Bo co kt qu iu tra, kho st b sung v nh gi tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn cng nghip v tnh hnh p dng cng

ngh x l v ti ch cht thi rn cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi trong ngnh cng nghip in t ti Bc Ninh M u
I. Tng quan v tnh hnh sn xut v x l cht thi ngnh in t ti Bc Ninh

I.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh sn xut in t I.1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut in t trn th gii in t l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip quan trng trn th gii v c nh hng rt ln n hot ng sng ca con ngi. Gn nh tt c cc ngnh cng nghip u c lin quan n cc sn phm in t v c s dng cc thit b in t trong cc hot ng sn xut. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip trn th gii th cng nghip in t ngy cng ln mnh, n chi phi tt c cc hot ng ca sn xut v i sng. Cc sn phm in t bao gm nhng sn phm ph thng nh in thoi di ng, ti vi, my tnh cho n nhng sn phm in t chuyn dng c s dng trong cc thit b my mc bao gm t, my bay tu thy, cc thit b dng trong cng ngip nhm nng cao nng sut sn sut, trong cc thit b quc phng, ... i vi nhm sn phm in t ph thng th mi nm trn th gii sn xut ra hng t thit b v nhm ny chim khong 53% tng s lng thit b in t c sn xut ra trn ton th gii theo s lng thng k vo nm 2008.

Hnh 1. T l cc nhm sn phm in t theo tng lnh vc ng dng Trong phn nhm cc thit b in t ph thng th nhm thit b trong ngnh thng tin lin lc v thit b x l s liu chim ch yu gn 50 % trong tng s thit b in t trn th gii. Vic sn xut cc sn phm in t cng khng phn b ng u m ch tp trung vi s lng ln vo nhng nc hoc nhm nc nht nh trong Trung Quc c xem l trung tm sn xut ca th gii chim t l 26%, tip theo l cc nc chu u, Bc M, Nht Bn v mt s nc ca khu vc chu . .

Hnh 2. T l sn phm thit b in t c phn b theo tng khu vc V gi tr kinh t ca ngnh cng nghip in t mang li rt ln, trong nhng nm gn y gi tr kinh t ca n c so snh vi nhng ngnh cng nghip ln ca th gii nh sn xut t. Cng nghip in t ca th gii bt u pht trin v ng dng vo cc hot ng ca chnh ph t nhng nm 60, 70 sau l ng dng vo cc cng ty vo nhng nm 80. T nhng nm 90 n nay ngnh cng nghip in t pht trin mnh v ph bin n mi i tng s dng thit b. Vo nm 2008, gi tr kinh t ca ngnh sn xut in t mang li khong 1140 t Euro trong khi ngnh sn xut t ca th gii t khong 1800 t Euro. Mt d gi tr kinh t ca ngnh cng nghip in t mang li ln tuy nhin n c xem l mt trong nhng ngnh tng i mi m vi tc tng trng trung bnh khong 6% /nm. Do nh hng ca s suy thoi kinh t th gii vo

nm 2009 nn tc tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip in t b gim mnh so vi d kin nhng tc tng trng ca ngnh phc hi tr li v tng trng n nh t nm 2010. Tuy nhin, tc phc hi v tng trng ca ngnh in t th gii khng ng u m thay i theo tng khu vc, trong ti khu vc chu th Trung Quc c xem l quc gia c tc phc hi v tng trng mnh sau khng hong kinh t th gii vo nm 2009.

Hnh 3. Tc tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip in t th gii ti mt s khu vc V th trng tiu th thit b in t tp trung ch yu l khu vc chu u v bc M, hai khu vc ny chim trn 50% tng sn phm thit b in t tiu th ca th gii. Mt d y l th trng tiu th thit b nht nhng khu vc sn xut thit b ln nht th gii l Trung Quc. Theo s liu thng k ca ngnh cng nghip in t th gii vo nm 2008 nh sau:

S phn b cc khu vc sn xut in t ca

Th trng tiu th in t ca th gii

th gii Hnh 4. Phn b th trng tiu th v khu vc sn xut in t ca th gii

I.1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut in t ti Bc Ninh

Bc Ninh l mt trong nhng tnh c nhiu khu cng nghip tp trung ca c nc, hin ti c tnh c 15 khu cng nghip vi din tch tng cng ln n 6591 ha. Theo s liu thng k v tnh hnh u t sn xut cng nghip ti tnh Bc Ninh th hin nay trn a bn tnh c khong 60 danh nghip c cp php sn xut cc sn phm in t trong tng s 1099 doanh nghip cp giy php u t. Tuy nhin, cho n thi im hin ti th ch c khong 37 doanh nghip sn xut in i vo hot ng hoc chun b i vo hot ng. Trong s cc doanh nghip trn th hu ht l cc doanh nghip nh, tp trung ch yu l lp rp cc sn phm in t, bn cnh cng c mt s doanh nghip vi qui m ln nh Cng ty in t Samsung, Cng ty in t Hanel Bng 1. Danh sch cc doanh nghip in t ti Bc Ninh Tn d n hoc STT tn doanh nghip thnh lp 1 2 Nh my sx lp rp hng in t Nh my sx lp rp hng in t Mc tiu hot ng ca DA Sn xut, lp rp hng in t, in lnh gia dng iu chnh a ch tr s chnh, din tch chim t v tng vn u t, tin thc hin d n Tin thc hin DA 2004 Qu I/2010 2005 Qu I/2011

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Nh my thit b c in Vit Php Xng sn xut in, in t v hng tiu dng Nh my sn xut t bng in v t vin thng Nh my sn xut, lp rp iu ho khng kh, in t gia dng Nh my sn xut, lp rp t in cc loi NH MY DY V CP IN TIN SN CNG TY TRCH NHIM HU HN SHIHEN VIT NAM CNG TY TRCH NHIM HU HN FUNING PRECISION COMPONENT CNG TY I SHENG ELECTRIC WIRE & CABLE (VIT NAM). CNG TY TNHH UNIGEN VIT NAM H NI CNG TY TNHH WELCO TECHNOLOGY VIT NAM

Sn xut t, bng in Sn xut, lp rp in, in t dn dng

2004 Qu I/2005

2005 Qu I/2006

SX, lp rp v bo tr cc thit b in, Qu Qu in t, c kh II/2005 I/2006 Sx, lp rp iu ho khng kh v thit b in lnh, in t gia dng Sn xut, lp rp t in cc loi Sn xut dy v cp in cc loi 2005 2006

Qu Qu IV/2005 II/2006 thng thng 10/2006 5/2007

Sn xut, ch to v lp rp cc loi my thng 12/2007 mc, thit b v linh kin in, in t. 03/2007

Sn xut, kinh doanh, nghin cu, thit k thng thng cc sn phm, linh kin in t v my 02/2007 4/2007 c khun.

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Sn xut, lp rp, kinh doanh cc sn thng thng phm dy v cp in. 6/2007 6/2008

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Nghin cu, pht trin v sn xut cc sn 1.2009 7.2010 phm in t. Sn xut linh kin in t vi quy m 3.2008 1.2009 854.000 chic/nm.

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CNG TY TNHH DAEHO MAN MACHINE INTERFACE VIT NAM LASER CNG TY TNHH EMTECH VIT NAM NH MY SN XUT BN PHM V PH KIN IN T CHNH XC CHO IN THOI DI NG Thnh lp CNG TY C PHN SEOUL METAL VIT NAM CNG TY C PHN SESHIN VIT NAM

Sn xut, kinh doanh cc linh kin my in laser k thut cao v cc linh kin in t 6.2008 8.2009 k thut cao khc vi quy m 600.000 sn phm/nm Sn xut v kinh doanh micro, loa, tai nghe, cc thit b m thanh k thut cao v 3.2008 8.2008 cc linh kin in, in t k thut cao khc, quy m 80.000.000 sn phm/nm. Sn xut bn phm kim loi in thoi di ng k thut cao, quy m 5.000.000 sn phm/nm; Sn xut bn phm nha, linh kin in t chnh xc k thut cao cho 6.2008 7.2009 in thoi di ng v cc linh kin in t k thut cao khc, quy m 7.000.000 sn phm/nm Sn xut v kinh doanh inh vt, c vt chnh xc vi quy m 2.500.000 sn phm/nm; Sn xut v kinh doanh linh 6.2008 12.2008 kin in t k thut cao khc vi quy m 2.000.000 sn phm/nm Sn xut v kinh doanh v in thoi di ng k thut cao vi quy m 12.000.000 sn phm/nm; Sn xut, kinh doanh ` 6.2009 ming m k thut cao dng cho t lnh v cc linh kin in t k thut cao khc vi quy m 1.000.000 sn phm/nm Sn xut loa (micro speaker) cho in thoi di ng, loa cho MEMS, loa cho thit b s SMD, t in, ng c lm rung trong in thoi di ng, tai nghe 5.2008 5.2009 blue tooth, b i in cho mn hnh LCD, b thu, tai nghe v cc linh kin in t ng dng khc. Sn xut, gia cng, lp rp v kinh doanh: 12.2008 8.2009 Trc ln cao su, cc linh kin bng cao su ca my in, my copy, my fax v cc my mc khc; Cc linh kin bng cao su phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip xy dng v t ng; Cc linh kin bng cao su phc v cho my mc v ng dng in t; Sn xut v kinh doanh cc thit b chnh xc c thit k v pht trin

