Head Teacher Training Resource Material 2068.

k/LIf0fsf nflu
k|wfgfWofks g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd
tflnd ;|f]t ;fdu|L
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/
k|wfgfWofks g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd

(Head Teachers' Leadership Capacity Building Training)
tflnd ;|f]t ;fdu|L

(Training Resource Material)
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno

;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/
k|sfzs
g]kfn ;/sf/
lzIff dGqfno

;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/
z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, @)^*

Od]n M nced@moe.gov.np
j]e: www.nced.gov.np
k|fSsyg
ljBfnosf] ljsf; / pGgltsf nflu k|wfgfWofkssf] e"ldsf k|d'v x'G5 . o;sf nflu
k|wfgfWofkssf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf s'zn / ;kmn x'g'kb{5 . ljBfnosf] g]t[Tj ug{] JolQm
k|efjsf/L of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;Sg], ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u tyf kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg],
ljljwtfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg], cfgf ;xsdL{ lzIfs, cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{xnfO{
;dGjo tyf clek|]l/t u/L ljBfnosf] nIo k|flKt Pjd\ ;du| ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{
;Sg] 1fg tyf ;Lk x'g'kb{5 .
g]kfndf ljBfno lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug]{ nIo;lxt rfn' cf=j= b]lv
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cfufdL ;ft jif{sf nflu sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . o;
sfo{qmdn] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnoxdf of]Uotf, bIftf /
k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df kf/bzL{ 9\un] kwfgfWofkssf] lgo'lQm ug]{ / ltgsf] lg/Gt/
k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sfo{/t k|wfgfWofksxsf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf;sf
nflu Psdlxg] tflnd ;~rfngsf qmddf ;xof]uL cWoog ;fdu|Lsf kdf of] ;fdu|L
tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o;df Ps k|wfgfWofksdf ;kmn ljBfno Joj:yfkgsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ ljifoj:t'x ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . tL ljifoj:t'sf] cWooogaf6
ljBfnosf ljleGg ;d;fdlos ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;d:of lg/fs/0fsf pkfoxsf]
vf]hL ug{df ;xof]uL x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
of] ;fdu|L tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ k|lzIfs tyf tflndsf ;xefuL k|wfgfWofksxsf nflu
cWoog ;fdu|Lsf kdf pkof]uL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
of] ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;df ;+nUg ;a}df of] s]Gb| xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . o; ;fdu|LnfO{
cem a9L l;sfd}qL, Jofjxfl/s tyf pkof]uL agfpg o;sf k|of]ustf{ Pjd\
ljt\ju{af6 k|fKt x'g] /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] of] s]Gb| ;b}j :jfut ub{5 .
@)^*
ljifo;"rL
j|m= ;+=
zLif{s
k]h
!=
ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf
@=
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;
!@
#=
;lrjfno sfo{
@#
$= ljBfno ;|f]t Joj:yfkg
@(
%= ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg / k/LIff Joj:yfkg
$$
^=
lg0f{o k|lj|mof
%&
&=
;dGjo
^$
*= k];fut ljsf; / cfTd Joj:yfkg
^(
(= ;do Joj:yfkg
&^
!)= tgfj Joj:yfkg
*)
!!= k/fdz{
*&
!@= cg'Gwfg k|:tfjgf n]vg
(*
!#= k|ltj]bg n]vg
!)*
PsfO{ M !
ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf
cjwf/0ff
lglZrt Pjd\ tf]lsPsf lgwf{l/t z}lIfs ;"rsxsf cfwf/df ljBfno :jod\n] g} d"Nof\sg ug{
;Sg] ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn of]hgf dflgG5 . ljBfnoxn] sfo{fGjogdf Nofpg]
cfwf/e"t of]hgfnfO{ g} ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf eGg] ul/G5 . ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf ljBfnosf]
xfnsf] sfo{ sf}zn Pjd\ pknlAwsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{, ljBdfg k|rng / eljiodf cfpg ;Sg]
tTjxn] ljBfnonfO{ kfg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf] dfkgsf] cfwf/df cfufdL lbgsf] nflu k|fyldstf /
nIox tf]Sg] sfo{ g} ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf xf] . 'The School Development Plan is primarily a
working document for use by the school . It will be based on the schools analysis of current levels of
performance, its assessment of how current trends and future factors may impact on the school and set
out priorities and targets for improvement for the period
ahead .' k|efjsf/L of]hgf lgdf{0f
k|lj|mofnfO{ ;kmn ;+:yfxsf] k|d'v ljz]iftfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;Gbe{df oL
s'/fx ;d]l6Psf] x'g'kb{5 M
!= ljBfnosf] d"No, dfGotf, ;+:s[lt / p2]Zox .
@= ljBfnosf] xfnsf] cj:yf dfkg, ljBfnosf ;an kIfx, u'0f:t/Lo lzIf0fl;sfOsf nflu
;'wf/sf If]qx / slDtdf cfufdL # jif{;Ddsf nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg / ljsf;df k|efj
kfg{ ;Sg] tTjxsf] klxrfg .
#= cfzf ul/Pcg';f/sf] ;|f]t;fwg / ;f]sf] plrt Joj:yfkg .
$= lgwf{l/t ;dofjlwdf ljBnon] xfl;n ug{] pnklAw tyf nIox .
%= lgwf{l/t p2]Zo / nIox k|fKt ug]{ tl/sf / k|ltj4tf /
^= slxn] / s;/L sfo{k|ultsf] dfkg ug]{ eGg] :ki6 vfsf .
;fy} ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfsf b'O{ cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx ePsf] x'g' kb{5 M klxnf], :jd"Nof\sgsf
cfwf/df ;'wf/x ub}{ ;+:yfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|ltj4tf, / bf];|f] ljBfno ljsf;sf] of]hgf
lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjodf ljBfno / ;dbfoaLr Jofks ;~rf/, ;dGjo, ;/f]sf/ / ;+nUgtf /xg'
kg]{ . o;} u/L k|efjsf/L of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / k|wfgfWofsaf6
k|efjsf/L g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . oL b'j} kIfn] ljBfno ljsf;sf l;4fGt / ljBfnosf]
lgoldt ;'wf/af/] b[9 k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] x'g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu k|c / ljJo;x ljBfno ;'wf/sf]
k|lj|mofdf ;lj|motfsf ;fy nflukg'{ kb{5, ljBfno ljsf;sf nflu ljBfnosf :6fkm / ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf x/]s ;b:osf] of]ubfgsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em\g ;Sg'kb{5, / lgoldt cg'udgsf
k|lj|mofxnfO{ :yflkt u/L ;'wf/ sfo{sf] lgoldlt ;dLIff ug]{ / ljBdfg Joj:yf / k|aGwn]
;Ifdtfsf ;fy sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 egL ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 .
k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L
ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf k|wfgfWofks, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt of s'g} Ps JolStn] PSn} a;]/
sfo{ ug]{ b:tfj]h xf]Og . o;sf nflu ljBfnosf :6fkmx, ljz]ifu/L lzIf0f :6fkm;usf] ;/;Nnfx,
cleefjs / ljBfyL{x ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;kmntfdf
ljBfnosf :6fkm;usf] ;/;Nnfx / ;+nUgtfn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ljBfno ljsf;
of]hgfn] pRRf :f"rsxsf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{ pknlAw:t/ a9fpg] / ;du|df lzIf0fl;sfOdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] xf] eg] ljBfnosf :6fkmn] ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|lj|mof a'em]sf] x'g'kb{5, of]hgf k|lj|mofsf] ckGfTj
lng' kb{5 / of]hgfsf x/]s r/0fdf ;lj|mo ;xeflutf b]vfpg' kb{5, ljBfyL{n] xfl;n ug]{ pknlAw,
cg'ej / k|ultnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} sIffsf]7fleq dfq geP/ sIff sf]7faflx/sf lj|mofsnfkxn]
klg l;sfOnfO{ /dfOnf] agfO{ pknlAw:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'/\ofPsf] x'G5 egL
a'em]sf] x'g'kb{5, pko'St 9\un] k];fut ljsf;sf sfo{snfkdf ;+nUg ePsf] x'g'kb{5,
cfjZostfg';f/ cfk"mn] cjnDag u/]sf] lzIf0fl;sfOsf tf}/tl/sfxdf ;'wf/ / ;+;f]wg ug{ tTk/
/xg' kb{5 . o;} u/L ljBfnon] klg cleefjsxnfO{ of]hgf k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL eO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u /
of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] cj;/ h'6fO{ lbg'kb{5 . o;/L cleefjsxn] k'/\ofpg] of]ubfgsf If]qxdf
ljBfno v'Ng], ;~rfng x'g] / aGb x'g] ;do, ;~rf/, l;sfO k|lj|mofdf ;xof]u, ljBfyL{ u[xsfo{ /
cg'zf;gaf/] gLltlgod agfpg], / aRRffxsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{xdf ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf
sfo{x x'g ;S5g\ . o;} u/L of]hgfsf af/]df ljBfyL{xn] JoSt u/]sf, dg k/fPsf / dg
gk/fPsf b'j} vfn] k|ltlj|mofn] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;sf/fTds ;"rgf k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 .
ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf eg]sf] ljBfnosf] pGGflt / k|ultsf] sfo{lbzf lgwf{/0f ug]{ b:tfj]h xf] .
o;n] ljBfnosf] tfTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg nIo / p2]Zo;lxt :ki6 sfo{ljlwsf] vfsf tof/ u/]sf]
x'G5 . g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnoxn] xfn cfk\mg} ljutsf] glthf, cfkm\gf] kl/j]zh:t} cGo
;fd'bflos ljBfnox / lghL ljBfnox;u k|lt:kwf{ u/L cufl8 a9\g' kl//x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
ljBfnosf] :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;doa4 ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf agfO{ cl3 a9g'
;a} k|wfgfWofksxsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 .
ljBdfg cj:yfcEof;
;fd'bflos ljBfnoxdf ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfsf] cEof;sf] ?kdf ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] ljut
jif{x b]lv clgjfo{ ?kdf cEof; ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ljBfno ljsf;df g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng]
k|wfgfWofkssf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9fjf lbb} lzIff P]g, @)@* -;+zf]wg;lxt_, lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(
-;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] lgod (# sf] pklgod @ ;u;DalGwt cg';"rL !# adf]lhd ;fd'bflos
ljBfnosf] k|wfgfWofks 5gf]6sf hDdf !)) k"0ff{\ssf] ljleGg cfwf/xdWo] ljBfno ;'wf/
sfo{of]hgfsf nflu #) c\s 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgfafkt c\s k|bfg ubf{ clt
pQd eP #) c+s, pQd eP @) c+s / ;dfGo eP !) c+s k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . o;}u/L
lzIfsn] ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgfafkt c\s k|fKt ug{sf nflu To:tf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L
ug'{kg]{ 5 . Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] cfjZostfg';f/ ljBfno ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgf d"Nof\sg
ljz]if1xsf] ;d"x u7g u/L d"Nof\sg u/fpg ;Sg] 5 . lzIff lgodfjNfLsf] cg';"rL !#
cg';f/ k|WffGfWofksn] tof/ ug]{ ljBfno ljsf;;DaGwL k|:tfjsf] vfsf b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5
!= ljBfnosf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f
-s_ ef}lts Joj:yfkg
-c_ ljBfno ejg
-cf_ kmlg{r/
-O_ vfg]kfgL
-O{_ ljBfnosf] pknAw hUufhldg / cGo ;DklQsf] pkof]usf] cj:yf cflb .
-v_ ljBfno jftfj/0f ;/;kmfO{
-u_ z}lIfs kIf
-c_ cfkm\gf] If]qsf afnaflnsfsf] ljBfnodf kxFrsf] l:lylt
-cf_ k7gkf7gsf] cj:yf
-O_ z}lIfs pknlAw:t/
-O{_ lzIfs Joj:yfkgsf] l:ylt
-3_ ljBfno;d'bfo ;DaGw
-c_ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
-cf_ lzIfs cleefjs ;+3
-O_ cleefjs ;Dd]ng
-O{_ ;fd'bflos ;lj|motfsf] l:ylt
-_ ;|f]t kl/rfng
-c_ ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ;|f]t
-cf_ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;|f]t
-O_ ;d'bfo Pjd\ cGo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u / pkof]u
-r_ cltl/St lj|mofsnfk
-c_ v]ns'b
-cf_ ;bg ljefhg
-O_ xflh/Lhjfkm, lxHh], sljtf, gf6s, lgaGw tyf cGo k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng
-O{_ afn Sna, ;fd'bflos lStofnfk, Hf:t} M ;/;kmfO{ cleofg, cleefjs hfu/0f sfo{j|md
cflb .
k]z
ug{
-s_
M
@= -s_ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df b]lvPsf ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu k|fyldsLs/0f

!=
@=
#=
-v_ ljBfnosf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu cjnDag ul/g] d'Vo /0fgLltx
!=
@=
#=
-u_ ljBfno ;~rfng;DaGwL b'O{jif]{ sfo{of]hgf
9frf
ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0fsf k|d'v r/0fxnfO{ ;fdfGotof o;/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= ljBfnosf] ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, d"No dfGotfk|lt :ki6tf / k|ltj4tf
@= ljBfnosf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf (audit) / efjL ;'wf/sf If]qxsf] klxrfg .
#= sfo{sf] k|fyldsLs/0f ub}{ ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
$= ljsf; sfo{sf nflu k|efjsf/L cg'udg ;+oGqsf] ;'lglZrtf ug]{ / ;f] cg'udg ljj/0fsf]
cfwf/df ljsf; of]hgf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .
ljleGg kf7\o;|f]txdf ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfjnfO{ leGglEfGg 9\uaf6 k|:t'tL / JofVof u/]sf]
kfOG5 . :yfg / kl/j]z cg';f/ ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ljj/0fx km/skm/s x'g
;S5g\ tyflk cfwf/e"t s'/fxdf Ps?ktf g} kfOG5 . dfly plNnlvt lzIff lgodfjnLdf ePsf]
ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfsf] ljj/0fnfO{ DfWogh/ ub}{ xfn z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|dfkm{t\
;~rfng x'g] k|wfgfWofks g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd k|of]hgsf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf] vfsf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M
k|wfgfWofkssf nflu ;~rfng x'g] Psdlxgf cjlwsf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflndsf] :j?k
b]xfoadf]hd x'g] u/L ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ tflnd sfo{zfnf df]8\o'n -!) lbg_
-v_ :jcWoog cEof; df]8\o'n -@) lbg a/fa/sf]_
tflnd sfo{zfnf df]8\o'n ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb| tyf cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|df !)
lbg;Dd ;~rfng x'g] 5 . o; df]8\o'ndf d'Vo ?kdf k|efjsf/L g]t[Tjsf gjLgtd\ cjwf/0ff,
ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf, lzIfs ljsf; tyf k];fut Ifdtf ljsf;, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, ljljwtf tyf
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lgwf{l/t ljifoj:t'x to ul/Psf] 5 . o; df]8\o'nsf] ;'?df :jcWoog
cEof; df]8\o'nsf] cfjZostf k|f]kmfOncGtu{t ;xefuLn] tof/ u/]sf] ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfj
(School Development Proposal) k|:t'tLs/0f tyf 5nkmn ug'k
{ g]{ 5 . ;fy} k|:tfjdf k|s6
cfjZostf k|f]kmfOnsf] cfwf/df ;d]t cGo s]xL ljifoj:t' 5gf}6 u/L o; tflnd sfo{zfnf
df]8\o'ndf ;dfof]hg u/L of] df]8\o'n ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . o;} u/L :jcWoog cEof; df]8\o'n
:jcWoogdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] ljBfnodf g} sfo{/t /x]sf] ;dodf ;~rfng x'g] 5 . @) sfo{ lbg
a/fa/sf] of] df]8\o'n % sfo{lbg ef/ a/fa/sf] cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn tof/L / !% sfo{lbg a/fa/sf]
:jcWoog sfo{ u/L b'O{cf]6f efudf ;~rfng x'g] 5 .
v != cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn
o; df]8\o'nsf] klxnf] v08 % sfo{ef/ lbg a/fa/sf] x'g] 5 . o;cGt/ut k|wfgfWofksn] cfkm\gf]
ljBfnosf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf sfo{x ug]{ xf] < ;f] s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]/ tkl;nsf] 9frfdf ljBfno
ljsf; k|:tfj (School Development Proposal- SDP) tof/ ug'[{ kg]{ 5 . h;sf nflu tflnd
sfo{zfnf df]8\o'n ;~rfng x'g'eGbf ;fdfGotof b'O{ dlxgf klxnf g} ;DalGwt k|wfgfWofksnfO{
tflndsf] nflu dgf]gog;u} k|:tfj tof/ u/L tflnddf cfpgsf nflu hfgsf/L u/fOg] 5 . pSt
ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfj (SDP) ;DalGwt k|wfgfWofksn] :6fkm a}7s, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /
lzIfs cleefjs ;\3sf k|ltlglwaLr 5nkmn u/L tflnd sfo{zfnfdf cfpbf tof/ u/L Nofpg'kg]{
5 . o; k|:tfjaf6 k|csf] k];fut cfjZostfsf If]q klxNofpg;d]t k|of]u ul/g] 5 / tL
cfjZostf tflnd sfo{zfnf tyf :jcWoog cEof; df]8\o'n ;~rfngsf j|mddf ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{
5 . o; cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn cyf{t\ ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfj (SDP) sf] k"0fff{s !) /x]sf] 5 .
ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfj (School Development Proposal) sf] 9frf

!_ ljBfnosf] gfd M
@_ ljBfnosf] k[i7e"ld -:yfkgf, sfo{If]q, b"/b[li6, nIo tyf k|d'v lj|mofsnfk_ M
#_ ljBdfg cj:yf, k|d'v ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltx M
ljBfno ljsf;sf kIfx ;jn kIf
ljBdfg k|d'v ;d:of tTsflns of]hgf
tyf r'gf}ltx
ljBfno;u ;DalGwt
of]hgf lgdf{0f
;|f]t Joj:yfkg
-ljlQo, n]vf k4lt
dfgjLo tyf ;"rgf_
lzIfs ljsf; tyf
k];fut ;xof]u
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg
;dGjo -ljleGg lgsfo
;|f]ts]Gb|,
lhlzsf,
ljJo;,
lzIfs
cleefjs ;+3, uflj;,
u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf_
z}Ifl0fs Joj:yfkg
-z}lIfs ;fdu|L, kf7oj|md,
ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg_
cGo
$_ ;'wf/sf If]qx / nIo lgwf{/0f -cfufdL @ jif{sf nflu_
ck]lIft glthf
sfo{x
Sfo{k|lj|mof
;dfojlw
;"rs
gd"gf ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfj

-k|:t't of]hgf Ps pbfx/0f dfq xf], ljBfnosf] cj:yfcg';f/ ljj/0fx Jofks?kdf ;d]6L ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5_
!= ljBfnosf] gfd M >L cd/hof]lt gd'gf pRr df=lj= g]jf/], ;'v]{t

@= ljBfnosf] k[i7e"ld M
-s_ ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfsf] kl/ro / cf}lrTo M
ljBfnodf xfn pknAw / ;DefJo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klxrfg, kl/rfng / ;b'kof]u u/L of]hgfa4
9\uaf6 ljBfnosf ;d:ofx ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu Ps ;xof]uL ;fwgsf] ?kdf ljBfno ljsf;
of]hgfnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . ljBfnodf pknAw ;an kIfxsf] clwstd pkof]uaf6 ljBdfg ;d:of
tyf r'gf}ltxnfO{ ;xh?df ;dfwfg ug{ / ljBfnonfO{ Ps k|efjsf/L ljBfnosf] ?kdf :yflkt
ug{ ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf cfjZos ePsf] 5 . of] ljBfno ljsf; of]hgfn] k|wfgfWofks,
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs, ljBfyL{ / ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfonfO{ ljBfnosf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ;dLIff u/L
hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg]5 / ;du| ljBfnosf] ljsf;df ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] e"ldsf klxrfg ug{
;3fpg k'/\ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ ljBfnosf] :yfkgf, sfo{If]q, b'/ b[li6, nIo M
aL/]Gb|gu/ g=kf= j8f g=+ ( df cjl:yt o; ljBfnon] ljBfnodf :jR5 jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L
:yfgLo cfjZostfsf cfwf/df cfwf/e"t tx b]lv pRr dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'ne
?kdf pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf] sfo{ If]q lj/]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= & / *, (
/ !) df s]lGb|t /x]sf] ePtf klg gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf OR5's ljBfyL{xnfO{ pgLxsf]
5gf]6cg';f/sf] ljifo cWoog ug{ o; ljBfnon] cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf]
dfWodaf6 lzIffnfO{ JolStsf] Jofjxfl/s hLjg;u hf]8L :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u ub}{
:jfjnDaL / k|hftflGqs d"No dfGotf ;xLtsf] hgzlSt pTkfbg u/L /fli6o d"nwf/df ;dfof]hg
ug]{ o; ljBfnosf] b"/ b[li6 /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ ljBfnosf k|d'v lj|mofsnfk M
o; ljBfnodf lgDglnlvt lj|mofsnfkx lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] 5 M
jflif{s sfo{of]hgf / sfo{tflnsfsf] cfwf/df ljifout lzIfsxaf6 lgoldt k7g kf7gsf]
Joj:yf ePsf]
l;sfOdf kl5 k/]sf ljBfyL{xsf nflu 5'6\6} sIff ;~rfng / cleefjs k/fdz{ ug]{
Joj:yf ePsf]
;do ;oddf If]q e|d0f tyf cGo If]q / /fi6Lo k|ltof]lutfxdf ljBfyL{xnfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg] ul/Psf]
lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|;usf] ;dGjodf ljlEfGg lsl;dsf lzIfs
k];fut ljsf;sf sfo{j|mdx ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf]
lgoldt ?kdf ljBfyL{ lgb]{lzt Pjd\ ;a} lzIfsx ;xefuL x'g] u/L cltl/St sfo{snfksf]
cfof]hgf ug]{ ul/Psf]

ljBfyL{sf] ?rL / 5gf]6cg';f/sf] ljifodf cWoog ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ul/Psf]
kl/of]hgf sfo{ / cEof;df cfwfl/t lzIf0f lj|mofsnfkx ;~rfng ul/Psf]
ljBfyL{xdf ljBfno kf]zfssf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u ePsf]
ljleGGf ;fdflhs sfo{ dfkm{t ljBfno ;d'bfo ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg] k|of; ePsf]
cfjlws k/LIff ;~rfng, ljBfyL{, cleefjsxnfO{ k/LIffkmnsf] glthfaf/] cfjZos
k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf]
;fdflhs n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ ul/Psf]
OToflb .
#_ ljBfnosf] ljBdfg cj:yf M

o; ljBfnosf k|d'v z}lIfs, ef}lts, ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, ljBfno;d'bfo ;DaGw;DaGwL ljBdfg
cj:yfnfO{ ;+lIfKtkdf b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ z}lIfs cj:yf=============
-v_ ef}lts cj:yf=================
-u_ ;|f]t Joj:yfkg cj:yf=================
-3_ ljBfno;d'bfo ;DaGwsf] cj:yf================
$= k|d'v ;d:of / tyf r'gf}ltx M
ljBfno
;jn kIfjt{dfgsf /fd|f ljBdfg k|d'v ;d:of
tTsflns of]hgf
-tkfO{n] ug]{ lj|mofsnfk s] s]
ljsf;sf kIfx
tyf r'gf}ltx
x'g\ <_
kIfx
ljBfno;u ljutdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf
o; jif{ % jif]{ SIP lgdf{0f
;DjlGwt
cfly{s / ef}lts ;d:of ug,]{
SIP ut jif{ ;lsPsf]
of]hgf
5g\
5 . o; jif{ SIP lgdf{0f
sIffsf]7f / kmlg{r/ ;'wf/
lgdf{0f
ug]{ of]hgf 5
ug]{
lzIfsxsf w]/}
lkl/o8 ePsf]n]
TPD tflnd lnPsf
lzIfsxnfO{ ;sf/fTds
of]hgfsf ;fy
lzIfsxsf] TIP
;f]r / dfgjLo
lgdf{0f ul/Psf]5
sIffsf]7fdf hfg ;d:of d"NodfGotf;DjGwL tflnd
5
lbg]
ljBfnon] jflif{s
sfo{of]hgf agfO{
ljBfnodf lzIfsxnfO{
sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5
sDKo"6/ / c+u|]hL efiffsf]
tflnd lbg]
;|f]t
ljlQo ;|f]tdf ;/sf/L
Aoj:yfkg
cg'bfg / cleefjsn]
ljBfnonfO{ lbg] ;xof]u
d'Vo 5g\
n]vf b'?:t /fVg] bf]xf]/f]
n]vf k|0ff0fLsf] Aoj:yf
5
b/jGbLcg';f/ lzIfssf]
Aoj:yf 5
ljBfnodf kmf]g /
km\ofS;sf] Aoj:yf 5
sIff cg';f/ lzIfs

b/jlGb sd 5 . n]vf
k':tsfno / ljBfnosf]
b}lgs k|zf;gsf nflu
cfjZos hgzlStsf]
cefj ePsf] hgzlSt
klg tflnd ck|fKt 5g\
ljBfnosf cfjZos
;"rgf Aoj:yfkg ug{
b/fh, kmfOn, sDKo"6/
cefj ePsf]n] ;"rgf
k|0ffnL Aojl:yt ug{
;d:of 5
:yfgLo lj1, ;fwg /
;|f]txsf] ljBfno
ljsf;df k|efjsf/L
;b'kof]u x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yf 5
ljjwtf
n}l\us, zf/Ll/s, Gb kof{Kt ef}lts ;fwg
Joj:yfkg
cflbdf ljljwtf eP klg gePsfn] hl6n
zf/Ll/s ckf\utf
;xh tl/sfn] ;dfwfg
ePsf ljBfyL{d}qL
ePsf 5g\
sIffsf]7f, l;sfpg]
lzIfsx / z}lIfs
;fdu|Lsf] cefj
ax'efiff, ax'sIff,
dft[efiff lzIf0f sfo{
k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf]
5}g
ljBfyL{sf ;j} /]s8{

sDKo"/df /fVg],
lzIfsxnfO{ cfwf/e"t
sDKo"6/ tflnd lbg]
ljBfnonfO{ rflxg] :yfgLo
;|f]t / ;fdu|Lsf] klxrfg
ug{ sfo{ 6f]nL u7g u/L
sfo{ ;'? ug]{
5fqj[ltsf] cj;/ j[l4 ug]{,

ljBfnon] cfkm\gf] ;|f]t
agfP/ cfly{s ?kn]
lk5l8Psf / ckf\utf
ePsf slDtdf !) k|ltzt
ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQ lbg],
sIffsf]7f / kmlg{r/ yKg]
tflnd s]Gb|sf] ;dGjodf
ax'efiff, ax'sIff, dft[efiff
lzIf0f nfO{ lgoldt
l6lk8L sfo{j|md cGtu{t
Nofpg] .
;dGjo
;/f]sf/jfnfsf] of]hgf
/ xfd|f] ljBfnosf]
of]hgfaLr ;dodf d]n
gvfg] ePsf]n]
slxn]sfFxL cfjZos
ePsf] ;dodf ;dGjo
/ ;Dks{ x'g ;ls/x]sf]
5}g
z}Ifl0fs ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{
;dodf kf7\ok':ts,
Joj:yfkg
kf7\oj|md kfpg
kf7\ok':ts k'u]sf] 5
g;lsPsf]
lzIfsxnfO{ ;Gbe{
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof w]/} ePsf
;fdu|L klg pknAw 5
k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf u/L sf/0f sltko
k|of]ufTds sfo{ x'g
s]xL k':tsx /flvPsf
g;s]sf]
5g\
lzIfs
ljsf;
tyf
k];fut
;xof]u
ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfo;u ljBfnosf]
;dGjo /fd|f] 5
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;u
;dGjo u/]/ of]hgf th'{df
u/L sfd ug]{
ljBfnosf lj|mofsnfkdf
;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg
sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L
nfu" ug]{
k|of]ufTds ljlw k|of]u ug{
ljBfyL{xsf] ;d"x
ljefhg u/L k|of]ufTds
sIff ;+rfng ug]{
lzIf0f ;d:of ;dfwfgfy{
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg sfo{
;~rfng ug]{
aflif{s kf7of]hgf
o'lgogdfkm{t tof/ u/L
clxn] 5kfOsf] j|mddf 5
tflndk|fKt lzIfsxn]
pko'St lzIf0f ljlw
pkof]u ul//xg'ePsf] 5
clwsf+z lzIfsx
;DalGwt lgsfoaf6
;DalGwt lgsfo;+u
tflnd k|fKt x'g'x'G5
kof{Kt ;'kl/j]If0f
cg'udg ;'kl/j]If0fsf
nflu cg'/f]w ul/Psf]
cg'
u
dg
x'
g
g;s]
s
f]
lzIfsxsf] lgo'lSt,
k|=c=f/f klg w]/} 306L k|=c=sf] lkl/o8 36fP/
a9'jf lzIff lgodfjnL
lng'kg]{ ePsf] c?
sIff cg'udgnfO{
cg';f/ x'g] u/]sf]
lzIfssf
sIff
k|fyldstf lbg]
tflnds]Gb|n] cfof]hgf
cjnf]
s
g
ug{
g;lsPsf]
l6kL8L z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{
u/]sf] tflnddf 5gf]6
sfo{j|mdnfO{ a9L
ePsf lzIfsxn]
;xeflutfd"ns agfO{
cfkm\gf] ljifout tflnd
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
lng'ePsf]
PsfO, q}dfl;s,
cw{aflif{s / aflif{s
d"Nof+sg ;fy;fy}
cfjlws d"Nof\sg klg
x'g] u/]sf]
10
%= ;'wf/sf If]qx / nIo lgwf{/0f -cfufdL @ aif{sf nflu_

ck]lIft glthf
sfo{x
sfo{ k|lj|mof
ljBfnosf]
u[xsfo{, sIff
klxnf] 306L lzIfsnfO{
ljBfyL{ pknAwL sfo{, cfjlws
;DalGwt sIffsf] ;Dk"0f{
d"Nof+sg, sIff
lhDd]jf/L lbO{ sfd ug]{ .
glthf %)%
cjnf]sg,
k'ofpg]
lgdf{0f ;ldlt, km"naf/L
Joj:yfkg ;ldltn]
sDkfp08leq
ljBfno
of]hgf agfO{ sfd ug]{
km"naf/L lgdf{0f
sIffsf]7fsf]
jftfj/0f /d0fLo ug]{
agfpg]
lh=lz=sf= / ljBfnon]
;xsfo{ u/L sfd ug]{
;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fq 5fqfxnfO{
5'f 5'} zf}rfno
k'Ug] ;j{;'ne
lgdf{0f ug]{
zf}rfno
ljBfnodf ck'u kmlg{r/
kmlg{r/ lgdf{0f / lgdf{0f ;ldltdfkm{t
;a} lBfyL{nfO{
lgdf{0f ug]{
d/Ddt
kmlg{r/
ljBfnon] lgdf{0f
ljBfnosf] cfkm\g} ;ldltdfkm{t vfg]kfgL
:jR5
>f]taf6 vfg]kfgL lgdf{0f ug]{
vfg]kfgLsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{
Joj:yf
lzIfssf] ljifout
lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ lzIf0f ;d:of
;d"x agfO{
;dfwfgfy{
NofO afnd}qL
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
lzIf0f aftfj/0f sfo{d"ns
ug]{
cg';Gwfg sfo{
tof/ ug]{
;~rfng ug]{
;dofljw
lg/Gt/
;"rs
glthf x]/]/
@ aif{leq
cfsif{s
au}+rf
@)^*
ljBfyL{
>fj0f leq zf}rfno
cg'kft
lg/Gt/
ljBfyL{
kmlg{r/
cg'kft
! aif{
^ dlxgf
slDtdf b"O
rj|m
k"/fePsf]
sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg
k|ltj]bg
11
PsfO{ M @
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;

