Tã I Liá U Hæ°á NG Dáº N Sáº N Xuáº T Sáº¡ch Hæ¡n Ngã NH Giáº y

Mc lc
Mc lc.................................................................................................................. 1 M u.................................................................................................................. 3 1 Gii thiu chung............................................................................................. 4 1.1 Ngnh giy v bt giy ca Vit nam ..................................................... 4 1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut ......................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Chun b nguyn liu th................................................................. 8 1.2.2 Sn xut bt .................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Chun b phi liu bt.................................................................... 11 1.2.4 Xeo giy......................................................................................... 11 1.2.5 Khu vc ph tr............................................................................. 12 1.2.6 Thu hi ha cht............................................................................ 12 1.3 Hin trng cht thi............................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Nc thi....................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Kh thi .......................................................................................... 15 1.3.3 Cht thi rn .................................................................................. 15 2 Sn xut sch hn Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun .............. 16 2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn (SXSH) ............................................. 16 2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH................................................................................. 17 2.3 Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn .................................. 19 2.4 Cc k thut SXSH ............................................................................... 23 3 Cc c hi SXSH trong nh my giy v bt giy....................................... 25 3.1 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu th................... 25 3.2 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc sn xut bt giy .............................. 26 3.3 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc chun b phi liu bt v xeo.......... 36 3.4 Gii php SXSH cho cng on thu hi ha cht ................................ 43 3.5 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc ph tr............................................ 44 4 Phng php lun 6 bc nh gi SXSH................................................. 48 4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng ............................................................................... 49 4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm ........................................................ 49 4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Cc bc quy trnh & nhn din cc dng thi......... 53 4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on ........................................................ 60 4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh........................................... 60 4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn liu, nng lng v cu t........... 62 4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh tnh cht ca dng thi ............................... 74 4.2.4 Nhim v 6: nh gi cho cc dng thi ....................................... 75 4.2.5 Nhim v 7: Xc nh nguyn nhn............................................... 77 4.3 Bc 3: Phn tch cc bc quy trnh ................................................. 81 4.3.1 Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH.................................. 81 4.3.2 Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH ........................................ 85 4.4 Bc 4: La chn cc gii php SXSH................................................ 86 4.4.1 Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thut................................................. 86 4.4.2 Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t .................................................. 88 4.4.3 Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng........................................... 90 4.4.4 Nhim v 13: La chn gii php thc hin............................. 91 4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH............................................... 93 4.5.1 Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin .................................................. 93 4.5.2 Nhim v 15: Trin khai cc gii php .......................................... 94 4.5.3 Nhim v 16: Quan trc v nh gi kt qu ................................ 94 4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr hot ng SXSH ......................................................... 95
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy
Tr ngi trong vic thc hin SXSH v cch khc phc ............................. 96 5.1 Cc ro cn thi ............................................................................... 96 5.1.1 Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng ............... 97 5.1.2 Khng mun thay i..................................................................... 97 5.1.3 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn thi ............................... 97 5.2 Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng .......................................................... 98 5.2.1 Thiu cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip .................................... 99 5.2.2 Cc h s sn xut s si............................................................. 99 5.2.3 Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu................... 99 5.2.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn mang tnh h thng ............... 100 5.3 Cc ro cn t chc ........................................................................... 101 5.3.1 Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh.............................................. 101 5.3.2 Qu ch trng vo sn xut ........................................................ 102 5.3.3 Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn......................................... 102 5.3.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn mang tnh t chc .......... 102 5.4 Cc ro cn k thut........................................................................... 103 5.4.1 Nng lc k thut hn ch........................................................... 103 5.4.2 Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch............................... 104 5.4.3 Cc hn ch v cng ngh.......................................................... 104 5.4.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn k thut ................................. 104 5.5 Cc ro cn kinh t............................................................................. 105 5.5.1 Cc u i ti chnh ch yu u tin cho khi lng sn xut hn l chi phi ph sn xut ................................................................................ 106 5.5.2 Nguyn liu th gi r v d kim ............................................... 106 5.5.3 Chnh sch u t hin hnh ...................................................... 106 5.5.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn kinh t............................. 106 5.5.5 Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh ................. 107 5.5.6 Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch ............................ 107 5.5.7 Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di............................................ 107 5.5.8 Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh..................................................... 107 5.6 Cc ro cn t pha chnh ph ........................................................... 107 5.6.1 Cc chnh sch cng nghip ....................................................... 108 5.6.2 Cc chnh sch mi trng ......................................................... 108 5.6.3 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn chnh ph .............................. 108
Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy
M u
Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng. Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh sn xut giy c bin son trong khun kh hp tc gia Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H ni v Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tc Vit nam an mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cng thng. Mc tiu chnh ca ti liu hng dn ny l nhm tng bc hng dn thc hin nh gi SXSH (CPA) cho ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam. i tng ca b ti liu hng dn ny l cc lnh o nh my, cc k thut vin v nhn vin ca cc ban ngnh chnh ph v cc t chc chu trch nhim thc y v iu chnh/quy nh cng tc qun l mi trng ti cc nh my sn xut giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam. Cc cn b bin son dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quan n hin trng sn xut ca Vit nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mi trng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kin Vit nam. Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam v Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp ca ng Rajiv Garg, cn b Hi ng Nng sut quc gia ca n , cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh ph Thy s, thng qua T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO v chnh ph an mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA h tr thc hin ti liu ny. Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, email: vncp@vncpc.org hoc Vn Phng Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip, email: cpi-cde@vnn.vn.
Gii thiu chung

Chng ny nhm gii thiu tng quan v cc c s sn xut giy v bt giy Vit Nam nhm cung cp thng tin tng qut v cc xu th v th trng v tng lai ca ngnh cng nghip ny. K t chng ny ngi c s c th hiu c cc loi quy trnh khc nhau v nguyn liu th c s dng trong ngnh giy v bt giy. Cui cng, ngi c cng c th c tnh v cc loi cht thi v nhim khc nhau sinh t ngnh cng nghip ny Vit Nam.
Giy l mt sn phm ca nn vn minh nhn loi vi lch s lu i hng nghn nm. Thnh phn chnh ca giy l xenluyl, mt loi polyme mch thng v di c trong g, bng v cc loi cy khc. Trong g, xenluyl b bao quanh bi mt mng lignin cng l polyme. tch xenluyl ra khi mng polyme ngi ta phi s dng phng php nghin c hc hoc x l ha hc. Quy trnh sn xut bt giy bng phng php nghin c hc l quy trnh c hiu qu thu hi xenluyl cao nhng tiu tn nhiu nng lng v khng loi b ht lignin, khin cht lng giy khng cao. Trong sn xut giy ngy nay, quy trnh Kraft c p dng ph bin nht. Tuy nhin, hiu sut thu hi xenluyl quy trnh ha hc khng cao bng quy trnh nghin c hc, nhng quy trnh ha hc ny cho php loi b lignin kh trit , nn sn phm giy c bn tng i cao. D lng lignin trong bt giy lm cho giy c mu nu, v vy mun sn xut giy trng vng cht lng cao th phi loi b ht lignin. Thng ngi ta oxy ha lignin bng clo nhng phng php ny u gy nhim mi trng. V vy cc nh ha hc tch cc nghin cu cc quy trnh thn mi trng p dng cho vic ty trng giy. u thp nin 1990, cc nh khoa hc M pht trin quy trnh kh mc in trn giy nhm mc ch ti ch giy bo v tp ch c. Quy trnh ny da trn c s xc tc enzym l xenluyl v tiu tn t nng lng, hin n c nhiu cng ty M v cc nc khc p dng. Cc nh khoa hc cng ang nghin cu cc quy trnh sinh hc p dng cho sn xut bt giy, vi mc ch gim tiu hao nng lng v tng bn ca giy.
1.1 Ngnh giy v bt giy ca Vit nam

Theo thng k ca Hip hi giy Vit Nam, ngnh giy t tc tng trng cao v lin tc trong nhng nm va qua. T nm 1990 n 1999, tc tng trng bnh qun l 16%/nm, 3 nm sau (2000, 2001 v 2002) t 20%/nm. D bo tc tng trng 5 nm tip theo l 28%/nm. Vi tc tng trng cao nh vy, cng vi gia tng sn phm giy nhp khu, gip nh sut tiu th giy trn u ngi ca Vit Nam tng t
4 Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy
3,5kg/ngi/nm trong nm 1995 ln 7,7kg/ngi/nm trong nm 2000, 11,4 kg/ngi trong nm 2002 v khong 16 kg/ngi/nm trong nm 2005. p ng c mc tng trng trn, ngnh giy Vit Nam c chin lc pht trin t nay n 2010, n nm 2010, sn lng giy sn xut trong nc s t ti 1,38 triu tn giy/nm (trong khong 56% l nhm giy cng nghip bao b v 25% l nhm giy v sinh) v 600.000 tn bt giy. Hin ti, bn cnh kh khn v ch ng ngun bt giy, ngnh giy Vit Nam ang i mt vi cc thch thc v quy m, trnh cng ngh v cc vn v x l mi trng. c trng ca ngnh giy Vit nam l quy m nh. Vit nam c ti 46% doanh nghip c cng sut di 1.000 tn/nm, 42% c cng sut t 1.000-10.000 tn/nm v ch c 4 doanh nghip c cng sut trn 50.000 tn/nm. S lng cc doanh nghip c quy m ln trn 50.000 tn/nm s ngy cng gia tng do qu trnh u t tng trong giai on 2006-2007. Quy m nh lm nh hng n tnh cnh tranh sn xut do cht lng thp, chi ph sn xut v x l mi trng cao. Cng ngh sn xut t nhng nm 70-80 hin vn cn ang tn ti ph bin, thm ch c nhng doanh nghip sn xut quy m trn 50.000 tn/nm. Nc thi, lignin l nhng vn mi trng chnh i vi ngnh sn xut giy. Vic x l l bt buc trc khi thi ra mi trng. Bn cnh , pht thi kh t ni hi, cht thi rn ca qu trnh nu, bn thi ca h thng x l nc thi cng l nhng vn mi trng cn c quan tm. Hin ti Chin lc Pht trin ngnh giy v bt giy Vit nam khuyn khch vic thnh lp cc doanh nghip sn xut bt c cng sut trn 100.000 tn/nm, v sn xut giy trn 150.000 tn/nm. Hip hi Giy Vit nam ang xc tin xy dng tiu chun pht thi mi trng ngnh, ng thi xut ct gim h tr i vi cc c s sn xut c quy m di 30.000 tn/nm.
1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut

Nguyn liu th c dng trong sn xut giy v bt giy Vit Nam gm hai ngun cn bn l t rng (tre v g mm) v giy ti ch. Bt giy c dng sn xut nhng loi sn phm khc nhau nh giy vit, giy bao b, ba cctng, v.v... l khc nhau. Tuy nhin c th pha trn bt giy c to ra t nhng nguyn liu th khc nhau c c nhng c tnh mong mun cho thnh phm. V d: trong sn xut ba carton, bt giy lm t tre c th c trn vi bt giy lm t giy thi x c c bn cn thit khi cu thnh giy thnh phm. Cc b phn sn xut khc nhau v quy trnh vn hnh ca tng b phn c lit k trong Bng 1.
Bng 1: Cc b phn sn xut v cc quy trnh vn hnh tng ng

B phn Chun b nguyn liu C ngun gc t giy thi Danh mc nguyn liu th C ngun gc t rng (tre) Cc cng on sn xut Bm nh, lm sch, tch loi mnh ln, ct, v.v... Loi b kim loi, dy, thy tinh, g, si vi, giy sp, v.v... Sn xut bt C ngun gc t rng (tre) Nu, nghin, ra bt, nghin a, ty, lm sch v c c. C ngun gc t giy thi Thng ging nh i vi cng on x l nguyn liu c ngun gc t rng Chun b phi liu bt Xeo C ngun gc t rng (tre) C ngun gc t giy thi C ngun gc t rng (tre) C ngun gc t giy thi Khu vc ph tr C ngun gc t rng (tre) C ngun gc t giy thi C ngun gc t rng (tre) H thng kh nn, h thng ni hi v thit b hi nc, h thng cung cp nc sn xut. Ni hi thu hi, l nung vi, thit b bc hi C ngun gc t giy thi Khng c Nghin a, ly tm, phi trn, pha bt Nghin a, ly tm, phi trn, pha bt Tch nc, sy
Thu hi ha cht
Hnh 1 trnh by s quy trnh tng qut v qu trnh sn xut giy.
Nguyn liu th (tre, na, g mm) Cht, bm, ct
CHUN B NGUYN LIU
Nu Thu hi ha cht
Nc
Ra
Dch en
Sng
NGHIN BT
Lm sch
Ha cht
Ty trng
Nc
Ra
Nc thi
Ha cht
Nghin a CHUN B BT
Nc
Lm sch ly tm
Nc thi
Xeo XEO GIY Hon tt
Hnh 1. S quy trnh sn xut giy v bt giy
Sn xut giy l qu trnh s dng nhiu nng lng v nc. Cc ngun nng lng chnh l nhin liu (than, cc sn phm du kh) chy ni hi, in v du diesel cho my pht in.
Sut tiu hao nng lng ti cc nh my Vit Nam c s dao ng rt ln. S khc nhau ch yu l do sn xut nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau v do t l phi hp nguyn liu th khc nhau (tre, giy ph liu, v bt giy nhp khu), v d tiu th nng lng cho sn xut giy tissue s ln hn nhiu so vi giy bao gi hoc giy vit. Sut tiu hao nng lng in v nhit (hi nc) tng ng l 1000- 2400 kWh/tn giy v 3 x 106 Kcal/tn - 6.5 X 106 Kcal/tn. Sut tiu hao nc nm trong khong t 100 n 350 m3/ tn giy.
1.2.1 Chun b nguyn liu th

Nguyn liu th c s dng l tre, cc loi g mm khc, giy ph liu hoc ti ch, v.v Trng hp l g th sau khi cn trng lng, g xp ng trong sn cha v sau c mang i ct thnh mnh.
Vi loi tre mng th dng my ct mnh 3 li, cn vi loi g/tre dy hn th dng my ct c a dao 6 li. Kch c ca mnh c to ra l t 15-35mm. Cc mnh qu to v qu nh s c loi ra. Mnh c kch c ph hp sau s c chuyn n khu vc sn xut bt giy nu.
Khi s dng cc nguyn liu th nh giy thi, th giy thi s c sng lc tch cc loi tp cht nh vi si, nha, giy sp hoc giy c cn ph. Cc tp cht ny s c thi ra nh cht thi rn v phn nguyn liu cn li s c chuyn n cng on sn xut bt giy.
1.2.2 Sn xut bt
Nu: G thng gm 50% x, 20-30% ng khng cha x, v 20-30% lignin. Lignin l mt hp cht ha hc lin kt cc x vi nhau. Cc x c tch ra khi lignin bng cch nu vi ha cht nhit v p sut cao trong ni nu. Qu trnh nu c thc hin theo m vi kim (NaOH) v hi nc.
Lng NaOH c s dng khong 10-14% ca nguyn liu th. Mt m nu c hon tt sau khong 8 gi v trong khong thi gian cc loi kh c x ra khi ni nu. Trong qu trnh nu phi duy tr t l rn/lng (dung t ca tng m) nm trong khong l 1:3 n 1:4.
Sau nu, cc cht nm trong ni nu c x ra nh p sut i vo thp phng. Bt thng c chuyn qua cc sng tch mu trc khi ra. Ra: trong qu trnh ra, bt t thp phng v sng mu c ra bng nc. Dch en long t bt c loi b trong qu trnh ra v c chuyn n qu trnh thu hi ha cht. Bt c tip tc ra trong cc b ra. Qu trnh ra ny ko di khong 5-6 gi. Sng: Bt sau khi ra thng c cha tp cht l ct v mt s mnh cha c nu. Tp cht ny c loi b bng cch sng v lm sch li tm. Phn tp cht tch loi t qu trnh sng bt khi sn xut giy vit v giy in s c ti ch lm giy bao b (khng ty trng). Phn tp cht loi ra t thit b lm sch li tm thng b thi b. Sau sng, bt giy thng c nng 1% s c lm c ti khong 4% chuyn sang bc tip theo l ty trng. Phn nc
lc c to ra trong qu trnh lm c s c thu hi v ti s dng cho qu trnh ra bt. Loi bt dng sn xut giy bao b s khng cn ty trng v c chuyn trc tip n cng on chun b xeo. Ty trng: Cng on ty trng c thc hin nhm t c sng v trng cho bt giy. Cng on ny c thc hin bng cch s dng cc ha cht. Loi v lng ha cht s dng ph thuc vo loi sn phm s c sn xut t bt giy . Trng hp sn phm l giy vit hoc giy in th cng on ty trng c thc hin theo 3 bc, trc mi bc bt u c ra k. Trong qu trnh ny, lignin b phn hy v tch ra hon ton, tuy nhin, x cng b phn hy phn no v dai ca giy cng gim i. Cc ha cht dng cho loi ty ny l clo, dioxit clo, hypoclo v hydroxide natri. 3 bc ty trng bt truyn thng l: Bc 1: Clo ha bt giy bng kh clo, kh ny s phn ng vi lignin to ra cc hp cht tan trong nc hoc tan trong mi trng kim. Bc 2: Lignin oxi ha c loi b bng cch ha tan trong dung dch kim. Bc 3: y l giai on ty trng thc s khi bt c ty trng bng dung dch hypochlorite. Sau ty trng, bt s c ra bng nc sch v nc trng (thu hi t my xeo). Nc ra t qu trnh ty trng c cha chlorolignates v clo d v, do vy, khng th ti s dng trc tip c. V th nc ny s c trn vi nc tun hon t cc cng on khc v ti s dng cho qu trnh ra bt giy. Hin nay, vic nghin cu s bc ty trng, kt hp s dng cc ha cht ty trng thn thin vi mi trng nh peroxide c trin khai p dng thnh cng ti mt s doanh nghip trong nc.
QU TRNH TCH MC: i vi giy loi qua in, v d: bo, cn phi c tch mc mi c th sn xut ra loi giy in cht lng cao. Trong qu trnh tch mc, ngi ta thng cho mt tc nhn kim v ha cht ty trng vo t cng on sn xut bt giy. Sau khi tin hnh sng s b, dch nhuyn cha x c a qua cc b tuyn ni. Mc ni trn mt b c y i nh dng kh sc t y b. Hoc mt cch khc, sau khi sng s b, cc x th t my nghin s c x l bng cc bc ra lin tip, qua mc v cc tp cht khc s c loi b qua phn nc lc. Qu trnh tc mc thng gm c mt cng on ty trng ring bit, s dng peoxit hydro hoc mui hydrosulphit. Vic b sung cc bc cng ngh ni trn yu cu cn phi c thm cc bc ra v c c.
Mt trong s cc nguyn liu sn xut giy bao b, giy tissue, giy vit hoc in Vit nam l giy ti ch nh giy bo, tin giy c v bn, hp cc-tng c Vi giy loi, ngi ta s dng thit b nghin c kh, nh my nghin thu lc. Giy c trn vi nc thnh mt hn hp ng nht. Cc cht bn nng nh ct v s c loi b nh qu trnh di chuyn dch cha cc cht l lng qua cc sng i. Ti y kim loi nng s lng xung v c nh k loi khi h thng. Bt t nghin thu lc c lm sch trong thit b lm sch nng cao, tip theo l my phn tch turbo dng phn ring cc cht bn nng nh tng ng. Sau khi qua sng, bt c chuyn n thit b ra ly tm. Ti thit b ra ly tm, ct s c tch ra nh lc ly tm. Sau bt giy s c chuyn n thit b lm c. Ti y nc s c tch bt v bt giy tr nn c hn. Bt giy sau lm c s c chuyn qua thit b lc tinh, lm bt t ti mn yu cu, ri ti mt b cha. Ti b cha trc my xeo, ngi ta s cho thm vo dch bt cc thuc mu v ha cht. S di y m t mt quy trnh in hnh cho cng on lm bt giy t giy thi:
Giy loi Nc lc c Nghin thy lc nng cao B cha iu ha lu lng Nc tun hon t my xeo Ra nng cao Li ngang Hp phn tch Ra ly tm I Nc trng trong Lm c Hp phn tch Tch nc p trc vt B cha nc lc trong v c
Phn tch loi Phn tch loi Li Nc lc trong Nc lc trong Ra ly tm III Chp nhn Phn tch loi H thng x l
Ra ly tm II
Vt chn nh ti Trn gia nhit s b Vt ti np Phn tn Kho cha
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1.2.3 Chun b phi liu bt

Bt giy ty trng s c trn vi cc loi bt khc t giy ph liu hoc bt nhp khu. S pha trn ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu v loi giy cn sn xut. Hn hp bt c trn vi cht ph gia v cht n trong bn trn. Thng thng, cc ha cht dng trn l nha thng, phn, bt , thuc nhum (ty chn), cht tng trng quang hc v cht kt dnh, , gm cc bc sau: Trn bt giy v cht ph gia to ra dch bt ng nht v lin tc. Nghin a to ra c cht lng mong mun cho loi giy cn sn xut. H ( ci thin cm gic v kh nng in cho giy) v to mu (thm pigments, cht mu v cht n) t c thng s cht lng nh mong mun.
1.2.4 Xeo giy

Bt giy trn li c lm sch bng phng php ly tm loi b cht ph gia tha v tp cht, c cp vo my xeo thng qua hp u. V tch nc v xeo giy th my xeo c 3 bc phn bit: Bc tch nc trng lc v chn khng (phn li) Bc tch nc c hc (phn cun p) Bc sy bng nhit (cc my sy hi gin tip)
phn li ca my xeo, qu trnh tch nc khi bt din ra do tc dng ca trng lc v chn khng. Nc t mt li c thu vo h thu bng my bm cnh qut v lin tc c tun hon pha long bt ti my ra ly tm. mt s my xeo, li c ra lin tc bng cch phun nc sch. Nc c thu gom v x c thu hi t nh bin php tuyn ni kh (DAF). Nc trong t qu trnh tuyn ni kh DAF, cn gi l nc trng, c tun hon cho nhiu im tiu th khc nhau. Cc nh my khng c DAF th s hoc thi b nc ra li ra cng thi hoc tun hon mt phn s dng cho qu trnh ra bt. Sau phn li l phn ct bin c c rng nh . Phn bin ct i ca tm bt giy ri xung mt h di di li v c tun hon vo b trc my xeo. cui ca phn li my xeo, ng u ca bt tng n khong 20%. Ngi ta tip tc tch nc bng cun p tng ng u ln khong 50%. Cui cng, giy c lm kh bng my sy hi gin tip t khong 94% cng v c cun thnh tng cun thnh phm.
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1.2.5 Khu vc ph tr
Khu vc ph tr bao gm cp nc, cp in, ni hi, h thng kh nn, v mng phn phi hi nc. Ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy l mt ngnh s dng nhiu nc v vic cp nc c m bo bng cch ly nc t mng cp nc a phng hoc bng cc ging khoan ca cng ty. C mt s trng hp cc cng ty ly nc trc tip t sng th khi nc cn phi c x l trc khi s dng vo sn xut. Mc d vy, nc s dng cho ni hi phi c x l k lng m bo p ng cc yu cu.
Nhn chung, sn xut mi tn giy th cn t 100-350 m nc. Ni hi ca Vit nam thng c cng sut 3-10 tn/gi. Cc ni hi s dng than hoc du lm nhin liu. p sut hi nc ti a l 10kg/cm2. Hi nc c dng trong cc my sy v my xeo c p sut khong 3-4 kg/cm2 2 v trong cc ni nu l 6-8 kg/cm .
3
Trong cc nh my giy v bt giy, kh nn c dng cho vn hnh my xeo, cc thit b o, cc khu ra phun, Cc my nn thng l yu t gp phn lm gim hiu qu s dng nng lng. H thng phn phi hi trong cc nh my giy thng kh phc tp. Khi thi t ni hi c thi ra thng qua mt qut gi y vo ng khi. H thng kim sot khi thi nh cyclon a bc, ti lc, v ESP c th c s dng kim sot pht thi ht l lng. Mt s nh my c cc b pht in dng diesel m bo cc yu cu v in nng, phng trng hp mt in t li in quc gia.
1.2.6 Thu hi ha cht

Dch en thi ra sau qu trnh nu c cha lignin, ligno sulphates, v cc ha cht khc. Cc ha cht ny c thu hi ti khu vc thu hi ho cht v c ti s dng cho qu trnh sn xut bt giy. u tin, dch en c c c bng phng php bay hi. Tip , dch en c c c dng lm nhin liu t trong ni hi thu hi. Cc cht v c cn li sau khi t s dng dch nu chy trn sn l. Dich nu chy cha ch yu l mui carbonate chy xung t trn sn l v c gi bng nc; cht ny gi l dch xanh. Dch xanh ny c mang n bn phn ng (bn kim ha) phn ng vi vi Ca(OH)2 to thnh natri hydroxide v calcium carbonate lng xung. Phn cht lng s c dng cho qu trnh sn xut bt giy, cn calcium carbonate c lm kh v cho vo l vi chuyn thnh calcium oxide bng cch gia nhit. Calcium oxide li c trn vi nc ha vi. Hnh 2 m t chu trnh thu hi ha cht v nu bt:
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Mnh g
Thit b ra bt
BT
Ni nu Thp phng Bn cha dch en long
Kim ha v thu hi vi Thit b bay hi
Bn cha dch nu Ni hi thu hi
Hnh 2. Chu trnh thu hi ha cht v nu bt
1.3 Hin trng cht thi

Nh my giy v bt giy sinh ra cht thi dng nc thi, kh thi, v cht thi rn. Loi pht thi ni bt nht l nc thi, tip l kh thi v cht thi rn.
1.3.1 Nc thi
Cc nh my giy v bt giy sinh ra mt lng ln nc thi v nu khng c x l th c th nh hng ti cht lng ngun tip nhn. Bng 2 cho thy cc ngun nc thi khc nhau trong mt nh my giy v bt giy.
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Bng 2: Cc ngun nc thi t cc b phn v thit b khc nhau

B phn Sn xut bt giy Cc ngun in hnh Hi ngng khi phng bt Dch en b r r hoc b trn Nc lm mt cc thit b nghin a Ra bt giy cha ty trng Phn tch loi c cha nhiu s, sn v ct Phn lc ra khi lm c bt giy Nc ra sau ty trng c cha chlorolignin Nc thi c cha hypochlorite R r v trn cc ho cht / ph gia Ra sn Phn tch loi t my lm sch ly tm c cha x, sn v ct Cht thi t h li c cha x Dng trn t h bm qut Phn nc lc ra t thit b tch nc c cha x, bt v cc cht h Nc x y Nc ngng t cha c thu hi Nc thi hon nguyn t thp lm mm Nc lm mt my nn kh Nc ngng t t my ha hi Dch long t thit b ra cn Dch long t thit b ra bn Nc bn ngng ng Nc ngng t t thit b lm mt v t hi nc
Chun b phi liu bt Xeo giy
Khu vc ph tr
Thu hi ha cht
Phn ln nc thi pht sinh l nc dng trong quy trnh tip xc vi nguyn liu th, vi cc sn phm v sn phm ph, v cht d tha.
Qu trnh sn xut bt giy bng kim tiu tn khong 2 tn g cho mi tn bt giy sn xut ra, ngha l s c khong mt na lng nguyn liu th b ha tan trong dch nu. Cc quy trnh sn xut bt giy cho loi giy vit v giy in c sn lng bt khong 45-50%. Ti lng BOD5 t cc quy trnh ny l khong t 300-360 kg i vi 1 tn bt giy kh gi, tng t nh vy ti lng COD to ra bng khong 1200 1600 kg i vi 1 tn bt giy kh gi. Ti cc nh my m bt giy c ty trng, th cng on ty chnh l cng on gy nhim nhiu nht. Nc thi t cng on ty chim 50-75% tng lng nc thi v chim 80-95% tng lng dng thi nhim.
Sn xut giy v cn bn l mt qu trnh vt l (thu c), nhng cc cht ph gia trong qu trnh xeo giy nh cc hp cht h v ph, cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra nhim. So vi qu trnh lm bt, nc thi t cc cng on sn xut giy c phn cao hn v hm lng cht rn l lng nhng hm lng BOD li t hn. Cc cht nhim xut pht t nc trng d, phn tch loi t qu trnh sng, v do trn x, cc cht n v cht ph gia. Cht nhim l lng ch yu l x v hp cht vi x, cc cht n v cht ph, cht bn v ct trong khi cc cht nhim ha tan l cc cht keo t g, thuc nhum, cc cht h (tinh bt v gm), v cc ph gia khc. Tng lng nc
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thi v gi tr ti lng nhim cho mt tn giy kh gi trc khi x l ca mt nh my giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam c trnh by bng 3. Bng 3: nhim ca nh my giy v bt giy in hnh ti Vit Nam
Thng s Lu lng (m /t) BOD5 (kg/t) COD (kg/t) SS (kg/t)
3
Gi tr 150-300 90- 330 270- 1200 30-50
1.3.2 Kh thi
Mt trong nhng vn v pht thi kh ng ch nh my sn xut giy l mi. Qu trnh nu to ra kh H2S c mi rt kh chu, methyl mercaptant, dimethyl sulphide v dimethyl-disulphide. Cc hp cht ny cn thng c gi l tng lng lu hunh dng kh (TRS). Cc hp cht ny c thot ra t qu trnh nu, khi phng bt. Cc hp cht mi pht sinh khc c t l tng i nh hn so vi TRS v c cha hydrocarbons. Mt ngun nhim khng kh khc l do qu trnh ty trng bt giy. Ti y, clo phn t b r r theo lng nh trong c qu trnh ty. Tuy nng nhim khng cao nhng loi pht thi ny li cc k c hi. Trong qu trnh thu hi ha cht, mt lng SO2 nng cao cng b thot ra ngoi. Cc -xt lu hunh c sinh ra t cc nhin liu c cha sulphur (nh than , du FO, v.v...) c s dng cho ni hi to hi nc. Pht thi bi cng c quan st thy ti mt s l hi t than khi khng c cc thit b kim sot bi (cyclon, ti lc, ESP, v.v...). Mt lng nh bi cng c thot ra khi ct mnh g. Bn cnh nhng loi pht thi ny cn c rt nhiu loi pht thi tc thi khc t qu trnh sn xut.
1.3.3 Cht thi rn