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CNG TY TNHH BUJEON VIETNAM ELECTRONICS CNG TY TNHH TOHO PRECISION VIT NAM

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bi chnh Cng ty; Cung cp nguyn vt liu v cc thit b khc phc v cho qu trnh sn xut. CNG TY TNHH SEONG JI VINA Sn xut cc sn phm v linh kin in t 6.2008 3.2009 vi Quy m nm sn xut n nh: 13.000.000 sn phm/nm. Nghin cu, thit k v sn xut linh kin in t k thut chnh xc khng ngun, h thng kt ni/lin kt, rle, ngt in, cng tc, cc sn phm mn hnh cm ng, dy v cp cho th trng thit b o 8.2008 8.2009 kim, t, my tnh, hng in t tiu dng, thit b truyn thng, in gia dng, my cng nghip, nghin cu, thit k v sn xut cng c cn thit cho vic sn xut cc linh kin, dy v cp; Sn xut, kinh doanh n chiu mn hnh 10.2008 10.2009 LED k thut cao ca in thoi cm tay.

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CNG TY TRCH NHIM HU HN TYCO ELECTRONICS VIT NAM CNG TY TNHH CNG NGH THNG TIN HANWOOL VIT NAM CNG TY TNHH SAMSUNG SDI VIT NAM CNG TY TNHH SUNGWOO VINA CNG TY TNHH DK UIL VIT NAM

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Sn xut v kinh doanh linh kin in t thng thng v linh kin in thoi di ng. 01/2010 7/2010 Sn xut cc sn phm t tiu chun sn phm cng ngh cao nh sau: Linh kin, ph kin in t s dng khun c thng thng chnh xc cao; Ph kin camera; Ph kin 02/2010 8/2010 my in; Dng c quang hc; Ph kin mun bn dn v cc loi linh kin in t cao cp khc Sn xut bn phm, v in thoi di ng v thit b cm ng vi quy m thng 44.000.000 sn phm/nm sn xut n 9/2010 nh

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Sn xut, lp rp h thng my mc t ng, ca t ng, my nn kh, thit b CNG TY kim tra, my pht in, my to kh nit, thng thng TNHH my iu ha khng kh, mn khng kh, 6/2010 11/2010 HANSHIN VINA camera, mun camera v tt c cc loi ph kin km theo vi quy m 153 sn phm/nm. Sn xut, kinh doanh tai nghe v loa cc CNG TY loi. TNHH IN T Sn xut, kinh doanh linh kin in t cc thng thng FOSTER (BC loi. 4/2010 02/2011 NINH) (DN ch Quy m: 5.000.000 sn phm tai nghe v xut) loa/thng. CNG TY Sn xut cc loi CPU, chp in t vi thng TNHH VIKO quy m 10.000 sn phm/nm. 09/2010 SOLUTION Sn xut, kinh doanh v in thoi di ng v cc linh kin in t k thut cao khc vi quy m 150 tn/nm; Sn xut v my tnh xch tay, mn hnh my tnh vi quy m 120 tn/nm; Sn xut, sa CNG TY cha khun dng c v in thoi di i TNHH MOBASE ng, v my tnh xch tay, mn hnh my vo h VIT NAM tnh v cc linh kin in t k thut cao khc vi quy m 110 tn/nm; Gia cng khun, v in thoi di ng, my tnh xch tay, mn hnh my tnh v cc linh kin in t k thut cao khc theo hp ng OEM vi quy m 110 tn/nm; Sn xut v dp b mch in in t dng CNG TY do k thut cao vi cng sut 145.000 TNHH thng sn phm/nm; Sn xut khun in t STARTECH 3/2011. ca b mch in in t dng do k thut VIT NAM cao vi cng sut 145.000 sn phm/nm. NH MY SN XUT LINH KIN IN T, Sn xut bo mch in t, v in thoi v thng thng V IN mc in offset 1/2011. 7/2011 THOI V MC IN OFFSET

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CNG TY TNHH LEADLINK BC NINH (DN ch xut) NH MY SN XUT V LP RP LINH KIN IN-IN T TI BC NINH CNG TY TNHH TERA TECH VIT NAM CNG TY TNHH MYUNG TECH VINA CNG TY TNHH DOWON

