....

&

2092/91

:
:

, 2003

- & 4
1.

2.

3.

4.

10

5.

11

6.

14

7.

18

8.

19

9.

22

10.

27

11.

28

12.

31

13.

35

14. ( )

50

15.

51

16.

54

17.

63

18.

64

19.

68

20.

70

77


,
. , ,
,
, ,
,
.
18
.
.
.

(90%).
O
(IFOAM)
:

,




.

 .
,


.




.
,
.
,
2092/91.

,
, ,
.

2003 .
,

.


,
2092/91 .
,
.

. , .

.
, .
,
.


&

1.

zadirachta indica (Neem tree) Meliaceae
.. .
.. . 20-25 .

eem
, ,
.

Neem Neemcake

, (Neem oil)

.
Neem oil
. 100
,
. Azadirachtin-A
(Aza-A)
.
(nsect Growth Regulator-IGR)
.
(ecdysone)
. Aza-A

.
, .

.
. Neem oil


.
(IGR)
Locusta migratoria, Calliphora,
Epilachna varivestis, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Ceratitis capitata
Liriomyza trifolii.

, Nilaparvata lugeus, Sogatella furcifera
Nephotettix virescens, Ostrinia nubilalis,
Logusta migratoria.
Nilaparrata lugens
Heliothis armigera.
Aza-A .
Plutela
xylostella.
Dysdercus fasciatus, N. lugens, S. furcifera, N. virescens, E.
varivestis, S. littorallis, P. xylostella Tetranychus urticae.
Pratylenchus
brachyurus, Aphelenchoides composticola Meloidogyne spp. ,
Penicillium sp., Rhizoctonia
solani, Phytopthora capsici Erysiphe poligoni.
OIKOS 32
EC(: ). ,
3 .
, , .

2.

.
.
,
.
,

.
:
i)

Roesh,
12-18

ii)

330C-360C

iii)

iv)

.
630C.

.
2.1

.

.
300 . .
Darchen Vuillaume
.

 , ,
.

,
.

PROPOVIS-20. -
.
.


.
.
:
-,,:
(Peronospora brassicae), .
10-15 .
(Alternaria brassicae),
(Xanthomonas campestris) (Erysiphe crycifevavum).
-: amicot bed
Alternaria alternata Pseudoperonospora cubensis.
bentotamnio.

3.

. .
, , .
. , ,

.
,
.
.

4.

,
.
, .
,
.
.
, .

5.

,
(
).
,

.
,

.
.
,

.
5.1
Urtica dioica Urtica urens.
, , , .
ORTICA. H
Urtica urens. 12
.
4 ,

. , ,
.
5.2 (Allium sativum)

.
.

 .
.

, .
:
i) ALSA: (: Hortiland Hellas)

.
(Frankliniella occidentalis).
. , ,
.
. , .

.
7 10 ,
.
ii) ALLIUM: (: )
.
, .
5.3
- ORIAND: (: Hortiland Hellas)
,
. Citronella sp., , ,
, .

.
.
(Myzus persicae).
.
7 10.
- SYZAR : (: Hortiland Hellas)
.


,
.
,
.

6.

1800.
1828
...
Chrysanthemum
(Compositae).
(~90%) 1% .

Chrysanthemum cinerariafolium,
0,5-1,5%.
C.cinerariafolium
3/4, 52-600 C


.
,
(C11H4O2) (C10H14O2)
( ) (
).

,

I (C21H28O3), II (C22H28O), I (C20H28O3)
II (C21H28O5).

R = CH3 I
R = COOCH3 II
-----------

R = CH3 I
R = COOCH3 II


(, , ..),
(, , ).
(knock-down)

( ,


).

:
1) , 5 .

,

2) ,
4

3)
,

4) ,

. ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,

. ,

 ,
, . ,
,
, .

.

7.5 EC (). ,
, .
,
, , , .

7.

,
Picraena excelsa Quassia
amare L. (. Simarubaceae) .
Quassia
Phorodon humuli o 1884.
1890
. ,
Haplocampa sp. .
,
,
.