Cht thi rn gm bn, tro, cht thi g, tp sng, phn tch loi t qu trnh lm sch ly tm, ct v sn. Ngun chnh ca bn l cn ca b lng, v cn t tng lm kh ca trm x l nc thi. Bn cnh , i khi cn c cn du thi t thng cha du t. Khi s dng than, x v phn than cha chy t l hi cng l ngun thi rn cn phi c thi b mt cch an ton. Lng thi rn ca cc cng on/hot ng khc nhau ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh quy m hot ng, thnh phn nguyn liu th, v.v... v rt kh c tnh.
Tuy nhin, nu tnh trung bnh th Vit Nam khi sn xut ra 1 tn giy s sinh ra mt lng cht thi rn khong t 45-85 kg. Tuy nhin, lng cha bao gm cc ph liu nh bin giy, v.v... l phn s c tun hon tr li sn xut.
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Sn xut sch hn Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun

Chng ny gii thiu cc nguyn tc v SXSH, cc yu cu ca tip cn ny v tim nng thc hin i vi ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy ti Vit Nam. Chng ny s gii thiu tng quan phng php lun v SXSH v cc bc khc nhau trong phng php lun ny. Ngi c cng s c gii thiu nhiu k thut khc nhau xc nh cc la chn SXSH trong sn xut giy v bt giy. Chi tit hng dn s dng phng php lun ny v cch tip cn tng bc s c cung cp c th hn trong Chng 4.
2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn (SXSH)

Qu trnh cng nghip ha nhanh v rng l mt trong nhng yu t ng gp quan trng vo s pht trin ca nn kinh t Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, i km vi s bng n tng trng cng nghip thng l cc vn v mi trng. Mt trong cc cch thc tip cn gii quyt vn ny l phng php tip cn cui ng ng (EOP), tc l x l pht thi/cht thi ch sau khi chng pht sinh. V thc tin, iu ny ng ngha vi xy dng v vn hnh cc c s x l nc thi, cc thit b km sot nhim khng kh v cc bi chn lp an ton y l nhng cng vic rt tn km. Xt n quy trnh cng nghip cn phi hiu rng bt c quy trnh hoc hot ng no cng khng bao gi t c hiu sut 100%. Lun c tn hao no vo mi trng v khng th chuyn thnh dng sn phm hu dng. Tn hao ny l s lng ph hay s nhim lun gn lin vi sn xut cng nghip. Yu t ny thng c nhc n nh c hi b mt i trong qu trnh sn xut. T l pht sinh cht thi thng rt cao v c mt thc t l rt t nh sn xut cng nghip nhn ra iu ny. Hin nay tip cn x l cui ng ng vn ang c p dng ph bin trong cc c s cng nghip, nhng kh nng tip nhn nhim ca mi trng ang gn nh cn kit v cc n v sn xut cng nghip dn nhn thc c s cn thit phi xem xt li cc cng on sn xut ca mnh. iu ny dn n s xut hin khi nim v mt tip cn mang tnh ch ng gim cht thi ti ngun trong qun l cht thi. Tip cn ch ng ny c gi l Sn xut sch hn (SXSH). SXSH c nh ngha l s p dng lin tc chin lc mi trng tng hp mang tnh phng nga trong cc quy trnh, sn phm, v dch v nhm nng cao hiu sut v gim thiu ri ro cho con ngi v mi trng. Vi cc quy trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo tn cc nguyn liu th v nng lng, loi b cc nguyn liu th c hi, v gim lng v c ca tt c cc pht thi cng nh cht thi; Vi cc sn phm, SXSH bao gm vic gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc trong vng i sn phm, t khi khai thc nguyn liu th cho ti khi thi b cui cng; v
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Vi cc dch v, SXSH l s tch hp cc mi quan tm v mi trng trong qu trnh thit k v cung ng dch v.
S khc bit cn bn gia EOP hay cn gi l kim sot nhim v SXSH l thi im. Kim sot nhim l phng php tip cn sau khi vn pht sinh, phn ng v x l; trong khi , SXSH li mang tnh ch ng, theo "trit l d on v phng nga". Phng nga, nh c tha nhn rng ri, lun lun tt hn x l, nh cu ni phng bnh hn cha bnh. Khi gim thiu cht thi v nhim thng qua SXSH th ng thi s gim tiu th nguyn liu v nng lng. SXSH lun hng ti hiu sut s dng u vo gn ti 100% trong gii hn v kh thi kinh t. Mt im quan trng cn nhn mnh rng, SXSH khng ch n thun l thay i thit b: SXSH cp ti thay i thi quan im, p dng cc b quyt v ci tin quy trnh sn xut cng nh ci tin sn phm. Cc khi nhim khc tng t nh SXSH l: Gim thiu cht thi; Phng nga nhim; v Nng sut xanh.
Nhng khi nim ny v cn bn l tng t nh SXSH, vi tng nn tng l lm cho cc cng ty tr ln hiu qu hn v t nhim hn.
2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH

Phng php kim sot cui ng ng truyn thng khi p dng cho cc c s sn xut giy v bt giy quy m va v nh l rt tt km. Trong mt s trng hp, chi ph cho mt trm x l cht thi ln ti 20% tng chi ph vn ca nh my v thit b. Ngoi ra ph vn hnh hng nm c th ln n 12-15% tng doanh thu ca ngnh. V vy mt phng php tip cn tt hn s l khai thc cc c hi SXSH gim thiu nhim ti ngun ri tin hnh kim sot phn nhim cn li. Tip cn ny khng ch mang li hiu qu v ngun lc, gim chi ph sn xut, m cn gim thiu c chi ph x l dng thi. Khi nim v SXSH cng cn thit khi nhn nhn t cc kha cnh khc nh: Nhu cu do cc quy nh php lut m bo cc tiu chun quy nh v pht thi (lng, rn hoc kh) th thng i hi cc c s sn xut phi trang b cc h thng kim sot nhim phc tp v tn km, v d cc trm x l nc thi. Sau khi p dng SXSH, vic x l lng cht thi cn li tr ln d dng v t tn km hn. S d lm c iu ny l do SXSH gip gim thiu cht thi v mi mt: khi lng, trng lng, v c c. Nhu cu do vic trin khai h thng qun l mi trng (EMS) ISO 14000 l mt quy trnh cp chng nhn i vi EMS, nhm m bo rng
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cc cng ty cam kt thc hin ci tin lin tc trong hot ng mi trng ca mnh. Chng nhn ny cng th hin s quan tm ca cng ty n mi trng. Mt s nh nhp khu lun i hi chng ch ISO ca cng ty trc khi h t hng. SXSH s gip vic trin khai h thng qun l mi trng nh ISO 14000 d dng hn nhiu. S d nh vy l do hu ht cc cng vic ban u c thc hin thng qua nh gi SXSH. Nhu cu do mong mun tip cn cc c hi pht trin th trng mi Nhn thc ca khch hng v cc vn mi trng ngy cng nng cao lm ny sinh nhu cu v cc sn phm xanh trn th trng quc t. Kt qu l khi n lc thc hin SXSH th m ra cc c hi pht trin th trng mi cho mnh v sn xut ra cc sn phm cht lng cao hn, c th bn c vi gi cao hn. Nhu cu do mong mun tip cn d dng hn ti cc ngun ti chnh Cc n u t da vo SXSH s cha ng thng tin chi tit v tnh kh thi mi trng, k thut v kinh t ca khon u t d kin. iu ny to ra mt c s vng chc ginh c s h tr ti chnh t cc ngn hng hoc cc qu mi trng. V d: trong cng nghip giy v bt giy, nu mt gii php SXSH l lp t mt chp kim sot vn tc b phn xeo giy, th cn phi tin hnh phn tch chi tit v tim nng tit kim hi nc, tng cng sut sn xut Cng ty c th trnh kt qu phn tch ny ln cc ngn hng xin vay vn cho d n lp t chp kim sot vn tc. Trn th trng quc t, cc t chc ti chnh ang rt quan tm n vn suy thoi mi trng v ang nghin cu n xin vay vn theo quan im mi trng. Nhu cu cn thit cho vic ci thin mi trng lm vic Bn cnh nng cao hiu qu mi trng v kinh t, SXSH cn c th ci thin cc iu kin v an ton v sc khe ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng. V d, vic gim thiu r r clo ti cng on ty trng s gim mi clo kh chu trong khng kh nh c th nng cao nng sut ca ngi cng nhn. Cc iu kin lm vic thun li c th nng cao tinh thn cho ngi lao ng v ng thi tng cng s quan tm ti vn kim sot cht thi. Cc hnh ng nh vy s gip cho cng ty ca bn thu c li th cnh tranh. Nhu cu do vn bo tn ti nguyn Bo tn nguyn liu th: V chi ph nguyn liu u vo tng nn khng c nh sn xut cng nghip no c th trang tri cho nhng tn tht ti nguyn di dng cht thi. Sut tiu hao cc nguyn liu ny c th gim i ng k khi p dng cc gii php SXSH nh ti u ha quy trnh, tun hon v cc bin php qun l tt ni vi.
mt c s sn xut giy v bt giy c th quy m va/nh Vit Nam, c th tit kim nguyn liu th (gm c x v ha cht) vo khong 6-15 %, mang li li ch khong 4.000.000.000 ng mi nm
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Bo tn ngun nc: Nc l ngun ti nguyn ang b cn kit v mt s c s cng nghip ang phi i mt vi vn thiu nc. Vic khai thc ngun nc ngm lin tc cn phi cng thm c chi ph cho vic bm ht nc. Hn th na, mt yu t rt quan trng thng b b qua trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin l cng s dng nhiu nc trong quy trnh sn xut th chi ph cho ha cht v nng lng cng cng nhiu.
Trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy Vit Nam tim nng tit kim nc l khong t 15-20%, iu ny c th mang li tit kim chi ph khong 275.000.000 VND mi nm.
Bo tn nng lng:
Cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy l mt ngnh tiu th nhiu nng lng vi chi ph chim t 12-15% tng chi ph sn xut. Tim nng tit kim nng lng thng qua cc bin php n gin v chi ph thp s l khong 10-12% tng lng nng lng u vo. C mt s trng hp tng tim nng bo tn nng lng (gm cc gii php thay i cng ngh, v d lp t h thng ng pht s dng sinh khi nng nghip) l khong t 20-25%.
Ngy nay di sc p v thay i kh hu v hin tng nng ln ton cu, cc chng trnh nh C ch pht trin sch v thng mi Carbon ang l c hi sn sng cc c s cng nghip tn dng bng cch bn lng pht thi kh nh knh (GHG) m h gim c qua cc nm nh p dng cc bin php bo tn nng lng. Bng 4 di y s m t tnh hnh tiu th ti nguyn trong cc c s sn xut giy v bt giy Vit Nam so vi cc quc gia khc, t gi tim nng c th khai thc bng vic p dng cc nguyn l ca phng php lun SXSH. Bng 4: So snh tiu th ti nguyn v tim nng cho cc c hi SXSH
Hng mc Vit Nam n (nh my s dng ph thi nng nghip) 40 44% 71-135
6 6 6
Nh my Bc u (giy bao b ty trng g mm) 55% 75 1 x 10 4,6 x 10 192 -880 98- 450 700 - 850 20- 40
6 6
Tim nng
X (sn lng %) Ha cht ( kg/T) Nhit nng (kCal/tn) (Kg than /tn ) (Kg du/tn ) in (kWh/tn) Nc (m /tn)
3
44 55% 80 - 150 3x10 8x10 575- 1500 294 - 784 900-1900 175 - 350
6
Trung bnh Trung bnh Cao
3 x 10 5 x 10 575 - 1000 294 - 490 855 - 980 180 - 280
Cao Cao
2.3 Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn

Phn tch dng nguyn liu v nng lng vo v ra ca mt quy trnh l yu t trng tm ca nh gi SXSH. Vic thc hin mt nh gi SXSH phi c thc hin theo tip cn c phng php lun v logic gip nhn din c cc c hi SXSH, gii quyt cc vn v cht thi v pht thi ngay ti ngun, v
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m bo tnh lin tc ca cc hot ng SXSH ti nh my. Tip cn nh gi phn tch ny c tng quannh m t trn Hnh 3. Chng 4 s gii thiu chi tit tng bc thc hin nh gi SXSH theo tip cn ny. Mc d theo nh ngha th nh gi SXSH bao gm c cc vn v nguyn liu v nng lng, nhng trong thc t cc vn nng lng i vi cc quy trnh t khi c xem xt mt cch chi tit tr cc vn v bo n, r r, thu hi nc ngng, v.v ngha l ch i vi cc dng hu hnh. y l iu ng tic v SXSH v nng cao hiu qu nng lng thng c tnh b tr cho nhau rt cao v s tch hp gia hai hot ng ny c th to ra sc mnh m rng phm vi ng dng v em li cc kt qu c hiu qu cao hn c v mi trng v kinh t. Ti liu ny s cp n c nguyn liu v nng lng trong ngnh giy v bt giy.
Hnh 3: Phng php lun v nh gi SXSH Do SXSH thng c p dng i vi nhng lng ph ti nguyn hu hnh (v d nguyn liu), nn hin tng lng ph ngu nhin s l rt t. Nhn chung, c th tnh ton truy tm c vt liu u vo cho mt cng on no thng qua cc sn phm u ra nh tnh v nh lng c. iu ny khng phi lc no cng ng khi xem xt cc dng nng lng. Trong khi cng p dng quy lut
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cn bn cho cc dng nng lng u vo (v cn bn, nng lng vo phi bng nng lng ra), th vn gp phi y l cc dng nng lng u ra thng kh nhn bit hn so vi dng vt liu. V th, vic xc nh v nh gi cc dng nng lng lng ph dng n v s dng thiu hiu qu thng gp nhiu kh khn. iu ny c bit ng vi cc thit b chy in nh my bm, qut, my nn kh, v.v khi nng lng u vo di dng in nng c th d dng o lng c, nhng mc chuyn i hiu qu sang u ra hu ch (v.d: nc c bm, kh c nn, v.v) th li khng th nh lng trc tip c. Cc mu thun c th ny sinh SXSH v nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng (HQSDNL) c tnh b tr cho nhau rt cao. Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung, cc kt qu c li thu c ca mt phng php lun (chng hn SXSH) li c th c hiu l i lp vi phng php cn li (HQSDNL). Di y l mt s v d minh chng cho iu ny: Tun hon l mt k thut SXSH rt c li, nhng tun hon du v cht bi trn, ti s dng cc m qua sa cha hoc qun li cc ng c b chy (c bit l trng hp vic sa cha hoc qun li c thc hin khng hon chnh) thng dn n tiu hao nng lng mc cao hn. Lm lnh bng cng ngh hp th hi l mt gii php SXSH chuyn nghip v thn thin sinh thi khi so snh vi cc my nn hi ang thnh hnh. Tuy nhin, khi xt v mt s dng nng lng th cc h thng hp th hi li c hiu qu thp hn. Cc bng n hunh quang tup gy c hiu qu nng lng hn loi bng si t, nhng v mt mi trng (SXSH) th vic ph thy ngn lm cho loi bng ny t thn thin sinh thi hn.
Cc bc thc hin phng php lun SXSH 6 bc c m t trong Hnh 4. Chng 4 s trnh by chi tit hn tng bc thc hin SXSH.
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BC 1: KHI NG
Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm SXSH Nhim v 2: Lit k cc bc quy trnh v nhn din cc dng thi
BC 2 : PHN TCH CC BC QUY TRNH

Nhim v 3: Chun b lu ca quy trnh sn xut Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu, nng lng v cu t Nhim v 5: Xc nh c tnh dng thi Nhim v 6: Xc nh chi ph cho cc dng thi Nhim v 7: Xem xt li quy trnh xc nh ra cc nguyn nhn
BC 3: XUT CC GII PHP SXSH

Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc gii php SXSH c th thc hin c
BC 4: LA CHN CC GiI PHP SXSH

Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thut Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng Nhim v 13: La chn cc gii php thc hin
BC 5: THC HIN CC GII PHP SXSH

Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin Nhim v 15: Thc hin Nhim v 16: Gim st v nh gi kt qu
BC 6: DUY TR SXSH
Nhim v 17: Tr v bc 1
Hnh 4: Cc bc thc hin phng php lun SXSH
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2.4 Cc k thut SXSH

Sn xut sch hn l phng php tip cn mi v sng to gim mc s dng ti nguyn trong qu trnh sn xut da vo mt lot cc k thut. Cc k thut ny c th c phn thnh 3 nhm nh sau: Gim thiu ti ngun Qun l tt ni vi: y l k thut phng nga cc ch r r, chy trn thng qua bo dng phng nga v kim tra thit b thng xuyn, cng nh kim sot vic thc hin ng hng dn cng vic hin c thng qua o to v gim st ph hp. Thay i quy trnh: k thut ny bao gm: Thay i nguyn liu u vo: Thay th nguyn liu u vo bng cc nguyn liu ti to, t c hi hn hoc dng cc vt liu ph tr c tui th hu ch di hn. Kim sot quy trnh tt hn: Theo di vic tun th thng s vn hnh ca quy trnh thit k, sa i cc quy trnh lm vic, cc hng dn vn hnh thit b t hiu qu cao hn hn, gim lng ph v pht thi. Ci tin thit b: Ci tin cc thit b sn xut v ph tr hin c, v d lp thm b phn o c kim sot nhm vn hnh cc quy trnh vi hiu qu cao hn v gim t l pht thi. Thay i cng ngh: Thay th cng ngh, trnh t trong quy trnh v/hoc cch thc tng th nhm gim thiu lng ph v pht thi trong qu trnh sn xut. Tun hon v ti s dng Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch: ti s dng cc nguyn liu b lng ph cho cng on khc trong dy chuyn sn xut hoc cho mt ng dng hu ch khc trong cng ty. Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu dng: Thay i quy trnh pht sinh cht thi nhm bin nguyn liu b lng ph thnh mt dng nguyn liu c th c ti s dng hoc tun hon cho ng dng khc ngoi cng ty. Ci tin sn phm Cc tnh cht, mu m v bao b ca sn phm c th c iu chnh gim thiu tc ng mi trng khi sn xut hoc sau khi s dng (thi b). Bng 5 nu cc v d khc nhau v cc k thut SXSH c ng dng cho ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy.
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Bng 5: V d v k thut SXSH cho ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy

Sa cha cc ch r r Kha cc vi nc khi khng s dng Che chn cc sng rung trnh b trn Loi b cc ch tc trong cc vi phun li v n Kim ra cc by hi thng xuyn Thay i nguyn liu u vo Kim sot quy trnh THAY I QUY TRNH Ci tin thit b S dng cc cht mu khng c hi trong sn xut giy mu S dng phng php ty bng peoxit hydro Ti u ha qu trnh nu Sn xut bt ng u cao nht c th S dng cc cht ha hc h tr gip gi mu ti u ho vic s dng cht mu Lp t cc vi phun hiu qu C b phng ln trnh trn bt giy Thm thit b nghin giy t S dng my ra ly tm cao p tit kim bt S dng t b tng h s cng sut S dng b truyn ng v cp ph hp vi ti lun thay i Ci tin quy trnh sn xut bt giy Dng ni nu ng trong nu bt Xem xt quy trnh sn xut bt giy khc Ci tin quy trnh ra v tch nc thng qua s dng p ai li kp. Dng quy trnh ty khc, chng hn ty bng ozone Tun hon nc cng ngh v nc trng trong khu ra bt, ty trng v pha long bt Tun hon bt trong h di my xeo Thu hi v tun hon nc ngng Thu hi v tun hon bt t nc trng bng cch lp t h thng SAVE ALL Thu hi bt bng tuyn ni kh ng pht in S dng x ngn/ph phm x lm giy bi S dng phn cn li trong khu lm sch nguyn liu th lm nhin liu cho l hi QUN L TT NI VI GIM THI TI NGUN Thay i cng ngh TUN HON V TI S DNG TO RA SN PHM PH HU CH THU HI V TI S DNG TI CH
24
CI TIN SN PHM
Sn xut cc loi giy sn lng cao Sn xut giy khng ty thay v giy ty trng
Cc c hi SXSH trong nh my giy v bt giy

Chng ny cung cp thng tin tng quan v c hi SXSH c th ng dng ti cc nh my giy v bt giy Vit Nam. Cc c hi SXSH ny c c th trin khai ti c s sn xut quy m nh in hnh vi cng sut sn xut 30-50 tn giy mi ngy
3.1 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu th

Nguyn liu th nh mn v ngoi c khng th dng to ra bt giy, m li l yu t tiu tn ha cht v hi nc. Ngoi ra, loi vt cht ny khi i ra khi qu trnh sn xut l nguyn nhn gy nhim COD & TS cao. Cc tp bn gy tc ng bt li i vi hiu qu ra v gy qu ti thit b ra ly tm. Cc cht bn ny nu thot ra khi thit b ra ly tm s gy ra cc m (cc m en) trn b mt giy thnh phm, lm tng mn v hng thit b c kh (thit b lm sch, my bm, v.v) v quan trng hn c l gim chy ca bt trn li my xeo, dn n gim tc my xeo v gy tn tht cho sn xut. Mt s cht bn thng pht sinh trong khi chun b nguyn liu th khng ng cch gm: Nguyn liu c ngun gc tre g: bi mn, cc mnh g qu kh, ct, silica Giy thi: kim loi, dy, thy tinh, g, vi si, giy sp
Bng 7 tm tt mt s c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu. Bng 7. Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu
STT 1 C hi SXSH Lu tr nguyn liu trong iu kin kh ro Li ch d kin - Gim lng nc tiu th - Gim lng nhim mi trng - Gim nhim bn ct v Yu cu k thut C khng gian xp g trong mi che Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 30.00060.000 USD S= khng c xc nh Tc ng mi trng - Gim TS v COD bin Ghi ch Bin php ny d thc hin nhng li cn c mt khu vc lu tr c chun b tt. Tim nng tit kim so vi mc u t khng hp dn lm i vi cc nh my c cng sut t hn 300 tn giy/ngy Tiu tng th in
Sng mnh (mnh qu kh v mn)
- Gim ha cht v hi khi nu
Thit b: Sng rung Quy trnh: C Khng gian: Thng c Nhn lc: khng cn
I= 16.00018.000USD
---
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STT 3
C hi Li ch SXSH kin Ra nguyn liu mnh
Yu cu k thut Thit b ra mnh bng vi phun nc Nhn lc: cn thm Thit b = Gu ti Quy trnh: C Khng gian: thng l c Nhn lc: Khng cn Thit b:H thng tch (ti lc) Quy trnh: Thng c sn Khng gian: Thng c sn Thit b:Thay a v ng c Quy trnh:Khng i Khng gian din tch: Khng i
Tnh kh thi kinh t Tiu th in v nc tng
Tc ng mi trng Gim TS v COD
Ghi ch Bt buc i vi cc nh my sn xut bt ty trng
- Tng tinh khit ca nguyn liu
- Khng trn Chuyn v tht mnh ti thot mnh ni nu trong khu bng h vn chuyn thng gu ti
I= 10.00012.000USD S = khng c xc nh
Khng kh thi i vi cc nh my nh, nhng chc chn s lm tng nng sut ti cc nh my ln
H thng kim sot v loi b bi
- Gim lng bi - Thu hi/bn bi nh mt loi sn phm ph
I= 8.00015.000USD S= 100.000 300.000 USD
Gim 90% lng bi trong mi trng xung quanh
Tiu th nng tng
in
My to mnh loi a c t 4-6 li
- Mnh u hn - Nng sut cao hn
I = 2000 USD S = khng c xc nh
Bin php ny d trin khai
I- u t; S-tit kim; P-Thi gian hon vn
3.2 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc sn xut bt giy

Sn xut bt l khu vc gy nhim nhiu nht trong mt nh my giy v bt giy, chim khong 80% ti lng nhim. ng thi y cng l khu c th p dng nhiu c hi SXSH nht, k t vic thay th nguyn liu th cho n ci tin cng ngh v tun hon. Cc li ch tim nng tng th thu c t vic trin khai SXSH khu vc bt giy c nu trong bng 6. Cc c hi c th p dng trong khu vc ny c nu trong bng 8.
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Bng 6. Tim nng p dng SXSH trong khu vc sn xut bt t nguyn liu t rng
Khu vc tim nng Tit kim/ cht lng c nng cao C th gim c 1% vi mt s ha cht 20-45 kg/t 20 60 m /t 0,2 0,6 t/t 2-10 kg/t 5-7%
3
USD/tn
Gim ha cht SX bt giy Thu hi x Bo tn (tit kim) ngun nc Gim nng lng hi Gim s dng ha cht ty trng Tng hiu sut nu bt Tng Gim chi ph x l cui ng ng Gim kim sot pht thi Tng cng
1,0 3,0 2,0 4,0 0,5 1,0 1,0 2,5 2,0 3,0 -9,0 18,5
20-30% 20-30%
6,5 10,0 3,5 6,5 ~19-35 USD/tn
Bng 8. Cc c hi SXSH trong sn xut bt giy

