1he D|gest|ve System 1he D|gest|ve System

ur CLhman AlShboul
ueparLmenL of hyslology
1
D|gest|ve System GI tract + accessory organs D|gest|ve System GI tract + accessory organs
D|gest|ve tract organs
mootb
pbotyox %LhroaL)
opboqo
tomocb
moll lottlo %oooom jjooom and llom)
lotq lottlo %ccom oppolx coloo and tctom)
ooo
ccessory d|gest|ve organs
ollvoty qloo
xoctlo poocto
llloty ytm (llvt and qolllot)
ulgesLlve LracL lumen ls conLlnuous wlLh Lhe exLernal envlronmenL
2
as|c D|gest|ve rocesses as|c D|gest|ve rocesses
1 MoLlllLy
2 SecreLlon
3 ulgesLlon
4 AbsorpLlon
3
as|c D|gest|ve rocesses as|c D|gest|ve rocesses
1 MC1ILI1 Lhe dlgesLlve LracL's muscular conLracLlons
@wo Lypes
l ltopollv movmot
propel or push Lhe conLenLs forward Lhrough Lhe dlgesLlve LracL
ll Mlxloq movmot
faclllLaLe dlgesLlon by mlxlng food wlLh Lhe dlgesLlve [ulces
faclllLaLe absorpLlon by exposlng all parLs of Lhe lnLesLlnal conLenLs Lo Lhe
absorblng surfaces of Lhe dlgesLlve LracL
@he ends of Lhe LracL moLlllLy lnvolves skeleLal muscle
4
SLCkL1ICN
ulgesLlve [ulces conslsL of waLer elecLrolyLes enzymes blle
salLs and mucus
LnergydependenL process
8equlres neural or hormonal sLlmulaLlon
8eabsorbed back lnLo Lhe blood
3
DIGLS1ICN
lochemlcal breakdown of Lhe sLrucLurally complex foodsLuffs of Lhe dleL lnLo
smaller absorbable unlLs by Lhe enzymes produced wlLhln Lhe dlgesLlve
sysLem
Carbohydrates
olysaccharldes/dlsaccharldes monosaccharldes
rote|ns
olypepLldes aa
at
@rlglycerldes monoglycerldes and free faLLy aclds
Pydrolysls
6
SCk1ICN
@he small absorbable unlLs LhaL resulL from dlgesLlon
along wlLh waLer vlLamlns and elecLrolyLes are
Lransferred from Lhe dlgesLlve LracL lumen lnLo Lhe
blood or lymph
MosL absorpLlon occurs ln small lnLesLlne
7
1he d|gest|ve tract wa|| 1he d|gest|ve tract wa||
rom Lhe lnnermosL layer ouLward
mocoo
2 omocoo
J mocolotl xttoo
4 too
8
1 MUCCS
roLecLlve role secreLlon and absorpLlon
ConLalns
xoctlo qloo cll
ooctlo qloo cll
pltbllol cll
Plghly folded
9
SUMUCCS
@hlck layer of connecLlve Llssue
Clves Cl LracL dlsLenslblllLy and elasLlclLy
ConLalns
blood and lymph vessels
submucous plexus
10
MUSCULkIS Lk1LkN
@wo smooLh muscle layers
lnner clrcular layer conLracLlon consLrlcLs or decreases
Lhe dlameLer of Lhe lumen
ouLer longlLudlnal layer conLracLlon shorLens Lhe Lube
MyenLerlc plexus submucosal plexus
11
Muscu|ar|s Muscu|ar|s Lxterna Lxterna
12
SLkCS
CuLer connecLlve Llssue coverlng
SecreLes a waLery sllppery fluld lubrlcaLes and
prevenLs frlcLlon wlLh surroundlng organs
13
Neura| regu|at|on C| hormones
kegu|at|on of GI funct|on kegu|at|on of GI funct|on
14
utonomous
smooth musc|e
funct|on
&
C|and secret|on
kegu|at|on of GI kegu|at|on of GI funct|on funct|on
1 utonomous smoothmusc|e funct|on
SheeLs of smooLh muscle cells are connecLed by gap [uncLlons
%funcLlonal syncyLlum)
n@s
n@s
var|cos|ty
smooLh
muscle
13
1 utonomous smoothmusc|e funct|on
ulsplay rhyLhmlc sponLaneous varlaLlons ln membrane
