao mt field d nhn tc dng cua nguoi su dung.
<INPUT TYPE = Kiu NAMO = TnT
SIZO = KchThuoc
VALUO = Giatri MAXLONGTH = n . . . >
Cc thuc tnh:
Thuc t nh Gi i t hch
ALIGN So hng cho field.
CHECKED
Kim tra nguoi dng d dnh du cho checkbox hay radio button
chua.
MAXLENGTH
Chi dinh d di k tu c th nhp vo text field, d di ny c th
lon hon kch thuoc Text field. Mc dinh l khng gioi han.
- 168 -
NAME Tn cua Field.
SIZE Khai bo kch thuoc hay s luong k tu cho field.
- TYPE: Chi dinh kiu cua Field:
Gi t rj Gi i t hch
BUTTON
Chn mt nt bm vo ti liu. Gi tri VALUE dng chi dinh Text
s hin trong nt ny. Th du:
<input type="button" value="hello" name="btnhello">
HIDDEN
Voi thuc tnh ny, field s khng hin thi ra nhung ni dung cua
field vn c gi tri. Dng trao di thng tin ngm giua
Client/Server.
PASSWORD Ging nhu Text, nhung k tu nhp vo s khng hin thi ra.
CHECKBOX
Chn 1 chechbox vo ti liu. Th du :
<p>So thich
<input type="checkbox" name="C1" value="AN">The thao
<input type="checkbox" name="C2" value="AN">Xem phim</p>
RADIO
Chn 1 field c dang nt Radio. V du :
<p>Gioi tinh
<input type="radio" checked value="V1" name="R1">Nam
<input type="radio" name="R2" value="V2">Nu</p>
RESET
Chn 1 nt bm dng phuc hi lai tnh trang cu cho cc field. Dt
tn cua nt ny qua thuc tnh Values.
SUBMIT
Mt dang nt bm ging ROSOT. C tc dung ging nh xc nhn
dng . Th du:
<p> <input type="submit" value="Submit" name="B1">
<input type="reset" value="Reset" name="B2"></p>
Chn 1 nt c tn "SUBMIT" v s hin thi thng bo "Xin chao
cc ban" khi nguoi su dung Mouse vo nt ny :
<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" OnClick="Xin chao cc ban'">
TEXT
Nhp 1 dng text vo fields. Dng thuc tnh SIZO v
MAXLENGTH d quy dinh kch thuoc. Trong truong hop cn nhp
- 169 -
nhiu dng, phai dng the <TEXTAREA>.
VALUE Chi dinh Text s hin thi trn cc nt bm.
IMAGE
Chn field chua hnh anh d nguoi dng bm Mouse khi chon.
<INPUT TYPE="IMAGE" SRC="../ iexplore.gif" ALIGN="middle">
4. The TEXTAREA
Cho php nhp nhiu dng vn ban vo mt hp Text.
Th du:
< TEXTAREA
NAME= "descr"
COLS= "30" ROWS= "3"
OnBlur= "count _char(document .egForm.descr.value)"> Ent er a short descript ion here
< / TEXTAREA>
V du : <p><textarea name="Ghichu" rows="2" cols="20"></textarea></p>
5. The FORM
Forms l mt thit lp nho trong HTML, n cho php nguoi su dung dua vo
cc thng tin. Giao din Forms tao nn su thun loi trong vic tuong tc giua nguoi
su dung v cc dich vu. Trn Form ta c th tao cc thnh phn nhu cc nt lnh,
cc truong vn ban (Text) hay cc danh sch lua chon ... Khi forms duoc hon
thnh boi nguoi su dung, Client s gui thng tin dn Server, Server s thuc thi cc
chuong trnh kt hop voi form v cc tham s l cc thng tin nhn tu Form.
Thng thuong cc Form su dung cho hai muc dch chnh:
- Dng d thu thp thng tin tu nguoi su dung.
- L trung gian d tuong tc qua lai giua nguoi su dung v h thng.
- 170 -
C php : <Form ACTION = Action METHOD="PhuongThuc">
Action: l mt URL hoc mt Script m khi nt Submit duoc nhn n s thuc thi.