cjwf/0ff
lzIfsxdf /x]sf] of]Uotf Pjd\ IfdtfnfO{ ;do;fk]If kdf gjLs/0f, ;anLs/0f Pjd\ cBfjlws
ub}{ sIffsf]7fsf] lzIf0fdf tflTjs kl/jt{g NofO{ ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw :t/df :ki6 ;'wf/ Nofpg'
;Ifd lzIff k|0ffnLsf] clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . o; tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L lzIfsx cfkmF}+n] cfk\mgf]
d"Nof\sg ug]{, sIffsf]7f tyf lzIf0f hLjgdf cfjZos 1fg ;Lkdf kx'r xfl;n ug]{, lgoldt
:jfWoog / k7g ;+:s[lt ljsf; u/L cy{k"0f{ cEof;df ;l/s x'g]h:tf ljlwxdfkm{t\ lg/Gt/ k];fut
ljsf; ug]{ k|rng ljZjJofkL kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL lzIff If]qdf
cu|ufdL ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] rfn' cfly{s jif{b]lv sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md
(School Sector Reform Program-SSRP) n] lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; (Teachers' Professional
Development-TPD) sf nflu gLltut Pjd\ of]hgfut Joj:yf lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 .
o; sfo{j|mdsf] lzIfs ljsf;;DaGwL k|fjwfgcg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sfo{/t ;a}
k|sf/sf lzIfsxn] ;]jfsfnLg kdf ;~rfng x'g] Ps dlxgf;Ddsf] k];fut ljsf; ultljlwdf
kx'Fr xfl;n ug{ kfpg] / To;sf] pknlAwnfO{ lzIfssf] j[lQ ljsf;;u cfa4 ug]{ Joj:yf 5 .
1=
2=
3=
4=
5=
6=
gLlt ;f/f+z
;Dk"0f{ lzIfsxnfO{ ;]jfsflng kdf cfufdL % jif{leqdf #) lbg a/fa/sf] lzIfssf] k];ut
Ifdtf ljsf; tflnddf kx'r ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
lzIfsxsf] j[lQljsf;sf nflu k|To]s txdf Beginner, Experienced, Master and Expert u/L
hDdf rf/cf]6f >]0fL /xg] / k|To]s dflyNnf] >]0fLdf a9'jf x'gsf nflu plNnlvt cjlwsf] k];fut
tflnd -l6lk8L df]8\o'n_, of]Uotf, sfo{;Dkfbg / Ho]i7tfnfO{ cfwf/ agfOg] .
SSRP cGtu{t sfod ePsf] sfo{/t lzIfsxsf] of]Uotf cku|]l8 ug{ cfwf/e"t txsf xsdf
;fljsdf pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\cGtu{t rfn' /x]sf] !) dlxg] tflndk|fKt hgzlStnfO{ sIff
!@ sf] ljz]if kf7\oj|md cWofkg u/fpg] sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog hf/L /xg] . ;fy} dfWolds txsf
xsdf ljZjljBfnox;u ljz]if ;xsfo{ u/L Pd\P8\ sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/g] .
ljz]if lzIff, ax'eflifs lzIff, ax'sIff lzIf0fsf nflu lzIff ljefuaf6 5gf]6 ul/Psf
(Designated) lzIfsxsf] ljz]if Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu ;3g tflnd sfo{j|md ;~rfng
ul/g] .
tflnd k|0ffnL Pjd\ z}hljs]cGtu{t lj|mofzLn ;\u7gxsf] ;+:yfut k'gM;+/rgf Pjd\ ;'b[9Ls/0f
ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZos cWoog cg';Gwfg ul/g] .
;Dk"0f{ k|cxsf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL ;]jfsfnLg tflnd ;~rfng ug{ k|To]s jif{ @) sf]
kx'r ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L sfo{j|md to ul/g] .
pko'{St k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog j|mddf z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ;fd'bflos ljBfnoxdf
sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsxnfO{ Ps k6sdf !) lbg cjlwsf]] lzIfs k];fut ljsf; df]8\o'n ;~rfng
u/L cfufdL % jif{ -cfj @)&))&!_ leq ! dlxgf a/fa/sf] lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mddf
12
kx'r ;'lglZrt ug{ of]hgf Pjd\ sfo{j|md th'{df eO;s]sf] 5 . b]ze/ df}h'bf ! xhf/ %# cf]6f
;|f]ts]Gb|xaf6 cfwf/e"t txsf nflu / $^ cf]6f cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb| / @( cf]6f z}lIfs tflnd
s]Gb|xaf6 dfWolds txsf] ;d]t l6lk8L sfo{j|md ;~rfng x'g] u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . oL
k|To]s tflnd k|bfos PsfOnfO{ l6lk8L xasf] gfdaf6 kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .
l6lk8L 9frfsf cfwf/x
ljut #* jif{;Dd lzIfsdf lzIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;'wf/ ug{ k|ToIf d2t k'ofpg] ;]jfsfnLg k];fut
ljsf;eGbf klg lzIfssf] k];fut of]Uotf k"/f ug]{ p2]Zon] bL3{sfnLg k];fut of]Uotfd'vL tflnd
-!) dlxg]_ sfof{Gjog ug{df dfq ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t Pjd\ k|of; s]lGb|t /x\of] . o;} d];f]df lzIfs tflnd
k|efjsfl/tf cWoog (DOE, 2006), lzIfs tflnd;DaGwL k|efjsfl/tf cWoog (CERID, 2005)
nufotsf cg';Gwfgxaf6 ;/sf/f/f tflndk];fut of]Uotf k|fKt lzIfs ;\Vof a9f]Q/L b|"t
ultdf j[l4 u/fpg ;kmn eP klg tflnd k|fKt lzIfsxaf6 tflnddf l;s]sf ;Lk;du| Ifdtf
%) sf] b/n] dfq sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ePsf] lgisif{ lgsfn] . oL cWoogxsf ;fy} ;]l/8f/f
;fna;fnL kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf kmd]{l6e cg';Gwfgx;d]tn] lzIfsxdf lglxt 1fg Pjd\
;Dk"0f{ Ifdtfsf] pkof]uaf6 ljBfyL{ pknlAw :t/ a9fpg yk follow-up support / lg/Gt/ lzIfs
k];fut ljsf; ultljlw ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}NofPsf 5g\ . ;du|df efjL lbgdf ;~rfng
ug]{ o:tf k];ffut ultljlwx lg/Gt/, ;d:of ;dfwfgd'vL, ljljwtfo'St, :yfgLo Pjd\ lzIfssf]
k];fut cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ljifodf oL cg';Gwfgxn] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . o;} u/L
ljZjJofkL cEof;cg';f/ klg Off-the-Job eGbf On-the-Job/School-based Pjd\ Cluster-Based
lzIfs ljsf; df]8]n pQd dflgPsf] 5 .
lzIfs ljsf; k|of]hgsf nflu ljutsf ax'cfoflds k|of;sf] kl/0ffd:jk xfn;fn} dfq lzIf0f
;]jfdf sfo{/t ;a} lzIfsxnfO{ k|fl1s / k];fut b'j} of]Uotf k|fKt t'NofO{ ;lsPsf] / o:tf]
of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf Pjd\ lzIf0f cg'dltkqk|fKt JolStdfq lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z kfpg ;Sg]
Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 . o; 3l8df capk|fGt o:tf lzIfsxnfO{ lg/Gt/ kdf
k];fut bIftf gjLs/0f ug{, lgoldt 9\un] lzIfs sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtf ;'wf/ ug{ tyf b}lgs
cg'ejaf6 l;s]sf 1fgsf cfwf/df xd];f ;du| k];fut pTs[i6tftkm{ 8f]]ofpg] dfu{lrq (Road
map) :jk k|:t't lzIfs k];fut ljsf; (Teacher Professional Development) l8hfOg
ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
lzIfsl;sfO k|lj|mofsf ljZjJofkL r/0fx h:t]} M -s_ cfkm" ljBfyL{ 5bf lzIfsf/f ul/Psf]
lzIf0f cg'ejsf] uxg cjnf]sg (Apprenticeship of Observation) -v_ k"j{ ;]jfsfnLg lzIfs
tof/L sf]z{ (Teacher Preparation) -u_ ;]jf k|j]z cled'vLs/0f (Job Induction) / -3_
k];fut ljsf; (Professional Development) dWo] xfn cfP/ g]kfnL lzIfsxn] cl3Nnf
tLgcf]6f r/0fx k"/f ul/;s]sf] / ca rf}yf] r/0f dfq k"/f ug{ afsL /x]sf] x'bf capk|fGt To;}df
s]lGb|t x'g] lzIfs ljsf; df]8]n to ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf nflu ljBfnodf cfwfl/t (Schoolk|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L
13
based) lzIfs k];fut ljsf; ultljlw ;~rfng u/L Jofjxfl/s ;d:of / k];fut d"No dfGotf;u
cfd lzIfsxsf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ d2t k'ofpg] df]8]nnfO{ pQd dflgG5 . o;sf nflu
;a} ljBfnox Ifdtfut kdf tof/ eO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljBfnoSn:6/ txdf (Clusterbased) klg o:tf ultljlw ;~rfng ul/Psf cEof;x kfOG5g\ . t;y{, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lglZrt
ljBfno ;d"xnfO{ k];fut ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ d"n p2]Zosf ;fy ljBfnoSn:6/sf kdf
;|f]ts]Gb|xcu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|z}tfs] :yfkgf u/L lStofzLn u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljBfno If]q ;'wf/
sfo{j|mdcGtu{t ljBfnodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg (School-based Management) sf] cjwf/0ff
;3g kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ gLlt /x]sf] 5 . cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljBfno tx / Sn:6/ tx
b'j}af6 k];fut ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ;dGjofTds (Coordinated Approach) 9frfsf kdf
Field-based Teachers' Professional Development ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ u/L k|:t't l8hfOg
tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
o:tf] lkmN8df cfwfl/t l8hfOg d"ntM Adult Learning l;4fGtaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g] ePsfn] o;n]
b]xfocg';f/sf ;}4flGts dfGotfx cjnDag u/]sf] 5 M
-s_ lzIfsxnfO{ :jfoQ kdf cfk\mgf] Joj;fosf] nflu cfkm}n] dfgs (Norms) :yfkgf u/L
ltg}af6 cfkm" lgb]{lzt x'g] :jtGq cg'ej k|fKt x'g] .
-v_ c;n lzIfsxn] df}h'bf cg'ejnfO{ uxg k/LIf0f ug]{ afgL / cfk\mgf] ;fljssf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
;'wf/sf nflu xd];f k|of;/t /xg] h:tf reflective Jojxf/ clgjfo{ kdf cjnDag u/]sf]
x'g] .
-u_ ;a} lzIfsx cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ 1fg :jod\af6 /rgf ug]{ cleofg (Constructivism)
cjnDag u5{g\ / cfk\mgf ljBfyL{xnfO{ To:t} cEof; / cg'ejsf nflu tof/ ug{ tTk/
/xG5g\ .
jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf lzIfsxsf] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg dfq a9fpg'eGbf ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ (attitude)
ljsf; u/fO{ pgLxnfO{ lg/Gt/ :jfWoogk|lt yk hfu?s, ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOpknlAwsf nflu
hjfkmb]xL / ;du| ljBfnosf] ;d'Ggltsf nflu of]Uo t'Nofpg' ;a}sf] k|fyldstf xf] . o;sf]
k|Tofe"ltsf nflu k|:t't df]8]nsf] k];fut ljsf; df]8]n pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] b[i6fGt ljfg\ Guskey
sf] egfO "practice changes attitude rather than vice-versa" af6 klg k'li6 x'G5 .
ck]lIft glthf / p2]Zo
glthf
o; k'l:tsfdf k|:t't lg/Gt/ k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mddf lzIfsxsf] ;xeflutfaf6 lzIf0fsfo{
;Dkfbgdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] / ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf] pknAwLdf a9f]Q/L
b]Vg ;lsg] 5 .
p2]ZoM
-s_ lzIfsn] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf tTsflns k|lj|mof;DaGwL (Pedagogical) ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{
-v_ lzIf0fsfo{df pTs[i6tf lglZrt ug{ lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ k];fut bIftf clej[l4 ug'{ .
14
cf}lrTo
k|:t't l6lk8L l8hfOgaf6 ;/sf/, lzIfs, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, ljBfno Joj:yfkg cflb h:tf km/s
km/s ?rL ;d"xsf ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf ljljwtfo'St cfjZostfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 t'Nofpg pkof]uL x'g] x'bf
o;sf To:tf ax'cfoflds cf}lrTonfO{ b]xfocg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ lzIfssf] Jofj;flos hjfkmb]lxtfdf a9f]Q/LM o; l8hfOgcGtu{t k|To]s lzIfsnfO{ d"ntM
ljBfyL{sf] df}h'bf l;sfO pknlAw :t/ a9fpg ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf k|lj|mof ;d:off/f lgb]{lzt k];fut
ljsf; tflnd kfpg] / To;sf] glthf lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf (Teaching Improvement Plan-TIP)
cGtu{t k|ltlalDat x'g] x'bf lzIfsxdf tfls{s ;DaGwo'St sfo{x ug]{ afgL ljsf; x'g hfG5 .
To;sf] kl/0ffd :jk k];fut hjfkmb]xLtf (Professional Accountability) a9fpg d2t k'Ug]
x'G5 .
-v_ l;sfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf ;'lglZrtLs/0fM ljBfyL{xnfO{ l;Sg sl7gfO ePsf] If]q g} ;DalGwt
lzIfssf] yk k];fut ;xof]usf] cfjZostf aGg hfg] / To;} cfjZostff/f k"0f{tM lgb]{lzt eO{
k|:t't df]8\o'nx lgdf{0f ubf{ ;~rfng ul/g] x'bf o;af6 l;sfsf kdf ljBfyL{ / lzIfs b'j}sf]
?rL / cfjZostfn] ;jf]{Rr :yfg kfPsf] x'G5 . ;fy} lglZrt ;dofjlw -% jif{_ leq km/s ?rL /
cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ km/skm/s l;sfO ljlw cjnDag ul/Psf] :jtGq df]8\o'nxdf k|To]s
lzIfssf] kx'r k|bfg ug]{ x'bf l;sfOdf lg/Gt/tf / nlrnf]kgf cjnDag ul/Psf] 5
-u_ ljBfno / cu'jf;|f]ts]Gb|z}tfs]aLr :jrflnt ;DaGw :yfkgfM k|To]s !) lbg] df]8\o'ndf
kl5Nnf] % lbg ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k];fut ljsf; ultljlw ;~rfng hf/L /xg] / To;dWo] @ lbg
z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{sf nflu k|To]s cu'jf;|f]ts]Gb|z}tfs]af6 k|lzIfsx clgjfo{ kdf ;DalGwt
;xefuL lzIfs sfo{/t ljBfnodf cf}krfl/s e|d0f ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} o;/L k|lzIfs;|f]tJolStaf6
k/fdz{ ;~rfng ubf{ ;xefuL lzIfssf cnfjf ljBfyL{, k|wfgfWofks, ljJo; ;a}sf cfjZostf
;d]6\g' clgjfo{ ePsf] x'bf o;nfO{ whole-school support ;+oGqsf kdf ;d]t cfTd;ft
ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ k|:t't sfo{j|mdcGtu{t ljBfno / To;nfO{ k];fut ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfoaLr
;f]emf], :jrflnt / cGt/lStofTds ;DaGw :yflkt x'g hfG5 .
-3_ nlIft ;d"xs]lGb|t s'zntfo'St nufgL Joj:yfM cfwf/e"t txsf xsdf ;|f]ts]Gb|x /
dfWolds txsf xsdf lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf cjl:yt cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|z}tfs]af6 g} tflnd df]8\o'n
ljsf; ug]{, ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo :t/df g} sfof{Gjog
x'g] o:tf] ljlwcGtu{t tflnd ;fdu|L 5kfO9'jfgL, lzIfs cft]hft]e|d0f vr{ h:tf vlr{nf
sfo{xd'St l8hfOgsf kdf k|:t't sfo{j|mdnfO{ ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;fljssf
cEof;cGtu{t ;~rfng ul/Psf lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|mdsf] k|lt PsfO nfuteGbf pNn]Vo kdf
Go"g nufgL x'g] / Tof] klg ;f]em} sfof{Gjog txdf dfq} s]lGb|t x'g] x'bf k|:t't sfo{j|mddf 'low cost
high yeild' / lbuf]kgf h:tf dfGotf cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
15
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; df]8\o'nsf] ;+/rgf

lzIfs Pjd\ ljBfnoaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf k7gkf7g;DaGwL ljljw ;d:of Pjd\ yk k];fut ;xof]usf]
cfjZostfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ kdf kl/k"lt{ ug{ b]xfosf cGt/;DalGwt / Plss[t tLgcf]6f efuxsf]
;+of]hgaf6 ljljwtfo'St !) sfo{ lbg] df]8\o'n ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o:tf ;d:of / k];fut
cfjZostfnfO{ ltgsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ tLgcf]6} efuxaf6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L df]8\o'n ;fdu|L lgdf{0f
Pjd\ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 . oL tLg efux Pscsf{sf kl/k"/s ePsfn] tL ;a}sf] ;~rfngaf6 dfq
Pp6f df]8\o'nn] k"0f{tf kfpg] 5 . ;fy} k|To]s lzIfsn] o:tf tLgcf]6f !) sfo{ lbg] :jtGq df]8\o'n
k"/f u/]kl5 dfq Ps dlxgf a/fa/sf] lzIfs k];fut ljsf; k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5 . o;
df]8\o'n ljsf; Pjd\ ;~rfngsf nflu ljBfnosf] gofF ;+/rgfcg';f/ lzIfsxsf] txut ldnfg
sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] x'bf pSt sfo{ k"0f{tM ;DkGg gx'Gh]n;Dd sIff !* cWofkg ug]{ lzIfsxnfO{
cfwf/e"t lzIfs / sIff (!) cWofkg ug]{ lzIfsxnfO{ dfWolds lzIfssf kdf dflgg] 5 .
-s_
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; df]8\o'n ;+/rgf

efu!M tflndsfo{zfnf (Training-workshop)
of] efu % lbg;Dd k|To]s l6lk8L xadf ;xefuL lzIfsx / ljz]if1k|lzIfs aLr km]; 6' km]; df]8af6 ;~rfng x'g] 5
-v_
efu@M :jfWoog cEof; (Self-study exercise)
of] efu klxnf] efu ;~rfng eP kZrft ;fdfGotof @) b]lv #) lbgleq # lbg sfo{ef/ a/fa/sf] s|]l86 kfpg] u/L k|To]s ;xefuL lzIfsn] cfkm\g}
ljBfnodf tf]lsPsf sfo{x ;Dkfbg u/L ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-u_
efu#M z}lIfs k/fdz{
(Instructional Counselling)
of] efudf bf];|f] efusf] cjlw k"/f eP nuQ} k|To]s xasf k|lzIfsf/f b'O{ lbg;Dd ;xefuLx sfo{/t ljBfnod} e|d0f u/L ltgLxn] bf];|f] efucGtu{t
;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] cj:yfk|ltj]bg d"Nof\sg tyf Ph]G8fdf cfwfl/t a}7s ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 / To;sf cfwf/df l6lk8L df]8\o'n ;DkGg k|df0fkq
hf/L ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
k];fut cfjZostf k|:tfj tof/L

cfjZostf k|:tfj ;\sngsf nflu ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksxnfO{ cfjZostf k|:tfj
;\sngklxrfg k|lj|mof ;DaGwdf ;fdfGotofM k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] k|f/Dedf k|To]s xaaf6 ;3g
cled'vLs/0f k|bfg ul/g] 5 . pSt cled'vLs/0f sfo{zfnfdf tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgfcg';f/
k|To]s ljBfnosf] k|cn] b]xfocg';f/sf j|mda4 sfo{x ug'{kg]{ 5 M
1. ;a} lzIfsxnfO{ cfcfk\mgf] k];fut cfjZostf klxrfg u/L tn plNnlvt vfsfcg';f/
k|:tfj k]; ug{ nufpg' k5{ . cfjZostf k|:tfj tof/Lsf j|mddf ;DalGwt ljBfnosf
lzIfsxn] cfk\mgf] cfjZostf k|:t't ubf{ cfkm"n] cWofkg u/fpb} cfPsf ljifodf lzIf0fl;sfO
lj|mofsnfksf j|mddf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx, ljBfyL{xsf] pknlAw:t/, cfkm"n] u/]sf] cfTd
d"Nof\sg, ;xsdL{ lzIfsx;usf] t'ngf, cfkm"k|lt k|c, ljBfyL{, cleefjs Pjd\ ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ck]Iff tyf ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf cflbnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
16
l6lk8L cfjZostf k|:tfj vfsf
ljBfnosf] gfdM
l;=g+=
lzIfssf] gfd
txM
cWofkg u/]sf]
ljifo
cWofkg ubf{ ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf ck]lIft k];fut ;xof]u

;d:of
s]xL lbgkl5 JolStut kdf k|fKt o:tf k|:tfjxaf/]df txut kdf 5'f5'} lzIfs ;d"x;u
;fd"lxs 5nkmncGt/lStof a}7s ;~rfng ug]{ .
3. o; d:of}bfpk/ ljJo;, clz;+ / ljBfyL{x;u;d]t ;fd"lxs cyjf 5'f5'} 5nkmn u/L
To;nfO{ clGtd k k|bfg ug]{ .
4. o; k|lj|mofaf6 lzIfsxsf] JolStut tx (Individual level) af6 k|fKt k];fut
cfjZostfnfO{ ;+:yfut tx (Organizational level) sf] cfjZostf;u Psfsf/ ePsf]
;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ .
5. o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] cfjZostf k|:tfj ;fdfGotM k|To]s jif{sf] efb| d;fGtleq cfwf/e"tsf]
xsdf ;|f]ts]Gb| / dfWolds txsf] xsdf ;DalGwt cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb| jf z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|df
k]; u/L lhlzsfnfO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k7fpg] .
-v_ k|:tfjsf] k|df0fLs/0f (Verification)
;DalGwt xadf k|To]s ljBfnon] k7fPsf] cfjZostf k|:tfjnfO{ ;\sng u/L To;sf] ljZn]if0f u/L
k|fyldsLs/0f;lxt clGtd k k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . o;/L k|:tfjsf] k|df0fLs/0f (Verification) ug{sf
nflu b]xfosf cfwf/nfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 M
1. cfjZostf k|:tfj ;\sng ul/Psf lzIfsxdWo] sDtLdf !%@) ;Dd lzIfsxsf]
;dfj]zL, ef}uf]lnstf / ljifout cfwf/df 5gf]6 u/L Ps lbg] sfo{zfnf ;~rfng ug]{ .
2. dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cfwf/df ljBfnoxdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;|f]tJolSt, k|lzIfs, /f]:6/
k|lzIfsx k7fO{ ;DalGwt lzIfssf] sIff cjnf]sg, lzIfs, k|c, ljJo; / ljBfyL{;u ;3g
5nkmn u/L k|fKt cfjZostfsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug'{kg]{ .
ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt cfjZostf k|:tfj / k|df0fLs/0faf6 klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostf ;d]t ;d]6L
;DalGwt lzIfssf] cfjZostfsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljBfnoxaf6 k|fKt x'g
cfPsf cfjZostfxnfO{ tflnd xaxn] lzIfssf] JolStut / ljBfnosf] ;+:yfut k|fyldstf
olsg u/L tflnsfcg';f/sf] ;dli6ut cfjZostf k|:tfjsf] clGtd d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ .
2.
j|m= ;dli6ut cfjZostf

;+= ;Ifdtfx
;DalGwt k|=c=sf] gfd
tflnd cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{

cfjZos kg]{ ljifoj:t'
!=
@=
17
;dfof]hg x'g ;Sg] cfjZostfxnfO{ tflnd sfo{zfnfsf ljifoIf]qdf / ;d:of ;ddfwfg

If]qcGtu{t ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ PsLg u/L lgDgfg';f/ tflnsfa4 ug]{ M
cfjZostf Plss/0f tyf ;dfof]hg kmf/fd
j|m= tflnd sfo{zfnfsf] d'Vo
;dfof]hg x'g ;Sg] ljifoj:t'
;d:of ;dfwfg If]qcGtu{t
;+=
ljifoj:t'
kg]{ ljifoj:t'
o;/L, ljBfnosf] k|:tfj / k|df0fLs/0faf6 klxrfg ul/Psf cfjZostfsf a'bfxnfO{
k|fyldsLs/0fsf] klxnf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kg{]5 .
-u_ k|f]kmfOn tof/L
ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt cfjZostf k|:tfj / k|df0fLs/0faf6 ;d]t :jLsf/ ePsf cfjZostf tyf
k|0ffnLut cfjZostf ;d]tnfO{ ljZn]if0f;lxt PsLs[t u/L lzIfssf] k];fut cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn
tof/ ug'{kb{5 . k|To]s xan] c;f]h d;fGtleq tf]lsPsf] 9frfdf cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn tof/ u/L
;Sg'kb{5 . cfjZostf k|:tfjsf] clGtd :jk;lxt cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn tof/ kfbf{ jt{dfg z}lIfs
gLlt Pjd\ of]hgfxaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf cfjZostf (needs at the system level) nfO{ klg b[li6ut
u/L k|To]s xaaf6 l6lk8L cfjZostf k|f]kmfOnnfO{ clGtd k k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . o;/L ;\slnt
cfjZostf k|:tfjxsf] ljBfnout kmf]N8/ tof/ u/L ;DalGwt xadf /fVg'kb{5 .
k|fKt k|:tfjsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu k|To]s xaaf6 ljifout k|lzIfsxaLr sfo{zfnfsf
dfWodaf6 k|To]s lzIfssf] JolStut cfjZostf ;dLIff u/L tL cfjZostfxnfO{ ;fdfGotfM
dfWolds txsf xsdf ljifout kdf tLgcf]6f cfjZostf ;d"xdf / cfwf/e"t txsf xsdf hDdf
tLgcf]6f cfjZostf ;d"xdf ;"rLs[t u/L ljifo / If]qut k|f]kmfOnsf] cfjZostf ;d"x (Need
cluster) / zLif{s lgwf{/0f u/L tn lbOPcg';f/sf] 9frfdf cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 M
;|f]ts]Gb|sf] gfdM
l6lk8L cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn vfsf

txM
j|m=;+= ljifo If]qut cfjZostf ljj/0f
dfu ug]{ lzIfssf] gfd
ljBfnosf] gfd
cfjZostf ;d"x (Need Cluster) !

!
@
cfjZostf ;d"x (Need Cluster) @
!
@
cfjZostf ;d"x (Need Cluster) #
!
o;/L ;a} ljifodf tLgcf]6f;Dd cfjZostf ;d"x (Need Cluster) ePsf] k];fut cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn
tof/ ug'{kg]{5 . To;kl5 k|To]s cfjZostf ;d"xsf nflu df]8\o'n ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
18
l6lk8L df]8\o'n ;fdu|L vfsf

-s_ df]8\o'n zLif{sM ========= [h:t}M l;sfO{ l;4fGt / k|of]u jf cfw'lgs lj1fg lzIf0f k4lt jf c\u|]hL
-v_ df]8\o'n kl/roM ========
ljifout cWoog cflb]
[h:t} efu !, @ / # dWo] k|To]ssf] s]Gb|Lo ljifoj:t', df]8\o'nsf] ;du| ck]lIft pknlAw, nlIft ;d"xlzIfs,
df]8\o'nsf nflu ;Defljt ;xefuL lzIfsdf x'g'kg]{ k"j{ 1fgtof/L tyf cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|L ;"rL]
efu !M tflndsfo{zfnf -kfr sfo{ lbg_

o; v08df cfufdL efu @ / # cGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] sfo{snfkxsf] kl/ro u/fO{ ;a}
;xefuLaf6 sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{ nufpg] / tf]s]cg';f/sf] k|f]h]S6 sfo{ tf]Sg];Ddsf] k|lj|mof k"/f
ug'{kg]{
cfjZostf If]qsf cfwf/df ;xefuL lzIfs ;\Vof ls6fg ubf{ txut kdf k|ltjif{ df}h'bf lzIfs
;\Vofsf] ^)&) k|ltztnfO{ ;d]6\g] / k|lt;d"x @%#) hgf ;xefuLnfO{ df]8\o'n ;~rfng ug{
;DalGwt ljBfnodf df]8\o'nut ;xefuL lzIfssf] gfd;lxt kqfrf/ ug]{ / lhlzsfdf klg
hfgsf/L k7fpg'kg]{ 5 . k|To]s jif{ k|To]s xadf tLgcf]6f ;d"x;DdnfO{ df]8\o'n ;~rfng ug'{kg{]
x'G5 . o;/L k|f]kmfOn tof/ ug]{ j|mddf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;DalGwt k|lzIfsljz]if1xaLr
sfo{zfnf ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ 5 .
efu @M :jfWoog cEof; -tLg sfo{ lbg _
tflndsf ;xefuLxn] lgDglnlvt p2]Zo k|fKtLsf nflu kl/of]hgf sfo{:jfWoog cEof; ug'{kg]{ 5 M
1. cfkm"n] cWofkg ul//x]sf] ljifodf ljBfyL{ l;sfOpknAwL:t/ nufot cGo tf]lsPsf ;"rssf]
jt{dfg cj:yf kQf nufO{ tL ;"rsdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf tof/ ug{
2. cfkm"n] cWofkg ul//x]sf] ljifosf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{
3. k|fylds txsf] ;dflhs cWoog, zf/Ll/s lzIff / l;h{gfTds snf ljifosf] nflu :yfgLo
kf7\oj|mdsf] gd'gf ljsf; / k|of]u ug{
4. tf]lsPsf] ljifoj:t' cWoog u/L ;dLIff ug{
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ljj/0f / sfo{ljlw
l6lk8L cfjZostf k|f]kmfOncGtu{t s'g} Ps cfjZostf ;d"xleq plNnlvt t/ kfFr lbg]
sfo{zfnfsf] ljifoj:t'df g;d]l6Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL kl/of]hgf sfo{x ljsf; ug'{k5{ .
tflnddf ;xefuL k|To]s lzIfsn] tflndaf6 kms]{kl5 cfkm"n] cWofkg ug]{ ljifodf ;do;Ldf /
nIo;lxtsf] tf]lsPsf] 9frfdf lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf (Teaching Improvement Plan- TIP) tof/ u/L
sIffsf]7fdf 6f:g' kb{5 . o;}u/L k|To]s ;xefuLnfO{ b'O{cf]6f kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{ u/L tf]s]/ lbg'kb{5 .
kl/of]hgf sfo{ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx
-s_ ;a} ;xefuL lzIfsxn] efu! v08 k"/f u/L cfk\mgf] ljBfno kms{gf;fy b]xfocg';f/sf]
lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf (Teaching Improvement Plan-TIP) tof/ u/L To;}cg';f/ k|efjsf/L
lzIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]]{ 5 .
19
lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf (TIP) 9frf

lzIfssf] gfd M =================== ljBfnosf] gfd M ================ of]hgf cjlwM ===============
j|m=;+=
df}h'bf l:ylt ck]lIft nIo
;"rs
(Baseline)
!
s_
v_
u_
@
#
$
nIo k"/f ug{ ;Dkfbg

ul/g] d'Vo sfo{x
ljBfyL{sf] cf};t pknlAwk|fKtf\s

-cWofkg ug]{ d'Vo tLg ljifox_
sIff ======= ljifo ========
sIff ======= ljifo ========
sIff ======= ljifo ========
:jd"Nof\sgsf cfwf/df lzIf0fdf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L
k|of]usf l:ylt -Go"gaf6 pRr txsf] b/df !, @,
#, $ df dfkg ug]{_
k|ltlbg lj|mofsnfk ljj/0f tof/L;lxtsf] lzIf0f
u/]sf] kf7 ;\Vof
:jd"Nof\sgsf cfwf/df k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf
lgldQ ljBfno k|caf6 k|fKt ;xof]usf] l:ylt Go'gaf6 pRr txsf] b/df !, @, #, $ df dfkg
ug]{_
;|f]tJolStk|lzIfsaf6 lzIfs ljBfnonfO{
cg'udg ;xfotf Pjd\ z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{ ;DkGg
x'g] k6s -cw{jflif{s kdf_
============
===============
=============
==========
ldlt
lzIfssf] b:tvt
ljBfnosf] 5fk
k|csf] b:tvt
-v_ k|To]s ;xefuL lzIfsn] of] of]hgf tof/ ul/;s]kl5 ;a} ljBfyL{n] b]Vg] u/L cfk"mn] lzIf0f ug]{
sIffsf]7fsf] leQfdf / k|c sIfdf 6f:g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
-u_ ;a} lzIfsxn] ;femf k|f]h]S6 sfo{sf kdf tof/ ug'{kg]{ o; of]hgfsf nflu nIo lgwf{/0f
ubf{ ^^ dlxgfdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kg]{ 5 .
-3_ ;a} ;xefuL lzIfsxn] df]8\o'n p2]Zo;u cg's"n x'g] u/L JolStut kdf km/skm/s jf
;fd"lxskdf ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ u/L efu! v08df tf]lsPsf kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
-o; k|of]hgsf nflu Action Research jf Case Study jf Student Result Analysis jf tf]lsPsf
Books;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] Review Note tof/ ug{]dWo] s'g} b'O{cf]6f k|f]h]S6 sfo{x tf]lsPsf] x'g] 5_
-_ ;a]} ;xefuL lzIfsxn] o;/L tf]lsPsf sfo{x o; df]8\o'nsf] efu ! k"/f u/L cfk\mgf]
ljBfno kms{gf;fy ;' u/L To;kl5sf @) b]lv #) lbg;Dddf ;DkGg u/L ;Sg'kg]{ .
-r_ k|To]s lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] tLg}cf]6f k|f]h]S6 sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{kg]{ /
To;df k|csf] lnlvt ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0f;d]t ;+nUg /fvL efu# cGtu{tsf] z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{
v08df k|:t'tLs/0fsf nflu tof/ x'g'kg]{ / lgwf{l/t cfwf/df ;f]sf] d"Nof\sg x'g] 5 .
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] d"Nof\sg
k|To]s lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/L tn k|:t't vfsfcg';f/sf] k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 . pSt k|ltj]bgdf k|wfgfWofkssf]] lnlvt k[i7kf]if0f tyf k|ltlj|mof;d]t ;dfj]z u/L
efu # cGtu{tsf] z}lIfsk/fdz{ v08df k|:t'tLs/0fsf nflu tof/ x'g'kg]{ 5 .
20
k|ltj]bgsf] vfsf
!=
@=
#=
$=
kl/ro
;Dkflbt lj|mofsnfksf] ljj/0f
ljBfyL{af6 k|fKt k|ltlj|mof
dflysf ;a} lj|mofsnfkx ;Dkfbg ubf{ tkfO{n] cg'ej u/]sf
;d:ofx / ;dfwfgsf pkfox
%= k|lj|mofdf oL lj|mofsnfksf] pkof]lutf
^= lgisif{
pko'{St lj|mofsnfk ;DkGg ubf{ tof/ ul/Psf] lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgfnufot cGo ;fdu|L, ljBfyL{af6
;Dkfbg u/fOPsf sfo{;d]t kl/lzi6sf kdf o; k|ltj]bg;fy ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
TIP pknlAw ;dLIff
k|To]s xaf/f k|To]s ;xefuL lzIfsn] l6lk8L df]8\o'nsf] efu@ v08cGt{ut lgdf{0f u/]sf] lzIf0f
;'wf/ of]hgf (TIP) sf] pknlAw k|ltj]bg k|To]s ^ dlxgf -j}zfv / sflQs_ df k|cdfkm{t\ ;\sng
u/L To;sf cfwf/df xa:t/Lo ;dli6ut lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf pknlAw k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ /
o;}cg';f/ lg/Gt/ cBfjlws ub}{ hfg] lhDd]jf/L] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ 5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu k|Go]s
ljBfnon] ;xefuL lzIfsxnfO{ k|To]s ^^ dlxgfdf -j}zfv / sflQs_ cfk\mgf] lzIf0f ;'wf/
of]hgf cWofjlws ug{'kg]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/ k|efjsf/L lzIf0f sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg'kg]{ 5 .
;fy} k|To]s ljBfnof/f pSt df]8\o'ndf efu glnPsf lzIfsxnfO{ ;d]t lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf
agfpg nufO{ ;f]xLcg';f/ lzIf0f u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ 5 .
efu #M z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{ -b'O{ sfo{ lbg_
tflndsf ;xefuL sfo{/t /x]s} ljBfnodf tf]lsPsf k/fdz{bftf k|lzIfsn] e|d0f u/L b'O{lbg]
z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{ lbg' kb{5 . o;sf p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ MM
-s_ :jfWoog cEof;sf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg ubf{ tyf b}lgs k|lj|mof lj|mofsnfkdf cfOk/]sf
;d:ofx klxrfg u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug'{ .
-v_ ljBfnodf cfOk/]sf k];fut sl7gfOxsf] klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf pkfoxsf] vf]hL ug{' .
;~rfng sfo{ ljj/0f Pjd\ sfo{ ljlw
;xefuL sfo{/t ljBfno e|d0f ug{ b'O{ lbgsf nflu ;DalGwt ljz]if1 -k|lzIfs ;|f]tJolSt/f]:6/
k|lzIfs_ v6fOg] 5 . ljBfnodf lgDgfg;f/sf sfo{ ug'{kg]{ 5 M
-s_ vl6Psf ljz]if1af6 klxnf] lbg k|To]s ;xefuL lzIfsf/f ;DkGg :jfWoog cEof;cGtu{tsf]
lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgfnufotsf] k|f]h]S6 sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg ;\sng ug]{ / To:tf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ubf{ lzIfsdf cflh{t cg'ej;d]t ;dLIff Pjd\ d"Nof\sg ug]{
-v_ To:t}, ljBfnosf] ;du| ;~rfng k|lj|mof Pjd\ z}lIfs ultljlw cjnf]sg u/L ;'wf/sf
kIfx gf]6 ug]{ .
-u_ bf];|f] lbg lgh ljz]if1af6 d"ntM ;DalGwt ;xefuL lzIfssf] sDtLdf Pp6f sIff cjnf]sg
ug]{ ;fy} cGo s]xL lzIfsxsf] klg sIff cjnf]sg u/L ;'wf/sf kIfx l6kf]6 ug]{ .
21
o;} lbg, lzIfs, k|c / ljJo;aLr ;fd"lxs kdf b]xfocg';f/sf] Ph]G8fdf cfwfl/t cf}krfl/s
a}7s ug]{ / cGTodf k|lzIfsaf6 k|f]h]S6 sfo{ k|ltj]bg / o; a}7ssf] lg0f{osf] k|lt;d]t ;\sng
u/L xadf lkmtf{ x'g'kb{5 .
!=
@=
#=
$=
a}7ssf k|:tfjx
d"ntM ;xefuL lzIfs / cGo lzIfsxaf6 ;d]t k]zfut ;d:of k|:t'tLs/0f
;xefuL lzIfsxsf] k|f]h]S6 sfo{ k|ltj]bg d"Nof\sg Pjd\ ;dLIff
ljJo; Pjd\ k|caf6 lzIf0f k|lj|mof k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg em]Ng'k/]sf sl7gfO /
k|of;af/] k|:t'tLs/0f
k|lzIfsf/f sIff cjnf]sg ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|:t't k];fut ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
nflu z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{ k|bfg .
-3_ z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{sf nflu tf]lsPsf ljBfnodf vl6Psf k|lzIfsxaf6 ;xefuLxnfO{

