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@

Conodian Standa rd s Associoti

on

,odionStg'clgy$dilffi
3.3.6.2 Desiondrawingssha|ldesignatethedesign.standardsused,aswe|lasmateria|orproductstandards depicted'

ffi.ur. i".f," memberiand details


3.3.5.3
iuppf...ntut material, 3.3.6.4

assurances

that the

Il*i::::":"1;[:9;:sffi 'fT"iJ*"J#[:tril1;J;;;;ussha'ibe'r'o*nondrawinssor or both'

-,-- ^, .k^^

shears, moments' r{rawinos. the ooverning loads, reactions,

iT!'i,:.i:ffr$i
ide the strength rmbers shall be ot act uPon bly exPected to liry limit states'

shall be specified on the magnitude of such camber for beams, girders, or trusses, lf camber is required the design drawings'

and

:ion
al elements
ical and

not alreadY

4. General Design Limit States I 4.1 Ultimate and Serviceability accort .' - -Lrr r-,a rretermined in accordance with recognized 4.1.L Method of Analysis ou determined
behaviour' 'n"'it* g"""fi; bti"d on assumptions of elastic r 4.r,2 ultimate Limit shall include l*31-::.,^
The

:abilitY of

engineertng the resultlng

load effect on urr methods of analysis

ind.connectiron:,1T"

b members shall Provide

- -hih, with the load combinations ultimate limit states O.Ot" loads individually and the effect of the factored r^r l.rehlishind the value of "t load effect does not in ltem (a)' :he-la:i3red ,([i "3'-1:3."ans that for each load effect in u.iorounce with the appropriate clauses i""lii.tslv_t:t-,',::1'rr.tored resistanc., u, o.,lr',i.r-""4 TdLtercu exceed the corresponolng Standard' of this
,

##ffil cl;l*

{.1.3 Serviceability
on of members and
ral exPosures

Limit Statel
1q3d5

limit states shall includ-e -:e:-a6 o.Ut"t t* t"*iceability of the spectttt fi'lri.[iitr'i"g the vilue of the effect

i"ip5.,i."
d use.

are reliable' and

to 65"C;

load combinations individually and with the within the ,p..,#i; a"-"t" 4'3l1lf*"ans that for each load effect in ltem (a), the structural effect falls 6) confirming bY rationat Standard' approfiiui" ttuut"t of this iimits specified in the

4'1'4 Resistance Factors the appropriate


The

resistance factors,

to shall conform throughout

nri.t i"t

*."0

members and fastenings'

*, .i-g-',!Ji

I for all applicable limit sections of this standar<

Combinations Load Effects' and Load 4.2 Specified Loads'

l;3;i.l#il'::f':iin
iu.,i"".i'zuifai"g

cruu."a z

?1; . ::::11?lli;pll,ffi'J;,i:l
its

combinations to be

i,'#l:;'"*:,'l:*n*sil,:#x''i*n"*il:f *i:tl*'i'1f#try#il?:q'"irL"i'i"rffi structural Lo Code of Canada' 2005'

t'giixrm"l*'
Fnuory 2005
$ePlaces P'
1

Enqineering Manual'

lonuory

4,

August 2001

2005 /uv t ) (Reploces P, 1 5, August

t5

cAN/CSA-O86_01
@ Canadian Stondords Associotnn

4.2.2 Other Structures Hffi5:1,:fl:lHlff::il'fliir'r"T#:l,i,iii]:11*,?,ll,.T.l,fied,


the appropriateness of the

Canodian StondaR

A 4.2.9

i::lnni;i;il;:j$.he.weisht "i;ir;;;;i, w,eig,r,t p#;;","; ,hT"r"""f "q;ori"n., to tntended use and Sll ia n:195.,:""f$t, 'il,ir"g occupanc,"1;#;;;'"1:5;i:,..., in crause 4.2 3 2; in.luJin!Gi;;: . cranes and the pressure ri,i"io, in conli;";;' of
,1iri*;i:ir",::,Ji"Ti.ll*-".!.1ns (e) w road due to wi1d, (D t-t - permanent,"ig.li"i".rrJi"i the effect of the importance factors in crause ;il;,"1rr," includins sroundwater; !g] I permanent effects caused Oy pr"itr"d, uno (h)
ice and associated rain, and arso incrudins the effect orthe

appricabre, and minimum specified varues of these be increased to account ro,. o/nu,ni.'"ffects where appricabre: D dead road or"" into the building t" 0".::lf1!o.p"rrun"niiy or construction incorporateo by the riembei, r".il*oi"g p"rmanenr a'owance for nonpermanent partiiions; partirions and ttre

(a)

Specified Loads 4.2.3.1 Loads to be Considered Specified roads shalr incrldl-tlre fo.il";;;;;"*ver roads shat

;
in

eo

tR

+t
5R

,.fflff:

* t;;i;; - road due to contraction T

4.2.3.2;

**i

JtO

creep in component materiars, ",. mouement

J$;;rr;;

;Jused by temperature changes, shrinkags moisture

0"" t" Jif;ui""l;r

;;"n.,*,,
4'2

4.2.4.2 Load

or combinations

The effect of princip

4.2.3.2 Importance Factors


Canada,2005.-

combinations in Tab unfavourable effect.

3.r, importance :p{EH!'itTiit,1"J."ilT::t-'ffiffi:T] l;.Y: Note: For further informatir "-""-"ononspecifiedroodsandimpoftoncefactors,seefheNationar

*E

roads or crause

ractors

Loi

BuirdingCodeof

rmportance Factors
Importance factors for snow loads, Ig Importance
ca

fflil""i?*fiios
wind loads,
11'

s,

w, or E Loads
Importance facton for earthquake loads, I. Ultimate

Importance factors for Serriceability

Ultimate

limit state
0.8
1.0 1.15 1.25

Serviceabilitv

Iimit state
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Ultimate

limit
0.8 1.0 1.15

Low Normal High


Post-disaster

state

limit
0.75 o.75 o.75 o.75

state

limit
1.0 1.0 1.3

Serviceability

state

limit
N/n
N/A

state

N/n
N/A

t.zJ

r
A

4.2.4 Load Combinations 4'2'4'r Load combinations for ultimate Limit states The effect of factored princip-al plus

1.5

4.2.4.4 4.2.4.5 -

4.2.4.3

Delete
Delete, Deleter

4.3 Conditions 4.3.1 General


Council's Standard practi
The

fiil"illl'slljn
T6

rabre a.2.4.r ir.'"

#iii.uiicombination

-.p*;;

roads shat

b"

;;;il;; in with the ,iliil il;;hichaccordance the most road resurts in

Specified strengths an

factors in this clause a Note: Ihe basis for derA


principles described

tt

(Replaces

p. I 6,

lonuory 2005
Augusi 2001)

lonuary 2005
(Replaces

p.

7, August 2

Conadion Stondords Associotlon

te appropriateness

of the

Table 4.2.4.1 Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States


Case

Principal loads*
1.4D

Companion loads
0.5SS or 0.4W

(1

.25Df or 0.9D) + 1.51t

rum specified values of these of construction incorPorated permanent Partitions and enq ctors in Clause 4.2.3.2;
e

(1.25Df or 0.9D) + 1.5S

0.5154* or 0.4W

4
5

(l.25Dt or 0.9D) + 1.4W


'l

0.5L** or 0.55

.R"fer

to cranes and the Pressure of

eafth pressure (H), prestress (P), ond imposed deformotion (T)' for a dead lood (D) for soil' tRefei to rhe Nitioiral Building Code of Canada, 2005,

t"

0.515** + 0.25SS the Natio".l Bt,ilding Code of Canada, 2005, for loads due to lotercl
.0D + 1.0E

{Theprincipatloodfoctorof|,5foroliveload(L)moybereducedto|.25forliquids
in tonks.
**The componion load factor of 0.5 for a live load (L) shall be increased to 1.0 for storoge occupancies, equipment oreos, and service rooms'

uding the effect of the


in Clause 4.2.3.2; /ater;

SlefertotheNational BuildingCodeof Canada,2005,forloodsonexteriororeas'

4.2.4.2 Load

moisture tlement, or combinations


Inges, shrinkage,

in accordance with the load The effect of principal plus companion loads shall be determined shall be that which results in the most combinationi in tabte +.2.+.2. itre applicable combination
unfavourable effect.

combinations for serviceability Limit states

2.3.1, importance factors


tional Building Code of

W,

or E Loads
lmportance factors for earthquake loads, IB

Table 4.2.4.2 Load Comblnations for Serviceability Ltmit States Companion loads Principal loads Case .0D* 1 '1.0D* + 1.0L 0.5St or 0.4W 2 0.51t or 0.4W 1.0D* + 1.0S 3 0'51 or 0'5S - 4 l.OD* + 1.0W
.1

ry

Ultimate ServiceabilitY limit state limit state


1.0 1.0
'1.3

(H) and Prestress (P). for loods tRefer to the National Building Code of Canada, 2005' on extenor oreos.

