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Tiu lun mn ha hu c ti: Cc hiu ng trong ha hu c

1 Tiu lun ha hc hu c

PHN NI DUNG 1.Hiu ng electron. 1.1. nh ngha. Hiu ng electron l phng php truyn nh ca electron hay s phn b li electron trong phn t do nh hng v m in khc nhau ca cc nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t. 1.2.Hiu ng cm ng.( Inductive effect). 1.2.1. Khi nim hiu ng cm ng.. Hiu ng cm ng l s tc dng ca cc nguyn t, nhm nguyn t c m in ln lm chuyn dch in t lin kt xch ma, gy ra s phn cc phn t. Hay ni cch khc s tc dng tng h gy ra t mt trung tm nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t c m in ln truyn i dc theo mch cacbon, lm nh hng n cc nguyn t, nhm nguyn t khc trong phn t gi l tc dng cm ng, gy ra hiu ng cm ng. Hiu ng cm ng l s tc dng tng h cc nguyn t, nhm nguyn t trong phn t cc hp cht H Cno hoc H - Ckhng no khng lin hp gy ra.Hp cht H C khng no c lin kt pi lin hp vi lin kt xch ma s tc dng tng h trong h ny phc tp, cho nn tm ra mt s qui lut tc dng cm ng ta ch xt trong h hp cht H C no v cha no khng lin hp. Trc ht ta i xt mt s th d sau: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 : n butan HCOOH c pKa = 3,7; CH3 COOH c pKa = 4,7; C2H5COOH c pKa = 4,9 HO CH2 COOH c pKa = 3,0; Cl CH2 COOH c pKa = 2,9. Trong phn t butan ch c hai nguyn t C v H. Hai nguyn t ny c m in gn bng nhau. Cho nn cc lin kt xchma trong phn t hu nh khng phn cc. Nguyn t H khng gy ra hiu ng. Ngi ta ly hiu ng ca H bng khng so snh vi cc trng hp. Cc th d trn khi thay th nguyn t H axit fomic bng nhm nguyn t khc s nhn cc axit c axit khc nhau. Thay H bng nhm -CH3 v C2H5. Tnh axit gim so vi axit fomic. Theo l thuyt in t nhm CH3 v C2H5 khng phi l nhm y in t ho tr ra khi mnh v pha nhm COOH, lm cho lin kt O H gim s phn cc so vi nhm O H trong HCOOH. H kh phn ly ra nn tnh axit gim.
H H C H C O O H H H C H H C H C O O H

pKa ca axit propionic ln hn pKa ca axit axetic. iu ny chng t nhm etyl y mnh hn nhm metyl. Hai axit cui cng trong phn t c nguyn t Oxy v Clo l hai nguyn t c m in ln. Chng c kh nng ht cc in t lin kt khc v mnh. Do cp in t lin kt O H b lch v pha Oxy nhiu hn, lin kt O H tr nn phn cc mnh hn so vi axit fomic, S phn ly H mnh hn nn axit tng ln. 1.2.2 c im ca hiu ng cm ng.
2 Tiu lun ha hc hu c

Do nng lng CH khng khc nhau nhiu nn lin kt C-H c quy c c I =0. Nguyn t khuynh hng nhng in t mnh hn hydrogen cho hiu ng dng( I+), v nguyn t ht in t mnh hn hydrogen mang hiu ng cm ng m (I-). Cc nhm mang in tch dng c hiu ng I. Cc nhm mang in tch m c hiu ng +I. in tch cng ln th hiu ng cm ng cng mnh.Cc nhm nuyn t mang in tch c hiu ng I mnh hn cc nhm trung ha. Trong phn nhm chnh ca bn phn loi tun hon th I gim t trn xung di. -F > -Cl > -Br >-I. -OR > -SR >- SeR Trong mt chu k ca bn phn loi tun hon th I tng t tri qua phi : -N(R)2 < -OR < -F Quy lc trn cho thy m in cng ln th hiu ng I cng mnh. Cc nhm ankyl c hiu ng I+ v tng dn: - CH3 < -CH2CH3 < -CH(CH3)2 < C(CH3) Cc nhm khng no mang hiu ng I v tng theo khng no R-C C- > - C6H5 > (R)2C=CHiu ng cm ng gim theo chiu di mch ccbon. iu ny chnh minh qua hng s phn ly Ka ca cc axit cha nhm th v tr khc nhau. Nguyn t Cl(c I-) cng gn nhm cacboxyl (v tr anpha ).