lzIf0fl;sfO ;'wf/df cfjZos ;xof]u k'Ug] kIfdf cfk;L 5nkmn u/L dfu{ lgb{]zg tof/
kfg]{ . lzIfsxaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf k|ltj]bgsf] cjnf]sg tyf 5nkmnsf cfwf/df
lzIf0fl;sfOdf s'gs'g kIfdf s]s:tf yk ;'wf/ ubf{ lzIf0fl;sfO yk k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg]
;DaGwdf ;dLIffTds lgrf]8 lgsfNg] . efjL lbgdf sIffsf]7fdf ul/g] lzIf0fl;sfOdf ug{
;lsg] ;DefJo ;'wf/;lxt sfo{of]hgf agfpg ;xof]u ug{] .
k|:t't Ph]G8fsf] 5nkmn / pk/f]St sfo{ ;DkfbgkZrft\ !) lbg] df]8\o'n tflnd ;DkGg ePsf]
;'lglZrt ul/G5 / ;DalGwt lzIfsnfO{ ;DalGwt xadf /]s8{ sfod u/L l6lk8L ;DkGg k|dff0fkq
hf/L u/L ljt/0f ul/G5 .
22
PsfO{ M #
;lrjfno sfo{
kl/ro
cfhsf] cfw'lgs ;dodf ;+:yfut ;\u7gxsf] ;\Vof lbg k/lbg a9\b} uO/xsf] l:yltdf
sfof{noxn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx ;'rf kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf]
x'G5 . s'g} klg ;\u7g jf sfof{nosf] cfsf/k|sf/df ;lrjfno sfo{xsf] k|s[lt tyf If]q lge{/
x'g] ub{5 . ;lrjLo sfo{x ;Dkfbg ug{ cfw'lgs sfof{noxdf sfof{no ;lrjsf] dfu lbgk/lbg
a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ;lrjfnof/f ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf sfo{ / st{Joxn] ubf{ g}
sfof{no ;'rf kn] bIftfk"j{s ;~rfng x'G5 . Toxfaf6 lbgsf] ;'?jftb]lv cGt geP;Dd
cfuGt'sxnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg], ;Dks{ u/fpg], lgb]{zg lbg], cg'/f]w ug]{, JofVof ug]{, :d/0f u/fpg]
cflb sfo{df Jo:t x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ctM ;lrjfnon] lgDglnlvt sfo{ k|s[ltdf Wofg k'ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 M
;lrjLo ;Lkx
;~rf/ ;Lkx
;lrjLo sfo{sf] dxj
dfgjLo ;DaGwx
k|ltli7t sfo{x
sfo{ Joj:yfkg
a}7s ;~rfng
a}7s eGgfn] k"j{ ;"rgff/f s]xL ljifo jf ;d:ofpk/ 5nkmn u/L lg0f{o ug{sf nflu ;b:oxsf]
lglZrt e]nfnfO{ a'emfp5 . s'g} klg ;+:yf jf sfof{noxsf lgoldt lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng, ;d:of
;dfwfg, efjL nIo lgwf{/0f, lgod ljlgodsf] th'{df cflb sfo{xsf] ;fd'lxs lg0f{o ug{ a}7s
/fVg] ul/G5 . To;}n] s'g} klg sfof{no jf ;+:yfnfO{ ;'rf kn] bIftfk"j{s ;~rfng ug{
a}7sxn] dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'ofp5 .
a}7s Ps ;d"xut lj|mofsnfk ePsfn] o;sf] ;~rfng ubf{ lglZrt lgodxsf] cjnDag ul/g'kg]{
x'G5 . To;}n] a}7s ;'rf kn] ;~rfng ug{ lgDglnlvt l;4fGt tyf sfo{ljlwxsf] cg';/0f
ug{ cfjZos 5 M
tof/L
a}wtf
ljz]ifflwsf/
uf]Kotf
u0fk"/s ;\Vof
sf/jfxL
23
o;/L a}7s ;~rfngsf nflu kof{Kt tof/L clu|d x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . 5nkmnsf ljifo 5gf]6, a}7s a:g]
:yfg / ;do;lxtsf] plrt ;"rgf k|jfx, cfjZos sfuhkqx, kof{Kt d]r6]jnsf] Joj:yf,
vfg]kfgL tyf vfhfsf] Joj:yf cflb a}7s ;~rfng ugk"j{ Vofn ug'{kg]{ ljifo x'g\ eg] a}7skZrft
;f] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ljleGg r/0fxsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} cfjZos lgodx,
Jojxf/ Pjd\ k/Dk/fxsf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L;d]t x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .
dfOGo'6 n]vg
a}7sdf 5nkmn ePsf] / tt\;DaGwdf ePsf lg0f{oxsf] lnlvt ljj/0fnfO{ dfOGo'6 elgG5 .
To;}n] of] a}7sdf ePsf] 5nkmn tyf Toxf ePsf] lg0f{oxsf] cf}krfl/s / cflwsfl/s clen]v
xf] . ;fdflhs jf Jofkfl/s ;a} ;\u7gxn] ljleGg a}7sdf ePsf sfd sf/jfxLsf] plrt
clen]v tof/ ug]{ sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L ;lrjfno jf ;lrjsf] x'G5 .
;fdfGotM a}7sdf l6kf]6 ul/Psf a'bfsf cfwf/df dfOGo'6 tof/ ul/G5 / cWoIfn] x:tfIf/ u/L
k|dfl0ft ug]{ sfd x'G5 / o;n] k|dfl0fs cflwsfl/s Pjd\ cf}krfl/s clen]vsf] sfd u5{ .
dfOGo'6df Ph]08fs} ;dfg gDa/ / j|mda4 lg0f{ox n]lvg] ul/G5 .
sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf nflu a}7ssf] dfOGo'6 clt cfjZos 5 . o;n] k|zf;lgs sfo{x ;Dkfbg
ug{ dfu{lrqsf kdf sfd ub{5 / sfg'gL sfo{jfxLxsf] k|df0fsf] sfd;d]t ub{5 . To;sf/0f
dfOGo'6sf] dxjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/G5 M
1=
lnlvt ljj/0f Pjd\ lg0f{o / sfof{Gjogsf] cfwf/ ePsfn] :d/0f ;xof]uLsf] sfo{ ub{5 .
2= sfo{nodf
3=
k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/ xf] .
sfg'gL sfo{jfxL / efjL ;Gbe{sf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .
4= lg0f{oxsf]
5= a}7s;DaGwL
:yfoL / k|dfl0fs clen]v xf] .

sfdsfo{jfxLsf] :jLsfo{ k|df0f aGb5 .
hg;Dks{
ljleGg sfof{no jf ;+:yfn] ;lrjfnonfO{ ;'Dkg] st{JoxdWo] cfuGt'sxsf] :jfutstf{sf] kdf
sfo{ ug'{ Ps k|d'v st{Jo dflgG5 . cfuGt's sfof{nosf] kfx'gf x'gfn] pgLxnfO{ lhDd]jf/ JolStn]
:jfut ug'{, s'/fsfgL ug'{, sfddf ;xof]u k'ofpg' cflb ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|foM w]/}h;f] sfof{noxdf
:jfutstf{sf] kdf dlxnfx /xg] ub{5g\ . 7"nf7"nf ;+:yf jf sDkgLxn] cfuGt'sxnfO{ :jfut
ug{sf nflu k"0f{sfnLg :jfutstf{ lgo'lSt u/]sf x'G5g\ . sfof{no jf sfof{no k|d'vsf nflu
:jfutstf{ ax'd'No ;DklQsf] kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ltgn] ug]{ lj|mofsnfk sfof{no jf ;+:yfsf]
dxjk"0f{ bfloj ;fljt x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] :jfutstf{sf] af]nL tyf Jojxf/ lzi6, ldhfl;nf],
s'6gLlts, k|ltli7t, ljZjfl;nf] x'g' clt h/L 5 .
24
s'g} klg sfof{no jf ;+:yfdf :jfutstf{sf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . sfof{no;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]
/ sfof{no k|d'v ;DalGwt sfo{xnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ bfloj :jfutstf{sf] ePsfn] lghnfO{
hg;Dks{ k|ltlglwsf kdf x]l/G5 . s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu hg;Dks{ Ps dxjk"0f{ /
;+j]bgzLn sfo{ xf] . To;}n] hg;Dks{ k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{ lxhf]cfh k];f g} eO;s]sf] 5 . aflx/L
JolSt;u ug]{ Jojxf/ lzi6, dof{lbt, ;r]t / ljj]sL x''g cfjZos b]lvG5 . h'g Jojxf/n]
pgLxsf] wf/0ffdf k|efj kfb{5 . hg;Dks{ k|ltlglwsf d'Vo sfo{x lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/G5 M
1=
cfuGt'snfO{ clejfbg ug'{,
2= rL
3=
Pjd\ dxj k|bfg ug'{,
p2]Zo ;'lglZrt ug'{,
4= cfuGt'ssf]
clen]v /fVg',
5= cfuGt'sxnfO{
6=
lkmtf{ k7fpg',
cfuGt'snfO{ ;DalGwt JolStsxf k7fpg',
7= cfuGt's
cfPsf] ;'lrt ug'{,
8= cfuGt'snfO{
;+:yf jf JolStsf] kl/ro u/fpg' .
kqfrf/
kqfrf/ sfof{no ;~rf/ Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f cleGg c\u xf] . PskIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;Dks{
/fVgsf nflu Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf k7fpg] sfo{ljlwnfO{ kqfrf/ elgG5 . of] lnlvt ;~rf/sf]
cf}krfl/s / ;aeGbf ;/n, k|rlnt Pjd\ k|dfl0fs dfWod xf] . cfhsn kqfrf/ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6
klg x'g] ub{5 . kqsf] ;f6f], k\mnkL l8:s jf l;8L, Od]n jf OG6/g]6af6 klg k7fOG5, h'g
;~rf/sf] cfw'lgs oflGqs k4lt xf] . o;/L cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] kdf cfbfgk|bfg ul/Psf]
lnlvtnfO{ klg kqfrf/;/xsf] k|dfl0fstf lbg'k5{ . kqfrf/ b]xfosf] l:yltdf dfq ug'{k5{ M
JolSt JolStaLr
JolSt / sfof{noaLr
sfof{no / sfof{noaLr
lr7\7Lkq k7fpbf s'g} lglZrt clws[tsf] gfd, kb pNn]v u/L k7fOG5 . JolStut, kfl/jfl/s,
;fdflhs, ;/sf/L, Joj;fo cflb ;a} ;\3;+:yf tyf sfof{noxdf kqfrf/sf] 7"nf] dxj x'G5 .
/fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ / s'6gLlts ;DaGwsf] va/ cfbfgk|bfg kqfrf/af6 x'g ;S5 .
Joj:yfkg tyf k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{, of]hgf, ;dGjo, lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f tyf lg0f{o ug{ lnlvt
k|dfl0fs clen]v /fVg tyf sfg'gL dfGotf / ;dy{gsf nflu kqfrf/sf] dxj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f
s'zn kqfrf/sf] dfWodaf6 sfof{nosf] sfo{ Joj;flos ;kmnf tyf bf]xf]/f] ;DaGwnfO{ :yfoL
25
agfpg k|ToIf ;xof]u k'Ub5 . Joj;flos kqsf] cfjZostf, dxj vf;u/L ;Dks{ tyf ;dGjo
:yfkgf ug{, k|df0f k]z ug{, ;:tf] / ;'ljwfo'St ;]jf k|bfg ug{, ;'emfj / ;"rgf k|fKt ug{, sd
vlr{nf] agfpg, ;'b[9 cfGtl/s Pjd\ afo ;~rf/ k4ltsf] ljsf; tyf Jojl:yt ug{ kqfrf/ Ps
;zSt dfWodsf kdf /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f cfbz{ kqdf ;/ntf, :ki6t, ;\lIfKttf, ljgd|tf, k"0f{tf,
df}lnstf, z'4tf, k|efjsfl/tf / cfsif{stfh:tf u'0fx x'g' h/L x'G5 .
;fdfGotof k|of]usf cfwf/df lr7LkqnfO{ lgDglnlvt $ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
cfj]bg kq
JolStut jf gLlh kq
;/sf/L kq
Joj;flos jf Jofkfl/s kq
clen]v Joj:yfkg
clen]v eGgfn] lglZrt k|of]usf nflu clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lf/f tof/ u/L k|df0f jf ;"rgfsf
nflu cflwsfl/s lgsfodf /flvPsf] n]vf]6, d'b|0f jf lnlvt b:tfj]h a'lemG5 . To;}n] zdf{, u'Ktf /
g}o/sf cg';f/ eljiodf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L l;h{gf ePsf s'g} tYo jf ;"rgfsf] cf}krfl/s
lnvtx g} clen]v x'g\ .
clen]v Joj:yfkg eGgfn] efjL ;Gbe{sf nflu cfjZos clen]vx ;'/lIft;fy yGSofO{ /fVg' xf] .
To;sf/0f clen]v Joj:yfkg eg]sf] clen]vxsf] j|mda4 kdf e08f/0f xf] . s'g} klg ;fdfGo
;\u7gdf cg]s k|sf/sf clen]vx x'G5g\, h'g eljiodf k|of]u ug{ tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . cfjZos
;dodf o;n] ;j'b k|df0fsf] ;d]t sfo{ ub{5 . o;sf] cfk\mg} hLjgrj|m x'g] ePsfn] pkof]uL tyf
;lj|mo hLjg klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ dxjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
clen]v Joj:yfkgsf ljz]iftfx
s'g} klg clen]v tyf clen]v Joj:yfkg p2]Zok"0f{ x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;xh} :jLsfg{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L
clen]v Joj:yfkg ;/n, ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L x'g'kb{5 . ;do;dodf clen]vxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
u/L cBfjlws agfpg'nfO{ TolQs} cfjZos dflgG5 . clen]v Joj:yf r':t / b':t x'g'kb{5 .
vf]h]sf] a]nfdf cfjZos kmfOn t'Gt} k]mnf kg'{kb{5 . clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf
cfjZosgtfg';f/ gLlt, lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog cfjZos 7x5{ . k|efjsf/L clen]v
Joj:yfkgsf u'0fxnfO{ 'SURPRISE' zAbaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/G5 M
S = Specific
R = Reliable
R = Relevant
S = Spontaneous
U = Up to Date
P = Precise
I = Informative
E = Evidential
26
clen]v ;'/lIft /fVg] pkfotl/sf

ljZjdf ;do Pjd\ lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;u clen]v Joj:yfkgdf klg
ljleGg k4ltx cjnDag ul/b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

clen]vnfO{ x6fpg jf gf; x'gaf6 hf]ufpg], nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfO{ /fVg], cfjZostfg';f/
k|fKt ug{ ;lsg], k|df0fsf kdf k]z ug]{ cflb p2]Zon] clen]vnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'/lIft
/flvG5 .
o;/L clen]v ;'/Iffsf nflu ckgfOg] tl/sf tyf pkfox lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
s_ btf{ k|0ffnL
v_ ldl;n k|0ffnL
u_ ;"rLs/0f
3_ oflGqs ;f\lvsLs/0f
_ >Job[io k|0ffnL
r_ k|n]vg
5_ ;'Id 5jLs/0f .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df clen]v Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx
;+:yf jf sfof{nodf clen]v Joj:yfkgn] plrt dxj kfpg g;Sg',
clen]v Joj:yfkg;u ;Da4 sd{rf/LnfO{ clen]v lzIff tyf tflndsf] cefj,
clen]vsf nflu cfjZos kmlg{r/ tyf b/fhsf] cefjdf cJojl:yt kf]sf] kf/]/ /fVg] k|rng,
btf{ / rnfgL lstfa b':t / cBfjlws tl/sfn] g/flvg',
plrt ;+/If0f gkfP/ cfjZos sfuhft tyf lnvt wld/f jf ls/faf6 gi6 x'g',
e08f/0f ug]{ sfo{sIfsf] cefj x'g',
cgfjZos sfuhft, ldl;n / lnvtnfO{ ;8fpg]tk{m plrt Wofg glbg',
sfuh w'Nofpg];DaGwL P]g, lgodx Jojxf/df cjnDag x'g g;Sg',
Computer Record System / Networking k|0ffnL Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{ g;Sg',
clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{of]hgf tyf pko'St gLltsf] cefj,
clen]vsf] dxj ga'emL k|fyldsLs/0ftk{m Wofg glbg' .
clen]v Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox
;"rgf tYof\s ;+/If0f ug{ cfw'lgs sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / pkof]u ug]{,
k'/ftflTjs P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h tyf k|dfl0fs ljifosf] ;+/If0f / ;Def/ ug]{,
clen]v Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg hgzlStsf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf clej[l4sf nflu cfjZos
tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
clen]vsf] dxj tyf k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug'{sf ;fy} ;f]sf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf
plrt Joj:yf ug'{kg]{,
e08f/0fsf nflu cfjZos sfo{sIfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
27
clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] plrt 7fp, ef}lts, ljQLo tyf dfgjLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg],
clen]v Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{,
clen]v Joj:yfkgsf] bL3{sfnLgb"/bzL{ gLlt tof/ ug]{,
vf]h]sf] ;dodf tTsfn kfpg] u/L clen]vnfO{ cWofjlws / cfjZostfg';f/ ;\s]txsf]
k|of]u ug]{,
gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{j|md, tyf cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ clen]v x]g]{ k|j[lQnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],
clen]v ;'/Iffy{ ;do;dodf sL6gfzs cf}ifwLxsf] pkof]u ug]{,
sfuhkq w'Nofpg] lgodnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ug]{,
k|efjsf/L cg'udg d"Nof\sg k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
28
PsfO $
ljBfno ;|f]t Joj:yfkg

ljBfno lzIffnfO{ dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 7"nf] k|of; /x]sf] 5 tyflk
ljBfyL{ Pjd\ ;d'bfosf] cfly{s ;xof]u ljgf Quality education lbg ufx|f] 5 . o;sf nflu
ljBfnodf sf]if v8f ug'{kg]{, z'Ns;DaGwL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ l;4fGtcg';f/ k|wfgfWofksn] o;nfO{
;+j]bgzLntfsf ;fy Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . hgtfsf] dg lht]/ rfx]sf] avt vfrf]
ePsf] ;|f]t ;\sng ug{ kf/bzL{tfn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
ljBfno sf]ifsf] Joj:yf

lzIff P]gsf] bkmf !# -s_ cg';f/ k|To]s ljBfnodf Pp6f ljBfno sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5
h;df b]xfosf /sdx /xg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 M
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
lhNnf lzIff sf]ifaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
uflj; jf gkfaf6 k|fKt cg'bfg,
z'Nsaf6 cfpg] /sd,
rGbf jf bfg bftJoaf6 k|fKt /sd,
cGo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd .
sf]ifsf] ;~rfng / n]vfk/LIf0f lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ul/g'kb{5 .
z'Ns lgwf{/0fsf sfg'gL cfwf/x

lzIff P]g, @)@* sf] bkmf !^ -3_ df ljBfnosf] z'Ns;DaGwL b]xfoadf]lhd Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M
;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] k|fylds txsf] lzIff lgz'Ns x'g] / To:tf] ljBfnodf egf{ x'g]
ljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\ok':ts ;d]t lgz'Ns pknAw u/fOg],

lgdflj / dfljdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df z'Ns lgwf{/0f x'g] . t/ ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf blnt, hghflt, dlxnf / cGo ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf lzIff lgMz'Ns
k|bfg ul/g] .
ljBfyL{af6 Psk6s egf{ z'Ns lnO;s]kl5 ;f]xL ljBfnosf] csf]{ sIffdf egf{ z'Ns lng
gkfpg],
ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ljBfyL{;u s'g} z'Ns lng gkfpg],
;+:yfut ljBfnon] ljBfyL{;u lng kfpg] z'Ns g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq lgwf{/0f
ug'{ kb{5,
P]g ljkl/t ug]{nfO{ ?= @%,))) . ;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g] .
29
ljBfnon] lng kfpg] z'Ns tyf w/f}6Lsf k|sf/

lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( -;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] lgod !$^ df ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd lgod !$& sf]
clwgdf /xL b]xfoadf]lhdsf z'Ns tyf w/f}6L lng kfpg] Joj:yf 5 M
v]ns'b z'Ns,
dd{t ;Def/ z'Ns
k':tsfno z'Ns
cltl/St lj|mofsnfk z'Ns
k|of]uzfnf z'Ns
egf{ z'Ns
k/LIff z'Ns
:yfgfGt/0f k|df0fkq z'Ns
sDKo'6/ lzIff z'Ns
ljz]if k|lzIf0f -h'8f], s/ft], kf}8L, 3f]8r9L, ufog, g[To cflb_
kl/jxg z'Ns
cfjf; z'Ns
ef]hg z'Ns
ljBfno vf]Nbf w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{ /sd M

dfWolds ljBfnosf M @ nfv -;+:yfutsf nflu_ / ! nfv -;fd'bflossf nflu_
lgDgdfWolds ljBfno M ! nfv %) xhf/ -;+:yfutsf nflu_
k|fylds ljBfno M %) xhf/ -;+:yfutsf nflu_
cfly{s Joj:yfkg
k|wfgfWofkssf] w]/} Joj:yfksLo sfo{dWo] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ sfo{ cfly{s Joj:yfkg klg xf] . cfly{s
Joj:yfkgsf] dxjk"0f{ l;4fGt s] xf] eg] pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u cTolws pknlAwsf]
nflu Jojl:yt kdf ug'{ / ;s];Dd w]/} eGbf w]/} ;|f]tx h'6fpg' xf] .
cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lgDglnlvt kIfxsf] plrt ;+of]hg ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . tL x'g\ M
cfly{s ;|f]txsf] klxrfg,

cfly{s ;|f]txsf] ;\sng,
k|fyldstfx lgwf{/0f,
;|f]tsf] a}1flgs af8kmf8,
cfly{s clen]vsf] Joj:yf,
;|f]tsf] pkof]lutfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg
Pp6f k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfnosf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg ug{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf sfo{x ug'{kb{5 M

30
ah]6 tof/ ug]{

ah]6sf] plrt af8kmf8 ug]{
n]vf k|0ffnL j}1flgs / kf/bzL{ agfO{ b'?:t /fVg]
ah]6sf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L kdf ug]{
nIocg'k k|ult eP gePsf] d"Nof\sg ug]{ kltsf] ljsf; ug]{
plrt Joj:yfkgsf] cefjdf xfd|f cg'bfg k|fKt t/fO tyf pkTosfl:yt sltko ;/sf/L ljBfnodf
cfly{s ;|f]tsf] cefj gePsf] t/ tL ;|f]txsf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 Psftk{m
ljBfnosf] ;DklQ gfz x'+b} uPsf] / csf]{tk{m ljBfnosf] ;du| cfjZostfnfO{ pknAw ah]6f/f
k"lt{ ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yf klg 5 To;tk{m Wofg k'ofpg' h?/L 5 .
ljBfnosf] ah]6, ljBfnosf] ;\u7gfTds :jk, ljBfyL{ ;\Vof, lzIfs b/aGbL, ef}lts ;'ljwfsf]
pknAwtf jf o;sf] kof{Kttfckof{Kttf, ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf jf ;xof]u cflb s'/fdfly e/ kg]{
ePsfn] lzIff dGqfnoaf6 ah]6 lgsf;f x'bf log} s'/fxnfO{ Wofg lbg] ul/G5 . t;y{
k|wfgfWofksn] ah]6sf] k|of]u ubf{ o:tf zLif{sx pk/ ul/g] vr{ / To;sf] Jojl:yt n]vfk|0ffnL
/fVg'kb{5 / cfufdL jif{df x'g;Sg] ljBfyL{ ;\Vofsf] j[l4, lzIfs b/jGbL, ljBfnosf] ;\u7gdf
x'g;Sg] kl/jt{g, ef}lts ;'ljwf h:tf s'/fxnfO{ k'jf{g'dfg u/L ah]6sf] 9frf tof/ kfg{ cfjZos
x'G5 .
cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df ljBfno ;~rfngsf nflu jt{dfg lzIff P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] Joj:yf
u/]cg';f/ g} k|wfgfWofksn] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfno n]vf tyf ;DklQsf] n]vfk/LIf0f lgoldtkdf u/fO{ 7Ls b'?:t /fVg' kb{5 .
To;}u/L x/]s jif{ jflif{s sfo{j|md tof/ u/L ah]6 agfpg], ah]6df ut jif{df ePsf
sldsdhf]/LxnfO{ gbf]xf]ofpg] / cfufdL jif{df x'g] sfo{j|mdsf nflu rflxg] /sd, cfjZos bIftf
(Expertise) ;d]t pNn]v u/]/ ah]6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
k|wfgfWofksn] ah]6 tof/ u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ Psk|lt lhNnf lzIff
sfof{nodf k7fpg' kb{5 . ljBfnoxaf6 k|fKt ah]6 ;dfj]z u/L lhNnfsf] ah]6 lzIff dGqfnodf
k7fOG5 .
ljBfnodf n]vfk/LIfsf/f jf lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf] lgb]{zgcg';f/sf] n]vfk|0ffnL k|of]u u/L
cfDbfgL vr{ :ki6 b]lvg] u/L /fVg' kb{5 . n]vf /fVbf cg';"rLdf lbOPsf kmf/dx k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
ljBfnodf vr{ ubf{ ldtJolotf ckgfpg], k9fOsf] u'0f:t/Lotf (Quality) ;'wf/ x'g] s'/fdf jf
z}lIfs ;fdu|L vl/b Pjd\ k|of]udf sGh';L gu/L ug'{ kb{5 . vr{ tyf cfDbfgLsf] lan, ef}r/,
cw{s6\6L /;Lb / vftfkftf rflxPsf avt ;lhn} u/L kfOg] jf n]vf kl/Ifsn] vf]h]sf avt
pknAw x'g;Sg] u/L /fVg'kb{5 .
ljBfno n]vf k|0ffnLsf nflu b]xfo jdf]lhdsf vftfx tf]lsPsf 5g\ M
31
j|m=;+
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
vftfsf] gfd
ljBfnosf] ah]6 vftf
cfDbfgLsf] lx;fa vftf
vr{sf] lx;fa vftf
gubL vftf
a}Fs vftf
k]ZsL vftf
lhG;L vftf
dfl;s cfDbfgL vr{sf] ljj/0f vftf
z'Ns btf{ lstfa vftf
jf;nft vftf
tf]lsPsf] kmf/d g+=

kmf=g+=!
kmf=g+=@
kmf=g+ #
kmf=g+ $
kmf=g+ %
kmf=g+= ^
kmf=g+= &
kmf=g+= *
kmf=g+= (
kmf=g+= !)
plNnlvt vftf tyf kmf/fdsf] k|of]u u/L cfly{s sf/f]af/ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljBfnosf] ah]6, cfDbfgL vr{sf] n]vf tyf cGo Joj:yf

ljBfnodf ;~rfng x'g] z}lIfs lj|mofsnfksf] vr{sf] cfoJoo ljj/0fsf] lx;fa lstfasf] /]s8{
/fVg] k|0ffnL g} n]vf k|0ffnL xf] . of] cfly{s sf/f]af/ xf] . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt 9\uaf6 /]s8{ ug{
lzIff lgodfjnLdf kmf/fdxsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfnosf] cfly{s sf/f]af/nfO{ Jojl:yt /fvL
;f]sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] n]vfk/LIfsf/f n]vfk/LIf0f u/fO{ ;f]sf] cfwf/ k|ltj]bg
tof/ tyf k]z ug]{ bfloTj k|csf] xf] .
ljBfnosf] ah]6 M k|wfgfWofksn] k|To]s jif{ cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 tof/ u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltaf6 :jLs[t u/fO To;sf] Psk|lt lhlzsfdf ;dod} k7fpg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu kmf/fd g+= !
sf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
ljBfno sf]ifsf] ;~rfng M ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;b:o / k|csf]
;+o'St b:tvtaf6 x'g] . t/ dfljlgdflj sf]ifsf] ;~rfng k|c / n]vfkfn jf n]vf;DaGwL sfd
ug]{ lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;+o'St b:tvtaf6 ul/g]5 .
ljBfno sf]ifsf] lx;fjlstfa /fVg] sfd k|wfgfWofks / n]vf;DaGwL sfd ug]{ JolStsf] x'g]5 .
n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg] M
k|wfgfWofksn] k|To]s jif{ ljBfnosf] cfoJoosf] n]vf k/LIf0f lhNnf lzIff clwsf/LIf]qLo lzIff
lgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] n]vf k/LIfsaf6 u/fpg' kg]{ 5 .
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] l;nl;nfdf cfoJoosf] alxvftf n]vf k/LIfsn] dfu]sf] avt hfRg lbg'kg]{ 5 .
ljBfnodf cfDbfgL ug]{ / vr{ ug]{ sfd u/L ;s]kl5 ltgLxsf] lgoldt kdf n]vf k/LIf0f
u/fpg' kb{5 . n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg' eg]sf] lgoldt 9\uaf6 cfDbfgL / vr{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 ls 5}g
egL olsg ug]{ / ut jif{xdf s'g} uNtLx ePsf] eP cfufdL jif{df tL uNtLx bf]xf]l/g glbg]
Joj:yf xf] . k|wfgfWofksn] xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy sfd u/]df slt klg a]?h' gcfpg ;S5 . h'g
ljBfnosf] a]?h' sd x'G5 To;sf] cfDbfgL vr{ ug]{ tl/sf 7Ls /x]5 egL a'e\mg' kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0f
32
u/fO ;s]kl5 k|wfgfWofksn] ;dod} k|ltj]bgx lhlzsfdf k7fpg] ug'{kb{5 / a]?h' km5\of}{6 ug'{
kb{5 .
k|ltj]bg
ljBfnosf] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/;s]kl5 b]xfosf s'/fx v'nfO{ k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldlt, lhNnf lzIff sfof{noIf]qLo lzIff lgb]{zgfnodf PsPs k|lt k7fpg'kg]{ M
;f]wgL ePsf] hjfkm oyfzL3| eP gePsf],
k]z ePsf] cfoJoosf] lx;fa l/t k"j{s eP gePsf],
cfoJoosf] ;|]:tf sfg'g adf]lhd /fv] g/fv]sf],
jf;nft b'?:t eP gePsf],
ljBfnosf] sf/f]jf/ ;Gtf]ifk|b eP gePsf],
n]vfk/LIfsn] dgfl;j / cfjZos ;De]msf] cGo s'/f .
33
kmf=g+= !
ljBfnosf] ah]6 vftf

ljBfnosf] gfd M
7]ufgf M
Joo
zLif{ zLif{ss o;
s g+= f] gfd
z}lIf
s
;qsf]
Joo
(1)
(2)
(3)
o;
z}lIfs
;qsf]
k|:tflj
t Joo
:jLs[
t
/sd
(4)
(5)
k|wfgfWofkssf] ;xL M
z}lIfs ;q====================sf]
cfo
zLif{ zLif{ss ut
o;
s g+= f] gfd
z}lIf z}lIf
s
s
;qsf] ;qsf]
cfo cfo
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
ah]6
:jLs[
t
/sd
s}lkmo
t
(10)
(11)
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] ;xL M
b|i6Jo M
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
-*_
-(_
-!)_
lzIfssf] l;l;n]af/ gDa/ n]Vg],

lzIfs tna, d;nGb, kmlg{r/ h:tf vr{tk{m ePsf] zLif{ssf] gfd n]Vg],
g+= @ sf zLif{sxdf ut jif{ ePsf] v'b vr{ pNn]v ug]{,
rfn' z}lIfs ;qsf] k|:tfljt vr{ /sd n]Vg],
rfn' z}lIfs ;qsf] nflu Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] :jLs[t u/]sf] /sd;Dd pNn]v ug]{,
cfo tkm{sf] zLif{ssf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ n]Vg],
;/sf/L cg'bfg, ljBfyL{ z'Ns h:tf cGo zLif{ssf] gfd pNn]v ug]{,
ut z}lIfs ;qsf] v'b cfDbfgL zLif{scg';f/ pNn]v ug]{,
o; z}lIfs ;qsf] cfDbfgLsf] k|:tfljt /sd pNn]v ug]{,
:jLs[t /sd pNn]v ug]{ -;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] /sd :jLs[t tna :s]ncg';f/ x'g'
kg]{5_,
-!!_ cGo s'g} s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{ .
34
kmf=g+ $, % / ^
gubL a}Fs k]ZsL vftf

ljBfnosf] gfd M
7]ufgf M
jif{============================dlxgf==========================
ldlt
ljj/0f
ef}r/
8]la6
j|m]l86
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
8]la6j|m]l86
-^_
afsL
-&_
s}lkmot
-*_
b|i6Jo M
-s_
gubL
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
vftf k|of]u ubf{ M

ldlt pNn]v ug]{
5f]6s/Ldf cfDbfgL vr{sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{
ef}r/ g+= pNn]v ug]{
gub k|fKt ePdf pNn]v ug]{
gub /sd a}Fs bflvnf jf vr{ ePdf pNn]v ug]{
dxn & sf] afsL /sd 8]la6 jf q]ml86 afsL s] xf] < 8]la6 afsL eP 8]= / q]ml86
eP q]m= pNn]v ug]{
-&_ afsL /sd pNn]v ug]{
-*_ cGo s'g} s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{
-v_
a}s vftf k|of]u ubf{ M