N/A N/A N/A N/A

4.2.4,3

1.5

4,2.4.4 4.2,4.5 4.3.1,

Deleted Deleted Deleted

4.3 Conditions and Factors

Affecting Resistance

Specified

ates
d in accordance with the load which results in the most

factors in

modification strengths and capacities for materials and fastenings shall be multiplied by the this ciause and the appropriate materials or fastening clauses. .. in the Canodian Wood Note: Ihe bosis for derivatioril{iiriiia ttrengths for sown lumber riembers is described practice nelatinj Specified itrengths of Structural Members to Characteristic Structural Properties' Councl,s Standard in this Stondard' p,rinciptes described therein hovi oiso been used {o guide derivotions for other products

General

ihe

January 2005
(Replaces

lonuory 2005
(Reploces

p. 1 6, August 2001)

p. 1 7, August 2001 )

l7

c/.N/csA-o86-01

@ Conodian Standards Associotion

Conadian Standard:

4.3.2 Load Duration Factor, Ka 4.3.2.1 Specified Strengths and Capacities


The specified strengths and capacities given in this Standard are based on the standard-term duration the specified loads.
of

4.3.3 Service
Where materials or
clauses.

capacities shall be r

4.3.2.2 Load Duration Factor


Except as specified in Clause 4.3.2.3, the specified strengths and capacities shall be multiplied by a load duration factor, Ko, in accordance with Table 4.3.2.2, but not exceeding 1 .15.

4.3:4 Preserl 4.3.4.1 Gener


treatment factor,
K

Except as permitte(

Table 4.3.2.2 Load Duration Factor, Ko


Duration of loading
Short term
KD

4.3.4.2 Prese

Explanatory notes
Short-term loading means that condition of loading where the duration of the specified loads is not expected to last more than Z days continuously or cumulatively throughout the life of the structure. Examples include wind loads, earthquake loads, falsework, and formwork, as well as imoact loads.
Standard term means that condition of loading where the duration of specified loads exceeds that of short-term loading, but is less than

1.15

When conditions c structures, wood sl CSA Standard O80

completed before t locally in accordan

4.3.4.3 Untrt
10 mm air space
a

Standard term

1.00

Untreated wood in when moisture trat

permanent loading. Examples include snow loads, live loads due to occupancy, wheel on bridges, and dead loads in combination with all of the above.
Permanent

loads

4.3.4.4 Firel

0.65

Permanent duration means that condition of loading under which a member is subiected to more or less continuous specified load. Examples include dead loads or dead loads plus live loads of such character that they are imposed on the member for as long a period of time as the dead loads themselves. Such loads include those usually occurring in tanks or bins containing fluids or granular material, loads on retaining walls subjected to lateral pressure such as earth, and floor loads where the specified load may be expected to be continuously applied, such as those in buildings for storage of bulk materials. Loads due to fixed machinery should be considered to be permanent.

Where wood is im1 determined in accr tabulated in the a1

4.3.5 System
Specified strength and 13.4.4.4.

Note:

See Clouse A'

Note: Durofion of load moy require professionol judgment by the designer. Explanatory notes in this tabte provide guidance to designers about the types of loads and load combinations for which each modification foctor should be opplied.

4.3.6 Size Fa
Where size influen the size factor, Kt,

4.3.2.3 Permanent Load Factor


For standard-term loads where D is greater than the specified standard-term load, factor may be used, or the factor may be calculated as
Ps,

Note:
the permanent
load

See the Conc

4.3.7 Latera
The effect of widt
resistance is sPecil

/ -\ Ko = 1.0 - 0.50 los l 9l -lP.J "


where

'

o.os

Ps =

specified dead load sPecified standard-term load based on 5 and L loads acting alone or in combination S, L, 5 + 0.51, or 0.5S + L, where S is determined using an importance factor equal to 1.0.

4.3.a Reduc 4.3"8.1 Net i


The net section, member.

grooving, daPPin

4.3.2.4 Combined Loads


When the total specified load is made up of loads acting for different durations, the design shall be based on the most severe combination. The appropriate load duration factor shall be taken into account for each load combination.

4.3.8.2 Lim.

ln no case shall tl

t8

lanuary 2005 (Replaces

p. 8, August 2001)
1

lanuory 2005 (Replaces P. 19,

Au1

Co n a dio

Ston da rd s Associotion

Canodion Stondords

Association

,......

Engineering Design in Wood

4.3.3 Service Condition Factor, Kt


Where materials or fastenings are used capacities shall be murtiprieX"{'ir"

ittit"

and . in service conditions other than dry' specified strengths t""diiion factor' K" in the appropriate materials or fastenlng

standard-term duration of

clause5.

4.3.4PreservativeandFire-RetardantTreatmentFactor'K1
all be multiplied bY a load

4,3.4.1 General
Except as

multiplied by the permitted in clause 4.3.4.4,specified strengths and capacities shall be or fastenings clause' il;;T;.t"" K,, in the appropriate materials

4,9.4.2 Preservative Treatment


Whenconditionsconducivetodecayorotherdeteriorationare|ike|ytooccurinthecaseofpermanentof the w*h preservative in aciordance with the requirements structures, wood should b" p;;;;1;"aied be
>ading where the duration nore than 7 days life of the structure. lds, falsework, and rg where the duration ding, but is less than cSA

grooving, cutting, and other fabrication should standard og0 series. lf possible, all boring, shall be treated Fabrication that is carried olt after pressure treatment comoleted before treatment. Series' foiafiv ln accordance with the CSA Standard O80

4.3.4.3 Untreated Wood

of

Untreated wood in permanent structures when moisture transfer can occur, Any method

or soil shall not be in direct contact with masonry' concrete' tttuiuiitinut"s transfer of moisture' e'g'' a minimum of

l0mmairspacearoundu."'no".inuwa|l,sha||beconsideredadequateprotection,

to occupancy, wheel loads fith all of the above.


loading under which a rus specified load. plus live loads of such ber for as long a Period of ds include those usually r granular material, loads on
uch as earth, and floor loads r be continuouslY aPPlied,

4.9.4.4 Fire-Retardant Treatment


Where

chemicals' Kt shall be wood is impregnated with fire-retardant or other strength-red.ucing testior shall nof exceed the value of Kt determined in u.corOun." *itn tf,u results of appropriate tabulated in the appropriate clause'

A 4.3.5 SYstem
and13.4.4.4.

Factor, Ks
multiplied by a system factor,
KH, as

specified strengths may be

specified in clauses 5'4'4' 6'4'3' 13'2'4'4'

materials. Loads due to


permanent.

iioi",-ir. ilor,
A

A4.3.5 for odditionot informotion on system factors.

\tory notes in this table ich eoch modificotion fador

4.3.6 Size Factor, K2

of members, Where size influences tne spe-citea strengths s.c.i,2.s.6.,6.5:8, the size factor, rr, in accorlance with Cliuses Note: See the Coiodian Wood Council's Commentary'

the specified-strenqths shall be multiplied by 6.5.9, 13.r.5.1 ,'13'4'4'5, and 13'4'4'6'

load, Ps, the Permanent load

4,3.7 lateral StabilitY Factor, K1


The effect

support on the factored bending moment of width-to-depth ratios and of the degree of lateral 5'5'4'2 and 6'5'6'4' resistance is specified in Clauses

4.3.8 Reduction
in combination factor equal to
The net
1

in Cross-Section 4.3.8.1 Net Section


member.

:e

.0.

,^--:-t -^-^..^r r-.., r.rn by boring' gross section the area of all material removed section, obtained by deducting from the capacity of a rf,uii L" iitecteO in calculating the strength grooving, dapping, notching, or otheimeanr,

,,

ons, the design shall be based I be taken into account for

43.a.2

Limitation

fn no case shall

the net section be less than

75o/o

of the gross section'

Jonuary 2005
(Replaces

lanuary 2005
(Reptoces

P. 1 8, August 2001 )

P. 1 9, August 2001 )

t9

c/.N/csA-o86-01

@ Canodion Stondards Associotion

@ Conodian Stondards Associt

4.4 Reslstance to Seisrnic Loads


The factored resistance required for seismic loading may be obtained by the use of shearwalls and diaphragms (Clause 9). Where concentrically braced heavy timber space frames or moment-resisting wood space frames are used to provide seismic resistance, fastenings such as nails, bolts, lag screws, or glulam rivets as specified in Clause 10 shall be detailed to provide ductile connections. Note: Sp/it rings ond shear plates ore not generolly considered to provide ductile connections.