1.2.3 Cch xc nh hiu ng. 1.2.3.1 Da vo hng s phn ly Ka ca acid. XCH2-COOH 5 X Ka.10 X CH3 1.3 CH3O H1.76 ICH2=CH4.26 BrC6H5 4.9 Cl F259.6 F-

Ka.105 29.4 66.8 125.3 135.9 256.9

Hiu ng I+ tng dn t F n CH3. Hiu ng I- gim dn t F n CH3. Khi hiu ng X mang hiu ng ht in t th tnh acid tng, cn X mang hiu ng ht in t th tnh acid gim .

1.2.3.2 Xc nh qua gi tr m men lng cc( ).

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CH3X CH3F CH3Cl CH3Br CH3I

Chiu di lin kt (pm) 139 178 193 214

Nng lng lin kt (kcal/mol) 108 84 70 50

Momen lng cc(D) 1.85 1.87 1.81 1.62

Mmen lng cc cng cao th hiu ng cm ng cng ln. Phn t CH3F mc d phn t F c m in ln hn Cl nhng gi tr mment lng cc thp hn CH3Cl v n ph thuc vo di lin kt. Trong trng hp ny moment lng cc chia cho di lin kt. 1.2.4Cc loi hiu ng cm ng. 1.2.4.1 Hiu ng cm ng tnh. Hiu ng cm ng tnh c hnh thnh do s chuyn dch eletron trong mch phn t trng thi tnh,c lp. Nu nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t c m in ln, s lm lch i electron mt cch cm ng v pha mnh. Trong trng hp ny ta ni nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t th hin hiu ng cm m, k hiu IS. Ngc li nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t c kh nng y electron th th hin hiu ng tnh dng, k hiu +IS. Nguyn t hydro c quy c c hiu ng cm ng bng 0. Hiu ng cm ng tnh c c im l lun lun chuyn dc theo mch lin kt v c
nh hng gim rt nhanh theo chiu di ca mch. V d : Cl- CH2 - COOH Cl CH2 - CH2 COOH Ka = 155 . 10-5

Ka =5.8 .10-5 Cl - CH2- CH2-CH2-COOH Ka =3.5 .10-5 Hiu ng cm ng tnh do nguyn t do nguyn t Cl gy ra gim dn khi n nh cch xa nhm cacboxyl v lm tnh acid ca dy hp cht trn yu dn. xc nh du ca hiu ng cm ng tnh, ngi ta dng hai phng php so snh hng s phn ly ca acid v so snh gi tr moment lng cc ca mt hp cht no y, khi thay th nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t khc. 1.2.4.2 Hiu ng cm ng ng Id. Khi phn t trng thi c lp, khng tham gia phn ng, s dch chuyn electron dc theo mch ni n xy ra do lc ht hoc lc y electron ca nhm nguyn t th hin cm ng tnh. Nu phn t trng thi ng (trng thi tham gia phn ng, chu s tc ng ca tc nhn phn ng, ca dung mi ) th s dch chuyn electron nh trn c gi l hiu ng cm ng ng. Vy hiu ng cm ng ng xut hin trong phn t trng thi chu s tc ng bn ngoi v do kh nng phn cc ca lin kt quyt nh. Kh nng th hin hiu ng cm ng Id ca cc nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t c sp xp nh sau: - Id : F < Cl < Br < I +Id : CH3 < C2H5 <CH(CH3)2 < C(CH3) 1.3Hiu ng lin hp (conjugation). 1.3.1 nh ngha.

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Hiu ng siu lin hp l hin tng chuyn dch in t trong h lin hp, gy nn s phn cc ca h lin hp

-.

Hiu ng lin hp c trng cho s dch electron

cc phn t cha cc nhm nguyn

t c i electron khng chia cnh lin kt bi hay cha cc lin kt bi lun phin vi cc lin kt n. Khc vi hiu ng cm ng, hiu ng lin hp th hin nhng phn t c h thng lin kt pi v xch ma lin hp. Ngha l trong c lin kt pi lun phin lin kt xch ma v h lin hp m rng. N gm nhng phn t c nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t c cp in t khng lin kt trc tip vi h lin hp. Cp in t ny s lin kt vi lin kt pi ca h lin hp v h lin hp ny c ko di thm, n c gi l h lin hp m rng. Th d:
CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 butadien-1,3 CH2 = C - CH = CH2 CH3 isopren CH2 = CH - Cl vinyl clorua

