Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10
1
Z = (3.2.2)
Where, the exponent shall be in accordance with Table-3.2.1, and the reference height
of t h e s t r u ct u r e i s t o be a ver t i ca l di s t a n ce fr om t h e ba s i c s ea l evel a n d i s a s
given in Table-3.2.2 .
Table-3.2.1 Exponent for power law of vertical profile of wind speed
Bridge Exponent
Akashi -Kaikyo Bridge 1/8
Kurushima-Kaikyo Bridge
Tatara Bridge
1/7
Table-3.2.2 Way of determination of basic reference height of structure
Structural part Basic reference height Z (m)
Suspended structure
Aver aged height of st iffening or main gir der at t he cent er
span
Cable and suspender
Mea n va l u e of t h e h ei gh t for s u s pen ded s t r u ct u r e a n d
averaged height of tower top
Tower 65% of tower height
3.3 Turbulent characteristics of wind
(1) For check of divergent type vibration
When safety of the suspended structure against divergent type vibration is being
checked, the turbulent intensity of 10 . 0 =
u
I and 05 . 0 =
w
I for the main flow direction and
the vertical direction, respectively, shall be considered.
(2) For check of vortex-induced oscillation
When safety against vortex-induced oscillation is being checked, the turbulent
intensity of 05 . 0 =
u
I and 025 . 0 =
w
I for the main flow direction and the vertical direction,
respectively, shall be considered.
(3) For check of gust response
When safety against gust response is being checked, the following characteristics
shall be considered.
Component along main flow
The power spectrum density of fluctuating wind speed along the main flow
( ) f S
u
shall be as shown by Formula-3.3.1.
( )
6 5
2
2
1 475 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
f
f
f
f
u
f S f
u
(3.3.1)
Where, f is a frequency, and f is to be
75 . 0
635 . 0
= Z f .
The vertical profile of turbulent intensity along the main flow ( ) Z I
u
shall be in
accordance with Formula-3.3.2.
( ) ( ) ( )
= 10 10 Z I Z I
u u
(3.3.2)
Where, is the exponent shown in Table-3.2.1; ( ) 10
u
I is the turbulent
intensity at height of 10 m and shall be equal to ( ) 10 . 0 = z I
u
at the height of
suspended deck.
Vertical component
The power spectrum density of fluctuating wind speed in the vertical direction
( ) f S
w
shall be as shown by Formula-3.3.3. And, the turbulent intensity in the
vertical direction shall be half of that along the main flow.
( )
3 5 2
2 . 11 1
11 . 2
r
r w
f
f
w
f S f
+
=
(3.3.3)
Where,
r
f is the non-dimensional frequency and is to be
z r
U Z f f = .
Spatial correlation of fluctuating wind speeds
Decay factor to be used for expression of the spatial correlation with an exponential
function shall be 8 for both the main flow direction and vertical direction.
( ) Influence of surrounding terrain
If the terrain around the bridge site is complicated and wind condition might be
accordingly distorted, it is recommended to use special turbulent characteristics which
are actually obsevred in wind tunnel test with surrounding terrain model, instead of the
above mentioned rule.
3.4 Inclination angle and azimuth angle of wind
Inclination angle to be considered in wind resistant design shall basically be in
accordance with Table-3.4.1. When there is a possibility that dominant inclination angle
exists because of the surrounding terrain, this angle shall be placed at the center of
investigation. In addition, angle associated with torsional deformation of the suspended
deck due to wind load shall be properly taken into consideration, when this angle
becomes significant.
Table-3.4.1 Inclination angle of wind
Air flow Inclination
Uniform flow
Turbulent flow
As for the azimuth angle of the wind, the perpendicular direction to the bridge axis
can be assumed. However, any azimuth angle that may be generated by surrounding
terrain or by structural characteristics shall also be used, when this angle seems to
exert larger influence on the bridge.
4 Static Design
4.1 Static wind load
In static design, only drag component in the aerostatic force shall be considered as the
design wind load.