Method=GET/POST : Xc dinh kiu yu cu m trnh duyt goi dn cho Server.
METHOD = GET: trnh duyt s b sung du liu du vo duoi dang mt
bin mi truong l CGI_QueryString.
METHOD=POST: Forrn du liu du vo s doi tu cc thit bi nhp cua
Server cng voi mt s du liu duoc luu tru trong bin mi truong
CGI_ContentLength.
EncType: cung cp kiu Mime cua tp duoc dng nhu du vo trong cc biu mu.
V du : <Form ACTION = METHOD="GET">
6. The TABLE
- Dng d tao ra mt bang. Bang duoc tao thnh tu cc hng, trn mi hng c
cc (cell).
<TABLE>
<TABLE BORDER = n . . . >
<TR>
<TD> . . . </TD> <TD> . . . </TD> <TD> . . . </TD>
</TR>
. . . .
<TR>
<TD> . . . </TD> <TD> . . . </TD> <TD> . . . </TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
7. The SELECT
- Hin thi hp ComboBox cho php chon lua mt trong nhiu gi tri :
<SELECT NAME =TenDT>
<OPTION SELECTED VALUE =Gia tri 1> Ni dung 1
<OPTION SELECT VALUE =Gia tri 2> Ni dung 2
. . .
</SELECT>
V du : <p>Que quan <select size="1" name="cboQuequan">
<option selected>Da Nang</option>
<option>Hue</option>
<option>Ha Noi</option>
</select></p>
- 171 -
8. The <APPLET>
Dng d chn Applet Java vo trang Web. C dang tng qut sau:
<APPLET
[CODEBASE = URL] [CODE = appletFile]
[NAME = appletInstanceName]:
[ARCHIVE = compressed file] [ALT = alternateText]
[WIDTH = pixels] [HEIGHT = pixels] [ALIGN = alignment]
[VSPACE = pixels] [HSPACE = pixels]
[ARCHIVE = URL to archive]
</APPLET>
Trong d :
Tham s Gi i t hch
CODEBASE=URL Chi dinh dia chi tuyt di cua Applet.
CODE=appletFile Chi dinh dia chi tuong di cua Applet.
ALT=alternateText
Chi dinh dng text s hin thi trong truong hop trnh
Browse khng hiu Applet.
NAME =
appletInstanceName
Dt tn cho Applet d phuc vu cho vic tm kim.
WIDTH=pixels
HEIGHT=pixels
Chi dinh kch thuoc cho Applet.
ALIGN=alignment
Dng canh l, c cc gi tri sau: LEFT, RIGHT, TOP,
TEXTTOP, MIDDLE, ABSMIDDLE, BASELINE,
BOTTOM, ABSBOTTOM.
VSPACE=pixels
HSPACE=pixels
Chi dinh khoang trng bao chung quanh Applet.
ARCHIVE=compressed
file
Khai bo cc file nn cn thit cua Applet d trnh
Browse tai v my c nhn, phuc vu cho vic doc lai sau
ny.
V du:
< APPLET CODEBASE= ht t p: / / 200.201.202. 180/ applet s/ NervousText
CODE= "NervousText .class"
WI DTH= 400 HEI GHT= 75
ALI GN= CENTER>
< PARAM NAME= "t ext " VALUE= "This is t he Applet Viewer.">
< / APPLET>
- 172 -
Chi thi cho trnh Browse nap Applet o dia chi htttp://java.sun.com/JDK-
prebeta1/applets/NervousText/NervousText.class". Chi dinh kch thuoc l 400x75
pixels v canh giua dng. Nu trnh Browse hiu Applet, dng "This is the Applet
Viewer." s hin thi v Applet tao hiu ung cho dng chu ny. Nu trnh Browse
khng hiu Applet, n s bo qua ni dung cua <APPLET> cung nhu <PARAM> v
chi hin thi ni dung cua <BLOCKQUOTE>
9. The <IMG>
Dng d chn 1 file hnh vo ti liu HTML
Cc thuc tnh :
- ALIGN="left/right/top/texttop/middle/absmiddle/baseline/bottom/absbotto":
So hng hnh anh voi Text.