8. (C23H22O6)

, ,

.
,
.. .
Geollroy 1892
, La
Force 1933.
1848.

.


.
21
Tephrosia, 12 Derris, 12 Louchocarpus,10
Malletia, 2 Mundulea.
,
:
) Derris elliptica, 5-9% 31%
,
) Derris malacceusis, 0-4% 27%
,
) Louchocarpus utilis,
) Louchocarpus urucus, 8-11%
25% .


Derris,
Louchocarpus.
,
.
Vanesa, Dendrolimus,
Pentatomidae () ,
, , , ,
, .
:
1) ,
2
2) 2-6 ,
,
3)
6-8 (
DDT,
,
DDT ,
)
4) ,
.
.

.
1
.
.
(C20H16O6), ,
, -- (C23H22O7), - (C23H22O6).
:

i) ROTENA 6 EC: (: ):
.
.
.
, , , , ,
, .
ii) DERRIS COMPOSTA : (: )
(, , , ,
).
4 .
, ,
.
,
,
.

9.

, Pasteur
( Nosema bombycis)
( Borrelyna
bombysis Streptomyces bombycis Bacillus bombycis ).
,


. .
1900-1915 Coccobacillus
acridiorum
.

.

.
(1939)
Popillia japonica
Bacillus popilliae B. leutimorbus ,
, .
,
,
Bacillus thuringiensis.

. : Arctia caja,
Hyphautria cunea, Pectiuophora gossypiella, Hyponomeuta mallinella,
Plutella maculipennis, Malacosoma neustria, Helionthis obsoleta, H.
Zea, Trichoplusia ni, Ephestia (Anagasta) kuhniella, Pieris rapae,
P.brassicae, Pyrausta nubilalis, Protoparce sexta, Thaumetopoea
pityocampa, Argyrotaenia velutinana, Choristoneura murinana.

 Bacillus thuringiensis
:
,

, .
, ,
,
.

,
(2-4 ).

, .

.

Neodiprion sertifer.
.


.
1-2
, .
.
,
(muscardine, calcino), Botrytis bassiana.


.
Tephritidae
Saccharopolyspora spinosa.
Dow AgroSciences
Spinosad,

 ,
Naturalites ( ). Spinosad

, .
Beauveria bassiana
, ,
, , .

. ,
2- 3
.
Empusa muscae Cohn.
Empusa aulicae,
Porthesia chrysorrhoea.
, Entomophthora, Cordyceps,
Isaria
.
Botrytis tenella ,
, ,

.
, (Cydia
pomonella)
.

.
.
, .
.

9.1

B. thurigiensis
Bactecin 0,2

subsp. Kurstaki

0,2%
Bathurim 0,2

DP

Bactoil 1,5

SC

Foray 48 2,2

SU

Bactospeine 0,2

WP

Bactucide 3,2

WP

Bathurin 3,2

WP

Dipel 16000 3,2

WP

Thuricide 3,2

WP

Dipel 8 3,5

Appliedchem
36000

WG

ARP 6,4

WP

BMP 123 6,4

WP

B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
0,2%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
1,5%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
2,2%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
3,2%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
3,2%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
3,2%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
3,2%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
3,2%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
3,5%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
5,5%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
6,4%
B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
6,4%

Syngenta

Intrachem

Dipel 32000 6,4

WP

Naturalis

WP

Trichodex 20

WP

Success 0,24

CB

B. thurigiensis
subsp. Kurstaki
6,4%
Beauveria
bassiana 7,16%

Intrachem

Trichoderma

harzianum 20%

Spinosad

B. thurigiensis
Novodor

SC

var. tenebrionis

3%
Madex

SC

B. thurigiensis
Xentari 3

WG

subsp. Aizawai

Bayer

3%
B. thurigiensis
Agree 3,8

WP

ssp.
Kurstaki/Aizaw
ai 3,8%

Syngenta

10.
.