5, Sawn Lumbr
5.L
Scope

Design tables, data, and r the requirements of CSA I

4.5 Serviceability Requirements 4.5.1 Modulus of Elasticity


The modulus of elasticity for stiffness calculations, Eo shall be taken as
Es

5.2 Materials 5.2.1 ldentificati

S.2.l.l

General

E(KseKr)

Design in accordance wit accordance with the NLC


CSA Standard CAN/CSA-(

wnere

stamp of an association o

= specified modulus of elasticity, MPa Ksr = service condition factor Kr = treatment factor

Note: A list of oPProved

age

5.2.1.2 Canadian
purPoses. Note: Ihe designer

4.5.2 Elastic Deflection


The elastic deflection of structural members under the load combinations for serviceability limit states shall not exceed 1/1 80 of the span. For members having cambers equalling at least dead load deflection, the additional deflection due to live, snow, and wind loads shall not exceed 1/1 80 of the span. Deflection under the load combinations for serviceability limit states shall be limited to avoid damage to structural elements or attached nonstructural elements.

ln this Standard, Canadia Table 5.2.1.2, which refle

is stronl

5.2.1.3

US Lumbr

Note:

See Ctouse

A4.5.2 for odditional informotion on deflection of o wood frome system under stotic loads'

4.5.3 Permanent Deformation


Structural members that support permanent loads in excess of 5oo/o ol the load combinations for serviceability limit states shall be designed to limit permanent deformation. In lieu of a more accurate 'l evaluation of acceptable deflection limits, an upper limit ol 136O of the span shall be imposed on the elastic deflection due to permanent loads.

For US commercial sPecit Dimension Lumber, the dt Table 5.2.1.3.

4.5.4 Pondlng
Roof framing systems shall be investigated by rational analysis ponding conditions unless

to ensure adequate performance under

(a) the roof surface is provided with sufficient slope toward points of free drainage to prevent
accumulation of rain water; or (b) for a simply supported system subjected to a uniformly distributed load, the following condition
satisfied:
is

'A

<65

where

EA = sum of deflections due to this load, mm, of all the components of the system (decking,

secondary

beams, primary beams, etc) = total uniformly distributed load, kN/m2

4.5.5 Vibration
Special consideration shall be given to structures subjected to vibration to ensure that such vibration is acceptable for the use of the structure. Notd: See Clouse A4.5.5 for information on floor vibrotion. Additional information can be found in the commentory on NBC 2005 Structural Commentaries (Part 4). serviceabitity criteria for deflections and vibrations in the User's Cuide

20

Jonuory 2005 (Replaces p. 20, August 2001)

lonuary 2005

Canodian Stondords Associotion

5. Sawn Lumber
'le use of shearwalls and lrames or moment-resisting

5.1 ScoPe

or as nails, bolts, lag screws, connections.


nections,

methods specified in!u,Y'" Desiqn tables, data, and 1 4 1' oi csR standard cAN/csA-o

lumber complying with 5 apply only to structural

;#;1;;;;#;s
5.2.1

5.2 Materials

ldentificatioil of Lumber

ili;l'l"::,:"".T**hthisstandard:rj""9f:',:1::,'l;"Til;f;};:H::i,'l"ttl'o'i[.n'0"

i:'fr#:i:ih:li:ulrl:r;s:,,i!':;il:;i:!::"'3#::';llf,
ilA
Note: A list of oPProvea ogr

ii;;;";'*'"'"
siven

i;il;J**::l*1,1]

Accreditotion Boord' conodion Lumber Standards moy be obtained rrom the

i;ft1;'""fff?ffi"t$":''"?i[ 0ry1.350-,accordineto'?'"']:'-::lyinations for general destgn to'iuinitions should be used retreJs'#*etin9 prattice. ir,"ru
Table

in

I r--:-

5.2.1.2, which

I for serviceabilitY limit states ling at least dead load deflection, red 1/1 80 of the sPan.

Rlt[?tii;

designer is strongly advised

to

checkovoilability

of

species' grode'

and

sizes before

specifying'

lbe limited to avoid damage to


system

5.2.1.3 US Lumber
DimensionLumber,tne Table 5.2.1.3.

under static loads'

,p".iii.ombinations srld:d-]n For us commer.iur jeiign data may u" o"t"rrni,ili;il th"

Groding Rule for accordance with the N-ationol in combination equivalents species

le load combinations for on. In lieu of a more accurate span shall be imPosed on the

adequate Performance under


re drainage load, the

to Prevent

following condition is

rf

the sYstem (decking, secondary

l to ensure that such vibration is


on con be found in the commentary i05 structural Commentaries (Part 4)'

204
(Replaces

lonuory 2005 P. 20, August 2001)

lonuory 2005

Table 5.2.1.2 Species Combinations


combinations
Douglas Fir-Larch Hem-Fir Spruce-Pine-Fir

identification
D Fir-L (N)
Hem-Fir (N)
S.P.F

included in the combination


Douglas Fir, Western Larch
Pacific Coast Hemlock, Amabilis Fir Spruce (all species except Coast Sitka Spruce), lack Pine, Lodgepole Pine, Balsam Fir, Alpine Fir Any Canadian species graded in accordance with

Northern Species

North Species

the NLCA rules

Notes: on botonicol nomes and Nomes of species in this Tobte ore stondatd commerciol names. Additional informotion other common names is given in CSA Standord CAN/CSA-O|41 ' in this (21 The NLGAStandard-Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber contoins mony species designotions not shown species combinotions, for ioAU. tn" species con be ideniified, however, it may be possible to group it in one of the puryoses of ossigning specified strengths.

(l)

Table 5.2.1.3 Lumber Species Equivalents


US

combination
Hem-Fir

Canadian combination
Douglas Fir-Larch

Douglas Fir-Larch
Hem-Fir

Southern Pine

Spruce-Pine-Fir

iote:

Ihe NICA Standard Grading Rule for Canadian Lumbe/ incorporotes tle f.luti"nut Grading Rules for Dimension Lumber, o uniform set of grode.descriptions and
all other requiremeits for softwood dimension tumber that form o required port of softwood lumber grading rules in the lJnited states. Thus, oll dimension lumber throughout conado and the united Stotes is groded to uniform requirements.

5.2.2 Lumber Grades and Categorles 5,2.2.1 Visually Stress-Graded Lumber


Table Lumber,

design data are .. 5.2.2.',| lists categories, limiting dimensions, and structural grades forw^hich NLGA Stondord Groding Rules for Conadian asiigneO in this Standara. ii'et" gtid"t ur. specified in the

August

2001

2l

cAN/CSA-OS6-01

@ Conodion Stondards Associotion

@ Conodion Stondord.

Table 5.2.2,7' Visual Grades and Their Dimensions


Smallerdimension, Largerdimension,
Grade category
{..

5.3.1.2
The specified stren< grade equivalents:

mm

mm

Decklng grade
Construction. Standard
Stud Select Structural

Light Framing
Stud

38 to 89 38 to 89 38 to 89 38 to 89

38 to 89 38 or more 38 to 89 14 or more

Select Commercial

Structural Light Framing Structural loists and Planks


Beam and Stringer Post and Timber

No. 1, No. 2, No.


1

5.3.2 Machir
not grade-depende

Select Structural

No. 1, No. 2, No.


Exceeds smaller dimension

The specified strenr strengths (MPa) fot

1'l4 or more
1

Select Structural

by more than
14 or more

51

No.1, No.2
Select Structural

Exceeds smaller dimension

by 5'l or
38 to 89

less

No.1, No.2
Select, Commercial

140 or more

Specifir

Joir

5.2.2.2 Machine Stress-Rated (MSR) and Machlne Evaluated Lumber


(MEL)
Design data specified in this Standard apply to lumber graded and grade-stamped in accordance with NLG[ Special'product Standard SPS 2, ;;d identified by the grade stamp of a grading agency accredited for grading by mechanical means.
Species D Fir-L

Noti:

;i{t of accredited ogencies moy be obtained from the Canodian Lumber Stondords Accreditotion Board.

identification

Gt

5.2.3 Finger-Joined Lumber

gradeDesign data s[ecified in this Standard apply to finger-joined lum-ber that has been produced and Product Standard SPS 1. stamped in accordance with NLCA Special

ss Nr Nt
S5

Hem-Fir

5.2.4 Remanufactured Lumber


accordance with Clause 5.2.1
.

Nr Nr

Dimension lumber and timbers that are resawn or otherwise remanufactured shall be regraded in

S-P-F

-r{

s5

Nr

When mixed grades are used, the specified strength shall be that of the grade having the lowest value.

5.2.5 Mixed Grades

Northern

s5 N.

Nr

5.3 Specified Strengths 5.3.1 Visually Stress-Graded Lumber


The specified strengths (MPa) for visually stress-graded lumber are tabulated as follows: (a) siructural ioist ind plank, structural iight framing, and stud grade categories of lumber in Table 5.3.1{ (b) light framing grades in Table 5.3.1B; Oeurn and stlinger grade categories of lumber in Table 5.3.1C; and (d) post and timber grade categories of lumber in Table 5.3.1D.

Note'.

(o) (b)

Tabuloted vo 286 mm lorger t

dry seruice condh

(c) standard-term dt

5.3.1.1.