benzen

cyclohexandien OH

napthalen NH2

N p-quinon phenol piridin anilin

Cc loi h lin hp thng gp: H lin hp - , Khi cc lin kt bi cch nhau ng 1 lin kt n th to thnh 1 h lin hp gi l h lin hp - , V d:CH2=CH- CH=CH2; CH2=CH-CH=O H lin hp -p, Khi 1 lin kt bi cch 1 obitan p c cp electron mt lin kt n th to thnh 1 h lin hp gi l h lin hp -p. 1.3.2 c im Hiu ng lin hp xut hin nhanh, lan truyn trong h cng nhanh v gim khng ng k khi mch ko di (xa trung tm gy hiu ng). t b thay i khi tng chiu di ca h lin hp V d nguyn t H u mch (CH3) ca cc hp cht andehyt cha no lin hp HCH2-(CH=CH)n -CH=O khi tham gia phn ng andol ho vi tc nh nhau. Hiu ng lin hp cn ph thuc vo yu t tp th, khi h gim tnh cht lin hp (cu to phng) th hiu ng lin hp cng gim theo. N ch c hiu lc trn h lin hp phng

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Trc m my in t p- song song vi nhau (H lin hp phng)

H lin hp khng phng

H lin hp phng khi trc m my in t p- song song vi nhau.Khi a hai nhm th vo v tr 2 v 6, m my in t p ca nguyn t nitrogen b lch khi mt phng vng, dn n vi phm tnh song song ca trc m my pv taon nn mt h lin hp khng phng, qua lm thay i tnh cht cng nh kh nng phng ng ca hp cht . c im ca h lin hp: Khng c lin kt xch ma v lin kt pi thun tu. Cc in t pi trong h lin hp khng nh c mt ch, chng c gii to trong ton h. Cc in t pi khng thuc mt nguyn t cacbon no. Chng c kh nng phn ng cao hn in t pi trong olefin mc d h lin hp v mt nng lng bn hn h khng lin hp. th hin chiu ca dch chuyn in t pi, cng nh s phn b lI mt in t pi trong h c th dng hai cch sau: Biu din bng mi tn cong:
CH2 = CH - Cl CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 O :OH :NH2 C-H

Biu din bng phng php cng hng (mesome): Phng php ny da vo c im ca h lin hp cc in t pi khng nh c ti mt ch, cho nn kh dng mt cng thc c in no th hin c y trng thi thc ca h. Phng php cng hng cho rng mt phn t ca h lin hp phi c biu din t nht hai cng thc c in tr ln (cn gi l cng thc gii hn hay cng thc cng hng) cng thc thc l cng thc trung gian gia cc cng thc .
CH2 = CH - CH = CH2 CH 2 - CH = CH - CH2
+

CH 2 = CH - CH - CH2

Phng php ny c p dng nhiu gii thch c ch phn ng. xc nh du v ln tng i ca hiu ng lin hp ca cc nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t, ta dng phng php so snh momen lng cc ca dy hp cht mch thng v thm c cng mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t. c im ca h thng ni i lin hp: Hp cht cha h ni i lin hp l hp cht cos ni i c sp xp xen k vi ni n:

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electron
electron

Do cu to ni i xen k ni i n nh vy nn nhng hp cht ny dm my ca cc ni i giao nhau c hai pha, kt qu l to thnh mt m my dc sut theo mch lin hp.

Ni mt cch khc lin kt

y khng nh ch ti mt nguyn t cacbon hay mt

lin kt no, m n gii ta trong trng ht nhn ca tt c cc nguyn t ccbon trong h ni i lin hp.iu ny xc nh khi ta tnh th bc lin kt phn ca lin kt trong h lin hp.V d:
0.896 2 0.448 3 0986 4

) c gi tr bng 0.448. iu ny chng ta, lin kt C ,C c mt phn lin kt .V m my electron linh ng, d tham gia phn ng , nn h m my electron hnh thnh cng rt linh
Ti lin kt C3 C3 bc th nht ca lin kt phn(th bc
2 3

CH2=====CH=======CH========CH2

ng, d bin dng di mt tc ng no . 1.2.3 Phn loi . Hiu ng lin hp dng (+C): Hu ht c nguyn t c cp electron p t do, hoc ni i lin kt vi h ni i khc m in hn.