Sn xut my in nh k thut s v cc thng thng thit b linh kin my in nh k thut s 12/2012 9/2013. vi quy m 600.000 ci/nm. Sn xut linh kin, ph kin, cc chi tit nh km b sc pin in thoi; lp rp b thng thng sc pin in thoi; Sn xut, gia cng v 3/2011 9/2011 kinh doanh sc pin in thoi; Sn xut dy in cho b sc pin in thoi. San xut, lp rap linh kin in, in t, in t vin thng va in thoai di ng vi quy m 10.000.000 sn phm/nm. Sn xut, lp rp v sa cha khun rp v cc loi my mc dng trong sn xut in thoi di ng vi quy m 2.500 sn phm/nm n nh tng ng vi 20 tn sn phm/nm. Sn xut, gia cng cc loi khun rp dng cho in thoi di ng vi quy m khong 8.400.600 sn phm/ nm tng ng khong 50 tn sn phm/nm. thng 6/2011.

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thng 7/2011.

I.2 Tng quan v tnh hnh x l cht thi in t

I.2.1

Tnh hnh x l cht thi in t trn th gii

Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip in t trn th gii th lng rc thi in t cng tng ln ng k. Mi nm trn th gii c khong 20-25 triu tn rc thi in t c sinh ra. Nhiu sn phm in t c lm t nhng vt liu c cha cht c hi, do , vic ti ch v x l cht thi in t t ra mt mi e da i vi mi trng v sc khe ca con ngi. mt s nc a ra nhng qui nh vi mc ch nhm hn ch vic s dng nhng vt liu c cha cc cht gy hi trong sn phm v qun l rc thi in t sau khi ht hn s dng. Tuy nhin, nhng qui nh ny khng c ph bin nhiu quc gia trn th gii ni cc sn phm in t cng loi c sn xut. Hn th na, nhng quc gia c cc qui nh trn th vic kim sot cc loi ha cht v vt liu nguy hi cng khng c hon ton cc sn phm in t c sn xut ra cng nh vic qun l rc thi in t. Ti chu u, ni cc qui nh ny c p dng nghim ngc th c n 75% rc thi in t sinh ra b mt tch. C bng chng cho rng cc loi

rc thi ny c vn chuyn sang cc nc khc ti ch hoc x l, y l nhng ni m rc thi in t khng c qun l v kim sot chc ch, c t hoc khng c cc qui nh v rc thi in t. Theo cc bo co th khu vc chu v chu Phi l nhng ni m rc thi in t c vn chuyn n ti ch v x l, trong Trung Quc l mt trong nhng nc thuc khu vc chu c lng rc thi c ti ch v x l nhiu nht. Cc loi rc thi in t khi nhp vo cc nc ny trn danh ngha l hng in t qua s dng. i vi nhng loi thit b in t nh my tnh, photocopy, in thoi, cn c kh nng s dng s c sa cha li, nhng thit b h hng khng th sa cha s c tho ri v ly li nhng thnh phn thit b c kh nng s dng c. Nhng thnh phn khng cn s dng c s c ti ch hoc mang i x l. Do , v hnh chung cc nc ny dn dn tr thnh ni tp kt v ti ch rc thi in t ca th gii. Rc thi in t bao gm cc loi mng hnh CRT ca my tnh, ti vi, bn phm, my tnh xch tay, bng mch in t, a cng, a mm, in thoi di ng, my fax, my in, CPU, dy kt ni v cp in u c th c ti ch. Vic ti ch c bt u bng vic tho d loi b cc b phn khc nhau ca cht thi in t c cha cc cht nguy him nh PCB, Hg, Pb, tch nha, loi b cc mn hnh CRT, phn loi bn mch in v cc kim loi trong bng mch in, s dng cc phng php khc tch ly cc kim loi qu nh ng, ch, vng, bc c trong rc thi in t. x l cht thi in t th hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu phng thc khc nhau, ph thuc vo iu kin kinh t, iu kin cng ngh m mi ni c nhng cch x l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, t trc n nay, mt phng thc x l khc ph bin i vi rc thi in t l chn lp, hin nay bn cnh cng c nhng phng php x l khc nh nghin nt nhm gim kch thc, t sau tro t c chn lp v sau ny l nhng phng php x l trit hn nh gim thiu ti a lng cht thi c chn lp, tch chit li nhng thnh phn c gi tr cn li c trong rc thi in t trc khi mang i chn lp. i vi phng php x l rc thi bng cch chn lp, y l mt trong nhng phng php c s dng rng ri nht trn th gii x l rc thi in t. Rc thi c thu gom tp trung v cc bi cha sau c chn lp, ty theo iu kin ca tng ni x l

