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RANE OECD MERA ANER MRF DEER, HARA ELAM Kee, Rib WALK -i@ BHF (Jorge Braga de Macedo) OECD RAPS 2001 #4 AFixe Stneg ~ (1) BR CRAMER . “ (13) B-F KORRHAMRRBASR --~ “ (17) RH As GDP» o (29) BIR BHRMHCRA MK WM, 1000 ~1950 -- H-7 PL HLA SLM MRAM Bot HK FRX, 1000~1500 Bet Meee sue RET REF TREK HER ces RAG PR GAMER AREER WETACEH o> (35) ~ (38) (39) (41) (46) (35) (57) (61) (66) (80) ~- (96) ze SWE HLH, ER LHe BSR 20 HERS BH RRHRKE LAR Sof LHORX (133) Say AEM ORER- (140) ene (141) HES ; ~ (143) SAY WRRERROK eae. ~ (147) HL tHe ~ (153) Mt & ~ (161) RRA BLE esse (163) HRB tay tui bho oop eu GDP b3-K (225) WER C Mf 124 5 R 7 ME fe Se Ao GDP # A GDP 4 fit, 1950 ~1998 HRD 27 NHR, KO REBAR RRA AF HRE Re Cth gas OR (333) ~ GADERE 1870~ 1998 © 59 He or PPA Hoes eeese ress ces ee sne eee eecesneeeeersnssseeesees (355) #| saxa- G01) BBSRC K-# Kat M) (380) By) seuse ap a) (386) SHAS EAR RHR) - (392) B| 28A4 KOK SCHR) noe (398) ABO R RRA LAS ARR CH oh eh) (404) |) Exem AL A ALAR, BARE BIG 0~1998 ore rere (a6) Fl] #12 GDP ARERK AE, HR 30~ 1998 esses (16) #13 GDPAMRPHKS, ERE SAK, O~ 1998 (16) ge | Kid HARSH S eB LES#,33~1875 a7 HKiSa he Hf HF &, 1820~ 1998/9 (8) 1Sb AM i BEM S35 HMA A, 1000~1999 «sy El gis Ama BEHMMe eH KA, 1000~1999 + (19) Bil BikAs Ei (20) # 16a AT MAR, 0~ 1998 (20) He L6b KATE #,0~1998 ; + (20) Hit SRELER SHER AR GBF A),17396~1987 (22) Rit, BHP LAT AGH OTHE 8, 1500~ 1998 =~ (22) H1-Th Rik AH EK IA AAT A AK AL &, 1500~ 1998 (23) Kite MBA RA AMAA GAH, 1500~1870 - soe (23) Ald HRGLECS MAUL AD HH HR KH, 1500~1998 sees (23) B13 ShRAARRERS EM BA A? 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(136) SX HH ay KAS AE, 1950~1999 (137) LEB, HORE ROMER EE REER ARS, 1998 ~ (138) BAA EX OYA AH IG GDP FRB PHL %,1997~ 1999 LE, S-RLAS MEADE OAR KABA, 1973~1999 EAKED RE MATS ie Fb GDP HY BAHL, 1990~1998 AUN ALAS i ok OY AY GDP # AL, 1950~ 1998 ERR WA RMA SEH, 1950~ 1999 RB/BT RH AM GDP FH Rit HE, 1950 ~ 1998 HLT Sill 8%, 1870 ~1999 . 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RBI RBAO # Bu #& BAZ ABS ABI # BIS BIG # BAIT # BIB B19 B20 # B21 #& B22 # Cha # Cb KCl Ka Db RQ Cha AES WRK) 1990 Fie it KH 1990 AS GDP AE IAB EERE 1990 FDR LHF OF 1990 HA GI 57 SAE ABR HY A 3, 1820~ 1998 97 3 if BI % A GDP, 1820~ 1998 57 SEA BK OF A 4) GDP, 1820~ 1998 s+ 57 SE RK AH GDP 4K #, 1820~ 1998 -- 57 36:4 BR GDP 48K, 1820~ 1998 - ST SEHK Ao KH, 1820~ 1998 4 af 1990 © GDP # ICP fe PWT of fé it PRERA GAR RATE iP O~ 1700 HR AKRURE Hy 4 By A ,0~ 1820 HF My WH fe Ea Ao 0~ 1870 BRAG AM i 49%, 1500-1870 - KFT RAHA G HAG it ff, 0~1820 ~ ARRAS tT Al fe it te, 0~ 1820 AAD A AT HBL Sit AE O~ 1820 ~ EW Ao ,0~1820 AT AA AG HT Hit H,0~1950 ~ aR a AD BIKE 2 i, 0~ 1820 ~ ERAS URI MIRREN AS, 0~ 1998 HRATHKEUR 205 REE HATHKH,O~1998 - “+ (239) DADRA HAD ERAT yt #,0~1998 . “> (240) #B14E GDP. Ao # A# GDP, 1500~1920 (244) (a A HK A RB TL He, 1500~ 1890 + (246) KA c Ay AH HK, 1700~ 1820 - * (247) TTR HAG oh HER, 1820 (248) BAB PE A SH, 1600~1874 + (253) #8 GDP UB 20 +E KA HK by GDP it ,0~1998 . oe (259) AF GDP # KE UR 20+D KREME GDP HA KF.O~1998 - + (260) 20} HX 2K W GDP Sek GDP HHH, 0~1998 261) EAH GDP MLR 20 48 KAP ILE AH GDP, 0~ 1998 (262) th RA GDP BREAK 20 CER BE A# GDP 38K 0~ 1998 KAKA GH Hit th 19901998 Kat HK GDP + Hit tH, 1950~1998 - SoH B® A49 GDP 4 Hit ff, 1950~1998 SMITRA DKA TER hit M, 1950~1998 (263) ~ (266) SAT ATR GDP £ HE itt, 1950~1998 * (282) SAT RD KAY GDP # Rf it, 1950~ 1998 + (286) AE 16 AO KGER)A © OE RE it MH, 1950~ 1999 (290)RES RES 16 AAG BR GER GDP OF Fit HH, 1950~1999. (296) 16 SAE KCRER) AH GDP 2% & fit 4, 1950~ 1999 + (302) Spl S7 Ao Aye feat, 1950~ 1998 + (308) 97 Nae ER GDP #4 & fF it, 1950~ 1998 (314) 57 MEA BIR A GDP a= & Bit tl, 1950~ 1998 (320) HRS R AAC AS EHH, 1950-1998 - (326) 2AM GDP Hh = Git &, 1950~1998 ~ + (327) AS EAM GDP Oh & Hit, 1950~ 1998 - ERSE MAD EEE KR, 1950~1998 « 25 AE MS GDP #98 K#, 