- ALT="Alternative Text": Cho hin thi 1 dng text thay th cho file hnh
trong truong hop trnh Browse dang o trong ch d khng hin thi hnh anh.
Dng Text ny cung hin thi theo dang ToolTip khi doi chut dn hnh.
V du: <IMG SRC="triangle.gif" ALT="Warning:"> Read these instructions.
- SRC="URL of image": Chi dinh dia chi file hnh chn vo trang Web.
V du : <IMG SRC="warning.gif">Be sure to read these instructions.
- WIDTH=value/ HEIGHT=value: Chi dinh khoang cch dnh sn cho hnh
trong khi trnh Browse nap ton b hnh.
- BORDER=value: Chi dinh cho hin thi duong vin bao quanh hnh anh. Ta
c th chon "0" d hin thi duong vin mu xanh khi c lin kt.
- VSPACE=value HSPACE=value: Quy dinh khoang trng giua hnh v Text.
VSPACE cho trn v doi hnh, HSPACE cho tri v phai hnh. Value tnh
theo pixel.
- LOWSRC: Thuc tnh ny cho php hin thi 2 hnh ln luot trong cng 1 vi
tr. Thuong dng d nap mt hnh nho trong khi cho doi nap hnh chnh c
dung luong file lon hon:
V du: <IMG SRC="hiquality.gif" LOWSRC="lowquality.gif">
Du tin trnh Browse s hin thi file hnh "lowquality.gif". Sau khi nap hon
tt ca trang, trnh duyt s nap file hnh chnh thuc vo thay th.
10.7.4.2 Ch djnh ti nguyn trong URL
D chi dinh vi tr cua ti nguyn HTTP dng URL (Uniform Resouce
Locators) d l tn quy uoc d nhn din mt cch duy nht vi tr cua mt thu muc
- 173 -
hoc mt tp tin trn Intranet/Internet. Trong URL cung chi dinh giao thuc kt ni
nhu HTTP, GOPHER... cn thit cho vic tm kim v ly ti nguyn. Nu ta bit
URL cua mt ti nguyn ta c th truy xut n mt cch truc tip hoc thng qua
cc siu lin kt trong cc ti liu.
URL su dung mt dng don cc k tu ASCII. So d ny bao gm cc giao
thuc trn Intranet/Internet nhu FTP, Gopher, http... URL l mt trong nhung cng
cu co so cua WWW v duoc dng trong cc ti liu HTML d tham chiu dn cc
ti nguyn trn mang.
Mt URL gm cc thng tin sau :
a. Tn cc giao thuc khi truy cp Server (nhu HTTP, Gopher, Wais...).
b. Tn min cua Server thuc thi, theo bt cu thng tin v user v password
cua site trn Intranet/Internet.
c. S cng m server su dung. Nu diu ny khng duoc chi r trnh duyt
s dng s cng mc dinh trong giao thuc (cng 80).
d. Dinh vi cua ti nguyn trong kin trc phn cp cua Server.
10.7.4.3 Giao thc HTTP
Giao thuc HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - Giao thuc truyn siu vn
ban) su dung cho cc dich vu truyn thng da phuong tin WWW, dua trn m hnh
Client/Server. Dich vu WWW cho php NSD kt hop vn ban, m thanh, hnh anh,
hoat hnh tao nn ngun thng tin tu liu. Dc bit o dy l thng tin tu liu trong
WWW c dang HyperText - l dang tu liu chun trong WWW. Giao thuc cho php
ly v doc nhanh cc tu liu d. HTTP l giao thuc truyn thng nhung c thm uu
dim l thng tin tu liu cn truy cp lai c chua cc lin kt toi c tu liu khc nm
khp noi trn mang Internet.
Phn mm cho WWW Server l mt chuong trnh diu khin su thu nhp cc
tu liu WWW trn mt my chu. D truy cp WWW, cn thit phai chay h thng
ung dung WWW l mt trnh duyt (browser) trn my cua WWW Client.