poLenLlal s|owwave potent|a|s (bas|c e|ectr|ca| rhythm
(Lk) or pacesetter potent|a|)
Slow waves are generaLed by lCC %pacemaker cells)
16
1on|c vs has|c smooth musc|es 1on|c vs has|c smooth musc|es
1on|c smooLh muscle
conLracLlon ls malnLalned for prolonged perlods of Llme
eg fundus sphlncLers
has|c smooLh muscle
LwlLchllke" conLracLlon evoked by acLlon poLenLlals
eg anLrum esophagus lnLesLlne
17
kegu|at|on of GI funct|on kegu|at|on of GI funct|on
Intr|ns|c nerve p|exuses
ulgesLlve LracL has lLs own lnLramural %wlLhlnwall") nervous sysLem
ConLalns as many neurons as Lhe splnal cord
2 ma[or neLworks
Submucous plexus
MyenLerlc plexus
uncLlonal classlflcaLlon of LnS neurons
Sensory
MoLor
lnLerneurons
LNS
18
kegu|at|on of GI funct|on kegu|at|on of GI funct|on
Lxtr|ns|c nerves
SympaLheLlc parasympaLheLlc of AnS
LlLher dlrecLly on Lhe smooLh muscle and glands or lndlrecLly
vla LnS
19
kegu|at|on of GI funct|on kegu|at|on of GI funct|on
Gastro|ntest|na| hormones
Lndocrlne gland cells wlLhln Lhe mucosa
LlLher exclLaLory or lnhlblLory lnfluences on smooLh muscle
and exocrlne gland cells
20
kegu|at|on of GI funct|on kegu|at|on of GI funct|on
ulgesLlve LracL wall recepLors
cbmotcptot
2 Mcboootcptot
J Omotcptot
21
athways athways contro|||ng d|gest|ve system act|v|t|es contro|||ng d|gest|ve system act|v|t|es
22
MCU1n MCU1n
Muscular ||ps
rocure gulde and conLaln Lhe food ln Lhe mouLh
lmporLanL ln speech
Sensory recepLor
@he pa|ate
SeparaLes Lhe mouLh from Lhe nasal passages
Uvu|a seallng off Lhe nasal passages durlng swallowlng
23
MCU1n MCU1n
@he tongue
@he floor of Lhe oral cavlLy
SkeleLal muscle
Culdlng food wlLhln Lhe mouLh durlng chewlng and swallowlng
8ole ln speech
ConLalns LasLe buds
24
MCU1n MCU1n
Chew|ng
@he moLlllLy of Lhe mouLh LhaL lnvolves Lhe sllclng Learlng grlndlng and
mlxlng of lngesLed food by Lhe teeth
Crlnds and breaks food up lnLo smaller pleces Lo faclllLaLe swallowlng
Mlxes food wlLh sallva
SLlmulaLes Lhe LasLe buds sensaLlon of LasLe reflexly lncreases
sallvary gasLrlc pancreaLlc and blle secreLlon
volunLary buL mosLly a rhyLhmlc reflex acLlvaLlon of Lhe skeleLal
muscles of Lhe [aws llps cheeks and Longue ln response Lo Lhe
pressure of food agalnsL Lhe oral Llssues
23
MCU1n MCU1n
Sa||va
Components
993 P
2
C
03 elecLrolyLes and proLelns %omylo moco lyozym)
unct|ons
eglns dlgesLlon of carbohydraLe %po|ysacchar|de ma|tose)
aclllLaLes swallowlng provldlng lubrlcaLlon Lhrough mucus
AnLlbacLerlal acLlon vla lysozyme rlnslng effecL
SolvenL for molecules LhaL sLlmulaLe Lhe LasLe buds
Alds speech
Cral hyglene %helplng keep Lhe mouLh and LeeLh clean)
ConLalns blcarbonaLe buffers whlch neuLrallze aclds
samy|ase
26
Contro| of Sa||vary Contro| of Sa||vary Secret|on Secret|on
oLh sympaLheLlc and parasympaLheLlc sLlmulaLlon lncrease
sallvary secreLlon
arasympathet|c
W rompL and abundanL flow of waLery sallva
W 8lch ln enzymes
Sympathet|c
W Much smaller volume
W @hlck sallva
W 8lch ln mucus
LnLlrely under neural regulaLlon