1950~ 1998 ~ ERS ERAS GDP £258 KR, 1950~1998 ~ MER GDP, 1990~ 1999 MLE E Aw, 1990~ 1999 ® KB AM GDP, 1990~ 1999 WAL A & ie a HA BY GDP, 1990-1998 mA Se HM AT, 1990~1999 HAMA A S&H 8 AH GDP, 1990~ 1998 sb HE $b Ae HL 9Y GDP, 1990 ~ 1998 oo ‘AY HK & 1G a Shar BI 9 AT, 1990~ 1998. soe AT RRS OB a HE fe BI ay A #7 GDP, 1990~ 1998 ~ . OECD # id RAT WRK 15 Sis at HD 1990 & BK GDP ABD IE cee BH A RA ATE BAH A HK, 1870~ 1998 HT SA DAD KR AHL A $k, 1950~ 1998 BAAD AR AEE AD BER, 1870~ 1998 & 1 fF at, 1870~1998 WAL. AAP BO y AT EBD RL A A A 4 GDP, 1870~ 1998 ---~ nT RN eB & she BA AH GDP, 1950-1998 3% oh EP (BT Eb a 4] 38 4) GDP), 1870~ 1998 $$ Tif hat 2138 8 GDP ATE KH, 1870~1998 - ‘ff 1 Bf @) at OY GDP, 1870~ 1998 HS AH THEM 1870~ 1998 ill Ae By AEE LAG 100 Aor Hak A $k, 1870~ 1998 eT Rite TBR RIBS 100 A oP ALS A tk, 1950-1998 FB As (56 NB KR RIL ), 1870~ 1998 ~ FRA HB 0H (35 FR ae He), 1820~ 1998 ER PE OR Hh ib MH, 1870~ 1998 . UADRMERHS LTLRRKH, 1870~ 1998 UL NERE SERRE 190 2B RAH a MEE X GP MEE, 1870~ 1998 + (328) (329) (330) (331) (334) (334) (335) (335) (336) (336) (337) (338) (339) + (340) (342) (343) (aaa) + (345) (346) (347) (348) (349) (350) (3st) (382) (383) (356) (358) (359) (359) + (360) mann |TE TAFE CAMEL HAM P22 fi, ASA BRI [13 ff, HE GDP 28) PE 300 fi. RATE Z A PT EE aT EMA TA, TA GG TAS AHP FE AT. TE 1000~ 1820 4H], ASA HSH EHO. DEP AER, A AH T 50%. RAE THOS, eS OY BEE LH Tk MRT 4 A A RK RA EML, ERM RRE 1920 FERRRAS, GUAR T 8b, AT i ee ee ASLAN IEA ULE TE BAER. ERK RR D, BM AMA TRARY FE. fe 1000 EAE, — TR IL PA LS 24 BR. HAZ A BILE E AY RTE SE PIR Fa 9} 2 — ey OA HL AT A TT. HE 1820 ELL AY EK, LI AE AR ILE MALIN. AOL a EE 1820 EL. OS, — PUL A TE 66, SEACH L PE CHG A De EE EA BA BE AA OS CE (ACS RA HAE RGRAY. B) 1820 R-AK SAT OE RUA. TAB) 1998 EMR PM 7 HL. GR ME HY Ee a ae SR AOE A PRAY SEAN 2 (ik PAHS 20 1, MARE AK, RRA PBR REM RATT BRAY. Aah SAE PLE, EP AY SE Re CN SN EP FRAT ATA. RT, E1973 SELATAN ef PT GB SPHEHAre a ee ee 7B A A EMA HT RS PR, A A A AE, ES SL) ABE A HE US TR, RR he BREESE SHB TERRE eR MRM RIL SAR — PR. 1776 4 WE CAdam Smith) 4 ft FROME Beh AM A PRT, MRT LIE. RIEL APLAR RT DERE A ATLA UE DAS ATE CF aT eh He HET TRY tittle. det Ae, PLE EF eS EI A ARO 19 FM 20 The. HELA RF A SE ERY UR A HERAT SR AE RMR AE AO, BATE, AA HRP AYE BEAT TS, FRM ME TTT CO ES RSD AT ERE CR SPAT A HY. MT HD, CE ED SEB, Tf te DE SY IE ANH, SY A A RR SA AY BN I> A AVAL, DARED BATA ze A HE ETE A ee a kB AL, AT Lh APTA BAA READE, RHEL ABR, ABB a SYA RR AB te NAP aR PRs Be RT OY LR Hest SAE ASA yt ct = 4A SI 9H a) AAA >, tH AR AS a 9 ALR 5b) FR DLS SPEAR 50) HEALTH EB BT. a) iS BSR AES Pk BY — TP BE IP A BARA Ta A A OR, URMARM IES S SAMBA, REE B~13 HZ, AMAA, ASE MRT, MOWAT SDS, AD SB AE. 8 thee, RA G2 PRA ERILY A, BIT 13 the, IZ So ba REE © Wrigley #1 Schofeld( 1981) 3& Wrigley #1 Associares( 1997) YE M6 4 fy UWB BEET PAR ORT OIE He SE AMMAR, HRT RD RUTHR OR TA Sn SE RR aA ALU AM EFEMEADIETY. Bagnall #0 Price (1994) RCA? Aa ae ey AR VE REARS AB. 7 7 3 Hee Rt RBM AD SEMI. ARIDIEBEABIM de Vries (1984) Ml Rozman (1973) 3} 3 Wk OH AE BH TB BED SRS eR HR I A PLE BR HPO Ae ATLL ME 2 000 SHELL SEMI A STEEN BRE A, ELIE TARE LATHES AREY SEIT. Perkins (1969) #9 HR MR AE SERLITA T PIAS GDP A EMTS. Perkins TAF AEH TR fF Chinese Bonomic Performance im the Long Ruon (OECD ‘SSF SEF-<>, 1998) — B45 A EE — APSK. BATRA BE BF ah PLA, TDA AE A TS A EL RITE A FEN At SAY AE AL. EB 1492 4 BF IE AH (Columbus, 1451 ~ 1506) BUFF WT, RAN ASE ASSL PB AS FF HE GK PR He LT FABIA AA BG 2 OE dh EAA A SEP SE A EA HR, ES DT AEM TX PSR 5} 2 SY ABE RA AS A BE SRG 5K ABT AE AE TWIT AR A Et ER hE A RL SATAN, OA SIN TENA, a EA SHARE 7. Vel iah 5X ei OK th eee Me Ta] SAT RID, Pt RA TM EPH. BME AAS TD ELIR EA HES EE, BYE Dy Sen) Shy LA AAS AL EB MEA AT) 5 TR S| Ay FE PRS AR De A FT SE I HERD. WERT RAHA OME RRA KMS, WHI 18 thee BARRE, SUM A AAR LBL 1500 FE AE. a AE 19 He a CM RY aE A Be MAE A EP