PART OF C.

F KNOWN
Let y = uv be the complete solution of DE y'' + Py' + Qy = R, where u and v are functions of x alone.
y = uv + u v y = uv + 2u v + u v

y'' + Py' + Qy = R
uv + 2u v + u v + P(uv + u v) + Q(uv) = R (u )v + (2u + Pu )v + (u + Pu + Qu )v = R

(a) Choose u such that u'' + Pu' + Qu = 0 i.e u is the solution of the given DE . (b) Choose u such that 2u' + Pu = 0.T
Ms. Deepali Gupta. JIIT, NOIDA

Example
Choose u such that u'' + Pu' + Qu = 0 i.e u is the solution of the given DE
v (u ) + v (2u + Pu ) = R
2 R v + u + P v = u u

x 2 y ( x 2 + 2 x ) y + ( x + 2) y = x3e x
Since y = x satisfies the differential equation. We can choose u = x

x2 + 2 x x+2 y y + 2 y = xe x x2 x
2 x2 + 2x xe x v + (1) v = 2 x x x

Ms. Deepali Gupta. JIIT, NOIDA

v v = e x
Put v = w and v = w

dw w = ex dx

I .F . = e x
dv = xe x + c1e x dx

we

= x + c1

v = ( x 1)e x + c1e x + c2

y = uv = (x 1 + c1 )xe x + c 2 x
Ms. Deepali Gupta. JIIT, NOIDA

Partially known complementary function

nth - order linear ODE dny dy an ( x ) + ......... + a1 ( x ) + a0 ( x ) y = f ( x ) dx dx As f ( x ) = 0, u( x ) is one part of the complement ary function, making the substituti on y ( x ) = u( x )v ( x ), we can transform the above into an equation of order n - 1 in dv . dx

Ex :

d2y
2

dx yc ( x ) = c1 sin x + c 2 cos x let u( x ) = cos x (or sin x ) y( x ) = u( x )v ( x ) = cos xv ( x ) d 2v d ' ( v ( x ) cos x v ( x ) sin x ) + v ( x ) cos x = csc x dx

+ y = csc x

dv csc x dv d 2v = csc x 2 tan x = cos x 2 2 sin x 2 dx cos x dx dx dx

Ms. Deepali Gupta. JIIT, NOIDA

 ( x ) = exp{2 tan xdx } = exp{2 ln scex } = exp{ln cos 2 x } = cos 2 x

dv = cot x is a exact linear ODE 2 dx dx dv dv d = cot xdx = ln sin x + c1 (cos 2 x ) = cot x cos 2 x dx dx dx cos x
2

d 2v

2 sin x cos x

v ( x ) = sec 2 x ln sin xdx + c1 sec 2 xdx integral by part u = ln sin x u' = cos x / sin x v ' = sec 2 x v = tan x sec 2 x ln sin xdx = tan x ln sin x and cos tan xdx = tan x ln sin x x sin x

sec

xdx = tan x

v ( x ) = tan x ln sin x x + c1 tan x + c 2 general solution y ( x ) = cos xv ( x ) = c1 sin x + c2 cos x + sin x ln sin x x cos x
Ms. Deepali Gupta. JIIT, NOIDA

Canonical form for second-order equation

d2y dx 2 + a1 ( x ) dy + a0 ( x ) y = f ( x ) dx

u'' + a1u' + a0 u f 2 u' ' + a1 )v + ( Let y( x ) = u( x )v ( x ) v + ( )v = u u u

''

* * If there was no term in v ' ( x ) d 2v 1 2u' a1 ( z )dz } 2 + g ( x )v = h( x ) + a1 = 0 u( x ) = exp{ u 2 dx u' 1 u'' 1 ' 1 ' a1 u' 1 ' 1 2 '' ' a1 and u = = = a1 = a1 + a1 ( a1u + a1u ) u u 2 2 2 2 u 2 4 u'' + a1u' + a0 u 1 1 ' g( x ) = = a 0 ( x ) [a1 ( x )]2 a1 ( x ) u 4 2 1 h( x ) = f ( x ) / u( x ) = f ( x ) exp{ a1 ( z )dz } 2
Ms. Deepali Gupta. JIIT, NOIDA

Ex : 4 x
d2y

d2y dx 2

+ 4x

dy + ( x 2 1) y = 0 dx

1 dy x 2 1 + + y = 0 set y( x ) = u( x )v ( x ) 2 2 x dx dx 4x a0 ( x ) = x2 1

1 a1 ( x ) = x

4x2 1 1 1 u( x ) = exp{ dz } = 2 z x

1 1 1 1 d 2v( x ) 1 1 g( x ) = 2 2 + = + v( x ) = 0 2 2 4 4x 4 4 dx 4x 2x 1 1 v ( x ) = c1 sin x + c2 cos x 2 2 1 1 y ( x ) = ( c1 sin x + c 2 cos x ) / x 2 2

Ms. Deepali Gupta. JIIT, NOIDA