(.j

22

August 2001

January 2005 (Reploces p. 23,

Augr

Canodion Standards Associotion

Canodian Stondords

Associotion

Engineering Design in Wood

ions
Grades Construction, Standard
Stud Select Structural

5.3.r.2
The specified strengths (MPa)

the following for plank decking shall be derived from Table 5'3'1A using

grade equivalents:

Decklng
Select

grade

Equlvalent lumber grade


Select Structural

Commercial

No.2

No. 1, No. 2, No. 3


Select Structural

The specified strengths (MPa)

Lumber 5.3.2 Machine Stress-Rated and Machine EvaluatedTable 5'3'2' The specified given in

No.1, No.2, No.3


Select Structural

for machine stress-rated lumber are SPecified strengths in shear are machine evaluated lumber ur" giu"n in lablg strengths (Mpa) for Table 5.3.1 A for the appropriate specles' noi g-rao"-oependent and shall be taken from

Sll'l'

No.1, No.2
Select Structural

No. 1, No. 2
Select, Commercial

Table 5.3.1A and Modulus of Elasticity for Structural Specified Strengths stud

"*-J;ill;d Fi;k, stttctTral !1stt lraqil&.and of Lumber (MPa)


Grade'Categories
Bending at
extreme LongrCompression
Perpen-

Evaluated Lumber
:-stamped in accordance with
p of a

Tension

Modulus of
elasticitY
E
Eos

grading agency accredited


Species

tudinal
shear,

Parallel

dicular
to 8rain,

fibre,
Grade
ss No. 1/No. 2 No. 3/Stud fb
16.5

to grain,

parallel to grain,

'andords Accreditation Board.

identification
D Fir-L

f,

f.
19.0 't 4.0 4.6 17.6 14.8
7.0

ft
10.6 5.8
2.1

l2

10.0

1.9

7.O

I has been

Produced and gradeHem-Fir

,4.6
16.0 11.0
7.o

500 11 000 10 000


12 11 10

8 500 7 000
5 500 8 500 7 500 6 000
7 500

5S
'N6: No.

No. 1/No. No. tured shall be regraded in


S.P-F

2 3/Stud
1/No.

4.6

9.7 6.2
3.2

55

Northern

ss
No. No.

2 3/Stud 1/No.2 3/Stud

16.s 11.8
7.Q

't4.5 11.s
7.0 1.3 5.3

8.6

5.)

..;

3.2 3.5

10.6
7.6

13.0 10.4
4.5

6.2 4.0
2.O

grade having

the lowest value.

4.5

000 000 o0o 10 500 9 s00 9 000 7 500 7 000 6 500

6 500

s 500
5 500 5 000

4 000

ing stondard conditions:

(o) 286 mm lorger dimension;

h) 'ki

dry service conditions; and standard'term duration of lood'

lated as follows: ategories of lumber in

August 2001

Jonuory 2005 (Replaces P. 23, August 2001

23
)

cAN/CSA-Og6-01

@ Conadion Stondords Association

Conadion Stondards

Table 5.3.t8 specified strepgthr and Modulus of Etasticity for Light Framing Grades (MPa) Appltcable to sizes 38 by 3g nim to siby 89 mm
Bending at
extreme
Species

Compression

Longitudinal
shear,

parallel

identification
D Fir-L
Hem-Fir

fibre,
Grade
Const. Stand. Const. Stand. Const. fb

f"

13.0
7.3

f" 16.0
'|

to

grain,

$ain, f"p
1o
7.O

perpendicular parallel

Tension

f, 6.5
3.7 7.0

io grain,

Modulus of elasticity
Eos

r0 000
9 10

5 500

Species

3.1

14.3 8.0
15.3

16.9
13.9

4.6 5.3
3.5

3.9 6.2
3.5

S-P-F

2.6
2.2

13.1
10.8

5tand. Northern
Const. Stand.

8.6 9.9 5.5

1't.9
9.8

4.5 2.5

000 5 000 000 6 000 9 000 5 500 9 000 5 500 I 000 5 000 6 500 4 000 6 000 3 500

identification
D Fir-L
ss No. No. ss No. No. ss No. No. ss No. No.

Hem-Fir

S-P-F

in occordance with Ctouse i.S.Z.S. Tobuloted volues ari based on the foltowing standard conditions: (a) 89 mm width (except for compression propertie5); (b) dry service conditions; and (c) stondard-term duration of lood.

(2,

f.l rne_s129 laqor Kyfor light framing grades sholl be 1.00, except that Kzc sholl be colcutated in occordonce with Clause 5.5.6.2.2, ond K* sholl be determined

Northern

'Specified strengths for

are subject to loads app, modulus of elosticw shc


Select Structural No. I or No. 2

Noter:

(l)

Eeoms ond stringen

greoter than the smaller (2'1 An opproximate va)

(3) With sawn membet compression before appt service conditions sholl t (4) Beam and stringer 1 (5) Tobuloted volues ot (o) 343 mm larger dim
(b)
dry sewice conditior

grain;

(c) stondord-term durot

24

lonuory 2005 (Reploces p. 24, August 2001)

lanuary 2005 (Reploces p. 25. August,

A Conadion Stondards Association

)r

to 89 bY 89

Light Framing

mn

specified -

(MPa) for Beam "J"Sttr;ger Grades

strengd:";i

Table 5'3'1C

rvr"aou" of Elasttclty

ar -

Tension

parallel
to Srain'

Modulus of

elasticitv
Eos

ft

6.6 3.7
7.0

10 000 9 000 10 000 9 000 9 000


8 000

5 500
5 000

Species cgd" "iSJiiin.utio',

3.9 6.2
3.5

4.5
2.5

6 500
6 000

5 000 5 500 5 500 5 000 4 000 3 500

1s \i:, 70 * ';333 ill: No.2 l,'"., \11 1.2 'll 4.6 'r;1 '3333 i:33 'ti ooo t ii . :1;,',^ 12 1,; 3 2.3 iitl ilgs 1 11.0 ,., 5'2 6'3 2 o
iz
9.0

ComPression Iension Bending Longi-- Parallel PerPen::]fi; dicular P: ""iu1"r tudinal ;;;;;""" io grain' to stt"' shear, ;;;il, fibre,. " i t* f" c f.. r' 10.0

Modulus of

elasticity
?=

r=, I ooo ooo lT

No. No.

'^

)u

olcutoted

in occordonce with

Northern

SS
No. 'nl:'

i;.;

'12.8

1.0

:: 3.9

'2

3's

:'"A

;'.i

8 8

0oo Z6oo

5 5oo 5 500

+ooo

ffi*rsths
subiect are

T";X:,
Select

to -':iiiil;:,,*::[fl:a J:::t';;:i;ii ii "i ai-in'


Structural

ore bosed on rcaos extre ror beoms ond stringen strenoii rcr aendins ot the apptiec): toods ns rocton : pfted bY th e rott ow

"',,=.=,=;|i;;;i;;;;,;;;;;;A;i :{,i';:r;;;;;;;'ih' "u"^'


0.88
1.00

*f:; Y::,:'!^jffi; speciried


ribre ond the

No. 1 orNo.2

0.77

0.90

iffffir, the smatter dimel ot o'.oe] liyes,.t!3,:3'.':r:ir"'#n\),nn i'iii' 'n* ,l!;",r, or rigiditv mav be estimated i2\ en approximote volue .tot,mouutu""Y i,l'r'i, t"ol?'t stowtv, core should be exerase' ,l"tin ^ strengths for wet than 89 mm thot
(3) With

stringe.rs h.ove o ond

51 mm dimension more thon f a"rn*, with a larger smaller dimension of at .eostf

iZkirit"i",

ii*i'i

i;i fi;; n/ot''J* ,r*,,,

sown members mtcker ploce; otherw$e, compression of the outer nore no, taken before opprecioble seosoning (see clouse 5'5'3)' t.hoil !!-!tf.!r'nsted in this toble are no.t groded for continuity 'onani"" Beam ond.sui,'s:'-2:::::,:;::,:;ir';;i;;;s porattet to 14\ oased on the.following-sta:":S;:,;'rrS;r dimension for tens-ion ond compression ',toiaoia iil't tobutoted volues.ore bending and sneoL z>z hrger dimension for

conditions:

'@ stlnaora-rcrm durotion of lood'

conditions; ond

25
(Reploces

lanuary 2005 24, August 2001) P.

'in!i!,!,Tt

t, Ausust 2oo1)

cAN/CSA-O86-01

@ Canadian Stondards Association

Canadian Standard:

Table 5.3.1D Specified Strengths and Modulus of Elasticity for Post and Tirnber Grades (Mpa)
Compression Bending at LongiPerpen- Tension extreme tudinal Parallel dicular parallel fibre, shear, to grain, to grain, to gnin, Species identification Grade fb fu fD Fir-L ss
'|
1

Machlne
at
Modulus of

Specifi

Bend

extre

elasticity
En.

No.
Hem-Fir
SS

No. 2

8.3 13.8 6.0 13.6


10.2

1.5

13.8 12.2 7.5

10.7
7.0
8.1

3.8 7.9

No.1
No. 2
5-P-F

11.3 10.0
6.1

4.5 't2.7 9.6 4.2

6.0 2.8
7.4

s5

No. l
No. 2 Northern
SS

9.9 8.7 5.4


7.5 1.0

5.3

5.6 z-b
7.O

l2.o
1

No.