THE PY DT SEAR 9 AF AMRNSREBAAREOHRS, MEH WeAMHKARZMHER, WE HP ERROR LARA, REHEARSE, HRT SRM MAR PRET A Rh, + HR AE PBT RATE, MAAS SRT OR A, RY RT SL TR, BR 1H 2 Ys, AL d AA A y T Dh eK LA RR.O b) RASRREH FRU Bi S Ce OT Y eM Pe TE , e E O MHMARE. PR 1000 ~ 1500 4, RIE MEET FF RCH OB Cb EIS ED SE Be A Fig Sh 5 2 flO RR TPR. CH TE SB RHE 2 ely AE BE Yh, ha A La FE 9 3 ERLE FERRE GH eRe CCH, HE PE CRA FUE He AUF AY FE AS OO A 2 A AE OK, WI Be EI DS Maddison (19984) 8 24~33 TERE A A 2 3H, WLR Boserup (1965) RE ARERR TA ER ATF A 97 a SS A A HE HL, Bonerup BSP RRO FH 9 (~~ AEE HIT. MB VG, S(T: 2 PCA SER TL RE EAP IOSD. AU Hee REP AMAL MCA ZH, RT Pm hk © BTR Maddison (1971) 3H mt A SA RAE 2 AE BEL Be EAE LOL a AH LAS (Belle ble) 0A LR TAS He. ALTE A Se A SOLA MMS ATLL BH (Morison, 1971, p44). © Ada Soni 4 $C) (1776) 195504 8 BB-BOY A PIR De VATA A A RRA FA a A AS A ASE PA CD, A ME I ACRE IF HF EB ER PO ay aa |me FP HK SH SB Oe Se BLA 1 BR a AE A), Cn EO Re RE A ak HOT E TEM PRA (Arsenal) ANF ARE AYES | Ai Le 9 BE Wa FY wal BE BE ASAT, VA BR Ay ACES 9 3 HR I EE RUE ELE CHAT FMR BOA. CARE BALA EE D9 — AT SBE ASCE EM, Er aS RE SE BAMA HLEP RT ESE. CHM SA AF (The University of Padua) se 4 HTM EY ‘FON FIBA ( Galileo) UE ECP AS Hi AY BAEZ — FMB) Hay FP eS AY RE eee WII. TELS thee FRO, MFT TE Hy HB AL Bh Hh A, EE KOCH A tH SE th ah EE EEA RM Mt APP MAY BR AAT A ER HT, EFA EEA PAR APS A HY ER A ATR A TEED. HEMET 16 thee, EMR FT MAKES ZARA ER ZH, CHMBRRR TAM, CANA PER GRA DUBE FUT eB BL BER PDS Se eA Bw A 9 FEW. ANE BETA — 4 EE Ks A, (LE eI Se — EY A AE ER, CT MSH MS HAS AS 1D AA EAT (Magellan), A — PASE PUBL A, WR HE SY WARE CE RS EG Ok HR Oy a, ER PRE APY AS Sab OC) WAG HP A AS HR, A BART ERRORS, WAR SKTAKARAA ARM Hh- oN MR, E BRAUER RIF, ALES EAE, FAL ANH, RP Ar Acs HA, ML CYB, LM TACIT CELT A Aik A PY dH, EAA AT TARDE DMB AFAR AT AR EAS GR, IRE Ee CER AR AR, WE TAE ERAS BORER. PR, it — RAK DD TE HP aE HT iB AAT, EACLE INT ATE LAN = POR RH CHT A RY 53 PR AAT “BARRE GE” , BN ABM Ze AK eH eH) de A Ae a HS SARS A Ce ABR GEE HWE BE De SP AE AS A th 1 OE AT FE RE BY OA) — Fe ee A AAT) Fe a A) REE, CEPR SIRE, A FE Tl IRE I Sh Le Be eS | A, AI AS SAY Wil a a Me 5 2 BE a 7 a AN BMF SOMME SRA TAKE SO SE SM, TT SAT AG, he HEAT FE BL Tel a HEE A ae EG oH HH AE HLH. TE 1500~ 1870 *F 1A], AVA RAEI 2S SCE ME. E15 THEA, BEE AE A he BIT 18 HAC, SEAM TMA RAITT BR. EY Eh RE AH REE OT SE A AHR ARH K, Pa AYE 0 A AHP) RC SB Dy 9 BA A GT MGR TL BY T1570 A, fh RG ARG ek HK HA a AO Se A A GSN. MASAI, EAR PAY 25 18. fa Ai MR, A:Lie GA BC, A Me FN Say He BE A SY AE, DD RL FADE BG eB BI AT AE AR 1400 E17 TEC PO RZ. 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BI 1820 4F, RIE FARE ASE a 11 ye i He ay Fh a RAT AB SEARLE AES BALI ABI Hy MUA CER AA HEY, EA HT BREW BE PGE Se 9 aS A Bo iL a AE Be ANY Te A HAD eT AS, A Sse PA ABT She BRP AA TEAL T RMMEKARAE, ARM THE RER SIR. ARAB TRL A AIA, A TD NY AT SE, TEAL T SH a ARAL HE fe 8 PF SD BE a AT, HAT A A A HS RE ARE LEME TE OU SIA FA 1757 ~ 1857 2F, FORE ASA BR Ym SE BAKKZ it. #E 1820 ~ 1913 A (a), BEF A FSU AB AS te FLA CE FE Aart Ae, SEE 1700~ 1820 AFF] A SWAY 3 1B. CARLA HBR A OR LE FBR ARE 5 PR DE IE A up bo 2 do |SHI, BOR MS DT AEAT OCH. AY ELA ey OTR. A 1846 AE, AWE 1 AA PREP RB BT TE 1849 4H, CALI ek 7. BT 1860 4, LE AF SOG 1 POT BY) He i, Hd A de a ae (EO ERAN. REGARD RAH RN RRS OGL 8 ILA PAT AS SAR, EL eda 9 a PF ea FE ey A a SB, 8g As Fl RI Uk A BE TE A AGH YNE BL ARP, WR PSEA op SKA AE RA A PE AH 1, Fa tab Ae a PE A, “CL tk A Ee 8 the, PSE ‘AO FAY A Fl EER Se I ET HE OT LS BF FY LA TD EAT SEAT ES wa GE Sh ELA De RG RC MRIUE wh ME I ay a SAE RARE. HPA AYE a ICM 10 TM AA ( AW. OS LH ), EA A BR ET RT RARE AT, ARG AE Pk A Pe th BL A ET SLAM Po iy 3 a OE A Fn EAS HL eT PE Ao) SE (EB eA TT EYP Re a BY 2 HAE, 5 VE AR TH ADS SEAR A A, LAE REA OT Se A i ES PE Ce RE FT AML IE EAS SS a A BE a EB EP SRP. RANE R— TRS AMR, CT AML Ee EA, TE OY