m cc bi chn lp ny c x l y hoc khng. i vi cc bi chn lp c x l y vi cng ngh hin i, b mt y c th x l bng t st, tm lt khng thm nc v c h thng thu gom nc r rc x l. Do trong thnh phn ca cc cht thi in t c cha cc cht nguy hi, cc kim loi nng nh Pb, Cd, Hg,Trong qu trnh chn lp, cc cht ny s i theo vo trong nc r rc. Nu bi chn lp khng c h thng thu gom nc r rc th cc cht c trn s i vo trong t, vo trong ngun nc ngm v nc mt gn v gy nhim. i vi phng php t phn hy rc thi, bng cch t chy rc thi in t nhit khong 900 n 1000oC, rc thi s b phn hy v gim khi lng cht thi, cc cht hu c v cc thnh phn khng bn khc s b phn hy hoc chuyn v dng cc hp cht t c hi, tro thi c chuyn i chn lp. Tuy nhin, vi cc thnh phn cht kh phn hy v c hi, trong qu trnh t c th pht thi vo trong khng kh v gy nhim mi trng. Nu h thng t cht thi khng c cc h thu hi cht thi c hi c trong khi thi th vic t s lm tng kh nng gy nhim mi trng khng kh. Ngoi hai phng php x l cht thi in t kh ph bin trn, ty theo c tnh v thnh phn cc cht c hi c trong rc thi in t m s c cc bin php x l ring nhm trit x l cc cht gy nhim ng thi tn thu nhng thnh phn c gi tr s dng cao nhm tit kim ngun ti nguyn, di y l mt s bin php c nghin cu v p dng: X l bn mch in t: Mch in c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip in, in t. c dng lm cho cc linh kin in t, IC.v.v. Trn cc mch kt ni vi cc linh kin in t c thit k sn bng nhng mch ng hay hp kim ca ng trn bakelit hay bakelit si thu tinh. Lp ng trn b mt bakelit ny c to ra bng cng ngh m chn khng. to cc mch theo thit k ngi ta cho in cc mu c sn ln trn b mt bakelit bng loi sn chu c ho cht. Sau tm bakelit c nhng trong dung dch n mn ng (thng l hn hp HCl + HNO3 hay axit HCl c vi s c mt ca platin) ph hu nhng phn ng khng c ph sn, sau bakelit c ra bng dung dch kim vi nc nng nhiu ln cho ht ho cht. Qua cc cng on sn xut trn ta thy cht thi ca qu trnh sn xut mch in gm c:

Cht thi rn: Cc tm bakelit hng ; kim loi nng (Cu, Ag, Pb, As, Mn, Sn, (mt s c mt trong sn); cc mui kim loi nng: CuCl2, CuCl, Cu(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, PbCl2, Ag(NO3) Cht thi lng: Cc ion kim loi trong dung dch: CuCl2, H2O2, Pb(NO3)2 .v.v... Cng ngh x ly bang mach in gm co: Cng ngh kh: Cht thi c khuy cng Floculant ca hng Arion - Nht Bn tch phn rn ra khi dung dch. Trong dung dch ch yu gm cc dung dch Clorua v nitorat kim loi nng. Bn rn cha cc kt ta CuCl2, CuCl, PbCl2, AgCl d dng thu hi kim loi bng nhit luyn nh sau: Bn + Na2CO3 + SiO2 + Na2B4O7 nu chy trong l phn x. Cc bn bakalit c bm nh cho vo sau khi hn hp nng chy trong l. Kim loi nng chy c rt ra khun tinh luyn bng in phn. X c nghin mn em thiu ht sau x l bng H2SO4 16% thu hi CuSO4. B cn li c ra sch v thi loi. ng trong b ny cn khng qu 0,01%. Cng ngh t: Bao gm cac cng oan thu hi sau:
a.

Thu hi CuCl2: Nu trong bn thi mch in ch yu cha CuCl2 th ta c th thu hi ri tinh luyn phc v cng ngh ho cht hay nng nghip. Cht thi c tch ring phn rn v phn lng. Phn rn c cho vo ni chng c khuy cng vi nc theo t l 1/1 un n 90-1000C trong vng 2-3 gi, sau lc ly dung dch. B li quay tr li ni chng cho vng 2.

Trong dung dch va tch ra cha n 40-50% CuCl2 cng nghip. Qu trnh ny c thc hin cho n khi trong b khng cn CuCl2 na th thi.
b.

Thu hi CuCl: B sau khi thu hi CuCl2 phn a c khuy cng dung dch NaCl 30% nhit 900C ho toan CuCl. Dung dch c rt ra thu hi CuCl. Tng t nh phn a cho n khi khng cn CuCl na th thi.

c.

Thu hi As: Bn cn li c cho vo dung dch NaOH 5% theo t l 1/1 un si 1000C ho tan As v cc mui ca Asen. Dung dch c cho phn ng vi vi cc hay Ca(OH)2 thu kt ta Asenat.

d.