Cc nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t c cp in t cha s dng ion mang in tch m iu mang hiu ng +C . - O, -S, -N(R)2, -OR, -SH, -SR,-SeR,-NH2, -NH-CO-R,-F,-Cl,-Br,-I. Cc ion mang din tch m co +C mnh hn cc nguyn t trung ha: - O->OR, -S- >-SR. Trong mt chu k ca bn phn loi tun hon, +C gim t tri sang phi (hiu ng +C gim khi m in cng ln). -N(R)2 > -OR > - F Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh,+C gim t trn xung di (kh nng xen ph opitan p ca halogen vi opitan halogen cng ln).
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ca cacbon trong h lin hp cng gim khi kch thc ca

-F > -Cl > -Br > -I , -OR > -SR > SeR. Hiu ng lin hp m (-C): L cc nhm khng no ht electron: -NO2, -C=O , -C N, Hiu ng lin hp m (-C): gm cc nguyn t, nhm nguyn t cho C thng l nhng nhm c lin kt pi.
.. HO O C .O . H

NO2, COOH, CHO, CONH, C N, COR, -SO3H. Trong : C = O > C = NR > C = CR2 NO2 > CN > CHO > COOH Cc nhm ny c hiu ng C v hiu ng I cng chiu nhau, trng hp ny hiu ng c tng cng. Cng nh hiu ng cm ng, hiu ng lin hp mnh nhng nguyn t c m in ln, nhm nguyn t c m in mnh hn s chi phi chiu ca hiu ng.
CH3 - O - CH = CH2 +C -C +C NO2 -C -C NH2 +C

i vi nhm c in t cng ln th hiu ng C cng mnh. Chng thng c cu to dng C=Z Nu Z c m in cng cao th C cng ln i vi cc nhm tng t, nhm no mang in tch dng th c hiu ng C cng ln Lu : c mt s nhm nh vinyl v phenyl du ca hiu ng lin hp khng c nh, tu thuc vo bn cht nhm th m chng lin kt Hiu ng lin hp tnh v hiu ng lin hp ng Hiu ng lin hp tnh: c sn trong phn t. Hiu ng lin hp ng: do tc ng bn ngoi hoc sinh ra trong cc tiu phn trung gian ca.

1.4 Hiu ng siu lin hp H (hyperconjugation effect). 1.4.1 nh ngha. Hiu ng siu lin hp l hiu ng lin hp ca cc lin kt C-H hoc vng no nh vi cc lin kt bi C=C, CC cch cc lin kt C-H hoc vng no nh 1 lin kt n. y l hiu ng c bit, c th ni l trng hp ring, trng hp m rng ca h lin hp theo kiu .

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Hiu ng ny ch cho trng hp lin kt C cch lin kt mt lin kt (hiu H ng cm ng - , lin hp - , n - , siu lin hp - ). Th d:
H H C H
H CH3 C H CH CH2 CH3 H C H C O H H

H CH CH2 H C H C O
H C H

H H H C H C N

Trng hp cc ion dng cng cacboni cng c tc dng nh ni i :


H H C H C H

CH3

C H

y ch c lin kt C H c vit tch ri ra nh trn mi tham gia tc dng siu lin hp vi in t pi. Obitan nguyn t H cng mt lc xen ph vi obitan ca C lin kt v obitan pi. Cc in t lin kt tng tc vi in t pi gy ra hiu ng siu lin hp. C th biu din s tc dng siu lin hp nh sau:
H H C H CH CH2 H H C H C O H H H C H C N H H C H + C

Kt qu tng tc lin hp ny di lin kt C gn lin kt pi ngn hn trng hp bnh C thng v c bit l hiro CH tr nn linh ng th hin trong cc phn ng ancol ho v cc phn ng khc. chng minh s c mt tng tc gy ra hiu ng siu lin hp chng ta phn tch mt s th d sau: CH3 CH = CH C2H5 + HCl Theo hiu ng cm ng nhm C2H5 cho hiu ng +I mnh hn nhm CH3 v vy sn phm cng hp l: CH3 CH = CH C2H5 + HCl CH3 CH2 CHCl C2H5 Nhng thc nghim nhn c nhm CH3 > C2H5 nn: CH3 CH = CH C2H5 + HCl CH3 CHCl CH2 C2H5 Nh vy, cc nhm ankyl khi gn lin kt pi gy ra hiu ng siu lin hp ngc li hiu ng cm ng. 1.4.2 Hiu ng siu lin hp dng. Kh nng y ca nhm ankyl gim theo th t: CH3 - > CH3CH2 - > - CH(CH3)2 > -C(CH3)
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Th t y i t trn ngc vi th t y in t ca hiu ng cm ng dng (I+), nguyn nhn do s tng tc gia cc in t ca lin kt C - H v in t

ca lin

kt C = C, CC v vng thm. Hiu ng siu lin hp tng theo s lng lin kt C - H ca nhm ankyl.
H H C