HTTP l mt giao thuc Internet Client/Server, duoc thit k d truyn cc
dang du liu siu vn ban. HTTP l mt giao thuc khng trang thi, nghia l khi
Server dp ung du liu duoc yu cu boi Client xong th server huy bo kt ni d
khng tn b nho cho su kin. Khng trang thi l yu t lm cho tc d truyn dn
giua HTTP Server v HTTP Client rt nhanh.
Cc giao tip HTTP truyn du liu duoi dang cc k tu 8 bit hay mt octet.
Diu ny dam bao truyn dn an ton moi dang du liu bao gm hnh anh, m
thanh, cc ti liu HTML hay cc chuong trnh kha thi.
- 174 -
1. Cc giai don kt ni cua HTTP
Mt HTTP Server kt ni thng qua 4 giai doan:
Mo kt ni: Client tip xc voi Server tai dia chi internet v s cng chi dinh
trong URL (cng mc dinh l 80)
1o yu cu : Client gui mt thng dip toi Server yu cu dich vu. Yu cu
bao gm cc tiu d HTTP, n dinh nghia phuong thuc duoc yu cu cho tc
vu v cung cp thng tin v kha nng cua Client (duoc theo sau du liu gui
toi Server). Cc phuong thuc HTTP din hnh l GET d nhn cc di tuong
tu Server hoc POST d chuyn du liu cho di tuong (v du nhu cc chuong
trnh GateWay) trn Server.
Cui dp ng : Server tra loi cho Client bao gm cc tiu d d tra loi trang
m ta trang thi cua tc vu (v du thnh cng, khng thnh cng...) theo sau
du liu tht su.
Dng kt ni: Kt ni duoc dng, Server khng giu lai du vt cua tc vu d
hon thnh. Thu tuc ny c nghia l mi kt ni chi xu l mt tc vu v do
d chi c th tai xung Client chi mt tp du liu. Tnh cht khng trang thi
cua tc vu cung c nghia l mi kt ni khng h bit v cc kt ni truoc
d.
2. Cc phuong thc cua giao thc HTTP
Phuong t hc Gi i t hch
GET
Ly du liu hin thi trong URL. Du liu cung c th gui trong URL
thng qua mt chui truy vn. Dy cung l noi du liu gui tu
ISINDEX hoc Form voi thuc tnh METHOD="GET"
HEAD Ly thng tin cua HTTP, Header chi dinh trong URL.
POST
Gui du liu dn cho URL nu URL l tn tai. Phuong thuc ny duoc
dng boi nhung thnh phn cua Form trong HTML voi gi tri thuc
tnh METHOD="POST".
PUT
L noi m du liu gui boi Client biu thi trong URL, n s thay th
ni dung cua URL d c.
DELETE Xa ti nguyn cuc b tai noi duoc chi dinh boi URL.
LINK Lin kt mt di tuong d tn tai voi mt di tuong khc.
UNLINK Huy bo mt lin kt d duoc tao boi phuong thuc LINK.
- 175 -
BI TAP
1. Nhung nguyn tc co ban gim st v quan tri h thng mang my tnh
2. Khao st cu trc v hoat dng dich vu DNS
3. Khao st cu trc v hoat dng cua giao thuc SNMP
4. Khao st cu trc v hoat dng cua giao thuc HTTP
5. Tm hiu giao thuc DHCP.
-------------------------
- 176 -
TI LIJU THAM KHAO
Ting Vit
[1] Nguyn Thc Hai, Mng my tnh v cc h thng mo , NXB Gio duc, 1997
[2] L Vn Son, Gio trnh mng my tnh, Truong DH Bch Khoa D Nng,
1998
[3] Nguyn Hng Son, Gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA, Nh XB Lao
dng, 2002
Ting Anh
[4] Douglas E.Comer, Computer Networks and Internets, Prentice Hall, 1997
[5] Ed Taylor, TCP/IP complete, McGraw-Hill, 1998
[6] Microsoft Press, Networking Essentials
[7] Stallings W., Data and Computer Communications, Macmillan Publishing,
1995
[8] Tanenbaum Andrew S., Computer Networks, Prentice Hall, 1997
[9] Pujolle, Les rseaux, EYROLLES, 2003
@2004, Nguyn Tn Khi
Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Trung Di hc Bch Khoa D Nng
----------------------o& o----------------------

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