Thu hi Cu, Pb, Ag: B sau cng on c c ra sch sau cho phn ng vi HNO3 5 - 10% loi HNO3 t trng 1: 4. C th ngm trong b hay my khuy

600C cho n khi ho tan ht Cu, Pb v Ag th thi. Dung dch c rt ra thu hi kim loi. B ra sch v loi b. Thu hi CuCl2 trong dung dch ban u Phn dung dch c tch ra trc khi thc hin cng ngh kh v t nh va trnh by ch yu cha CuCl2 v mt s nitrat kim loi nng, c cho vo thit b phn ng vi st. Trong phn ng ny st s y kim loi nng ra khi hn hp mui. Cu2+ + Fe -> Cu + Fe2+ Thc t thc hin nh sau: Phi st c cho vo trong thng cha dung dch CuCl 2 khuy lin tc. Bt ng s ri xung y thng. phn ng nhanh v trit c th un nng dung dch 500C. X l n hnh CRT, trong thnh phn thy tinh ca n hnh c cha xt ch, y l hp cht cha kim loi nng nguy hi nu thi loi ra mi trng. x l n hnh CRT ng thi ly li ch c trong thy tinh, ngi ta s dng phng php c hc nghin nh thy tinh sau un chy thy tinh tch ch ra khi thy tinh.
I.2.2

Tnh hnh x l cht thi in t ti Bc Ninh

Bc Ninh la mt trong nhng tinh thuc khu vc phia Bc co nhiu nha may san xut va lp rap hang in t vi qui m ln. Hin tai ca tinh co khoang 37 d an c s san xut co lin quan n in t va lp rap hang in t trong o co nhng c s ln nh Cng ty TNHH Samsung electronic Vit Nam, Cng ty CP san xut gia cng XNK HanelTuy nhin, v vn x ly cht thai nguy hai lin quan n nganh in t thi hin tai hu ht cac c s san xut in t u cha co h thng x ly rac thai in t ma chi co h thng x ly nc thai va mt s c s co h thng x ly khng khi trong phn xng san xut. Phn ln rac thai nguy hai va rac thai in t u thu cac cng ty khac x ly. Hin tai Bc Ninh co khoang 4 c s lin quan n vn thu gom va x ly rac thai nguy hai va rac thai in t trong o co 2 c s chuyn thu gom va x ly rac thai nguy hai trong o co rac thai in t o la Cng ty TNHH Vn Li va Cng ty Hng Hng Mi trng Xanh, cac cng ty con lai chi tp trung thu gom va vn chuyn rac thai nguy hai va rac thai in t. II. Kt qu iu tra kho st II.1. Tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi rn cng nghip in t

Qua kho st iu tra cho thy tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi in t ti Bc Ninh mc thp, lng rc thi in t pht sinh mi nh my khng nhiu do hu ht cc nh my ch tp trung lp rp, cc linh kin in t ch yu nhp khu trong khi hu ht cc linh kin ti nh my sn xut c kim tra t yu cu nn khi v nh my lp rp, s lng linh kin loi b khng nhiu, v vy cc nh my ny u khng u t dy chuyn x l lng cht thi rn in t pht sinh trong qu trnh san xut va lp rp m ch tp trung, thu gom li v thu cc c s khc x l, hoc c c s u t h thng x l nhng ch x l s b sau thu cng ty khc x l tip theo. Qu trnh iu tra kho st mt s c s sn xut v lp rp in t ti Bc Ninh, chng ti c c mt s kt qu sau: i vi Cng ty CP sn xut v xut nhp khu Hanel, y l nh my chuyn san xut cac linh kin in t theo cac n hang hp ng cua cac cng ty khac, thit bi in t chu yu cua Cng ty la gm ap in s dung cho thit bi loa siu thanh. Qui trinh s b san xut gm ap in nh sau:

Linh kin gm nhp khu Mai In in cc Phn cc Dan Gia cng dy dn Xut xng

Lng cht thai in t phat sinh tai nha may chu yu t cng oan mai gm, cac linh kin bi li, bi hong c xut tra lai ni san xut, nn lng rac thai in t cua nha may rt it va chu yu la cac loai bong en hong, b v. Tuy nhin, s lng khng nhiu va c tp trung thu gom va x ly bi Cng ty TM & DV Mi trng Ngi Sao Xanh. Tai cng oan mai, y la cng oan phat sinh cht thai nguy hai chinh, bt mai cac tm gm c ra va theo nc chay vao h thng x ly nc cua Cng ty. Tai y, bt gm mai se c keo tu lng va c tach nc bi may bun. Lng bun thai nay xut phat t gm mai co cha lng kim loai chi sau khi ep se c thu gom bi Cng ty TM & DV Mi trng Ngi Sao Xanh, lng bun thai sau khi thu gom c chuyn lai cho Cng ty TNHH NN MTV Mi trng thi x ly tai Khu x ly cht thai Nam Sn-Soc Sn Ha Ni. Lng bun thai nay co khi lng khoang 5.7 tn mi nm. i vi Cng ty TNHH Samsung electronic Vit Nam, y la cng ty chuyn san xut, lp rap cac mt hang in t ln nht tai tinh Bc Ninh, hin tai Cng ty co cac nha may chuyn san xut va lp rap in t gm nha may san xut in thoai di ng, nha may san xut may hut bui, nha may san xut pin in thoai di ng va nha may san xut may anh ky thut s (hin nay cha i vao hoat ng). Trong qua trinh hoat ng san xut cua nha may a phat sinh nhiu loai cht thai nguy hai trong o co cht thai lin quan n in t nh sau: Ban mach in t: Phat sinh t cac san phm li cua nha may trong cng oan san xut va lp rap ban mach. S lng phat sinh theo s liu bao cao 6 thang u nm 2011 la khng co phat sinh. Ria ban mach in t: la phn khung ria inh kem ban mach, phat sinh trong qua trinh s dung ban mach mi, s lng phat sinh trong 6 thang u nm 2011 la 14400kg, loai rac thai nay c thu gom va x ly bi Cng ty Hung Hng Mi Trng Xanh. Dung mi hu c cha sn thai: phat sinh trong qua trinh ra chi tit va thit bi cua bung sn. Loai dung mi nay c tp trung va chuyn cho cng ty Ngi Sao Xanh thu gom va x ly

Bun thai cha sn va sn thai: phat sinh trong qua trinh sn thit bi vo thit bi in t. Theo s lng bao cao 6 thang nm 2011 la 53680 kg bun thai cha sn va 126345 kg i vi sn thai. Loai cht thai nay c thu gom va x ly bi Cng ty Hung Hng Mi Trng Xanh. Pin in thoai: pin in thoai li khng ap ng theo tiu chun cua nha san xut. Theo bao cao 6 thang nm 2011 thi loai nay cha co phat sinh Bong en huynh quang: phat sinh trong qua trinh sa cha thay th bong en h hong. Theo bao cao 6 thang u nm 2011 thi lng bong en hong khoang 25 kg, loai cht thai nay c n vi thu gom va x ly bi Cng ty Hung Hng Mi Trng Xanh Loc khi thai sn va cht hp phu (vt liu loc) cha thanh phn nguy hai: phat sinh tai h thng loc khi cua phn xng sn. Theo s lng bao cao 6 thang nm 2011, khi lng loc khi thai sn la 2419kg va cht hp phu co cha thanh phn nguy hai la 8820kg. Cac thanh phn nay c thu gom va x ly bi Cng ty Hung Hng Mi Trng Xanh. Ngoai 2 c s san xut hang in t trn thi tai Bc Ninh con nhiu nha may chuyn lp rap cac san phm in t khac tuy nhin vi qui m nho hn va lng cht thai phat sinh trong qua trinh san xut khng ang k, lng cht thai nay cung c thu gom va x ly bi cac n vi co chc nng khac.
II.2. Tnh hnh p dng cng ngh x l v ti ch rc thi in t ti Bc Ninh

Qua khao sat iu tra cac c s san xut va lp rap hang in t cho thy, hu ht cac c s san xut u cha co h thng x ly rac thai in t, mt phn do lng rac thai in t phat sinh trong qua trinh san xut tai cac c s nay khng ang k, trong khi cac c s x ly cht thai nguy hai trn ia ban co th x ly loai cht thai in t nay. Do o cac c s san xut in t chi tp trung vao x ly nc thai va khi thai cua nha may. Phn ln nc thai t cac nha may san xut in t chu yu la nc thai sinh hoat, tinh cht cua nc thai nay tng i n gian va d x ly, ring i vi nha may san xut in t thuc Cng ty CP sn xut v xut nhp khu Hanel, trong qua trinh san xut co phat sinh cht thai nguy dang rn nguy hai ln vao trong nc, nc thai nay c x ly tach lng cht thai rn ra khoi nc sau o cht thai dang bun thai nay c thu gom va x ly bi cng ty khac. Trong mt s nha may, trong qua trinh san xut co phat sinh cht

thai dang khi c hai, nn hu ht cac nha may nay u co h thng x ly khi trc khi xa thai ra mi trng bn ngoai. i vi Cng ty CP sn xut v xut nhp khu Hanel, x ly cht thai rn phat sinh t cng oan mai gm, Cng ty a s dung cng ngh keo tu va lng tach bun thai, nc thia c loc tip qua h loc Catridge tach kim loai c hai trc khi xa vao h thng x ly nc thai chung cua khu cng nghip. S cng ngh x ly nc thai tai nha may
B cha nc thai tp trung FeCl3 NaOH Tac nhn tao phc May suc khi