H H C C CH2 H

C H

H CH3

1.4.3 Hiu ng siu lin hp m H Cn gi l s lin hp gia lin kt C-halogen vi lin kt thm.
F F C F C H CH2

ca C = C, CC, vng

Nhm CF3 ni vi lin kt V d :


CH3 C

gy ra hiu ng siu lin hp ht in t.


F C F

F C =2.32D

1.4.4 Hiu ng siu lin hp -

Cc hp cht ni i v tr i vi vng no 3,4 cnh xy ra s lin hp gia in t lin kt ca vng in t pi ca ni i v khi tham gia phn ng cng vng s b phas v, phn t X2 cng hp vo v tr 1,4 theo c ch cng i in t.
C
C C C C C C C C H C

=2.61D
ca lin kt vng no v lin kt

X2

+ X2

2. Hiu ng khng gian (steric effect) 2.1 nh ngha. L cc hiu ng do cc nhm th c kch thc ln gy ra c gi l hiu ng khng gian. Nguyn nhn gy ra hu ng khng gian l do kch thc cc nhm th ln nh hng nhau. Kch thc cc nhm, cc ion ln cng knh cn tr cc tc nhn kh tip cn nhau, kh to thnh trng thi chuyn tip trong phn ng. c bit, cc phn ng xy ra v tr octo ca nhn benzen, nh hng khng gian cc nhm th chng nhng gy kh khn v tr th vo octo m cn lm mt tnh cu to phng nhm th vi nhn benzen. Do , phn ng nhn benzen thay i.
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CH3 N CH3 + IC2H5 (1) N + IC2H5

(2)

Phn ng (1) thc hin kh hn phn ng (2) do mhm CH3 n ng khng gian CH3. 2.2 Hiu ng khng gian loi 1(S1). Hiu ng khng gian loi 1 l hiu ng ca cc nhm th c kch thc ln gy ra s che chn mt nhm chc khng no cho phn ng vi phn t khc.
CH3 HO NH2 + O O CH3 HO N CH3 O + CH3 H O H

Hiu ng khng gian c kh nng lm thay i nng lng Ea ca trng thi chuyn tip dn n c ch phn ng.
H H N H + R3 R2 R1 C X R3 R2 R1 R1 C NH2 + NH2 C R2 R3

2.3 Hiu ng khng gian loi 2(S2). L loi hiu ng ca cc nhm th c V ln lm nh hng n s ng phng ca h lin hp, nn lm gim hiu ng lin hp, nn thay i tnh cht v kh nng phn ng. 2.4. Hiu ng ortho: L hiu ng ca nhm th v tr ortho i vi trung tm phn ng, n l hiu ng tng hp ca cc loi hiu ng: electron, khng gian, trng, lin kt H 3 Cc phng php nh lng v nh hng cc nhm th trong phn t. 3.1 Phng trnh Hammet. L phng trnh ni ln nh hng ca nhm th trong nhn thm khi v tr meta v para.

K v K0: l hng s phn ng khi c nhm th ( v tr meta hoc para) v khng c nhm th. : l thng s c trng cho tng loi phn ng : l hng s cho mi nhm th v tr nht nh, nu c gi tr dng th nhm ht e, m l y e, tr s cng ln th kh nng ht (hoc y) cng ln. V d: p-OCH3=-0,268; p- NH2= -0,66 OH para y mnh hn OCH3 p-NO2= + 0,78; p-Cl= 0,23 NO2 ht mnh hn Cl. ng s Xc nh vi cc phng php khc nhau: Hammet xc nh Ki v K0 ca qu trnh phn ly ca acid th benzoic v benzoic acid iu kin bnh thng (250 C) xem =1 .
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= lg K 0 =0 v Ki = K0 Nu X = H Cc nhm th ht in t tnh acid tng:


O C H O X

Cc nhm th y in t tnh acid gim v Ki < K0 nn (c gi tr m). l gi tr s hc mc nh hng in t ca nhm th v tr meta-, v para- trong vng benzen. Thng s : l thng s c trng cho mi loai phn ng iu kin nht nh i vi nh hng in t ca nhm th v tr meta v para. 3.2 Phng trnh Tap. Phng trnh c dng:

Ki > K0 nu >0

Phng trnh ny p dng cho loi hp cht dy bo, nhng khc vi phng trnh Hammet, trong Hammet th H c ly lm chun cn trong phng trnh Tap th nhm ly lm chun l CH3. ngha ca cc i lng K, K0, cng tng t nh phng trnh Hammet. 4. nh hng ca hiu ng n tnh acid v base. 4.1 Khi nim v acid v base. Theo Brontsted Lowry Acid l nhng cht cho proton. Base l hp cht c khuynh hng nhn proton HA A- + H+ (acid lin hp v base lin hp ) Mt acid phn ly cho proton thnh base lin hp ca acid .Ngc li mt base sau khi kt vi proton to thnh acid lin hp. Cc loi dung mi: Dung mi lng tnh: H2O, CH3CH2OH, dung mi ny va ng vai tr l acid hoc base. Dung mi tr. Dung mi base. Dung mi mang acid. 4.2 Tnh acid ca cc hp cht hu c. a s hp cht hu c c tnh axit khi c lin kt Z-H phn cc, m ph bin nht l cha nhm - O-H Nu lin kt O-H cng phn cc v nu tch H+ m anion to ra cng bn th tnh axit cng ln. V vy: Trong hp cht nu O-H lin kt vi nhm ht electron th tng tnh axit, ngc li vi nhm y th tnh axit gim ancol < nc < phenol < axit cacboxylic i vi ancol : bc 1 > bc 2 > bc 3
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i vi phenol : tnh axit ph thuc vo bn cht v v tr ca cc nhm th: tr v tr ortho c nhiu ngoi l, cn cc nhm th c hiu ng +C v tr para th c tnh axit yu hn meta, nhng c nhm ht e ( hiu ng C) th v tr para s mnh hn v tr meta v khi hiu ng lin hp pht huy tc dng i vi axit cacboxylic Axit no: mch cacbon cng di th tnh axit cng gim, thay H bng cc nhm ht electron th tnh axit cng tng Axit khng no: Ni chung c tnh axit mnh hn axit no tng ng, Nhm khng no cng gn nhm COOH th tnh axit cng tng , tr trng hn lin kt i C=C v tr ,; Lin kt ba CC lm tng tnh axit k c khi v tr , Axit icacboxylic: nc 1 c tnh axit tng, nhng nc th 2 c nhm COO- y electron nn c tnh axit gim r rt. ng phn cis c tnh axit cao hn trans. Axit thm c quy lut tng t nh phenol ( lu hiu ng ortho; bt k nhm th y hay ht e u tng tnh axit so vi axit benzoic). 4.3Tnh baz ca hp cht hu c a s cc baz do c cp electron cha s dng nn kt hp c vi proton. Nu mt eletron cng cao v cng linh ng th tnh baz cng ln. V vy: Tnh baz ca amin > ancol > nc Baz cng mnh th tnh axit cng yu v ngc li axit cng yu th baz lin hp ca n cng mnh. Tnh axit: C6H5OH > H2O > C2H5OH Tnh baz :C6H5O - < HO- < C2H5O i vi cc hp cht cha nit, ni chung c tnh baz, nu mt electron cng ln th tnh baz cng mnh. i vi amin: amin bo > amoniac > amin thm Tnh bazo cn ph thuc vo dung mi: Trong dung mi khng c kh nng solvat ha (clobenzen) Amin bo bc 3> bo bc 2>bo bc 1> NH3> amin thm bc 1> thm bc 2 > thm bc 3 Trong dung mi c kh nng solvat ha (nh nc) Amin bo bc 2 > bo bc 3 v bc 1> NH3> amin thm bc 1> thm bc 2> thm bc 3. Cc amin thm c nhm th: tnh base ph thuc vo bn cht v v tr ca nhm th nhn. Cc d vng thm c tnh bazo thp, cn d vng no c tnh bazo tng t hp cht no. Kt lun

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Ti liu tham kho

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Mc lc
PHN NI DUNG................................................................................................................................2

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