T T 1 C hi SXSH Ngm nguyn liu chnh (mnh) vi dch en thu hi trong cc nh my giy s dng nguyn liu tre g Li ch d kin - Nng cao mt xp cht (4-6%) - Tng cng bt giy t 7-10% - Gim thi gian nu t 5-7% - Gim s dng kim - Gim yu cu v hi - Cho php dung t thp - Cht lng bt giy ng u hn - Tng cng sut ni nu 10-15% - Gim s dng hi nc - Tng sn lng bt Yu cu thut k Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 3-5.000 USD S= 1,53.000 USD P= < 2 nm Tc ng mi trng Kh tnh ton c lng gim nhim Ghi ch Gii php ny c th d dng trin khai ti cc nh my nh
Thit b: - Bng ti - B cp dung dch - Vi phun (ti) - B cp dch en - Thit b trn chn vt Quy trnh: Ph hp vi mi loi ph phm nng nghip Nhn lc: Khng cn c thm nhn lc Khng
Ni nu cu quay (nu b nguyn liu th trong ni cu quay c gia nhit trc tip bng hi nc)
Tit kim t vic gim tiu th hi nc c th nh lng theo tng trng hp c th. Cn cc khon tit kim khc tng i kh nh lng
Gim lng kh thot ra t ni nu 1015%
Thi gian cn thm nng ti trng gp i s di hn thi gian phi b do gim s lng m nu bo m to ra cng mt lng bt giy
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T T 3
C hi SXSH Gim t l rn/lng (dung t)
Li ch d kin - Gim 510% lng hi tiu th - Gim thi gian nu - Dung t gim - Gim tiu th nng lng bc thu hi ha cht - Thu hi nc ngng ti s dng l hi -
Yu cu thut Khng
Tnh kh thi kinh t Khng
Tc ng mi trng Khng c tc ng trc tip
Ghi ch Khng cn ti chnh, gii php ny c th d dng thc hin c Gii php ny c th khng p dng c cho cc nh my nh c cng ngh lc hu
Hi gin tip cho nu theo m *
Thit b: C sn ti c s
I= 30.00090.000 USD S= Khng c nh lng
Khng c tc ng trc tip
Thu hi hi t b phng v ti s dng lm nng nc trong b trao i nhit Nu bng ammoniu m sulphite trung tnh
- To kh nng s dng dch en nh phn bn - Gim thit b ty ha cht
Quy trnh: Cha c trnh din thnh cng; c th b chng minh l khng kh thi
S= cha c nh lng
Gim lng nhim khong 80% v dch en c dng cho cc ng dng nng nghip
Do c nhng bt li nh ni nu b n mn, nhit v thi gian nu cao hn, v pht thi kh ammonia, cho nn gii php ny cn cn phi c thm nh thm. Nu iu kin pH thch hp khng duy tr c th ni nu c th s b n mn. Qu trnh ny gii hn cc cp nht nh khi m dai ca giy khng phi l yu t quan trng.
Nu bng Natri sulphite kim tnh
- Gim lng ha cht ty trng - dai ca giy tt hn - Gim yu cu v ra - Gim tiu th nc - Tng kh nng ty
Trong thc t khng kh thi
S = Khng xc nh c
Gim mu trong cht thi
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T T 8
C SXSH
hi
Li ch d kin - Sn lng bt giy cao 8590% - Gim ha cht nu
Yu cu k thut Thit b: Cc ni nu ha c Cng ngh:C sn trong nc
Tnh kh thi kinh t I = 33.00090.000US D S= Khng nh lng c
Tc ng mi trng Gim TS v COD 1015% (ty thuc vo sn lng)
Ghi ch Tiu th hi nc v in tng, c th p dng cho cc nh my nh
SX bt giy hiu sut cao, tc qu trnh sn xut bt ha c i vi sn phm giy khng ty Ti u ha qu trnh nu (ngha l vn hnh ti p sut hi, nhit v liu lng ha cht cn thit)
- Nng cao cht lng bt - Gim lng b tch loi do nu cha hoc do sng - Gim lng thit b nghin a - Gim s dng ha cht - Gim yu cu v hi - Tng sn lng bt - Ci thin vic thu hi dch en - Cho php tun hon dch en s dng kim d - Tun hon dch en nng s lm gim lng hi cn dng - Gip cho nguyn liu th thm dch en tt hn - Gim thi gian ra - Tit kim nc trong khu ra - Gim nhu cu s dng nng lng trong x l cht thi - Cho php lm kh dch en bng mt tri
Thit b: - Ch s nhit - Ch s p sut - Bng iu khin Nhn lc: Cn c cng nhn vn hnh c tay ngh
I= 3-5.000 S= khng nh lng c
Gim lng nhim tng th
c khuyn co s dng cho tt c cc nh my
10
p trc loi hi dch nng trong giy
vt b en cao bt
Thit b: - B tun hon - B phng - Nng cao - Bm pha long - Nn trc vt - ng ng Quy trnh: H thng vn chuyn bt giy cha ra cn c sa i Cng ngh: C sn trong nc nhng cn iu chnh Nhn lc: Cn c thm cng nhn lnh ngh
I= 4.0009.000 USD S= 5.00010.000 USD P=< 1 nm
Gim lng nc thi 40-50% so vi vic ra trng truyn thng
Gii php ny ang giai on th nghim v ang c trin khai ti mt s nh my giy. C th nn trc vt s khng c chp nhn cho mt s loi giy nht nh.
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T T 11
C hi SXSH Nn ai li kp loi nc ra khi bt
Li ch d kin - D dng vn chuyn v x l dch en - Tun hon dch en nng c th lm gim lng hi - Nguyn liu th thm dch en tt hn - C kh nng gim tiu th in - Tit kim nc trong khu ra - Gim yu cu v s dng nng lng trong x l cht thi - Ci tin khu thu hi v x l dch en - Cho php tun hon dch en s dng kim d - Tun hon dch en nng s gim nhu cu v hi - Nguyn liu th thm dch en tt hn - Gim thi gian ra do ra lin tc - Gim yu cu v nng lng cho khu x l cht thi.
Yu cu thut
Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 45.000300.000 USD S= 30.000150.000 USD P=<2 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim th tchdng thi ti 60-70%
Ghi ch L mt thit b a nng v c th dng c vi nguyn liu th l cc loi ph phm nng nghip. ai li kp c dng nhiu nht cho cc quy trnh sn xut bt sn lng cao hoc bt t rm s dng cng ngh bn ha hc. Tt nht l nn p dng vo cng on cui do u ra l lng bt giy nng cao.
Thit b: - My bm tun hon, p ai li kp - B phng - Bm bt nng cao - Thp lm c Quy trnh: H thng ra gn nh c loi b Cng ngh: Hin c nhng chi ph cao Nhn lc: Cn c nhn lc lnh ngh
12
My ra lc chn khng dng ra bt giy c: - Thit b ct kh p - C bm chn khng
Thit b: - Kt cu xy dng cao - Thp lm c - Bm bt c st cao) - Ct kh p hoc bm chn khng - Thit b ra chn khng Quy trnh: Tch hp cch ra nhiu bc ngc dng Cng ngh: C sn trong nc nhng chi ph cao Nhn lc: Cn c nhn lc lnh ngh
I= 0,2 0,3 triu USD S= 18.00030.000 USD P=8-10 nm
Gim lng pht thi
Gii php ny c xut cho cc nh my c quy m va (>= 35 tn/ngy)
30
T T 13
C hi SXSH Tch dch en c ban u ra khi cc b v vng tun hon nhiu ht mc c th
Li ch kin
Yu cu k thut
Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 1.500 2.500 USD S= 4.500 7.500 USD P=<1 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim lng trong thi ti natri cht
Ghi ch Gii php ny n gin v d trin khai cc nh my nh s dng nguyn liu l ph phm nng nghip.
- Nng cao Thit b : hiu sut thu - Bm thu gom hi v x l - Bm v ng dch en ng - Ti s dng Quy trnh: Cn c kim d nh tun hon h thng cng thot ring cho dch en dch en long v - Tun hon c dch en nng s lm gim c yu cu v hi - Nguyn liu th thm dch en tt hn - Kh biogas sinh ra c th dng lm nhin liu - Gim chi ph x l - Gim dng thi mu Thit b: - B phn ng (ym kh) - Khoang cha kh ga - u t - H thng ng ng Cng ngh:C sn v c chng minh hiu qu, nhng chi ph cao Nhn lc: Cn c nhn lc c tay ngh v c o to Thit b: - L hi thu hi v h thng i km - My bm - Thit b ha hi a cp - Trm kim ha - Thu hi bn vi hoc h thng thi b Cng ngh: Cha c kim chng, mt s nc M Latinh, Th Nh K, Ai Cp s dng CRS Nhn lc: Cn c nhn lc lnh ngh
14
X l ym kh i vi dch en
I= 0,3 0,5 triu USD S= 60150.000 USD P=> 5 nm
Gim lng nhim tng th ti 3040%
Gii php ny khng c tnh hp dn v kinh t vi cc nh my c bit nh. X l sinh hc ton b lng dch en nhn chung l khng kh thi.
15
Thu hi ha cht t dch en ( cc nh my s dng nguyn liu tre g) (CRS)
- Thu hi kim 60-80% - Gim lng nhim
I= 1-2 triu USD S= 50.000100.000 USD P=>20 nm
Gim lng COD ti 85%
D dng p dng c ti cc nh my giy v bt giy s dng nguyn liu tre g
31
T T 16
C hi SXSH Nghin a bt nng
Li ch d kin - Gim tiu th nng lng in - Gim xung cp ca giy - Cht lng bt giy tt hn - Gim lng b loi khi sng - Nng cao kh nng chy trn li Tit kim nguyn liu th - Tit kim ha cht nu -
Yu cu k thut Thit b: My nghin Quy trnh: Trnh t ra v nghin cn c sa i iu chnh
Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 3.0007.000 USD S= kh nh lng
Tc ng mi trng Gim thi rn cht
Ghi ch c dng cho cc loi giy khng ty, lp bi.
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Nu li cc u mu dng cho SX giy khng ty (ti cc nh my s dng nguyn liu tre g) Sn xut lignosulph onate t lignin trong dch en sau nu
Vn chuyn t sng sang ni nu
I= a dng S= 3.00010.000 USD
Gim thi rn
cht
18
- Gim lng nhim v mu ca dng thi - To thm sn phm ph, thay th nhp khu
Thit b: Nh xng v thit b SX lignosulphat e Cng ngh: Cha c chng minh cho dch en c ngun gc nng nghip
I= 1,0-1,3 triu USD S= 45.00060.000 USD P=20 nm
Gim lng COD ti 50% nu khng chn lp dch en
y l mt gii php v cng tn km v gn nh tng ng vi vic xy dng mt nh xng mi. p dng c cho cc nh my giy nh khng thu hi ha cht. p dng cho cc nh my s dng canxi sunphit. Th trng cht ci to t v phn bn t lignin cha pht trin
19
Thu hi lignin cho ng dng ci to t
- Gim ti Thit b: lng - Nh nhim v xng v mu ca thit b dng thi thu hi lignin - To ra thm sn - Axit phm ph Sulphuric v cc ha - Nng cao cht khc sn lng nng Quy trnh: nghip Cn phi c tch lp tinh vi
I= 24.00030.000 USD S= cha c tnh ton c do th trng cha pht trin
Gim lng COD ti 50 %
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T T 20
C hi SXSH H thng ra theo nguyn tc chy ngc dng cho cng on ty
Li ch d kin - Gim nhu cu s dng nc - Gim tiu th in - Gim ti lng nhim - Ty trng tt hn
Yu cu k thut Quy trnh: My ra v ng ng chng n mn.
Tnh kh thi kinh t Cha nh lng c
Tc ng mi trng Gim ti lng cht thi hu c cho trm x l cui ng ng
Ghi ch Ch khuyn co cho cc nh my s dng nguyn liu tre g. Nc trong cng on kim ho c ti ch tun hon cho cng on kim ho trc . Nc trong cng on axit ho c tun hon cng on axit ho trc . ng dng cho cc nh my s dng nguyn liu tre g.
21
Kh clo lin tip (thay th clo, ti bc ty u tin bng dioxit clo)
- Bt c sng hn - Tng sn lng bt - Cho php thc hin clo ho nhit cao - Gim ti lng nhim cho trm x l cui ng ng - Cht lng bt cao hn - Gim pht sinh bn cn trong qu trnh chun b ha cht ty trng - Gim yu cu v chun b ha cht nh dung dch ty c nng clo cao hn
Cng ngh: Cn c c s h tng trong nh my chun b dioxit clo
Chi ph cao
Gim bin ti lng nhim hu c cho trm x l cui ng ng Gim pht thi halogen hu c (AOX)
22
Ty bng NaOCI
Thit b: B cha NaOCI
Gii php ny khng c tnh kh thi v mt kinh t do chi ph cho NaOCI cao
Vn chuyn v thi b cht thi rn gim. C kh nng to ra chloroform trong dng thi
Gii php ny c th trin khai c nu gi th trng ca NaOCI v CaOCI2 tng ng nhau.
33
T T 23
C hi SXSH Ty bng H2O2
Li ch kin
Yu cu k thut Thit b: Thit b vn chuyn v o m H2O2 Quy trnh: i hi phi cn thn v an ton trong khi vn chuyn
Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 15.00030.000 USD S=Cha nh lng c
Tc ng mi trng Khng kh ti xng khng cn clo Khng cn clo trong dng thi Khng AOX Khng sinh ra bn cn trong qu trnh chun b dung dch ty trng
Ghi ch Gii php ny vn cha c th nghim vi cc nh my s dng nguyn liu th l ph phm nng nghip Ha cht ty rt t
t c li ch mi trng r rt do: - Khng c clo trong dng kh ca nh my - Khng c clo trong nc thi - Khng to ra AOX - Khng to ra bn cn trong qu trnh chun b ha cht ty trng - Gim din tch khu vc chun b ha cht - Loi b c nguy c trong khu vn chuyn clo C li ch ln v mi trng do: - Gim nng clo trong khng kh trong xng - t chlorine trong cht thi hn - To ra t AOX hn - Khng to ra bn cn trong qu trnh chun b ha cht ty trng - Gim din tch khu vc chun b ha cht - Gim nguy c trong vn chuyn clo
24
Ty cht Oxy
c tr
Thit b: Thit b to oxy Quy trnh: Yu cu v an ton trong vn chuyn oxy
Cha lng
nh -
t chlorine trong khng kh ti xng v trong cht thi hn To ra t AOX hn
Bin php ny vn cha c trnh din ti cc nh my s dng nguyn liu l ph phm nng nghip. R rng l tnh kh thi kinh t ca n ti cc nh my ny l khng c.
34
T T 25
C hi SXSH Ty ozone
Li ch d kin C li ng k i vi mi trng: - Khng c clo trong khng kh ti xng - Khng c clo trong dng thi - Khng to ra AOX - Khng to ra bn cn trong qu trnh chun b ha cht ty trng - Gim din tch khu vc chun b ha cht - Loi b nhng c nguy c do vn chuyn clo - Gim lng clo cn cho cng on ty - Khng to ra dioxin - c bo co l c tnh kinh t
Yu cu k thut Thit b: Xng to ozone Quy trnh: Cc yu cu v an ton trong khu chun b v vn chuyn ozone Cng ngh: Trong nc cha c sn, vn cha c kim chng i vi cc nh my s dng nguyn liu l ph phm nng nghip.
Tnh kh thi kinh t Cha nh lng Xng sn xut ozone c chi ph u t rt tn km
Tc ng mi trng - Khng c clo trong khng kh ti xng - Khng c clo trong dng thi - Khng to ra AOX - Khng to ra bn cn trong qu trnh chun b ha cht ty trng
Ghi ch
ang c trin khai thng mi ti mt s nh my p dng ty khng clo. Ch kh thi ti cc nh my quy m ln.
26
Ty hc
sinh
Cn phi tm hiu xem liu trong nc c sn loi enzymes cn thit hay cha.
Cha r S= khng c nh lng
Vn cha c ng dng thng mi no ca phng php ty sinh hc
27
Cung cp nc nng duy tr t dung trong ni nu, nhit thi c thu hi t my pht in Diesel (DG) Bo cho nu n ni
- Gim thi Thit b: gian nu - ng 30-45 pht ng v - Gim yu my bm cu v hi - B thu hi t 0,2-0,5 nhit thi tn/tn giy Cng ngh: C sn trong nc
I= 30.000150.000 USD S= 36.000175.000 USD P=<1 nm
Gii php ny p dng c cho cc thit b b tht thot nng lng c b thu DG v c vn hnh t nht 40% thi gian
28
Gim yu cu v hi
Thit b: Vt liu bo n
I= 3.00015.000 USD S= 6.00030.000 USD P=< 1 nm
Khng
Cn phi quan tm c bit ti lp bo n nhm trnh hin tng chn v hng do b trn dch en.
35
T T 29
C hi SXSH p cc hnh ngh bt tin, gm nu on nu tc rng dng loi cng nu ci bao c gin v lin m
Li ch d kin - Tng hiu sut bt - Gim tiu hao ha cht nu - Gim thiu nhim mi trng
Yu cu k thut Thit b: cc loi ni nu ci tin
Tnh kh thi kinh t
Tc ng mi trng
Ghi ch
p dng cho cc nh my cng sut ln v c bit l cc nh my chun b u t
3.3 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc chun b phi liu bt v xeo
My xeo l thit b tiu th nc sch nhiu nht (khong 60% tng lng nc tiu th ca nh my). Mt lng ln dng thi c cha x c thi ra t cng on ny. Cc c hi v SXSH ch yu l gim thiu lng nc thi thi ra, cng vi vic thu hi v ti s dng x. Vic nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng ca my xeo thng qua bo ton nng lng v gim cc vt cht b tch loi bng cch p dng bin php kim sot quy trnh tt hn v ci tin cng tc bo dng cng l nhng gii php em li hiu qu kinh t. Bng 9 trnh by mt s c hi SXSH c th trin khai ti cng on chun b phi liu bt v xeo. Bng 9. Cc c hi SXSH cho khu vc chun b phi liu bt v xeo
T T 1 C hi SXSH Dng polyalumin ium silicate sulphate (Pass) lm cht h ha thay cho phn S dng cht n trung tnh to giy t trng cao Li ch kin d Yu cu thut Khng k Tnh kh thi kinh t I= Cha nh lng S= Cha nh lng Tc ng mi trng C th gim c TS trong dng thi Ghi ch Tnh hiu qu ca h c nng cao khi PASS c s dng vi tinh bt cation Ch p dng c cho cc nh my sn xut giy in v giy vit
- Tng tnh dn lu - Gip lc tt hn - Cho php sn xut c loi giy c nh lng cao - Sn xut ra cng 1 tn giy nhng tiu th t bt giy hn - Chi ph sn xut thp hn v li nhun cao hn
Cng ngh: Cha c trnh din ti cc nh my s dng nguyn liu l ph phm nng nghip Quy trnh: Ch p dng c khi nhit bt trong b trn thp hn 38oC
I= Khng ng k S=Cn c nh lng
36
T T 3
C hi SXSH Ch nng bt s
Li ch kin
Yu cu thut
Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 3.000-6.000 USD S= 4.0008.000 USD P=<1 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim bin v ti lng TS
Ghi ch Gim ph thuc vo nhn nh ca con ngi Cc bin php ny c th p dng cho cc nh my nh. p dng trn phm vi ton nh my Ph hp hn vi quy trnh sn xut bt giy lin tc. Gii php ny rt tn km v khng c tnh kh thi kinh t i vi cc thit b nh. Gii php ny cn c thm nhng nghin cu c bn v c tnh ca cc loi cht mu hin ti v pht trin loi cht mu t c hi hn. Gii php ny c th d dng p dng nhng ch hp dn i vi cc c s sn xut dng nhiu cht mu.
- iu chnh nng bt tr nn d dng hn - Trnh c s bin ng nh lng giy - Gim hin tng t giy - Cho php sy giy ng u
Thit b: Thit b o ch s nng bt
Thit b iu chnh nng bt
- T ng iu chnh nng bt - Trnh c s bin ng nh lng giy - Gim c hin tng tgiy - Cho php sy giy ng u - Gim c tnh ca dng thi - Gim hm lng cht ctrong sn phm - Hot ng thn thin vi mi trng
Thit b: Thit b iu chnh nng bt
I= 50.00090.000 USD S= 6.00015.000 USD P=<7 nm
Gim bin ti lng TS
Thay th cc cht mu hin ti bng cc cht mu khng hoc t c hi hn
c tnh c trong cc loi cht mu hin ti v vic pht trin cc cht mu khng c c tnh vn cha c nghin cu
Vn cha nh lng c v cha bit c chi ph ca loi cht mu thay th
nh hng bin v c tnh ca dng thi, kim loi nng c loi tr.
S dng cc hot cht c nh mu
- Tit kim cht mu - Gim c tnh trong dng thi
Trong nc c sn mt s loi hot cht c nh mu; SARSOLAN TAMOL NNOX
I=khng S= chi ph cho cc hot cht c nh mu v cc khon tit kim tim nng vn cn c nh lng
Gim c tnh trong dng thi
37
T T 7
C hi SXSH Lp t cc b kim sot mc dung dch v cc tng chn cho cc b trung gian Phng trnh nghin a qu mc
Li ch kin
Yu cu thut
Tnh kh thi kinh t I= 16.00020.000 USD S= 50.00070.000 USD P=<0,5 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim ti lng nhim bin
Ghi ch Trin khai d dng
- Gim thit tn tht sn phm - Gim chi ph ti x l
Thit b: - Thit b kim sot mc dung dch - H thng cnh bo - Vch chn - Thit b bo ng Thit b kim tra: - My kim tra nghin - Thit b gn lc phn tch x Khng
- Gim nng lng in - Nng cao cht lng - Gim nhim (BOD/COD/ TSS) - Tng thu hi x - iu kin lm vic tt hn
I= 5.000 USD
Gim lng BOD, COD
D khai
trin
Ngn nga trn bt giy t thng u my xeo bng cch b tr hp l b phn che chn gn cc im u ca li Pha long iu chnh mn bm bt
I= Khng S= 2.00010.000 USD P=<1 nm
Khng c tc ng ln
n gin v d thc hin
10
- t c nng bt nht qun ca - D dng chuyn i sn xut t nh lng ny sang nh lng khc - Gim t giy - Gim tht thot x ra chy trn h di khi t giy - Gim tiu th nc h di - Gim ti trn khoang di - Gim tht thot x trong phn nc lc khoang di
Thit b: ng ng b sung (ng knh nh c van kim sot tt lng nc cp pha long)
I=US$ 300500 S=US$2.0003.000 P=<1 nm
Khng c tc ng ln
n gin v d thc hin
11
Cung cp bm dch c nng bt cao h di
Thit b: Bm nng bt cao
I=US$3.0005.000 S=US$ 5.000 P=<1 nm
C kh nng gim nhiu SS v COD
Cc khon tit kim v tc ng mi trng ph thuc vo mc chy trn ca khoang di p dng c cho cc nh my giy c thit k km
38
T T 12
C hi SXSH Kim sot p sut nc cho vi phun ct bin
Li ch kin
Yu cu k thut Thit b: - B nc ring - Bm p sut cao Thit b: ng ng v my bm
Tnh kh thi kinh t I=US$ 6001000 S=US$ 1.000-2000 P=US$,1 nm I=US$ 1,500 3,000 S=US$ 3,000-5,000 P=<1 nm I=US$ 10.00012.000 S=US$ 10.00015.000 P=<1 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim bin SS
Ghi ch D trin khai
- T l giy t gim
13
Tun hon phn nc lc t boong trong cng on ra bt Dng chn kp gim hin tng dnh giy do p
- Thu hi x - Gim tiu th nc - Gim ti lng nhim - Gim t giy - Kh nng chp nhn bt mn cao hn - Nng cao cng sut do my chy tc cao hn - Gim tiu th kerosin - Gim tiu th phn my xeo - Gim yu cu v hi nc trong my sy do cng on tch nc c hc c hiu sut cao hn - Gim VOC trong nc thi - Gim tht thot x - Gim yu cu pha long trong h di
Gim ti lng TS v COD 2-5 %
D thc hin
14
Thit b: L chn b sung
Gim nhim kerosin trong dng thi
S tng nng sut sy ca my xeo Thch hp cho cc nh my giy si ngn
15
Trnh trn h bm bt bng cch kim sot mc nc trong h bm hoc tun hon nc trn t h di.
Thit b: - ng ng nh - Dng chy trng lc Quy trnh: Thit b kim sot mc nc cn phi thc y v kim sot c vic cp nc sch.
I=khng ng k S=Kh nh lng
Gim ti lng TS v COD nhng kh nh lng
Rt n gin v d lm
39
T T 16
C hi SXSH Tun hon nc h li trong cc vi phun
Li ch kin
Yu cu k thut Thit b: - B lc a lp - Bm p sut cao - S dng thu hi nc
Tnh kh thi kinh t I-US$ 15.00022.000 S=US$ 3.000-5.000 P=< 4 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim th tch dng thi
Ghi ch Trnh hin tng cc vi phun b tc do x, yu cu lc trn trn thit b "save all" a a. Tt c lng nc c a i tch x v sau tun hon phn nc lc c trn cc vi phun ca my. X cng c tun hon li khoang cha ca my xeo. Trnh c vic phi thng xuyn lm sch ng cng thi
- Gim lng nc sch tiu th trong cc vi phun - Gim th tch dng thi
17
Loi b ct v cht tr ra khi nc thi ca my ra ly tm.
- Ngn ct v cht tr i vo trm x l nc thi (ETP) - Gim s mn v thng bm trong ETP t gim bo dng - Gim tiu th nc - Hiu sut lm sch cao hn nn kh nng hot ng ca thit b cng tt hn
Thit Sng i
b:
I-US$ 500200 S=khng
Khng
18
Cung cp cc u phun tt hn trong cc vi phun lm sch
Thit b: - Dng qut phng hoc cc u phun ph hp khc thay cho cc vi ng c l th s hin ti - Bm p lc cao Cng ngh:Cc u ph v my bm c sn trong nc Khng
I-US$ 5.000-8.000 S=US$ 3.000-5.000 P=< 2 nm
Gim th tch dng thi
D thc hin
19
iu chnh rng ca giy bng vi phun ct bin
- Gim tiu hao giy do xn - Gim ti x l giy bavia - Gim tiu th hi bin l sy
I-khng S=ph thuc vo nhu cu ca th trng cho loi giy c rng khc nhau
Khng
Chiu rng ca giy do nhu cu th trng chi phi. Thng th vic ct giy s ch yu theo kch c yu cu.
40
T T 20
C hi SXSH Lp t thit b nghin giy t ngay ti my xeo
Li ch kin
Yu cu k thut Thit b: - My nghin giy t - ng ng vn chuyn bt giy - Bm Quy trnh: Cn c din tch 10 m2 trong khu vc my xeo
Tnh kh thi kinh t I-US$ 20.00050.000 S=US$ 6.00012.000
Tc ng mi trng Gim tht thot x
Ghi ch Khon tit kim c th cao hn khi sn xut giy vit do lu li cc cht n v ha cht
- Gim yu cu ti s l - Gim tiu th ha cht v cht n - Gim yu cu vn chuyn do my nghin t gn im ct giy - Gim ti lng nhim - Tng kh nng tch nc c hc - Gim tiu th hi nc trong khu sy - Tng tc my xeo v t nng cao cng sut - Gim t giy - Gim tiu th kerosin v cc cht chng dnh - Tng 3-4% cng sut - Gim ti lng nhim - Tng nng sut my xeo - Ci thin bin hiu sut sy
21
Lp t thm b l p
Thit b: B l p Quy trnh: Cn phi c khng gian gia l p hin ti v b phn sy
I-US$ 25.00040.000 S=US$ 15.00020.000 P=< 2 nm
--
Gii php ny thng c p dng trong trng hp c khng gian. Chuyn my sy l mt cng vic tng i phc tp vo tn km. Trang b thm b phn chnh Gii php ny yu cu gim st cht ch cc qu l p thay th ngay khi c hin tng dnh do p tng
22
Thay th kp thi l p pha trn gim hin tng dnh do p
Thit b: Ngi ta bo co rng cc qu l SS v MS ti hot ng hiu qu hn cc qu l kiu truyn thng
I-US$ 6.00010.000 S=US$ 10.00015.000 P=< 1 nm, da trn tui th qu l bnh qun 6 thng I-US$ 50.00080.000 S=US$ 60.00080.000 P=< 1 nm
Gim ti lng TS v yu cu
23
Cung cp thm chp tc cao my sy hi nc
Thit b: - Chp tc cao - Gii php ny c khuyn ngh cho bc sy cui cng Cng ngh: C sn trong nc
Gim bin nhim khng kh
Gii php ny l tn km i vi cc nh my nh. Tuy nhin thi gian hon vn rt n tng. Cn phi dng my lu lp t h thng. Trang b thm b phn chnh
41
T T 24
C hi SXSH Thit b save all thu hi x
Li ch kin
Yu cu k thut Cng ngh: - C ba loi h thng save all. - Tuyn ni kh ho tan (DAF), lng, v lc a. Thit b: My bm h thng save all Quy trnh: - Tiu th thm nng lng - Tiu th thm cht in ly a cc Nhn lc: DAF cn phi c nhn s c tay ngh Phn cng: Tuyn ni yu cu cn c nhn s tay ngh cao Phn cng: Yu cu cn phi nghin cu chi tit hn
Tnh kh thi kinh t Cho h thng DAF: I-US$ 30.00050.000 S=US$ 15.00025.000 P=< 2 nm Cho h thng lng: I-US$ 10.00015.000 S=US$ 10.00015.000 P=< 1 nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim 4% ti lng TS v COD
Ghi ch H thng DAF s dng nhiu ha cht v nng lng hn nhng li c th kh nng thu hi x cao hn. H thng ny cng yu cu cn phi quan tm cn thn khi vn hnh. B lc a save all l hot ng thay gp hn c ti cc nh my mi p dng cho hu ht cc loi giy.
- Tng cng thu hi x - Gim ti lng nhim - Gim th tch dng thi - Phn nc lc c th dng thay cho nc sch
25
Lp t mt h thng kim sot cht lng trc tuyn
- Ci tin sn xut - Sn lng cao hn - Ci thin cht lng sn phm - Gim sut tiu hao nng lng v nc - Gim tht thot x
Cha nh lng c
26
Thay i c mt li t 40 ln 80 um ti thit b ra Thay i c mt li t 40 m ln 100 m ti thit b lm c Tng nhit nghin a bt nng
Thay i c mt li ca my ra potcher
I = US $ 500 S = Khng c s liu
Gim TS
27
- Gim tht thot x
Thay i c mt li ca thit b lm c
I = US$ 500 S = Khng c s liu
Gim TS
28
- Tng kh nng thu hi x - Gim ph phm sng
khng
I = US$ 125 S= US$ 5.000
Gim TS
Cn khm ph kh nng p dng ti cc nh my s dng nguyn liu g
42
T T 29
C hi SXSH S dng cc cht tr phn tn, tr bo lu, tr thot nc a thnh phn, ng dng cng ngh naano i vi qu trnh ha cht phn t my xeo
Li ch kin
Yu cu k thut
Tnh kh thi kinh t
Tc ng mi trng gim tc ng nhim mi trng
Ghi ch
- Gim tiu hao x si, cc cht n, cht gia keo v cht mu - tng tc my xeo - tng cht lng giy
3.4 Gii php SXSH cho cng on thu hi ha cht