,
.

. 33.50C,
.

, .

.


.

.
.

11. (CH3CHO)11
.
.
,
.
, , , ,
2460C ( ),
110-1200C. ,
. ,
(, , ,
).
, ,
per os,
, .
,

. per os
. W. Holz B.
Lange(1962) ,


.


,
.

.
,
, ,
.


.

1,5-4%
.
, ,
.
Tilemans(1964)
,
.

.

.
0,5-3Kgr


.
2-3 ,

.



. Biologische Bundesaustalt

,
.

, .
, 2092/91

 . 31
2006.
11.1

Clartex+R 5

GB

Halizan 5 Bait

GB

Metaldehyde
5%

Limason 5

GB

Metaldehyde
5%

GB

Metaldehyde
5%

PB

Metaldehyde
5%

Metalden 5

PB

Metaldehyde
5%

Metazon 5

PB

Metaldehyde
5%

MetaldehydeSipcam 5
Metaldehyde 5

Metaldehyde
5%

12.
,


. Bethe
1932 . , 1959, Karlson Luschler
Karlson Butenaudt

.
Karlson Luscher

, ,
, .
, , (
)
.
.
,
. ,

.

. (sensilla)
.

.
.
.


8 9 ,

 Scolytidae
.

() , ,
, .

.
,
. . , ,


.
,
. ,


, .

Scolytidae.

. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
Tetranychus
uticae (Reger Cone, 1975) Neoseiullus fallacies (Rock
, 1976),

 (, ,
, , )

.
.
Shorey (1973)
-. :
i)

( )

ii)

( )

iii)

( )

iv)

v)

()

vi)

12.1
,
. ,

, , .

.

: ) ,
) ,
, )

.

,
.
.

 Scolytidae,
-
.
.
.

.

.
, ,
.

13.

,
, 1882
Millardet
.
Bordeaux,
,
.
Millardet
(Plasmopara viticola).
75
,
,
.
.
,

.
,

( )
.

, ,

.

,
. , ,
.

- ,
.
- ,
,

.

:
13.1
,
.
Millardet.

Peronospora, Phytopthora, Plasmopara
Septoria, Monilia, Exoascus, Venturia, Coryneum,
Colletotrichum, Glomerella, Gnomonia, Cycloconium, Cladosporium,
Cercospora
Uromyces, Gymnosporangium, Puccinia
Pythium, Verticillium Sclerotinia.

,
.
Millardet Gayon
:
CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 + CaSO4


:
4CuO*SO3*3H2O


Millardet Gayon ,


:1
1:1 .

:1 pH

,
5CuO*SO3 10CuO*SO3

Millardet-Gayon. Martin (1919)

.


.
, Martin

, .

,
, ,
0,3:1.

.

.

0,5-0,6:1.


.
, .
,
. ,
,
pH
.

.
,
.
,
,
.
, , .
, ,
.

.
.

, 12,5-13% .

,
:
-:
0,6-0,8% 1%.
, ,

.
20 .

-: ,
3% ,
2% .
,
.
15 .
-:
0,8-1%
15 .
-: 2
,
,
20 .
- (, , , , ):
,
,
.
.
13.1.1.

Blueram 20

WP

Bord 20

WP

Bordelesa
20

WP

Bordolex 20

WP

Bordophyt

WP

() 20%

VETERIN ABEE

(-

) 20%

Agrotechnica

(-

) 20%

() 20%
(-

20

) 20%

Boullie
Bordelaise

WP

20
Caldo
Bordeles

WP

Valles 20
Coppergan
20
Copperplus
20
Cuprofix
Disperss 20
Macuprax
20
P.B. Manica
20
Poltiglia
Caffaro 20
Segezam 20

WP
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP

..Agroseed

WP

20
..

WP

20
..

WP

20
..

WP

() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%

,
..
.

Agroseed AE

20
.. 20

WP

..

WP

20
..

WP

20
..