9.0
3.9

6.7
4.1

3.5

5.3
2.5

No.2 Noter:

'r2000 8000 10 500 6 500 9 500 5 000 10 000 7 000 9 000 5 000 8 000 5 s00 8 500 6 000 7 500 5 000 6 500 4 500 I 000 5 500 7 000 5 000 6 000 4 000

Grade 1200Fb-1 .2E


1

fibre
fb 17.4 9.5 21.0

350Fb-1.3E

145OFb-1

1500Fb-1 1650Fb-1 1800Fb-1 1950Fb-1 2100Fb-1


225OF6-'1

.3E .4E .58 .68 .7E .8E .9E

21 .7

23.9 26.'l 28.2


3O.4

2400F|-2.OE 2550Fb-2.1E 270OF|-2.2E 285OFb-2.3E 3000Fb-2.4E

32.6 34.7 36.9


39.1

41.3 43.4

(l) (ll

Posts and timbers have o smaller dimension of ot leost 114 mm, with a larger dimension notlmore thon 51 mm

greoter thon the smaller dimension. (2) Posts ond timbers groded to beom ond stringer rules moy be assigned beom and stringer strength. An approximote volue for modulus of rigidity moy be estimated at 0.065 times the modulus of elasticity. (4, With sawn memberc thicker thon 89 mm thot season slowly, care should be exercised to ovoid overloading in compression before oppreciable seasoning of the outer fibre has taken ptoce; otherwise, compression strengthsior wet seNice conditions sholl be used. (51 Tobuloted values are based on the following standord conditions: (a) 343 mm lorger dimension for bending ond shear,292 mm lorger dimension for tension and compression parollelto grain; (b) dry service conditions; ond (c) stondard-term duration of lood.

The following MSR gra qualificotion ond daily

1400Fb-'t.2E 20.3
1600Fb-1 1550Fb-1 1800Fb-1

.4E .3E .5E .8E

23.2 23.9
26.1

2000Fb.1.6E 29.0 225OFb-1.78 32.6 225oFb-'t.8E 32.6

240OF6-1 34.7 *Compression perpenc 10 300 MPa or highet Table 5.3.1A for the o, tThe tension design vr oppropriote level of qu

Notej:

(1,

(21

Tobulated volues The size foctor K2 accordonce with Clou:

26

Jonuory 2005

Jonuary 2005

(Reploces p. 26, August 2001)

(Replaces p. 27, Augu:

Canodion Stondords Associotion

@Canadion Standards

Associotion

Engineering Design in Wood

Lasticity
a)

Table 5.3.2 Specified Strengtls lnd-Mo-{ulus of Elasticity for Machine (MPa) Machine stress-fa:ted Grades 38 mm Thick by Alt widths
Bending at
extreme

Tension

Modulus

Tension parallel to 8rain, fr

Compression Parallel Perpendicular

parallel Modulus of to grain, elasticity Eos E f, 12 000 8 000 10.7 10 500 6 500 8.1 9 500 6 000 3.8 'r0 000 7 000 7.9 9 000 6 000 6.0 8 000 5 500 2.8 8 500 6 000 7.4 7 500 5 000 5.6 6 500 4 500 2.6 8 000 5 500 7.0 7 000 5 000 5.3 6 000 4 000 2.5
pnsion not more than

of
elasticity,
E

fibre,
fb
1200Fb-1.2E 1350Fb-1.3E 145oFb-1.3E

to grain,
89

to grain,*
5.3 5.3 5.3

to 184

mm

>184 mmT

fc
15.1

17.4 19.5

2l .0

l500Fb-1.4E 165oFb-l.5E
1800Fb-1.6E
1

2t.7
23.9
26.1

950Fb-1

ZE

21

00Fb-1 .8E

2250Fb-1.9E 2400Fb-2.0E 2550Fb-2.1 E 2700Fb-2.2E 2850Fb-2.3E 3000Fb-2.4E

28.2 30.4 32.6


7,A 7

8 300 9 000 9 000 9 740 10 300 11 000 11 700 12 400

6.7 8.4 9.0


10.1

16.9 17.3
17.5
18.1

5.3
5.3 5.3

11.4

13.2 15.4 19.6

18.7
19.3

5.3
6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5

13100
13800
14 500 15 200 15 900 16 500

19.9 20.5
21
."1

2't.6
23.0
24.1 25.8

36.9
39.1 41 .3

21 .7

43.4

26.9

22.3 22.9 23.s

6.5
For these MSR grodes,

5'l mm

Thefot|owingMsRgradesprovideamodulusofetasticitywithhigher.conespondingstrengths. ore reqylred' auoiiicatioiona aiily quolity control for tensile strength
1400Fb-1

tringer strength. ' modulus of elasticity. ised to ovoid overlooding in compression strengths for wet

.2E 1600Fb-1 .4E 1650Fb:',1 .38 1800Fb-1 .5E 2000Fb-1 .6E


2250Fb-1

20.3 23.2 23.9


26.1
29.O

8 300 9 700
9 000 10 300 11 000 11 700 12 400 12 400

9.0
10.7 11 .4

9.0
10.7

17.1

17.9
18.1

't1.4 14.6 14.6 19.6 19.6


21 .6

5.3 5.3 5.3

2250Fb-1.7E 32.6
'nsion

and compression parallel to

.8E

32.6
34.7

14.6 14.6 19.6 19.6


21 .6

18.7 19.5
20.5

5.3
5.3 5.3 6.5 6.5

20.5
21 .'l

Toble 5.3.1 A for the appropriote qroup' is subiect to the moy be ossigned to these sizes, provided the lumber IThe tension design values for nirroi widths os specified in NLCA SPs 2' quotificarri-o,ia aoiy quatity controtiesting for tension sirength' oppropriate level of

tumber taken rrom ,';K;';;;: ::#;;:;:*;:;';;;;:;;;;:;, s*';;': ;'; ;;;;;;[o'ins vLtues ror visuattv stress'sraded

Notes:

(7\Tabutatedvaluesarebasedonstondord-termdurationofloadanddryserviceConditions. 1.00, except that Kz, is given in Tlbt: \2\ The size factor Kzfor MlR lumber shalt be accordoncewithClause5.5.T'5,andKrriscolculotedinoccordoncewithClouseS'5'6'2'2'

:'::,

K7,o is

determined in

(Reploces

lonuary 2005 p. 26, August 2001 )

lonuory

(Reptoces

2005 p. 27, August 2001 )

27

cAN/CSA-O86_01
@ Canadian Stondards Associotion

@ Canadion Standora

strength-s -specified Er.aluated LumbEr Grades


Bending

"'."fii:il1'1, "r"sticity *iriio, (Mpa) ss---"rhi;ililii ror Machine


Tension
* ft

5.4.4 System 5.4.4.1 Case l


Note: Cose I apptiis components, ond qluet the framing detaiE do

(l) Taburated volues ore based on stondord-term duration r1,cty rzfoy\lt tumn"i,nuli-;'.;;,";;;rp, of load and dry service conditions. \)^!!:^''::with clouse 5.5.7.5, and thot K7 is siven in robte s. occordance K2,, is determined in
xr,is latrrioiiiinZrroroonce with ctorse s.s.d.!.'il

!i^b! Notes:

;!:!'*fr;;:
t
3 t e ro,

M-1s M-r8 M-re M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-2s M-26

M-14 26.1 26.1


23.2

M-13

M-r1 M-12

911d" M-10

fb

ffil:*" :f".,1$* ijs'fr, E


2A3

at

t;.; ii.z

to
11

't1
10 "t2

2s.o 2e.o 33.3 34.o 34.7 3s.1 3e.8 40.6

3oo 4oo l1 ooo l3loo 't17oo 12 4oo 13 loo ls 2oo

7oo 7oo

3oo ooo

e.o e's

m
f.

Compression

Specified strengths members spaced nt load may be multip

17.1 17.7
i;.; i;.i ;;.i i;.; ;0.; ,;''.; ,i'.i ;;.; ,rlt

? 12'1 ";i l3.l 14'9 1s.a 16'9 21.1 2o'2 22.1


11

1i3

s.3 5.3

5.4.4.2
(a) the

Case 2

;:i
s.3 s.3 6.s s.3
6.5

provided that the fo


joists, rafters

Specified strengths I requirements of Clar

5.3
6.5

(b) the sheathing or that provided by 2 ir Note:


centres elsewhere.

thickness, or with 17 underlayment or wit

;;.;

6.s 6.5

6s

tieippipi'tr"

grorp.

esponding volues for visuolly stress-grjded

tuibu ti*c,

Cose 2 opplies t Iumber framing membet applied to single-membt on analysis of portial cot

tro^

5.4.4.3
For lumber in built-ug fastened or glued tog the system factor, K*,

5.4 Modification Factors 5.4.1 Load Duration Factor, Kp


:["r::T1ji:1rr:rensth
of tumber snarr ue muiiptied by a toad duration factor,

5.4.5 Size Fact,


5.4.5.1
K,
as

siven in

5.4.2 Service Condition Factor, K.

Note:

Some specified streno by a size factor, K,, inSee Clouses3.4.S

+ff,:T;l!*
5.4.3.1

strength of rumber shat be rrr.rpi""o by a service condition factor, Ku as given in

5.4.5.2
The size factor, K, for accordance with Claus

5.4.3 Treatment Facton K1


The specified strength of lumber shall be multiplied by a treatment factor,

5.4.5.3
K'
as

given in Tabre 5.4.3.