Wind load acting on the main cable and suspender ropes of a suspension bridge,
stay-cables of a cable-stayed bridge and the suspended deck of both:
n D
z
D
A C
U
P
2
2
2
=
(4.1.1)
Wind load acting on the tower:
n D
z
D
A C
U
P
2
2
3
=
(4.1.2)
Where, the modification factors
2
and
3
shall be as given in Table-4.1.1; the air
density shall be 0.12 kg sec
2
m
-4
(1.18 kg/m
3
); the design wind speed
z
U shall be
according to the rule in 3.2; and the drag coefficient
D
C as well as the projection area
n
A shall be determined by Tables-4.1.2 and 4.1.3, respectively.
The drag coefficient used in the above-mentioned calculation shall be verified in wind
tunnel test, and re-design is to be done when the coefficient that is measured at the attack
angle of 0 degree in the perpendicular airflow to the bridge axis differs from the value used
in the design by 5 % or more.
Table-4.1.1 Modification factors
Structural part Suspended structure Tower
Direction Transverse Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge
Cable 1.55 1.35
Suspender
Stiffening truss
1.55 1.25 1.35 1.25
Tower 1.55
1.50 (Top fixed)
1.75 (Top freed)
Kurushima-Kaikyo Bridges
Cable
Suspender
Stiffening girder
2.0 1.3 1.7 1.3
Tower 1.4
1.55 (Top fixed)
1.7 (Top freed)
Tatara Bridge
Cable
Girder
1.9 1.35 1.65 1.35
Tower
1.9 1.5 1.65
1.5 (Top fixed)
1.8 (Top freed)
Table-4.1.2 Drag coefficient
Transverse direction Longitudinal direction
Structural part
C
D
Note C
D
Note
Truss type
Based on result of
wi nd t unnel t est
for si mi lar shape
60% of C
D
in
transverse direction
Suspended
structure
Box girder
type
Based on result of
wi nd t unnel t est
for si mi lar shape
30% of C
D
in
transverse direction
When measured
value on similar
shape is available,
use it
Tower
1.8
or
based on result of
wi nd t unnel t est
for si milar shape
Per one shaft
of rectangular
shaped tower
1.8
or
based on result of
wi nd t unne l t e s t
f or si mi l ar shape
For rectangular
shaped tower
Suspension cable 0.7
Suspender rope 0.7
0.7/ 2
0.7
For truss deck
For box girder deck
Stay cable 0.7 0.7
Table-4.1.3 Way of determination of projection area
Structural part Transverse direction Longitudinal direction
Suspended structure
Windward side of girder, curb and guard
rail
Same as transverse
Tower Windward and leeward shafts Both shafts and web members
Suspension cable Windward and leeward cables Neglect
Suspender rope Windward and leeward suspender ropes Same as transverse
Stay cable Windward and leeward cables Same as transverse
4.2 Loading method of design wind load
The design wind load shall generally be regarded as a uniformly distributing horizontal load in the
perpendicular direction or the longitudinal direction to a bridge. However when necessary, such
loading method shall be taken that full intensity is given to a certain area and half intensity is given
to the rest so as to yield most unfavorable influence to a specific member. The followings are
individual loading method for every part of a bridge.
(1) Wind load in the perpendicular direction to a bridge
Suspended deck wind load is to be given on the windward side of the structure.
Tower wind load is to be given on both axis lines of windward and leeward
shafts.
Suspension cable uniformly distributing load is to be given along the cable axis.
Stay-cable wind load acting on stay-cables is equally divided and each is to be
given to the suspended deck and the tower(s).
(2) Wind load in the longitudinal direction to a bridge
Suspended deck longitudinal wind load is to be uniformly given to the structure.
Tower all the wind load, which is decided by entire projection area of shafts
and web members, is to be uniformly given.
Suspension cable half of wind load acting on the suspender ropes is to be considered, but
those acting on the cable itself is to be neglected.
Suspender ropes of a suspension bridge wind load acting on suspenders is equally
divided and each is to be given to the suspended
deck and the cable.
Stay-cable wind load acting on stay-cables is equally divided and each is to be
given to the suspended deck and the tower(s).