-!_ ldlt pNn]v ug]{,
-@_ 5f]6s/Ldf cfDbfgL vr{sf] ljj/0f / r]s g+= jf a}Fs bflvnf ef}r/ gDa/ pNn]v
ug]{,
-#_ ef}r/ g+= pNN]v ug]{,
-$_ a}+s bflvnf ePsf] /sd pNn]v ug]{,
-%_ a}+saf6 vr{ ePsf] /sd pNn]v ug]{,
-^_ a}+sdf 8]la6 afsL eP 8]= / q]ml86 afsL eP q]m= pNn]v ug]{,
-&_ afsL /sd pNn]v ug]{,
-*_ cGo s'g} s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{ .
35
-u_
k]ZsL
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
-*_
vftf k|of]u ubf{ M

ldlt pNn]v ug]{,
k]ZsL lnOPsf] jf km5\of}{6 ePsf] sfd pNn]v ug]{,
ef}r/ g+= pNn]v ug],{
k]ZsL lbPsf] /sd pNn]v ug]{,
k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ePsf] /sd pNn]v ug]{,
afsL k]ZsL 8]la6 eP 8]= / q]ml86 eP q]m= pNn]v ug]{,
k]ZsL afsL /sd pNn]v ug]{,
cGo s'g} s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{ .
kmf=g+= &
lhG;L vftf
ljBfnosf] gfdM
7]ufgf
jif{ ======================dlxgf=================
-!_
-@_
-#_
k|lt PsfO hDdf
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
b|i6Jo M
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
ldlt pNn]v ug]{,

;fdfgsf] gfd, k|fKt jf vr{sf] 5f]6f] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{,
;fdfgsf] k|lt PsfO b/ pNn]v ug]{,
k|fKt ;fdfgsf] kl/df0f pNn]v ug]{,
vr{ ePsf] ;fdfgsf] kl/df0f pNn]v ug]{,
afsL ;fdfgsf] kl/df0f pNn]v ug]{,
cGo s'g} s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{ .
-PsfOdf uf]6f, bh{g cflb pNn]v ug]{_
36
kmf=g+= *
dfl;s cfDbfgL / vr{sf] ljj/0f vftf

ljBfnosf] gfd M
7]ufgf M
jif{==============dlxgf=================
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
-*_
-(_
-!)_
-!!_
-!@_
hDdf
afsL /sd
gub
a}+s
b|i6Jo M
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
-*_
-(_
-!)_
-!!_
-!@_
kmf=g+= ! sf] Joosf] zLif{s g+= pNn]v ug]{,

kmf=g+= ! sf] Joosf] zLif{s gfd pNn]v ug]{,
kmf=g+ ! sf] jflif{s :jLs[t Joosf] /sd pNn]v ug]{,
uPsf] dlxgf;Ddsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sxsf] vr{ /sd pNn]v ug]{,
of] dlxgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sxsf] vr{ /sd pNn]v ug]{,
dxn $ / % sf] hDdf /sd pNn]v ug]{,
kmf=g+= ! sf] cfosf] zLif{s g+= pNn]v ug]{,
kmf=g+= ! sf] cfosf] zLif{s gfd pNn]v ug]{,
kmf=g+= ! sf] jflif{s :jLs[t cfo /sd pNn]v ug]{,
cl3Nnf] dlxgf;Ddsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sxsf] cfo /sd pNn]v ug]{,
of] dlxgfsf] ;DalGwt zLif{sxsf] cfo /sd pNn]v ug]{,
dxn !) / !! sf] hDdf /sd pNn]v ug]{ .
-afsL /sddf cfo / Joosf] hDdf /sdsf] km/s pNn]v ug]{_
37
z'Ns btf{ lstfa vftf

ljBfnosf] gfd
7]ufgf
sIff ===========jif{==============dlxgf=======================
/f]=g+= ljBfyL{sf]
gfd
a}zfv h]i7 cfiff9 >fj0f ebf} c;f]h sflt{s d+;L/ kf}if df3 kmfNu'0f r}q
hDdf
jf;nft vftf
ljBfnosf] gfd M
7]ufgf M
jif{sf] ===============sf] cflv/L lbg =============;Ddsf]
bfloTj
/sd
-!_
-@_
k|wfgfWofks
n]vfkfn
;DklQ
-#_
/sd
-$_
n]vfk/LIfs
b|i6Jo M
-!_ ljBfnosf] bfloTj ljj/0fx pNn]v ug]{,
-@_ bfloTj /sd pNn]v ug]{,
-#_ ljBfnosf] rfn' crn ;DklQsf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{,
-$_ ;DklQsf] /sd pNn]v ug]{ .
38
vr{sf] lx;fj vftf

ljBfnosf] gfd M
7]ufgf
jif{sf]============================sf] cflv/L lbg ==================;Ddsf]
ldlt
ljj/0f ef}r/
tna eQf
g+=
:jLs[t sd{rf/L b/aGbL
b/jGbL
aflx/sf]
lzIfs
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
cGo
zLif{s
hDdf
s}lkmot
-&_
-*_
-(_
o; dlxgfsf] hDdf
b|i6Jo M
-!_ sf/f]jf/sf] ldlt pNn]v ug]{,
-@_ vr{sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug]{,
-#_ ef}r/ g+= pNn]v ug]{,
-$_ lhlzsfaf6 cg'bfg /sd k|fKt x'g] :jLs[t b/aGbLleqsf lzIfsxsf] tna eQf vr{
/sd pNn]v ug]{,
-%_ ljBfnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf] tna eQf vr{ /sd pNn]v ug]{,
-^_ cg'bfg /sd k|fKt gx'g] b/aGbL aflx/sf lzIfsxs]f tna eQf vr{ pNn]v ug]{,
-&_ o;df cfjZostfcg';f/ d;nGb, kmlg{r/, 5kfO{, ;]jf, b}=e|=eQf h:tf dxnx v8f u/L
/sd pNn]v ug]{,
-*_ dxn $, %, ^ / & sf] hDdf /sd pNn]v ug]{,
-(_ cGo s]xL s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{
39
cfDbfgLsf] lx;fa vftf

ljBfnosf] gfd
7]ufgf
jif{==========================dlxgf=====================
ldlt
ljj/0f
/l;b g+= zLif{s
;/sf/L k9fO
cg'bfg z'Ns
hDdf
a}+s bflvnf
s}lkmot
cGo
o; dlxgfsf] hDdf
b|i6Jo M
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
cfDbfgL ePsf] ldlt pNn]v ug]{,

sxfaf6 jf s;af6 k|fKt ePsf] pNn]v ug]{,
/l;b g+= pNn]v ug]{,
s'g zLif{s afkt k|fKt ePsf] xf] ;f]xL dxndf n]Vg] / cfjZostfcg';f/ dxn a9fpg],
k|fKt ePsf] hDdf ?= pNn]v ug]{,
k|fKt /sd dWo] a}+s bflvnf ePsf] /sd pNn]v ug]{,
cGo s'g} s'/f eP pNn]v ug]{
ljBfno ;DklQ Joj:yfkg

Ps ;zSt ;fdflhs ;+:yf agfpgsf] nflu ljBfnosf] ;DklQnfO{ lghL ;DklQeGbf klg a9L rf;f]
/fvL o;sf sfg'gL cfwf/, gS;f, nfnk"hf{, /l;b cflb agfO{ /fVg] / x/k|sf/af6 ;DklQsf] hu]gf{
ug'{ ljBfno Joj:yfkssf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . hUuf hdLgafx]s c? rn ;DklQ / gubnfO{ klg plQs}
dxj lbO{ arfpg] / 7Ls 7fpdf 7Ls ;dodf k|of]u ug]{ ug'{kb{5 .
g]kfndf ljBfno / ;/sf/L c8\8f cflbsf] gfkLgS;f sfuhftx 7Ls b'?:t /fVg] eGg] s'/f
gofh:tf] nfU5 . o;sf] cefjdf s}of}F ;+:yfxn] hUufhdLg / d]l;g ;fwgx u'dfO/x]sf 5g\ .
ljBfnonfO{ Ps ;zJ|m ;+:yf, :yfoL ;+:yf / hLjGt ;+:yf agfpgsf] nflu tn plNnlvt sfo{x
ug{ clt cfjZos 5 M
ljBfnosf] gfpdf k|fKt hUufx, v]ns'b d}bfg, ljBfnos} gfpdf btf{ ug]{,
ljBfnosf] gfpdf /x]sf hUuf hdLgsf] gS;f, nfnk'hf{ / dfnkf]t lt/]sf /;Lbx ;'/lIft
9\uaf6 /fVg],
x/]s jif{ lgoldt kdf dfnkf]t ltg]{,
gfkL cfPsf] avt ljBfnosf] hUuf gu'Dg]] u/L gfkL u/fpg] .
40
o;} u/L ljBfnoleq lsg]/ jf ;/sf/af6 cg'bfg:jk jf cGobftfaf6 cg'bfg ;xfotf :jk
k|fKt d]l;g, ;fwg, sDKo'6/, uf8L, >Job[Zo ;fdu|Lxsf] klg k"/f d"No, pTkfbg gDa/ / cGo
:k]l;lkms];g v'Ng] u/L btf{ ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf] Jojl:yt k|of]usf] nflu ug'{kg]{ d'Vo sfo{x o;
k|sf/ 5g\ M
dfl;P/ ghfg] ;DklQ, d]l;g ;fwgxsf] ;"rL agfO{ :yfoL btf{ (Inventory) u/L /fVg]
h;df d"No, a|fG8 / c? :k]l;lkms];g vf]lnPsf] xf];\ .
dfl;P/ hfg] ;fdfgsf] cnUu} ;"rL agfO{ /fVg] . jif{ e/Ldf x/]s JolStn] s'gs'g rLh s]s]
sfdsf] nflu slt k|of]u u/\of] egL /]s8{ /fVg], h;n] ubf{ clgolGqt k|of]uaf6 arfp ug{
;lsG5 .
ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;DklQsf] dd{t ;'wf/ / clwstd pkof]u
dd{t;Def/ Ps lg/Gt/ k|lj|mof xf] . of] cs:dft\ x'g] / %, !) jif{df Psk6s x'g] 36gf klg
xf]Og . g]kfnsf ljBfno, sn]hx dd{tsf] lx;fjn] bogLo cj:yfdf b]lvG5g\ . s}of}F lzIf0f
;+:yfxdf ljgf k};f g} x'g;Sg] h:t} M ;kmfO, ;fdfgsf] ;'Jojl:yt k|of]u, ;fdfgsf] e08f/0f ug]{
sfdx klg ePsf] kfO+{+b}g . w'n}w'nf] ePsf] sIffsf]7fdf k9fO e}/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;dodf 5fgf
g5fpg], 9n lgsf; gug]{, wf/f kfgLsf] dd{t ;dodf gug]{], kmf]xf]/ zf}rfnosf] k|of]u ug]{ t
;fwf/0f s'/f ePsf 5g\ . k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / ;d'bfosf JolStxn] rfx]df jf
pgLxnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;s]df ufpF jf ;x/sf 3/xeGbf cfgf] 5f]/f5f]/L k9\g] ljBfno, 3/ w]/}
/fd|f] agfpg g;lsg] s'/} 5}g .
;d'bfodf kl/jt{gsf] jfxssf] kdf :yflkt ljBfno g} ;kmf;'U3/, ;';lHht / ;'dw'/ x'g;s]g eg]
ljBfyL{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfon] s] l;S5g\ . w]/} 3/xsf] aLrdf /x]sf] Pp6f ljBfno h;df ;of}+
xftx x'G5g\ Tof] ;+:yf ;kmf, ;'Gb/ / ;'Jojl:yt x'g ;s]g eg] c? s'g ;+:yf g} /fd|f] x'g;S5 <
ljBfnosf] cfsf/cg';f/ ljBfnodf dd{t ug'{ kg]{ w]/} s'/fx x'G5g\ . tL x'g\ M ufx|f] dd{t, ljB't
h8fg, clkm; d]l;gx, 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, c? On]S6f]lgs dd{t, hldgsf] x]/rfx (Site
maintenance), KnlDa, zf}rfno, vfg]kfgL, NofG8:s]kL, u|fpG8 dd{t, sfo{zfnf, >Job[Zo
;fdu|L, lyP6/ xn, ;fp08 l;:6d, k]mlG; dd{t cflb .
dd{t b'O{k|sf/sf x'G5g\ Ps lg/f]wfTds (Preventive) dd{t / bf];|f] ;'wf/fTds (Corrective)
dd{t . lg/f]wfTds dd{t eGgfn] s'g} klg lju|g', eTsg' jf sdhf]/ x'g' k'j{ g} lgoldtkdf ul/g]
dd{t . h:t} 3/sf] /+u/f]ug ug]{, a]n}df 5fgf dd{t ug]{, d]l;g ;fwgsf] ;do ;dodf ul/g] ;le{l;
cflb . ;'wf/fTds dd{t eGgfn] s'g} rLh lalu|P kl5 ul/g] dd{t . o:tf] dd{t klxnf]eGbf a9L vr{
nfUg] x'g ;S5 . To:t} c? dd{t x'g ;S5g\ M
Recurring Maintenance M jif{df Ps jf b'O{k6s t/ lgold kdf x'g] dd{t . h:t} M 5fgf,
tf/af/ dd{t cflb .
41
Periodic MaintenanceM a]nfavtdf lgoldt kdf ug'{kg]{ dd{t h:t} ;]6L 6\of\sLsf] ;kmfO .
Replacement Maintenance M ha s'g} dd{t ubf{ubf{ clt dxuf] x'g hfG5 of k"/fgf] df]8]nsf]
eP/ sfd gnfUg] x'g hfG5 eg] gofF j:t' agfpg' kg]{ jf Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 eg] To;nfO{
Replacement maintenance elgG5 .
slxn]sfxLF tf]8kmf]8, e"sDk, af9L klx/f]sf sf/0fn] Emergency maintenance ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
To:t} u/]/ Improvement maintenance ;w}Fe/L u/L g} /xg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ljljw k|sf/sf]
dd{tsf] nflu tn pNn]v ePcg';f/sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 M
ljBfnosf] dd{t gLlt tof/ ug]{,
%!) k|ltzt ah]6 dd{tsf nflu 5'6\ofpg],
dd{tsf] nflu e/kbf]{kdf ;ldlt agfpg], JolSt tf]Sg],
;ldltsf sfo{ljlw (Terms of Reference-TOR) / JolStsf] sfo{ljj/0f (Job
description) tof/ ug]{,
k};f gnfUg], yf]/} k};f nfUg] / k'/} d"No nfUg] dd{t 5'6\ofO{ dd{t of]hgf agfpg] / nfu" ug]{,
7Ls 9\un] dd{t eP gePsf] yfxf kfpg k|wfgfWofksn] Management by Walking
Around (MBWA) ug]{ .
lhG;L ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yfkg tyf clen]v
ljBfnodf ljleGg k|of]hgsf] nflu s]xL dfqfdf eP klg z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx, clkm; ;fdu|Lx, dd{t
/ ;Def/sf ;fdu|Lx lslgPs} x'G5g\ . oL rLhx lsGg w]/} ah]6 gePsf] yf]/} ;fdu|Ln] jif{e/L s}
sfd rnfpg kg]{ ePsf] x'F+bf o;sf] plrt Joj:yf x'g' h?/L 5 . sltko ljBfnoxdf o:tf ;fdu|L
lsGg], k|of]u ug]{ u/fpg] plrt Joj:yfsf] cefjdf grflxg] 7fpFdf a9L vr{ ePsf], rflxg] 7fpFdf
vr{ gk'u]sf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lgDg sfo{ ug'{ j]z xf]nf M
slxn] s] lsGg], s'g :t/sf] lsGg], s'g d"Nodf lsGg] cflb yfxf kfP/ of]hgf ug]{ .
cfPsf ;fdfgxsf] ;"rL (Inventory) agfpg],
;a} ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, vr{ s;/L ug]{ eGg] gLlt agfO nfu" ug]{ .
s}of}F ljBfnoxdf k"/fgf k|of]u gx'g] d]l;g, ;fwg, kmlg{r/ cflb w]/} jif{;Dd klg gx6fOPsf],
To;n] ubf{ ljBfnosf] ;'Gb/tfdf x|f; cfPsf], jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:tf
;fdfg a]n}df lnnfd a9fa9 ug'{kg]{ xf] ls ljBfnosf] lg0f{ocg';f/ l;w} laj|mLljt/0f ug{ ldNg] xf]
ls, dd{t u/]/ sfd nfUg] xf] Tof] lg0f{o u/L ljBfno kl/;/nfO{ ;kmf, ;'Gb/ / ;'Jojl:yt ug'{
pko'St x'G5 .
ljBfno kl/;/sf] Joj:yfkg
;d'bfosf ;aeGbf 7"nf ;DklQxdWo] ljBfno klg Ps xf] . ljBfno ;DklQsf] k|efjsf/L
42
Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0fdf lzIfs ljBfyL{ / ;d'bfosf ;b:oxsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljBfno ;femf ;DklQ ePsf] x'bf o;sf] dd{t ;+/If0f ug]{ / pkef]u ug]{ klg ;d'bfosf JolSt x'g\ .
ljBfnodf /x]sf ;of}+ xftxn] clncln dfq sfd u/] klg ljBfno w]/} ;kmf;'U3/ / ;'/lIft x'g
hfG5 . To;} u/L o;sf] dd{t Pjd\ ;+/If0fdf ;d'bfon] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . xfn;fn}
ljBfnox :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ lhDdf lbg] gLltn] ljBfno cem a9L Jojl:yt / ;+/lIft /xg ;Sg]
;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 .
pknAw ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] clwstd k|of]u ug{ ;s]df o;sf] ;fy{stf a9\b} hfG5 . ejgsf x/]s
s'gfs'gfsf] k|of]u, v]ns'b d}bfg / hUuf hldgsf] k|of]u ePdf ljBfnodf ;'Gb/tf a9\g], cfly{s
nfex x'ghfG5 . ejgsf leQfxdf /fd|f / cy{k"0f{ lrqx /fVg], k"mnx /fVg] h:tf sfdn]
ljBfnosf] jftfj/0fdf cfsif{0f ylkg hfG5 . To;} u/L ljBfnosf] vfnL hUufdf au}Frf,
s/];faf/L agfpg] / ?v /f]Kgfn] ljBfnosf] k} csf]{ x'G5 . ljBfnosf] 3]/faf/ -km]lG;_ klg
k"mn}k"mnsf] agfpg ;lsG5 .
hxf;Dd ljBfno ;DklQsf] k|of]u jf pkef]usf] s'/f 5, To;nfO{ ljljw ljlwaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
h:t} M
hUufhldg 7]Ssfdf lbP/ k};f lng],
;fdflhs pT;jsf nflu ;'ky ef8fdf ljBfnosf] xn cflb pknAw u/fpg],
ljBfnosf d]l;g, ;fwgx lghL kdf k|of]u ug'{ k/]df x/]ssf] ef8f tf]sL k|of]u ug{ lbg],
ljBfnosf] ;DklQdf ;+/If0f lzIfs ljBfyL{ Pjd\ ;d'bfosf dflg;xnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ . of]
;+nUgtf o:tf] x'g ;S5 M
- ;a} ljBfyL{n] ljBfnosf nflu PsPscf]6f k"mnsf] lj?jf NofO{ lbP eg] ;of}F lj?jfx cfpg
;S5g\ t/ ;a}n] PsPscf]6f lj?jf pv]n]/ nlulbP eg] ljBfno Ps}lbgdf phf8 x'g;S5 .
- ljBfnodf cfpg] hfg] JolStxn] s]xL s'/f NofOlbP] eg] ljBfno wgL aGg ;S5 t/ h;n]
h] kfof] 3/ nfg] uof] eg] ljBfno l;l4G5 .
- ufp3/sf ljBfnoxdf ljbfdf ufpdf cfPsf e"tk"j{ ljBfyL{, hflu/], nfx'/] s;}n] s]xL
Nofpg] u/]sf] klg kfOG5 h:t} M v]ns'bsf ;fdfg, k':ts, gS;f cflb .
- ljBfnosf] k|of;df e"tk"j{ ljBfyL{sf] ;\u7g (School Alumni) v8f u/fof] eg] o;af6
ljBfnonfO{ 7"nf] d2t x'g ;S5 . s}of}F 7"nf ljBfnoxdf Alumni sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg
ePsf] klg b]lvG5 .
43
PsfO{ ^
ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg / k/LIff Joj:yfkg

d"Nof\sg eg]sf] s] xf] <
ljBfno, sIff / ljBfyL{ :jo+n] to u/]sf z}lIfs p2]Zox k|fKt ug]{ lbzfdf ljBfyL{n] xfl;n
u/]sf] k|ult g} d"Nof\sg xf] .
h]D;= Pd= nL
z}lIfs p2]Zox s'g xb;Dd cfTd;ft ul/of] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lj|mof g} d"Nof\sg xf] .
6]n/
ljBfyL{xn] z}lIfs p2]Zoxdf s'g xb;Dd pknlAw xfl;n u/] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug]{
l;nl;n]jf/ Pjd\ lgoldt k|lj|mof g} d"Nof\sg xf] .
u|f]n08
lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg
;fwf/0f cy{df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg xf] . ljBfyL{
d"Nof\sgaf6 l;sfOPsf s'/fx pgLxn] s] slt l;s] jf l;s]gg eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt
x'G5 . ;fwf/0ftofM d"Nof\sg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\M lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds . lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nof\sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] sdL sdhf]/Lx ;do d} kQf nufpg ;lsg] / tTsfn ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f
u/L pgLxnfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg ;lsG5 eg] lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff r9fpg] s'/fsf]
lg0f{o lng k|of]u ul/G5 . ctM ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fsf nflu ul/g] d"Nof\sgnfO{ lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nof\sg / ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff r9fpg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lng ul/g] d"Nof\sgnfO{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg
elgG5 .
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sg ljBfyL{d'vL lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng u/L k7gkf7g ;u;u} nuftf/ e}/xG5 eg]
lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg s'g} vf; ;dodf ubf{ klg x'G5 .
k/LIff;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx -hfFrxaf6 k|fKt_ sf] k|of]u lglZrt ;d"x;u ;Dj4 5 eg] d"Nof\sg
lg0f{o ug]{ s'/f;u . d"Nof\sg cTolws ljZn]if0ffTds / Jofkskdf k|of]u x'g] kbfjnL xf] eg]
k/LIff Ps lsl;dsf] dfkg k|0ffnL . oxfF d"Nof\sg / k/LIffaLrsf leGgtf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
d"Nof\sg / k/LIffaLrsf] leGgtf

d"Nof\sg
k/LIff
!= 1fg jf ;Lksf] dfqf dfq lgwf{/0f gu/L

;d:t z}lIfs ljsf;sf] n]vfhf]vf u5{ .
@= d"Nof\sgdf ;fwgsf] kdf k/LIffnufot
JolStTj k/LIf0f, cjnf]sg cflb ljlwx
k|o'St x'G5g\ .
#= lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof
$= k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/g] klt
%= lzIfs, ljBfyL{, ;/f]sf/jfnfnufotsf
cfGtl/s Pjd\ jfx\o kIfsf] ;xeflutf
/xg] k2lt .
!= ljifoj:t';DaGwL 1fg / ;Lksf] dfqf

dfkg u5{ .
@= k/LIffsf ;fwgsf] kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf
pknlAw k/LIff / cGtjf{tf{ k|o'St x'G5g\ .
#= lglZrt ;dfofjlwdf ;~rfng x'g] k2lt

$= d"Nof\sgsf nflu ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ klt
%= vf; u/L lzIfs / ljBfyL{ dfq ;xefuL
/xg] klt, ljz]if cj:yfdf cGo kIfsf]
klg ;xeflutf ck]lIft x'G5 .
44
Pp6f s'zn Pjd\ ;Ifd k|wfgfWofkslzIfs aGgsf nflu lzIff If]qsf gjLgtd cjwf/0ffaf/]
/fd|f] hfgsf/L eO/xg' kg]{ / k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L ljBfyL{ Pjd\ cleefjsnfO{ To;k|lt
ljZj:t t'Nofpg' clt cfjZos 5 .
d"Nof\sg ljlw
d"Nof\sg ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fxdf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . oL d"Nof\sgsf k|sf/x x'g\M
sIffsfo{
u[xsfo{
PsfO k/LIff
q}dfl;s tyf cw{jflif{s k/LIff
Jojxf/sf] cjnf]sg -lgoldttf, cg'zf;g cflb_
cltl/J|m lj|mofsnfk -v]ns'b, ;f:s[lts sfo{j|md cflb_
;xz}Ifl0fs lj|mofsnfk -lxHh], xflh/L hjfkm cflb_
d"Nof\sg ljlw 5gf]6 ug'{k"j{ xfdLn] s]sf] k/LIff ug{ vf]h]sf xf}+ eGg] :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 . k/LIffn]
k|lj|mofdf oy]i6 ;xof]u k'ofpg ;S5 . h:t} M
k/LIffn] ljBfyL{sf] pTk|]/0ff hufpg ;xof]u u5{,
ljBfyL{sf] wf/0f ug]{ (Retention) Ifdtf clej[l4 u5{,
l;sfOnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug{ (Transfer of learning) d2t u5{,
ljBfyL{sf] :jd"Nof\sgdf ;xof]u k'ofpF5,
lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof\sg ug{ ;3fpFb5 .
log} k|of]hgsf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf k/LIffx ;~rfng ug]{ ul/G5g\ . xfn k|rngdf /x]sf
k/LIffsf ljlwx lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
df}lvs
lnlvt
k|of]ufTds
k|Zgkqsf lsl;d
ljifout k|Zg
- 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
- nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zg
j:t'ut k|Zg
- ax'j}slNks k|Zg
- 7Lsa]7Ls
- hf]8f ldnfpg]
- vfnL 7fpF eg]{
45
k/LIff lsg / slxn] lng] <

Placement Testing
(k|j]zfj:yfsf] Ifdtf lgwf{/0f)
:yfg lgwf{/0f
tTk/tf
ljBfyL{sf nflu cfjZos k"j{ 1fg,
;Lk 5 5}g <
ljBfyL{;u ck]lIft k"j{1fg, ;Lk

klxn]g} df}h'b 5 ls <
5}g
cfjZos k"j{tof/L u/fpg]
5}g
of]hgf ul/Pcg';f/sf]
sIffdf /flv of]hgf
cg'k cWofkg ug]{
dflyNnf] sIffdf egf{

ug]{
Formative Testing -lgdf{0ffTds k/LIff_
-l;sfO k|ult cg'udg ug{_
Summative Testing -lg0f{ofTds k/LIff_

l;sfOsf] vf; cjlwdf cflh{t Ifdtf lgwf{/0f ug{
s] ljBfyL{xn] ck]lIft l;sfO

pknlAw xfl;n u/] <
u/]gg\
cltl/St k|lj|mof cg'ej
k|bfg ug'{xf];\
u/]
sIf]fGglt ug'{xf];\ jf pknlAwsf]
k|df0fkq k|bfg ug'{xf];\
lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof\sg ug'{xf];\
46
Pp6f s'zn k|wfgfWofkslzIfs x'gsf nflu d"Nof\sg / k/LIff;DaGwL :ki6 cjwf/0ff x'g' h?/L
5 . To;} u/L k/LIffsf] dfWodaf6 d"Nof\sg ug]{ jt{dfg kl/kf6LnfO{ Jojl:yt, ljZj;gLo / dfGo
t'Nofpg cfjZos 1fg / ;Lk x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
d"Nof\sg kltsf] k|ToIf c;/ tTsfn} cleefjsnfO{ kb{5 / o;sf] c;/ ljBfyL{sf] efjL hLjgdf
klg . t;y{ o; k|lj|mofdf oL b'a}sf] ;sf/fTds Pjd\ ;lj|mo ;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ 5 . ljBfnosf
k|wfgfWofksn] :yfgLo :t/df cleefjssf ;\3;\u7gsf cl:tTjaf/] hfgsf/L lnO{ d"Nof\sg
Pjd\ k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf ljifodf cleefjssf] e"ldsf klxrfg u/L ;dGjofTds e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 .
d"Nof\sg u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g, To;nfO{ k|df0fLs/0f u/L cleefjs, ljBfyL{;Dd k'ofpg] / pgLxsf]
k'i7kf]if0f lng] rj|m k"/f ug'{k5{ . k/LIff / d"Nof\sg ;+j]gbzLn ljifo ePsfn] o;nfO{ ljZj;gLo
/ dfGo t'Nofpg cToGt h?/L 5 . d"Nof\sg vf; u/L ljBfyL{sf] k9fOsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu ePsf] x'bf
d"Nof\sg jf k/LIffsf] p2]Zo ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf d2t k'ofpg' xf] .
k/LIffdf cleefjsxn] lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] ;DefJo e"ldsf

k/LIff;DaGwL qf;af6 d'lSt lbg ;3fpg]
sdhf]/ ljifodf a9L ;do / Wofg lbg l;sfpg],
lgoldt cWoog, lbgrof{, cWoog klt cflbsf dfWodaf6, k/LIffnfO{ ;xhkdf lng
l;sfpg],
u[xsfo{ k"/f u/]gu/]sf] x]g]{, u[xsfo{ gePsf ljifodf klg cWoog ug{nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{,
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;do (Prime time) kQf nufpg] / To; ;dodf
cWoog ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{,
k|Zgkq xn ug]{ tl/sfaf/] hfgsf/L lbO{ cEof; u/fpg],
sIffdf vf; :yfg -k|yd, ltLo_ jf w]/} c\s Nofpgsf nflu bafa glbg],
cTolws ck]Iff ug]{ jf lg/fzfhGo pk]Iff ug]{ cj:yf cfpg glbg],
3/sf] jftfj/0f zfGt / cWoog pGd'v agfO /fVg],
k/LIffaf6 tl;{g] (Exam phobia) cj:yfaf6 arfO /fVg cfjZos k/] ljz]if1sf] /fo lng],
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg, OG6/g]6 h:tf ;~rf/sf s'zn dfWodxnfO{ dgf]/GhgfTds ;fy} z}lIfs
pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ sfo{j|mdtk{m pGd'v u/fpg],
j}olSts ?lr / cWooo ug]{ afgLsf] sb/ ug]{, ;f]xLcg'ksf] jftfj/0f l;h{gftk{m Wofg lbg],
:jd"Nof\sg jf cfTd k/LIf0fsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{,
k/LIffdf cflQg (Nervousness) af6 hf]ufpg],
k/LIffsf] lbg g'xfpg], xNsf Jofofd ug]{, vfg]s'/f vfg pTk|]l/t ug]{ h:tf s'/fdf
cleefjsxaf6 e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g'kg]{ . c? x'g ;Sg] e"ldsfsf cfwf/df d"Nof\sg Pjd\
k/LIff ;'wf/sf nflu cfk;L 5nkmnf/f Ph]G8f to ug]{ .
47
k/LIffn] k|lj|mofdf oy]i6 ;xof]u k'ofpg ;S5 . l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] ljleGg t/Lsfx 5g\ .
h:t} M
k/LIffn] ljBfyL{sf] pTk|]/0ff hufpg ;xof]u u5{,
ljBfyL{sf] wf/0f ug]{ (Retention) Ifdtf clej[l4 u5{,
l;sfOnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug{ (Transfer of learning) d2t u5{,
ljBfyL{sf] :jd"Nof\sgdf ;xof]u k'ofpF5,
lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof\sg ug{ ;3fpFb5 .
log} k|of]hgsf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf k/LIffx ;~rfng ug]{ ul/G5g\ . k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/sf
oy]i6 k|of;x ePsf 5g\ .
P;Pn;L k/LIff ;'wf/sf k|of;x
ljBfno:t/Lo k/LIff ;'wf/sf k|of;x
lhNnf:t/Lo, If]qLo / /fli6o:t/sf k/LIffdf ;'wf/sf k|of;x
P;Pn;LpRrdfWoldslqe'jg ljZjljBfnok|fljlw lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\sf
k/LIff ;'wf/sf k|of;x .
ljBfnonfO{ k/LIff ;'wf/ sfo{df pTk|]l/t ug{ o;sf] cf}lrTo k|dfl0ft ul/g' kb{5 . d"Nof\sg
sfo{sf] k|of]uaf6 ljBfyL{ nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ / x'g'kb{5 . log} d"Nof\sgaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ pkof]udf NofOPdf ljBfyL{x o; k|lj|mofdf ;lj|mo ;xefuL x'g ;S5g\ .
ljBfyL{sf] j}olSts Ifdtf kQf nufO{ ;f]xLcg'k lzIf0f ug]{,
JolSt tyf ljBfyL{sf] ;du| ljsf; -zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds cflb_ sf nflu
d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/df ky k|bz{g ug]{,
pRr lzIffsf] 5gf]6 ug{sf nflu k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
eljiosf] /f]huf/Joj;fo 5gf]6 ug{ dfu{ lgb]{zg ug]{
JolSt tyf ljBfyL{sf] cle?lr kQf nufO{ ;f]xLcg';f/ yk pknlAw xfl;n u/fpg
d"Nof\sgnfO{ pkof]u ug]{,
cltl/St z}lIfs pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ky k|bz{g ug]{ .
ljBfyL{ k|ult ljj/0fsf] hfgsf/L

ljBfnon] ljBfyL{xsf] l;sfOdf ePsf] k|ultaf/] cleefjs / ljBfyL{nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] k|lj|mofsf
;fy} d"Nof\sg Pjd\ k/LIffsf ;DaGwdf lzIfs ljBfyL{ / cleefjsnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / lng] sfo{
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|wfgfWofksn] lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ u[xsfo{ / sIff sfo{ ug{ pTk|]l/t ug{sf nflu
ckgfOg] ljlwaf/] pTk|]/s aGg ;Sg'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{xsf] l;sfOdf ePsf] k|ultaf/] lgDglnlvt k|sf/n] hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 M
df}lvs -JolStJolSt;u e]6]/ k|ultaf/] s'/fsfgL ug]{ 3/b}nf] uP/ jf ljBfnodf af]nfP/_
lnlvt -k|ultljj/0f k7fP/ To;}df cleefjssf] /fo k[i7kf]if0fsf kdf lnP/_
ldl>t -k|ult ljj/0f jf k/LIffsf pQ/k'l:tsf cleefjssxfF k7fP/ To;sf] cWoog kZrft\
ljBfnodf af]nfP/ 5nkmn ug]{ cyjf ljBfnodf g} k|ultljj/0f / pQ/ k'l:tsf lbP/
cleefjsn] Tof] x]/L ;s]kl5 5nkmn ug]{_
48
lzIfsnfO{ u[xsfo{ / sIffsfo{df pTk|]l/t ug{ M
ljifo lzIfsxsf] lgoldt a}7s cfof]hgf ug]{,

lzIfs cleefjs ;\3df o; ljifodf 5nkmn rnfpg]rnfpg nufpg]
cltly jJ|mf (Resource person/guest speaker) af6 o;sf] dxTjaf/] 5f]6f]
k|jrgk|:t'tLs/0f u/fpg]
u[xsfo{sIffsfo{df ljz]if bQlrQ /xg] lzIfsnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ .
ljBfyL{xnfO{ sIffsfo{u[xsfo{df ;+nUg /xg pTk|]l/t ug{ M
sIffsfo{df pTs[i6 ljBfyL{ 3f]lift ug]{ -ljifo lkR5]_