BA a YA es PEATE TR TE J 1870 S82, DAME SME VEN Bl AH SE Be AS ICE AP OH (i at BRT Ha EBL er SCP ARIEL RI a FPO A CARA 20 thE 30 SARA A A Ce a ES FARA CE EB VAR AY HR TT EIA 7. TA 1870 ~ 1913 4E ATLL, 1913 ~ 1950 4 [i] tH FSS BF ASE ACA, TE Ep 9 A ae at A, HD BAAE SAAS IMT HPA AE EE ‘BI 1950 ERY, MRE RAMI SF. PRAT BS, BIT 60 EAR, a a AD SBA EAR Sem, GS PR AR. BY HAY OSA RAT SER. CE DEIT, TOL AE A — Ae aR BY AL A SR Hh SL a dE EO, TEASE HEHE 1950 ~ 1973 E/E] LACE LE fol TR RABE HR. RE PH AN a YAR, HAS GDP BESET 3% GX PIE OR BAS 25 ERI —1H). ESHER GDP RMIT 5% OUTTA, HA Le CHU 8%, RRC mm FAK HK BAAR tO TO DE Re Hk ih 9 A Ha 5 SE UP HE BE ARE LMR PAA AS) 2 ad SRE TS RRA OAANBH RMS HRA, WH, EE ARS RR OT HAMMAR EMET. 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HEBEL AR AOR AON RCE BEE A ASE AER RE A a AD ARH A 46 16 #117 HHH, th TRE FE (Copernicus, 1473~ 1543), BLM BE (Erasmus, 1469" ~1536), H#( Bacon, 1561 ~ 1626), {51 FIRE (Galileo, 1564~ 1642), HAI; ( Hobbes, 1588 ~1679), KIL (Descartes, 1596 ~ 1650), 823% (Petty, 1623 ~ 1687), 3€ 7 FE 2 ( Leibnitz, 1646~1716), BUM (Huyghens, 1629~ 1695), KH (Halley, 1656~ 1742) F148 (Newton, 1642 ~ 1727 i HE BE A AL RS HY 3 aL, OE YO ET a Mec ALATA AHR A A Tl BE Ee 5 FT PT TRA TAR, a AH Ti EH AEM SAA PER EBA OL EET. AEB RROTLIG ETE, EA RUHR IE SCTE, BOP AEA H BGP FLERE, 1 SHE AF HH ASE fag. SX Be ME AE CEC ZS ABA LY) BB BR Be A PE ATT HE AE HT SEE 42, Fe He A M1155 B (Ricci, 1552 ~ 1610) HK ( Schall) , HE A HL Wi ( Verbiest) A A HE +E (CRTE RB, ieeeSAPP LS) As A ATI ES a A i A ULF SB A FRAT AP Eh. 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HIRI T 1998 4, WMA RAC ETH 30% , PSR SPS Hy A MK te — RO AMANE 46%,Ri ACMMAON ER, HHS EAR — 1998 0 100) 18201998 01000 _1000~1820_1820~ 1998 — __ in) wile 7 3.4 152.9 3880.00 0.20 0-60 Prin ke 12 20 12-323 0.08 0.2 1.91 Ha 3.0 75 310 1260.09 07 0.79 ait 28.9 M9 75.1838 0.02 0.20 0.88 eH 3.6 Ud 21.2 5080.07 0.08 180 AeA ALR B7 136 91.2 4120.05 0.23 0.85 NOR HH A) 11.2 175.4 679.4 3390 0.00 0.7 0.91 16.5 30-782 7600.07 0.10 1.32 22.0 233.4 866.0 $069 0.01 0.16 1,00 20.8 268.3 1041 S908 0.02 0.17 0.98 Wat B. 12 AN GDP MALKH, WIOEEME,0 ~1998 0 1009 18201998 01000 LOW —1820 _1820— 1998 990 FED) _ CEE AMRR) Fan 450 400«:1:232 «7921.01 ot 1st WH 400 400-1201 26146 0.00 013 1.75 Roe 400425 669 20413 (0.01 0.06 1.93 Aal fit 443 40S 1130-21470 0.01 0.3 1.67 RT 400400, 665 5795 0.00 0.06 1.22 AUTH 400400 667 43548 0.00 0.06 1.06 AE CR LIE) 450450. 575. 2936 (0.00 0.03 0.92 aa 25416 4181368 - 0.00 0.00 0.67 Bast ag 480. 5733102 0.00 0.03 0.95 ca 444435 6675709 0.00 0.05 Lat SRE, WEB. R13 ChPRANKH, WHER, 0 ~1998 0 100 1820 1998 0-100 10001820 _183)— 1998 _ (of 1999 SERIE) CEE ASE) ie Wel 10.2 163.7 6 961 0.01 0.34 2.13, anise os 08 13.5 8456 0.05 0.35 3.68 na 1203.2 7 2582 0.00.23 275 Amait 12.8 141 198.0 17998 0.01 0.32 2.57 LT 2.2 4.6 14.1 2942 0.07 0.14 3.05 FRAT AL I 35 5.4 60.9 1793 0.05 0.29 1.92 Ta PE A A) 77.0 78.9 390.5 9953 0.00 0.20 1,84 4 7013.7 M0 1939 0.070. 1.99 Beit 89.7 102.7 496.5 15.727 0.01 0.19 1.96 te 102.5 116.8 694.4 33.726 O.01 0.22 2.21 RE, HEB. co HER aC RAE AGREE CDP GK 7), 5A HE RT A Hee ATA Se Th MEA RE — HAR EO IT RTE I RT AE TF ER RG. Geary OU S.H. Khamis S218. 52 R.G. Geary, "A Note on the Comparison of Exchange Rates and PPPs between Coun: tries,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Saciety, Series A, 121, pp.97~99, 1958 fl SH, Khamis, "A New System of Index Numbers for National and International Purpases,” Journal af the Rosal Statistical Society, Se Fies A, 138, pp-96~ 121, 1972, ——iF iz 16CERN A et AIK EES, HA s-— Sm TT EE ER EECA BR RUT EA AE CHE 1-4), FECA A RAR FRE 1820 AE ATI ES ADRUCHAR BRL, 1820 EDL, FECA FEB HL C8 RRBHEY BOL LER T EEE. TI 1, YK 1820 4 DL, AE APR WATT FRECHE 15a). UMA BEAR IE AS HC SY TRMEEBR. CALA IR Ce GDP BMI ANI, (LEACHATE THE, SICA SE 1 BONDS OS Ae a LB — CH R14 MRS MMA AOR LICH, 33 ~ 1875 on BL