:

, 2010.


.................................................................................................................................2
1.......................................................................................................................................3
2. ....................................................................................................4
2.1. ................................................................................................................5
2.2. ..........................................................................................................6
3. .................................................................................................8
3.1. .........................................................................................................8
3.2. ............................................................................................................9
3.3. ......................................................................................................11
3.4. .........................................................................................................12
3.5.o ...................................................................................................13
4..........................................................................................................................14
5......................................................................................................................15

1.

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:
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.

2.

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1.
,
2. - ,
3. - , , .

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1. - ( , 1838.
):
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1
2

, . - . , 2006.
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4. - ( ):
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2.1.
-
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.

,
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 1.

2.2.
, ,
( q1 )
( p1 ), ( p j , j =1,... N , j 1 ) ,
(y).
:
q i = q i ( p1 ,...., p N , y ) (i =1,...., N )

(1)

.
N , N
. ,
, (N1) . ,
, N- .
, :
N

y = pi qi

(2)

i =1

 N- :

qN =

N 1
pq
y
i i
p N i =1 p N

(3)

- - m (m < N)
, m
.
,

. .

( p1 ), ( p c ) ( y), . :
q1 = q1 ( p1 , p c , y )

(4)

- .
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3.

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1,
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1.
2.
3.
4. .

3.1.

() ,
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:
3

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q
q p
q
E =
=
p
p q
p

(1)

ceters parbus.
Ed,p (Prce elastcty of demand).
(Q)
C.
, = % Q/ % P

(2)

C .

.
, .
,
:

E dx

Tdx
T
Tdx C x >
= dx =
=1
C x
Tdx C x <
Cx

(3)

x - , x -
x, x - x, Cx - x,
Cx - x.

3.2.

 ,
.
.
p1 = 4 , q1 = 2 ,

p 2 = 2 ,

q 2 = 8 . p = 2 , q = 6 .
, :

E =

6/2
=6
( 2) / 4

(4)

(>0). ,
, :

E =

( 6) / 8 3
=
2/2
4

(5)

,
.
, ,
.
, .
:
q
(q + q 2 ) / 2
q( p1 + p 2 )
E= 1
=
p
p(q1 + q 2 )
( p1 + p 2 ) / 2

(6)

,
, ,
. :

E =

6( 4 + 2)
( 6)( 2 + 4)
=
= 1,8
( 2)( 2 + 8)
2(8 + 2)

(7)

10

3.3.

, , .
,
.
, ,
.
.

,
, ,
.
( i j )
:

Ei , j =

q i / qi
p j / p j

(8)

,
1
:

E dx / y

Tdx
Tdx C y >
T
= dx =
=0
C y
Tdx C y <
Cy

(9)

11

 Edx/y = 0 => x, y
( ), Edx/y > 0 - - (
, -
), Edx/y < 0 - -
( :
). .
y x.
:
Tdy
E dy / x =

Tdy C x >
Ty
=
=0
C x
Tdy C x <
Cx

(10)

, ,
.
,
, ,
.
, , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.

3.4.

, .

12

 -

, .
:

E=

p i / pi
p j / p j

(11)

-
i- , .

. , - ,
i- , .
,
.

3.5.o

,
. :

E=

qi / q i
y / y

(12)

,
.

13

4.


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,
,
.

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.

14

5.
1. ., ., , , 2001.
2. ., , ,
, 2007.
3. , ., - . , 2006.
4. , . . : , 2004.
5. , .. . : . 2006.
6. , . . : , 1979.

15