5.4.3.2
treated with fire-retardant or other strength-reducing chemicals, strength capacities shall be based on the and stiffness documeni"Jr"r"-n tests that-srrait account the effects of srrarr meet iil"-,"q,i,"-"nts or crause 3 3 2 manuracturing moieriats Canadian w*'a tiiiri'tll.n,.nun.ury iriir*il"iriinf' to, oaaitionot"riliXllfosr.on "ra
For lumber

The size factor, Kr, for that Kz, shall be as givr Kz.e may be determine

;r

;;i;;;*

lfi:?n:t3"-*fl,zai::;::::i::;i':';,lrilo."o,,u,

28
(Replaces p.

lanuory 2005

28, August 2001)

August 2001

Conadian Stondards Association

@Canadion Stondords

Assodoilon

Fnoineerino Design in Wood

tv for Machine d wiatns (MPa)


rpression
LlleI

5.4.4 SYstem Factor, Ks 5.4.4.f. Case L


Specified

essentially paralle' a system consisting of three or more strengths for sawn lumber members in thit they mutually support the applied urranged upurt O members spaced no, toru ,tln Zi tyttut factor for Case 1 qiven in Table 5'4'4' load may be multiplied Uyih" irn-:.i^!:11':!:^'trusses' composite building

t*

*i*

Note: Cbse
conpanents,

1 oppties

rain,

Perpendicular to grain,*
fcp

ond glued-lominiitii ti*Orri.

to

systems of'ctosety spaced.structurit 'Case

,"lriiiriit
to

may atso-oppity

where some co.veniionot ioist and rofter systems

ite'froming detoii do

,ot

meet the requirements of Clouse

5'4'4'2'

5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3


5.3

5.4.4.2 Case

5.3 6.5 5.3 6.5 5.3 6.5 6.5 6.5


6.5
'MEL lumber with E grode of ilty stress-graded lumber token from

or studs meeting the used in a system of solid ioists' rafters' Specified strengths for sawn lumber factor for Case 2 given in Table 5'4'4' UV rpouirements of Clause 5.4.4.1 may be multiplied are met: piluiO.J trtut the following additional conditions waferboard' or. osB of minimum 9'5 mm (a) the ioists, rafters, or r,iat"J" iGtheJwith as luin6;;l;:o;bination with panel covering such thickness, or with r z unl.tfuv*"nt or with wood finish flooring; a.nd equivalent to io tfre members to provide a minimum stiffness (b) thelheathing o,. suUfli, ii attached mm edges of sheathing panels, and 300 nails at 150 mm cenii"i ut that provided by 2 in .o.n1on

,r'il'ini.u; fij;k;"*

ti'"i'it6t ply*;;;

svstems such as con.ventt?'it-lt9!'::I::::::::"';^::,?:;,i:'r::!;Y;!;i:f":':;':;T ;,'#:t:iT ffi; s b ori'i-iiiii,i'riqrired sheothing oid fastenings' Tobu.tated Case 2 sYstem factors ore to De lumber froming memDers section properties bosed ina ,ornot ai ,ti'i'iiiiii"ion with ougmented opptied to singte-member sriiri'pr"p*tirl

{'{iiit tt oi partiot composite iction

between tumber ond sheothing'

i;l;11"r
nditions. 5.4.5, Kkp is determined i.2.2. fasrened

in

ilft;

that are more individual members of the same depth in buirt-up beams consisting of two-or may be multiplied by will defleci as i unit, specified strengths or gtued togeth;;;;;;;# rn] given in Table 5'4'4' tictor,

5.4.5 Size Factor,


L3'.t J..n,"d
nlrt"i

K,
vary with member size and shall be multiplied

:tor,

KD, as

given in

strengths of visually :...,"i1,9,'-t9*lumber with I aole )'.+')' by a size factor, K,, in accordance

s.t-cl*i.t3'l.s'z

ond 5'4'5'3 for exceptions'

r factor, Ku as

given in

f;l;t;l*.r,
accordance

K, for *ght framing grades shat be 1 .00,


5

with Clause

.5.6.2.2,and

K2.o

may

ol A"t"lti""i in accoi-dance with

except.

that

Kr. shall be calculated in

Clause 5'5'7

'5'

f,.'l;t.l*ar,
r, Kr, as given in

Table 5'4.3.

evaluated lumber shall be '00' except for machine stress-rated rumbgr and machine and in accordance with clause 5'5'6'2'2' il.s, Kr. shall uL ."irr.,"a that Kru shall u" us giuenii i.ir" s's'7 's' J"ierm-ineo in accordance with clause
Kr,

'l

;;;;f;

als, strength and stiffness ie into account the effects


e
7

of

requirements of Clause 3.3.2.


moieriots ond processes. See the

(Reploces p. 28, August

lanuory 2005 2001)

29
August

2001

cAN/CSA-O86_01
@

Canodion Stondords

Asso

Table 5.4.2 Service Condition Factors, K,


Wet service conditions: sawn lumber, piling, and potes of least dimension
89 mm or less
0.84 0.96 0.69 o.67 0.84 o.94

Size Fr

Ks
Ksa Ksu

Property
Bending at extreme fibre Longitudinal shear Compression parallel to grain Compression perpendicular to Tension parallel to grain Modulus of elasticity

Dry service conditions r.00


1.00 1.00 orain

Bending ar
Kzo Kz'.

Over 89 mm
1.00 1.00
0.91

Larger

Smaller dir

Kk
Kkp
Ks,

dimension (mm)
.3-9

38to64 t
1.7 1.7
t./
1 1
1

t.o0
1.00

0.67

64

l.00
1.00

r.00

Tabte S.4.3 Treatment Factor, K1


Product
Untreated lumber lumber
Preservative-treated, unincised

1.5 140 I.4 184 to 191 1.? 235 to 24'l 1.1 286 to 292 1.0 337 to 343 0.9 387 or laroer O 8

't't4

89

| I
1

Dry service conditions


1.00 'r.00

wet service
conditions
1.00 1.00

5.5 Strength and 5.5.L General


Clause 5.5 contains desig

Preservative-treated, incised lumber ot thickness 89 mm or less. for (a) modulus of elasticitv (b) other properties Fire-retardant-treated lumber

5.5.2 Sizes
0.90 o.75
See Clouse 5.4.3.2

o.g5 / o.85

5.5.2.1
Except as provided in Clar dimension) of lumber sha

retardant treatment.

for effects of fire-

5.5.2.2

Table 5.4.4 System Factor, K,


Case

In coniunction with Table conditions.

Noter:

(71 ln developing

specified st

2t
MSn
1.20 1.20

relotionship to strength ond s lumber and timbers are given

For specified strength

in

Visually
Case 1*

(2)
Built-up beams
't.10
1.10 1.do 1.00 1.00

Sizes rounded to the neo

graded
1.40 1.40 1.10

Bending Longitudinal shear Compression parallel to qrain Tension parallel to grain Ail orner

l.t0
1.10 1.10

5.5.3 Continuity
Note:
Beam and stringer grades resistance, unless regrade( deflection and shear calcu
Eeom and stringer grc

properties

Clause 5.4 4 lSee Clouse 5.4.4.2 for N/A = ne1 aop!'co61"

rS-ee

1.00

r.10 r. I v

r.bo

N/A N/A

l.t0 N/A

l.oo

conditio^ oppi/iri1-i

c"i")

5.5.4 Bending Mo 5.5.4.L General


The factored bending mor

M, =

$F6SK,6K,-

30
August 2001

August 2001

-anadia

Sta nda rd s Association

Conadian Stondards Association

Engineering Design in Wood

Size Factot,Ka for Visually Stress-Graded Lumber


rvice conditions: sawn r, piling, and poles of
limension
n

Table 5.4.5
Tension

Compression

Compression

Bending and shear


Km,Kzu
Larger

parallel to grain
'K.o 114

perpendicular to grain
Kz.p

parallel to

or

less

grain Kz.
AII

All other
properties

Over 89 mm
1.00 't.00
0.91
.1-8

Smaller dimension (mm)


38
'1.7

dimension
(mm)

to

64

or

89 to

102 more

All
1.5

All
'

i.0
See Clause

0.67
1.00

64 89

1.7
1.5

1.5

5.5.7.5

Value comquted

1.0

't.00

114
140

1.6
1.5

;
1.3 1.3 1.2
1.1

1.5
^1.4

using formulo in
Clouse

5.5.6'2.2

1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0

184to191 235 ro 241 286to 292 317 to 343


387 or larqer

1.4 1.2
1.1

1.3
1

1.3
1.2
'| .1

!& l
1n
0.9 0.8

1.0
1.0 1.0

1.0 0.9 0.8

1.0 0.9

1.0 0.9

1.0

rwlce

ions

5.5 Strength and Resistance 5.5.1 General


Clause

5.5 contains design data and methods that apply to sawn lumber of rectangular cross-section.