BARE MEM BOAE Coe ecpa EEA SRE PURE, 33-258 24.0 329 BGA WHER H (Bae nal and Fri) 38H, 1301~1425 24.3 218 Bia A A A {Git Russell) » 1541 ~1556 3.7 na + 16201626 a7 m fei TE ican Ta + 1726-1751 34.6 195 EM Fo HIM Wrigley, et al.) + 1801 ~1826 40.8 4 ef, 1740~1749 4.8 296 ‘eI, 1820~ 1829 38.8 181 es BAR, 1751~1755 37.8 203" HRCA AM HE CGille) HA, 1776~1875 2.2 2 FIZ Janneta) HAS, 1800~ 1850 37 295 PICA (Yasubn) HAR, 1751 —1869, s7.4 216 AL BiG Saito) a) 1751~ 1800. JERE, SLANG A Bagnall I Frier (1994, pp.70 I 100). HER 1301 ~ 1425 4205 SCHR Russell (1948, pp. 186,218), 3ERF 2S (ARR EBB) 1541 ~ 1826 5 BU AF de BURL FE C9 A 3 BI FL Wrigley et al, p.614 l p.201, 2 (BU de AUB LSE (3A 4 HE Blayo (1975, p. 141 A pp.138~ 139). HERLEVRCAELE Gille (1949). #3 HAS HRCA A Jannetta AI Preston (1991, pp. 428, 433435), P13 Yasuba (1987, p. 291), AF Re SHRI Fil Ms — AF DLE PEAT AHHH — HL. HY Saito (1997, 1 143) BE ea a LES EST RC TE CS Ae BT MTEC SHEE Cakocho) Amrit ELA G2 (shumon sratame cho)s ELAS ERY A Je BL IE LARA BLU > Fe oie BL. APUG Ay AL IL RR, PRG RAR OR TS TE ERLE A BERS it —9 B, FEAST ARL, AER LEA TT ERM FL ABIL tea EY RRM REAR LF, A BEARS AEB, WEAN WA 2 Die, A> AS Bc ACHE AE TE 2 YB FB ATLA 2 FOAL 1H] 2 (AEB AE (Saito, 1997). BFLLRE HAR RLL RET ARHY fet SURE HEM SEMA Soito HE FHT Coale 1 Demeny (1983) 3559444) 5 C(e ST A 7 8 ABLE 194. Saito (1997, p. 136) 74 HET He et BA) = IE iT BGM HEE I AE AR A TE BAT A OT RAHM T AR UNSC IREO MEAC-R LFELAR, Kalland fl Pederson (1984, pp. $4, 61) 89 FFE BAR HA eM fe 1700 ~ 1824 SENT A FSI AF HE 44, WE ILFELZAK Ab-F 100%. Smith (1977, pp. 57, 162) CYBER ARMH AL ACHICEE 1717— 1830 FERS A CB MSE 3.2, PLE RETR ‘HEPRDCIA. Saito i+ 0H 382756) IL FEC ARHY FH WOM 145%. Hanley fl Yamamura (1977, p. 222) 689 "ERO AIF CE 1782~ 1796 SE A NE OA 45 3, WE AE 1800~ 1835 FEY UNA 9 43 ITA A LIER, 173a me ofr oH OM Oe MEA TE L000 ARE, HEE A 1 PS BUA Ae ART E29 Hy 24 GRIP AS He ARATE IC IF OG Rey AY TO HE A. FN 1820 SMS, HR PIL 26 HCH 1-Sa) A ALA HEHE RE BAY, MD Sa HERAT S, 1820 ~ 1998/9 A AEB REA a CPE EI) eat 2 2 12637 a 5 78 ‘slg 3.99 3600 1650.96 ” or ” BAA 3.90 3.30 1.98 093M 3 66 78 we 3590 316 227 32 n 78 nae 400 3.39 2.00 0.92 ow 35 62 8 ais 3402.69 16d LOL 8 56 0 1” =a 402% 2.93 162 1300 at 50 6 7 aes 3.74 3.081.831.0036 46 7 18 2 5.92 3.23 240 Lae 9 a 68 n 1 2.62% 3.24 281 0.95 4 a 81 PM 413 4.800 2.65 0.88 Be 2 65 or ee sax 4.60 448 2D 88 45 0 a; na 6.69 4.86 2.7 3 so n WT NE na ma 49 2SL 27) (3S) cy cr pa 41 3. 60a. wat nm eB ne 4.58 4.508 2.80 aT at 3h 60 wa na oma 4282.30 (3) 2)” 65 ron na oma 4.92 3.90 (3) HDB s2 ae pana 3.74 2.30 26 3 9 66, a) 18215 b) 1811~ 1829; c) 1880; d) 1818; e) 1872; 1) 1929~ 1931; g) 1891 — 1911; h) 1941 ~ 1951; 1) 1833: j) ALARA, EMDR: T1820 Al 1900 FF A Ae REAR RA DE BEAN ACB PI AL Maddison (19914, p. 242); 1821 FSR SEH A Wrigley otal. (1997, p. 614); 1818 FASE URE A Masciio (1984), 3A ‘i 7 ALR PH APEC HE ICES Maddison and Associates (1992); 1820 #3 1900 #49 381 BRERA Historical Statistics of the United States (1975, Vol. 1, p-49); 1929~ 1931 “85S GRACED Barclay etal. (1976): EP 18. 1000 #1950 A) €OHENE E Mari Bhat (1989, p. 96); FL AE 1816~ 1820 408 $8 ( Yokoucho) Hf} Hayami (1973, p. 160), 1900 #1 1950 “FH 2H ALE Japan Statistical Assocation (1987). 1950 Ft Ak — AEE eI OECD (1970) FI XL HA HEAL, 1998 4 65 MEH OECD, Labour Force Statistics, Population et Sucétés(INED, Paris July-August 1999), 1 UN Population Division (1997) HK 1820 FHA OR. HLTA Blayo (1975); MH HEAL Knode! (1988, p.59) RA ft PR HH) EAA MBA Coselli (1991, p. 73); BIB F ACA EL Livi Bacci and Reher (1993, p68) HAF MELE Gille (1949, p43) SERUREAER A Wrigley et af, (1997, p. 618) ; fR MFEN (1874 1884) E1 Oblin (1955, p.411) :3EBURHENR EF Historical Statistics of the United States (1975, Vol. 1, p.56) (1850 (35 SB IH MAR, A 1820 FO Pb AR La = PMY PT EL PE 1872 FI 1900 4 ASECHEIR A Merrick and Graham (1979, pp-41.42 and 57) #4181 1929~ 1931 “A MHEALA Barclay, Coal, ‘toro A Trussell (1976, p.621) EU BE 1833 (48 8) RGIK EL Visaria and Visaria (1983, p. 473), 1891 ~ 1911 #01961 ~ 1951 SFAYSCARECA Mari Bhar (1989, p.92), 2X HL A T BFAU= 8 FLMC FHL. 1900 SEH EARIICEL Maddison (19950, p.27), SUASEBLE DISH, ILE Wrigley et al. ABH} OECD LY 1950 5 5SCABALEL OECD (1979), ABPEMFRAEL Maddison and Associates (1992). PEURCHBHLET Lee and Wang UAE) EDAEEMIECET Mari Bhat (1980), FASBER}LET Japan Statistical Association (1987). C488] SH HISEK 1950 A) LEACH UN Population Division (1997). 