Mc ch chnh ca vic thu hi ha cht l ly li nhng ha cht dng trong qu trnh nu bt. Vic thu hi ny c thc hin bng cch c c dch en v em t trong ni hi thu hi. Trong cc nh my s dng quy trnh sn xut bt kraft, dung dch nng chy sau khi t c cha cacbonat natri, v sunphua natri. Sau dch nng chy c ha tan to ra dch xanh. Dch xanh s c kim ha bng vi ti to ra dch trng s dng trong cc ni nu. Bn vi c to ra bi kim si s c ra v thu hi li bng cch nung thnh vi trong mt l quay. Mt s nh my s dng nguyn liu th c cha silic th s khng thu hi bn vi m thi ra cc bi chn lp. Cc gii php c trnh by trong bng 10. Bng 10. Cc c hi SXSH trong thu hi ha cht
T T 1 C hi SXSH Ti u ha thu hi nhin liu ngng t Li ch d kin - Gim tng lng pht thi cc hp cht lu hunh - Gim tiu th nc - Thu hi sn phm ph - Gim chi ph vn chuyn v x l cht thi Yu cu k thut Phn cng: Tch hi nc (Ct chng ct a giai on) Ngun t h thng ti tun hon Phn cng:L vi, b phn lng tnh in l vi v phn cng i km Tnh kh thi kinh t I=US$ 3.000-4000 S=US$ 6000-8000 P= 0,5 nm Tc ng mi trng Gim th tch v ti lng nhim hu c Ghi ch Ti s dng phn ngng t cc nh my giy bao b
Cung cp l vi nung bn vi
I=US$ 0,6 1,0 triu S=US$ 0,3 0,5 triu P = 2 nm
Gim TS t 10,0 n 15,0 kg/tn giy
Khng kh thi rt nhiu nh my s dng nguyn liu l ph phm nng nghip v tre do tch t silic
43
T T 3
C hi SXSH Trnh trn bn vi trong ra bn
Li ch d kin - Ci thin iu kin lm vic - Gim pht thi - Gim lng hi tiu th - Gim s ln dng sn xut - t n mn
Yu cu k thut Khng
Tnh kh thi kinh t I=US$10.000 -15.000 S= USS$ 20.00030.000 P= 0,5 nm I=US$0,5 0,7 triu S= USS$ 0,1 0,15 triu P= nm
Tc ng mi trng Gim TS t 5,0 n 10,0 kg/tn giy
Ghi ch
Thay th my ha hi a tc ng bng my ha hi mng ri
Phn cng: Thit b ha hi mng ri v cc ph kin
Khng
3.5 Cc gii php SXSH cho khu vc ph tr

Khu vc ph tr thng bao gm l hi (khng bao gm l hi thu hi khu vc thu hi ha cht), trm lm mm nc, v tua-bin cng nh my pht in diesel (DG). L hi l ngun pht sinh cht thi chnh di dng kh, nc v rn. y thng c xem l h thng h tr sn xut duy nht v v th t khi ngi ta quan tm n tnh hiu qu ca n. Do cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc ph tr ch yu tp trung vo ci tin hiu qu v cc c hi thu hi/tun hon. Bng 11 tm tt nhng gii php SXSH cho khu vc ph tr.
44
Bng 11. Cc c hi SXSH cho khu vc ph tr

T T 1 C hi SXSH Li ch kin d Yu cu k thut Thit b: Trm lm mm nc Cng ngh: C sn trong nc Nhn lc: Yu cu nhn s c tay ngh Tnh kh thi kinh t I=US$ 4.000-8000 S=US$ 4.000-8.000 P=< 1 nm Tc ng mi trng Gim nhim khng kh 3-5% Ghi ch Chi ph b sung cho vic ti ch ha cht v yu cu nhn lc l rt thp so vi khon tit kim c. S dng nc mm c tc dng tt vi tui th ni hi. L gii php quan trng trong cc ni hi p sut cao.
bm S dng - Gim cn ng l nc hi v v th mm lm gim t l nc cp hng ng cho ni hi - Tng hiu qu v cng sut ni hi - Gim tht thot nhit qua nc x y - Gim chi ph bo dng ni hi - Gim yu cu x y Lp t - Tng cng cng sut b nc sinh hi cp v b thu - Gim yu hi nc cu v nhin ngng liu Cch - Gim p sut nhit tt h thng v cho ng hin tng dn hi gim nhit - Gim tn tht nhit t ng dn hi - Nu hiu qu hn do p sut hi cao hn - Gim sut Bo tiu hao dng nhin liu 5nh k 10% cho b DG
Thit b: Vt liu cch nhit
I=US$ 1.000-2.000 S=US$ 3.000-6.000 P=< 1 nm I = US$ 2.00010.000 S=US$ 1.00010.000 P=< 1-2 nm
Gim nhim khng kh
D thc hin
Thit b: Vt liu cch nhit
Gim bin nhim khng kh
D thc hin
Quy trnh: Bo dng phng nga
I = US$ 3.000-8.000 S=US$ 6.00010.000 P=< 1 nm I = US$ 1.00012.000 S=US$ 4.000-5.000 P=< 3 nm
Gim nhim khng kh t b DG
Cn phi chun b v tun th k hoch bo dng phng nga
Ti u - Gim tiu th nhin liu ha h thng - Gim tiu th ng hi nc pht bng cch nng cp/hin i ha
Phn cng: - Bo tn ni hi tng si - Tua-bin pht in
Khng c nh hng ln
Cn phi dng my trong mt khong thi gian ng k
45
T T 6
C hi Li ch SXSH kin
Yu cu k thut ng ng trao i nhit Thit b: Thit b kim sot nhu cu ti a Cng ngh: C sn trong nc
Tnh kh thi kinh t
Tc ng mi trng
Ghi ch
Thu hi - Gim tiu th nhit thi nhin liu t b DG Lp t - C th trnh thit b vic pht do kim sot do vt qu nhu cu nhu cu v ti a in cam kt
I = US$ 5.00010.000 S= kh nh lng
Gii php ny c th p dng c cho cc thit b c cc gii hn nhu cu cam kt thp. Khon tit kim c c th ph thuc vo s ln nhu cu ti a vt qu mc cam kt. n gin, thc hin d
php Thit lp - Cho cc ni hi c ch hot ng kim sot vi cng sut cp ti a bng nhin liu cch m (v tru) bo t cho ni nhin liu hi u n Cp - Gim hin nc b tng kha sung cho hi my nc bm nc ngng ngng - Gim tiu hao hi x t b nc ngng yu Ti u - Gim cu v nhin ha qu liu do gim trnh tn tht nhit chy qua khi l trong l v than hi khng chy ht trong x - Gim tn tht ng nhit thu hi nc - Nhit ngng nc cp cao hn v v th sinh hi nhanh hn Trnh r - Gim tn tht nhit r nc ngng v - Gim yu hi nc cu v b nc
Thit b: Thit b kim sot cp Cng ngh: C sn trong nc
I=US$ 3.000-7.000 S= kh nh lng
Gim nhim khng kh Gim pht sinh tro bi
Thit b: ng ng
US$ 200 300 S=US$ 3,300-5000 (trn c s sn c) P=< 1 nm
nh bin
hng
n gin, thc hin
10
Nhn lc: Cng nhn l hi c o to vn hnh ni hi c th ti u ha qu trnh t chy Thit b: Vt liu cch nhit
I= Khng S= da trn vic nng 2-7% CO2 hin ti c th tng ln 10%
Gim nhim khng kh
Gii php ny yu cu phi c ci tin trong thc hnh sn xut
11
I=US$ 700 1.000 S=US$ 700 1 .000 P= 1 nm
Khng c nh hng ln
n gin v d thc hin
12
Khng
I= khng ng k S= kh nh lng
Khng c tc ng g ln
Gii php ny yu cu cng tc bo dng sa cha phi din ra kp thi
46
T T 13
C hi Li ch SXSH kin
Yu cu k thut Thit b: ng ng
Tnh kh thi kinh t Kh nh lng; c th khc nhau ty trng hp
Tc ng mi trng Khng c tc ng ln
Ghi ch Cn phi c bit ch trnh cc on cong v cc on ni ph khng cn thit trn ng ng nc ngng. --
Hp l - Gim nhit v hin ha tng rt p ng hi v ng nc ngng B kim - Gim tiu th nhin liu sot vi x l i - Gim tiu th vi in khng kh d ti ni hi
14
Phn cng: - Thit b cm ng xi - Cng c kim sot - Cn c VSD cho cc qut v loi ny c sn trong nc Thit b: Tua-bin nh cho hi nc bo ha
Khng c nh lng
Khng c nh hng ln
15
S dng - Pht in tua-bin nh dng p sut ngc trong cc van h p gim t 10kg/cm 2 xung 3 kg/cm2 Bt knn - Gim tiu th in cc ch r trong ng ng dn kh nn To ra - Gim tiu th kh nn in p sut thp nh k - Gim tiu th in lm sch b phn lc kh vo trong my nn
I = khng c nh lng S= khng c nh lng
Khng c tc ng
Cn phi kim tra xem trong nc c sn tua-bin loi nh khng, tuy nhin ta c th nhp khu loi thit b ny
15
Khng
I = Khng S= khng c nh lng
Khng c tc ng
16
Khng
I = Khng S= khng c nh lng I = Khng S= khng c nh lng
Khng c tc ng
17
Khng
Khng c tc ng
47
Phng php lun 6 bc nh gi SXSH

Chng ny gii thiu chi tit cch thc tip cn tng bc tin hnh nh gi sn xut sch hn ti mt nh my giy v bt giy. Cc phiu cng tc s c cung cp ti cui mi nhim v nhm h tr cho vic thu thp, phn tch v bin son d liu. Mc d cc phiu cng tc ny c thit k ring cho cc nh my giy v bt giy, nhng vn cha thc s st vi tng iu kin ca mi doanh nghip, v v th tu thuc vo quy trnh v sn phm khc nhau cn iu chnh cho ph hp. Bn cnh cc phiu cng tc, chng ny cn cung cp v d c th v mt nh my giy v bt giy. V d ny c xy dng da trn nghin cu nh gi SXSH c thc hin ti cc nh my khc nhau Vit Nam. Km theo nhng v d, chng ny cng a ra nhng nhn xt v s tho ng ca cc d liu v phn tch tin hnh. Cc nhn xt ny s gip ch cho c gi khi thu thp v phn tch d liu cho cc nh gi SXSH tng lai.
L thuyt c bn sau mi nh gi SXSH (CPA) l bt k vt cht no i vo mt nh my th s i ra di dng ny hoc dng khc; Tuy nhin, gi nh cn bn c a ra l nguyn liu c d tr s khng tri qua bt c s thay i no v dng v v cht. Thc hin CPA gip pht hin ra ngun pht thi trong quy trnh t c th hn ch cc nguyn nhn v ng thi cht lng sn phm c th cng c nng cao. SXSH ti mt nh my giy v bt giy cn c s tham gia ca tt c cc khu vc sn xut nh lit k Chng 1, v bt k khu vc no cng c tim nng gim thiu pht thi. Ngoi ra, cc gii php SXSH ca mi khu vc s c hiu ng lin i v tng h vi cc b phn khc. V d, nu thc hin tt khu lm sch nguyn liu th (ct nh tre trc khi em nu, hoc phn loi giy ph liu k hn trc khi nghin thu lc) th s lm gim lng ha cht, hi nc trong qu trnh sn xut bt v cng s c tc ng n tng lng nc tiu th v cht lng bt giy tt hn, v.v V th, iu quan trng l phi p dng phng php tip cn tng bc phi hp tt c cc b phn vi nhau v m bo thc hin SXSH. Phng php tip cn cn phi c s linh hot cn thit thch ng vi nhng tnh hung bt ng. Phng php tip cn ny cng m bo vic khai thc ti a nhng c hi SXSH. Chng ny s lun bn v mt tip cn c trng c th nghim v kim chng nhiu ngnh cng nghip ti Vit Nam.
Cng ty Giy Vit Tr thc hin cc nghin cu SXSH nm 1999. Cng ty Giy Vit Tr l mt doanh nghip nh nc trc thuc B cng nghip. Nh my ca cng ty giy Vit Tr c xy dng nm 1958 v i vo hot ng nm 1961. Mt bng c din tch 150.000m2. Cng ty c tng s 680 cng nhn. Nh my s dng nguyn liu l tre v khng c trm thu hi ha cht. Cng ty c k hoch m rng sn xut ln cng sut 25.000 tn/nm. K hoch sn xut nm 2010 t 50.000 tn/nm.
48
4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng
4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm
CPA s t c hiu qu cao nht khi c thc hin theo nhm. V th vic thnh lp nhm l mt phn quan trng khi ln k hoch trin khai CPA. Nhm s gm cc thnh vin l nhn vin ca doanh nghip, v c s h tr thm t trung tm sn xut sch hoc chuyn gia t vn trong nc khi cn. Cn phi ch to mi quan h cht ch gia cc thnh vin thng qua cc cuc hp nh k. Chn la thnh phn ca nhm l mt cng vic ht sc quan trng v nu lm khng tt th nhm c th gp phi nhng tr ngi t ni b v c t bn ngoi (v d t pha cc nhn vin v cng nhn ca doanh nghip).
Vi cc doanh nghip ln, mt nhm c th bao gm trong mt i nng ct (gm i din ca cc phng ban khc nhau) v mt s thnh phn cho tng nhim v c th. Vi cc doanh nghip va v nh, nhm c th ch gm ch doanh nghip v mt qun c - ngi gim st cc hot ng hng ngy. Nhm ny nn khi xng, iu phi v gim st cc hot ng CPA. cc nh my giy v bt giy quy m ln, mt nhm c th gm 8-10 thnh vin, cn vi cc nh my nh th nhm c th ch cn t 4-6 thnh vin.
thc hin c hiu qu, v c bn, nhm phi c kin thc phn tch v r sot thc hnh sn xut hin ti ca doanh nghip. H cn phi c c sng to pht hin, xy dng v nh gi nhng ci tin trong thc hnh sn xut. Cui cng, h phi c nng lc trin khai nhng can thip kh thi v kinh t. mt nh my giy v bt giy, nhm ny cn phi gm nhn s ca cc b phn chun b nguyn liu th, sn xut bt giy, chun b phi liu bt, my xeo, (b phn thu hi ha cht, b phn ty trng cc nh my c sn xut tch hp), cc trang thit b ph tr, v bo dng. Ty vo nhu cu c th, nh my c th mi cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia vo thnh phn ca nhm. Nhm SXSH trc ht cn phi ln k hoch cng vic v cc vn v t chc cn thit m bo s c cc d liu hoc cc thng tin cn thit trong nhiu giai on nh gi. n cui qu trnh nh gi, nhm cn phi thu thp c cc thng tin chung v nh my. Phiu cng tc 1 s h tr vic thu thp v tng hp thng tin.
49
PHIU CNG TC 1: Thng tin chung

PHIU CNG TC 1
Tn v a ch cng ty NHM SXSH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tn Chc v B phn
Thng tin c bn v cng ty v chi tit sn phm Cng sut lp t, tn kh gi (ADT)/ nm Vn hnh thc t, ADT/ nm Cc sn phm chnh Giy vit Giy bao gi Giy tissue Giy c bit Khc Khu vc bt giy Ty trng Khng ty trng Khu vc xeo Ty trng Khng ty trng Cc u vo s dng tn/nm tn/nm Kim Tre Neozapha Clo Eucylyptus Peoxit hidro Hypo Bt giy nhp Giy ph liu Vi Giy bo Nha Khc Phn Cc cht n Khc NG UYN LIU Lng CC TI NGUYN N C V NNG L NG CC THIT B PH TR Nc mua m /nm 3 Nc ging khoan m /nm in mua kwh/nm in pht kwh/nm Than Du t cho l hi Du t pht in t/nm t/nm t/nm
3
H A CHT
Cng sut Ni hi 1 Ni hi 2 My nn 1 My nn 2 My pht in 1 Thu hi ha cht My pht in 2 t/gi t/gi cfm cfm KVA t/gi KVA
50
PHIU CNG TC 1 (V d)
Tn v a ch cng ty
NHM SXSH Ph tng gim c 1 Nguyn Vn Hin K thut vin mi trng 2 Dng Vn Chin Trng phng k thut 3 inh Vn Ngi Ph phng k thut 4 V Ngc Thc Cng nhn 5 Nguyn Ngc Chu K ton 6 Nguyn Trng Qu Ph gim c nh my bt giy 7 Nguyn Cng Thnh Ph gim c nh my giy 8 Nguyn Thnh Chung Ph gim c phn xng ni hi 9 Lu inh Ton Cng nhn 10 Bi Th Hoa Cng nhn 11 Nguyn Th Bng Cng ty giy Bi Bng 12 L Th Hin i Hc Xy Dng H Ni 13 Nguyn Th Qunh Hng Cng ty thit k ha cht cng nghip 14 Nguyn Xun Sinh 15 Tp on ha cht Vit Nam Ng inh Bnh Thng tin c bn v cng ty v sn xut (1999) Sn phm chnh Giy vit Giy bao b Giy Tissu Giy c bit Khc Nh my bt giy Ty Khng ty Nh my giy Ty Khng ty
tn/nm
Cng ty giy Vit Tr, Huyn Thanh Miu, Tp Vit Tr, Tnh Ph Th T - 210 846 702 Tn Chc v Vai tr
Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin Thnh vin
Cng sut lp t ADT/ mm 9000 3000 500 khng khng 10000
nm 7439 654 333
4727
Tng 12500 Cc u vo s dng
Tng 9072 Tn/nm 2512 740 khng khng 625 67 336 622
Tre Neozapha Eucylyptus Bt giy nhp Giy ph liu Giy bo Khc
NGUYN LIU
27927 HA CHT
2801 1272
Kim Clo Peroxit hidro Hypo Vi Nha Phn t st Khc
S lng
NC V NNG LNG
m3/nm
CC THIT B PH TR
Nc mua Nc gingkhoan
m3/nm
2385000 khng p dng 8735500 khng p dng 8211 1065 khng p dng
Cng sut Ni hi Trm thu hi HC khng p dng My nn My pht diesel
in mua kwh/nm in pht kwh/nm t/nm Than t/nm Du t l hi t/nm Du pht in
51
NHN XT: Nhm c thnh lp cng ln th vic tng hp s liu v s phi hp gia cc thnh vin trong nhm nhng giai on tip theo s ngy cng kh khn. Hn th na vic tp hp y cc thnh vin trong cc cuc hp cng gp nhng kh khn nht nh.
Mt s d liu ca nh my khng sn c, v th cc thnh vin ca nhm cn thu thp v in vo cc thng tin cn thiu. Mt nh gi SXSH s yu cu phi c mt lng ti liu v thng tin nht nh. Nu cha c nhng yu t ny th s phi xy dng v cp nht. Phiu cng tc 2 s gip nh gi mc sn c ca thng tin. PHIU CNG TC 2: Tnh sn c ca thng tin
THNG TIN S nh my Phiu theo di sn xut Phiu theo di s dng nguyn liu Phiu theo di s dng ti nguyn S m t quy trnh Cn bng vt liu Cn bng nng lng Cn bng nc H s ph phm v cht lng Phiu theo di bo dng Phn tch cht thi Cc thng tin khc Sn lng Ch s Kappa ca bt nu Thi gian chu k nu Cc bc v thi gian ty Cc kt qu kim tra hiu sut ni hi Kim tra r r kh nn Kho st cch nhit ng ng hi nc Hiu sut trm x l dng thi TNH SN C NGUN V CCH TIP CN GHI CH
V d sau y v nh my giy Vit Tr
52
Phiu cng tc 2 : Tnh sn c ca thng tin (V d)

THNG TIN S nh my Phiu theo di sn xut Phiu theo di s dng nguyn liu Phiu theo di s dng ti nguyn S m t quy trnh Cn bng vt liu Cn bng nng lng Cn bng nc H s ph phm v cht lng Phiu theo di bo dng Phn tch cht thi Khng c C Khng c C C Khng c Khng c Khng c C TNH SN C Khng c C S thu thp t nhiu b phn khc nhau S thu thp t nhiu b phn khc nhau NGUN V TIP CN GHI CH Cn phi v
Kh tng hp Kh tng hp
Nhn xt: D liu sn c rt khng khp nhau v v th hu ht d liu cn phi c thu thp. D liu cha c cn phi c cc thnh vin ca nhm tng hp.
4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Cc bc quy trnh & nhn din cc dng thi

Khi c thng tin chung v nh my, nhm SXSH phi lit k tt c cc bc chnh trong quy trnh, c th l chun b nguyn liu, sn xut bt giy, chun b phi liu bt, xeo, v cc khu vc ph tr bao gm c h thng thu hi ha cht. Nhm SXSH cn phi tin hnh mt cuc kho st thc a. Kho st thc a l mt k thut n l hiu qu nht c c thng tin ban u v hot ng sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn. Nhm SXSH khng nn tin hnh kho st thc a khi ang dng sn xut (nh vo cui tun hay trong chu k sn xut t, hoc trong cc ca m). Nhm nn bt u kho st t khu vc tip nhn nguyn liu v kt thc b phn c lin quan n thnh phm. Kho st thc a cng cn phi tin hnh c cc khu vc ph tr nh ni hi, my pht in, b cha nhin liu, trm bm, cc trm lm lnh, trm x l nc th, trm x l nc thi, v.v Kho st thc a khng phi nhm mc ch tm ra li m l hiu thu o cc dng nguyn liu v nng lng, v pht kin cc tng nng cao hiu qu, tng li nhun v ci tin mi trng tng th. Tin hnh kho st thc a cng l mt c hi kt bn nhm c thm cc mi lin h v xy dng quan h hp tc tim nng trong tng lai. V vy, ngi thc hin khng c ph phn m phi t thi xy dng v a ra cc gi ci tin.
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy 53
Nhm SXSH khi nghin cu ln u tin ti khu vc sn xut cn phi xc nh c u vo v u ra ca cc dng thi. Cc khu vc pht thi ch yu v r rng cn phi c ghi chp li nh gi trong phiu cng tc 3. Vic ghi ch cc dng thi theo trng thi vt l ca chng (rn, lng, kh) s gip ch trong bc nh lng pht thi tip sau. Nu c th th nhm nn xc nh v ghi chp li nhng nguyn nhn pht sinh cht thi. Trong mt nh my giy v bt giy, vic qun l ni vi km l mt trong nhng yu t chnh dn n pht thi mc cao. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu nh my, vn ny hu nh b lng qun. Ngoi ra, y cng chnh l bc khi u n gin v hp dn nht i vi SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh nghin cu ln u tin ti khu vc sn xut, nhm SXSH nn ht sc ch cc khu vc thc hin khng hu hiu cng tc qun l ni vi. Phiu cng tc 4 c th dng ghi chp li tnh trng qun l ni vi ca tng b phn. Mt s vn thng gp trong vn qun l ni vi cc nh my giy v bt giy c th hin trong phiu cng tc ny. Tuy nhin ni dung ca phiu vn cha th coi l ton din v nhm SXSH cn phi da vo m xy dng thm m bo yu cu cng vic. Sau khi ghi chp li thc trng qun l ni vi, cc s liu v chi ph c bn cn phi c ghi chp li vo phiu cng tc 5. bc ny, ch cn thu thp thng tin v chi ph nguyn liu u vo l . y l nhng thng tin ny c th d dng thu c t cc kho hoc phng mua vt t.
54
PHIU CNG TC 3: Cc bc quy trnh km theo dng thi

Tre B am boo Giy loi W as te paper A gro res idue nghip Ph thi nng O thers Loi khc E lec tric ity in
CHUN RIA RA W M A TEB L NGUYN TIO N P RE P A RALIU
Bi (R) Dus t (s ) STp loi t sng (R) ts (s ) c reeening Rejec
Nc W ater Xt (NaOH) Caus tic (NaO H) S team E lec tric ity Hi/in Clo Chlorine Hy po Hypo Hy drogen perox ide Peroxide
P ULP ING S E CTIO N
SN XUT BT
R r, ri vi, ra sn (L) Leak ages , s pills , floor was h ( Dch liquor blac ken (L) (l) Ra bt (L) pulp was h (l) BChy trn b nc lc (L) W T overflow (l) BRa ty was h (l) leac h (L) STp loi t sng (R)ts (s ) c reening Rejec Centric leaner ly tm (R) (l) Tp loi t ra rejec ts Thic k ner filtarte (l) (L) Nc trng sau lm c Dec k er filterate (l) nc (L) Nc trng sau tch Flas h s team (g) Hi nc x (K) V ented air (g) Kh x (K)
A dditives Mu/cht Dy es and Fillersn in E lec tric ity
Ph gia
S TO CK CHUN B P RE P A RA TIO N BT XEO
O thers khc Cht thi SRi vi (R) pills Floor was h

Ra sn (L)
Cht in phn P oly elec troly te Phn A lum E lec tric ity in S team Hi W ater Nc B io A ids Cht tr sinh hc
P A P E R M A K ING
XEO
E x c es s wire pit water (l) Tp loi t ra rejec t (l) Centric leaner ly tm (L) SNcall ex c es s water (l) ave d tun hon save all (L) Couc ht h di (L) Nc dec k er filterate(l) O thers was te Loi khc
Nc d trong h li (L)
Fuel O il Coal E lec tric ity
Du Than in
PH TR
UTILITIE S
Flas h s team (g) Hi nc (K) DG smy pht DGt (K) Thi et ex haus (g) BThi ni hi (K) (g) oiler Flue gas BTro nias h (R) ) oiler hi (s BBn ty (R) s ludge (s ) leac hing Khc O ther was te Nc ngng (L) Condens ate(l) Kh nn c r (K) Leak ingr om pres s ed air (g) Foul ngng nhim (L) Hi c ondens ate (l) ATro (R)) s h (s Bn m (R) Lim evi ud (s ) SRi vi(s ) pills (R) Cht was te O therthi khc
Vi Lim e B lac k liquorDch en W ater Nc S team Hi E lec tric ity
THU HI HA CHE M ICA L CHT RE CO V E RY
In
55
Phiu cng tc 3: Cc bc quy trnh vi dng thi (v d)

V d t nh my giy Vit Tr
TRE
T Khu cht mnh:

Kho cha v cht mnh Nc NaOH Cl2, CaO Bi, ct
Nh my bt giy:
Nu, ra, sng v ty trng
Nc Than Du
P h t r
Hi nc Nc Cht ph gia
Dch en Bi Kh thi
Nh my xeo:
Ra, lm sch, nh hnh, sy, ng gi
Nc thi Nc ngng Kh thi
Sn phm: giy in, giy bao b, giy tissue...
Nhn xt: Cc bc quy trnh chnh c lit k rt rng v tng quan. Do s trn khng cung cp c mt bc tranh chi tit ca cc dng thi chnh pht sinh t tng b phn t la chn ra cc khu vc trng im la chn v phn tch chi tit. Trong thc t, ti giai on ny, nhm SXSH nhn ra rng b phn xeo, c bit l my xeo s 2 (PM2) c tim nng SXSH ln nht v y l dy chuyn c cng sut sn xut ti a. Theo nhm SXSH cho bit Sau khi xem xt thit b v cng ngh, nhm SXSH quyt nh la chn mt s mc tiu cho giai on u bao gm: - Gim lng nc tiu th - Gim tiu th bt ti nh my giy - Gim lng thi Cn c vo hin trng sn xut ti Cng ty v cc kha cnh cng ngh - kinh t - mi trng, nhm SXSH quyt nh la chn nh my giy lm khu vc trng tm bt u chng trnh SXSH do y l cng on cui cng trong quy trnh sn xut v l khu vc nh gi cng nh hon thin cn bng theo SXSH d dng nht. h my xeo c ba dy chuyn sn xut giy: PM1, PM2 v my xeo giy tissue. PM2 sn xut nhiu sn phm nht v c tim nng SXSH cao hn. V th, t bc ny tr i, nhm SXSH ch tin hnh cc nh gi SXSH i vi my xeo s 2. Tuy nhin, vn qun l ni vi c xc nh cho ton nh my.
56
PHIU CNG TC 4: Hin trng qun l ni vi

Khu vc Chun b nguyn liu Cc quan st lin quan n qun l ni vi Nguyn liu b trn ra khi bng chuyn Nguyn liu cht mnh b trn khi my cht Mt din tch cha giy ph liu Cc vn khc Trn nguyn liu trong khi np v d ni nu. R r/trn kim, hypo v.v Tn tht x do li mt li ca trng rar/ trng ty, khoang bt, v.v R r dch en t np m ca bm Cc ng ng hi nc khng c bo n Cc by hi b r r hoc khng hot ng Cc vn khc Trn cc cht ph gia nh gm, cht mu do vn chuyn khng ph hp Chy trn bt ra khi khoang cha do bt mc cao Bn bt ra khi khoang cha B tr mt bng sn xut km Trn nc trng Cc vi nc m Chy trn t h bm/ h li Chy trn t khay nc Trn nc lm kn bm chn khng Khc R r kh nn t bnh cha kh trong xng my nn t mt gi trong ng kh l hi khng thch hp Khc
Sn xut bt
Chun b phi liu bt xeo
Xeo
Cc thit b ph tr
C rt nhiu gii php khng cn phi tri qua phn tch k lng c th nhn din c. Thng vic duy nht cn lm l kho st ton nh my, v chun b sn cc cu hi ti sao trc mt s thc hnh sn xut no hoc ti sao mt s tnh trng no li tn ti. Vic mi mt chuyn gia bn ngoi ti kho st lun c mt ngha tch cc v ngi ny c th a ra c mt cch nhn mi v hot ng hin ti ca nh my.
nh gi SXSH nh my Hong Vn Th c khi ng bng vic cc thnh vin ca nhm SXSH tin hnh kho st thc a vi s h tr ca cn b Trung tm khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng v i din ca UNEP. Ngay trong khi tin hnh kho st ny, nhm nhn din 23 gii php SXSH hin nhin, trong s c 19 gii php c th p dng trong thi gian ngn. Hn th na, rt nhiu trong s cc gii php ny l nhng gii php chi ph thp hoc khng chi ph, ch cn ci tin ci tin nh i vi thit b hoc iu chnh cng tc bo dng. Vic ng dng cc gii php ny chnh l mt s khi u tt p cho nhng n lc SXSH ti nh my, iu ny khch l ban lnh o cng nh cng nhn vin tip tc n lc hn trong ton b qu trnh nh gi SXSH.
Mt trong nhng bi hc kinh nghim t trng hp ny l ng b qua nhng s vic tng nh hin nhin. Rt nhiu cc gii php SXSH c tm ra mt cch d dng, v vic trin khai cc gii php ny ngay giai on u to ng lc mnh m cho nh gi sau ny.
57
Cng ty giy Vit Tr thc hin cng tc qun l ni vi, tuy nhin vn cn c mt s im cn ci thin. Ti nh my cn quan st c mt s c hi qun l ni vi ni bt sau y: Phiu cng tc 4: Hin trng qun l ni vi (v d)
Khu vc Chun b nguyn liu Sn xut bt Cc quan st lin quan n qun l ni vi Mnh nguyn liu vung vi khp ni do cng on ct mnh thc hin trong khng gian m Mnh ri vi khi np vo ni nu R r, ri vi ha cht R r dch en t np m my bm Cc ng ng hi v v ni nu khng c cch nhit Cc by hi r r v khng hot ng Chun b phi liu bt Trn cht ph gia nh gm, cht mu, do vn chuyn khng ng cch Chy trn bt t b cha do y qu Chy trn nc trng Xeo Vi nc m Chy trn t h bm/h li Chy trn nc khay Chy trn nc lm kn bm chn khng Cc thit b ph tr R r kh nn t bnh cha xng my nn t mt gi trong ng ng dn kh ca ni hi khng ng quy cch Tn tht than do bi than
58
PHIU CNG TC 5: Chi ph nguyn liu u vo

B phn/ ha cht u vo Chun b nguyn liu th Tre na Giy ph liu Bt giy nhp Khc Sn xut bt giy Kim vi Hypo Clo Peoxit hidro Axt Khc Chun b phi liu bt Phn Nha tan Gm Cht mu Cc ph gia khc Xeo Polyelectrolyte Tinh bt Cc ha cht khc Khu vc ph tr Nc mua Nc ging Than Du nhin liu cho l hi Du chy my pht diesel Hi nc to ra in mua in pht Ha cht lm mm nc Khc Chi Tn ph/ Tiu th Tiu giy th/tn Chi ph/ tn giy
hng nm
59
Chi ph nguyn liu u vo ca nh my giy Vit Tr cho my xeo s 2 c th hin trong bng sau: Phiu cng tc 5: Chi ph nguyn liu u vo (v d)
Mc Giy in v giy vit (tn) Bt ty (90%), kg Bt nhp (88%), kg Giy ph liu (88%), kg Phn, kg Nha, kg t st, kg CaCO3, kg AKD, kg Tinh bt cation, kg Cht tr lu, kg Than, kg Du nhin liu (FO), kg in, KWh Nc, m3 Gi VND/n v 6.428.580 4.704 6.842 2.576 1.762 7.653 740 1.238 18.290 11.101 70.237 348 1.636 720 500 Tiu th/tn giy 7439 (sn phm) 590 346 59 39 8 85 445 117 773 154 Chi ph/tn giy (VND) 2775.36 2367.332 151.984 68.718 61.224 62900
154860 191.412 556560 77000
4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on

4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s quy trnh
Vic chun b s quy trnh l bc quan trng trong nh gi SXSH. xy dng c mt s quy trnh c hiu qu nht, nhm SXSH nn bt u t vic ln danh sch cc cng on vn hnh quan trng, t khu tip nhn nguyn liu th ti cng on lu kho/ bn giao thnh phm. Tip theo, mi cng on ny c th biu din bng mt s khi cho bit cc bc chi tit vi nhng u vo v u ra tng ng. Bng vic kt ni cc biu khi ca cc cng on vn hnh n l ny th s xy dng c mt lu m t quy trnh sn xut. i khi, cch tt nht xy dng v cng c mt lu quy trnh l thc hin mt s cc cuc kho st thc a. Khi chun b lu quy trnh th nhm SXSH cn ch mt s im sau: S dng cc hnh hp th hin cng on vn hnh. Vi mi khi, vit tn ca cng on v tt c cc iu kin vn hnh c bit cn phi ch ; v.d: vi cng on nu, c th cn ghi r nhit 180 C v p sut 1,2 at. Th hin tt c cc u vo v u ra tng khi, ch r cc nguyn liu th chnh, sn phm trung gian v thnh phm, nc v hi (nu c th), nc thi, pht thi kh v cht thi rn. Lu quy trnh cn phi s dng nhiu loi biu tng khc nhau thm
60
thng tin v quy trnh. V d, nu r vn hnh theo m hay lin tc. ng thi c th s dng cc vch lin hoc vch t th hin s pht thi thuc loi lin tc hay khng lin tc. Cn phi ht sc ch quan st cc hot ng lin quan n khi ng, tt my v bo dng; cc thay i lin quan n sn phm hoc sn xut thi v, v.v... iu ny c th c thc hin mt cch hiu qu nht khi chun b ring mt lu th hin mt quy trnh hoc cng on c vn hnh theo mt iu kin c bit.
Mt lu th hin quy trnh cn phi lit k v, nu c th, phi nu c cc c im ca dng vo v dng ra. Cn phi c bit quan tm n cc dng tun hon. Mc d c th xy dng cc lu quy trnh cho ton b nh my, nhng bc ny ta cha cn lm iu m ch cn phn tch nhng cng on hoc b phn lng ph nht - tc l c nhiu tim nng SXSH nht. Hay ni cch khc, t hiu qu cao nht, ta nn xc nh khu vc trng tm cn c vo thng tin thu thp c v kho st thc a c thc hin. S quy trnh cng ngh (v d) Ti nh my giy Vit Tr, cng on xeo v my xeo s 2 c chn lm khu vc trng im. Lu quy trnh ca khu vc ny c m t nh sau:
Giy loi/giy vn Broken/waste paper; bt nhp imported pulp; bt ty trng bleached pulp
Pulping Nghin
nh hnh Formation
Ra Washing
Pressing p
Refining Nghin a
Sy Drying
Ra ly tm Centri-cleaner
Rolling, Cutting Cun, ct
Sng Screen
Paper Giy
Headbox Hp u
NHN XT: S quy trnh cng cn nu chi tit v u vo v u ra
61
S quy trnh chi tit s ging nh sau:

Giy t v giy ph liu
Nc sch Nc trng Nc sch Nc trng Nc sch Nc trng Bt ty
Nghin 1 W1. Nc thi
Ra 1
Ra 2 Bt nhp
W2. Nc thi
Nc sch
Nghin 3
Nc trng
B cha 1
Nghin a
Nc trng Giy t
B cha 2
AKD Tinh bt Nc sch CaCO3 Nc sch Cht tr lu Hp u Giy t (tr li b cha 2) Nc trng (v b cha 2) Nc trng (tr v thp nc trng, ra ly tm v my nghin 1) W5. Nc thi Sng Lm sch ly tm W3. Nc thi
W4. Nc thi (khng lin tc, lng nh khng nh lng c)
Nc sch
nh hnh
Nc sch
p, 38%
Hi nc
Sy, 92%
W6. Nc ngng (ti ni hi) Giy t (v nghin 1)
Ct, 92%
4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn liu, nng lng v cu t

Cn bng nguyn liu: Sau khi lp s quy trnh cng ngh, bc quan
Thnh phm
62
trng nht l tin hnh cn bng nguyn liu cho cng on c chn. Cn bng nguyn liu v nng lng (M&E) l mt cng c kim k cn bn cho php theo di nh lng u vo v u ra v nguyn liu v nng lng. Nn tng ca cn bng nguyn liu l s quy trnh cng ngh. Mt hot ng quan trng trong cn bng M&E l kim tra rng ci g i vo u s phi i ra ni no . V vy tt c cc u vo u c nhng u ra tng ng. Cn bng nguyn liu v nng lng c ngha quan trng i vi cc nh gi SXSH v s gip cho vic xc nh v nh lng nhng tht thot v pht thi m trc khng pht hin c. Cc php cn bng ny cng hu dng cho vic gim st cc tin b t c t chng trnh SXSH v nh gi chi ph cng nh li ch ca chng trnh ny. Mc d ta khng th t ra nhng hng dn y xy dng cn bng nguyn liu v nng lng, nhng mt s ch s vn c th c ch. Di y l cc thnh t c bit ca php cn bng nguyn liu: Thit lp php cn bng nguyn liu i vi tt c cc cng on ln trong nh my; v d nh chun b nguyn liu, sn xut bt, chun b phi liu bt, xeo giy v thu hi ha cht. Tip n, chn la mt s cng on trong nh my lm trng tm tin hnh nh gi SXSH v tinh chnh li bng cn bng nguyn liu. Khi kim tra bt c cng on no ca ton b h thng, nn s dng cc tiu h thng n gin, v d i vi nm cng on chnh k trn th c th chia ra nh gi nh sau: Chun b nguyn liu: - Lm sch - Phn ring giy c nhiu mc, hoc cc gim kim loi v nha trong giy ph liu - Sng loi mnh qu ln hoc qu b t my ct mnh trong trng hp nguyn liu tre Sn xut bt: - Nu bt i vi nguyn liu tre g hoc nghin thu lc vi nguyn liu giy ti ch - Ra - Nghin a v sng - Ra ly tm - Ty trng khi sn xut giy vit Chun b phi liu bt: - Trn - iu chnh tnh cht bt - Thu hi ha cht - Thit b bc hi - L thu hi - Phn hy tan chy - Ti vi
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy 63
Kim ha Ra bn L vi
Xeo giy: - Nghin a v lm sch - My xeo - Tch nc - Sy Phiu cng tc 6 c th gip thc hin cn bng nguyn liu. i vi mt nh my giy v bt giy cn ch cc im sau trong khi tin hnh cn bng nguyn liu: Nht thit phi o cht rn l lng (SS) v tng cht rn (TS) ca dng thi Cc dng tun hon thng i t khu vc sn xut ny n khu vc khc, v d nc t my xeo c ti s dng cho cng on ty v ra bt. Cc dng thi khc nhau c th c o lng bng nhiu n v cho thun tin, nhng sau cc n v ny cn phi c quy i v mt n v chung trong khi tin hnh cn bng nguyn liu.
lm cn bng nguyn liu, c bit l i vi x v nc, thng ngi ta khuyn co s dng cn bng nng , mc d php o nng lin tc v chnh xc thng rt kh thc hin nu khng c nhng dng c t tin. Vi cc nh my nh th nn tin hnh cn bng nguyn liu bng cch o trc tip cc dng nc u vo, cc dng sn phm theo tng bc quy trnh v cc dng nc thi. Cn bng nng lng: Tin hnh mt php cn bng nng lng l mt cng vic phc tp hn cn bng nguyn liu. Nguyn nhn l c th truy tm nguyn liu u vo cho mt hot ng thng qua cc u ra nh lng v c th quan st c, cn i vi cc dng nng lng th khng phi lc no ta cng c th lm c iu ny. Mc d i vi cc dng nng lng, ta vn p dng chung mt nguyn l c bn (lng nng lng vo phi bng lng nng lng ra), nhng cc dng nng lng u ra thng kh nhn bit hn so vi cc nguyn liu u ra. V th, vic nhn din v nh gi cc dng tn tht nng lng n v mc khng hiu qu trong s dng nng lng l mt phn vic kh khn hn rt nhiu. iu ny c bit ng i vi cc trng hp cc thit b s dng in nh my bm, my nn kh, v.v... khi nng lng u vo di dng in nng v c th d dng o c, nhng mc hiu qu khi chuyn i sang u ra hu ch (nc c bm, kh c nn, v.v...) li khng th nh lng trc tip c. Sau y l nhng v d v cc trng hp in hnh khi nu ch xem xt cc dng nng lng hu hnh th c th s b st cc tn tht nng lng u ra:
64
Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti i vi thit b s dng in. Tn tht do vn hnh khng ti (hiu qu thp) cc thit b s dng in. Tn tht do in tr i vi dng chy (in tr cao nhng c th trnh c cc dy dn in v cc ng ng dn cht lng) Tn tht nng lng do thit b xung cp (bnh cng tc ca bm, vng m ca bm, v.v... xung cp s lm tng tiu hao).
xc nh c chc chn u ra (c dng nhn bit c v khng nhn bit c) t h thng nng lng, trong nh gi SXSH cn phi nh gi/quan trc mt s thng s khc bn cnh thng s thit yu nh nhit , dng chy, m, c, phn trm thnh phn, v.v... Cc thng s cn phi c nh gi/quan trc b sung c th l: kW (kilowatt in u vo); kV (kilovolts in th vo); I (amperesdng in); PF (h s cng sut ca thit b in cm ng); Hz (tn s dng in xoay chiu); N (s vng/pht hoc tc quay ca thit b); P (p sut cc dng cht lng/kh); DP (st p trong cc dng cht lng v kh u vo/ra); Lux ( ri); GCV, NCV (gi tr calo tng th v rng ca nhin liu); v.v... Trong thc t c th khng thc hin c php cn bng nng lng chnh xc v ng hon ton, nhng cc thit b ph tr nh ni hi, l, thit b ha hi, v.v... bng cn bng nng lng s c ch trong vic xc nh v c lng tn tht nng lng cc thit b v t cc h thng . Phiu cng tc 7 l mt bng cn bng nng lng c thc hin i vi mt xng l hi trong mt nh my giy v bt giy. Cn bng cu t: Vic tin hnh php cn bng cu t i vi x v nc trong mt nh my giy v bt giy c ngha rt quan trng. Cn bng x c th c thc hin bng cch o tng lng cht rn ti mi cng on ca quy trnh v trong cc dng thi. Nhng php cn bng ny cho thy trc tip mc hiu qu trong s dng nguyn liu x, nc v ha cht. Nhng php cn bng ny cn cho bit tm quan trng ca cc dng thi khc nhau v mc tn tht, t gip t th t u tin cho cc dng thi ny nhm xy dng cc gii php SXSH. Phiu cng tc 8 v 9 s l nhng gi khi tin hnh cc php cn bng x v nc.
65
PHIU CNG TC 6: Cn bng vt liu cho mt ngy

Cng on u vo Tn Tre na Khc Giy ti ch G mnh G mnh Dch en Nc trng Kim Hi Khc Giy ti ch cha ty Giy ti ch ty Bt nhp Nc Ha cht kh mc Kh nn Bt nu Dch den Nc Bt Nc Bt sau ra Nc thu hi Nc tun hon Nc sch Bt sau sng Nc Bt sau ra Nc Bt lm c Clo Soda Nc Hypo Peroxide Khc Bt sau ty Nc Khc Chun b phi liu bt Trn Khuy Bt sau ra Bt giy ti ch Bt sau trn Ph gia Khc Xeo giy Ra ly tm Tch nc Sy Bt sau khuy Nc Bt sau ra ly tm Nc Bt sau tch nc Hi u ra Lng Tn Chun b nguyn liu Mnh Giy v mnh c phn loi Sn xut bt Cht thi Rn Mt g Loi b Kh Hi
Lng
Lng
Kh
Cht mnh Phn loi v sng Nu
Nghin thy lc
Nc thi
Vng
Thp phng
Ri vi
Hi
Ra Sng
Nc thi Nc thi
Loi
Ra ly tm Lm c Ty
Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi
Loi
Ra
Nc thi
Phiu cng tc 6: Cn bng nguyn liu (V d)
66
Tn
Nguyn liu u vo
Nguyn liu u ra
Cc dng thi
C hai cch trnh by d liu cn bng nguyn liu. C th trnh by bng hnh nh s dng s quy trnh cng ngh chi tit vi s lng u vo bn tri v cc u ra l dng thi bn phi nh trong v d di y. Ngoi ra c th trnh by theo dng bng nh hp vph liu & theo. V d ny c ly t phn tch d tip Giy SXSH c thc hin ti nh my giy Vit Tr. giy t 100kg
Nc sch ..................... 5m3 Nc trng ........ 5 m3; 0.17% Nc sch .................... 6 m3 Nc trng ......10 m3; 0.19% Nc sch .................. 18 m3 Nc trng ..... 20 m3; 0.19% Bt giy ty: 40m3; 1.7%
Nghin 1 W1. Nc thi ...........55.5m3 C cha................0.02% x W2. Nc thi ...........38.5m3 C cha................0.01% x
Ra 1
Ra 2
Nc sch ................. 4.6 m3
Nghin 3
Nc trng ...5.5 m3; 0.19%
Khoang cha 1
Thit b nghin a
Nc trng .... 3.1 m3; 0.93% Giy t............................ kg AKD ............................ 12 kg Tinh bt........................ 10 kg Nc sch .................. 14 m3 Nc trng 164.3 m3; 0.17% CaCO3 ....................... 177 kg Nc sch .................... 5 m3 Cht tr..................... 2.21 kg
Khoang cha 2
Lm sch ly tm
W3. Nc thi .............1.7m3 C cha.................0.02% x W4. Nc thi ...............m3 (lng nh khng nh lng c, khng lin tc)
Sng
Hp u Giy t............................ kg (tr li khoang cha 2) Nc trng ...... 3.1m3; 0.93% (ti khoang cha 2) Nc trng ..213.4m3; 0.17% (tr li thp nc trng; thit b lm sch ly tm v nghin 1) W5. Nc thi .............4.9m3
Nc sch .................. 15 m3
nh hnh
Nc sch .................... 3 m3
p, 38%
Hi nc ..............................
Sy, 92%
W6. Nc ngng..............m3 (ti l hi) Giy t...................... 100kg (ti nghin 1)
Ct, 92%
Sn phm
67
Tn
Nc m3 44
X kg 74,8
Khc kg
Tn
Nc m3 10 20 5.5 10
X kg 19 38 10.5 108,5
Khc kg
Thp nc trng Nghin 1
Nc trng
Ra 1
Giy t v giy ph liu Nc sch Nc trng Bt giy 1 Bt giy ty Nc sch Nc trng Bt 1 ra Nc sch Nc trng Bt giy nhp Nc sch Bt 1 lm sch Bt 3 Nc trng Bt sau khoang cha 1 Bt nghin a Nc trng Giy t Bt t khoang cha 2 AKD Tinh bt Nc sch Nc trng CaCO3 Bt lm sch ly tm Nc sch Bt sau sng Cht tr Bt t hp u Nc sch
5 5 10 40 6 10 10,5 18 20 0 4,6 10 4,6 5,5 20,1
100 0 8,5 108, 5 683 0 19 799, 5 0 38 185 0 833, 7 185 10.5 1029 ,2 1029 ,2 28,8 12 10
Ti Ra 1 Ti Ra 2 Ti khoang cha 1 Bt 1
Nc thi m3 8,5
X kg 7,3
Khc kg
Bt 1 ra
10,5
799,5
55,5
11
Ra 2
Bt 1 lm sch
10
833,7
38,5
3,8
Nghin 3 Khoang cha 1
Bt giy 3 Bt sau khoang cha 1
4.6 20,1
185 1029,2
Thit b nghin a Khoang cha 2
Bt nghin a
20,1
1029,2
20,1 3,1 23,2
Bt giy sau khi khoang cha 2
23,2
1058
Thit b lm sch ly tm
Bt lm sch ly tm
199,8
1333
22
1,7
4,3
??
14 164,3
0 279,. 3 1333 0 1333 1333 0 177 22 Bt sng 204,8 1333 199
Sng
199,8 5 204,8 204,8 15
Hp u nh hnh
199 2,21 201,21
Bt giy sau hp u Bt sau nh hnh Nc trng ti khoang cha 2 Nc trng ti thp Nc trng ti thit b lm sch ly tm Nc trng ti nghin 1 Giy t
204,8 3,4 3,1 44 164,3 5 1,5
1333 941,6 28,8 74,8 279,3 8,5 876
201,21 201,21
Bt sau nh hnh Nc sch Giy t Hi nc Giy kh
3,4 3 1,5
Sy
941, 6 0 876
201,21
201,21
4,9
65,6
58,21
201,21
Ct
0,08
776
144
Giy sy Giy t (ti nghin 1) Sn phm
0,08
776 100 1000 kg
143
1,4
Hi nc
Ch rt ra t cn bng nguyn liu: Php cn bng cho thy lng cht n tn tht (AKD, tinh bt, CaCO3, cht keo) trong quy trnh: 12+10+177+2,2143 = 58,2kg, trong CaCO3 l thnh phn chnh. Lng x khng nh lng c l 65,6 kg do c s khc bit gia php o v s tnh ton.
68
PHIU CNG TC 7: Cn bng nng lng cho l hi

ThanThan
PhunPhun nc nc
Bi than
Than mn (bi than bi mt) Pht thi
ThanThan
in
Nc
Sng th cng & tn nh
in
Ha cht cht iu ha Ha iu ha 17.0 MkJ/gi (thc) 17.0 MJ/gi (thc)
Than 1.1 tn/gi (thc) Qut ht
Bm BFW Thng s chun 8 tn/gi, 13kg/cm2
0.5 MJ/gi (thc) Cng on Thng s quy trnh
THNG S THAM CHIU Sinh hi
Khi thi Thng s chun 250mm WC, 200oC, 20kw Tn tht 13.2% Tn tht 13.2% (thc) (thc) 2.25 2.25 MJ/gi Mkj/gi (thc) (thc) Vn hnh Tn tht x y 1.4% 0.24MJ/gi (thc) Tro khng chy ht theo x 4.85% 0.83 MJ/gi (thc)
Chun p Lng 12kg/cm

2
Qut y Thng s chun 100mm ct nc; 30oC, 15kw
10kg/cm
6 tn/gi Ni hi
4 tn/gi
Thit b
11.40 MJ/gi (thc) in 9kw (thc) Khng kh 12.61 tn/gi (thc) 14.34 tn/gi (chun)
Hi t Tn tht n
Tch hi
Nc ngng nng 3% 0.09 MJ/gi (thc) Hi kh 97% 11.31 MJ/gi (thc)
H2 v m: 2.5 MJ/gi (thc ), 14.4% Bc x:0.17 Mj/gi (thc), 1% m trong khng kh: 0.03 MJ/gi (thc), 0.15%
Phiu cng tc 7: Cn bng nng lng (v d)

Hu ht cc nh my giy v bt giy Vit Nam u quan tm ti vic thc hin cn bng nng lng v nghin cu kim ton. Tuy nhin, v y l mt cng vic kh khn nu mun t ti mt cn bng nng lng hon chnh cho ton b qu trnh sn xut, nn cc cng ty u thc hin cc cn bng nng lng nh trn c s cu t, v d: quay vng nc ngng, v.v... tm ra cc la chn SXSH. Cho ti nay, cha c mt cn bng nng lng chi tit no c thc hin.
69
PHIU CNG TC 8: Cn bng tng cht rn cho mt ngy

Cng on u vo Tn u ra Tn & lng Cht thi Cht rn l lng SS trong nc thi
Lng
Cht thi rn Mt g Loi b
Chun b nguyn liu Cht mnh Phn loi v sng Nu Tre na Khc Giy ti ch Mnh Sn xut bt Mnh Dch en Nc trng Kim Hi Khc Giy ti ch cha ty Giy ti ch ty Bt nhp Nc Ha cht kh mc Kh nn Bt nu Dch den Nc Bt Nc Bt sau ra Nc thu hi Nc tun hon Nc sch Bt sau sng Nc Bt sau ra Nc Bt lm c Clo Soda Nc Hypo Peroxide Khc Bt sau ty Nc Khc Chun b phi liu bt Trn Khuy Bt sau ra Bt giy ti ch Bt sau trn Ph gia Khc Xeo giy Ra ly tm Tch nc Sy Bt sau khuy Nc Bt sau ra ly tm Nc Bt sau tch nc Hi
Nghin thy lc
Vng
Thp phng
Hi
Ra Sng
Loi
Ra ly tm Lm c Ty
Loi
Ra
70
Phiu cng tc 8: Cn bng cht rn tng th (V d)

