COMS4104/7104 Microwave Subsystems and Antennas

Tutorial 7
By: Wee Chang Khor

School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering The University of Queensland St Lucia, Qld, Australia 4072
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Question 1 Slide 1

Q1. A linear dipole antenna with a non-uniform distribution of current over its length l can be considered as having a shorter effective length Le over which the current is assumed uniform and equal to its peak value.

The radiation resistance of a straight wire antenna can be approximately determined using an expression for the radiation resistance of the Hertzian dipole by replacing dl by the effective length Le Determine the radiation resistance of the following antennas: (a) Having the triangular distribution of current.

Question 1 Slide 2
2

Assume Peak of Triangle is equal to 1

Antenna Radiation Resistance

2

Effective Length

dl Ra = 80 L *1 Le = area = 2
Since dl = Le = L/2
2

Antenna Radiation Resistance

L Ra = 80 2
2
3

Question 1 Slide 3
L

b) A half-wave dipole having the sinusoidal distribution of current

Effective Length

2 Le = sin Z dz 0

2 2 cos z = 2 0 =
Since dl = Le
2 2

Antenna Radiation Resistance

Ra = 80 80

Question 2 Slide 1

Q2. A radiator approximates to an electric dipole of length 250m at a frequency of 60kHz. Assuming the current is maintained constant over the length, determine the radiation resistance. Find the maximum electric field strength at a distance of 100km when the radiated power is 1kW.

Electric Dipole Length Range

dl = 250 m

f = 60 kHz R = 105 m (100km)

Radiated Power

PT = 103 W
3 10 8

Wavelength

m c s = 0.5 10 4 m = = 1 f 6 10 4 s
2 2

Radiation Resistance

2.5 10 2 dl Ra = 80 2 = 80 2 0.5 10 4

Question 2 Slide 2

Gain = Directivity x Efficiency

Directivity of Dipole = 1.5

Ideal Case, Efficiency = 1

Gain = 1.5 or 3/2

Question 2 Slide 3
2 W Emax = 2 m

Power Density

2 Emax PT G= 2 4R 2

Emax Emax = Emax Emax

W = m2 IV 2 m

E 10 3 = 5 2 4 (10 ) 2 2(120 )
= 120

2 max

Electric Field Strength

E max 3

mV m

VV = m2 V = m
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Question 3 Slide 1

Draw a figure showing the approximate current distribution along a half-wave dipole which is centre-fed with a current 2A (r.m.s). The magnitude of the electric field strength (E) at a distance (R) metres from a radiating current element (Idl) (Am) in the plane perpendicular to and bisecting the length of the element is given by:

60 Idl V E= ( ) m R

Use this relationship in conjunction with the effective length to calculate the gain in dB of the dipole antenna, compared with that of an isotropic antenna.

Question 3 Slide 2
60I 60 I = E= R R 120 Erms = mV / m R
2 I rms Ra 2 2 74 296 PT = = = Pd = 2 2 2 4R 4R 4R 4R 2

Power Density Isotopic Antenna

Power Density at the same point due to dipole radiating total power PT
2 Erms Pd = 120

120 2 R2 =

120

= 120

mV / m

Gain

Pd 120 4R 2 G= = 2 = 1.62 or 2.1 dB Pd R 296

Question 4 Slide 1
2

1 Voc PL = Rr 2 2 Rr
2

Pavail

1 Vo = 2 4 Ra

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Question 5 Slide 1

Q5. An array is constructed from two /2 dipole antennas placed a distance, d apart, as shown in Fig. Q5.

element #1 CIo

element #2

Io

The current at the centre of element #1 is I0

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and at the centre of element #2 it is CI0, where C is a complex number.

Question 5 Slide 2

The electric field far from a /2 dipole situated at the origin and carrying the same current as antenna #1 is:

cos( cos ) jkR r r e 2 E = a Const sin R

Array Factor

Element Factor + Constant

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Question 5 Slide 3

e jkr1 e jkr2 +C Io r2 r1 e jkr2 e jkr1 + I oC Io r2 r1

cos( cos ) jkR r r e 2 E = a Const sin R

v Etotal

cos cos e jkr1 e jkr2 v 2 I = a Const +C o sin r1 r2

e jkr1 e jkr2 = +C r1 r2

e jkr1 1 + Ce jk (r2 r1 ) r

Far Field Approximation

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Question 5(a) Slide 1

e jkr1 1 + Ce jk (r2 r1 ) r = 1 + Ce jk (r2 r1 )

[
+ jkd cos

Path difference: r1 r2 = d cos

Array Factor

A( ) = 1 + Ce

d= 2

Since

k=

C=1

Solve for = 0 to 180

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Question 5(b) Single Dipole - 1

Single dipole z x XY plane

XZ plane

x y Top View

Side View

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Question 5(b1) Array Factor (C=1)

Array Factor

Broadside pattern Point radiators

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Question 5(b1) Slide 1

X - Y plane

X =

Array Factor X

Single dipole =

Total Pattern

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Question 5(b1) Slide 2

X - Z plane

X =

Array Factor X

Single dipole =

Total Pattern

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Question 5(b2) Array Factor (C=-1)

Array Factor
End-fire pattern

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Question 5(b2) Slide 1

X - Y plane

End-fire pattern

X =x

Array Factor X

Single dipole =

Total Pattern

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Question 5(b2) Slide 2

X - Z plane

End-fire pattern

X =

Array Factor X

Single dipole =

Total Pattern

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Question 5(c) Slide 1

Describe, how the obtained radiation patterns could be used to draw the radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole located at the height H=0.25 above a conducting ground plane.
+

2H = 0.5

d = 0.5 and C = -1

=
Total Pattern
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Single Array X dipole = Factor

Next Weeks Tutorial

Tutorial 8

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