1999 SEA) HBR ET Population et Socttés. fen 1820~1900 F(a tO it A A RRL A #IR. 18PRET 36 ¥. A 1920 FLORE CSE A ATHY 78H PP AL ER Hees A oh. ZEB ALERT AE, AE A AY fH ZEA, HE 1000 ~ 1820 4 Te E Hf] Ae AE a THEA. AXE 1820 ~ 1998 il, TE AVY FE TA A eR LPT 64 HS Bl 1909 HEIR, A SHS Ea AY PC A BE Se BA AR HEAR HL TRA ZU eA), IE 67H, A CAEN, 29 BMH AE oe Ay 52 B BERT HERR MK, FRE A TUNA AD ASIN A CR BR — TC AA OLN, (AB, TU A HR FG TA a he FMR. 1909 EMT A HY A RA a 81H OE AE S29, RRBZKS AO, HE, SEMI ZI) IS He 1 UA ERR A EL, Gk EE MES. Ri-Sb 41870 BAIA S, 1000 —1999 CHAE BEER RE AO PA 1000 1820 1900, 1950, 1999 Aft 24 36 46 66 7 Ba m 24 6 ry 6a oe m4 26 3L 9 66, BER IEM. 1820~ 1999 AFR 2% 1-Se BSUS RO LHI. 1000 FEY FAL HA AE EA vA A AA A. Sc A ABAD BAAD RAME SAM EAR, 1000 ~ 1999 CES E REE) 1000~1820 1820-1900 19001950 1950~ 1999 - aw 0.08 oat 0.72 0.34 Bat 0.00 0.0 1.06 on tm 0.01 0.2 0.92 0.61 wean 1-6 ART RAK AS EIB. A PPE, A ie ae RAS F595), 76 HEC AN 14 Hitec es TARR, 46 17 HR RTA ALP SIT eT. HB) 19 HEEC ARE, ACS Are BT Te) ke i 1 — AP A FE LT FREE ALE BA IS ACS SNL Tie RE TA I ERE, EATERS, HE SPP AT I 2 NE LR 19 WN RSE ih | we |Br BRAD ROM PEER # 1.000000 & 100000 1000-1998 Co 1000 — ‘omy Tio & voto 2000 FORDE SILK 16a, ANIRINE HRCA & Hise GRACRM,0 ~1998 Ga» o 200 400 00 800 1000 1200 270 27600 ~—«22900 =) ——«20400 == 130 BBS 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1820 1998 Ses) 1500-57268 73776 =i 460 =D B88 399 ‘BERRI: MeEvedy and Jones (1978) FM BMP HER (HEL AR ICA) AR PEEP AE SLA AYE MEA A 7.764 77% F BEB) 1000 4 6 67% , 1500 489 60%, 1820 "FAH 52% Al 1998 AEH 45% . H-6> BRA DEH, 0 ~ 1998 CE IR) 0-200 200~ 600 ‘600 ~ 1000 1000~ 1300 1300~ 1400 0.06 =0.10 0.08 0.28 = 0.34 1400-1500, 1500 ~ 1600 16001700 1700 1820 1820— 1998 0.2 o 0.08 “ot 0.60 BERPEIE, (BLE 1-60, PAE MeL eB WR AO, A SS Hm, Pee ET SRL Fh RU eR AAG MSR BRB, RACH REM RBM tS, E (eRe IR HE 1846 ~ 1851 XE AY FEE A A ECA RL 100 75, ALVAIE 1845 4A HM 12% (JE, O Gréda, 1988) 0 fee eat BH a SL HA TEAR EH HP ia I, EAN FSP Ade 6 HEA 14 He TSH 2, BOCA HEME TIL eR, RF 1665 20SREB SINS, F1720~1721 EERE TBI. HR BEEF Jobn Graune), BAL REDS AMPK, iH L 15921603, 1625, 1630, 1636 AI 1665 4 EAN THE AY ih ath. RIB AY AE, AI1SeHFR T 97 000 FUP YRC EI A CHAY 16%). Kadi (Biraben) (1972 )4éFiF, — APTA FOAL RG, Be HE EB ENE HEL HE 1720~ 1721 SELLA 94 000 AGE PERE (ALT ACY 32% ) RR EH A a J PAP 8 Bd hy tO TY RE ERRATA BIRT (BL EL th Be i BA A A, A ABE RR ISTE BEE (RAT BFE DVI AR TO. EAT BCAA A DATE ET TH AC BE CESAR, RF BR AGB AS IT Be BE A AOL Pe tt TSR Ha He EH HA TESEARAM ORF , 51a aR Rec 5 BE ER I EH, AS PRR ASN Se RE OE PORTE TELS GAS FC A DR I ASL, EE CE 19 Tike ACAI 20 thee, fe Re A EE MM TREY. SUE 1918~ 1919 ENS IKE AREF. BPA RAM, COPE ARRRPCABAM A, Hi) 20 theca, 5e oe PRE aE SA Abe a A. RSH At, TRA WR, Be TE ET A RT RA. HT HE 7 CH FE BOF) TIX — LR, HS By EAL Me Ue A EAL, HATE CT REY FE ATES EE ES. MMT AE KB RY BEA, IK PSA AD TLE FF BZ Wh SI ILA FRY ama a Been. BLAST (Wrigley) 41 3e ft AH Hi (1997, p. 218), 4 18 thee FIM, fe RY DLAC KAS Be. BK (Hayami, 1986a) 125 1840~ 1868 E18] A ABIL POY TER H-MRS REA A. TE 20 Hie RH Ik - RB CB IK (KP 6 19 thee YEA —98 9869 IL. Preston and van der Walle, 1978). DARE, 76 1820 4 Lae he BB A EF, FT SY ft at ESAS LCA ZR AO A AGT HO DE TKO 0 Fh ae CD CAAT ETS OPTS A ok ACER Pe SY A, A De A A SE BL MR, E19 thee, A 20 HEAD, A