WP

20

20
BBS 25
Brdo Mix
25

WP
WP
WP

() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 20%
() 25%
() 25%

AgrEvo

13.2

1887 Masson,

. ,

, ,

.


425
50 .
1%.

,
( ,
)
.
.
,
.

,
. ,
20 , 7
15 .

13.3

(3CuO*CuCl2*3H2O)
Chuard (1910).

, .


(3CuO*CaCl2*4H2O)
(3CuO*CuCl2*3H2O)
[3Cu(OH)2CuSO4].



,
.


40% 16%.
50%.



.

,

. ,

, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
:
-: 400500 . 100 .
10
. 20
.
-:
.
(

1,5 ) 15
3-4 .
-: i), , :
300-500 . 100 ,
.
ii) (): 300-500 . 100
.
,
.
-: :
10-14 .
.
, ,
. Golden, Delicious,
Jonathan, Reuetta Staimon
.
13.3.1.

Cuprogel

SC

()

27.2%
Check

WP

. &

()

35%

Agrotechnica

Cuprnorg

WP

()

35%

WP

()

35%

WP

()

35%

WP

()

35%

WP

()

35%

WP

()

35%

WP

()

SC

()
38.25%

Check

Copper Ox.

Cupradin

35%

Pasta Caffaro

Agrip

WP

()

&

50%

Agrotechnica

WP

()

50%
WP

()

50%

Coure Valles

WP

()

50%
Culin

WP

()

50%

Cupranorg

WP

()

50%

Cupravit OB-21

WP

()
50%

Bayer

Cuprin

WP

()

50%

Cuprossima

WP

()
50%

Nucop

WG

()
50%

Isagro Hellas

.&

Oxicob

WP

()

Agroseed AE

50%

Oxicup

WG

()
50%

Perenox

WP

()
50%

Viricuivre

Virivix

WP

WP

Lances Link

Zeneca Hellas
AE

()

50%

Syngenta Hell;as

()

AEBE

50%

Vitigran Conc

WP

()
50%

WP

AgrEvo

()

50%

WP

()

50%

WP

()

50%

WP

()

50%

WP

()
50%

. .Caffaro

WP

()
50%

. .-D.G.A.

WP

()
50%

. .Lances Link
. .Sanachem
. .-

WP

()
50% 50%

WP

()
50%

WP

Delta Gamma
Agro
Lances Link

()
50%

. ./
. .

WP

()
50%

WP

()

50%

. .-

WP

()

50%
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .

WP

()
50%

.&.

WP

()

50%

WP

()

50%

WP

()
50%

WP

()

50%

WP

()

50%

WP

()
50%

...


Coure Flow

SC

()

52%

Copper Oxi

WP

()

58.8%

.
2091/92 :
31/ 12/ 2005
8 ., 1/ 1/ 2006 6.
, - ,
,
:

23/3/2002 31/12/2006 38.

:
1 /1/ 2007,


36, 34, 32 30 .
2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 .

13.3.2. .

Cyproxat 19

SC

(
) 19%

Idrorame 19.3

SC

(
) 19,3%

14. (
)

.
, .

.
.
SAVONA (:
) DUXON (: ). DUXON

.
DUXON ,
.
.
Bacillus
thurigiensis var. Kurstaki.
,
.
, , , ,
, , ,
, , .

15. (CaS2O3)

.
:

.
, ,
, .
,
, , , <<
>>.

,
,
. ,
.
,
, .
,
.
,


.

.
.
100 lt , 10 kgr
(CaO) 30 lt , ,
20 kgr . ,

 100lt 50 .
, ,
320 Baume (Be),
24-260 e.

.
, ,
, .

.
, ,
,

.
(
,
), 80 Be
60 Be . ,
, ,
,
.

0,650 Be, 0,300 Be
.
40 Be, .

1-1,50 Be.

.

300C.

, ,

 , ...
. ,
.

16.
Shepard(1951),

1865
.