No hormonal regulaLlon
27
Contro| of Sa||vary Contro| of Sa||vary Secret|on Secret|on
28
Cra| D|gest|on Cra| D|gest|on
ulgesLlon ln Lhe mouLh ls mlnlmal lnvolves Lhe hydrolysls of
polysaccharldes lnLo dlsaccharldes by sa||vary amy|ase
MosL dlgesLlon by Lhls enzyme ls done ln Lhe body of Lhe sLomach
CasLrlc acld lnacLlvaLes amylase excepL ln Lhe cenLer of Lhe food mass
No absorpt|on Lakes place ln Lhe mouLh
nlLroglycerln
29
harynx and Lsophagus harynx and Lsophagus
30
harynx and Lsophagus harynx and Lsophagus
31
SSwa||ow|ng wa||ow|ng
ood |n the mouth ood |n the mouth
ressure receptors
|n the pharynx
ressure receptors
|n the pharynx
Swa||ow|ng center
|n the medu||a
Ske|eta| musc|es |n the pharynx
upper 1] of esophagus
Ske|eta| musc|es |n the pharynx
upper 1] of esophagus
LL or NCN
Swallowlng ls
lnlLlaLed
volunLarlly buL
once begun lL
cannoL be sLopped
32
Swa||ow|ng stages Swa||ow|ng stages
1 Cropharyngea| stage
33
Swa||ow|ng stages Swa||ow|ng stages
Lsophagea| stage
SLarLs afLer food passes pbotyoqoopboqol
sphlncLer
pbotyoqoopboqol
sphlncLer
pbotyoqoopboqol
sphlncLer
qottoopboqol
sphlncLer
qottoopboqol
sphlncLer
Lsophageal secreLlon ls enLlrely mucus
%lubrlcaLlon)
er|sta|s|s sLarLs here
34
Lsophagea| Lsophagea| per|sta|s|s per|sta|s|s
1 @he swallowlng cenLer Lrlggers a prlmary perlsLalLlc wave
8emalnlng bollus dlsLenslon sLlmulaLes pressure recepLors
medlaLed by Lhe lnLrlnslc nerve plexuses aL Lhe level of Lhe
dlsLenslon
33
S1CMCn S1CMCn
36
natomy of the stomach natomy of the stomach
37
Gastr|c Mot|||ty Gastr|c Mot|||ty
38
llllng sLorage mlxlng empLylng
Gastr|c Mot|||ty Gastr|c Mot|||ty
1 Gastr|c f||||ng
SLomach volume 301000mL
kecept|ve re|axat|on
lncrease ln sLomach %undus) volume wlLh llLLle change ln Lenslon ln
lLs walls and llLLle rlse ln lnLragasLrlc pressure upon food recepLlon
olds geL smaller and nearly flaLLen ouL as
Lhe sLomach relaxes
SLlmulaLed by eaLlng and ls medlaLed by
Lhe vagus nerve
39
Gastr|c Mot|||ty Gastr|c Mot|||ty
Gastr|c storage
CasLrlc sLorage Lakes place ln Lhe body %undus) of
Lhe sLomach
1on|c conLracLlon ln fundus
erlsLalLlc conLracLlons of Lhe Lhln muscular wall of Lhe body are Loo
weak Lo mlx Lhe conLenLs
40
Gastr|c Mot|||ty Gastr|c Mot|||ty
Gastr|c m|x|ng
CasLrlc mlxlng Lakes place ln Lhe Lhlckmuscled anLrum as a resulL of
vlgorous per|sta|t|c conLracLlons agalnsL Lhe almosL closed pylorlc
sphlncLer
@he sLomach absorbs alcohol and asplrln buL no food
41
Gastr|c Mot|||ty Gastr|c Mot|||ty
Gastr|c empty|ng
@he amounL of chyme LhaL escapes lnLo Lhe duodenum wlLh each
perlsLalLlc wave before Lhe pylorlc sphlncLer LlghLly closes depends largely
on Lhe sLrengLh of perlsLalsls
CasLrlc empLylng ls lnfluenced by facLors ln boLh Lhe sLomach and Lhe
duodenum
@hese facLors lnfluence Lhe sLomach's exclLablllLy by sllghLly depolarlzlng
or hyperpolarlzlng Lhe gasLrlc smooLh muscle
42
Gastr|c Gastr|c Lmpty|ng Lmpty|ng and and M|x|ng M|x|ng
43
actors kegu|at|ng Gastr|c actors kegu|at|ng Gastr|c