5.5.2 Sizes
5.5.2.1
of fire-

provided in Clause 5.5.2.2, the standard dry size rounded to the nearest millimetre (net dimension) of lumber shall be used.
Except as

s.5.2.2
In

conjunction with Tables 5.3.1C and 5.3.1D, green manufactured sizes may be used for all service

conditions.

Not$:

(t)

and th.eir ln devaoping specified strengths in this Standard, variables of moisture content ond shrinkoge, net dimensions of structural iehtionsnip ti stieigtn ond stiffiess. hove been token into occount. Standard sizes and lunber and timbers ore given in CSA Standord CAN/CSA-OI41 . (21 Sizes rounded to the neorest millimetre are given in Toble A5'5.2-

Built-up beams
1.',t

5.5.3
Beam

0 1 .10 1.do 1.00

1.00

and stringer grades shall not be designed for continuity in determining requirements for bending in resistance, unleis re-graded along the full length of the member. Continuity may be considered whether the lumber is regraded or not' deflection and shear calculations Note: Eeom ond stringer grades listed in Toble 5.3.1C ore not groded for continuity.

ContinuitY

5.5.4 Bendlng Moment Resistance 5.5.4.1 General


The

factored bending moment resistance, M,, of sawn members shall be taken as

M, = oFbSKzbKL

August 2001

August

2001

3l

aN/csA-086-01 where

@ Canadion Stondards Associotion

Conodion Standards

Asso

where

fb = specified strength in bending (Iables 5.3.1A to 5.3.1D, 5.3.2, and 5.3.3), MPa Kzu = size factor in bending (Clause 5.4.5) Kr = lateral stability factor (Clause 5.5.4.2)
5.5.4.2 Lateral Stability Factor,
5.5.4.2.1
The lateral stability factor, K,-, may be taken as unity when lateral support is provided at points of bearing to prevent lateral displacement and rotation, provided that the maximum depth-to-width ratio of the member does not exceed the following values:

Fb

=0.e
= fu(KoKnKsuKr)

0 h fr

=0.9

K1

= f1(K6KsK51K1) = sPecified notch sh = 0.50 for all sawn r Ksr = seryice factor = 1.00 for dry servic = 0.70 for wet servi<

Kn = notch factor (Clal Note: Notches or abruPt(

= llroSs cross-sectior

5.5.5.4 Notch

Fa

4:1 5:1

The notch factor for me

if no additional intermediate support is provided;

if the member is held in line by purlins or tie rods; 6.5:1 if the compressive edge is held in line by direct connection of decking or joists spaced not more than 61 0 mm aparq 7.5:'l it the compressive edge is held in line by direct connection of decking or joists spaced not more than 61 0 mm apart and adequate bridging or blocking is installed at intervals not exceeding

( l.r t K' = lo'oo6dl t'ol -:-' ^ | \ \o


where

9;'l

eight times the depth of the member; or if both edges are held in line.
K'.

d 0 d.

= depth of

cross-se

= 1-(d"/d)

= dePth of notch n which must not t


suPPort to

Alternatively,

may be calculated in accordance with the requirements of Clause 6,5.6.4.

s.5.4.2.2
For built-up beams consisting of two or more individual members of the same depth, the ratio in Clause 6.5.6.3.'l may be based on the total width of the beam, provided that therhdividual members are fastened together securely at intervals not exceeding four times the depth.

0 =e/d s = length of notch reent


support, the
lenr

(Clause 5.5.7) or equals the actua

Note:

Yoiues of K"t/d-' fo

5,5.5 Shear Resistance 5.5.5.1 General


The factored shear resistance, V., of sawn members shall be taken as

5.5.5.5 Shear

Ft

v. = oF 'K. "3
where

2A_

ln the calculation of nt in the member at the I the member axis. Cor reentrant corner of a r notch can resist the fa

6
f"

= f"(KoKHKs"Kr) = specified strength in shear (Clauses 5.3.1 and 5.3.2), MPa An = net area of cross-section (Clause 4.3.8), mm2 Kzu = size factor in shear (Clause 5.4.5)

Fu

=0.e

Note:

ForJoun members notched on the tension side ot supports,

see Clouse

5.5.5.3.

5.5.5.2 Loads near Supports


In the calculation of shear resistance the effect of all loads acting

within a distance from a support

equar

to the depth of the member need not be taken into account.

5.5.5.3 Notches on the Tension Side at Supports


The factored notch shear force resistance at a notch on the tension side at supports, F,, shall be taken
as

F, = oFfAKN

32

August 2001

August 2001

Canadion Standards Associotion

Conodion Standords Associotion

En g i n 9e!!!g Pe

sE!!

v/ oo!

wnere

5.3.3), MPa

fr

Fr

=0.e
= fr(KoK"KyKr)

A
is

= specified notch shear force resistance (Clause 5.5.5.5), MPa = 0.50 for all sawn members Ky = service factor = 1.00 for dry service = 0.70 for wet service = gross cross-section area, mmz

provided at points of bearing

Kr = notch factor (Clause 5.5.5.4) l{ote: Notches or abrupt changes of section will produce

stress concentrations

and should be ovoided.

rdepth-to-width ratio of the

5.5.5.4 Notch Factor


The

notch factor for members of rectangular cross-sections shall be determined as follows:

ng or joists spaced

not more

*_ =

[o*uo(,.(*,).n(*,))]-

rg or joists spaced not more rt intervals not exceeding

where

d = depth of cross-section, mm q = l-(d"/d)


d"

'Clause 6.5.6.4.

rl e

= depth of notch measured normal to the member axis in accordance with Figure 5.5.5.4, mm, which must not exceed 0.25d

=e/d = length of notch measured parallel to the member axis, mm, from the centre of the

nearest

rme

depth, the ratio in l{ote:

rat the individual members

]th.

support to reentrant corner of notch (Figure 5.5.5.4). For a member notched over an end support, the length of support may be taken as the lesser of minimum required bearing length (Clause 5.5.7) or the actual bearing length. For a continuous member the length of support equals the actual bearing length.
Volues of

K*tff

for selected combinations of q ond 4 ore given in Table 5.5.5.4.

5.5.5.5 Shear Force at Notches


the calculation of notch shear force resistance, the associated applied force is the factored shear force member at the support. The shear force is calculated using the component of the force normal to the member axis. Consideration of the notch shear force resistance concerns avoidance of fracture at a reentrant corner of a notch and does not negate the need to ensure that the residual cross-section at a notch can resist the factored shear force.
In

in the

stance

from a support equal

Jpports, F., shall be taken as

August 2001

August

2001

33

cAN/CSA-O86-01

@ Canodian Standards Association

Conodian Standards Associot'

5.5.6 ComPressive 5.5.6.1 Effective Lt


Unless noted otherwise, the

compression members. in Table A5.5.6.1.

Re<

5.5.6.2 SimPle Con 5.5.6.2.1 Constant

The slenderness ratio, Cc, o exceed 50 and shall be take

"
or

effective length assc


memDer

cc

effective length ass


member

The factored compressive r


P,

5.5.6.2.2 Factored = QF6AK2.Kg

Flgure 5.5.5.4 Determination of Length and Depth of Notetr Table 5.5.5.4 Values of Kp fi
o.75
0.'t 5

where

6 =0.8 f.
Fc
= f.(KDKHK5.KT) = specified strength in t3 Kz, = 6-3 (dL)4 < 1 '3

o.80
19.9
19.5

o.85
23.7
23.3

o.90
29.9 29.4 28.8
28.1

where d = dimension in diret L = length associated


0.95
43.5 42.8 42.0
41 .0

0.20 o.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80
2.OO

17.2 16.8 15.9 15.4 14.9 14.3 13.8 12.7


'|

5.5.6.2.3 Slendern
The slenderness factor, lQ,

't6.4

1.8

10.9
10.1

19.0 18.5 18.0 17.4 16.8 16.2 15.0 13.9 12.8 't"t.9
11.1

22.8 22.2
21.5

20.9
20.2 19.5
18.1
'r

27.3 26.5 25.7 24.8


23.1
21 .5

39.9

Kc=11

r-x,^c^' I 0-ffi1

38.8
17.6 36.4 34.0 31 .7 29.6

6.8 15.6
14.5 13.5 11.8 10.5

9.36 8.1s 7.20 6.42 5.79 5.26

9.70 8,57 7.66


6.91

20.o 18.7 17.4 15.3 13.5


12.1
'|

wnere Eos = 0.82E for MSR lumb = 0.75E for MEL lumb = as specified in Table

27.6 25.8 22.7


20.2

5.5.6.3 Spaced Co
using the sPecified strengl

Spaced comPression men

6.29

9.39 8.48 7.72

1.0

't6.4
14.9

18.1

10.0

Noter:

(1) q=1-dJd;n=e/d
(21 lnterpolotion
moy be applied for intermediate volues of a and
rt'.