(1868).
1878 ... Cook
, , 1: 2:
4 1880 Riley
(~60%).
,
1895-1925 ,
.
,
150-200 0C
.
Aspidiotus perniciosus
,
( 250-300 0C)

1925 .
1930
.


. , ,
() .

,
,
.


, .
,
,
.

(U.R.),
,
.

,
.
(U.R. ~90-98%) .
U.R.=65-85%
, ,
,
. , U.R. 80-90%
, ,
.

(93-98 %)
, ,
.
,

.
:
) Ross,
,
) Moore,
, ,

)
.

,

,
.

:
) ,

) ,

)
) , ,
, , ,
CO2
) .

, ,
(Coccidae,Aphididae,Psylidae,Aleurodidae), ,
(Geometridae) (Thripidae).
, ,
,
.

. , ,
,
, .

 .. Aonidiella
aurantii,
.
,

,
. ,
50%
.
,
:
B. C
1) (, ).

CnH2n+2
2) .
C (>C=C<

),

(, , )
().
.
,
.
(50% , 40% , 10% ),
. , .

.


, .


, Gray De Ong, 3 : ,
.
,
,
.
.

,
4-5 ,
, ..
.


.
, ,
, .

.
,

:
) , , .

.
) .
, ,
,
.
) .

 20-30
.
) . ,

.

.
) , . ,

: >
>
) .
.

, , , ,
, ().
31 2002,
.
16.1

Medopaz Oil 80

EW

Saf-T-Side 80

EW

80%

Tecnolio 80 Oil

EW

80%

EW

80%

80

80%

Intrachem

.

Priaoil 81

EW

81%

Triona 81

EW

81%

EW

81%

81

BASF Agro

16.2

Lubran 72

EW

Agrumin 80

EC

80
%

EC

80%

...

Oildrex 83

EC

83,3%

Veterin ABEE

Sproyprover 92

EC

92%

EC

95%

Intrachen

Mineral oil-KZ
95

72%

Summer Oil 95

EC

95%

Laincoil 96,5

EC

96,5%

Actipron 97

EC

97%

Ovipron 97

EC

97%

Ulvapron 97

EC

97%

97

EC

97%

455 Oil 98

EC

98%

Adopaz 98

EC

98%

Scorpion 98,5

EC

98,5%

EC

98,5%

98,5

EC

98,5%

Sun-Oil 98,8

EC

98,8%

Sun-Oil 7

98,8%

Ultrafine 98,8

EC

98,8%

Sun-Oil 11

98,8%

98,5

17. (KMnO4 )

.
.



( , ,
).


.
,
,
,
.
120gr 100lt .

3gr
( ).
0,5-1%
,
.

,
, .

18.
, ,
.


. 1917


.
30

.

60,

.

.

,

CO2
.
(Burg &
Burg, 1965)
.
, Cu++ O2 .

.

)
) 50% maximum
.

. ,
, . ,

,
.
CO2
Ag+. CO2
.
,
,
.

,
()
.

, ,
ethephon (Ethrel ..)

.
ethephon
. 1m3 85 .
, 200 .
.. ethephon, .

 (CH2=CH2) ethephon

.
.
,
.


.
,

.

2092/91 .

18.1

Arvest 48

SL

Ethephon 48%

Veterin ABEE

Cottonmust 48

SL

Ethephon 48%

Sigma Agro AE

SL

Ethephon 48%

. .

SL

Ethephon 48%

SL

Ethephon 48%

Ethrel 48

SL

Ethephon 48%

Aventis Hellas

Exalt 48

SL

Ethephon 48%

Grand 48

SL

Ethephon 48%

Vector Agro AE

Ethephon-
48
Ethephon 48
Ethephon 48

19.

,
.

,
stress. ,

.
,

.
,
,
1-2
7 .

, , , ,
, .

.
.
.
SURROUND WR
().
, ,
,
, , , ,

.
,
.

 , ,

. ,
. ,
.

20.