Mot|||ty and Lmpty|ng Mot|||ty and Lmpty|ng
44
Iom|t|ng Iom|t|ng
Iom|t|ng (or emes|s) Lhe forceful expulslon of gasLrlc
conLenLs ouL Lhrough Lhe mouLh
vomlLlng ls coordlnaLed by a vom|t|ng center ln Lhe medulla
43
Iom|t|ng Iom|t|ng
@he sLomach Lhe esophagus and assoclaLed sphlncLers are all relaxed
durlng vomlLlng
@he ma[or force for expulslon comes from conLracLlon of Lhe resplraLory
muscles %dlaphragm abdomlnal muscles)
vomlLlng beglns wlLh a deep lnsplraLlon and closure of Lhe gloLLls
CasLroesophageal
sphlncLer
46
Causes of vom|t|ng
@acLlle %Louch) sLlmulaLlon of Lhe back of Lhe LhroaL
lrrlLaLlon or dlsLenslon of Lhe sLomach and duodenum
LlevaLed lnLracranlal pressure
8oLaLlon or acceleraLlon
Chemlcal agenLs %emeLlcs eg syrup of lpecac)
sychogenlc vomlLlng lnduced by emoLlonal facLors
47
Lffects of vom|t|ng
Parmful effecLs
uehydraLlon
MeLabollc alkalosls
eneflclal effecLs
8emovlng noxlous maLerlal from Lhe sLomach raLher Lhan
leLLlng lL sLay and be absorbed
48
GS1kIC SLCkL1ICN GS1kIC SLCkL1ICN
49
Gastr|c Mucosa Gastr|c Mucosa
30
1he Stomach Mucosa and the Gastr|c G|ands 1he Stomach Mucosa and the Gastr|c G|ands
stem ce||s
31
eps|nogen act|vat|on |n the stomach |umen eps|nogen act|vat|on |n the stomach |umen
ar|eta| ce||
Ch|ef ce||
roLeln dlgesLlon sLarLs ln sLomach roLeln dlgesLlon sLarLs ln sLomach
32
hases of Gastr|c Secret|on hases of Gastr|c Secret|on
lntestino/ phose
of qostric
secretion
|nh|b|tory
aL acld
hyperLonlclLy
dlsLenLlon
33
St|mu|atory
1he 1he gastr|c mucosa| barr|er protects gastr|c mucosa| barr|er protects
the stomach ||n|ng from gastr|c secret|ons the stomach ||n|ng from gastr|c secret|ons
34
NCkL1IC ND ILIk NCkL1IC ND ILIk
SLCkL1ICNS SLCkL1ICNS
33
ancreas ancreas |s a m|xture of |s a m|xture of exocr|ne and exocr|ne and endocr|ne t|ssue endocr|ne t|ssue
36
ancreat|c Secret|ons ancreat|c Secret|ons
ancreat|c enzymes
y Lhe aclnar cells
ueous a|ka||ne so|ut|on
y Lhe ducL cells
8lch ln sodlum blcarbonaLe %naPCC
3
)
4 Lo allow opLlmal funcLlonlng of Lhe pancreaLlc enzymes
4 Lo prevenL acld damage Lo Lhe duodenal mucosa
37
ancreat|c Lnzymes ancreat|c Lnzymes
1 roteo|yt|c enzymes
l 1typlooqo
ll cbymottyplooqo
lll ltocotoxypptlo
SecreLed ln an lnacLlve form
@rypsln lnhlblLor
38
ancreat|c Lnzymes ancreat|c Lnzymes
ancreat|c amy|ase
SecreLed ln Lhe pancreaLlc [ulce ln an acLlve form
o|ysacchar|des d|sacchar|de ma|tose
39
ancreat|c Lnzymes ancreat|c Lnzymes
ancreat|c ||pase
SecreLed ln lLs acLlve form
@he only enzyme secreLed LhroughouL Lhe enLlre dlgesLlve sysLem LhaL can
dlgesL faL
1r|g|ycer|des monog|ycer|des + free fatty ac|ds
60
kegu|at|on of exocr|ne pancreat|c secret|on kegu|at|on of exocr|ne pancreat|c secret|on
61
1he 1he LL|ver |ver
62
L|ver b|ood f|ow L|ver b|ood f|ow
63
1he ||ver |s organ|zed |nto funct|ona| un|ts known as |obu|es
W Llver lobules hexagonal arrangemenLs of Llssue surroundlng a
cenLral veln
64
1he ||ver |s organ|zed |nto funct|ona| un|ts known as |obu|es