5.5.6.4 Built-uP C 5.5.6.4.1 General

Built-up rectangular comS 38 mm thickness ioined v

34

August 2001

Auaust 2001

Conodion Stondards Associotion

@Conodian Standards

Association

Enoineerinq Desiqn in Wood

5.5.6 Compressive Resistnnce Parallel 5.5.6.1 Effective Length


Unless in Table

to Grain

of be used in determininq the slenderness ratio noted otherwise, the effective length l-.= K"L shall compr"tiion members are given ireciive G;;il;;Jrt, Ku, for compression members. n".on,.'r"nouo
A5.5.6.1
.

---.--lj"__l

5,5,6.2 SimPle ComPression Members

5,5,6.2.1 Constant Rectangular Cross-Section


The

shall not members of constant rectangular section slenderness ratio, C., of simple coirpression 50 and shall be taken as the greater or

exceed

^ -

effective length associated with width member width

effective " -

length associatqd with depth member dePth

Parallet to Grain 5,5,6,2.2 Factored Compressive Resistancebe taken as


The
P,

grain, P,, shall factored compressive resistanie paraliel to

= QFsAK2.K6

Yotch

wnere

q l

=0.8

=l*[jl*'[*ng,nincompressionpararertoerain(rabtes5.3.1Atos.3.1D,5'3'2,and5'3'3)'MPa ir. = 6'3 (dL)-''3 < 1'3


where or width)' mm J = dimension in direction of buckling (depth member dimension' mm with = length associated

o.9s
43.5 42.8
42.O
41 .0

5.5.6.2.3 Slenderness Factor, Kc


The slenderness

factor, lQ, shall be determined as follows:

39.9 38.8 37.6 36.4 34.0


31 .7

r-x,^c-' ] ' Kc=11'0.3sffirK;l


wnere

E* = 0.82E for MSR lumber '= 0.75E for MEL lumber


=

29.6

.t'tp".ifi"a

graded lumber in faUtes S'f 't A to 5'3'1 D for visually

27.6 2s.8 22.7


20.2 18.'l 16.4
"t4.9

5.5.6.3 Spaced Compression Memfrers the requirements shall be designed in accordance with Spaced compretrion t"rnbo-,
using the specified

of Clause 45'5'5'3

,t,"ngiht und adiustmerit

factors for sawn lumber'

5.5.5.4 Built-up Compression Members 5.5.6.4.f. General


Built-up rectangula,

to five individual members of at least co.pression members shall consist of two The factored compressive O"lL, or Uolts anJ split ring connectors' 38 mm thickness ioined tlitf, "tiit "i

35
August 2001
August

2001

aN/csA-o86-01

@ Conadian Stondords Association

Conodion Stondords

Asso<

Note:

S/endernesr rotior ore colculoted according to Clouse 5.5.6.2.1 using the overoll dimensions of the composite member or the dimensions of the individuol pieces, as appropriate.

resistance of built-up compression members may be evaluated in accordance with Clauses 5.5.6.4.2to 5.5.6.4.4, provided that the minimum values of end distance, edge distance, and spacing for fastenings conform to the appropriate requirements in Clause 10 and the maximum value of end distance does not exceed 1'2 times the minimum value. The factored compressive resistance of the built-up compression member may be taken as the greater of the values calculated according to Clause 5.5.6.4.2,5.5.6.4.3, or 5.5.6.4.4, or the combined factored resistance of the individual pieces taken as independent members.

5.5.6.5 Spliced B
5.5.6.6.1

Spliced nail-laminated bt designed for axial loads a accordance with Clauses met:

5.5.6.4.2 Nailed Built-up Compression Members


The factored compressive resistance of a built-up compression member fastened together with nails or spikes may be taken as 600/o of the compressive strength of a solid member of equivalent gross crosssectional dimensions designed according to Clause 5.5.6.2, provided that the following requirements are satisfied: (a) spacing of nails along the member length shall not exceed six times the thickness of the thinnest piece, and spacing perpendicular to the member length shall not exceed 20 times the nail diameter; (b) all nails shall penetrate through at least 3/4 of the thickness of the last individual piece, and nails shall be driven alternately from either face of the built-up member along the length; and (c) when the individual pieces of the built-up member are wider than three times their thickness, there shall be at least two rows of nails across the member width.

(a) the spliced columns: (b) the minimum overall

(c) the spliced

columns: centres in the direction p (d) minimum lamination (e) maximum laminatiot

s.5.6.6.2

The factored bending ret of the same size, grade, i (a) 4oo/o of the factored (b) 100o/o of the factore<

region,

R.

5.5.6.4.3 Bolted Built-up Compression Members


The factored compressive resistance of a built-up compression member fastened together by minimum 1 /4 in diameter bolts may be taken as 7 5o/o of the compressive strength of a solid member of equivalent gross cross-sectional dimensions designed according to Clause 5.5.6.2, provided-that the following requirements are satisfied: (a) spacing of bolr along the member length shall not exceed six times the thickness of the thinnest piece, and spacing perpendicular to the member length shall not exceed 'l O times the bolt diameter; ano (b) when the individual pieces of the built-up member are wider than three times their thickness, there shall be at least tvvo rows of bolts across the member width.

s.5.6.6.3
The factored compressivr determined using Clause compression member of

Note:

Sprtrng of built-up n wherever possible.

5.5.6.4.4 Split-Ring-Connected Built-up Compression Members


The factored compressive resistance of a built-up compression member fastened together at intervals not exceeding six times the thickness of the thinnest piece by minimum 1/2 in diameter bolts and 2-1 12in split-ring connectors may be calculated as having 80o/o of the compressive strength of a solid member of equivafent gross cross-sectional dimensions designed according to Clause 5.5.6.2.

5.5.6.4.5 Built-up Compression Members as Simple Compression Menrbers


Except for spaced compression members, the factored compressive resistance of built-up compression members not meeting the requirements of Clauses 5.5.6.4.1 to 5.5.6.4.4 shall be taken as the combinect factored compressive strength of the individual pieces considered as independent members.

5.5.6.4"6 Strong Axis Buckling


The strength reduction factors given in Clauses 5.5.6.4.2 to 5.5.6.4.4 may be omitted for buckling in the strong axis of the laminations.

5.5.6.5 Stud Walls


When stud walls are adequately sheathed on at least one side, as in light frame construction, the dimension of the stud normal to the sheathing may be used in calculating the slenderness ratio.

36

August 2001

Jonuary 2005 (Replaces p. 37, August 20(

Conadian Standords Associotion

with Clauses 5.5.6.4.2 to for fastenings r value of end distance does not ce of the built-up compression :o Clause 5.5.6.4.2, 5.5.6.4.3, or ken as independent members.
ance

5.5.6.6 Spliced
5.5.6.6.1.
Spliced

Built-up Compressive Members

nce, and spacing

designed for axial loads and bending loads applied parallel acco'rdance with Clauses 5.5.6.6.2 ana S.S.e.O.t, provided
met:

nail-laminated built-up columns that are constructed in accordance with Figure 5.5.6.6. may be to the wide face of the laminations in that the following additional conditions are

erall dimensions of the composite

rstened together with nails or rer of equivalent gross crosst the following requirements are
:he thickness

(a) the spliced columns shall consist of three members, with nails penetrating all three members; (b) the minimum overall splice length, L, shall be 1200 mm; mm on tne spliceO columns shall be briced by sheathing, or purlins spaced at a maximum of 600 centres in the direction perpendicular to the wide face of the laminations; (d) minimum lamination size shall be 38 mm thick by 14O mm wide; and

iij

iei maximum lamination

size shall be 38

mm thick by 184 mm wide'

of the thinnest

s.5.6.6.2
The of the

20 times the nail diameter;

t individual piece, and nails


the length; and 'ee times their thickness, there

members factored bending resistance shall be determined using Clause 5.5.10 based on equivalent same size, grade, and species, using (a) 41Voof the ia"ctored bend'ing resistan;e of an unspliced built-up beam in the splice region, R; and outside of the splice i6l r OO"z" of the factored bendiig resistance of an unspliced built-up beam
region,
R.

5.5.6.6.3
stened together by

minimum

The

f a solid member of equivalent ovided that the following


:he thickness

shall be factored compressive resistance in the direction parallel to the wide face of the laminations for a simple determined using Clause 5.5.6.2.2 based on an fr, value equal to 600/o of the value compression member of the same species and grade. significontly reduies their stiffness and bending resistonce, and should be avoided xati: splicing of buitt-up

,"ibro

of the thinnest

wherever possible.

10 times the bolt diameter; and ee times their thickness, tnere

on Members
at intervals not bolts and 2-'l /2 in rstrength of a solid member of
stened together
r diameter

5.5.6.2. :

Compression
of built-up compression

nce

;hall be taken as the rendent members.

combined

be omitted

for buckling in the

ame construction, the the slenderness ratio.

lanuory 2005

August 2001

(Replaces

p. 37, August 2001)

37

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