Tn cng on Thp nc trng Nghin 1 Ra 1 Nguyn liu u vo X kg Nc trng 74,8 Tn Giy t v ph liu Nc sch Nc trng Bt 1 Bt ty Nc sch Nc trng Bt giy ra 1 Nc sch Nc trng Bt giy nhp Nc sch Bt 1 lm sch Bt 3 Nc trng Bt sau khoang cha 1 Bt nghin a Nc trng Giy v Bt sau khoang cha 2 AKD Tinh bt Nc sch Nc trng CaCO3 Bt lm sch ly tm Nc sch Bt sng Cht tr lu Bt sau hp u Nc sch 100 0 8,5 108,5 683 0 19 799.5 0 38 185 0 833,7 185 10.5 1029,2 1029,2 28,8 12 10 0 279,3 1333 0 1333 1333 0 177 22 199 2,21 201,21 Bt sng Bt sau hp u Bt sau nh hnh Nc trng ti khoang cha 2 Nc trng ti thp Nc trng ti thit b lm sch ly tm Nc trng ti nghin 1 Giy t Giy kh Giy t (ti nghin 1) Sn phm 1333 1333 941,6 28,8 74,8 279,3 8,5 876 776 100 201,21 143 1000 kg 65,6 199 201,21 201,21 Khc kg Nguyn liu u ra X kg Ti my ra 1 19 Ti my ra 2 38 Ti khoang cha 1 10,5 Bt giy 1 108,5 Tn Bt 1 ra 799,5 Khc kg Cc dng thi Xeo Khc kg kg 7,3
11
Ra 2 Nghin 3 Khoang cha 1 Thit b nghin a Khoang cha 2 Thit b lm sch ly tm Sng Hp u nh hnh
Bt 1 lm sch Bt giy 3 Bt sau khoang cha 1 Bt nghin a Bt giy sau khoang cha 2 Bt lm sch ly tm
833.7 185 1029, 2 1029, 2 1058 1333 22
3.8
4,3
p Sy Ct
Bt sau nh hnh Nc sch Giy t Hi nc Giy kh
941,6 0 876 776
201,21 201,21 144
Nhn xt: V d v cn bng tng lng cht rn c lp ra t kt qu ca php cn bng nguyn liu c thc hin ti nh my giy Vit tr. Tuy nhin cng cn phi nhn ra rng vi my xeo th tn tht ch yu l x chnh l cht rn l lng trong nc thi. Cc ha cht v cc ph gia nm trong thnh phn ha tan v thng i ra di dng TDS.
71
PHIU CNG TC 9: Cn bng nc

Cng on Nng Vo Ra Lng nc trong bt thay i Nc s dng m3/ngy Tun Cp hon thm Nc dng cho cng ngh Tng Thc dng
Nc ni nu, hi, hm m mnh Nghin thy lc Ra Ra bt Chuyn bt Sng Ra ly tm Lm c Ty Nghin a Chun b bt xeo Ra ly tm my xeo Phun trn li Git chn Nc lc h di Chy trn t h bm cnh qut Lm mt my nn Lm mt khc Nc cp ni hi Nc ngng tun hon thay i hm lng nc trong bt = (100/nng bt vo)-(100/nng bt ra) x sn lng ngy Tng nc cng ngh = nc trong bt + nc tun hon + nc cp mi Tng nc cng ngh thc dng = nc trong bt + nc cp mi
72
PHIU CNG TC 9: Cn bng nc (V d)

V d v nh my giy Vit Tr. Cn bng nc c thc hin cho 1.000 kg thnh phm.
Giy ti ch v giy rch: 100kg Nc sch .............18 m
3
Nc sch................ 5m Nc sch............... 6 m
3 3
Nghin 1 Ra 1 Ra 2
10 m3
20 m3
W1. Nc thi......55.5m
W2. Nc thi ..... 38.5m
Nc sch 4.6 m
Nghin 3
5.5 m3
Khoang cha 1
Nghin a
3.1 m
Khoang cha 2
164.3 m3
Nc 14 m
3
Ra ly tm W3. Nc thi........1.7m
3
Nc 5m
Sng
Hp u
Nc15 m3
W4. Nc thi.......... m
nh hnh Thp nc trng
Nc trng.........169.3m
44 m
p W5. Nc thi ....... 4.9m Nc 3 m

3
Sy
Ct W7. 8.5 m
3
Lu kho
Nhn xt: y l mt phng php khc din t cn bng nc. Phng php ny kh hiu qu do nhn din c dng thi cng nh tim nng tun hon ca dng thi ti cc bc quy trnh khc nhau. Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy 73
4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh tnh cht ca dng thi

Vic xc nh tnh cht cc dng thi s gip ta nh gi c ti lng nhim i vo mi trng v h s pht thi ring. iu ny s gip xc nh c chi ph x l v thi b. Cn phi theo di cc dng thi c xc nh; sau c th ly mu v cc thng s khc nhau phn tch trong phng th nghim. Nu cng ty khng c phng th nghim ring th c th ly mu ri gi i phn tch ti cc phng xt nghim khc. Mc d trong mt nh my giy v bt giy cng cn c cc pht thi kh v cht thi rn nhng cc ngun pht sinh nc thi ng vai tr rt quan trng. Phiu cng tc 10 c th gip xc nh tnh cht ca cc dng nc thi. PHIU CNG TC 10: Xc nh tnh cht ca nc thi
Ngun nc thi Lu lng m /ngy Thp phng Ra bt Ra sau ty trng Trn v r r Nc lc t bong cha Chy trn t lm c Cc ngun khc Khu vc kt hp sn xut bt Ra ly tm my xeo Nc d h li Chy trn t h my bm cnh qut Chy trn b thu hi save all Ra sn Dng khc Khu vc kt hp my xeo Ton nh my
3
BOD kg/ngy
COD kg/ngy
TSS kg/ngy
TS kg/ngy
Nhit
o
74
Phiu cng tc 10: Xc nh c tnh nc thi (V d)

Nc thi t cc dng thi bt ngun t my xeo PM2 cng ty giy Vit Tr c phn tch trong phng th nghim. Cc kt qu c trnh by cho mi tn giy c sn xut.
Cc bc quy trnh
Dng thi
Lu lng, 3 m / tn giy SX
Tng cht rn l lng TSS (kg/tn giy SX)
Ra 1 Ra 2 Lm sch ly tm Sng p Sy Thp nc trng Cc cht n b mt X khng nh lng c
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8
55,5 38,5 1,7
4,9 1,7 8,5 65,6
11kg 3,8 kg 4,3kg si v cc cht bn mn Mt lng nh nc thi khng nh lng c do vic thi khng lin tc Ch yu l nc Cn 7,3kg 57,21kg cc cht ph gia sau hp u (ch yu cha CaCO3)
Nhn xt: Nc thi c phn tch t vi gi thit rng x c mt trong nc thi di dng cht rn l lng. Php phn tch BOD, COD v cc thng s lin quan khc khng c tin hnh v bo co. V thiu cc thng s nn rt kh tnh ton chi ph x l khi nh gi cho dng thi phiu cng tc tip theo.
4.2.4 Nhim v 6: nh gi cho cc dng thi

m t c tim nng thu li t cc dng thi, mt yu cu c bn l phi tnh c chi ph cho cc dng thi . Chi ph ny cn phn nh tn tht bng tin theo cht thi. R rng mt dng thi khng d thy c cc chi ph c th nh lng, tr khi gn lin vi s tn tht trc tip v nguyn liu hoc sn phm, v d: tiu hao kim do thi b dch en hoc tn tht x trong nc thi. Tuy nhin, khi phn tch su hn th ta c th thy mt s yu t chi ph trc tip v gin tip c lin quan n cc dng thi. Cc yu t chi ph c th c gm: Chi ph cho nguyn liu trong ph thi; Chi ph cho sn phm trong dng thi; Chi ph cho hi nc v in s dng trong qu trnh; Chi ph x l v thi b; Chi ph cho nc, x l v bm nc; Cc chi ph khc.
75
Cc yu t chi ph k trn cn phi c xc nh cho tng dng thi v sau ta c th tnh ton tng chi ph cho tng n v cht thi. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, rt kh tnh ton tt c cc thnh phn chi ph. tnh ton tht thot nguyn liu ta cn tin hnh phn tch xc nh cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cht thi v khi lng ca chng. V d: tnh ton tn tht x trong dng thi, cn o TVSS (tng lng cht rn l lng d bay hi) trong dng thi; hoc tiu hao soda kim c th c xc nh tng i bng cch tnh ton hm lng hydroxide kim trong dng thi. Tng t tnh ton chi ph x l dng thi, s liu v chi ph x l trung bnh vi mi kg COD hoc BOD c gim i c th tham kho Qun c tram x l nc thi. Chi ph ny sau c th p c cho cc dng thi tng ng. i khi dng thi khng phi lc no cng c tnh bng ti lng nhim, m c th l tn tht nhit nh nc ngng khng c thu hi. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, chi ph dng thi c th tng ng vi tn hao nhit nng c tnh tng ng vi lng than , du, ga hoc in ty thuc vo bn cht ca loi nhin liu s dng trong quy trnh. Phiu cng tc 11 s gip nh gi cho cc dng thi. PHIU CNG TC 11: Chi ph ca cc dng thi
Ngun nc thi
Thp phng Ra bt Ra sau ty trng Ph phm t ra ly tm Trn do r r Nc lc t bong cha Chy trn t lm c Ra ly tm my xeo Nc d h li Chy trn t h my bm cnh qut Chy trn b thu hi save all Ra sn Dng khc My xeo
Chi ph x
Lng Chi ph
Chi ph nc
Lng Chi ph
Chi ph x l
Lng Chi ph
Chi ph khc
Lng Chi ph
Tng
Lng Chi ph
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Phiu cng tc 11: Chi ph cc dng thi (v d)

Cc dng thi c xc nh trong cc nhim v trc c nh gi da trn c s cc ti nguyn b tiu hao. T cng on xeo, cc ti nguyn chnh b tiu hao s l x, nc v cc ha cht (ch yu l cacbonat canxi, v cc cht n). V d di y c ly t cng ty giy Vit Tr. Chi ph hng nm c tnh ton da trn cng sut 7000 tn/nm, gi nc: 500VND/m3; x: 6000VND/kg; cc cht ph gia: 1.238VND/kg (v thnh phn ch yu ca ph thi v c ch l CaCO3, nn ch tnh n chi ph cho cacbonat canxi). Cc bc trnh Ra 1 Ra 2 Lm sch ly tm Sng quy Dng thi W1 W2 W3 W4 Khi lng, 3 m /tn giy 55,5 38,5 1,7 c tnh dng thi ca 1 tn giy 11kg si v cht bn 3,8 kg si v cht bn 4,3kg si v cht bn Lng nc thi nh khng nh lng c do vic thi ra khng lin tc Ch yu l nc Di dng hi nc, s c xc nh bc tip theo 7,3kg x 57,21kg cht ph gia b thi ra sau hp u (ch yu cha CaCO3) Phn ny c phn b cho cc ngun thi k trn Chi ph, VND Trn 1 tn Theo nm thnh phm 93.750 656.250.000 42.050 294.350.000 26.650 186.550.000 -
p Sy Thp nc trng Cc cht n b mt
W5 W6 W7 W8
4,9 1,7 8,5
2.450 850 48.050 70.825
17.150.000 5.950.000 336.350.000 495.775.000
X khng lng c Tng
nh
65,6
393.600 678.252
2.755.200.000 4.747.575.000
Nhn xt: Cn xem xt ch ph x l v thi b vi dng thi. Khi c tn hao nc ngng cn xem xt k hn nhng tn hao nng lng.
4.2.5 Nhim v 7: Xc nh nguyn nhn

By gi ta c th r sot quy trnh i vi cc dng thi tn km nht. Thng qua php cn bng nguyn liu v nng lng, ta cn tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn xc nh cc nguyn nhn pht sinh dng thi. (C rt nhiu cng c gip thc hin cng vic phn tch ny. Biu xng c hay cn gi l biu Ishikawa l mt trong nhng cng c nh vy xem s cui chng). Cc nguyn nhn ny s l nhng c s xut cc gii php SXSH. Cc nguyn nhn ny c th gm c nhng nguyn nhn v tnh hoc hu , ta c th dng phiu cng tc 12 ghi chp li nhng nguyn nhn ny. C th c rt nhiu cc nguyn nhn khc nhau t nhng li n gin n nhng l do k thut phc tp. V d di y s minh chng cho iu ny.
77
78
Cc nguyn nhn k thut Qun l ni vi o Cc vi nc, van, bch b r r o Kh nn, hi nc b r o Vi nc chy lin tc o Cc b lun b chy trn o Chy trn nguyn liu x t cc ai b mn o Trn ha cht trong qu trnh vn chuyn o o o o o o o o o Vn hnh v bo dng iu kin nu khng t mc ti u kim sot nhit khng tt Ni nu qu hoc non ti Ni nu v ng ng hi nc b mn hoc khng c cch nhit Bo dng by hi khng ng cch Mt li b mn r trng ra v b lm c, dn n r r/ tht thot x Vn hnh my nghin a khi khng cn thit dn n nghin a qu Bo dng li ct khng ng cch p sut nc thp v kim sot km ti vi ct mp v vi phun ra li. Tip tc s dng cc l p mn vi b mt g g dn ti tn lc v do tng tn tht trong sn xut. Khng bo dng ng cch h thng tch nc ngng khi my sy. Cht lng nguyn liu th Mnh qu c hoc di c Lu kho mnh khng m bo Phn loi giy ph liu khng tt Dy nha ln trong giy ph liu Tch v g khng ng cch Thn g bn c em thng n my cht mnh B tr mt bng M rng tm thi v thiu quy hoch Thu thp v x l cc ph loi t cng on sng khng tt B tr ng hi nc v kh nn khng m bo dn n gim p khng cn thit. Cng ngh S dng cch nu truyn thng thay v cch nu lin tc ci tin. S dng sng quay thay v sng rung khi lm sch mnh g. Np trc tip nguyn liu kh v ha cht nu vo ni nu thay v np nguyn liu ngm tm trc S dng b ra ra thay cho my ra chn khng dn n tiu th nhiu nc v dch en b long Vn hnh khi ng u thp thay v ng u cao v trung bnh.
o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
L thuc vo bm ly tm S dng cht ty clo thay v ty ozone/peroxide ng dng nghin a lnh thay v nghin a bng kim nng S dng cch loi hi nc t nhin khi my sy hi nc thay v s dng cc chp ht tc cao S dng cc vi khng m bo hoc thp ch l cc ng ng b thng thay v dng cc loi u phun dng cnh qut phng S dng cc h thng pht in v hi ring bit thay v s dng mt h thng ng pht Khng thu hi ha cht trong dch en Thit k quy trnh/thit b S dng dao 3 li trong my ct mnh thay v dng dao 6 li Kch thc thp phng khng dn n trn dch en Khng thu hi hi nc x t thp phng S dng cc ng c qu c Khng c cc t b iu chnh h s cng sut Vn hnh l hi mc di 60% gi tr theo nh gi Khng c nghin giy t S dng b tit kim x p thp trong my lm sch ly tm Khng c thit b iu chnh/hin th ng u H di v bm h di khng cng sut S dng chn n thay v chn kp trong my xeo i vi bt x ngn
o o o o o o o o o o
o o o
Cc nguyn nhn qun l o to nhn s o Khng c h thng o to chnh thng o T l vo ra ca nhn s c trnh k thut tt l ln. o Thiu nhn s k thut, gy gia tng p lc cho cng nhn o Thiu cc chnh sch nhn s v k hoch nhn s o o o ng lc ca cng nhn Thiu s khuyn khch t pha lnh o i vi nhn vin Khng c h thng khen thng Sn xut qu cng tn dng chi ph con ngi lnh o cao nht
o Thiu cam kt v quan tm ca ban
79
Biu Ishikawa hay cn gi l biu xng c ch yu c s dng xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca vn nhn nh vn hoc xut gii php nhm trnh hoc loi b cc nguyn nhn . Biu Ishikawa c s dng khi mt nhm c gng tm kim cc gii php tim n cho mt vn v tm kim nguyn nhn gc r. Biu ny rt hu ch i vi vn tng i ln, v khai thc t nhiu kha cnh hot ng. Ta c th s dng biu xng c cu trc ha cc mi quan h nhn-qu cho mt vn . Phn tch nhn qu cho php phn tch vn mt cch h thng hn l ch a ra c cc gii php khc phc tc thi xung quanh vn .
Mi trng
Nguyn li
Bn v c phn nhm di qu nhiu ch s
Con ngi
Ch vit trn bn v khng r rng Ngi s dng th vin khng c thng bo Ngi dng qu ph thuc vo ngi qun l h s Kh khn khi xc nh v tr bn v
Khng gian cht hp My in xanh c mi
Ni dung ca h kh Thiu nhn lc
Bn v khng cp nht
Bn v c t chc di qu nhiu nhm
Lp ch dn khng tt
Cc ngn ti liu nm ri rc
Cc t ti liu Khng c nhn r rng
Khng c th my to ra cc nhn tiu chun
Phng php
My mc
V d trong hnh trn v th hin cch s dng biu Ishikawa c th p dng c xc nh nguyn nhn ca vn . xy dng mt biu xng c th mt phng php n gin nht l s dng phng php phn nhm 4M1E. Theo phng php ny tt c cc nguyn nhn chnh v ph phi c chia thnh cc nhm nh hng l Con ngi, My mc, Nguyn liu, Phng php v Mi trng. Vic chia nhm i tng theo m hnh 4M1WE c th l im xut pht v c th lm k hn na. Cc bc chnh trong cng c ny l: - Xc nh vn v t pha bn phi ca biu , ti im cui ca ng k ngang - Xc nh cc nguyn nhn chnh v ni vo ng k ngang bng cc mi tn - ng no tm nhng nguyn nhn ph v nh vo cc ng nguyn nhn chnh. - Tm ra nguyn nhn gc r bng cch xc nh cc nguyn nhn lin quan - xut cc gii php cho nguyn nhn gc r.
PHIU CNG TC 12: Tm tt nguyn nhn

Dng thi Cng on Nguyn nhn ch quan Nguyn nhn khch quan
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Phiu cng tc 12: Phn tch nguyn nhn (v d)

Dng thi/ cng on Ra W1 & W2 566,2 triu VND/ nm v 294,3 triu VND/ nm Loi cht thi Bt giy Nguyn nhn Bt giy c cha rt nhiu x ngn hnh thnh trong qu trnh ty trng, v th c x b thot qua sng Sng ra qu c v b mn Li dao bt t khng chun ln b mt ca sng, v th bt ra c th tr lI my ra Bn thn my ra cng rt c v c nhiu ch thng S dng nc khng hp l: hin ti cng ty ang s dng nc trng t di y thp nc trng c hm lng s cao My ra c, mc chn khng thp, v th cn phi c 2 my ra Giy tun hon t nghin 1 lm c dung dch, v th sau n c a vo my ra mt cch khng cn thit Khng c h thng thu gom v tun hon nc thi ca my ra My ra ly tm rt c v ch c 3 mc Ch quan Khch quan
Nc bt giy
Nc My lm sch ly tm (W3) 188,5 triu VND /nm Sng W4 Lng nh khng nh lng c p v sy W5, W6 17,1 triu VND/nm cho W5 Thp nc trng (W7) 336 triu VND/nm Bt giy
Bt giy Nc trng Bt giy
Mt sng rng hn hp u Nc trng khng c tn dng ti a. Vn cn mt s bc c th dng c nc trng nhng hin cha c p dng T l giy t cao (6%) do dai km Giy t do vn hnh hoc do k nng ca cng nhn vn hnh km
Bt giy Nc bt giy
H thng c v b h hi, v th qu trnh tch nc khi bt khng c trit Mt phn nc trng cha s dng b trn ra cng thi
Nhn xt: Cc nguyn nhn k trn vn cha chi tit a ra c cc gii php SXSH. Trn thc t c v y ang a ra cc gii php SXSH cho tt c cc dng thi.
4.3 Bc 3: Phn tch cc bc quy trnh

4.3.1 Nhim v 8: Xy dng cc gii php SXSH
Sau khi nhn din v xc nh cc nguyn nhn pht thi, ta c th a ra cc bin php SXSH. Tm tt cc dng thi nh trong phiu cng tc 13 s gip c lng nh tnh nhanh cc kh nng thc hin SXSH. bc ny ta c th ng dng cc k thut nh ng no v tho lun nhm xc nh tt c cc gii php SXSH c th c. Tm ra cc gii php tim nng nh vo kin thc v tnh sng to ca cc thnh vin trong i.
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh giy v bt giy
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ng no l mt cng c c dng rt ph bin khi pht tng. Tuy nhin cc tng cha cn c gii thch mt cch chi tit ti bc ny. Cng vic kim tra tnh kh thi ca tng c thc hin bng cc cu hi hoc ng no mang tnh phn bin. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh ng no l a ra cng nhiu tng cng tt khi gii quyt mt vn c th no c xc nh t trc. Cng c ny c ng dng theo nhm khi c gng nhn din nhng nguyn nhn gc r c th c hoc khi tm kim cc gii php cho mt vn . ng no cng c th c s dng trong xy dng v trin khai k hoch khi cn lp u tin v th t cho nhiu gii php khc nhau. Ta c th s dng nguyn tc sau y khi tin hnh ng no. Mc d vy, cc nguyn tc ny l tng i linh hot v c th phi iu chnh cho ph hp vi cc tnh hung c th. Duy tr bui hp trong khng kh thoi mi Trng nhm ch nn h tr cho cuc hp Mi cc thnh vin c lin quan ca nhm tham gia hp Xc nh cc vn mt cch r rng. Mi ngi trong cuc hp cn phi c chung cch hiu v vn , nu khng cc tng s b chch mc ch chnh. S dng phng php bnh xe ln t do (t do cho ra tng) hoc phng php theo vng (tng ngi ng gp tng) a ra cng nhiu tng cng tt. Ghi li tt c cc tng. Cc tng khng nn b loi b ti khi chng minh c l tng khng kh thi.
Bn cnh vic ng no, xy dng c cc gii php SXSH th cn xem xt ht thm cc gii php SXSH nh gi trong Chng 3. Cc gii php SXSH trong chng mi cn phi c phn tch k hn trong bi cnh ca nh my p dng. Mt s ngun h tr xy dng cc gii php SXSH khc c th l: Cc chuyn gia t cc nh my giy ln khc Cc chuyn gia t vn ngoi cng ty Cc chuyn gia ca cc trng i Hc v TTSXSVN Hip hi giy Cc t chc quc t khc nh UNIDO, UNEP v.v
Rt nhiu cc c hi SXSH thuc cc khu vc khc nhau ca nh my c tm tt li v lp bng nh trong phiu cng tc 13. k thut SXSH cho tng gii php s tip tc c xc nh.
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PHIU CNG TC 13: Tm tt cc dng thi v c hi SXSH

Khu vc C hi SXSH QLNV Chun b nguyn liu 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Kh nng Gim thiu ti ngun TDNL KSQT CTTB TDCN Tun hon TH&TSD SPP
Sn xut bt
Chun b phi liu bt
Xeo giy
Cc thit bi ph tr
Thu hi ha cht
Ghi ch: QLNV (Qun l ni vi), TDNL (thay i nguyn liu), KSQT (kim sot quy trnh), CTTB (ci tin thit b), TDCN (thay i cng ngh), TH&TSD (tun hon v ti s dng), SPP (to ra sn phm ph)
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Phiu cng tc 13 A: Cc dng thi v c hi SXSH V d ca Cng ty giy Vit Tr

Dng thi v chi ph Ra W1 & W2 566,2 triu VND/nm v 294,3 triu VND/nm Cht thi Bt giy Nguyn nhn Bt giy c cha rt nhiu x ngn, hnh thnh t qu trnh ty trng v th c nhiu x b lt qua sng Sng ra c v mn Li dao bt c lp khng chun trn b mt sng dn n bt giy ra quay tr li my ra My ra c v c nhiu ch thng Cng ty ang s dng nc trng t y ca thp nc trng cha nhiu x Nc cha bt My ra c, mc chn khng thp, v th cn 2 my ra Giy tun hon t nghin 1 lm c dung dch,v th vic cp vo my ra l khng cn thit Khng c h thng thu gom v tun hon nc thi ca my ra Thit b ly tm rt c v ch c 3 cp Cc c hi SXSH Nghin cu cc gii php lm tng cht lng ty, gim lng x ngn. C th l phng php ty peroxide. Thay sng ra hoc sa cc l thng trn sng iu chnh v tr ca li dao tip xc u vi b mt ca sng Sa cc l thng Tch ring nc trng pha trn v pha di s dng: Ly nc trng trn cng ha long bt giy trong my ra v lp nc di ha long bt giy ra Nghin cu u t mi mt my ra mt ln Khng cp giy tun hon vo my ra. Nn lp t mt thit b lm c. Bt giy sang nghin 1 c th i qua mt thit b lm c, nc tch ra s c tun hon Thu gom nc thi t my ra 2 dng cho my ra 1 Tng thm mt cp na cho my ly tm hoc mua my mi
Nc Thit b lm sch ly tm W3 188,5 triu VND/nm Sng W4 Lng nh, khng nh lng c p v sy W5, W6 17,1 triu VND/nm cho W5 Thp nc trng W7 336 triu VND/nm Bt giy
Bt giy Nc trng
Mt sng to hn hp u Nc trng khng c tn dng ti a. Vn cn mt s bc khc c th s dng nc trng m hin cha thc hin T l giy t cao (6%) do dai thp Giy t do vn hnh hoc do tay ngh cng nhn vn hnh km H thng c v b h hi v th vic tch nc khi bt khng hiu qu Mt phn nc trng khng c s dng b chy trn ra cng
C nh hp u vo thnh sng Hp l ha vic s dng nc trng, v d dng pha long bt giy trong cng on nh hnh. Tng dai ca bt giy bng cch nghin cu cng ngh ty T chc o to nng cao k nng cng nhn Duy tr h thng lng - hoc c th hn l sa cha mt cn pha trong ca thp Tng cng s dng nc trng gim hin tng chy trn; thu gom nc trn s dng trong mt dy chuyn sn xut khc
Bt giy
Bt giy Nc bt giy
Cc c hi SXSH c chia theo nhm v c kt hp mt cch ph hp sau khi tho lun nhm v xy dng c 12 gii php SXSH sau y. Cc gii php ny c phn tch c th phn chia thnh cc nhm k thut khc nhau ng dng.
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Phiu cng tc 13 B: Tm tt cc dng thi v kh nng p dng ca cc gii php SXSH (V d)

GII PHP SXSH Nng cao cht lng bt giy Thay th sng ra hoc sa cc ch thng iu chnh dao bt trn my ra S dng hp l nc trng thp u t mua mt my ra mi u t mt thit b lm c bt lm t giy ph liu Tun hon nc thi t my ra 2 ti s dng trong my 1 Tng mt cp na cho ra ly tm, mua my mI iu chnh hp u c nh sng S dng nc trng mt cch ti a Ci tin thp nc trng T chc o to nng cao cho nhn vin vn hnh QLNV KSQT NHM KSTB CTTB TDCN TH SP
Ghi ch: QLNV: Qun l ni vi, KSQT: Kim sot quy trnh, KSTB: Kim sot thit b, CTTB: Ci tin thit b, TDCN: Thay i cng ngh, TH: Tun hon, SP: Ci tin sn phm
4.3.2 Nhim v 9: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH

Cc gii php c xy dng trn s c kim tra tnh kh thi. Quy trnh lc b nn n gin, nhanh v trc tip v thng ch mang tnh cht nh tnh. Mi im cn phi tht r rng, khng nn c bt k thnh kin m h no. Mc ch ca vic lc b nhm trnh tin hnh phn tch kh thi chi tit khng cn thit cho cc c hi khng thc t hoc khng kh thi (v d, thu hi ha cht kiu truyn thng, hoc s dng phng php ty thun tu hydrogen peroxide). Phiu cng tc 14 s gip nhn din v lit k cc c hi SXSH: (a) c th trin khai ngay m khng cn phn tch kh thi (cc gii php r rng); (b) cn phi phn tch kh thi t m hn; v (c) c th loi b. Trong bng ny ch cn nh du vo mc ph hp, v khng cn phn tch chi tit. PHIU CNG TC 14: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH c th thc hin c
TT 1 2 3 4 5 C hi SXSH Trin khai ngay Phn loi Phn tch thm
Loi b
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PHIU CNG TC 14: Sng lc cc c hi SXSH kh thi (v d) Nh my giy Vit Tr

Cc gii php SXSH Nng cao cht lng bt giy Thay th sng ra hoc sa cc ch thng iu chnh dao bt trn my ra S dng nc trng thp mt cch hp l u t mua mt my ra mi u t mt thit b lm c bt giy lm t giy ph liu Tun hon nc thi t my ra 2 ti s dng my 1 Tng mt cp na cho ra ly tm, mua my mi iu chnh hp u c nh sng S dng nc trng mt cch ti a Ci tin thp nc trng T chc o to nng cao cho nhn vin vn hnh Trin khai ngay Phn tch thm Loi b
4.4 Bc 4: La chn cc gii php SXSH