B phan ng keo tu va lng N B cha nc sau lng Ct loc Nc thai sau loc

B cha bun lng

PVC

May ep bun Bun kh

S 1. Qui trinh cng ngh x ly nc thai tai Cng ty CP sn xut v xut nhp khu

Hanel Trong thanh phn cua gm p in co cha chi do o tach chi trong nc thai Cng ty a s dung phng phap keo tu va loc. Tai cng oan keo tu co s dung tac nhn tao phc, phc cht tao thanh gia tac nhn va chi se c keo tu bng phen st va lng xung ay, bun lng c tach nc bng may ep bun. Nc thai sau lng co th vn con cha mt lng kim loai chi nht inh se c bm qua ct loc trao i ion, do o nc thai sau loc c tach trit chi trc khi xa ra mi trng. Ngun nc thai cua cng ty bn canh nc thai t phn xng san xut con co mt lng ang k t nc thai sinh hoat. tng cng kha nng x ly ham lng cht hu c trong nc thai, h thng co s dung may suc khi cung cp xy cho vi sinh vt co trong nc. i vi Cng ty TNHH Samsung electronic Vit Nam, hu ht rac thai nguy hai, rac thai in t cua nha may c thu gom va x ly bi cac cng ty co chc nng x ly. Cng ty

co h thng x ly nc thai, lng nc thai cua Cng ty vi khi lng trung binh 450m3/ngay. Tuy nhin do c tinh cua nc thai chu yu la nc thai sinh hoat, thanh phn cua nc thai chu yu la ham lng cac cht hu c nn vic x ly theo phng phap x ly thng thng, s dung cng ngh vi sinh kt hp vi mang loc sinh hoc MBR. i vi phn xng sn, x ly khng khi trong mi trng cua phn xng, chu yu la ham lng VOC, Cng ty a s dung cng ngh loc hp thu bng than hoat tinh. H thng x ly khi thai cua Cng ty gm 31 thap hp phu than hoat tinh, tng ng mi bung sn co mt h thng x ly khi bng than hoat tinh. Cng sut cua mi thap hp phu la 130m3/gi, va co 500 kg than hoat tinh. inh ky than c thay th 2 ln/nm. S cng ngh cua h thng x ly khi thai bng thap hp phu than hoat tinh nh sau:

i vi cac cng ty chuyn x ly cht thai nguy hai trn ia ban tinh Bc Ninh, cht thai in t la mt phn cua cht thai nguy hai a c thu gom va x ly. Tuy theo c tinh cua tng loai cht thai in t c thu gom ma cng ty co nhng phng phap x ly ring. Tuy nhin phn ln cht thai in t co cha nhng thanh phn d bi phn huy nh nha tng hp khng co kha nng tai ch, bang mach in t c cng ty thu gom va x ly bng phng phap t sau o chn lp hoc b tng hoa rn tro t. Cng ngh lo t c s dung tai cac cng ty la cng ngh s dung chung cho cht thai nguy hai trong o co rac thai in t vi qui trinh t nh sau: i vi Cng ty TNHH Hung Hng Mi Trng Xanh, Cng ty co h thng x ly thit bi linh kin in t, vi h thng lo t hai cp co cng sut 200kg/h. u im cua h thng

la t chay hoan toan cht thai di dang rn, long, bun. Khi xa c x ly hp thu cac cht c hai. S cng ngh lo t nh sau:
Ra c thai Bung t s cp Bung t th cp B giai nhit Bung cyclone xuc tac Thap m hp thu Qua t hut n g khoi

B cha tro lo t

B cha xut tun hoan

H thng bung t s dung voi t Riello (Italy) 2 cp tai bung t s cp va th cp, t bng du DO gip tit kim nhin liu. H thng x l khi, kh thi ra bng cach hp thu vao dung dich xut nhm tach cac cht thai c hai trc khi xa thai ra mi trng. III. nh gi tnh hnh chung v pht sinh cht thi v x l cht thi rn cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi ca ngnh in t IV.Kt lun.

Phu luc: Mt s hinh anh lin quan n rac thai in t

Hinh 1. Lo t rac Cng ty TNHH Hung Hng Mi Trng Xanh

Hinh 1. Lo t rac Cng ty TNHH Hung Hng Mi Trng Xanh