PIR TE AS SR Be BE AS Ow HA FACE AEA fe Rea SEAR (SEF ETA PEA ASP HT WL Fogel, 1986). St SE HOFFA — Ht FEBILIC CAR FM. te 1820 FFE Ay, BOER 1 000 FBLA HALA 150 Bl 200 ATE 1, HAKAA 200 AE. MIB! T 20 He 90 EAL, KH 1 000 TEILS PAH RAT ABET, HARE RA 4 BETS. 1950 SERIA, PEW PET A He Me OA AR EAB AnH MM, BSA RIT AR EA, AMMAR, AIR BF 19 thee An 20 thee FER FRET BR EES FA 1-2 SWFA TE Te SE LRA A A AR eS i, EA 1736 #F, RRR ALAR. IE PTL AB) A EL A I LAR. FRR Vallin, 1991) RS TER IFA HS T1720 FE LAE ETE AS YO AR. HE 19 HES ERT Lh Ti, XS AC A A A I, A ABE Ds, PEL SA FET RE ACR TP 1-2 HE SB a tH IA 19 thee PE ay HR I A KHATER, 21 MSN MRSS oe vs |B12 WR STC MHL TA), 1736 ~1987 OF 980 3 20 i) 140 196017801800 1820. 1840 186018801900 1920 1940 19601980 OO ae es FP HH BH BR WS 3 2 1740 T9@ 178 18D) TEU TRA0 1850188) 19001920 1940 19601980 BERLE H. Gille, “The Demographic History of the Northern Countries in the Eighteenth Century”, Population Studies, June 1949; Historical Statistics for Sweden, vol. i, CBS, Stockholm, 1955; OECD Labour Force Statinics, Paris, MA. Rite EAAPL MET EMEA OM RADE, 1500 ~ 1998 CEHSM GH) 700 _1700~1820 1820~1950_1950~1973_1973~ 1998 xa 3 OL 22 1.45 0.98 me uw Las 2.20 218 119) eR ALO 0.00 0.20 2.45 2.16 1.27 en ont 1.07 1.92 2.91 2.00 Sef nT ea A RY A, ~0.21 0.36 1.63 2.65 2.02 we 0.18 oan 0.64 0.70 0.32 Has 0.28 2 0.77 Las 0.61 EAI eh 9.17 0.47 0.58 2.09 1.85 OEM, HEE A AUB, 227h SAFO RCMSS TH A OM KODELRT, 1500 ~ 1998 ACACIA NBR AC AUHECEIT) Hemme 15001998 1s00~ 1998 15001998 1500~ 1998 cr 1 170 170 Rad 2.00271 136 ee F 1 10 10 Ri) 3.94 59 is SBT 16.5 338 2 MEK — 0.25 30 120 HH 6.8 9 6 ab 15.00 39 4 FEL, ME AA B, Be 1-7e MBBS OWA CBM, 1500 ~ 1870 AK 15001600 1601-1700 1701-1810 1811~1870_1500~1870 ewe 30 360 189 vas 367 He - 464 3234 96 3793 REESE 15 293 579 606 1582 x = = 38 st 399 9) EDT ELA OB. BERPRIL: Curtin (1969, p. 268), 12 IMA H 2-5. Rita GRTCELR MAND ORTMFSRAM, 1500 ~1998 1500~ 1600 1600~1700 1700~1820 18201869 1870~1913 1913~ 1950 1950~ 1998 en 294 na em 0 +o (+800 400 200 wc HE, - - +33 $1069 +885 +673 FB 2 +131 +587 +6131 15820 6.221 +24.978, 8 nus. nm or S548 6415-1 40s +132 BERGER, EAT UHI A Marsilio (1984), Mertisk and Graham (1979) 1 IBGE (1960); 8K RISE, 1788 ~1973 AFA SCHETR ET Vamplew (1987, pp. 4~7). DUR ARICA SBE OECD, Labour Force Stati ties 341 1630~ 1780 #:(4.8HRL EY Galenson (1996, p. 178) 1 Potter (1965) XT 1790 ~ 1820 (A BCH. BELGE 1780~ 1790 EO EEL ACS Porcer Xf 1790~ 1800 448 fit HATE]; JEL 1600~ 1820 #8 Be HY Henry and Blanchet (1983), (71% 7 38M oH Re 7 LAR i AIIM SAR OTE: ABD; 1820~ 1869 #8 MEIC A Micchell (197, pp. 137~ 140), GEALT FFT 9519 1855 ~ 1869 Feit ;E wi /IE ATE, AG, Sm 1820~ 1854 OH EAE A PAE 1/6, SRL ATF 1870 FED BURL ET Maddison (19910, p- 240) BUR Ff OECD Latour Force Statistics. FEA EC, HEAR AY PRR EAR. 1998 AEB Uh He REY AE 1820 FSS — HERE A HSA ARS, AD AE TRIER EL, ME PA SRIF. 4 1821 F, HEE 39% HY ATE 1S BLE AYA, TARA) 5% BY A BRAM 65 Y. BIT 1998 4,15 HLA FAY AT RA 19% HAE 16% 85 A BARE 65 B AEMAE 1S ~64 YHA LE REM 60% Et 65% 0 23 Bae N ARE SME | 8 |ew fr HH * BS BS B13 SPR RMT ST REBA DACRATEEMT, 1500 ~ 1998 earn (000) YO to 130) 1880" T660" 8ST T0518 1350 T900 795000 ey Hom vol 13001850 Te FeSO T10 —T7s Ta THT T900 9503800 ROR (000) 100000} Ee Taba TROT T8OT TEST 130019503000 ERICH. S LHL A.B. AMNISE A Rh ECHRE. E 2a5H FEN SIR AO BY FEL: EE IS OS BE SG A TT A ET EH. A ARDEA PB 9 A, A 16 HL EA ER GT FRE DRS SEG PPE AR eH A ETS FE BS CA EE AEE R). MERA DORKS LAE T CRAMER, Kia Rt Yt HA a Ae RK eis, ELSA ZH ATU MEE RMR B). ERE MET SM, MACHER, FE TORY ATH a FINE AT 9 24AEE ACTS AUR SA EAR SA BR (OO CK Be BY He OL) IEE BE ty] DE Dy 5 RRA AE ACP a SAR. BOR de ACFE APPW ARE, (EGS BEBE ASE FSM, BSB AT A FR GEARS PAR HC 09 Se) BE at tH AT ME RR HY, HE TY KS EAD FE BIE AY HE (ML Crosby, 1972). SEAM METEOR EEN IF We. DORR HAG AAC AOE, Bah ea eS UE AE SL aS 4 SHR AE LAO CE TH LAR) HBT SLE, a EE SLE, Br