Vic chn mt gii php SXSH thc hin i hi khng ch phi xem xt tnh kh thi kinh t-k thut m cn phi c li cho mi trng. Danh sch cc c hi cn phn tch thm trn s c nghin cu theo cc kha cnh sau:
4.4.1 Nhim v 10: Tnh kh thi k thut

nh gi tnh kh thi k thut nhm xc nh xem liu gii php SXSH c xut c thc hin c vi mt ng dng c th no khng. Vic nh gi thng bt u bng cch kim tra tc ng ca gii php xut i vi quy trnh, sn phm, t l sn xut, an ton, v.v Nu trong trng hp c s khc bit ln so vi thc hnh quy trnh hin ti (v d, ty ozone thay v ty hypo trong khu sn xut bt) th c th cn phi tin hnh th nghim trong phng th nghim v chy th nh gi tnh kh thi k thut. Phiu cng tc 15 l mt bng mu c th nh gi v k thut. Cc bin php khng c tnh kh thi v k thut (do khng c sn cng ngh, thit b, khng gian hoc bt c l do no khc) cn phi a vo danh sch ring cc cn b k thut nghin cu k hn. Cc gii php c tnh kh thi v mt k thut th s c tip tc phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t.
86
PHIU CNG TC 15: Phn tch tnh kh thi k thut

A) Ni dung C 1 Phn cng Thit b Thit b o Cng ngh 2 3 4 Khu vc Tch cc Sn lng Cht lng sn phm Tit kim nng lng Hi nc in Tiu th ha cht An ton Bo dng linh hot khi vn hnh Khc Khng gian Nhn lc Dng sn xut B) TC NG K THUT Tc ng Tiu cc YU CU K THUT Yu cu Khng Sn c trong nc
Phiu cng tc 15: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut (v d)

Gii php v m t Khn g gian Thp Tnh kh thi k thut / Yu cu v Thit b Thi gian Bo o lp t dng to sn c, Thp (lp Thp Khng ch cn t nhanh) mt khon u t
Gii php 1 Nng cao cht lng bt giy Nghin cu v cI tin qu trnh sn xut bt nng cao cht lng bt, tit kim nc v gim thiu cht thi ra mi trng. Nhng nhim v u tin l: Lp t h thng thu hi dch en ti bc ra sau nu bo qun nguyn liu Nghin cu phng php ty bng peroxit
An ton Khng
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Gii php v m t Khn g gian Thp
Gii php 2 S dng hp l nc trng t thp nc trng u t mt h thng bm lp nc trng pha trn ca thp. V th, nc trng s c s dng hiu qu hn: lp y c th dung pha long bt, v lp mt dng ra bt. (Hin ti, ch c bm bm nc t y thp) Gii php 3 - Tun hon nc thi ca ra 2 ti s dng cho ra 1 u t mt h thng tun hon nc thi t phn ra ca ra 2 ti s dng ra 1 nhm tun hon bt v nc Gii php 4 Ci tin thp nc trng u t cI tin phn lng b hng ca thp lng hiu qu hn v v th c th thu hI c nhiu bt hn Gii php 5, v 6
Tnh kh thi k thut / Yu cu v Thit b Thi gian Bo o lp t dng to Thp Thp Thp Khng (Hu (nhanh) ht cc thit b cn thit u sn c) Khng
An ton Khng
Thp
Thp Thp Thp (Hu (nhanh) ht cc thit b u sn c) Khng Thp Thp Thp (Hu (nhanh) ht cc thit b u sn c) Khng thc hin phn tch v thiu s liu
Khng
Khng
Khng
Nhn xt: Trong s 12 gii php SXSH c xc nh th c 5 gii php c th thc hin ngay. Nhng gii php ny thng cn rt t hoc khng tn chi ph. Ch c nhng gii php cn phn tch thm th cn phi xem xt v tnh kh thi k thut v kinh t. Phiu cng tc ny c nhm SXSH iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin ca mnh. Phn tch chi tit nh trong phiu cng tc 15 s c thc hin cho mi gii php SXSH nh mt bn tho. Bo co tng hp s nh bng trnh by trn.
4.4.2 Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi kinh t

Tnh kh thi kinh t thng l cc thng s chnh ban lnh o chp nhn hoc t chi xut SXSH. mi vic c thun li th cn phi c mt vi gii php SXSH tht hp dn v mt kinh t bo co ln ban lnh o. Chin lc ny s gip thu ht c s quan tm v cam kt cao hn. Phn tch kinh t c th c thc hin bng rt nhiu phng php khc nhau, v d, phng php tnh ton thi gian hon vn, phng php IRR (t l hon vn ni ti), phng php NPV (gii tr hin ti rng), v.v Vi cc khon u t nh, cc gii php ngn hn c tnh kh thi kinh t cao th ch cn p dng phng php n gin nht l tnh thi gian hon vn l . Phiu cng tc 16 di y s gip phn tch tnh kh thi kinh t. Phiu ny c th c iu chnh cho ph hp vi cc gii php khc nhau, nhng cn phi ch xy dng n cng n gin v cng r rng cng tt. Xin nhc li, khng nn b i bt c gii php no k c nhng gii php khng c tnh kh thi v kinh t. C th c mt s gii php em li ci thin ng k v mi trng v v th, c th c thc hin d khng c tnh hp dn v kinh t.
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PHIU CNG TC 16: Phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t

Tn/m t gii php SXSH u t Phn cng 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thit b Yu cu v t Chi ph khc TNG Chi ph vn hnh hng nm Li Khu hao Bo dng Nhn cng tay ngh cao Nhn cng tay ngh thp Hi nc/ nhin liu in Ha cht Chi ph do dng my Chi ph khc TNG VND Tit kim Hi nc in Ha cht 1 Ha cht 2 Bt Nc Nhn cng Gim ph x l cht thi Gim ph thi b cht thi Chi ph khc TNG VND
VND TIT KIM RNG = TIT KIM CHI PH VN HNH
HON VN = (U T/TIT KIM RNG) X 12 THNG
Phiu cng tc 16: Tnh kh thi kinh t (v d: Nh my giy Vit Tr)

Gii php v m t GP 1 Nng cao cht lng bt giy Nghin cu v ci tin quy trnh sn xut bt nng cao cht lng bt, tit kim nc v gim thiu pht thi ra mi trng. Cc nhim v u tin l: Lp p h thng thu hi dch en ti bc ra/ sau cng on nu bo v nguyn liu Nghin cu phng php ty bng peroxit Chi ph u t VND Nghin cu: 20 triu Thit b: 70 triu (B dch en 3 1m : 2 triu; Bm dch en: 20 triu; ng ng (100, 200m): 22 triu; Bm th tch: 6 triu; Lp t: 2 triu) Tnh kh thi kinh t Chi ph vn hnh Li ch/ tit kim tng thm, VND 372.540.000 ng 463.520.000 ng t: cho: in 2 my bm: 10KW x 6 gi/ngy x 300 ngy x 830 /kWh = 14.940.000 Nhn cng duy tr nguyn liu th: 800.000 /thng x 12 thng = 9.600.000 Peroxit (10kg/tn bt giy): 500 tn/thng x 12 thng x 10kg x 5800 /kg = 348.000.000 gim 0,5% kim nu s dng dch en bo v nguyn liu th: 500kg/tn x 400 tn/thng x 12 thng x 3.200/kg x 0,5% = 38.400.000 Gim 20kg clo/tn sn phm: 500 tn/thng x 12 thng x 15 kg x 3800/kg = 342.000.000 Hon vn 10 thng
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Gii php v m t GP 2 S dng hiu qu nc trng trong thp u t h thng bm nc trng lp mt trong thp. Nh vy nc trng s c s dng hiu qu hn: lp nc di cng c th dng ha long bt giy v lp nc trn dng ra. (Hin nay, ch c bm t y thp) GP 3 Tun hon nc thi t ra 2 ti s dng trong ra 1 u t mt h thng tun hon nc thi t ra 2 ti s dng trong ra 1 tun hon bt giy v nc Chi ph u t VND 21 triu VND cho: Bm triu bt: 10
Tnh kh thi kinh t Chi ph vn hnh Li ch/ tit kim tng thm, VND ng 44.820.000 ng 75.600.000 t: in chy my bm 10Kw x 18 gi/ngy x 300 ngy x 830/Kwh = 44.820.000 ng Thu hi 2% bt giy t thp nc trng 7000 tn/nm x 7,2kg/tn x 25% x 6000 /kg = 75.600.000 ng 112.000.000 ng t: Gim tiu th nc 3 15m /tn sn phm 7000 tn/nm x 20m3/tn x 500 /m3 = 70.000.000 ng Thu hi 1kg bt giy/1 tn sn phm 7000 tn/nm x 1 kg/tn x 6000 /kg = 42.000.000 ng 42.000.000 ng t: Thu hi bt giy trong nc trng 7000 tn/nm x 1 x 6000/kg = 42.000.000 ng
Hon vn 5 thng
ng (150, 50m): 10 triu Lp t: 1 triu 37 triu ng cho My bm bt: 15 triu ng (150, 50m): 10 triu B cha nc thi (10m3): 10 triu Lp t: 2 triu.
33.615.000 cho:
ng
6 thng
in chy my bm 7,5KW x 18 gi/ngy x 300 ngy x 830/KWh = 33.615.000 ng
GP4 Ci tin thp nc trng u t ci tin b phn lng h hi ca thp qu trnh lng t hiu qu cao hn, t thu hi c nhiu bt giy hn
40 triu VND ci tin b phn lng
Khng
12 thng
Nhn xt: Phn tch tin hnh kh chi tit; im cn ci tin duy nht y l vi mi hot ng ta c th dng mt phiu nh th ny tnh ton cc khon tit kim. Nhng y khng phi l mt quy tc cng nhc v bt di bt dch.
4.4.3 Nhim v 12: Tnh kh thi mi trng

Cc gii php SXSH phi c nh gi t kha cnh tc ng ti mi trng. C rt nhiu trng hp, li ch mi trng th hin rt r rng: gim c tnh v/hoc lng cht thi. Cc tc ng khc c th l nhng thay i kh nng x l, thay i v kh nng p dng cc quy nh v mi trng. cc bc u tin, kha cnh mi trng c v nh khng phi l yu t thc p nh cc kha cnh kinh t. Tuy nhin, cn phi nhn thc rng trong tng lai gn, v hin din ra cc nc ang pht trin, cc kha cnh mi trng s tr thnh yu t xem xt quan trng nht bt k tnh kh thi kinh t l g. Phiu cng tc 17 l bn danh mc gip nh gi tnh kh thi mi trng.
90
PHIU CNG TC 17: Phn tch tnh kh thi mi trng

Tn/m t gii php Mi trng Khng kh
Thng s Bi Kh xx Khc BOD COD TS Khc Cht thi rn Bn ha cht Bn hu c
Tc ng mi trng nh tnh nh lng
Nc
Cht thi rn
Phiu cng tc 17: Phn tch tnh kh thi mi trng (V d nh my giy Vit Tr)
Gii php v m t Gii php 1 Nng cao cht lng bt giy Nghin cu v ci tin quy trnh sn xut bt nng cao cht lng bt, tit kim nc v gim thiu pht thi ra mi trng. Cc nhim v u tin l: Lp p h thng thu hi dch en ti bc ra/ sau cng on nu bo v nguyn liu th Nghin cu phng php ty bng peoxit Gii php 2 S dng hiu qu nc trng trong thp u t mt h thng bm nc trng lp mt trong thp. Nh vy nc trng s c s dng hiu qu hn: lp nc di cng c th dng ha long bt giy v lp nc trn dng ra. (Hin nay, ch c bm t y thp) Gii php 3 Tun hon nc thi t ra 2 ti s dng trong ra 1 u t mt h thng thu hi nc thi t ra 2 ti s dng trong ra 1 tun hon bt giy v nc Gii php 4 Ci tin thp nc trng u t ci tin b phn lng b h hi cho thp qu trnh lng t hiu qu cao hn t thu hi c nhiu bt giy hn nh gi mi trng Gim th tch v ti lng nhim trong 500 m3 nc thi x vo mi trng Tiu th in nhiu hn Gim ti lng nhim trong nc thi; 36 Kg SS/ ngy Tiu th in nhiu hn Gim th tch nc thi: 20m3 / tn sn phm Gim ti lng nhim trong nc thi Tiu th in nhiu hn Gim ti lng nhim trong nc thi
Nhn xt: Bn phn tch trn cha chi tit v lng nhim COD v BOD. Tuy nhin cc dng thi t cng on xeo khng cha ti lng nhim hu c mc cao, v th m d iu chnh. Nhng chi ph x l cng cn xem xt khi tnh ton kh thi kinh t.
4.4.4 Nhim v 13: La chn gii php thc hin

Sau khi nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng, ta s la chn cc gii php SXSH trin khai. Hin nhin l cc gii php hp dn nht chnh l nhng gii php c li ch kinh t ln nht, tnh kh thi k thut cao. Tuy nhin, ngy cng c nhiu trng hp, c bit l khi chu p lc, th cc yu t v mi
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh giy v bt giy 91
trng li l tiu ch la chn u tin. C nhiu trng hp khi c rt nhiu gii php SXSH c xy dng th s dn n kh khn trong vic chn la cng nh t u tin thc hin cho cc gii php. Phiu cng tc 18 s gip nh gi v lp th t u tin thc hin cc gii php. Ta cng cn xc nh cc ngun lc cn thit (ti chnh, nhn lc, thi gian, v.v) v xy dng mt k hoch thc hin. Phiu c cho im theo phng php chuyn gia, da trn nhn xt ch quan ca cc thnh vin. PHIU CNG TC 18: La chn cc gii php SXSH thc hin
Gii php SXSH Kh thi k thut (25) T TB C Kh thi kinh t (50) T TB C Kh thi mi trng (25) T TB C Tng im Hng
Ghi ch: H s 25, 50, 25 ch mang tnh v d. im c cho vi loi kh thi thp (T): 0-5, trung bnh (TB): 6-14, cao (C): 15-20
Phiu cng tc 18: La chn cc gii php SXSH thc hin (v d ti nh my giy Vit Tr)
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gii php SXSH Nng cao cht lng bt giy S dng hiu qu nc trng trong thp Tun hon nc thi t ra 2 ti s dng ra 1 Ci tin thp nc trng u t thit b lm c bt giy t giy ph liu u t thit b lm sch ly tm mi u t thit b ra mi K thut 30% 5 1,5 5 3 3 2 1,5 0,9 0,9 0,6 Tnh kh thi Kinh t Mi trng 50% 20% 5 2,5 3 0,6 4 3 3 -3 2 1,5 1,5 -1,5 3 5 5 4 0,6 1 1 0,8 Tng im 4,6 4,1 3,4 3,4 -0,1 Xp loi chung 1 2 4 4 5
0,6
-5
-2,5
-0,9
Trong v d ny, im c cho nh sau: K thut Cao: rt d thc hin Trung bnh: D thc hin Thp: C th thc hin c Kh thc hin Rt kh thc hin Kinh t Cao: thi gian hon vn di 1 nm Trung bnh: Thi gian hon vn di 3 nm Thp: Khng thay i Chi ph vn hnh cao hn u t cao + cc chi ph vn hnh cao hn Mi trng Cao: mc gim nhim cao Trung bnh: Gim phn no nhim Thp: nhim khng thay i nhim hn nhim hn nhiu im +5 +3 0 -3 -5
Nhn xt: Cng ty theo cc yu cu ca mnh u tin hn cho kh thi k thut hn l kh thi mi trng. Tiu ch cho im c cng ty xc nh nhu trong bng trn.
92
4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH

Sau khi la chn cc gii php s c trin khai thc hin, c rt nhiu gii php c th thc hin c ngay, nhng cng c nhiu gii php khc li yu cu phi c mt k hoch mang tnh h thng trin khai.
4.5.1 Nhim v 14: Chun b thc hin

Nhm SXSH cn phi chun b cho bn thn cng nh nhng ngi lin quan khc trong nh my trin khai gii php chn. Cng tc chun b c th bao gm xin ph duyt ti chnh, yu cu phi hp t cc b phn c lin quan, thit lp cc mi lin kt trong trng hp cc gii php c lin quan n nhiu b phn, v.v Cc cng vic ny, ngoi kha cnh k thut, cn cn phi c nhng ngi lin quan thc hin cn thn m bo rng s h tr v cng tc ca h c lin tc xuyn sut giai on trin khai. Lin kt tt, nhn thc tt v trao i thng tin tt rt c ch cho cng vic thc thi cc gii php. Cc bng kim nh cng vic lin quan, cc b phn phng ban cn phi lin h, cc a ch cn bit, v.v cng rt hu ch. Phiu cng tc 19 s h tr cho vic lp k hoch trin khai. Phiu ny ghi li nhng ngi chu trch nhim trin khai, theo di tin trin khai v hn hon thnh. Phiu ny cng cho thy tng quan v nhng li ch kinh t v mi trng c th so snh vi cc kt qu thc t t c sau qu trnh trin khai. PHIU CNG TC 19: K hoch trin khai
Gii php c chn Ngy trin khai Ngi ph trch Kt qu Kinh t Mi trng D Thc D Thc kin kin nh gi tin Phng Giai on php
Phiu cng tc 19: K hoch trin khai (V d: Nh my giy Vit Tr) K hoch trin khai cho gii php thc hin ngay
Cc gii php SXSH Thay sng ra hoc sa nhng l thng iu chnh li dao bt thit b ra iu chnh hp u c nh sng Ti a ha s dng nc trng T chc o to nng cao cho cng nhn vn hnh Chu trch nhim B phn giy B phn giy B phn c kh B phn giy Phng nhn s v o to Hn thc hin Kim tra thng xuyn v thay th nu cn thit Thng 5/2000 Thng 4/2000 Thng 6/2000 nh k t chc tp hun v kim tra cht lng mi nm mt ln
93
K hoch trin khai cho gii php thc hin nghin cu kh thi
Cc gii php SXSH Nng cao cht lng bt giy u tin 1 Chu trch nhim Phng k thut Hn thc hin Thng 6/2000 Cc thng s quan trc Tiu th ha cht trong khu nu, ty, khong thi gian t giy Bt giy b lng ph Bt giy b lng ph Nc thi my ra
S dng hiu qu nc trng trong thp Ci tin thp nc trng Tun hon nc thi t ra 2 s dng ra 1
2 3 4
Phng k thut v b phn giy Phng c kh v phng k thut Phng k thut v b phn giy
Thng 9/2000 Thng 12/2000 Thng 12/2000
K hoch trin khai cho gii php cn nghin cu su

Cc gii php SXSH u t thit b ra mi u t thit b lm c bt giy t giy ph liu Lp t thm mt cp cho thit b lm sch ly tm hoc u t thit b lm sch mi Hn tin hnh nghin cu kh thi Thng 12/2000 Thng 9/2000 Thng 3/2001 Chu trch nhim Phng k thut Phng k thut Phng k thut
4.5.2 Nhim v 15: Trin khai cc gii php

Vic trin khai cc gii php SXSH cng tng t nh cc ci tin cng nghip khc v khng cn phi m t qu chi tit y. Cc nhim v bao gm chun b s v bn v, ch to/mua sm thit b, v vn chuyn n cng trng, lp t v vn hnh. Khi cn c th tin hnh o to nhn lc song song v ngay c nhng gii php tuyt vi nht cng c th b tht bi do khng c tip qun bi nhng ngi c o to y . Nhm trin khai cn bit r v cng vic cng nh mc ch cng vic mc c th, v c nhng gi hu ch thng xut pht t i trin khai.
4.5.3 Nhim v 16: Quan trc v nh gi kt qu

Cui cng, cc gii php c trin khai cn phi c quan trc nh gi vic thc hin. Cc kt qu thu c cn phi ph hp vi nhng g c tnh/tnh ton trong nh gi k thut; v cc nguyn nhn sai lch, nu c, cng phi c nu ra. C th dng phiu cng tc 19 thc hin mc tiu ny. Cc vn sp xy ra cn phi c bit nh du v lu tm. Cn phi chun b bn bo co y trnh ln ban lnh o. Nhng ngi c lin quan cn phi c bit cc kt qu ny. Cng tc trin khai ch c coi l kt thc sau khi thc hin thnh cng v duy tr hot ng n nh trong mt thi gian di.
94
V d v cc li ch SXSH nm 2000 ti nh my giy Vit Tr

Tn nguyn liu/ngun lc Sn phm, tn Bt giy kg/tn 3 Nc (m /tn sn phm) Kim, kg/tn Clo, kg/tn Peoxit, kg/tn Cc ha cht khc Than 1, kg/tn Than 2, kg/tn Tiu th in, KWh/tn Chi ph in do duy tr tnh n nh ca ngun cp Tng Trc SXSH 9.000 1.062 330 536 154 0 1.169 149 1094 Cc li ch k thut Sau SXSH % thay i 11.000 1.000 280 522 95 7 1.082 199 1054 2 -6 -15 -2.6 -39 -8 +33 3.6 Cc li ch kinh t, triu VND/nm Cha xc nh 4,092 275 308 1,160 -300 -3.608 266 -500 300 700 2.286 triu VND
Thi gian hon vn = u t/tit kim=525.000.000 / 2.286.000.000 = 0,23 nm = 2,7 thng. Nh vy l ch khong sau gn 3 thng u t, SXSH s hon vn. Cc li ch mi trng: 3 Gim 550.000 m nc thi/nm Gim 330 tn kh nh knh - GHG/pht thi nm
4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr hot ng SXSH

Thch thc ln nht cho cc hot ng SXSH cc nh my nh l lm th no duy tr bn vng chng trnh SXSH. Thnh cng ca chng trnh SXSH d b tiu tan, v nh my li tr v tnh trng nh ban u. S nhit tnh v tc ca i SXSH cng c xu hng trng xung. Thng th lnh o cao nht l ngi chu trch nhim cho nhng ci kt bi kch . Rt b cam kt, chi ph sn xut ph tri, khng c chnh sch khen thng v khch l cng vic v hon i cc u tin chnh l nhng l do thng gp phi m chng ta cn phi kim tra v trnh. Vic quan trc v xem xt li cc gii php trin khai cn phi c trnh by c th khch l c mong mun gim thiu cht thi. Cn phi c n lc tch hp SXSH vo quy trnh lp k hoch thng ngy ca cng ty. Vic tham gia ca nhiu nhn vin v khen thng cho ngi xng ng s l mt cha kha chc chn m bo s bn vng ca chng trnh. Trin khai xong cc gii php SXSH trong khu vc nghin cu, nhm SXSH nn tr li bc 2 Phn tch quy trnh tin hnh xc nh cng nh la chn cc bc quy trnh gy lng ph tip theo. Chu trnh ny s li din ra lin tc ti khi tt c cc bc c thc hin y . Khi ti bc u tin c trin khai, cc c hi SXSH khc s c th xc nh c, v iu ny cho php tip tc chu trnh. Ni tm li, trit l SXSH cn phi c xy dng ngay chnh trong cng ty. iu ny c ngha l SXSH cn phi tr thnh mt phn khng th tch ri ca hot ngsn xut ca cng ty. Mi chng trnh SXSH thnh cng cho ti nay u p dng trit l ny.
95
Tr ngi trong vic thc hin SXSH v cch khc phc

Chng ny cp n cc tr ngi khc nhau khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. ng thi cc bin php khc phc cc tr ngi ny cng c xut. Cc bin php ny c th thuc phm vi ngnh hoc cng c th l cc quyt nh mang tnh chnh sch ca chnh ph.
Gn y SXSH c chng minh l mt trong nhng cch thc tip cn ch ng nhm nng cao kh nng sinh li, ci thin mi trng lm vic v gim nhim trong ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy. Tuy nhin, cn tn ti mt s loi ro cn c th lm ngng tr hoc cn tr tin ca mt chng trnh SXSH. Chng ny s bn n mt s ro cn i vi vic trin khai chng trnh SXSH, gm: Ro cn thi Ro cn h thng Ro cn t chc Ro cn k thut Ro cn kinh t Ro cn chnh ph
Vic xc nh cc tr ngi thng s h tr pht sinh ra nhng gi vt qua. V th chng ny s a ra nhiu bin php i ph v g b cc ro cn. y l nhng bc ch ng, tch cc m nhng ngi ng h SXSH c th p dng khc phc tr ngi khi xy dng tng v thc hnh mi thng km hm chng trnh SXSH. Th t trnh by cc ro cn cng nh gii php trong phn ny phn nh trnh t m cc ro cn thng pht sinh. Tuy nhin, cch phn loi ny khng phi l bt buc p cho tt c cc nh my, bi l cc ro cn gp phi trong bt k nh my no cng u c th l kt qu ca nhiu cn tr ng thi. Xin c li khuyn cho cc cn b lnh o nh my l nhng ro cn cng nh bin php cn phi c xc nh c th cho tng doanh nghip v khng bao gi c bin php chung no ph hp cho mi doanh nghip.
5.1 Cc ro cn thi
Thi phn nh trong cc cu ni nh S lun phi chu tn km nu quan tm n mi trng v SXSH trong thi gian ti l iu khng tng vn cn ph bin trong cng nghip. Tuy nhin nhng cch nhn ny s t i nu xem xt n kinh nghim thc tin hoc c tnh chi ph thc t, v v th, chnh l cc v d hon ho v nhng ro cn thi cn tr doanh nghip quan tm cc gii php SXSH. Cc nh gi SXSH hoc cc nghin cu khc thng ch ra rng nhiu loi ro cn khc nhau c a ra di cc thut ng ti chnh
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hoc k thut nhng k thc li l vn thi . Ta c th phn loi ro cn thi nh sau: Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng Khng mun thay i
5.1.1 Bng quan vi cc vn qun l ni vi v mi trng

Qun l tt ni vi mang tnh vn ha nhiu hn l k thut. Rt nhiu doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs) l nhng doanh nghip gia nh v v vy hiu bit v vn ha qun l ni vi cha y . Cc doanh nghip ny t khi hnh thnh khng c c mt h thng qun l chuyn nghip. T nhng ngi cng nhn n ngi iu hnh cao nht u coi nhng thiu st trong qun l ni nh mt phn tt yu ca hot ng cng nghip ch khng phi l do li qun l hoc hiu qu km. Li suy ngh ny trong cng nghip gy ra cc vn mi trng, l kt qu do s th trc cc vn mi trng v mt h thng nh gi khng ng mc cc vn mi trng khi ch quan tm ti cc chin lc kinh doanh v mc ch kim li trong thi gian ngn.
5.1.2 Khng mun thay i

Nhn s ca nh my thng khng mun thay i do s tht bi hoc do khng hiu bit. Rt nhiu cng nhn vn hnh khng c o to mt cch chnh quy v ngn ngi trc cc hot ng th nghim v h s rng nhng thay i so vi thc hnh tiu chun lm h mt kh nng kim sot quy trnh v gim nng sut. V th m ngi ta thng t chi th nghim cc gii php SXSH. S e ngi chnh l nn tng pht sinh hi chng ng bt ti l ngi u tin (NMF not me first), ngha l ngi ta khng sn sng th bt k tng no nu nh cha c thc hin thnh cng u trc.
5.1.3 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn thi