(3) Influence of skewed wind
Simultaneous loading both in the perpendicular direction and the longitudinal direction to the
bridge axis shall be made for designing such structural elements as shoes of the deck, expansion
joints, stays and so on, to which the longitudinal displacement will become a concern.
4.3 Combination of wind load and other loads, increase of allowable stress
Combination of the wind loads and other loads as well as increase of the allowable stress shall
be in accordance with Table-4.3.1.
Table-4.3.1 Combination of wind load and other loads, increase of allowable stress
Increase of allowable stress
Combination of loads
Tower Suspended structure
D+W+T+SD+E 1.40 1.50
Where, D: Dead load, W: Wind load, T: Influence of temperature change (when it is combined
with the design wind load, the temperature shall be 35 ),SD: Influence of movement of
supporting points, and E: Influence of error in fabrication and erection of superstructure.
5 Verification
5.1 Static verification
The suspended deck shall have enough stiffness so as to avoid occurrence of static instability due to
the wind load.
5.2 Dynamic verification
5.2.1 Structural damping
As for the structural damping to be used in dynamic verification of bridges, the values shown
in Table-5.2.1 shall be used as standard values for any vibration modes.
Table-5.2.1 Structural damping (logarithmic decrement)
Logarithmic decrement
Vibration mode and structural part
Bending vibration Torsional vibration
Stiffening truss 0.03
0.02
Can be 0.03 for span
of 500-600m or less
Deck-vibration
dominant mode
Closed-box girder 0.02 0.02
Tower-cable-girder system 0.02 0.02
Tower-vibration
dominant mode
Free-standing tower 0.01 0.01
Stay-cable-vibration dominant mode 0.003 -
Suspender-rope-vibration dominant mode 0.003 -
When additional structural damping is provided by placing dampers and so on in order to
suppress vortex-induced oscillation of tower, rain vibration of stay-cables, vibration of suspender
ropes, etc., capability of the damping devices shall be ascertained.
5.2.2 Verification against divergent type vibration
For the suspended deck and tower, their critical wind speed of divergent type vibration in the
uniform flow shall be confirmed as satisfying the following formula
z F F
U U 2 . 1 (5.2.1)
Where,
F
: modification factor for the suspended deck regarding to fluctuating wind
speed and is to be as shown in Table-5.2.2, and
z
U : design wind speed.
Table-5.2.2 Modification factor for divergent type vibration of deck by fluctuating wind speed
Bridge
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge 1.08
Tatara Bridge 1.1
Kurushima-Kaikyo Bridge 1.1
5.2.3 Verification against gust response
Safety of the suspended deck and tower against gust response shall be confirmed through gust
response analysis. In addition, the safety shall generally be checked through wind tunnel test
with boundary layer turbulent airflow as well. If the stress that is determined by the gust
response analysis or the wind tunnel test exceeds the allowable stress by 5 % or more, re-design
shall be done. Depending on scale of the bridge, structural type, wind environment at the site and
so on, the verification against gust response, however, can be omitted when modification
factors of
2
and/or
3
specified in 4.1 are used.
5.2.4 Verification against vortex-induced oscillation
When there is a possibility for a bridge or its members to have harmful vortex-induced
oscillation, the safety and serviceability shall be carefully checked.
5.2.5 Verification against cable vibration
When there is a possibility for stay-cables or suspender ropes to have harmful wind-induced
oscillation, countermeasures to secure safety shall be carefully studied.
6 Safety During Erection Work
6.1 Basic wind speed during erection work
In order to investigate safety during the erection work, the basic wind speed given in
Table-6.1.1 shall generally be used.
Table-6.1.1 Basic wind speed during erection work
Bridge Basic wind speed during erection work (m/s)
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge 37
Tatara Bridge 29
Kurushima-Kaikyo Bridge 31
6.2 Items to be studied
Bridges under construction, especially for freey-standing tower before cable erection and main
cables or suspended deck during erection work, are vulnerable to strong wind. Accordingly,
proper countermeasures shall be taken by checking static and dynamic safety against
wind-induced phenomena through wind tunnel test and/or other methods, if necessary to any
erection stage.