tH A th AB SE, GO EL REE GEM AAR, XE TUR EP A ROE. PAB LH REST A RAE EE. Ze 1500 ~ 1870 (ia), JL FAG 9S Fy EH AU SE we sf EP PRU ARE AHL Ete TE 1820 SELAH, BGBE TAM OF DLT TEMG EA AEE ETA BS RA Be WEF MIME R A ARK 50H A(Marcilio, 1984), iif PE BEA ASB 100 JF A(Sanche- Albornoz, 1984). #2 #%(Galenson, 1996){é it M 1630~ 1780 4, 3681 1A Dn) Et as SR AA AWE 25 Fi, MIRE AM OY RA Cs LES, HE 1820 SEAT A pens T eA GRAB BHLA 200 7 MIT HL Cele OE AAD A T 750 HHA. MLR, LR HY BE POMEL MARIE. PEBETA SE AL RSA (Merrick and Graham, 1979, pp. 56~S7)fiiit, #2 1872 F, CPE OR MH th A 18 YER ALA AR AB T 27H. TH TLE E ENA AE, HATE PAR BER. BRR PA aH A He RAR, DY ESA A TH RS HE TE A, Se EE Sa, A SE PPRAR A. FL SUE, LICE MALL, SCT SHE ON 1820 ELA, HET SEAS A UE FCA. PCE MR J a a BD WE ANTE F MRTG BR BEER). 1913 FELL TT, kA SK ERE AY BK — BS HEP DST eM A RA. LS, RAY HEHE FET. AERA AH, WOM A AY ALR AF 17 HHA, Ze 18 Hee a oH ET RGR, lB oe RUMAMGA. EUHMAR BK, FRAO MRAM RB. 1 17004, HAT MA MANUEL =, BIT 182048, (AT RA 3% (WE BAS), AA APT SRP PTT, IE ADA ENT th ORAL HEAL AAT dT SRC, HE REA. ACRE A CRY NNER STC AHL. ESE A AP AER LA A ei CELE PEE NPE SAKE. ARSE AH (1979, p.57) Hiei, 19 THEE SO ARIE, EA A BR Hee 35.5 H, HARA SA Oy HA Me 40.4 MRT ARAB AG, AE 1820 APATHY REEL At EAR A 5.5, RAC MALE) A 5.7, IX HE RH TSE 4.0 ATE LAA 3.2, 1820 FF LAE, SER) A. aH A 9 a AE et PA Ee A AL, AL A H-AAT AH REMAP NME A, RAGRAMR— AA, Ate 20 thee 60 FRSA, KSB BRK OM, LL A OEE ERA RE OL ES ACS RIE. 8 MSN MRSA a 25wow oH &S Bw we = ux S17 8] 19 thee ob, Fl Ce RL Se A EY POA, ee ARATE a) ZEIT RAPD, FLAS ATO SKA RAE ORE LC, Be A AR oy Bk oF AI BH). b) B18 tice Kor, hiP ER, EACH RMA OCS SRM, eT MKF. MAMA GS TSMR RII (Macfarlane, 1997) 1 ABE He ~ A EL AR IER BY I A ETT PB RR ASIEHH Jannetta, 1986) 58200 TH ASIA PP ARLH I 5 AP (Saito, 1996) CE be ROL WT He A a Lot A Lc AUB Ae AE AT TP ATA BH A HE HEA LAER RUE, RRA EAS SPAR RAR. 200 2 LY AR BADR EHG C5 SE FF Bl Day aE AT 750 25 SG ERR DR BO TA Ar AL BH EER BRA, FL AS SEA CS BM SG TACHA TL Sh I A a AAP SBT GEE 9 — DBR HJ LAIST A A RP 8 A Pa C1, RBA CE 1274 M1 1281 FHAKAREM MARAE, MRM, ARH AD WE EAE FE tte Wy aT eH) AR AIA. PER THN — FFE A PREY BE, ASS te P TRAE FREZ IH, RAC A A EAT, HABER INTEL Be EB IEE PARA FEA SHI FE CR RF MB OP. AT HE EUR A te ELSE GETARAHLEIRA SAYER ARARM. HEAP ERORAAMER, HE HRS SOAR LEA VER HER MARAE A EHS IAI. ALR ACS GAR, (ER eR, MEP REAS th, RE TR TTR ER ARR AMR. FRA BUA AK A TTF AO bee, RAR ARR ERE AMES. HATER AE SRE LE, A AR A RE FRA 2 Hn AER BSL AAA SERA ABR D> ARE A ATG) TE A EZ SR EDR RHI. 1893 4, SPE AGH EASA SDFP HC, BRCM AT AS AT A RE. SOAR BCT BAIS AE 1858 ~ 1860 EAI TT, LR 2A RO BERS OE FE A ALE EE FBT (848 CIE Saito, 1996 1 Honda, 1997). XG BCT — AAA! 19 thee 90 ERE $9 ETH CIR Ishii, 1937, pp. 124~ 125). FR (1996) BENS THA 8 thes a 20 thee TT) A KL ie A He wa iS EA ATA fie OS ETL AR FL PEE A TT EY EE. ‘HEEB 10 thee, AE 3 AEA HE — CAEL MLL BY 1S thee, ES EAE — IK A 16 BI 18 thee, $5 4 AEE — IK HE 19 HHH, EO EA AIK HE 20 Hh, IA ER 298 ED ACAD IL Fk SR ME FH SY A TA AAa BARI 19 ACA] CCA AHS BR A ES WE ee A A FREE OM ABE LB 9 05) 7 EL DY LE RA i Ae AR SHED, FL fe (104) 3 BE 7S AR AS EA TCA AD BC a A 18, OME AY EO ake BE AA AE AT TC He AE St Bl HA. MAOH R= THEA BERS, FOLD, HEP HL EA 1234 ERG ACHR AHA REPRE RAMA, ARE Ti Saath, th HBP HMETBR A TZ A CTA PR A SE BAB PEA, 9 eK A Re RA AMF 1279 ease PRT. BEC RE on Ek, SRF 1353 AER CARE BR ARE RACE A 3 000 Tr FER ABARAT BE AE BBE A 9 i RS IE HOE SR aR ES BA I Be AA RAF ALRC RUTH GS TI, ACT 164g aR ARG FRE UE HRI SP eS BEE A 1683 FE, aR RAR IL REALE A Sf 2 000 BB BOTH T Amma ME ASH I SY BB ER CE OL 8 Wy AEJOBY Koxinga” + Bs RTA IG aS SR TA A TT HE HK AT TE BO EA EY 8 3 30 BEBE th DC A PR ATA We BECO AAT Ak 0) 6 HA fT AS ER A UAE AGA IAM (JL Purcell, 1965). 16 19 TECH 50 AL 60 “EAR, He AF A EAL 3 A HE te RE Ms a Ha AN UPAR. 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