Cc gii php sau y rt c hiu qu i ph vi cc ro cn thi : Thnh cng sm C s tham gia ca cng nhn Khch l hot ng th nghim Cng b nhng thnh cng u tin v SXSH
Thnh cng u tin v SXSH Nhng thnh cng u tin c th khch l ban lnh o cng nh cng nhn vn hnh v qun c tip tc cc th nghim SXSH. Cc nh gi trc ht cn phi nhn din cc gii php hin nhin vi chi ph thp hoc khng tn chi ph. Cc gii php ny dn n vic loi b cc thiu st trong qun l ni vi, bo dng v kim sot quy trnh, c con s tit kim ti chnh r rng, v thng c xc nh trong cuc kho st thc a ln u tin ti cng ty.
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C s tham gia ca cng nhn loi b c cc ro cn thc trong ton b i ng cng nhn vin ca doanh nghip, th ngay t u mi nhn vin u phi c tham gia xy dng cc gii php SXSH. Khch l cc hot ng th nghim (c bit l vi cc gii php chi ph thp hoc khng tn ph). Ni lo s v tht bi v nhng iu v hnh c th c loi b bng nhng hng dn c th ng trng tm th nghim nh sa i quy trnh lm vic hoc chn loi nguyn liu th hoc cc ph gia thay th. hn ch ti a ri ro, cc hot ng th nghim nn bt u bng nhng thc hnh khng tn chi ph hoc chi ph thp, chng hn nh ci thin cng tc qun l ni vi v ti u ha quy trnh, v dn dn s m rng da trn cc bi hc kinh nghim thu c. Cng b nhng thnh cng ban u trong thc hin SXSH: Cc nh my nn nhn mnh nhng li ch c v ti chnh ln mi trng ca nhng thnh cng ban u trong thc hin SXSH nng cao nhn thc trong ton th lc lng lao ng v duy tr s cam kt cng nh s tham gia ca nhng ngi c thm quyn quyt nh chnh.
5.2 Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng

Cc d liu quan trc sn xut v cc quy trnh thng thng phn tch d liu c ngha rt quan trng gip trnh c nhng cuc tho lun mang tnh ch quan v phin din trong khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. Vic thu thp d liu v xy dng cc h thng thng tin trong ni b cng ty l iu kin tin quyt thit lp ln mt c s chnh xc v ng tin cy trong SXSH v cc hot ng khc. Tuy nhin, c kin cho rng cc li ch kinh t mang tnh tc thi ca vic khng lu gi h s sn xut c th lm lu m cc u im ca hot ng thu thp v nh gi d liu mt cch thch hp nhm hng ti ti u ha quy trnh sn xut. Mc d vic thu thp cc d liu nn l mt iu kin quan trng bt u cc hot ng SXSH nhng thng th cc cng vic ny cha phi bt buc phi lm ngay cho ti khi nhng thiu st trong qun l ni vi v bo dng thit b c hon ton loi b. Cc ro cn mang tnh h thng c th c xc nh nh sau: Thiu k nng qun l chuyn nghip, Cc h s sn xut s si, Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu,
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5.2.1 Thiu cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip

Hin nhiu cng ty vn c th cn c s thiu ht trong nhng lnh vc sau thuc cc k nng qun l chuyn nghip: K nng lnh o: rt t ch doanh nghip hoc nhng ngi c quyn quyt nh l nhng nh qun l chuyn nghip v thng khng thc hin ng vai tr lnh o v dn dt cn thit pht trin doanh nghip. Kt qu l nhn vin b hn ch t duy sng to trong nhng cng vic chi tit hng ngy m khng c cc mc tiu cho tng lai. K nng gim st: Nhng ngi qun c trong cc doanh nghip va v nh thng l nhng ngi c c ln v h c thnh tch tt trong cng vic m khng phi l ngi c o to k nng gim st: nh hng dn, qun l v dn dt nhng ngi cng nhn khc. V vy m nhng ngi cng nhn vn hnh thng xem cc qun c nh nhng ng nghip cp cao thay v xem h nh nhng qun c phn xng ngi c nhng ch o v tm nhn rng, v l ngi chu trch nhim trc h.
5.2.2 Cc h s sn xut s si
Cc nh my thng khng thc hin c y cng tc ghi chp h s tiu th nc, nng lng, nguyn liu; kim k ha cht, nhin liu v nguyn liu th; cc phiu ghi chp hng ngy ti xng v thng tin u vo, u ra, thi gian dng my, v.v...; hoc cc ghi chp v mi trng nh cht lng v khi lng cht thi lng, rn v kh. Do duy tr hot ng ghi chp h s nn cc k nng phn tch nh gi d liu khng c rn ra, y l mt thiu st lm nh hng n vic xc nh cc gii php mt cch c h thng.
5.2.3 Cc h thng qun l khng y v km hiu qu

Khi khng c mt h thng qun l tt, th cc lung chc nng, trch nhim bo co, v trch nhim cng vic s khng c r rng. S m h v cc tiu ch thc hin s lm cho cng nhn ln trnh cc cng vic khng thng l nh cc gii php lin quan n SXSH. Cc l hng trong h thng qun l c bit r rng trong cc kha cnh sau: Nng cao tnh chuyn nghip cho cng nhn: rt nhiu cng ty cha thc hin y hoc khng thc hin cng tc o to mt cch h thng nhm nng cao cc k nng ngh nghip cho cng nhn v vy m ngi cng nhn khng c cp nht vi nhng khi nim mi trong cng nghip nh SXSH. Lp k hoch sn xut: Cc k hoch sn xut thng c lp trn c s tng ngy mt, iu ny lm cn tr cng vic lu di mang tnh h thng, chng hn nh vic thu thp s liu u vo hoc nh gi tc ng cho cc bin php trin khai.
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5.2.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn mang tnh h thng

Cc bin php khc phc sau y c a ra nhm gii quyt cc cn tr mang tnh h thng: Lp h s v bn v s nh my chi tit y Xy dng b phn bo dng SXSH trong ni b cng ty o to mt nhm SXSH cp nh my Xy dng cc ch s qun l n gin Phat ng qun l tt ni vi t tt c cc cp. Qung b cc v d thnh cng
Lp h s v bn v s nh my chi tit y Cc nh my c th hon thin cc bn v s v ti liu v c s mnh bao gm tt c nhng d n sa cha v m rng cng sut gn y nht. Cc ti liu ny s l ngun thng tin quan trng cho cng tc phn tch v nh gi d liu trong cc nh gi SXSH. Xy dng b phn bo dng SXSH trong ni b cng ty Thng thng, cc cng ty c b phn bo dng ni b v cc thit b ch to c bn s lun i trc mt bc so vi cc cng ty phi ph thuc vo cc nh thu bo dng v sa cha bn ngoi. o to mt nhm SXSH ca nh my Vic t chc mt cuc tp hun cho nhm SXSH ca nh my khi bt u tin hnh nh gi SXSH l mt trong nhng khuyn co hng u. Cuc tp hun ny cn phi lm r cc mc tiu SXSH gim cc tc ng mi trng bng cch nng cao hiu qu sn xut v chng minh c nhng li ch ca vic sn xut c k hoch v s cn thit phi thu thp v nh gi cc h s sn xut mang tnh thc cht. Cng ty cng cn phi ch minh ha nhng phng php gii quyt vn , nu c km cc v d ca chnh cng ty th cng tt, chng hn nh nhng thiu st trong qun l ni vi hoc bo dng. c c nhng kt qu tt nht, nhng ngi ra quyt nh ch cht, bao gm c ch s hu doanh nghip ln cc qun c phn xng cn phi tham gia hot ng ny. Xy dng cc ch s qun l n gin Khi khng c nhng k nng qun l chuyn nghip, th cng ty cn xy dng cc ch s n gin gip ban lnh o v cc qun c c th kim sot c cc quy trnh sn xut v hn ch ti a vic lng ph nguyn liu, nc v
nng lng. Cc ch s n gin nh lng nguyn liu u vo v nng lng tiu th trn mt n v sn phm u ra c th l th hin c cc li ch khi ci thin cng tc qun l ni vi, v l c s khi xng cc n lc lin tc trong vn ny. Pht ng qun l ni vi tt c cc cp Nh c th thy rt nhiu cng ty thc hin kim sot cng tc qun l ni vi, cng tc ny s c ci thin khi c cp lnh o lm gng. Ban lnh o cao nht ca doanh nghip c th u n xc nh nhng thiu st trong vic qun l ni vi, v d nh thit b v ng ng b r r v nguyn liu ri trn, v theo di st vic loi tr nhng thiu st ny. Qung b cc v d thnh cng Cc v d thc hin SXSH thnh cng c th gip to ra v nng cao nhn thc v SXSH. Nhng trng hp ny cn phi c ghi chp li chi tit gm cc d liu trc v sau lin quan n c kinh t v mi trng, qua chng minh vai tr quan trng ca h thng thng tin chnh xc i vi s thnh cng ca chng trnh SXSH. Ti liu v cc cuc hi tho chung cng nh chuyn ngnh c th l nhng bin php qung b hu hiu cho nhng thnh cng t c.
5.3 Cc ro cn t chc
C cu t chc ca mt cng ty c th cn tr vic a vo p dng cc thc hnh qun l mi trng. V th, vic nh gi mi lin h ca cc nhim v v trch nhim n qun l sn xut v cc vn mi trng c phn chia nh th no trong cng ty v khuyn ngh thay i thun li cho chng trnh SXSH l rt quan trng. Qun c phn xng v cc nhn vin k thut cn tham gia vo nhm d n, cng nh s hp tc vi cc t vn vin bn ngoi. Cc ro cn mang tnh t chc c th c phn thnh 3 nhm tch bit nhng lin quan vi nhau (c bit l trong cc SMEs): Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh Qu ch trng vo sn xut Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn.
5.3.1 Tp trung ho quyn ra quyt nh

Thng ngi a ra mi quyt nh l gim c iu hnh, d ch l nhng quyt nh v gii php n gin t tn km. Cc v lnh o ny thng khng nm c nhng tc ng tch cc ca cc cng c to ng lc, v d nh cng nhn v tng thng cho nhn vin hoc cc ch khen thng v khch l. Khng c chia s trch nhim a ra quyt nh, cc nhn vin khc thiu ch ng tham gia cc nhim v mi c tnh thch thc nh SXSH, v nu thnh lp nhm SXSH, cc thnh vin ca nhm c th s cho l h khng c vai tr g thc s trong chng trnh ny.
5.3.2 Qu ch trng vo sn xut

Sc p sn xut c th dn n vic khng ch trng dnh thi gian v cng sc cn thit tin hnh nh gi SXSH. mt s cng ty, s ch trng ny c duy tr bi thc t l tin lng cho cng nhn c thanh ton theo hnh thc khon sn phm, theo cng lm ra nhiu sn phm th thu nhp ca ngi cng nhn cng cao. V trong mt h thng kiu ny th s c khuynh hng b b qua vn v SXSH v cc tiu chun v qun l ni vi nng cao s lng sn phm.
5.3.3 Khng c s tham gia ca cng nhn

Ngi lao ng b phn sn xut khng tham gia vo cc hot ng SXSH tr phi h c gim c iu hnh ra lnh. Cc cng nhn k thut thng gp phi tnh trng cng vic qu ti v khng c thi gian tham gia vo thc hin nh gi SXSH. i khi h c cc nhn vin trnh thp tham gia vo cc cuc hp nhm SXSH vi l do cng vic qu ti.
5.3.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn mang tnh t chc

Cc c ch i ph vi cc ro cn mang tnh t chc gm: Chia s thng tin T chc nhm d n c nng lc Cng nhn v khen thng nhng n lc thc hin SXSH Xc nh chi ph i vi sn xut v pht thi.
Chia s thng tin Chia s cc d liu v chi ph gia cn b qun l v cc cng nhn vn hnh s khuyn khch nhng cng nhn vn hnh lm vic cn thn hn vi cc nguyn liu t tin. Chia s thng tin v cc nguyn nhn hng thit b nhn din c hoc cc sn phm khng t tiu chun, gia cc cng nhn vn hnh, gia ngi cng nhn k thut v qun c, s to iu kin thun li cho tip cn gii quyt vn loi b cc nguyn nhn pht sinh lng ph. T chc mt i d n c nng lc Mt i SXSH c t chc tt v c nng lc l mt iu kin then cht thc hin nh gi SXSH v loi b cc ro cn ca SXSH. Tuy nhin, vic thit lp mt nhm SXSH hiu qu c th khng phi l mt vic d dng khi tnh n kh nng t c cng nhn v mc u tin dnh cho hot ng SXSH hin cn ang thp, t l tham gia cng nhn t, v cung cch qun l chuyn quyn. V th cn phi to ra c th cn bng gia tnh hung mong mun l mt i d n thc hin tt chc nng ca mnh - c th t mnh xy dng v thc thi gii php SXSH - v tnh hung ph bin l cu trc t chc hn ch quyn quyt nh v cn tr s sng to trong gii quyt vn . Cc cng ty nn chn
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i trng l ngi c thm quyn quyt nh vic thc thi ch t l cc gii php chi ph thp v khng tn chi ph. Nhm ny cng cn phi c mt hoc vi v qun c v cng nhn c lin quan trc tip nht (cc cng nhn trong phn xng). Cng nhn v khen thng cc n lc thc hin SXSH Khi nhm nhn nh v nh gi c cc c hi SXSH, th cng ty cn phi thit lp ra cc c ch khch l ng vin cho nhm chng hn nh cng nhn rng ri v chng trnh, cc phn thng, v cng b nhng thnh cng ban u. Xc nh chi ph sn xut v pht thi m rng phm vi qun l vt ra ngoi qun l thnh phm nhm tin ln mt bin php qun l ton din hn v tnh hiu qu ca sn xut th vic xc nh cc chi ph cho tng yu t sn xut khc nhau v dng thi l v cng cn thit. Thng thng, cc nh qun l c th c khuyn khch thc hin nh nhng php tnh n gin v gi tr bng tin ca nguyn liu, ha cht v nhng sn phm b tht thot cho mt dng thi c bit no .
5.4 Cc ro cn k thut
SXSH thng yu cu phi c nhng thay i k thut trong cc h thng thit b, cng c, cc nguyn liu u vo, ph gia, quy trnh v thit b. Do vic trin khai SXSH ph thuc vo cng ngh, cc yu t k thut thng tr thnh nhng ro cn trong qu trnh ny. Cc ro cn k thut trong cc nh my hay doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs) c th nhm li nh sau: Nng lc k thut hn ch Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch Cc hn ch cng ngh
5.4.1 Nng lc k thut hn ch

Vi hu ht cc SMEs, nng lc sn xut b gii hn trong phm vi kinh nghim ca ngi cng nhn m hu ht khng c nng lc trnh k thut gim st, iu khin v ci tin cng ngh sn xut. Cc hn ch v tay ngh k thut c th nm di cc dng: Ngun nhn lc khng c o to hoc c o to khng y : khng c nhn s k thut trong cng ty hoc ti a phng, v vy m nhiu cng ty phi ph thuc vo cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tin hnh nh gi SXSH.
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Thiu cc phng tin quan trc: khng c cc phng tin quan trc trin khai nh gi SXSH nn nhiu cng ty phi ph thuc vo mt s lng c hn cc c quan bn ngoi, chi ph tn km v thng c tr s xa. Khi khng c y trang thit b quan trc th vic thu thp d liu nn s b nh hng. Cc iu kin bo dng cn hn ch: B phn bo dng ti cc doanh nghip va v nh thng ch c trang b v cung cp nhn s va cho cc hot ng bo dng thng thng v ng tic l nh vy th khng c kh nng ng ph vi cc trng hp s c thit b h hng xy ra. cc cng ty ny, cc cng vic bo dng ln nh i tu, qun li ng c v lm v sinh ni hi thng phi nh n cc cng ty bn ngoi vi chi ph m cc SMEs u e ngi v v th lm nh hng n cng tc trin khai SXSH.
5.4.2 Tip cn thng tin k thut cn gp hn ch

Thng thng cc SMEs hay gp hn ch trong vic tip cn cc ngun thng tin k thut v nhng trng hp thnh cng v gim tiu th ti nguyn v cc k thut t lng ph. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc cng ty u khng c ti liu k thut thch hp. Cc thng tin t nc ngoi khng phi lc no ph hp hoc khng phi l c vit ring cho thc t v quy m k thut trong hot ng ca cc SMEs.
5.4.3 Cc hn ch v cng ngh

Cc khong cch cng ngh vn cn tn ti cc SMEs bt chp nhng n lc hin i ha, do cc quy trnh li v theo li mn bin i hu ht cng ngh c truyn thng thiu nghin cu yu t k thut v ha hc c bn ca h thng. Chnh s b qua ny dn n tnh trng tn dng thit b khng hiu qu, di mc ti u v rt cuc l pht thi mc cao.
5.4.4 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn k thut

Cc nh my c kh nng vt qua nhng ro cn k thut l nhng ni c cng nhn c o to nhng k nng k thut ph hp v khng phi ph thuc vo cc ngun bn ngoi v cc nhu cu ch to ca cng ty mnh. Cc ro cn tip cn cng ngh ph hp c th c khc phc thng qua cc bin php sau: Nhn vin c trnh k thut cao Trang b c s vt cht cho cng tc gia cng ti nh my Qung b cc v d thnh cng khi p dng cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH H tr theo nhu cu cho cng tc nghin cu v pht trin v mi trng.
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Nhn vin c trnh k thut cao Nhng cng ty s hu nhng cng nhn c trnh k thut s gp t kh khn hn khi bt u tin hnh SXSH. Cc nhn vin ny c th d dng tip thu nhng khi nhim mi v SXSH v c th vn dng phng php lm vic chung trong nhng tnh hung c th ti cng ty mnh. Trang b c s vt cht cho cng tc gia cng ti nh my Cc doanh nghip va v nh c truyn thng tn dng cc thit b c, b thi ra ni khc mang v sa cha s dng theo mt cch mi v ci tin, v qua tch ly thm trnh chuyn mn trong vic tm ra k thut sa cha n gin nhng thng minh. c bit cc cng ty thc hin ch to ti ch (nh c cc xng c kh, in hay dn dng) th thng c nhng kh nng chuyn mn gip h c th nhn din ra cc gii php SXSH hoc bin nhng xut ci tin m cc chuyn gia bn ngoi gi thnh cc gii php. Qung b cc trng hp thnh cng khi p dng cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH Qung b cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH thnh cng c th to ra mt ng lc mnh m xa b nhng tr ngi k thut c hu. Vic pht hnh cc ti liu k thut SXSH v t chc cc hi tho v hi ngh chuyn l nhng hot ng hu hiu trong cng tc qung b nhng thnh cng ny. chun ha vic thc hin cc k thut v cng ngh SXSH trong phm vi ngnh th cc k thut cng nh cng ngh ny cn phi c qung b ti cc doanh nghip thng qua cc t chc trung gian nh cc c quan dch v cng nghip, cc t chc chuyn nghip, cc hip hi cng nghip v thm ch l c nhng nh cung cp thit b. H tr theo nhu cu cho cc nghin cu v pht trin v mi trng Cng tc nghin cu v pht trin s gip xa b nhng khu vc m ti ngay c cng ngh tin b nht cng khng th ngn chn c cc vn mi trng theo cc quy m sn xut c th ca cc doanh nghip va v nh.
5.5 Cc ro cn kinh t
Cc ro cn kinh t chnh ca SXSH l: Cc u i ti chnh ch yu u tin khi lng sn xut hn l cc chi ph sn xut Nguyn liu th gi thp v d kim Chnh sch u t hin hnh Vn c chi ph cao v v kh tip cn
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5.5.1 Cc u i ti chnh ch yu u tin cho khi lng sn xut hn l chi phi ph sn xut
Cc u i ti chnh ph bin hin nay, nh min gim v thu thu mn bi, thu thu nhp doanh nghip, v.v... ch yu lin quan n khi lng sn xut v rt t hoc khng c lin quan g ti cc chi ph sn xut. V th cc doanh nghip thng c xu hng tp trung ti a ha sn xut to ra li nhun ti chnh ti a v xp vic thc hnh gim chi ph sn xut nh SXSH sang hng th yu.
5.5.2 Nguyn liu th gi r v d kim

Nhit tnh xc nh v trin khai cc bin php SXSH thng b lm ngui i bi cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu sn v r mt nhiu vng c ti nguyn thin nhin, chng hn nh cc ph phm nng nghip, nc, v nhin liu.
5.5.3 Chnh sch u t hin hnh

Bn cht lm thi ca cc hot ng u t trong ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy l mt yu t bt li cho SXSH mt s phng din lin quan ln nhau: Gii hn php phn tch kinh t trong phm vi cc chi ph v li ch trc tip: Yu t kinh t ca tt c cc khon u t bao gm c cc gii php SXSH c tnh ch yu da trn c s khon hon vn trc tip v cc khon thu ti chnh ngn hn. V th, ch c tng cng sut sn xut, gim tiu th nguyn nhin liu v gim nhng chi ph sn xut hin nhin, nh lao ng, mi c c bit ch . Nhng li ch tch ly t lng in tiu th gim v chi ph kim sot nhim gim thng khng c tnh n thng xuyn, do cc chi ph thc hin cc gii php nhm thu c nhng khon tit kim cha pht sinh. Cc khon tit kim thu c t cc gii php mi trng thng l mt phn quan trng trong cc li ch kinh t ca cc gii php SXSH. V th, khi khng gp c cc tiu ch vo trong qu trnh phn tch kinh t th cc gii php SXSH kh m c chp nhn.
5.5.4 Cc bin php khc phc cc ro cn kinh t

Cc nh my c nn tng ti chnh vng vng, v nhng doanh nghip khng ngn ngi trin khai cc gii php khng tn km hoc chi ph thp thng m rng c cc c hi khc phc cc ro cn kinh t cho mnh. Cc cng ty c th tn dng cc bin php sau: Ti chnh vng mnh Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh
106
V thc t cho thy cc cng ty c kh nng ti chnh vng mnh thng t chu nh hng ca cc ro cn kinh t hn cho nn cn s dng thc trng ti chnh ca cng ty nh mt tiu ch la chn cng ty d trnh din u t cho SXSH.
5.5.5 Trin khai cc gii php c tnh hp dn v ti chnh

Trin khai cc gii php SXSH chi ph thp hoc khng tn chi ph c th m ng cho vic trin khai cc gii php c la chn c chi ph cao hn trong tng lai gn. Trnh din tnh kh thi kinh t ca cc gii php ny c th gip cng ty nh lng c khon h tr ti chnh tng thm.
5.5.6 Phn b chi ph hp l v u t c k hoch

Nhn thc v cc chi ph pht sinh do lng ph l mt im quan trng ca bt c chng trnh SXSH no. dn chng tim nng tit kim nh SXSH, cng ty cn phi tin hnh c tnh chi ph cho rt nhiu yu t trong mt dng thi, v.d: nng lng, nguyn liu th, nc, v sn phm. Khi phn b c cc chi ph ca cc yu t ny, cng ty c th xc nh chi ph cho mt dng thi v c tnh cc khon tit kim thu c t vic gim thiu hoc xa b dng thi . Hot ng ny cng s gip xc nh c khon ti chnh tht thot qua cng thi.
5.5.7 Cc chnh sch cng nghip lu di

Cc chnh ph cn phi trnh vic thng xuyn thay i cc chnh sch cng nghip, mt kiu duy tr vic lp k hoch u t thin cn trong khu vc kinh t t nhn. Cc k hoch u t cng nghip di hn s gip cc nh my tch hp SXSH vo vic lp k hoch u t v khuyn kh h tr nn c tnh cnh tranh cao hn m khng cn c s bo h ti chnh gi to.
5.5.8 Cc khuyn khch v ti chnh

thc y vic trin khai cc gii php SXSH u t ln, cc k hoch ti chnh, trong t u tin cho cc n SXSH hn so vi cc n cui ng ng, c th c nh nc hoc cc c quan ti tr xy dng. Cc k hoch nh th (c tnh d tip cn v th tc n gin) s c nh hng ln ti chi ph vn v tnh sn sng ca cc khon u t cho SXSH i vi cc SME. Cc chnh ph c th to ra nhng u i ti chnh cho SXSH, chng hn chit khu khu hao 100% cho cc khon u t SXSH t nhn, hay mt chnh sch mua vo ca chnh ph h tr cc cng ty cam kt tham gia thc hin SXSH, hay tr cp thu doanh nghip cho cc cng ty tin hnh nng cp nng lc t ng.
5.6 Cc ro cn t pha chnh ph

Cc chnh sch Nh nc c tc ng n vic ra quyt nh v v vy c th cn tr hoc khuyn khch cc cng ty p dng SXSH. Cc ro cn chnh ph
bao gm c cc chnh sch cng nghip trong khuyn khch trin khai SXSH, cc chnh sch mi trng trong khuyn khch hot ng x l cui ng ng thay v cc gii php phng nga.
5.6.1 Cc chnh sch cng nghip

Nh trnh by, chnh sch cng nghip lun thay i s khng c li i vi n lc SXSH. Hin vn cha c cc chnh sch u i nh cp trong phn ny i vi SXSH.
5.6.2 Cc chnh sch mi trng

Cc c quan c thm quyn c xu hng p t mt b gii hn v cc tiu chun pht thi ra mi trng m khng c cc hng dn lm th no gim pht thi. V th cc doanh nghip chn cc gii php kim sot cui ng ng truyn thng nhm p ng nhng quy nh php l, hn l p dng cc thc hnh SXSH hin l iu khng nht thit phi thc hin c tha nhn bi cc c quan cng quyn.
5.6.3 Cc bin php khc phc ro cn chnh ph

Chnh ph c th thc hin cc bin php sau thc y hot ng SXSH: u i ti chnh Thc thi bt buc lut mi trng
u i ti chnh Chnh ph c th xy dng cc k hoch ti chnh, trong t u tin cho cc n SXSH so vi cc n x l cui ng ng. Cc k hoch ny (d tip cn v th tc n gin), c th c tc ng rt ln ti chi ph vn v tnh sn sng ca cc khon u t SXSH i vi cc SME. Chnh ph c th a ra cc chnh sch u i ti chnh cho SXSH, v d nh chit khu khu hao 100% cc khon u t SXSH t nhn, chnh sch mua vo ca chnh ph h tr cc cng ty cam kt thc hin SXSH, v gim thu cho cc cng ty thc hin nng cao nng lc t ng. Thi hnh bt buc lut mi trng Nu lut mi trng khng c cng ch thi hnh th cc doanh nghip s khng nht thit phi nhn ra mt iu l cn gp cc quan ngi v mi trng vo trong hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh.
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Tã I Liá U Hæ°á NG Dáº N Sáº N Xuáº T Sáº¡ch Hæ¡n Ngã NH Giáº y

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Tã I Liá U Hæ°á NG Dáº N Sáº N Xuáº T Sáº¡ch Hæ¡n Ngã NH Giáº y

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Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Gii thiu chung

1.1 Ngnh giy v bt giy ca Vit nam

1.2 M t quy trnh sn xut

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Bng 1: Cc b phn sn xut v cc quy trnh vn hnh tng ng

Hnh 1 trnh by s quy trnh tng qut v qu trnh sn xut giy.

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Nguyn liu th (tre, na, g mm) Cht, bm, ct

CHUN B NGUYN LIU

Xeo XEO GIY Hon tt

Hnh 1. S quy trnh sn xut giy v bt giy

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

1.2.1 Chun b nguyn liu th

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Vt chn nh ti Trn gia nhit s b Vt ti np Phn tn Kho cha

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

1.2.3 Chun b phi liu bt

1.2.4 Xeo giy

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

1.2.6 Thu hi ha cht

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Ni nu Thp phng Bn cha dch en long

Kim ha v thu hi vi Thit b bay hi

Bn cha dch nu Ni hi thu hi

Hnh 2. Chu trnh thu hi ha cht v nu bt

1.3 Hin trng cht thi

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Bng 2: Cc ngun nc thi t cc b phn v thit b khc nhau

Chun b phi liu bt Xeo giy

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Gi tr 150-300 90- 330 270- 1200 30-50

1.3.3 Cht thi rn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Sn xut sch hn Nguyn tc, nhu cu v phng php lun

2.1 Gii thiu v Sn xut sch hn (SXSH)

2.2 Nhu cu v SXSH

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Trung bnh Trung bnh Cao

3 x 10 5 x 10 575 - 1000 294 - 490 855 - 980 180 - 280

2.3 Phng php lun nh gi sn xut sch hn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

BC 2 : PHN TCH CC BC QUY TRNH

BC 3: XUT CC GII PHP SXSH

BC 4: LA CHN CC GiI PHP SXSH

BC 5: THC HIN CC GII PHP SXSH

Hnh 4: Cc bc thc hin phng php lun SXSH

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

2.4 Cc k thut SXSH

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Bng 5: V d v k thut SXSH cho ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy

Ti liu Hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

Cc c hi SXSH trong nh my giy v bt giy

3.1 Cc c hi SXSH trong khu vc chun b nguyn liu th

Sng mnh (mnh qu kh v mn)

- Gim ha cht v hi khi nu

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn trong ngnh giy v bt giy

C hi Li ch SXSH kin Ra nguyn liu mnh