Lach hepaLocyLe ls ln conLacL wlLh a s|nuso|d on one slde and a b||e cana||cu|us on Lhe oLher slde
||e ||e
||e const|tuents
1 lle salLs %derlvaLlves of cholesLerol)
2 CholesLerol
3 LeclLhln
4 lllrubln %heme wasLe producL excreLed ln Lhe blle)
%All derlved from hepaLocyLe acLlvlLy)
no dlgesLlve enzymes
ln an aqueous alkallne fluld %added by Lhe ducL cells) slmllar Lo Lhe
pancreaLlc naPCC
3
secreLlon
66
Lnterohepat|c c|rcu|at|on of b||e sa|ts Lnterohepat|c c|rcu|at|on of b||e sa|ts
lle ls not LransporLed dlrecLly from Lhe
llver Lo Lhe gallbladder Jhen sphlncLer of
oddl ls closed mosL of Lhe blle secreLed by
Lhe llver ls dlverLed back up lnLo Lhe
ga||b|adder
AmounL of blle secreLed per day ranges
from 230 ml Lo 1 llLer
Cnly abouL 3 of Lhe secreLed blle escapes
lnLo Lhe feces dally
67
Structure of ||e Sa|ts Structure of ||e Sa|ts
68
Detergent act|on of b||e sa|ts fac|||tates fat d|gest|on
lle salLs' ablllLy Lo converL large faL globules lnLo a ||p|d emu|s|on conslsLlng of many small faL
dropleLs suspended ln Lhe aqueous chyme Lhus lncreaslng Lhe surface area avallable for aLLack
by pancreaLlc llpase
69
||e sa|ts fac|||tate fat absorpt|on through format|on of m|ce||es
Can dlssolve
waLerlnsoluble
subsLances ln Lhelr
llpld soluble cores
vehlcle for carrylng waLer
lnsoluble subsLances
%monoglycerldes free faLLy
aclds faLsoluble vlLamlns)
Lhrough Lhe waLery lumlnal
conLenLs 70
Mlcelles are llpld molecules
LhaL arrange Lhemselves ln a
spherlcal form ln aqueous
soluLlons
|||rub|n |||rub|n
@he prlmary blle plgmenL derlved from Lhe breakdown of wornouL
red blood cells by macrophages
LxLracLed from Lhe blood by Lhe hepaLocyLes and ls acLlvely
excreLed lnLo Lhe blle
?ellow plgmenL glves brown color of feces urlne's yellow color
aund|ce
lllrubln formaLlon excreLlon
lllrubln accumulaLes ln Lhe body
?ellowlsh paLlenLs %mosL clearly ln
Lhe whlLes of Lhe eyes) 71
1he 1he ga||b|adder ga||b|adder
SLores and concenLraLes blle %310 Llmes)
CCk sLlmulaLes conLracLlon of Lhe gallbladder and relaxaLlon
of Lhe sphlncLer of oddl
72
SMLL IN1LS1INL SMLL IN1LS1INL
73
Sma|| |ntest|ne Sma|| |ntest|ne mot|||ty mot|||ty
1 Segmentat|on
CsclllaLlng rlngllke conLracLlons of Lhe clrcular smooLh muscle
along Lhe small lnLesLlne's lengLh
eLween Lhe conLracLed
segmenLs are relaxed areas
conLalnlng a small bolus of
chyme
74
Gastro||ea| kef|ex Gastro||ea| kef|ex
73
Sma|| |ntest|ne mot|||ty Sma|| |ntest|ne mot|||ty
1he m|grat|ng mot|||ty comp|ex
etweenmea| moLlllLy
ConslsLs of weak repeLlLlve per|sta|t|c waves LhaL move a shorL dlsLance down Lhe
lnLesLlne before dylng ouL
SLarL aL Lhe sLomach and mlgraLe down Lhe lnLesLlne
Lach new perlsLalLlc wave ls lnlLlaLed aL a slLe a llLLle farLher down Lhe small
lnLesLlne
Intest|na| housekeeper sweeplng any remnanLs of Lhe precedlng meal plus
mucosal debrls and bacLerla forward Loward Lhe colon
8egulaLed by hormone mot|||n
76
Sma|| Sma|| |ntest|ne secret|ons |ntest|ne secret|ons
77
rush border enzymes rush border enzymes