pTs[i6 u[xsfo{nfO{ ;"rgf kf6Ldf jf k':tsfnodf c? ljBfyL{n] klg x]g{ kfpg] u/L /fVg]
kl/kf6L a;fNg]
lgoldt u[xsfo{df hf]8 lbg] lbg nufpg]
cleefjsnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]
:ofaf;L lbg ge'Ng] .
d"Nof\sg / k/LIffaf/] lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjsnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / lng] M
d"Nof\sgsf] r/0f k"/f ePkl5 jf d"n k/LIff lnO ;s]kl5 To;sf] ljZj;gLotf / j}wtf
dfkg ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;/L dfkg ul/;s]kl5 ljifout b[li6n] ;DalGwt ljifo lzIfsnfO{
k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / lng],
ljBfyL{sf] ;du| k|ultnfO{ lnP/ cleefjsnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / lng],
ljBfyL{sf] t'ngfTds k|ult, sIffut / ljifout cj:yfaf/] ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] / lng],
o; sfddf klg dfly pNn]v ul/Pe}mF df}lvs, lnlvt jf ldl>t k|lj|mof ckgfpg ;lsG5 .
k/LIff Joj:yfkg (Management of examination)
k/LIff Jojl:yt / dof{lbt 9\un] ;~rfng ug'{ ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofkssf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . To;}n]
o; sfo{sf nflu k|= c= k|ltj4 / bIf x'g'kb{5 . Ps z}lIfs ;q cjlwleq slt cf]6f / s:tf s:tf
k/LIffx ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k|=c= nfO{ x'g'kb{5 / jflif{s sfo{kfqf] (Annual
operation calender) lgdf{0f ubf{ k/LIffsf]af/]df -tof/L, ;~rfng / glthf k|sfzg_ ;do
lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ . o;} p2]Zosf nflu o; zLif{scGtu{t d"Nof\sg;DaGwL Joj:yf, k/LIff
;~rfngk"j{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{x, k/LIff ;~rfngsf ;dodf ul/g] sfo{x / k/LIff ;~rfngkl5 ul/g]
sfo{x;DaGwL ljifoj:t'x ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .
k|fylds lzIff kf7\oj|md, @)^@ / dfWolds lzIff kf7\oj|md, @)^$ n] ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg;DaGwL
lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
-s_ sIff !# df lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg k4ltsf cfwf/df sIff]Gglt ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu
cg';"rLdf plNnlvt ;fwgxnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg'kg]{ 5 .
49
-v_ sIff !# df lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/df d"Nof\sg ul/g] ePsfn] pfL0ff{\s
tf]lsPsf] 5}g .
-u_ pbf/ sIff]Ggltsf] d'Vo Wo]o z}lIfs ;qel/sf] lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;l/s eO;s]sf
ljBfyL{xnfO{ k|f]T;fxg :jk pgLxs} Jojxf/ kl/jt{gnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL sIff]Gglt ug'{
xf] . ljBfnodf clt sd pkl:ylt ePsf / Go"gtd l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n gu/]sf
ljBfyL{xsf nflu k'gM l;Sg] cj;/ lbg] u/L ;DalGwt lzIfs, cleefjs /
k|wfgfWofkssf] lg0f{oaf6 sIff]Gglt ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-3_ ljljw l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{xsf nflu pko'St x'g] d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof ckgfpg'kg]{
5.
-_ P;Pn;L k/LIffdf ljz]if l;sfO cfjZostf ePsf ljBfyL{xnfO{ s]xL vf;vf; ljifoxdf
c ;fwf/0f ljBfyL{xnfO{ lbOg] k|ZgeGbf cnu k|Zg agfO d"Nof\sg ug'{kg]{ .
-r_ ;}4flGts k/LIffsf] pQL0ff{\s #@ k|ltzt / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] pQL0ff{\s $) k|ltzt
x'g] 5 . ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds k/LIffdf 5'6\6f5'6\6} pQL0f{ x'g'kg]{ 5 .
-5_ !)) k"0ff{\ssf] ;}4flGts k/LIffsf nflu k/LIff ;do # 306f / &% k"0ff{\ssf] ;}4flGts
k/LIffsf nflu @ 306f !% ldg]6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
cf}krfl/s d"Nof\sg cGtu{t lnOg]
j|m= k/LIffsf] lsl;d k"0ff{\s
;++=
ef/
!= k|yd
q}dfl;s !)
k/LIff
@= ltLo
q}dfl;s #)
k/LIff
#=
jflif{s k/LIff
^)
P;Pn;L k/LIff
!))
k/LIff / k"0ff{\s Joj:yf
s}lkmot
z}lIfs ;q z'? ePsf] k|yd tLg dlxgfleq k9fOPsf
kf7\of+zxaf6 k|Zg ;f]lwg]
klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 bf];|f] q}dfl;s
k/LIff lnOg] / bf];|f] q}dfl;s cjlwdf k9fOPsf
kf7\of+zxaf6 k|Zg ;f]lwg] 5 t/ cfjZos ePdf klxnf]
rf}dfl;sdf k9fOPsf kf7\of+zaf6 klg s]xL k|Zg ;dfj]z
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
z}lIfs ;qsf] cGTodf Pp6f jflif{s k/LIff lnOg]5 . o;
k/LIffdf jif{ e/L k9fOPsf] ;a} kf7\of+zaf6 k|Zg ;f]lwg]5 .
sIff !) sf] kf7\of+zaf6 dfq x'g] . sIff ( pQL0f{ u/L sIff
!) sf] cWoog k"/f u/]sf ljBfyL{n] P;Pn;L k/LIff lbg
kfpg] . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ tyf cfGtl/s
k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ljBfnosf] x'g] .
50
pQL0ff{\s;DaGwL Joj:yf M
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg -lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sg_ df cf};t pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf t/ lg0f{ofTds
d"Nof\sgdf cg'QL0f{ ePsf ljBfyL{sf xsdf ;DalGwt cleefjs, sIffljifo lzIfs / k|wfgfWofksn]
sIff]Ggltsf] lg0f{o ug]{ 5g\ .
sIff !# df lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/df d"Nof\sg ul/g] ePsfn] pfL0ff{\s
tf]lsPsf] 5}g .
sIff !# df ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] k|ultsf cfwf/df pgLxnfO{ s b]lv u >]0fLdf juL{s/0f
ul/g] 5 .
ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ x'gsf nflu k|To]s ljifodf k"0ff{\ssf] #@ c\s k|fKt ug'{kb{5, o;
k|sf/sf] c\s k|yd, ltLo q}dfl;s / jflif{s k/LIffsf] c\s hf]8]/ lgsfnLg] 5 t/
jflif{s k/LIffdf eg] #@ c\s Nofpg}kb{5 .
sIff $ / % df %) k|ltzt lg0f{ofTds -jflif{s k/LIff_ k4ltaf6 / %) k|ltzt lg/Gt/
ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg -lgdf{0ffTds_ k4ltaf6 ljBfyL{sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0ffTds tyf
lg0f{ofTds b'j} d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff]Gglt ul/g] 5 . lnlvt d"Nof\sgsf]
pQL0ff{\s $) k|ltzt x'g] 5 / 5'6\6} pQL0f{ x'g'kg]{ 5 .
cgf}krfl/s d"Nof\sg
cgf}krfl/s d"Nof\sgsf ;fwgx h:t} M u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, cjnf]sg, clen]v, k|f]h]S6 js{
cflbaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L t'?Gt k[i7kf]if0fsf] k|of]u x'g] ePsfn]
;'wf/fTds sfo{sf nflu of] k4lt pkof]uL dflgG5 . o;df lzIfs ljBfyL{ b'j}n] ;do d} lzIf0f
l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5g\ . PsfOsf] cGtdf k/LIff lnP/ klg ljBfyL{n] pSt PsfOdf s] slt
l;Sof] egL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; k4ltsf ljz]iftfx lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M
ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ kIfnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOG5 .
;Lk / clej[lQsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
tTsfn k[i7kf]if0fsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0fl;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 .
o; k|sf/sf] d"Nof\sg h'g;'s} ;dodf klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;lhnf / cgf}krfl/sdfWodsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
k/LIff ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksn] s] s] sfo{x ug'{kb{5
eGg]af/] tnsf] tflnsfsf] cWoogaf6 :ki6 x'g ;lsG5 . s'g s'g ;dodf / sltk6s k/LIff
;~rfng ug'{k5{ eGg]af/]df kf7\oj|mddf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ cg';/0f ug'{kb{5 .
k/LIff ;~rfng k"j{
!= ldlt to ug]{
@= k|Zgkq lgdf{0f u/fpg]
51
#= k|Zgkq 5kfO ug]{

$= pQ/ k'l:tsfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
%= ;dotflnsf -routine_ k|sflzt ug]{
^= k/LIffsf] nflu xn, sf]7f, kmlg{r/ cflbsf] Joj:yf ug]{
&= k/LIff ;~rfns jf lg/LIfssf] Joj:yf ug]{]
*= k||Zg lgdf{0f sfo{;+u;+u} pQ/s'l~hsf klg lgdf{0f u/fpg]
k/LIff ;~rfngsf] ;dodf
!= k/LIffs]f lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ug]{
@= k/LIffdf clgoldttf x'g glbg]
#= ljBfyL{ tyf lg/LIfsnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]
$= k/LIffsf lgodx kfngf u/fpg]
%= k/LIffsf ;dodf 36\g ;Sg] cfsl:ds 36gf / kl/l:yltaf/] ;hu /xg]
k/LIff ;~rfng kl5
!= pQ/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f u/fpg]
@= gtLhf ;\sng ug]{
#= glthfsf] clen]v /fVg nufpg]
$= glthf k|sflzt ug]{
%= glthf ljZn]if0f, k[i7kf]if0f ;\sng / pkof]u ug]{
k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx M
k|Zgx ;s];Dd w]/} ;\Vofdf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
cfjZostf cg';f/ b'j} k|sf/sf -ljifout + a:t'ut_ k|Zgx ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 .
ljlzi6 p2]Zodf cfwfl/t eO{ k|Zg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
;a} ljwf / PsfOsf]k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L k|Zg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
k|Zgx ;lhnf, dWod / ufx|f tLg} vfnsf x'g'kb{5 .
ljBfyL{sf] sIffut:t/nfO{ Wofg lbO{ k|Zg agfpg' k5{ .
k|Zgdf lgb]{zg :ki6 x'g'k5{ .
k|Zgx Pscfk;df bf]xf]l/g], z+sf pTkGg ug]{ / bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] x'g' x'b}g . k|Zgx
;/naf6 hl6n tkm{ j|md ldn]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
k|Zgxsf] efiff ;/n, :ki6 / z'4 x'g'kb{5 .
k|Zgkqsf] gd"gf tof/ u/L hfFr ug]{ / clGtd k lbg'k5{ .
;Dej eP;Dd k|Zgkq ;]6sf] ;\Vof a9L agfpg' k5{ .
52
/fd|f] k|Zgkq tof/ kfg{sf nflu k|Zgkq tof/ kg'{cl3 ljlzli6s/0f tflnsf tof/ kfg'{ kb{5 .
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]uaf6 lgDglnlvt sfo{df kmfObf k'Ub5 M
kf7\oj|mdsf ;Dk"0f{ If]q tyf ljwf ;d]6L k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{ .
k|Zg ;\Vof, ;do / k"0ff{\s lgwf{/0f ug{ .
s'g If]q jf PsfOaf6 slt cf]6f / s:tf k|sf/sf k|Zg ;f]Wg] eGg]af/]df :ki6 x'g .
;a} ;Lk / bIftf ;d]6\g] u/L k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{ .
k|ZgnfO{ Jojl:yt agfO Psktf Nofpg .
k|Zg lgdf{0fstf{ / lzIfsnfO{ ky k|bz{g ug{ .
k/LIffnfO{ ljZj;gLo agfpg / ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ jLrsf] pknlAw t'ngf ug{ .
kf7sf] p2]Zo / ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw jLr t'ngf ug{ .
ljBfyL{df ;Dk"0f{ If]q / ljwf ;d]6L k9\g] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpg .
k/LIffdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodx
k/LIffnfO{ dof{lbt / Jojl:yt kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;fdfGotof tn pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf lgodx
cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
k/LIff ;'? x'g' eGbf !% ldg]6 cufl8 306Lf/f ;"rgf u/]kl5dfq k/LIffyL{nfO{ k/LIffxndf
k|j]z ug{ lbOg] 5 .
k/LIff ;'? ePsf] cfwf 306f -#) ldg]6_ kl5 cfPsf k/LIffyL{xnfO{ k/LIffdf a:g lbOg]
5}g .
k/LIffxndf lstfj, sfkL, lr6, sfuh cflb Nofpg' x'b}g .
k/LIffyL{n] Pscfk;df s'/fsfgL / ;\s]t ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
;jf /f]u nfu]sf k/LIffyL{nfO{ k/LIff xndf a:g lbOg] 5}g .
k/LIff z'? ePsf] ! 306f kl5dfq k/LIffyL{nfO{ k/LIffxnaf6 aflx/ hfg lbOg] 5 .
k|Zg ga'em]sf] cj:yfdf k/LIffyL{n] cfk\mg} 7fpFaf6 k/LIfsnfO{ hgfp lbg'kb{5 .
k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff xnleq cg'lrt sfo{ u/]df k/LIffxnaf6 lgisf;g ul/g] 5 .
k/LIff glthfsf] ljZn]if0f / l;sfOdf k|of]u

ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOpknAwLsf] :t/ yfxf kfpg d"Nof\sg ul/G5 . d"Nof\sgsf] k|d'v ;fwgsf] kdf
k/LIff lng] ul/G5 . k/LIffnfO{ Jojl:yt kdf ;~rfng u/]kl5 k/LIff glthfsf]] ljZn]if0f u/L
lzIf0fl;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpgdf o;sf] pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . oxfF k/LIff glthf ljZn]if0fsf] cfjZostf,
k/LIff glthf ljZn]if0f ug]{ tl/sf tyf To;sf] pkof]u;DaGwL rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
53
k/LIff glthfsf] ljZn]if0f

xfdL ljBfnodf k/LIff lnO;s]kl5 sfd ;lsPsf] 7fGb5f}+ . t/ k/LIffsf cGo dxTjk"0f{ sfdx
afsL g} /x]sf x'G5g\ h;df glthf k|sfzg ug'{ / k/LIffkmnsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{
k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg] sfo{x kb{5g\ .
lgDglnlvt sfo{xsf nflu k/LIffkmn ljZn]if0f ul/G5 M
k/LIffkmn /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] x'gfsf sf/0f yfxf kfpg / b]lvPsf uNtL sdhf]/Lx ;'wf/ u/L
/fd|f kIfxsf] cg'z/0f ug{ .
ljBfyL{n] k/LIffdf u/]sf /fd|fg/fd|f sfo{xsf] ljZn]if0f u/L k[i7kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg
h;af6 pgLxn] cfTdd"Nof\sg u/L ;''wf/ ug]{ df}sf kfpF5g\ .
s'gs'g k|Zgx ;lhnf, ufx|f / dWod vfnsf eP egL sl7gfO{ :t/ kQf nufpg .
k|Zgx kf7\oj|mdsf p2]Zocg'k eP ePgg\ jf p2]Zocg';f/sf pQ/x cfP cfPgg\
yfxf kfpg .
cfufdL z}lIfs ;qdf ;'wf/ u/L k7gkf7g u/fpg' kg]{ ljifo jf If]q yfxf kfpg .
cfkm"n] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf lzIf0f ljlw tyf lj|mofsnfkx pko'St lsl;dsf eP ePgg\ egL
cfTd d"Nof\sg ug{ / pko'St ljlwsf] 5gf]6 u/L lzIf0f ug{ .
lzIfsljBfyL{ aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfO{ pgLxsf] cWoog sfo{df pTk|]l/t ug{ .
kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':tsdf cfjZos ;'wf/ tyf kl/dfh{g ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg .
z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] hfFr ug{ .
sIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ k[i7kf]if0fsf] dfWodaf6 k|ult ug{ d2t k'ofpg / cfTd d"Nof\sg
u/fpg .
ljBfyL{n] s'g} ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] c\snfO{ s'g} lglZrt cfwf/ ljgf /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] u/]sf] egL
eGg ;lsb}g . o;sf nflu pSt sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] c\ssf cfwf/df cf};t c\s
lgsfnL s'g} ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] c\s cf};t c\s eGbfdfly jf tn s] 5< kQf nufpg'kb{5 /
To;s} cfwf/df /fd|f], g/fd|f], 7Ls} egL ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0f M
;Ltf 9'+ufgfn] sIff $ sf] lj1fg tyf :jf:Yo ljifodf k"0ff{\s !)) df *) c\s k|fKt ul/g\ . ca
pgsf]] k|fKtf\snfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{sf] cf};t c\s lgsfNg] .
cf};t c\s (Mean score) = sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtf\ssf] of]u
hDdf ljBfyL{ ;\Vof
dflglnpF sIff $ sf ljBfyL{sf] lj1fg tyf :jf:Yo ljifosf] cf};t k|fKtf ^) 5 -lx;fj u/]/
54
lgsfNbf_ eg] ;Ltf 9'\ufgfn] k|fKt u/]sf] c\snfO{ /fd|f] eGg ;lsG5 . olb To; sIffsf] cf};t
c\s g} *@ 5 eg] p;n] k|fKt u/]sf] c\s cf};teGbf sd x'G5 / g/fd|f] dflgG5 .
k/LIffkmn ljZn]if0f s;/L ug]{ <
s'g} sIffsf !) hgf ljBfyL{n] !) cf]6f k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]vL k|fKt u/]sf] c\snfO{ 7"nf]b]lv ;fgf]sf]
j|mddf tnsf] tflnsfdf el/Psf 5g\ . pSt tflnsfsf] cWoog u/f}+ / k/LIffkmn ljZn]if0f ug]{
t/Lsfaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/f}+ M
k|Zg ljZn]if0f tflnsf
k|Zg g+
/f]n g+= !
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
hDdf
!
!
!
!
!
)
!
!
!
)
!
*
@
!
!
!
)
!
!
!
!
)
!
*
#
!
!
!
!
)
!
!
)
)
!
&
$
!
!
!
)
)
!
!
!
)
)
^
%
!
!
!
)
)
!
!
)
)
!
^
^
!
!
)
!
)
!
!
)
)
!
%
&
!
!
)
!
)
!
!
)
)
)
%
*
!
)
!
)
)
!
!
)
)
)
$
(
!
)
)
)
)
!
)
!
)
)
#
!)
)
!
)
)
)
!
)
!
)
)
#
hDdf
(
*
^
$
!
!)
*
$
)
%
%%
k|ltzt () *) ^) $) !) !)) *) $) ) %) %%
-;|f]tM k/LIff / d"Nof\sg 8f= uh]Gb|dfg >]i7_
dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoogaf6 lgDglnlvt s'/fx yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 M
o k|Zg g+= ! / ^ ;lhnf 5g\, lsgls ;a} ljBfyL{n] ldnfPsf 5g\ .
o k|Zg g+= % / ( s7Lg 5g\, lsgls !,@ hgf ljBfyL{n]dfq xn u/]sf 5g\ .
o k|Zg g+=@, #, $, &, *, !) w]/} ljBfyL{n] ldnfPsf 5g\ . cyf{t sl/a -$) *)_, w]/}
ljBfyL{n] ldnfpg ;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] o:tf k|Zgx dWod vfnsf dflgG5g\ .
o;/L, dflysf] tflnsfaf6 k|Zgsf] sl7gfO{:t/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
;fwf/0ftof k|Zg ;f]Wbf ;lhnf, ufx|f / dWod vfnsf ldnfP/ ;f]Wg'kb{5 . k|Zg ;\Vofsf] cfwf/df
k|foM w]/}h;f] ljBfyL{n] xn ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf #), dWod:t/sf] ljBfyL{n] xn ug{ ;Sg] %) /
s]xL /fd|f ljBfyL{n] dfq xn ug{ ;Sg] @) k|Zgx ;f]Wg' pko'St dflgG5 .
55
k/LIffkmn ljZn]if0fsf] k[i7kf]if0f tyf k|ult ljj/0fsf] k|of]u

k/LIff glthf ljZn]if0fsf] k[i7kf]if0fn] ljleGg JolSt jf ;+:yfnfO{ k'ofpg] k|ToIf jf k/f]If kmfObfx
lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ M
ljBfyL{
lzIfs
cleefjs
cfk\mgf] oyfy{ l;sfO
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ yfxf ljBfnok|lt cleefjssf] cf:yf
pknlAw:t/af/] yfxf x'G5 . kfpg d2t k'U5 .
/ ljZjf; a9\5 .
a9L d]xgt ug]{ afgL a;fNg lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t cfk\mgf afnaflnsfsf] k|ultsf]
d2t k'Ub5 .
k'Ub5 .
hfgsf/L x'G5 .
t'ngfTds k|ultsf]
ljBfyL{nfO{ pQL0f{ jf cg'QL0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ kyk|bz{g ug]{
hfgsf/Ln] :jR5 k|lt:kwf{sf] ug]{ lg0f{o lng ;lhnf] k5{ . df}sf k|fKt x'G5 .
efjgf ljsf; u/fp5 .
dxTjfsf+IfL / xLg efjgf
ljBfyL{sf] JolStut u'0f;u
/fVg] k|j[ltdf sdL cfp5 .
kl/lrt eO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg
/ lgu/fgL /fVg d2t k'ofp5 .
lzIfs
/
cleefjsaLr
ljBfyL{sf] ;an / sdhf]/ kIfsf]
oyfy{ s'/fsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 .
3/sf] jftfj/0f l;sfO cg's"n
agfpg d2t k'Ub5 .
k/LIffkmn k|sflzt e};s]kl5 ljZn]if0f u/L k/LIff glthfsf] k[i7kf]if0fsf] pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . o;af6
lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs nufot ljBfno k|sfzgnfO{ kmfObf k'Ub5 . lzIfsnfO{ cfkm"n] k|of]u
u/]df lzIf0f ljlw, z}lIfs ;fdu|L cflbsfaf/]df d"Nof\sg u/L ;'wf/ Nofpg, ljBfyL{nfO{ cfk\mgf]
sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ cfufdL lbgdf ;'wf/ ug{, cleefjsnfO{ cfk\mgf gfgLxsf] z}lIfs
k|ultaf/] yfxf kfO{ cfjZos dbt ug{ / ljBfno Joj:yfkgnfO{ z}lIfs sfo{j|md / Joj:yfkgdf
;'wf/ Nofpg k/LIf0f glthfsf] ljZn]if0fn] d2t ub{5 .
k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ ljz]if u/L Wofg k'ofpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] k|of]u, ljleGg txsf
k|Zgx ;f]Wg], ;lhnf, ufx|f / dWod vfnsf k|ZgxnfO{ plrt ;\Vofdf ;dfj]z ug]{, ljlzi6
p2]Zodf cfwfl/t k|Zgx ;f]Wg] ;a} k|sf/sf / ;a} If]q ;d]6\g] k|Zg ;f]Wg] cflb sfo{xkb{5g\ .
k|Zgkqsf] ljZn]if0f u/L cfpFbf lbgxdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sfaf/]df hfgsf/L k|fTt u/L ;'wf/sf] nflu
kxn ug'{kb{5 . k|Zgkq ljZn]if0fsf] k[i7kf]if0f kf7\oj|md kf7\ok':ts ;'wf/sf nflu klg ;DalGwt
lgsfodf k7fpg' kb{5 .
56
PsfO &
lg0f{o k|lj|mof
(Decision Making)
ljifo k|j]z
;\u7gsf] nIo k"/f ug]{ ;Gbe{df Joj:yfksn] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ;'k/Lj]If0f Pjd\ lgoGq0f
ubf{ ljleGg ljsNkx 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;\u7gdf b]vfkg]{ ljleGg ;d:ofxnfO{ ;dfwfg ubf{
5gf}6 ul/Psf] ljsNknfO{ Decision Making elgG5 . Decision Making ;\u7gsf] b}lgs
lj|mofsnfk;u ;DalGwt 5 . ;\u7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ ;Gbe{df lbgx' ljleGg lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
of] Ps ultzLn / lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . lg0f{o hlxn] klg ;\u7gsf] p2]Zo k|flKt ug]{
Wo]on] ul/G5 . lg0f{o ubf{ ;a}eGbf pQd ljsNk 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ ;j{dfGo l;4fGt xf] . lg0f{onfO{
pQd ljsNksf] 5gf}6, lgisif{, km};nf, 6'\uf], lgrf]8 cflb zAbfjnL klg k|of]u ul/G5 . Decision
Making ug'{ eg]sf] hf]lvd df]Ng' klg xf] . k|To]s lg0f{odf s]xL g s]xL hf]lvd x'G5 . hf]lvd lng
g;Sg]n] lg0f{o ug{ klg ;Sb}g .
Decision Making sf] kl/efiffM
Decision Making sf] kl/efiff ub}{ Organization & Management in Nepal gfds k':tsdf
8f= uf]ljGb/fh cu|jfnn] n]v]sf 5g\ "A decision is a choice between alternatives . It is a
course of action continuously chosen from acceptable alternatives to achieve goals .
It is a means to achieve ends ."
Peter Drucker sf cg';f/ : "A decision is a judgement . It is choice between
alternatives . It is rarely a choice between a right or wrong ."
Robert Harris n] cfk\mgf] k':ts Introduction to Decision Making df o; k|sf/ kl/efiff
u/]sf 5g M "Decision making is the study of identifying and choosing alternatives

best on the values and performance of the decision maker ."
dfly plNnlvt kl/efiffxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf
ljsNkxdWo]af6 s'g} Ps ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug'{ Decision Making xf] . Joj:yfksn] pQd
ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug]{ k|of; u5{ . slxn]sflx sd;n ljsNk 5gf}6 ug]{, l9nf] 5gf}6 ug]{ jf 5gf}6 g}
gug]{ klg ul/G5 . oL ;a} lg0f{o g} x'g\ .
lg0f{osf k|sf/x
-!_ Rational decision making -ljsNkxsf] d"Nof\sg u/L pko'St ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug]{_
-@_ Situational decision making -kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ul/g] lg0f{o_
-#_ Participating decision making -;\u7gsf ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ ul/g]
lg0f{o_
57
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
Proactive decision making -;d:of gcfpb} ul/g] lg0f{o_

Incremental decision making -e};s]sf] lg0f{odf yk36 u/L ul/g] lg0f{o_
Programmed decision making -lglZrt gLlt, sfo{ljlw ckgfO{ ul/g] lg0f{o_
Intuitive decision making -Joj:yfksn] :jljj]sdf ul/g] lg0f{o_
Steps of decision making
lg0f{o ubf{ vf;vf; txx kf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Robert Harris n] decision making sf steps
o; k|sf/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
-!_ Identifying the decision to be made together with goals it should achieve .
-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
Get the facts

Develop alternatives
Rate each alternatives
Rate risks of each alternatives
Make the decision
3
4
lg0f{ostf{
Decision making ubf{ kl5 cfpg] k|efjnfO{ Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Decision sf] klxnf] tx eg]s}
;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug'{ xf] . ;d:ofsf] ulx/fO{;Dd k'u]/ kof{Kt ;"rgf lng ;lsof] eg] dfq pQd
lg0f{o ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d:ofsf] ;lx klxrfgnfO{ %) k|lt;t ;d:of ;dfwfg eGg] ul/G5 . ctM
lg0f{o ubf{ lgDgcg';f/ tx kf/ ug'{ pko'St x'G5 M
!= ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{,
@= cfjZos ;"rgfx ;\sng ug]{,
#= ;"rgfxsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{,
$= ;Defj ljsNkxsf] ;"rL tof/ ug]{,
%= ;DefJo ljsNkxsf] k|efj d"Nof\sg ug]{,
^= pQd ljsNk 5gf}6 ug]{,
58
&= lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

ljBfno txdf lg0f{o k|ls|of
ljBfnosf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v / Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L k|wfgfWofks / ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . k|wfgfWofksn] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 klxnf] ljBfno Joj:yfkg
;ldltsf] ;b:o;lrjsf] x}l;otn] ug]{ sfo{, bf];|f] ljBfno k|zf;g k|d'vsf] x}l;otn] ug'{kg]{ sfo{ .
b'j} lsl;dsf] sfo{ plQs} dxTjk"0f{ / r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5g\ . k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfnosf] ;Lldt ;|f]t /
;fwgsf kl/lwleq /xL ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx ;a}nfO{ ;xdltdf lnP/ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
k|wfgfWofksn] :yfgLo txb]lv lhNnf, s]Gb| tx;Dd ;Dks{ Pj+ ;dGjo ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;dGJostf{{sf]
?kdf k|wfgfWofkssf] e"ldsf tnsf] lrqaf6 k|i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
ljJo;
lhNnf
lzIff
{
;|f]ts]Gb|
lzIffljb\x
/fhg}lts
bnx
gful/s
;dfh
:yfgLo
lgsfox
INGO/NGO
k|wfgfWofks
-;dGjostf{_
;xsdL{
k|cx
l5d]sL
ljBfnox
lzIfs
cleefjs
;\3
ljBfyL{x
A.
:yfgLo Sna
lzIfsx
;d'bfox
lg0f{o ubf{ ljleGg variables xsf] analysis ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . tnsf] rf6{df Decision Tree
Inductionb]vfOPsf] 5 M
59
k|To]s decision df Yes, No cyf{t\ Positive / negative b'a} kIf /xG5g\ . Ps ljfgn] n]v]sf
5g\ "Every decision tree begins with what is termed a root node, considered to be the
"parent" of every other node. Each node in the tree evaluates an attribute in the data
and determines which path it should follow. Typically, the decision test is based on
comparing a value against some constant. Classification using a decision tree is
performed by routing from the root node until arriving at a leaf node."
B.
How To Enhance Your Decision Making Skills
!= pko'St lg0f{o ug{ lgDgcg';f/sf l6K; pkof]uL x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] oxf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
Clear up those unclear decisions : :ki6 gePsf] lg0f{onfO{ :ki6 gkf/Lsg lg0f{o ug{ /
sfof{Gaog ug{ x'b}g . d;u lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ laifodf ;a} ;"rgf 5 eGg] lglZrt geP;Dd
lg0f{o ug'{ x'b}g .
Commit :lg0f{o u/]kl5 sfof{Gaog ug{ ;S5' eGg] k|lta4tfsf;fy ug{'kg]{ .
Do the right thing : ;a}n] 7Ls sfd u5'{ eG5g\ t/ s'g 7Ls xf] 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;
;DaGwdf Peter Drucker n]V5g\ "Most people really do know what the right thing
is. But because it's difficult, disagreeable or uncomfortable, they choose not to
60
make that decision. They choose something different. The consequence is

misery. Only the amount and duration varies."
The best lg0f{o k|lsofsf] csf]{ 7"nf] ;d:of xf] ;a}eGbf pQd lg0f{o s'g xf] eg]/ 7Dofpg] .
k|To]s lg0f{osf k5fl8 7Ls a]7Ls b'a}vfn] k|ltlj|m|of cfp5g\ . cfkm"n] sf]/]sf] k|]mdleq lg0f{o
ePsf] 5 5}g / of] slt k|efjsf/L 5 egL ;f]Rg cfjZZos 5 .
100% sure with people
Give it lots of thought
Decision without critical thinking
we actually make our decisions emotionally
Making a decision to buy something that you cannot really afford
Not making a decision It is sometimes thought that by not making a decision,

you cannot go wrong. The difficulty here, of course, is that not making a
decision is often a very poor decision. And not making a decision may actually
be a decision to not take action.
Here is a larger illustration of SWOT analysis.
Strengths
Advantages of proposition?
Capabilities?
Competitive advantages?
USP's (unique selling points)?
Resources, Assets, People?
Experience, knowledge, data?
Financial reserves, likely returns?
Marketing
reach,
distribution,
awareness?
Innovative aspects?
Location and geographical?
Price, value, quality?
Accreditations,
qualifications,
certifications?
Processes, systems, IT, communications?
Cultural, attitudinal, behavioural?
Management cover, succession?
Weaknesses
Disadvantages of proposition?
Gaps in capabilities?
Lack of competitive strength?
Reputation, presence and reach?
Financials?
Own known vulnerabilities?
Timescales, deadlines and pressures?
Cashflow, start-up cash-drain?
Continuity, supply chain robustness?
Effects on core activities, distraction?
Reliability of data, plan predictability?
Morale, commitment, leadership?
Accreditations, etc?
Processes and systems, etc?
Management cover, succession?
61
Opportunities
Market developments?
Competitors' vulnerabilities?
Industry or lifestyle trends?
Technology development and
innovation?
Global influences?
New markets, vertical, horizontal?
Niche target markets?
Geographical, export, import?
Market need for new USP's?
Market response to tactics, eg.
surprise?
Major contracts, tenders?
Business and product development?
Information and research?
Partnerships, agencies, distribution?
Market volume demand trends?
Seasonal, weather, fashion influences?
Threats
Political effects?
Legislative effects?
Environmental effects?
IT developments?
Competitor intentions - various?
Market demand?
New technologies, services, ideas?
Vital contracts and partners?
Obstacles faced?
Insurmountable weaknesses?
Employment market?
Financial and credit pressures?
Economy - home, abroad?
Seasonality, weather effects?
ljBfno txdf k|wfgfWofks g} lg0f{ostf{ xf] . t;y{ pko'St lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu k|wfgfWofksdf
lgDglnlvt u'0f x'g cfjZos k5{ .
;DalGwt ljifosf] kof{Kt 1fg,
;a} ljsNksf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf,
lg0f{on] kfg]{ c;/af/] d"Nof\sg ug]{ Ifdtf,
lg8/ / ;fx;L,
cfTdljZjf;L,
;+rf/ ;Lk ePsf],
xtfl/P/ lg0f{o gug]{,
w}o{jfg,
k|efazfnL JolStTj,
plrt cg'lrt ;a} vfn] bjfj ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf,
cfk\mgf ;xof]uLxnfO{ ljZjf;df lng ;Sg] Ifdtf- Rybern n] eg]sf 5g\-"It is essential
that Headmaster be not only a man of high character but also be a man of faith . ."
62
lg0f{ostf{sf] x}l;otdf k|wfgfWofksn] lg0f{o ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx

Know the task s] sfd xf] < s;/L - lalw k|s[of _ ug]{ < cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg s] s]
xf] < s'g ;d'xnfO{ kmfO{bf k'Ug]] xf] <
Know the situation - sfo{ jftfj/0f s:tf] 5 < lg0f{o ug{ k|efj kfg]{ cfGtl/s / afXo
tTjx s] s] 5g\ < lg0f{okZrft s-s;nfO{ s:tf] k|efj kf5{ <
Know his fellowership- cfkm\gf ;xof]uLsf] of]Uotf, ?rL / Ifdtf s] s:tf] 5 < lg0f{o
ug'{kg]{ ljifok|lt ;xof]uLsf] b[li6sf]0f s] 5 <
Know himself- d sf] x' < d]/f] x}l;ot s] xf] < d]/f] k]zfut lhDd]jf/L s] xf] <
k|wfgfWofks h:tf] x'G5 ljBfno klg p:t} x'G5 eGg] p4/0fn] ljBfnosf] ;du| k|ultdf
k|wfgfWofkssf] Ifdtf / ;ls|otfsf] cfjZostf k'li6 ub{5 . k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfnosf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ s|ddf laleGg ;dodf laleGg lsl;dsf lg0f{ox ug'{kb{5 .
g]kfndf ljBfno txdf Decision Making df k/]sf ;d:of
1. k"0f{ ;"rgf Pjd\ tYof\s ;\sng gul/g' .
2. dfu ug]{nfO{ decision making df ;xefuL gu/fOg' .
3. l9nf] lg0f{o ul/g' .
4. lg0f{onfO{ xf/ / lhtsf] ?kdf lnOg' .
5. km/s km/s ljrf/nfO{ ;Djf]wg gul/g' .
6. lj/f]wcfnf]rgf ug]{ k|j[lQ .
7. lg0f{odf aflx/L tTjn] c;/ kfg{' .
8. lg0f{o kG5fpg] k|j[lQ .
9. lg0f{odf ;\u7gsf] jftfj/0fn] c;/ kfg'{ .
10. ljBfnosf d'Wbfdf ;a} /fhlgtLs kf6L{xsf] Pp6} cfjfh aGg g;s]sf] .
pko'St lg0f{o ug{ s] ug'{k5{ <
1. ;DalGwt P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf, kl/kq cflbsf] cfwf/ lng'k5{,
2. kof{Kt ;"rgf lng'k5{,
3. e/kbf]{ tYof\s k|of]u ug'{k5{,
4. ;xof]uLx;u ;Nnfx lng'k5{,
5. ;\u7gsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n agfpg'k5{,
6. cfk\mgf] ;Lk Ifdtfsf] k"/f pkof]u ug'{k5{,
7. lg0f{okZrft\ x'g] k|efjsf] d"Nof\sg u/]/ dfq lg0f{o ug'{k5{,
8. ;]jfu|fxLsf] lxtdf x'g] u/L lg0f{o ug'{k5{,
9. ;\u7gsf] p2]Zodf s]lGb|t u/L lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .
63
PsfO{ M *
;dGjo (Co-ordination)
cjwf/0ff
s'g} klg ;\u7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ljleGg ;\u7gx tyf JolStxsf] lj|mofsnfknfO{ Ps;fy
hf]8\g] k|lj|mofnfO{ ;dGjo elgG5 . Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f k|d'v sfo{ ;dGjo xf] . ;\u7gsf] p2]Zo
Pjd\ nIo xfl;n ug]{;DaGwL sfo{xsf] PsLs/0f g} ;dGjo xf] . Joj:yfksLo sfo{df Pp6f k|d'v
tjsf] kdf /x]sf] ;dGjo Joj:yfksxsf] lhDd]jf/L klg xf] . Joj:yfksxn] ;\u7gsf
ljefu tyf zfvfxaLr ;dGjo u/L p2]Zox k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;lj|mo ;xefL agfpg ;dGjosf]
sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . jf:tjdf s'g} klg ;\u7gdf x'g] lj|mofsnfkxaLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug{sf ;fy}
p2]Zo Pjd\ nIox;u} ;\u7gsf] sfo{j|mdxnfO{ hf]8\g] k|lj|mof g} ;dGjo xf] .
kl/efiff
-s_ x]g/L k]mof]n (Henry Fayol)M ;dGjo eg]sf] ;\u7gn] ug'kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x jf
k|oTgxnfO{ Ps} 7fpdf afWg], PsLs/0f ug]{ / ;dfGh:otf Nofpg] sfo{ xf] .
-v_ df]gL / l/nf] M ;femf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nlu sfo{sf] Psktf k|bfg ug{ ;d"xut k|of;nfO{
j|mda4 tl/sfn] Jojl:yt ug'{ g} ;dGjo xf] .
;dGjo Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x POSDCORB dWo]sf] Ps dxjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o;n] ;\u7gleqsf
JolSt tyf zfvf Pjd ljefuxnfO{ Pscfk;df ;dGjo u/L ;\u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{df
;xof]u ub{5 . o;nfO{ Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/ klg elgG5 .
ljz]iftf
;dGjosf ljz]iftfx lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
!= ;\u7gsf nIo Pjd\ p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ sfo{xsf] PsLs/0f
@= ;\u7gsf sfo{xaLr, OsfOxaLr / cGo ;\u7gxaLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ sfo{
#= o;n] ;\u7gsf sfdxaLr ;DaGw / ;~rf/ :yflkt ug]{ / lgsfout ;~hfn sfod
ug]{ sfo{
$= of] Ps Joj:yfksLo Pjd\ lg/Gt/ sfo{ k|lj|mof (Process) tyf k|ljlw (technique) xf] .
%= Joj:yfksLo cf}hf/ Pjd\ cfwf/e"t Joj:yfksLo sfo{
^= Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/
&= ;dGjo cfGtl/s tyf afxo, 7f8f], ;dtn tyf 58\s] u/L ljleGg k|sf/ x'g]
*= k|of;xsf] tfnd]n cflb .
64
;dGjosf cfjZos tjx

s'g} klg ;\u7gdf ;dGjo k|efjsf/Lkdf ;~rfng x'gsf nflu sfddf Pstf / Psktf x''g'sf]
;fy} sd{rf/LxaLr Pscfk;df ;xof]uL efjgf / ;\u7gn] xfl;n ug'{kg]{ p2]Zosf af/]df /fd|f]
hfgsf/L lbg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ / ;fwg, ;|f]txaLr ;"rLs/0f cfjZos kb{5 .
k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf tjx x'g'kb{5 M
sfo{xsf] PsLs/0f (Unity of Activities)

cfk;L ;xof]u (Co-operation)
hfgsf/L (Understanding)
;~rf/ (Communition)
cfk;L ;DaGw (Relationship)
;|f]t tyf ;fwgxsf] PsLs/0f (Unity of Resource or Inputs)
pk/f]Qm tjxsf] ;+of]hg g} ;dGjo xf] . o;n] ljleGg k|of;xsf] tfnd]n ub{5 / of] Ps
lgoldt k|lqmof xf] .
;dGjosf l;4fGtx
Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/ eg]sf] g} ;dGjo xf] . Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg kIf tyf If]qx s'g} g s'g}
l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;dGjosf] klg cfk\mg} l;4fGtx /x]sf 5g\ . h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
!= l;wf ;Dks{sf] l;4fGt
;dGjonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfdg];fdg] tyf k|ToIf ;Dks{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] sfo{;Dkfbg /
nIo xfl;ndf ;xof]u ub{5 eGg] dfGotf o; l;4fGtsf] /x]sf] 5 .
@= lg/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGt
;dGjosf] :jk g} lgoldt tyf lg/Gt/ x'g] k|lj|mof xf] . t;y{ of] ;\u7gdf lg/Gt/ cfjZos
/xG5 .
#= bf]xf]/f] ;DaGwsf] l;4fGt
;dGjo bf]xf]/f] ;Dks{ / ;DaGwsf cfwf/df dfq sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df Joj:yfksxn] g}
kxn ug'{kb{5 . o;nfO{ cfb]z ug{ ;lsb]}g .
$= jftfj/0fLo ;xhtfsf] l;4fGt
;dGjo s7f]/ geO{ kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L cfGtl/s / afxo jftfj/0fdf ;xhtf Nofpg'kb{5
eGg] dfGotf o; l;4fGtsf] /x]sf] x'G5 .
%= ;'wf/sf] l;4fGt
s'g} klg ;\u7gdf ;dGjo ;'wf/d'vL x'g'kb{5 . s'g} klg uNtL cfufdL lbgdf gxf]xf]ofpg] u/L
ug'{kg]{ dfGotf o; l;4fGtsf] /xsf] 5 .
65
;dGjosf k|sf/
;dGjonfO{ d'Vokdf lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= cfGtl/s ;dGjo
s'g} Pp6} ljefudf Joj:yfksx / sd{rf/LaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ cfGtl/s ;dGjo elgG5 . o;}u/L
Pp6} ljefusf zfvf, pkzfvf / JolStxaLr x'g] ;dGjo tyf ljleGg PsfOsf Joj:yfksx /
sd{rf/LxaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ cfGtl/s ;dGjo elgG5 .
@= afx\o ;dGjo
s'g} klg ;/sf/L ;\u7gx, h;n] ;\u7gsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ . k|foM
;\u7gxaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ afxo ;dGjo elgG5 . o;}u/L s'g} ;\u7gsf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
pkof]u ug]{ u|fxsx tyf ;]jfu|fxLx Pjd\ cfk'lt{stf{x;usf] ;dGjonfO{ g} afxo ;dGjo
elgG5 . ;\u7gsf] lxtsf nflu ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds bjfj lbg] ljleGg bjfj ;d"xxaLrsf]
;dGjonfO{ ;d]t afxo ;dGjo elgG5 .
#= 7f8f] ;dGjo
s'g} klg ;\u7gsf] k|d'v / Toxf sfo{/t sd{rf/LxaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ 7f8f] ;dGjo elgG5 .
$= t];f]{] ;dGjo
ljleGg sfdbf/, Joj:yfks / lgsfoxaLrsf] ;dGjo h'g kb tyf >]0fLdf ;dfg x'G5g\ . ;fy}
ljefuljefu, o'lg6o'lg6aLrsf] ;dGjo klg of] cGtu{t kb{5 .
%= 58\s] ;dGjo
;\u7gxleq ;femf o'lg6x h;n] k|foM ;a} o'lg6xnfO{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpb5, tL
o'lg6xaLrsf] ;dGjo 58\s] ;dGjo xf] . h:t}M sfg'g zfvf, sDKo'6/, n]h/ zfvfdf ul/g]
;dGjo .
;dGjosf] cfjZostf tyf dxj
Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/ eg]sf] g} ;dGjo xf] . ;\u7gsf] nIo tyf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;dGjosf] e"ldsf
dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] cfjZostf tyf dxjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
;\u7gsf ljleGg o'lg6 / lj|mofsnfkxaLr ;DwGw sfod u/fpg'
;\u7gleq ljleGg o'lg6x / logsf sfo{x Pscfk;df cGtlg{e/ /xg] x'gfn]
logLxaLr ;dGjo Nofpg
JolStutsf ;fy;fy} ;+:yfut p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ ;'dw'/ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{
;\u7gsf sfddf bIftf NofO{ dfgj ;+;fwg, ef}lts, ljQLo tyf ;'rgf k|ljlw Pjd\ ;|f]tsf]
pRrtd k|of]u ug{
ljleGg Joj:yfksLo sfo{x h:t}M of]hgf th'{df ug{, o;sf nflu ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug{,
;\u7gxaLr PsLs/0f / ;\u7g lgdf{0f ug{, lgb]{zgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg .
66
;dGjosf] tl/sf
;dGjosf] tl/sfdf ;\u7g Pjd\ sfdsf] k|s[lt, ;\u7g ;+/rgfsf] lj:tf/ Pjd\ kx'r, hgzlStsf]
cj:yf, cfjZostf, tyf tTsfnLg kl/j]zn] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf kdf k|efj kfb{5g\ . ;\u7gdf
k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf nflu pko'St ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf
;+oGq sfo{ ;/nLs/0fsf nflu lbUbz{gsf] Joj:yf, u'gf;f] ;'gjfOsf] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'St dflgG5 .
;dGjonfO{ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s u/L b'O{ tl/sfaf6 juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . cf}krfl/s
tl/sfdf of]hgf tyf sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{, ;\u7gsf] 9frf -kb;f]kfg, cf1fsf] Psktf, cg'udg,
;'k/Lj]If0f_ sfo{ljlw, ;ldltsfo{bn, sd{rf/L j}7s, s]Gb|Ls/0f / g]t[j kb{5g\ eg] cgf}krfl/s
tl/sfdf :j ;dGjo, tflnd, uf]i7L, ef]h e]63f6 cflb kb{5g\ . ;dGjosf k|d'v k|efjsf/L
tl/sfx lgDg rf6{df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
g]kfnsf] z}lIfs k|zf;gdf ;dGjo

z}lIfs k|zf;gsf] k|d'v p2]Zo l56f] 5l/tf] tyf k|efjsf/Lkdf hgtfnfO{ z}lIfs ;]jf k'ofpg'
xf] . o;sf nflu r':t ;\u7g, hgtfsf] kx'r of]Uo / Pscfk;df ;dGjo u/L sfo{ ug]{ vfnsf]
x'g'kb{5 . t/ af]lemnf], cfly{s kn] wfGg ufx|f], lg0f{o ug]{ tl/sfsf] lx;fan] lg0f{o kG5fpg],
;xeflutfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;]jfu|fxLxnfO{ sd ;xefuL u/fpg], clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgfsf] lx;fan]
clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f ug{ vf]Hg]h:tf cf/f]k nufpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f ;dGjo
k|efjsf/L gx'g' xf] .
o;}u/L ljBfno zf;gk4lt k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'df klg ljBfno Joj:yfkg;u ;DalGwt kIfaLr
;dGjo gx'g' Ps xf] . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs, cleefjs ;\3xaLr
;dGjo gx'g', lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, ;|f]ts]Gb| / ljBfnoaLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo gx'g', ;|f]tJolSt
tyf ljBfno lg/LIfsn] ug]{ sfo{xaLr ;dGjo gx'g' xfnsf] Pp6f hNbf]aNbf] ;d:of xf] .
67
;dGjo;DaGwL sdLsdhf]/Lx
Pp6} ;\u7gljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfssd{rf/Lleq klg ljleGg u'6 pku'6df ljeflht
x'g] k4ltn] Pscfk;df ;dGjosf] cefj
;\u7gdf k|d'v / sd{rf/LxaLr / ljBfnodf k|wfgfWofks / lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks /
ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaLr clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] sf/0f ;dGjosf] cefj
Pp6f ;\u7g / csf]{ ;\u7gaLr ;dGjo u/]/ sfd ug]{ k4lt gx''g' . h:t}M lhNnf lzIff
sfof{no / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ljBfno / ufp ljsf; ;ldlt cflb
z}lIfs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ljBfno / ;]jfu|fxL -cleefjs_ aLr ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu
;dGjosf] cefj /xg'
ljleGg s]Gb|Lo lgsfoxaLr sfo{j|md ;~rfngdf ;dGjo gx'g' .
k|efj
z}lIfs ;\u7gx r':t / 5l/tf] x'g g;s]sf]
;"rgf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]
Ps csf]{ ;\u7gljBfno tyf lzIfs / sd{rf/LaLr ljZjf;sf] ;+s6 x'g'
z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L gx'g' .
z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf nflu ul/g'kg{] sfo{x
z}lIfs Joj:yfkg jf ljBfno zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;dGjosf] e"ldsf dxjk"0f{ x'G5 .
k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf nflu lgDgfg';f/ sfo{x ul/g'kb{5 M
z}lIfs k|0ffnLleq vf; u/]/ ljBfno;Ddsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{ .
cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] .
sfo{j|mdx ;~rfng ubf{ ;dGjosf] dfu sd ug]{ u/L ljsf; ug]{
z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf cfPsf gofgof technique xsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg]
;f\u7lgs ;+/rgf / sfo{ljefhg j}1flgs agfpg]
Focal point / gf]8n clws[tsf] Joj:yf u/L lhDd]jf/ agfpg]
;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf, ljleGg sfo{bn, cfof]u, ;ldlt tyf ljleGg lgsfosf]
k|ltlglwTj u/fpg]
lgoldt a}7s, sfo{j|mdsf] lg/Gt/ ;dLIff u/L sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{
bf]xf]/f] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L gkg]{ u/L sfo{j|mdxsf] ljefhg ug]{
gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{j|md / ah]6aLr tfbDotf sfod ug]{ .
lgisif{
;dGjo Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f k|d'v tTj xf] . ;dGjonfO{nfO Joj:yfkgsf] ;f/ -crux_ klg elgG5 .
z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;dGjosf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . z}lIfs sfo{j|mdxnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf
;~rfng ug{ ljBfnotx;Dd klg ;dGjosf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lzIff If]qdf z}lIfs ;]jf k|jfxsf
nflu :yflkt ;+:yfxjLr sfo{bn, ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf cGo k|of;x af6 k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf]
cfjZos 5 .
68
PsfO M *
k];fut bIftf ljsf; / cfTd Joj:yfkg
lzIf0f k];fk|lt uj{ / ;sf/fTds cjwf/0ff
lzIf0f k];fk|lt uj{ / ;sf/fTds cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{ xd{g / uf]Oofn] lgDglnlvt a'bfxsf]
ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ M
cfkm\gf sfd dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] ;f]r agfpg] / ljBfnosf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df cfkm"n] ;tk|ltzt
k|of; ug]{,
cfkm"n] JolStutkdf / ;+:yfn] xfl;n u/]sf] ;kmntfnfO{ lr/:yfoL agfpg k|of; ug]{,
;fd"lxs k|of;df ljZjf; ug]{,
sfd / kl/jf/ aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{,
JolStut / Joj;flos ljsf;sf nflu cfkm\gf sfo{If]q, bfloTj / cfTdljZjf; clej[l4 x'g]
;a} df}sfxsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{,
cfkm\gf ;xsdL{x;u ;'dw'/ ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{,
cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs bfloTjnfO{ klg cToGt dxTj lbg],
sfo{If]qdf g}lts d'Nosf] alnof] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{,
cfkm\gf cu|hxsf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ ;w}F JolStut / ;+:yfut nIo k|flKtdf cu|;/
/xg] .
cfkm" Jofj;flos ePsf] s'/fsf] ;w}F ljrf/ k''ofpg'k5{ . w]/}nfO{ s]xL ug{ g;Sg]n] k9fp5 h:tf]
nfU5 . t/ olb tkfO{nfO{ ;fRr} cfkm"df k9fpg] 1fg / Ifdtf 5 h:tf] nfu]/ g} tkfO{n] k9fpg]
lg0f{o ug{'ePsf] xf] eg] ljBfyL{ Pjd\ cleefjsxn] tkfO{nfO{ leGg b[li6n] x]5{g\ . tkfO{, tkfO{sf]
;do / tkfO{sf ljrf/xsf] cfb/ u5{g\ .
;dfg Joj;fo;u ;DalGwt ;d"xx;u ldn]/ sfd ug{'xf];\ .
;Dej ePdf ;f]xL ljifo cyjf ;f]xL sIffdf k9fpg] lzIfsx;u ldn]/ 6f]nL agfpg'xf];\ .
k];fut Joj;flos JolStx PSn} sd}dfq sfd u5{g\ lsgeg] PSn} eGbf ;d"xdf sfdug{'
/fd|f] x'G5 eGg] 1fg pgLx;u x'G5 . Ps xKtfsf nflu k9fpg] ljifoj:t' / rflxg]
;fdu|Lxsfaf/]df 5nkmn ug{ tL lzIfsx;u xKtfsf] ;'?df e]6\g'xf];\ . To;kl5 sfdsf]
af8kmf8 ug{'xf];\ . z'j|maf/ lbp;f];Dddf ;a} sfd ;sfpg] lg0f{o ug{'xf];\ h;n] ubf{ cfpg]
xKtfsf] tof/L ug{ ;a} tTk/ /x'g\ . ;d"xdf sfd ugf{n] sfdsf] rfk t 36\5 g} ;fy}
l;h{gfTdstfnfO{ pT;flxt klg u5{ .
/fli6o ul0ft lzIfs kl/ifb\, g]kfn lzIffzf:qL ;dfh jf cGt/f{li6o lzIf0f ;\3 h:tf]
69
Jofj;flos ;+:yf;u cfa4 /xg'xf];\ . oL ;+:yfx gofF ljrf/, tflnd / JolStx;usf]

;DaGwsf ;'ne ;|f]t x'g\ . o:tf] cfj4tfn] ;xL s'/fx, tYox phfu/ ug{ / Jofj;flos
rl/qsf] ;dflKtnfO{ /f]Sg d2t u5{ .
:jfWofo / cfTd Joj:yfkgaf6 Jofj;flos rl/qsf] ljsf; ug]{ tl/sfx
JolStut k|efjsfl/tf Joj;flos pTs[i6tfsf] k"j{;t{ xf] . ;'lw|Psf] cfTd Joj:yfkgn] Pp6f z}lIfs
g]tfsf] tgfjnfO{ em]Ng], GbJoj:yfkg ug]{, kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, lr/:yfoL pTs[i6 k|ltkmnx
lbg] cflb kIfxsf] clej[l4 u5{ . lgDglnlvt k|Zgxn] tkfO{sf] Joj;flos ljsf;sf] cfTdk/LIf0f
ug{ d2t u5{g\ M
tkfO{n] ljutsf tLg jif{df cfkm\gf] bfloTj, k|efj / sfo{;Dkfbgdf ljsf; dx;'; ug'{ePsf] 5
ls 5}g <
pSt ;dofjlwdf tkfO{n] s:tf] JolStut nIo lng'ePsf] lyof] / s] tkfO{n] tL nIox k|fKt
ug{'eof] <
cfpFbf tLgjif{xsf nflu tkfO{n] cfTdljsf;sf nflu :ki6 cjwf/0ff tof/ ug{'ePsf] 5 ls
5}g < ljBfnon] tkfO{sf nflu s]xL of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g <
tkfO{n] xfn;fn} s] gofF ;Lk l;Sg'eof] < tkfO{n] s:tf df}sfxsf] pkof]u cfkmgf ;Lkx
;'wfg{ ug{'eof] <
tkfO{ cfkmgf] ljBfnoleq cfTdljsf; x'G5 egL sltsf] ljZj:t x'g'x'G5 <
tkfO{sf cfkm\gf ;xsdL{x / cfkm"eGbf pRrcf]xbfsf sd{rf/Lx;usf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5 <
cfTd Joj:yfkg sfo{;'rL

1.
cfkm"n] kfpg rfx]sf] nIosf] k|:6 lgwf{/0f ug]{,
2.
slxn] nIo k|fKt ug]{ xf] pSt ;dosf] lgwf{/0f ug]{,
3.
cfkm\gf] ;kmntfsf] ultsf] lx;fa /fVg] ,
4.
;a}sf ;fd' cfkm\gf] nIosf] 3f]if0ff ug]{,
5.
cfjZos ePdf c;kmntfsf] v08df ljz]if b08sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
6.
;;fgf s'/fx ;f]Rg] / ug]{,
7.
cfkm"n] pTkfbg ug{ jf k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{,
8.
cfkm\gf] ultsf] hfFr ug{ ;do;'rssf] k|of]u ug]{ -k|To]s kfFr ldg]6_ / cfkm' nIo cg';f/
sfo{/t eP gePsf] af/Daf/ hfFr ug]{ ,
70
9.
cfkm\gf] ;'kl/j]Ifs;u nuftf/ ;DaGwdf /xg], cfjZostf cg';f/ lbgx' jf xKtfdf Psk6s,
10.
cfkm\gf] ;fyLnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg nIo cg'k eP gePsf] hfr ug{ cg'/f]w ug]{,
11.
cfkmgf] sfd ug]{ ;dodf ;a} afwfxnfO{ 6f9f /fVg],
12.
cfTd Joj:yfkgsf] of] sfo{;'lrnfO{ km]l/ bf]xf]ofpg] . cfkm\gf] q'6LxnfO{ ;RofP/ km]/L sfd
;'? ug]{ .
cfkm\gf] k];fdf pTs[i6tf xfl;n ug]{ tl/sfx

Pp6f Jofj;flos JolStn] s] u5{ <
;jf{]Qd pknAwLsf nflu sf]l;; u5{,
l;S5,
tof/L u5{
sfo{;Dkfbg u5{,
;'emfj -k[i7kf]if0f_ sf] ck]Iff /fV5 .
Pp6f Jofj;flos JolStn] s;/L l;S5 <
;'emfj / k|ltlj|mofxnfO{ :jLsf/ u5{,,
Joj;flos ;\3 ;+:yfx;u cfa4 /xG5,
cfkm"nfO{ d2t ug]{ ufO8 -u'?_ sf] klxrfg u5{ ,
tflndxdf ;xefuL x'G5,
x]5{ -cjnf]sg u5{_,
;'G5,
k9\5 .
Jofj;flos JolStn] s;/L tof/L u5{ <
cfkm"nfO{ Jojl:yt u5{ -dl:tis, dg, tg_,
nIo lgwf{/0f u5{,
glthfd'vL x'G5,
;doJoj:yfkg u5{,
jftfj/0fJoj:yfkg u5{,
s8f ldlxg]t u5{ .
Jofj;flos JolStn] s;/L sfo{;Dkfbg u5{ <
pT;flxt /xG5,
71
76\of}nf] kf/fn] cleJolSt lbG5,

:ki6kdf cfkm\gf s'/fx k|:t't\ u5{ / c?af6 u|x0f u5{,
JolStxsf] l;sfOnfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstf lbG5,
gofF ljrf/ / k|ljlws k/LIf0f u5{,
nIox k|fKt u5{ :t/ clej[l4 u5{,
lhDd]jf/L u|x0f u5{ / Odfgbf/ x'G5 .
Pp6f Jofj;flos JolStn] sf] af6 ;'emfj lnG5 <

cfkm' :jod\af6
;fyLxaf6
kl/jf/af6
ljBfyL{xaf6
;'kl/j]Ifsxaf6
k|wfgfWofksxn] k];fut bIftf s;/L xfl;n ug{ ;S5g\ <
:t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{,
pSt :t/ sfod /fVg lzIfsxnfO{ l;sfpg] / lgb]{zg lbg],
/fd|f] sfdsf nflu lzIfsx / cGo sd{rf/LxnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbg],
/fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolQxsf] ;a}sf ;fd' k|z+;f ug]{,
;kmntfsf nflu g]Q[Tj ug]{,
cfkmgf s'/fx /fd|/L cleJoSt ug]{ .
k];fut bIftf ljsf; / cfTdJoj:yfkgaLr cGt/;DaGw / dxTj
x/]s JolSt cfkmgf] Joj;fodf ck]lIft :t/;Dd ;kmntfk"j{s :yflkt x'g pRrtd k];fut bIftf
ckl/xfo{ 5 / o;sf] ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/e"t kdf cfTdJoj:yfkg clgjfo{ tTj xf] . o;/L x]bf{
cfTdJoj:yfkgnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf k];fsdL{xsf nflu ;kmntfsf] s8Lsfkdf a'g ;lsG5 .
k|wfgfWofksh:tf] ul/dfdo, lhDd]af/ / ;+j]bgzLn k];fsdL{xsf nflu t emg ;kmn
cfTdJoj:yfkgaf6 pTs[i6 Ifdtf ljsf; u/L k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbgdfkm{t ljBfno ljsf; Pjd\
ljBfyL{sf] ;jf{L0f JolStTj ljsf; ;Ddsf] j|mda4 kl/0ffd lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
cfkm" Jojl:yt / cfTd ;Gt'li6sf ;fy sfo{ k|bz{g u/L c?nfO{ Joj:yfkg ub}{ k/fTdf;Gt'li6 l;h{gf
ug'{kg]{ ;j{yf ;+j]bgzLn Pjd\ r'gf}tLk"0f{ k];fsdL{ k|wfgfWofksxsf nflu :jJoj:yfkg cyjf
cfTdJoj:yfkg clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . o;sf] dxTjnfO{ tnsf] Figure Psdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
72
cfTd;Gt'li6
k[i7kf]if0f
cfTdJoj:yfkg
sfo{;Dkfbg
k/fTdf;Gt'li6
Joj:yfkgsf] cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffcg';f/ managed ones nfO{ constant variables sfkdf
:jLsf/ u/L managers dependent variable sfkdf cfkm"nfO{ ltgLxsf] OR5f, cfjZostf /
cfsf\Iff d'tfljs ljsf; ug]{, Joj:yfkg ug]{ / Performance k|bz{g ug{ k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df kl/jt{g, r'gf}tL / kl/l:yltnfO{ uxg9\un] a'g] / To;sf] ;fdgf ug{
cfkm"nfO{ kl/:s[t Pjd\ tTk/ /fVg] ;du| k|s[ofnfO{ g} cfTdJoj:yfkgsf] kl/efiffcGtu{t a'g'kg]{
x'G5 .
cfTdJoj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx
cfTdJoj:yfkgsf] cWoog / cjnDag ug{ b]xfosf 5cf]6f kIfxsf] cfwf/ lng'kb{5 M
-s_ 1fg;Lk M k];fsf nflu cfjZos k|fljlws 1fg, hfgsf/L, cg'ejsf] Jojl:yt cWoog Pjd\
;Lksf] kIf cfTdJoj:yfkgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ c\u xf] . o;sf] cfh{g, gjLs/0f, pkof]u
cflbaf6 gtLhf lgdf{0fsf] k|lj|mof k|f/De x'G5 .
-v_ bfz{lgs dfGotf M JolStsf] hLjg bz{g tyf k];fut hLjg ofkgsf] h;nfO{ :yfoL dfgl;s
;f]r Pjd\ b[li6sf]0f klg eGg ;lsG5 . cfkm" sfo{/t k];fk|lt cfkmgf] ;dk{0fnfO{ a'g]
cjwf/0ff xf] of] . pbfx/0fsf nflu k|wfgfWofks k];fnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ cyjf
wgf]kfh{gsf] df}sf cyjf cfkmgf] JolStTj ljsf; / pkof]usf] dfWod cyjf ;]jf ug]{ cg'kd
ynf]dWo] s'g b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ eGg] s'/fn] cfkm"nfO{ s;/L kl/rfnt ug]{ eGg] cfGtl/s
cu|;/tfsf] cj:yfnfO{ bzf{pF5 .
-u_ l;h{gzLntf M cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] bfo/f leq ;Lldt /fVg] cyjf df}h'bf ;DefJotfsf] vf]hL u/L
ltgsf] k|of]uaf6 k];fnfO{ pTkfbs / dgf]/d t'Nofpg] eGg] s'/f JolStdf lglxt l;h{gzLntfsf]
u'0fdf e/kb{5 . of] kIfsf] cg'kl:ylt k];fsdL{sf] hLjg lg/; / oflGqs aGg ;S5 . o;}n]
o;nfO{ cfTdJoj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfsfkdf lnOG5 .
-3_ ;r]tgf M cfkm"df ljBdfg 1fg, ;Lk, ;DefJotf cflb / k];fsf] cfjZostf Pjd\ nIoaLrsf]
73
cGt/;DaGw af]w u/L k"0f{ r]tgfsf ;fy cfk"mnfO{ bIftfk"j{s k|:t't ug]{ kIfnfO{ g} ;r]tgfsf]
clei6 xf] . Joj:yfkgsf cj:yfx pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg Pjd\ ljwfg cg'kdfq cfk"mnfO{
kl/rflnt ubf{ To;sf] oflGqs glthf xfl;n x'G5 t/ cfTd;Gt'li6 / bL3{sfnLg ljsf;
k|s[ofdf To;sf] c;/ ;sf/fTds gx'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] dfgl;s ;r]tgf;lxtsf] cfTdJoj:yfkg
pko'St dflgG5 .
-_ klxrfg M k];fdf cfkmgf] pkl:ylt k'li6 ug{ ;flas eGbf km/s, pTs[i6 / k|:6 :j klxrfgo'St
sfo{ k|0ffnL Pjd\ glthf pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg] ;dfg Joj:yfnfO{ cfTdJoj:yfkgsf] Pp6f kIf
dflgG5 .
-r_ zf/Ll/s JolStTj M :jf:Yok|ltsf] ;hutf, zf/Ll/s tGb'?l:t, cfsif{s JolStTj h:tf kIf
:jJoj:yfkg k|lj|mofsf cleGg c\u x'g .
k|efjsf/L cfTdJoj:yfkgsf ljwL / pkfox
cfTdJoj:yfkg JolStTj ljsf;, Ifdtf clej[l4 Pjd\ sfo{ k|bz{gdf pTs[i6tf h:tf ljljw
kIfx;u cGt/;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] dgf]j}1flgs, zf/Ll/s, k];fut Pjd\ ;du| kof{j/0fLo
tTjxnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|efjsf/L cfTdJoj:yfkgsf nflu pkof]uL /0fgLlt, ljlw / pkfoxsf]
vf]hL ug'{ pko'St x'G5 . o;/L uxg cWoog, k|of]u / cg'ejsf cfwf/df kQf nufOPsf ljlw /
pkfoxnfO{ b]xfocg';f/ 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ cfkm}nfO{ a'g' M cfkm"df lglxt ;Ifdtf, ;Lk, Ifdtf / cfkmgf] e"ldsfnfO{ k];fsf] cfjZostfsf]
s;Ldf /fv]/ a'g], c?;u t'ngf u/]/ d"Nof\sg ug]{ tyf cf g} ljut / kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{aLr
t'ngfTds 9\un] a'g] sfo{ d'Vo / cfwf/e"t ljlw xf] . o;sf nflu cfkmgf] of]ubfgsf]
cfTdd"Nof\sg tyf ;xkf7L d"Nof\sg h:tf sfo{x ug{ ;lsG5 .
-v_ of]hgf lgdf{0f M k];fut hLjgdf JolStTj ljsf;sf] cfkmgf] of]hgf pRr dxTjfsf\Iff Pjd\
nIfsf ;fy lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;do;Ldf;lxtsf] sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5 . o:tf] of]hgfn]
cfk"mnfO{ Jojl:yt 9\un] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{ cfGtl/s bafa Pjd\ pTk|]/0ffsf]
sfd ub{5 .
-u_ :jcWoog M cfkmgf] ljsf;sf nflu cfkm" afx]s c? sf]xL klg pko'St JolSt x'Fb}g / x'g'x'Fb}g
klg . o; ;Gbe{df k];fsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] tfnLd, cWoog h:tf cj;/sf] vf]hL ug]{,
cg'ejnfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L lg/Gt/ cWoog ug]{ h:tf :jJoj:yfkgsf t/Lsf ckgfpg
;lsG5 .
-3_ g]6jls{ M k];f;u ;DalGwt cGo lgsfo, ;+:yf jf ;\u7gx;u cf}krfl/s ;DaGw :yflkt
u/L ltgdf pknAw k];fut ;|f]t Pjd\ cg'ej lgoldtkdf cfbfgk|bfg ug{] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{
;lsG5 . o;af6 gf}nf 1fg;Lk cfh{g x'gsf ;fy} cfkmgf] JolStTj tyf k];fut bIftfsf]
cfsf/nfO{ kl/:s[t Pjd\ Jofks t'Nofpg dbt k'Ub5 .
74
-_ k|jt{g (Innovation) : k];f sfo{;Dkfbg k|s[ofnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg gofF k|ljlw, tl/sf /
k|lj|mof cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;fljssf] eGbf Something different performance
k|bz{g ug{ ;j{yf gf}nf k|ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ vf]hL / k|of]u ug]{ cEof;n] cfkm"nfO{ ;wF} pTs[i6tfsf]
glhs k'ofp5 .
-r_ cfTdcg'udg (Self monitoring) M k];fdf cfkm"nfO{ ;wF} fresh, updated and proactive
t'Nofpg k];fut cj:yfsf] ulx/f] ;'ema'em cfh{g ug]{ / ;f]xLcg'k cfkm"nfO{ kfGt/0f ub}{
n}hfg] cEof; g} cfTdcg'udg xf] . lg/Gt/ feedback cfh{g ug]{ e/kbf]{ ;"rgf k|0ffnL
:yfkgf ug{ / k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ tfhf zlStsf kdf u|x0f u/L cfkm"nfO{ of]hgfj4 9\un]
k|:t't ug]{ tTk/tf / k|of; h?/L x'G5 .
lgisif{
xf]K;g / :s]nLn] aL;jif{ cl3 cfTdJoj:yfkg;DaGwL lbPsf] kl/efiffnfO{ ;docg';f/ kl/jt{g ub}{
s]xL a'bfxdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . lgDglnlvt a'bfx tkfO{sf] JolStut / Jofj;flos ljsf;sf]
cfwf/ aGg ;S5g\ M
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
x/]s JolSt Pp6f 5'} JolStTjsf] wgL x'G5 . t;y{ ;a} JolSt cfb/0fLo x'G5g\,
x/]s JolSt cfkmgf sfo{x / Jojxf/sf] lhDd]jf/ x'G5 ,
x/]s JolSt cfkmgf efjgf, ;+j]bgfx / c?sf] Jojxf/k|ltsf] k|ltlj|mofsf] lhDd]jf/ x'G5,
:jfutof]Uo geP klg x/]s gofF cj:yfn] s]xL gofF s'/f l;Sg] / Joj;flos rl/qsf] ljsf;sf]
df}sf k|bfg u5{ .
uNtL l;sfOsf cg'ejx x'g\ . uNtLxnfO{ c;kmntf eGbf k|ltkmnsf kdf lng'k5{,
ljsf;sf] aLh xfdLleq g} x'G5 . xfdL cfkm"n] g} cfkmgf] l;h{gzLntf / ljsf;sf] IfdtfnfO{
lStofzLn ug{'k5{,
xfdL xfnsf] cj:yfeGbf a9L k|of; u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ clxn]eGbf a9L Jofj;flos agfpg ;S5f}F,
rgfvf]kgfn] lhDd]jf/L lgDTofpF5 / lhDd]jf/Ln] 5gf]6sf] df}sf l;h{gf u5{,
xfdLleq /x]sf] 8/ g} xfd|f] ljsf;j|mdsf] tuf/f] xf],
j[l4 / ljsf; nuftf/ rNg] k|lj|mof xf] . cfTdzlSt j[l4 k|fKt ug]{ clGtd nIo xf]Og a?
Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lj|mof xf] .
75
PsfO{ (
;do Joj:yfkg (Time Management)
;do Joj:yfkg ljif]z l;4fGt, lgod, cEof;, ;Lk, ;fwg / k|0ffNfLsf] ;du| tyf Plss[t ?k xf],
h;n] pknAw ;dodf clwstd pknlAw / d"No k|fKt ug{ ;3fp5 . o;n] sfdsf] u'0f:t/nfO{
a9fp5 . ;fdfGotof ;a}n] ;dosf] Joj:yfkg t s]xL xb;Dd ul/g} /x]sf x'G5g\ t/ ;f] ;do
Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/Psf] 5 / o;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf s] c;/ k/]s]f 5 eGg] k|Zg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
;dosf] dxTj a'em\bfa'em\b} klg xfdLx Joj:yfkg ug{ c;kmn e}/fv]sf x'G5f}+ . ;do Joj:yfkgsf]
;Gbe{df o:tf k|d'v sdhf]/L / uNtLxnfO{ o;/L k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M Ps} k6sdf w]/} sfdxsf
af/]df lrGtg u/L ;a} sfd Ps} k6sdf km5\of}{6 ug{ vf]Hg', Pp6f sfd ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf csf]{
sfdlt/ Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{, p2]Zodf c:ki6tf x'g', sdhf]/ of]hgf x'g', sfo{xsf] k|fyldsL/0f ug{
sd ;do vlr{g', tNsfn ug'{ kg]{ cfkm\gf] cufl8sf] sfo{ eGbf ug'{ gkg]{ sfo{df Wofg lbg', cfkm\gf]
Ifdtf eGbf w]/} sfo{ af]em ;DxfNg', ;w} x'G5 xh'/ eGg] afgL ug'{, c;\ul7t, cJojl:yt / Wofg
ljsif{0f ug]{ vfnsf] jftfj/0fdf sfo{ ug'{ OToflb . o:tf sdhf]/LxnfO{ x6fO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] sfo{
s;/L ug]{ eGg] rf;f] g} ;do Joj:yfkg;u ;DalGwt 5 .
;fdfGo cy{df ;+u7gfTds sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt Pjd\ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu plrt
tl/sfn] ;dosf] af8kmf8 u/L k|aGw ldnfpg'nfO{ ;do Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ;do Joj:yfkg
Joj:yfkssf] Pp6f ckl/xfo{ sfo{ xf] . ;do Joj:yfkg sfo{ Pp6f ;Lk tyf sf}zn xf] . o;n]
Joj:yfks / p;sf] dftxtsf JolStxn] s'g sfd slt a]nf, s] s;n] sxf sxf / s;/L ug]{
eGg] s'/fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofp5 . ;+u7gsf sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf
;Dkfbg ug{ ;donfO{ ljif]if Vofn /fVg' kb{5 . ug'{ kg]{ sfd ;do u'hf/]/ ul/of] eg] To;sf] s'g}
cf}lrTo x'b}g . To;}n] Joj:yfksn] ;dosf] dxTjnfO{ Vofn u/]/ sfo{xsf] k|fyldsL/0f ug{
;Sg'kb{5 . df}sf cfp5 klv{b}g, r'Sg] dxf d'v{ xf] eg] h:t} ;donfO{ v]/ hfg lbg' x'b}g . To;}n]
sfdsf] k|s[lt / To;sf nflu nfUg] cg'dflgt ;do 5'6\ofO{ ;f]cg';f/ g} sfd ug]{ u/fpg] ug'{kb{5 .
z}lIfs ;+:yf tyf ljBfnoxdf klg cGo ;+u7gxdf h:t} ;do Joj:yfkgsf] cToGt cfjZostf
k5{ . o;sf] cefjdf z}lIfs ;+:yfxn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx ;dod} k"/f ug{ ;lsb}g lsgls
k|efjsf/L ;do Joj:yfkgn] z}lIfs Joj:yfksxnfO{ sfo{ lbzfaf]w u/fpg], sfdsf] tfnd]n
ldnfpg ;lhnf] x'g], cGof]Nf x6fpg] u5{ . ljBfnodf k|wfgfWofks / lzIfsxn] u/]sf] plrt
;do Joj:yfkg ;Lk / sf}znn] ljBfyL{xdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . kmn:j?k
ljBfno :t/ b]lv g} ljBfyL{xdf ;dosf] dxTj a'em]/ sfo{ ug{] ;Lksf] ljsf; x'G5 .
;do Joj:yfkgnfO{ dflg;sf] ;du| hLjg Joj:yfkg;u hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . /fd|f];u ;do
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] JolStsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf /fd|f] x'G5 h;n] ;du| hLjgnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{
76
;xof]u ub{5 . of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ tnsf] lrqaf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
Time
management
Personal
productivity
Life
management
The relationship between life management, personal productivity and time management.
;do Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlwx

1. Joj:yfksn] ;dosf] JoJf:yfkg ubf{ s'g sfd s:n] slta]nf sxf s] ug]{ s:tf sfo{df, s] slt
;do / zlSt nufpg] s'g sfdnfO{ cufl8 / s'g sfdnfO{ k5fl8 ug]{ eGg] s'/f ltgLxsf]
dxTjsf] cfwf/df ;do 5'6\ofpg] / lglbi{6 dfu{ lrq cg';f/ g} sfd ub}{ cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 .
2. ;do Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs, cw{jflif{s, jflif{s cflb ?ksf sfo{
tflnsf agfO{ s'g sfd s s;n] slt a]nf ug]{ xf], s'g} ljif]z kl/l:ylt >[[hgf ePdf s] s;f]
ug]{ xf] tL ;a} s'/fxnfO{ Joj:yfksn] Pp6f vfsf agfO{ To; cg';f/ sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .
3. LEAD system nfO{ ckgfpg] M
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
L = list the stimulates

E = estimate how long each item will take, as accurately as possible
A = allow time for contingency as things always have a potential for taking longer than our
best estimate
D= decide priorities
k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df sfo{;"rL tof/ ug]{ M o; sfo{sf nflu *)@) % sf] k/]6f] l;4fGt
(Pareto principle) ckgfpg ;lsG5 . O6flnog cy{zf:qL Vilfredo Pareto sf cg';f/ *)
% sfo{n] @) % dfq kl/0ffd lbG5, eg] @) % sfo{n] *) % kl/0ffd lbG5 . To;}n] h'g sfo{n]
dxTjk"0f{ c;/ b]vfpg ;S5 To;df Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ kb{5 . kl/>d;fy ul/Psf] sfo{ (Hard
work) ;b}j 5l/tf] / pknlAwd"ns (smart) gx'g klg ;S5 eGg] Vofn ug'{ k5{ . dxTjk"0f{
/ h?/L (important and urgent) sfo{nfO{ 5'6\ofpg ;Sg'k5{ . ;a} h?/L sfd dxTjk"0f{ gx'g
;S5g / ;a} dxTjk"0f{ sfdx h?/L klg gx'g ;S5g\ . t;y{, cfkm\gf] cuf8L h] cfO{k5{
77
To;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' eGbf of]hgfa4 9\uaf6 dxTjk"0f{ sfdnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg' kb{5 .
t;y{ cd]l/sL /fi6klt Dwight D. Eisenhower n] k|ltkfbg ug'{ePsf] tn lbOPsf]
Eisenhower box sf] pbfx/0f k|of]u u/L important / urgent sfo{ 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
ckgfpg] . Prioritize by Organizing, Streamlining, Economizing

and Contributing. cyf{t\ nIo tf]sL sfo{ nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{, cfkm'n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{nfO{
;+ul7t ug]{, tkfO{nfO{ dg gk/]sf] t/ ug}{ kg]{ sfo{nfO{ d'nk|jfxLs/0f ug]{, tkfO{n] ug{ rfx]sf]
t/ Tolt dxTjk"0f{ gePsf] sfo{df ldtJolotf ckgfpg], tkfO{sf] k];f Joj;fo jf JolStut
hLjgdf c;/ ug]{ vfnsf cGo ;fdfGo sfo{x h:t} ;fdflhs d"Nof dfGotfdf klg s]xL Wofg
k'/\ofpg'xf];\ .
ABC Analysis ljlw k|of]u u/L sfo{xsf] k|fyldstf 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 h:t}M A cGut{t
dxTjk"0f{ / h?/L sfo{, C cGtu{t dxTjk"0f{ t/ h?/L gePsf] sfo{, C cGtu{t dxTjk"0f{ klg
gePsf] / h?/L klg gePsf] sfo{ nfO{ /fVg' kb{5 . ABC Analysis ljlwnfO{ Pareto
Analysis ljlw;u hf]8]/ k|of]u u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .
h'g sfo{n] tkfO{nfO{ x}/fg agfO{ /fv]sf] 5, To;nfO{ ;'?df g} ug'{xf];\ cyf{t\ elgG5 'Do worst
5. POSEC method
6.
7.
task first' .
8. 4 Ds (
Do, Delegate, Delay and Delete) sf aLrdf pko'St tfnd]n ldnfO{ sfo{
ug'{kb{5 . ;s];Dd c?af6 x'g ;Sg] sfo{ / ;]jfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f (deligate) ug'{ kb{5 .
Joj:yfksn] ;a} sfd cfkm}n] u5'} eGg' x'b}g, pko'St JolStnfO{ pko'St lhDd]jf/L lbO{ cfk"mn]
cjwf/0ffTds lgb]{zg lbg] / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ ug'{ kb{5 .
9. b}lgs / ;fKtflxs ?kdf ug'{ kg]{ sfo{xsf] :f"rL (to do list) tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
10. sfo{sf] p2]Zodf cl8u /xg] / cfOkg]{ afwf cj/f]wx x6fpg' k5{ . lagf Ph]G8fsf] meeting
xnfO{ sfo{;"rLaf6 x6fpg' k5{ .
11. sd k|fyldstfsf ljifoj:t'xnfO{ kG5fpg] tyf No eGg] afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . rflxg]
eGbf / cfkm\gf] Ifdtf eGbf a9L (over commit) gug'{ a]; x'G5 .
78
12. c?sf]
sfo{ / e"ldsfnfO{ ;d]t cfkm"n] cjnf]sg / d"Nof\sg u/L cfkm\gf] ;do Joj:yfkgsf]
/0fgLlt agfpg' kb{5 .
13. nfdf] ofqf ubf{, oftfoftsf ;fwgx klv{bf, JolStnfO{ klv{bf, s'g} 7fpdf tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf
cufl8 g} k'u]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;donfO{ cfkm'n] ug'{ kg]{ ;'xfpbf] lj|mofsnfkx ;dosf] ;b'kof]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
14. of]hgf agfpg] dfq xf]Og, agfPsf] of]hgfcg'?k sfo{ ug]{ afgL a;fNg' kb{5 .
15. Joj:yfks cfkm' :jod\ r':t, :j:Yo / Jojl:yt (organized) ePsf] v08df plrt ;do
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
lgisif{
;do d"Nojfg 5 . ;dosf]] ;xL 9\uaf6 ;b'kof]u ug]{xn] g} JolStut / ;+:yfut ;kmntf k|fKt
ug{ ;S5g . k|efjsf/L ;do Joj:yfkg j[QL ljsf; / ;kmntfsf] nflu pkof]uL dfq xf]O{g, h?/L
klg xf] . nfdf] ;do vl6P/ sfd ug'{eGbf 5l/tf] (smart) eP/ sfd ug{ ;Sg' s'zn / k|efjsf/L
;do Joj:yfkgsf] kl/0ffd xf] . ;do gjLs/0f ug{ g;lsg] (non-renewable resource) xf], Ps
k6s ;do lat]kl5 kmls{b}g . To;sf/0f JolStut hLjgdf dfq geP/ ;+:yfut Pjd\ k];fut
hLjgdf klg ;dosf] ;xL / clwstd pkof]u ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
79
PsfO{ M !)
tgfj Joj:yfkg
kl/ro
dflg;sf] hLjgdf cfOkg{] ;d:ofxaf6 pTkGg bafa, lbSbf/L / lrGtf g} tgfj xf] . sNkgf
ul/Psf] kl/jt{g klg tgfj x'g;S5 . w]/} u[xsfo{ lbOG5 ls eGg] lrGtf, 3/ef8f ltg{ k};f gk'Ug]
cj:yf, hflu/af6 lgsflng] sNkgf, sfof{nodf kbf]Gglt x'g] ePdf klg tgfj x'G5 . ;'vb\ jf b'Mvb\
kl/l:yltsf] sNkgfn] hLjgdf tgfj Nofp5 . s'g} klg a:t'n] xfdLdf kl/jt{g NofPdfen} Tof]
c;n jf v/fa kl/jt{g lsg gxf];\xfdL tL b'a}nfO{ tgfj eG5f}+ . v'f eflrof] eg] To;n] tgfj
pTkGg u5{ .
tgfj eg]sf] xfd|f] ;'/Iffdfly vt/f cfOk/]sf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] cyjf s'g} klg k|sf/n] xfd|f] dfgl;s
;Gt'ngdf c;/ kfg]{ of] cyjf Tof] 36gfk|ltsf] ;fdfGo zf/Ll/s k|ltlj|mof xf] . ha xfdLnfO{,
jf:tljs jf sfNklgs s'g} klg k|sf/sf] vt/fsf] cg'e"lt x'G5, ta xfd|f] z/L/sf] k|lt/Iff k|0ffnL
:jtM:km"t{?kdf tTsfn} pRr ;ts{tfsf] l:yltdf cfOk'U5 h;nfO{ n8 jf efu -fight-orflight_ k|ltlj|mof cyf{t tgfj k|ltlj|mofsf gfdaf6 lrlgG5 .
xfd|f] z/L/sf] tgfj k|ltlj|mof xfdLnfO{ vt/faf6 hf]ufpg] k|fs[lts tl/sf xf] . ;d'lrt tl/sfn]
sfd ul//x]sf a]nf o;n] xfdLnfO{ sfddf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpF5 . cfsl:ds cj:yfdf
cfTd /Iffsf nflu xfdLnfO{ yk zlSt k|bfg u/]/, pbfx/0fsf nflu, b'3{6gf x'gaf6 hf]ufpgsf
nflu PSsf;L a|]s nufpg rfnsnfO{ lgb]{z u/]/, tgfjn] xfd|f] Hofg hf]ufpg ;S5 .
tgfj k|ltlj|mofn] xfdLnfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu cl3 a9\g ;xof]u klg u5{ . tgfj o:tf]
zf/Ll/sdfgl;s cj:yf xf] h;n] xfdLnfO{ sfo{k|bz{gsf a]nf cfg} v'fdf pleg dbt u5{,
v]ndf lg0ff{os uf]n xfGgnfu]sf a]nf nIonfO{ cem :ki6 kfb{5, cyjf hfFrsf a]nf 6]lnlehg
x]g'{sf] ;f6f] cWoog ug{ xfdLnfO{ pTk|]l/t u5{ . t/ lglZrt ljGb' cyjf kl/lwaf6 aflx/ u};s]kl5
tgfjn] ;xof]u ug{;Sb}g . To:tf] cj:yfdf xfd|f] :jf:Yo, dfgl;s cj:yf, pTkfbgzLntf, ;DaGw /
hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df ;d]t uDeL/ Ifltsf] sf/0f aGg;S5 tgfj . t/ o;af6 lrlGtt e}xfNg'kg]{
cj:yf eg] kSs} 5}g . tgfjsf ;\s]t / nIf0fxaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/]/, clg o;sf
xflgsf/s k|efjxnfO{ 36fP/ xfdL cfkm"nfO{ tgfjsf gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 hf]ufpg ;S5f}+ .
s'g :t/sf] tgfj a9L tgfj xf] <
tgfjn] dfgj :jf:Yodf 7"nf] Iflt k'ofpg;Sg] ePsf] x'bf xfdLn] cfk\mgf] Ifdtfaf/] yfxf kfpg' clt
cfjZos / dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ s'g :t/sf], cyf{t s'g kl/df0fsf] tgfj a9L x'G5 eGg] s'/f JolSt
ljz]ifdf km/s k5{ . sf]xL dflg; d'Ssf vfPkl5 klg cl3 a9\5g, sf]xL dflg; eg] ;fgf] cj/f]w
cyjf pbf;Lgtfsf sf/0f g} k5fl/O;S5g . s'g} dflg; eg] o:tf 7Ss/af6 emg pT;flxt x'b}
80
pRr bjfjd"ns hLjg k4ltnfO{ r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

tgfjnfO{ ;xg ug{;Sg] xfd|f] Ifdtf xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf] :t/, hLjgk|lt xfd|f] ;fdfGo b[li6sf]0f,
cfj]ufTds ;'ema'em, / j+zf0f'ut u'0fnufotsf ljleGg s'/fxdf e/ kb{5 . a9L cyf{t pRr
tgfjn] dflg;sf] lbdfu, z/L/, / Jojxf/df ljleGg tl/sfn] c;/ kfb{5, / k|To]s dflg;n]
dfgl;s tgfjsf] cg'ej km/skm/s tl/sfn] ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
tgfjsf s]xL ;fdfGo k"j{;+s]t / nIf0fx
;+1fgfTds nIf0fx
:d/0f zlSt;DaGwL ;d:ofx

Psfu|tf;DaGwL ;d:ofx
sdhf]/ lg0f{o
af}l4s Ifdtfdf x|f; cfp5 .
gsf/fTds kIf dfq b]Vg]

Jou| cyf{t r~rn ljrf/x
lg/Gt/ lrlGtt x'g'
;f]Rg ;Sg] zlStdf sdL cfp5 .
zf/Ll/s nIf0fx
emf8f kvfnf cyjf slAhot

jfsjfsL nfUg', l/+u6f nfUg'
5ftLdf kL8f, d'6'sf] ltj| w8\sg
lakl/t ln\uk|ltsf] nufjdf sdL
nuftf/ rL;f]sf] cg'ej e}/xg'
lg/Gt/ / nfdf] ?3fvf]sL
lgb|f ;d:of
d+f;k]zLsf] bb{
zfl/l/s Ifdtfdf x|f; cfp5 .
;+j]ufTds nIf0fx
lrQj[lQ cyjf ;Gsfxf k|j[lQ
c;dy{tf cyjf ;'Id ldhf;
czflGt, cf/fd ug{ c;dy{
pbfl;gtf
c;xfo
kmF;]sf] cg'ej ug'{
cN;/,Uof;l6s, k]6 ;DalGw u9a9L

tf}ndf sdL Pjd\ a9L
pRr hf]lvdk"0f{ Jojxf/sf sf/0f Ifltx
laplbf ysfO{ dx;'; ug'{
;fEfmkv lbsbf/L jf lxgtf cg'ej ug['{
lgoldt 6fpsf] b'vfO{, ysfO{, ckraf6 kLl8t
x'g'
/Strfk a9\g' .
clt k|Tofj|md0fGo"g k|Tofj|md0f

PSnf]kgsf] efj / k[ysTj
pbf;Lgtf cyjf ;fdfGo c;Gt'i6L
l/;
gf}/fZo
kfunkgsf] 8/
81
Jojxf/ut nIf0fx
vfgf a9L jf sd vfg'
Psbd sd cyjf Psbd w]/} ;'Tg'
PsnsfF7]
cgfb/
clt u/fO{Go"g u/fO{
vt/f df]Ng]
Go"g gf}ltstf
c;mntf lt/ pGd"v
cfn6fn jf lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g] k|of; ug'{

lrGtfaf6 d'J|m x'gsf nflu /S;L, r'/f]6 jf nfu"
cf}ifwLsf] pkof]u
sfFt/kg -g 6f]Sg', otfptf 3'ld/xg'_
cg'kl:yltjfb
df}lvs jf lnlvt ?kdf cfk\mgf] s'/f eGg ufx|f] x'g'
Go"g sfo{;Dkfbgk|efjsfl/tf x|f;
bL3{sfnLg tgfjsf c;/x

nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] tgfjk"0f{ cj:yfn] uDeL/ :jf:Yo ;d:of pTkGg ug{;S5 . bL3{sfnLg tgfjsf
sf/0f xfd|f] z/L/sf k|fo ;a} k4ltxsf] lgoldt sfo{ k|0ffnL ca?4 x'g ;S5 . o;n] /Strfk
a9fpg;S5, /f]u k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf k|0ffnLnfO{ bafpg ;S5, x[bof3ft x'g] vt/fnfO{ a9fpg ;S5
clg cg'TkfbgzLntfnfO{ dbt ug{ ;S5, /, a'9f] x'g] k|lj|mofnfO{ ltj| kfg ;S5 . cyf{t\, oL ljljw
sf/0fn] dflg; l56} a'9f] b]lvg yfNb5 . nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] tgfjsf sf/0f dflg;sf] dl:tisdf
kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k dflg; lrGtf / pbfl;gtfk|lt emg ;+j]bgzLn x'g k'U5 .
cd]l/sL cg';Gwfgaf6 lgDglnlvt tYox kfOPsf] 5 M
$# k|ltzt cd]l/sL jo:sx tgfjsf sf/0f :jf:Yodf kg]{ k|lts'n c;/af6 u|:t x'G5g\ .
8fS6/sf] lSnlgsdf hfg] dflg;xdWo] &% b]lv () k|ltztn] tgfjaf6 kLl8t ePsf]
l;sfot u5{g\ .
d'6'sf] /f]u, SofG;/, 5ftLsf] /f]u, b'3{6gf, sn]hf]sf] /f]u (Cirrhosis) / cfTdxTof h:tf
d[To'sf ^ d'Vo 36gfx tgfj;u ;DalGwt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
hLjge/L /lx/xg] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;af6 u|:t x'g] ;Defjgf %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L kfOPsf] 5
h'g cS;/tof w]/} k'/fgf] pkrf/ gul/Psf tgfjsf k|ltlj|mofaf6 x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
tgfjsf sf/0f :jf:Yodf b]vfkg{] ;d:ofx
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] kL8f

d'6'sf] /f]u
kfrg;DaGwL ;d:of
lgb|f;DaGwL ;d:of
pbf;Lgtf
df]6f]kg
cfTd/Iff k|lt/f]wL /f]ux
bfb, rd{ /f]uh:tf 5fnfsf ;d:ofx
82
lzIfsxsf nflu r]tfjgLsf ;+s]tx

afnaflnsfx a9L lrlGtt ePsf] cj:yfdf plgxdf km/skm/s ;+s]t / nIf0fx b]vfkb{5g\ M
zf/Ll/s nIf0fx
6fpsf] b'Vg'
k]6 lau|g' cyjf c;Xo x'g]u/L k]6 b'Vg'
lgb|fdf c;/ kg'{
b'M:jKg x'g'
;fdfGo cfj]ufTds nIf0fxdf
lrGtf,
56k6L,
8/,
y]r/f]kg,
/L;,
s/fpg',
cf]5\ofgd} lk;fa ug'{

ef]s gnfUg' jf sd x'g'
esesfpg'
OToflb
?~r] af]nL,
cfj|mfdstf,
;+j]ufTds c;Gt'ng,
x7Lkg,
kf/Ljfl/s jf ljBfnosf ultljlwxdf ;xefuL
x'g grfxg' cflb x'g\ .
;fdfGotof o:tf nIf0fx s]xL ;dokl5 cfkm} x/fp5g, t/ s'g} ljifonfO{ lnP/ afnaflnsfx b'O
xKtfeGbf a9L lrlGtt e}/x]sf] v08df eg] cleefjs jf lzIfsn] klg rf;f] b]vfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
afnaflnsfx b'O jf tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L lrlGtt e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf lrlsT;ssf] ;Nnfx lng'
cfjZos x'G5 .
afnaflnsfdf tgfjsf ;fdfGo sf/0fx
u[xsfo{ ug'{, ljBfnodf l9nf] k'Ug', ljBfno kl/jt{g ug'{, /fd|f] c+s xfl;n ug{ g;Sg' .
:jf:Yo ;d:ofx jf la/fdL kg'{
sIffsf cGo ljBfyL{xeGbf cfsf/df ;fgf] jf lgs} 7"nf] x'g' .
;d"xb]lv kl5 kg'{, ;a} lzIfsx;u /fd|f];u ldNg g;Sg', v]ns'bdf /fd|f] ug{ g;Sg' .
cGo afnaflnsf, kl/jf/sf ;b:o jf cGo sf]xLaf6 JolStut Iflt .
kl/jf/b]lv cnu x'g' .
s]xL afnaflnsf k};fsf] sdL, b}jL k|sf]k / d[To'sf] lrGtf ug{;S5g .
z}lIfs sf/0fn] afnsdf b]vfkg]{ tgfj
ljBfnosf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] clwsf+z tgfj afnaflnsfx ljBfnodf s] l;S5g / s;/L l;S5g
83
eGg] s'/f;u ;DalGwt x'G5 . afnaflnsfxsf nflu z}lIfs tgfjsf s]xL k|d'v >f]tx o; k|sf/
x'G5g\ M
!= s7Lg sfo{
klxn]sf] k':tfeGbf clxn]sf afnaflnsfxdf ;fg} pd]/df klg a9LeGbf a9L l;Sg'kg]{ 7"nf] bjfj 5 .
k/LIff kmnsf] d"Nofgsf] pRr :t/ / k/LIff kmn ;fj{hlgs x'g] ePsf sf/0f pRr c xfl;n ug{
ljBfno / lzIfsxdfly 7"nf] bjfj 5, h'g bjfj k|ToIftM afnaflnsfxdf :yfgfGtl/t x'G5 .
@= l;sfOsf] cg'ko'St tl/sf
xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5, l;sfOsf ljleGg tl/sfx 5g . s]xL ljBfyL{x ;'g]/} /fd|f];u l;Sg;S5g,
cGo ljBfyL{x lnlvt ;"rgf x]/]/ To;nfO{ a9L /fd|f];u ;lDemg ;S5g, / cGo s]xL Jofjxfl/s
tl/sfdfkm{t\ u/]/ jf ;xefuL eP/ l;Sg dg k/fp5g . afnaflnsfxsf] l;Sg] o:tf] Ifdtfsf]
a]jf:tf u/]/ ;a}nfO{ Pp6}} sIffdf /flvof] / Ps} tl/sfn] k9fpgyflnof] eg], cyjf olb s'g}
afnaflnsfdf l;Sg] Ifdtfsf] sdL 5 / To;af/]df lzIfsnfO{ cem} hfgsf/L e};s]sf] 5}g eg]
To;n] lgZro g} tgfjk"0f{ z}lIfs cg'ejnfO{ lgDTofpg' 5 .
#= u[xsfo{;DaGwL ;d:ofx
afnaflnsfxnfO{ klxn]sf] t'ngfdf clxn] lgs} a9L u[xsfo{ lbOG5 . / To; cltl/J|m u[xsfo{n]
ljBfyL{xnfO{ a9L Jo:t ;do;fl/0fLleq kfg{;S5 / o;sf nflu plgxn] a9L ;do nufP/
d]xgtsf ;fy sfd ug'{kg]{ tgfj x'G5 .
$ k/LIffsf] lrGtf
k/LIffsf nflu tof/ eP klg geP klg xfdL ;a}nfO{ To;sf] lrGtf x'G5 . b'ef{Uoa;, k/LIffsf
;Gbe{df ul/g] a9L] lrGtfn] hfrsf a]nfsf] n]vfOnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ s'/f s]xL cWoogxn] b]vfPsf
5g . k/LIff tgfjnfO{ 36fPdf hfrdf /fd|f] ug{;lsg] lglZrt 5 .
lzIfsxaf6 s] ug{;lsG5 <
ljBfyL{xaf6 jf:tljs cleJolStnfO{ ;'lglZrt kfg{sf nflu sIff sf]7fsf] jftfj/0fnfO{

a9L Jofjxfl/s agfpg'k5{ .
afnaflnsfxsf] efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] af]nLJojxf/nfO{ a9L ;/n / ;f}Do
agfpg'k5{ .
sIff sf]7fdf /x]sf nhfn' :jefjsf, sft/ / r"krfk a;]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ 7Dofpg] /
plgx;u s'/f ubf{, k|Zg ;f]Wbf a9L ;++j]bgzLn x'g] .
s]6fs]6LxnfO{ ljgf/f]stf]s pgLxsf lrGtf / rf;f]sf ljifodf s'/f ug{ lbg'xf];\ /
plgx sIffdf PSn} 5}gg\ eGg] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{] cj;/ lbg] .
sIffsf]7fdf ul/g] ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx, syf jfrg>j0f, xf:o sfo{j|md, v]n tyf
84
snfdfkm{t afnaflnsfsf ;femf lrGtfnfO{ lgsf; lbg] k|of; ug]{ .

ljZjel/sf afnaflnsfxsf ;femf rf;f]sf ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ .
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ / ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug]{ snfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g] .
tkfO{+sf] sIffsf afnaflnsfxnfO{ cGo afnaflnsfx;u ;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf 3'nldn
x'g] df}sf lbg] .
ljBfnodf csf{nfO{ ;tfpg], b'Mv lbg], t;f{pg] jftfj/0f aGg glbg] .
w]/} u[xsfo{ glbg] .
ljBfnosf tkm{af6 lbOg] s7f]/ zf/Ll/s tyf cGo ;a} k|sf/sf cfj]ufTds ;hfosf] cGTo
ug]{ .
afnaflnsfx s] ug{;S5g <
cfk\mgf ;d:ofxsf af/]df cfk\mgf cfdfafa' jf lzIfx;u s'/f ug]{ .
cfk\mgf dftflktf cyjf tkfO{+nfO{ dfof tyf ljZjf; ug]{ cGo s;};u klg tkfO{+sf]
lrGtfsf] ljifodf s'/f ug]{ .
cfk\mgf] lrGtfsf ljifodf ljBfnodf s'/fsfgL ug]{ .
cfkm"nfO{ :jLsf/ tyf ;Ddfg ug]{ s]6fs]6Lx;u v]Ng], ldqtf sfod ug]{ .
cfk\mgf] u[xsfo{ ;dod} l;Wofpg] .
cfkm"nfO{ lrlGtt t'Nofpg] ljifonfO{ cfkm}df l;ldt g/fVg], o;af/] s;};u s'/f ug]{ .
cfkm" lrlGtt ePsf a]nf z/L/nfO{ lzlyn kf/]/, cf/fd lbP/ nfdf]nfdf] ;f; km]g{ l;Sg] .
s'g} s'/fn] ;tfO/x]sf a]nf cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ s'/f u/]/ dg axnfpg] sfd ug]{ .
cfk\mgf] lbdfunfO{ cfgGbbfoL s'/fxdf s]lGb|t ug]{ .
ljBfno / 3/df cfk\mgf] / csf{sf] ;Ddfg ug{ l;Sg] .

tgfj Joj:yfkgsf pkfox
tgfj ePsf] JolSt ;d'bfodf ddfq} xf]Og . c?dfly klg To:tf] k/]sf] 5 . t;y{ d ljrlnt
x'g'x'b}g .
ljrf/nfO{ km/s 9\un] k'g;+/rgf ug]{
cfpFbf lbgsf nflu cfk\mgf] dxTj / cfjZostfnfO{ a'e\mg] .
w}o{ ug]{
cfk\mgf efjgfx c?;fd' /fVg]
w]/} v';L jf b'MvL gx'g]
sfNklgs s'/fdf dg gaxsfpg]
c?nfO{ k/]sf] kL/ / b'Mv klg ;Demg]
zxgzLn aGg]
36gfnfO{ cfk\mgf]] a'QfeGbf aflx/sf] 7fgL cfufdL lbgdf cfk\mgf]] txaf6 ;fjwfgL ckgfpg] .
85
;sf/fTds ;f]rfO /fVg] .