. ,
,
, Oidium, Erysiphe, Podospera,
Sphaerotheca, Microsphaera,
Botrytis, Venturia, Taphrina, Clasterosporium Collectotriclium.
To

.. Phytophthora, Plasmopara
Peronospora.
, ,

.
- Eriophyidae

,

. ,

.

, .
,
.

:
) Sempio (1932). ,
.

Miller (1953),


,
,
.

. ,
, Horsfall (1956) ,

, .
Martin (1959)
,
, ,
.
) .
, ,

.

) Salmon (1916, 1932).

, .. -(SsH)-,
.
,
Sempio,
,
.
.

2S ,
,
.


H2S.
:
) :
1000C.

. .
30-60 .
, H2SO4
.
) :
, ,
(Win-blow
sulphur).
) (flotation).
, 26% (Ferrox flotation) (Thylox
flotation)
) ( ).
, ..
,
(Coal-gas) .
,
.. .

,
.

e) B (Netzschwetel). To ,
,
.
0.2-0.4%. Martin (1963) 40%
<6. 9% <2.
) .
.
<3-6.
,
.

200C .
.
, , optimum
.
,
.
, , 300C
,
,
.
, ,
.
.

.
4
, ,
.

.

 ,
.

20.1

Solfo Li 65

SC

65%

Sulphur-KZ 70

WP

70%

Flosul 72

SC

72%

Sulflox 72
-Headland
72
Cosavet 80

SC

72%

Grenica
Intrachem

Vector Agro AE

SC

72%

WG

80%

Kumulus S 80

WG

80%

Lainzufre 80
Microthiol
Special 80

WG

80%

WG

80%

Sofril 80

WP

80%

Sulfa 80
Sulfex 80
Sulfolac 80
Sulfolac 80

WP
WP
WP
WP

Sulfomat 80

WP

80%

Sulfyl 80
Sulphur-Vayaz
80
Sulphur Ciech
80
SulphurSigma
Agro 80

WP

80%

BASF Agro
Hellas

Veterin ABEE

WP

80%

Vector Agro AE

WP

80%

DeltaGama
Agro

WP

80%

Sigma Agro AE

Thioquim 80

WG

80%

Thiovit 80
Thiovit 80

WG
WP

80%
80%

Wettasul 80

WP

80%

Zan 80

WP

80%

80%
80%
80%
80%

Lance Link
Hellas
Syngenta Hellas
Syngenta Hellas

Bayer 80
- 80
80

WP

80%

WP
WP

80%
80%
85%

Bayer Hellas
ABEE

Sulfoluc 85

SC

Giallo Primosole
93

DP

93%

Sulfomat 96

DP

96%

DP

96%

DP

96%

DP
DP
DP

96%
96%
96%

Vector Agro

DP

96%

Sulphur Hellas

DP

96%

DP

96%

DP

98%

DP

98%

DP
WG

99%
80%

Sulphur-Duzey
96
Sulphur Uzina
96
Wettasul 96
-Vector 96
- 96
-
96
- 96
-
96
Sulphur-KZ 98
-Cerexagri
98
Fluidosufre 99
Sulphur 80

Intrachem
Hellas

. .

20.2

1-
4/40

2-
4/40

4/40
4/40

DP
DP
DP
DP

40% +
(.)
4%
40% +
(.)
4%
40% +
(.)
4%
40% +
(.)

Agrip

 2,8/40
-8
2,8/40

DP

DP

4%
40%+
(.)
2,8%
40%+
(.)
2,8%


1.

, ..
.. , .. ,
1992

2.

, ,
1991

3.

, . .,
, 2000

4.

,
, , , 1990

5.

(
), . ., .... ,
2002

6.

, Della Beffa G., ,

, 1962

7.

, . , ,
& ..

8.

, . , University Studio Press,

1995

9.

(
), .... , .
, 1996

10. , Jean-Prost Pierre, , 1980

11. , ..,
, 2001
12. , Goidanich G., , ,
1964

13. , ,
, , 1996
14. , ., ,
1998
15. (), ,
.., 1998