lnserLed lnLo mlcrovllll coverlng
LnzymaLlc dlgesLlon occurs aL surface raLher Lhan ln Lhe lumen
LnLeroklnase
ulsaccharldases %malLase sucrase and lacLase)
AmlnopepLldases
78
D|gest|ve rocesses for the 1hree Ma[or Categor|es of Nutr|ents
79
80
Sma|| |ntest|ne absorpt|on Sma|| |ntest|ne absorpt|on
Sma|| |ntest|ne absorpt|on Sma|| |ntest|ne absorpt|on
W MosL absorpLlon occurs ln Lhe duodenum and [e[unum
W adapLaLlons LhaL lncrease Lhe small lnLesLlne's surface
area clrcular folds vllll mlcrovllll
81
Structure of a v|||us Structure of a v|||us
Secretes water and e|ectro|ytes
82
Carbohydrate prote|n absorpt|on Carbohydrate prote|n absorpt|on
K
+
K
+
Na
+
K
+
Na
+
Co-T
P
Na
+
GIucose/
gaIactose
or a.a
Na
+
carrler
ructose |s absorbed |nto the b|ood so|e|y by fac|||tated d|ffus|on
Lumen Interst|t|a| f|u|d
GIucose/
gaIactose
or A.A.
GIucose/
gaIactose
or A.A.
83
|g 1S p S00
L|p|d emu|s|on
M|ce||es
Lp|the||a|
ce|| of v|||us
Lumen
(Lxocytos|s)
Centra| |actea|
ggregate and
coated w|th
||poprot|en
Short or
med|um
cha|n
asement
membrane
Cap|||ary
Lumen
M|ce||es
d|ffus|on
M|ce||e
M|crov|||us
atty ac|ds
monog|ycer|des
ass|ve absorpt|on
at bsorpt|on at bsorpt|on
I|tam|n absorpt|on I|tam|n absorpt|on
Waterso|ub|e vlLamlns passlvely wlLh waLer
atso|ub|e vlLamlns carrled ln mlcelles absorbed passlvely
I|tam|n 1 needs gasLrlc lnLrlnslc facLor for absorpLlon
83
LkGL IN1LS1INL LkGL IN1LS1INL
86
natomy of the |arge |ntest|ne natomy of the |arge |ntest|ne
W @o sLore feces before defecaLlon
W AbsorpLlon of nC salLs vlLamln k %no vllll)
W SecreLes alkallne %naPCC3) mucus soluLlon 87
Large |ntest|ne movements Large |ntest|ne movements
naustra| contract|ons
Slow and nonpropulslve shuffle Lhe conLenLs ln a backandforLh
mlxlng movemenL
Slmllar Lo smalllnLesLlne segmenLaLlons buL occur much less
frequenLly
Mass movements
SLlmulaLed by presence of food ln sLomach or chyme ln doudenum
ush Lhe colonlc conLenLs lnLo Lhe dlsLal parL of Lhe large lnLesLlne
@hree Lo four Llmes a day
88
Gastroco||c Gastroco||c ref|ex ref|ex
W ood enter|ng the stomach st|mu|ates mass movements |n
the co|on
W Med|ated from the stomach to the co|on by
4 Gastr|n
4 Lxtr|ns|c autonom|c nerves
89
Defecat|on ref|ex Defecat|on ref|ex
W 1r|ggered by d|stent|on of recta| wa||s
W kectum |s usua||y empty but deve|opment of mass movements
(by gastroco||c ref|ex) push feces |nto the rectum th|s |eads to
|nt|at|on of defecat|on ref|ex
W 1he des|re for defecat|on |s e||c|ted when the |ntrarecta| pressure
|ncreases
W Center for defecat|on |s |n the sacra| segment of sp|na| cord
90
1he LND 1he LND
91
92
93
94
93
kegu|at|on of the D|gest|ve System kegu|at|on of the D|gest|ve System
1) AuLonomous smooLhmuscle funcLlon
2) lnLrlnslc nerve plexuses
3) LxLrlnslc nerves
4) CasLrolnLesLlnal hormones
96
97
CasLrlc secreLlons
nC|
acLlvaLes pepslnogen
denaLures proLeln
kllls bacLerla
eps|nogen
once acLlvaLed lnlLlaLes proLeln dlgesLlon
mucus
provldes a proLecLlve coaLlng Lo gasLrlc mucosa
|ntr|ns|c factor
vlLamln 12 absorpLlon a consLlLuenL essenLlal for normal red blood cell
producLlon
98
Gastr|c Gastr|c secret|on gradua||y decreases secret|on gradua||y decreases
as as food empt|es from the stomach food empt|es from the stomach |nto the |nto the |ntest|ne |ntest|ne
99
Segmentat|on
W Duodenum segmenLaLlon ln response Lo local dlsLenslon
W Lmpty ||eum segmenLaLlon by gasLrln
CasLrln secreLed ln response Lo Lhe presence of chyme ln Lhe
sLomach %gastro||ea| ref|ex)
W SegmenLaLlon moves chyme Lhrough Lhe small lnLesLlne as Lhe
frequency of segmenLaLlon decllnes along Lhe lengLh of Lhe
small lnLesLlne
L8 uuodenum 12/mlnuLe
lllum 9/mlnuLe
100
Iron and ca|c|um absorpt|on Iron and ca|c|um absorpt|on
W absorpLlon ls sub[ecL Lo regulaLlon dependlng
on Lhe body's needs for Lhese elecLrolyLes
101
defecat|on ref|ex defecat|on ref|ex
102
L|ver funct|ons L|ver funct|ons
W MeLabollc processlng of Lhe ma[or caLegorles of nuLrlenLs %carbohydraLes proLelns
and llplds) afLer Lhelr absorpLlon from Lhe dlgesLlve LracL
W ueLoxlfylng or degradlng body wasLes and hormones as well as drugs and oLher
forelgn compounds
W SynLheslzlng plasma proLelns lncludlng Lhose needed for blood cloLLlng and Lhose
LhaL LransporL sLerold and Lhyrold hormones and cholesLerol ln Lhe blood
W SLorlng glycogen faLs lron copper and many vlLamlns
W AcLlvaLlng vlLamln u whlch Lhe llver does ln con[uncLlon wlLh Lhe kldneys
W 8emovlng bacLerla and wornouL red blood cells %role of macrophages)
W LxcreLlng cholesLerol and blllrubln Lhe laLLer belng a breakdown producL derlved
from Lhe desLrucLlon of wornouL red blood cells
103
104
Lxocrlne gland cells ln Lhe mucosa secreLe lnLo Lhe
lumen
Aqueous salL
Mucus soluLlon
Small lnLesLlnesynLheslzed dlgesLlve enzymes
AcL |ntrace||u|ar|y wlLhln Lhe borders of Lhe eplLhellal cells
noL secreLed wlLh Lhe [ulce
Contro| of b||e secret|on Contro| of b||e secret|on
normona| mechan|sm (secret|n)
sLlmulaLes an aqueous alkallne blle secreLlon by Lhe
llver ducLs
Neura| mechan|sm (vagus nerve)
mlnor role
cephallc phase of dlgesLlon
103
Na Na
+ +
Water absorpt|on Water absorpt|on
Na
+
Na
+
K
+ K
+
Na
+
P
Na
+
K
+
Lumen Interst|t|a| f|u|d
Water |s reabsorbed pass|ve|y down the osmot|c grad|ent produced by act|ve reabsorpt|on of Na
+
106
Large Large |ntest|ne secret|on |ntest|ne secret|on
uoes noL secreLe any dlgesLlve enzymes
Alkallne %naPCC3) mucus soluLlon
107
Large |ntest|ne absorpt|on Large |ntest|ne absorpt|on
Less absorpLlve surface area Lhan Lhe small lnLesLlne %no v||||)
uoes noL have Lhe speclallzed LransporL mechanlsms found ln
Lhe small lnLesLlne for absorblng glucose or amlno aclds
Absorbs
na
+
Cl

P2C
vlLamln k %synLheslzed by colonlc bacLerla)
108
8eflexes ln
Colon and
8ecLum
JaLer and lons
W JaLer
Can move ln elLher dlrecLlon
across wall of small lnLesLlne
dependlng on osmoLlc
gradlenLs
W lons
Sodlum poLasslum calclum
magneslum phosphaLe are
acLlvely LransporLed
at bsorpt|on at bsorpt|on
111