y'k|} 36gfx xfdL lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}gf} eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsfg]{ .
sfdaf6 a]nfa]nfdf km';{b klg lng] ug]{ .
;Gt'lnt vfgf vfg] .
sltko cK7\of/f kl/l:yltnfO{ Vofn 76\6f u/L ;fdfGo kfg]{ sf]l;; ug]{ .
l/;fpg', /IffTds jf lgl:j|mo x'gfsf] ;f6f] cfk\mgf] efjgf, ljrf/ / ljZjf;nfO{ b[9tfsf;fy
JoSt ug]{ .
tgfj sd ug]{ ljlw l;Sg'xf];\ / cEof; ug]{ .
z/L/ :j:Yo ePdf tgfj;u h'Wg ;lsg] ePsf]n] lbgx'Fh;f] zf/Ll/s s;/t ug]{ .
tgfjaf6 d'J|mL kfO{ z/L/nfO{ k'gM hfu?s x'g ;do rflxG5 . t;y{ oy]i6 ;do;Dd ;'Tg] .
;fdflhs ;xof]ux lng] ug]{ / ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g] .
dgdf cgfjZos s'/f gv]nfpg] .
cfk\mgf] ;do k|efjsf/Lkdf Jojl:yt ug]{ . b}lgs sfo{nfO{ tflnsfcg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
;+j]unfO{ gbafpg'xf];\ . bldt ;+j]un] s]xL ;do /fxt lbP klg ;dfwfg gePsf ;+j]ufTds
efjgf, ljrf/, 36gf k'gM /f]u jf 8/nfUbf] ;kgfsf] kdf b]lvg ;S5g\ .
c?sf] tfl/km ug'{xf];\ / d':s'/fpg] ug'{xf];\ . o:tf Jojxf/n] jl/kl/sf dflg;xsf] d'8
kl/jt{g dfq gu/L tkfO{ cfkm}+n] xn'sf] dx;'; ug'{x'g]5 .
cgfjZos lrGtf / rf;f] glng] .
w}o{tfsf ;fy kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug]{ .
of]u tyf wfld{s ;fwgfdf ;+nUg x'g] .
cfTd ljZjf; / cfTdan a9fpg'xf];\ .
dgkg{] JolSt;+u ;do ljtfpg] / tgfjsfaf/]df s'/f ug{'xf];\ .
86
PsfO{ M !)
k/fdz{
cjwf/0ff
;fwf/0f cy{df k/fdz{ eg]sf] /fo ;Nnfx lbg] sfd xf] . t/ k/fdz{sf] jf:tljs cy{ Toltdf
;Lldt x'b}g . k/fdz{sf ljifodf tflndk|fKt JolSt -k/fdz{bftf_ / csf]{ s]xL ;d:of ePsf]
JolSt -k/fdzL{ _ aLrsf] of]hgfaWb cGt/lStof g} k/fdz{ ePsfn] k/fdz{ eg]sf] dflg;
dflg;aLrsf] ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg k|lj|mof xf] . csf]{ zJbdf eGbf k/fdz{nfO{ ljz]if ;~rf/
;Lk eGg ;lsG5 h;sf] dfWodaf6 k/fdz{bftfn] k/fdzL{sf ljrf/, efjgf / Jojxf/
kl/jt{g ug{, pgLxsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ / lglb{i6 nIo k|fKt ug{ pgLxnfO{ ;xof]u
k'ofpb5 . k/fdz{ cGt/lStofdf cfwfl/t dgf]j}1flgs pkrf/ xf] h;n] ;d:ofu|:t JolStdf
cfTdan / cGt/zlSt hufP/ ;zJ|mLs/0ftk{m cled'v u/fO{ p;nfO{ ;Ifd agfp5 . k/fdz{
JolStn] u'dfPsf] jf klxrfg ug{ g;s]sf] cGt/IfdtfnfO{ :jod\ klxrfg ug]{ Ifdtftk{m
8f]ofpg ;xof]u k'ofpg] sfo{ xf] . xfd|f ljBfnosf] ;Gbe{df eGg] xf] eg] 3/df ePsf]
n}\lus e]befjsf sf/0f k9\g] ;do gkfP/ jf 5fqfx k9\g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] unt wf/0ffsf
sf/0f pbfl;g 5fqf k/fdzL{ x'g eg] pSt 5fqf;u cGt/lStof u/L pgLxdf ePsf]
lxgtfsf] efjgf x6fpg / sl7g kl/l:ylt;u h'w]/ eP klg d k9\g ;S5' eGg] efjgf hfu[t
u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{ lzIfs k/fdz{stf{ x'g\ .
k/fdz{nfO{ cfw'lgs jf ;dsfnLg k/fdz{ / k/Dk/fut k/fdz{ u/L b'O{ efudf af8\g
;lsG5 . k/Dk/fut k/fdz{df pd]/ jf cg'ejsf cfwf/df cu|hxn] k/fdz{stf{sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ub{5g\ . ljz]if u/L kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofxdf k/fdz{ lbg] ub{5g\ . ;fdflhs dfGotfsf
cfwf/df k/fdz{stf{n] ;Nnfx lbG5 . o;sf nflu ;do sd nfUb5 . / k/fdz{stf{
lgb]{zfTds x'G5g\ . o;sf]
ljkl/t cw'lgs ;dsfnLg k/fdz{df tflnd k|fKt
JolStn] k/fdz{stf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ h'g;'s} ;d:ofdf k/fdz{ lbg] ub{5g\ .
k/fdz{stf{n] ;Nnfx lbb}g t/ bf]xf]/f] ;Dafbsf cfwf/df k/fdzL{ ck}mn]] lg0f{o ub{5 /
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hb5 . k/fdz{stf{ lgb]{zfTds x'b}gg\ . To;}n] o;sf nflu w]/} ;dosf]
cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 .
k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf
xfd|f ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfxnfO{ cem ljz]ifu/L aflnsf 5fqfxnfO{ cfly{s,

;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s, kfl/jfl/s sf/0faf6 pTkGg hl6ntf jf ;d:ofaf6 pGd'lSt kfpg /
o;af6 pgLxsf] cWoogdf k/]sf] c;/ x6fpg jf sd ug{ k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
87
k/fdz{af6 afnaflnsfxsf] dgf];fdflhs ljsf; a'e\mg / afnaflnsfsf] dgf]j}1flgs

;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;xL ;do / cj:yfdf afnaflnsfxdf pTkGg
dgf];fdflhs u8a8L kQfnufO{ To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug{sf nflu klg k/fdz{ h?/L x'G5 .
;d:of ;dfwfgdf afnaflnsfx :jod\nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg' k5{ . o;af6 afnaflnsfxsf
dgf];fdflhs :jf:Yosf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu k/fdz{
rflxG5 . ;d:ofdf k/]sf afnaflnsfxsf] ;d:of a'em]/ pgLxnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf
;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Ifd JolSt lzIfs g} ePsfn] xfd|f] ljBfnosf] ;Gbe{df lzIfsx g}
k/fdz{stf{ x'g\ .
k/fdz{ kl5 afnaflnsfxdf lgDglnlvt kl/jt{g cfp5 M
afnaflnsfx e]befjlagf cfkm\gf cg'ejx, ;f]rfO / cg'e"ltx k|s6 ug{ ;Ifd
x'G5g\ .
cfkm\gf 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej / Jojxf/df s] slt sdhf]/L / afwfx 5g\ tyf s] s:tf
;an kIfx 5g\ eGg] s'\/f :jLsf/ ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
b'MvbfoL efjgfTds 36gf;u h'Wgsf nflu ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
5f]/L x'g' jt{dfg cj:yfsf nflu bf]if xf]Og eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ Jojxf/x kl/jt{g ug{ ;Ifd aG5g\ .
cfGtl/s / jfXo jftfj/0fdf aRrfxnfO{ cfgGbk"j{s ;dfof]hg u/L sfd ug{ ;Ifd
aG5g\ .
ljsf;sf r/0fx k|fKt ug{sf nflu cj;/x vf]Hg ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
cfkm\gf p2]Zo / nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ / nIok|flKtsf nflu rflxg] k|lj|mofx a'e\mg ;Ifd
aG5g\ .
;d:of ;dfwfgdf 9'Ss x'G5g\ .
k/fdz{sf nflu s]xL cfwf/e"t tTjx cfjZos kb{5g\ . tL x'g cfb/, ;Ddfg (Respect),
;dfg'e"lt, OdfGbfl/tf -Genuineness_, st{Jolgi7tf, :g]x, ljZjf;, uf]kgLotf / ;~rf/ ;Lk
cflb .
o;sf nflu k/fdz{stf{df k/fdz{sf lgDgfg';f/sf cfwf/e"t ;Lkx x'g' h?/L x'G5 M
k/fdzL{n] JoSt u/]sf ljrf/xnfO{{ Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] .
k/fdzL{ h:tf] 5 ToxL kdf p;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ .
k/fdzL{nfO{ cfb/ ug]{ .
p;sf] cfFvfdf x]g]{ h;n] ubf{ p;n] s'g} s'/f gn'sfO{ eGg ;sf];\ .
88
k/fdzL{nfO{ lgoldt kdf e]6\g] / glhssf] ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ .

p;sf ljrf/efjgfxnfO{ vf]tNg k|of; ug]{ .
k/fdzL{n] JoSt u/]sf ;jn kIfxnfO{ k6sk6s bf]xf]ofpg] .
k/fdzL{;u s'/f ubf{ xf;f] 7f gug]{ .
;/n / :jefljs kdf s'/f ug]{ .
k/fdzL{nfO{ cfk\mgf] dgdf nfu]sf s'/f ;a} eGg] cj;/ lbg] .
k/fdz{stf{n] cfk\mgf s'/f k|To]s e]6df gk]mg]{ .
k/fdzL{nfO{ klg dgdf nfu]sf s'/f ;f]Wg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ .
k/fdz{stf{n] k/fdzL{sf] cufl8 a9L cf}krfl/s gaGg] .
;Nnfx glbg] .
k/fdzL{n] eg]sf s'/fdf 7Ls jf j]7Ls egL lg0f{o glbg] .
s'g}s'g} a]nf r'k nfUg] / k/fdzL{nfO{ ;f]Rg, k|Zgx ;f]Wg / s'/f ug{sf] nflu ;do lbg],
k/fdzL{sf] ultdf cufl8 a9\g] .
;s];Dd v'nf k|Zgx ug]{
uf]Kotf / cfTdlg0f{osf] ;Ddfg ug]{ .
k/fdzL{sf] cfjfh, xfpefp, cg'xf/sf] k|:t'tLs/0f, Ozf/fsf] Vofn ug]{ .
lgb]{zfTds gaGg] .
k/fdzL{sf :jf:Yo;DaGwL / sfg'gL clwsf/sf] hfgsf/L /fVg] .
afnaflnsfdf k/fdz{ rflxg] cj:yf
afnaflnsfxnfO{ s:tf] s:tf] cj:yfdf k/fdz{ cfjZso kb{5 eGg] s'/f k|wfgfWofks tyf
lzIfsxnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g' kb{5 . vf; u/]/ lgDgcg';f/sf nIf0fx b]lvPdf afnaflnsfxnfO{
k/fdz{ lbg' kb{5 M
a9L l/;fpg] -Tempe tantrums_
lgb|f u8a8 x'g] -Sleep Problem_
/fd|f];u vfgf gvfg] -Feeding Problem_
vfg gx'g] j:t' vfg] -Pica_
cTolws 8/fpg] -Phobia_
pbfl;g x'g] -Depression_
ljBfno hfg gdfGg] -School Refusal_
clgoldt d'q>fj x'g] -Functional Enuresis_
89
a9L lb;f ug]{ -Functional Encopresis_

;fdflhs lgod pNn\3g ug]{ -Conduct Disorder_
a9\tf rsrs ug]{ -Hyperkinetic Disorder_
ljz]if JolSt;u gaf]Ng] -Elective Mutism_
esesfpg] -Stammering_ cflb .
k/fdz{ Pjd\\ ;/;Nnfxsf l;4fGtx
o;sf nflu ljlzi6 1fg tyf ;Lk cfjZos kb{5 . h;sf nflu s]xL lglZrt l;4fGtx klg
cg'z/0f ug'{kb{5 . Barki and Mukhopadhya, (2001) n] Guidance and counseling
sfaf/]df Pp6f lgb]{lzsf g} tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . pgLxsf cg';f/ o;sf l;4fGtx lgDg 5g\ M
k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx x/]s JolStsf nflu ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf] x'g] ub{5 .
k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx lbbf JolStsf] ;Dk"0f{tf x]l/g'k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] ljsf;tk{m s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ .
k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx ;b}j p2]Zod'vL x'g] ub{5 .
k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx;DaGwL sfo{ Pp6f k];fut bIftfk"0f{ sfo{ xf] .
JolStsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf l;4fGtcg'k k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfxsf ;]jfx ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
h;nfO{ cfjZos k5{ . To;}sf] nflu dfq k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx ;~rflnt x'g] ub{5 .
k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx;DaGwL sfo{ lgoldt sfo{ xf] .
ljZjfl;nf tYof\ssf cfwf/df dfq} k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx;DaGwL sfo{ ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .
k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx;DaGwL sfo{df nrstf ckgfpg'k5{ .
k/fdz{ ;]jfsf k|sf/cg'k k/fdz{sf p2]Zox to ul/g'kb{5 .
;d:of ;dfwfg ljlwnfO{ k/fdz{ tyf ;Nnfx;DaGwL sfo{df k|wfgtf lbOg'k5{ .
z}lIfs k/fdz{df p2]Zo :ki6tfsf;fy ls6fgL ul/g'kb{5 .
x/]s JolStdf p;sf] bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ ;Ifdtf /xg] ub{5 .
x/]s JolStdf JolStut ljleGgtf x'g] / ljleGgtfcg'k pknlAwdf klg km/s x'g] s'/fnfO{
k/fdz{ sfo{df ljz]if Wofg lbOg'k5{ .
k/fdz{ ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tnfO{ plrt Wofg lbOg'k5{ .
k/fdz{sf s|ddf ;a}nfO{ s'g} g s'g} k/fdz{ cfjZos kg{ ;Sg] dfGotfnfO{ Wofg lbOg'kb{5 .
s'g} klg k/fdz{ s]xL lgZlrt cfwf/df ug]{ ul/G5 . o;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 M
90
cfTdljZjf; ( Confidentility)
lje]b/xLt (Non - discrimination)
Non judgemental
Cilent self-determination
kx'r (Accessibility)
;s/fTds ;f]r (Positive approach)
dfgjclwsf/sf] :fDdfg cflb .

k/fdz{stf{df x'g'kg]{ u'0fx
s'g} klg k/fdz{ ug]{ k/fdz{stf{df s]xL u'0fx x'g'kb{5 . tLdWo] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ u'0fx
lgDglnlvt?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ :jr]tgf / 1fg (Self -awareness and Understanding)
cfk\mgf] cfjZostfsf] 1fg - h:t} caf6 dfof kfpg], cnfO{ dfof lbg ;Sg], cfb/ kfpg],
kl/kSj x'g], caf6 :jLs[lt lng], ;d"x jf JolStnfO{ a;df kfg{ ;Sg], cfk"mnfO{ cfnf]rgfaf6
arfpg] / ;dfnf]rgf ug{ ;Sg] cflb_, cfk\mgf] nufj / pTk|]/0ffsf] 1fg, cfk\mgf] cg'ejsf] 1fg /
cfk\mgf] JolStut ;fdYo{, ;Ldf / u|x0f ug]{ ;Lksf] 1fg o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
-v_ pQd dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo -Good Psychological Health_
k/fdz{stf{ dgf]j}1flgs kn] :j:y 5 / s'g} ;d:ofn] ;tfOPsf] 5}g eg] k/fdzL{nfO{ p;n] a9L
;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .
-u_ ;+j]bgzLntf -Sensitivity_
k/fdzL{sf] ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ t/Lsf, pgLxsf hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yf / cfGtl/s
ljljwtfaf/] k/fdz{stf{n] yfxf kfpg'kb{5 .
3_ k"jf{u|xljxLgtf -Open-mindness_
k/fdzL{sf] cg'ej, b[li6sf]0f / Jojxf/af/]df klxn] g} lnPsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 k/fdz{stf{ d'St
x'g'kb{5 .
-_ oyfy{jflbtf -Objectivity_
k/fdzL{sf ;d:ofx jt{dfg cj:yfdf lglZrt kn] s]s:tf sf/0fn] eO/x]sf 5g\ /
ltgLxn] s]s:tf cj/f]wx l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5g eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L k/fdz{stf{nfO{
x'g'kb{5 .
-r_ ;Ifdtf -Competence_
k/fdz{stf{df cfjZos ;"rgf, 1fg / ;Lk x'g'kb{5 h;af6 p;n] k/fdzL{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{
;Sb5 .
91
-5_ OdfGbfl/tf / ljZj;gLotf -Truth Worthiness_
k/fdz{stf{ OdfGbf/ / e/f];fof]Uo x'g'kb{5 . k/fdzL{sf ;"rgfsf] ;'/Iff ug'{kb{5, ljZjf;3ft

ug'{ x'b}g .
-h_ Ps csf{k|lt cfsif{0f -Interpersonal Attractiveness_
ha k/fdzL{n] k/fdz{stf{nfO{ cfk\mgf] ;DemG5, p;n] ;lhnf] dx;"; ub{5 / k/fdz{stf{n]
p;sf ;d:ofxdf k/fdz{ ug{ ;S5 eGg] nfu]df pm k/fdz{stf{k|lt cfslif{t x'G5 . o;sf]
klg ;Ldf / kl/lw x'G5, To;eGbf cufl8 a9\g lbg'x'b}g .
-em_ eflifs bIftf -Language Competency_
k/fdz{ lbg] k|lj|mofnfO{ k|efsf/L kdf k"/f ug{ k/fdzL{sf] efiffdf bIftf x'g'kb{5 . cfk"mn]
klg ;/n efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd x'g'kb{5 .
-`_ ;~rf/ ;Lkdf bIftf -Competency in communication skill_
cn] eg]sf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / k/fdzL{xnfO{ nfu]sf s'/f eGgaf]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug]{
;Lk x'g'kb{5 . df}lvs ;~rf/ ;Lkdf bIf x'g'kb{5 .
-6_ ;lj|mo / ultzLn (Active,dynamic and genuine)
-7_ ;Ddfgk"0f{ / OdfGbf/ (Respectful and honest)
-8_ c?sf] d"Nosf nflu ;lxi0f'tf (Tolerance for others value)
k/fdzL{sf] clwsf/ (Clients Rights)
k/fdz{ lng] JoflStn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft dx;'; ug{;Sg] jftfj/0f x'g'kb{5 . h;sfnflu s]xL
clwsf/x ;'lgZrt ug'{ cfjZos kb{5 . h'g lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
;Ddfg (dignty)
;"rgf (Information)
kx'Fr ( Access)
5gf}6 (Choice)
;'/Iff(Safety)
Uff]klgotf (Privacy)
ljZjf; (Confidentiality)
cf/dbfoL (Comfort)
lg/Gt/tf (Continuty) cflb .
92
k/fdz{sf r/0fx
-s_ e]63f6 -Joining_

klxnf tof/L u/L kl/ro ug'{kb{5 . To;kl5 jftfj/0f agfpg] ;'dw'/ ;DaGw agfpg] /
k/fdzL{nfO{ :jfutclegGbg ub}{ k/fdzL{sf] dgdf ePsf s'/fx eGgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
-v_ ;d:ofsf] JofVof -Defining Problem_

s'g ;d:ofn] e]6\g rfx]sf] xf] jf s] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' egL k/fdzL{nfO{ ;f]Wg] .pgsf s] ;d:of 5g\
eGg] s'/f kQfnufpg] / ;fy} p;u s]s] /fd|f kIf 5g\ kQfnufpg] . pgnfO{ ;d:ofsf] jf/]df
bf]xf]/\ofpg] . k/fdz{stf{n] tTsfn} ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ ;d:ofx s]s] 5g\ kQfnufpg] .
-u_ ;d:ofsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg]{ -Widening the view of problem_

k/fdz{stf{n] ;d:ofsf ;a} sf/0fx kQfnufpg] . afa'cfdf ,kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o, gftfuf]tf,
;fyL, ljBfno, :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:ofx / cfly{s ;d:ofh:tf tTjxn] ;d:ofnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u
jf k|efj kfl//x]sf 5g\ olsg ug]{ .
-3_ k/fdz{sf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;xof]usf] nflu of]hgf agfpg] .

;d:ofsf cfGtl/s sf/0fxaf/] vf]hL ug]{ . p2]Zodf k'Ugsf nflu s]s] r/0f x'g
vf]hL ug]{ .
;S5g\,
-_ ;dfwfgsf] j}slNks pkfoxsf] vf]hL

k/fdzL{nfO{{ p;sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s;/L / s;n] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 ;f]Wg] .dflysf s'/fxn]
s;/L ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'/ofp5g\ ;f]Wg] .pgLxn] p;sf nflu s] ug{ ;S5g\ clg pm
cfk}mn] s] ug{ ;S5 ;f]Wg] . k/fdzL{sf cfk\mgf k|of; / ;kmntfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] . ;fdfGo
lsl;dn] eP klg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu p;n] s] uof] ;f]Wg] .eljiosf nflu p;sf ck]Iffx
s]s] x'g, ljZjf;L / ;xof]uLx sf]sf] x'g\ ;f]Wg] .
-r_ k/fdz{ k|lj|mofsf] cGTo ug]{ / To;sf] d"Nof\sg ug]{

-5_ k'gM e]6g\ ] ;do / :yfg lgwf{/0f ug]{ / cfjZos k/]df ;DaGw sfod ug]{ .
k/fdz{ ubf{ x6fpg'kg]{ s]xL Jojxf/x o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
cfb]zsf] kfngf u/fpg] jf r]tfjgL / wDsL lbg] .
;Nnfx lbg], pkfox atfpg] .
ts{ ug]{, pS;fpg] .
clt{ pkb]z lbg] .
c;xdlt bzf{pg], u'0fbf]if b]vfpg] / cfnf]rgf ug]{ .
pkxf; ug]{, juL{s/0f ug]{
;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ug]{
ljrlnt jf xtf]T;flxt t'Nofpg] .
93
k/fdz{ tyf ;/;Nnfxsf ljlw

k/fdz{ / ;/;Nnfxsfaf/]df ljleGg lj4fgxn] leGgleGg lsl;dn] JofVof u/]sf kfOG5 .
k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf ;/;Nnfxsf p2]Zox lgDgfg';f /x]sf5g\ .
JolStsf] hLjgnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo kdf Jojl:yt ug{ d2t ug'{ .
JolStsf] s'g} ljifonfO{ cfgf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg' .
JolStnfO{ s'g} klg ljifosf] lg0f{odf k'Ug ;3fpg' .
JolStut ;d:of tyf cj/f]wx sd ug{df ;xof]u ug'{ .
s'g} ;d:ofsfaf/]df JolStnfO{ ;f]rljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] t'Nofpg' .
JolStut ;DaGw ljsf; ug{df ;3fp k'ofpg' / JolStut ;d:ofx ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u ug'{ .
Relationship ljsf; ug{ Self realization ug{, sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sfdf d2t ug{, sfdsf]
:t/Lotf a9fpg, cfgf x/]s ;d:ofx :jtGqkdf ;dfwfg ug{df JolStnfO{ d2t k'ofpg' .
k/fdz{ / ;/;Nnfx ug]{ tl/sfx w]/} x'G5g\ . o:tf tf}/tl/sfxnfO{ ljleGg lj4fGx (Rao
2002, Barki, 2001) n] lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ M
!= JolStut k/fdz{ (Individual counseling)
@= z}lIfs k/fdz{ (Educational counseling)
#= ;d"x k/fdz{ (Group counseling)
$= ;fdflhs k/fdz{ (Social counseling)
%= Jofj;flos k/fdz{ (Vocational counseling)
^= :jf:Yo;DaGwL k/fdz{ (Health counseling)
xfd|f] ufpdf dlxnf :jf:Yosfo{stf{n] %& hgf s]6LxnfO{ e]nf u/L dfl;s;|fj, dfgl;s tgfjsf]
Joj:yfkg, rf8f] ljjfx, ue{wf/0f clglR5t ue{wf/0f h:tf ljifodf pgLxnfO{ Guidance /
Counseling ug]{ , ul0ft k9fpg] ;/n] ul0ft ljifodf cToGt sdhf]/ ljBfyL{x hDdf u/L
pgLxsf] rfxgf, l;sfO;d:of / pknlAw ljsf; ug]{ /0fgLlt cflbsfaf/]df klg ljz]if ;Nnfx lbg]
sfo{ Guidance & Counseling sf] pbfx/0fx x'g . JolStnfO{ k"0f{ agfpg] s|ddf w]/} k|sf/sf]
k/fdz{ tyf ;/;Nnfx cfjZos k5{ . oL pbfx/0fx :jf:Yo;u ;DalGwt, lzIff;u ;DalGwt,
Joj;fo;u ;DalGwt / JolSt;u ;DalGwt k/fdz{ x'g\ .
k/fdz{sf ljlwx (Approaches )
-s_ lglb{i6 jf lgb]{lzt k/fdz{ (Directive counselling)

o;df k/fdz{bftfsf] e"ldsf pRr x'g] ub{5 . JolStsf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdfwfgsf ljsNkx
k/fdz{bftfn] g} lgsfN5g\ . l;w} k/fdz{bfoLnfO{ o;f] u/ / p;f] u/ eg]/ lgb]{zg hf/L
ub{5g\ . o;df ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f, sf/0f, pko'St ;'emfjsf] klxrfg / lg0f{o cflb sfo{;d]t
94
k/fdz{bftf cfk}mn] ub{5g\ . sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ dfq ;DalGwt JolStsf] x'g] ub{5 . ;fdfGotof
Counselling k|ls|ofsf r/0fx lgDg x'g] ubf{ /x]5g\ .
k/fdz{ ;qsf] ;' ug]{
eljiojf0fL ug]{
;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{
lgbfgfTds
(Remedial)
pkfox
ckgfpg]
d'Vo ;d:of s] xf] olsg ug]{
cg'udg tyf k[i7kf]if0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ .
;d:ofnfO{ Diagnosis ug]{
-v_ clgb]{lzt k/fdz{ (Non-directive counseling)

o;df k/fdz{bfoL s]lGb|t k/fdz{ sfo{ ;~rfng ul/G5 . o;sf ;"qwf/ Carl R . Rogers x'g .
;d:ofsf] k|s[lt klxrfg ug{, ;Defljt /0fgLltx to ug{, ;dfwfgsf pkfoxsf] vf]hL ug{ cflb
sfo{df ljBfyL{ k/fdz{bfoLsf] ;lj|motfnfO{ a9fjf ug]{ sfd ul/G5 . Counsellor sf] e"ldsf o;df
;xhsf/L x'G5 . o; ljlwsf klg lglZrt r/0fx 5g\ . d}n] k]mnf kf/]sf r/0fx tn pNn]v
u/]sf] 5' .
k/fdz{ ;]jf ;' ug]{ .
;d:of
;dfwfgsf a}slNks
pkfox klxrfg ug]{ .
;x;DaGwsf] :yfkgf ug]{ / ;Dk"0f{
k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] ;qnfO{ 6'\uf]df
ljj/0f lng] .
nUg] .
;d:of s] xf] Explore ug]{ .
cg'udg ug]{ .
;d:ofsf sf/0fxsf] vf]hL ug]{ .
-u_ ;d"x k/fdz{ (Group counselling)

o;df ;d"x cGt/ls|ofsf dfWodaf6 ;d"xnfO{ g} k/fdz{ ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ ul/+bf] /x]5 . t/
o;df ;a} ;d"x ;b:oxsf] ;d:of ;femf Pjd\\ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] x'g'kg]{ /x]5 . ;a} ;b:oxnfO{
:jtGq kdf k/fdz{ sfo{df ;xefuL u/fOg] /x]5 . s'/fsfgL ug]{, ;d:of / ltgsf sf/0f kQf
nufpg], plrt ljsNkxsf] vf]hL ug]{ h:tf cj;/xdf pgLxnfO{ a9L ;xefuL u/fpg'kg]{
x'g cfp5 . ;d"x k/fdz{sf r/0fx lgDgfg';f/ x'g] ub{5g\ .
Ps cfk;L kdf ;d:of k|:t't ug{
;xefuLxsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ .
;3fpg] .
k/fdz{ ;]jf ;qsf] ;~rfng ug]{ .
5nkmnsf nflu cled'vLs/0f ug]{ . lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf ;xof]u ug]{ .
k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] ;qnfO{ clGtd k lbg] .
clglR5t Jojxf/xsf] lgoGq0f
cg'udg tyf k[i7kf]if0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ .
ug]{ .
k/fdz{;u ;DalGwt k':tsxdf k/fdz{sf ljlwxsfaf/]df Psktf eg] kfOb}g . k/fdz{s}
95
;Gbe{df Rao (2002) n] lgDg Approaches x'g] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ M
!= dgf]a}1flgs ljlw (Psychoanalysis)

JolStsf dgf]a}1flgs ;d:ofxsf ;Gbe{df lbOg] k/fdz{ . lbdfu;u ;DalGwt ;d:ofx
;dfwfgsf nflu ckgfOg] k4lt . o;df Therapy h:tf ls|ofsnfkx;d]t ;~rfng ul/G5 .
@= dfgjLo ljlw (Humaniostic approach)

o;df k/fdz{ ;]jf lng] JolStnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOG5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ Client centered ljlw klg
elgG5 . of] ljlwsf ;"qwf/sf kdf Carl Rpogers nfO{ lng] ul/G5 . pkrf/fTds ljlweGbf klg
l;h{gfTds hLjg Joltt ug]{ tk{m k/fdz{nfO{ s]lGb|t ul/G5 . o;df cfdf / afnaflnsfsf], lzIfs
ljBfyL{sf], pkrf/ ug]{ JolSt / pkrf/ vf]Hg] JolStsf] ;DaGw / cGt/ls|ofn] ljlzi6 dxj /fVg]
ub{5 .
#= Jojxf/ ljlw (Behavioural approach)

k/fdz{ tyf ;/;Nnfx eGg] s'/f Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g;u ;DalGwt x'G5 . To;}n] l;sfO l;4fGtx
k/fdz{df nfu" x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf of] ljlwn] /fVb5 . l;sfO eg]sf] g} Jojxf/ / Jojxf/df
kl/jt{g xf] eGg] l;4fGt o;n] af]s]sf] 5 . k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ s|ddf l;sfO l;4fGtxnfO{
Wofg lbOg'kg]{ ts{ of] ljlwn] ub{5 .
ljBfyL{xdf dfgl;s tgfj, zf/Ll/s c:j:ytf, Depression, dgf]a}1flgs lrGtf cflbn] ;tfpg]
ub{5 . kfl/jfl/s ;d:of, lzIfs / ljBfyL{;u ;DalGwt ;d:of / JolStut ;d:ofaf6 ljBfyL{x
kLl8t x'g ;S5g\ . t;y{ lzIf0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg, z}lIfs pknlAwsf] :t/ a9fpg /
ljBfyL{xsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf ;d]t plrt ;/;Nnfx lbg;d]t z}lIfs tyf
:jf:Yo;DaGwL k/fdz{ cTofjZos x'g hfG5 . xfd|f k'vf{xn] lbg] k/fdz{ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g;u /
cleefjsTj;u ;DalGwt x'g] x'bf To;n] ljz]if u/L dfgjLo tyf Jojxf/ ljlw;u glhssf] ;DaGw
/fVb5 .
k/fdz{sf] k|of]u
cj:yf
k|of]u ug{
tl/sf
;lsg] ljlw
!= ljBfyL{n] dgf]j}1flgs
dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of s] 5 < 3/df ;d:of kof] sL <
k9\g
dg
af6fdf ;d:of kof] ls < ;fyLefOsf] egfOn],
gug'{
af]nLargn], s]n] ;d:of kof] vf]tNg] .
5nkmn, cGt/ls|of, dgf]/~hg k|bfg u/L tgfj
x6fpg] .
96
lzIf0fsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ w]/} k|fyldstf glbg] t/

JolStut ;d:ofnfO{ a9L xn ug{ hf]8 ug]{ .
@= ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ ljlw
Jojxf/
;Gtf]ifhgs
gx'g'
ljBfyL{;u v'Nnf x'g] .

c;n Jojxf/sf] kmfObf atfpg nufpg] .
v/fa Jojxf/sf] c;/ atfpg nufpg] .
/fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{ JolStsf] cg'ej ;'gfpg] .
v/fa Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{ dflg; Tof] ;'lw|g ckgfPsf]
tl/sf atfO lbg]
c;n / v/fa afgL Jojxf/sf] Role play ug{
nufpg] / ;xof]u ug]{ .
c;n Jojxf/ g} /fd|f] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f
ug{ k|oTg ug]{ .
sIffsf]7fsf] lgod agfpg] .
lzIfsn] b]vfpg] Jojxf/df ;dtf sfod ug]{ .
egfO / u/fOdf tfnd]n ug]{ .
#=PSn} a:g', dfgjLo ljlw

;fyLefO{
gagfpg' /
;DaGw
:yflkt klg
gug'{
l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug{ nufpg], uLt, sljtf, lrq, syf

n]Vg nufpg], n]Vg ;xof]u ug]{ .
hf]8L, hf]8L agfO{ sfd ug{ eGg] / ;xhLs/0f ug]{
;d"xdf sfd ug{ nufpg], ;d:of ePsfnfO{ g]t[Tj ug]{
/ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ d2t ug]{ .
cGtjf{tf{sf] tflnsf agfO{ s'g} ;d:ofsfaf/]df ;"rgf
;\sng ug{ d2t ug]{ .
pko'{Stfg';f/ k/fdz{ / ;NnfxnfO{ lzIf0fl;sfO ls|ofsnfkdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
97
PsfO{ M !@
cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgf n]vg
!= cjwf/0ff
cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] ;DkGg ug{sf nflu k"j{ lgwf{l/t ?kdf tof/ ul/g] ;Dk"0f{
of]hgfnfO{ cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgf elGfG5 . k|:tfjgfn] s] ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]<
s;/L ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]< lsg ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]< eGg] s'/fxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . cyf{t\ cg';Gwfg
k|:tfjgfsf ljleGg efuxaf6 oL / o:tf k|Zgxsf] pQ/ kfpg ;lsG5 . ljBfno Joj:yfkg,
k|lj|mof lj|mofsnfk, z}lIfs u'0f:t/ h:tf z}lIfs If]qsf ;d:ofx ;dfwfg ug{ tyf ljleGg
;d:ofd"ns k|Zgxsf] pQ/ vf]hL ug{ lglZrt of]hgf sfo{gLlt, 9frf tyf tof/Lsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfdf ;+nUg x'g] o:tf ;d:of tyf k|Zgxsf] pQ/ k|fKt ug{ tof/
ul/Psf] of]hgf, 9frf tyf /0fgLltnfO{ g} cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgf elgG5 . (A research proposal is
an overall plan, scheme, structure and strategy designed to obtain anssers to the
reserch questions or problems that constitute the research project) .1 t;y{ cg';Gwfg
k|:tfjgfn] cg';Gwfg lsg ug]{< cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo s] xf]< tL p2]Zo k"/f ug{ s'g s'g ;fwg k|of]u
ug]{< gd"gf 5gf]6 s;/L ug]{< tYof\s ;\sng tyf ljZn]if0f s;/L ug]{< ;do ;Ldf slt x'g]<
cg';Gwfgsf] pkof]lutf s] x'g]< cyf{t\ cg';Gwfgn] s;nfO{ s;/L kmfObf k'/\ofp5< Hf:tf dxTjk"0f{
k|ZgxnfO{ lnP/ Ps sfo{k/s of]hgf (operational plan) tof/ ul/G5 . cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{
cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf cfjZostfg';f/ lgb]{lzt ug]{ tyf af6f] b]vfpg] sfo{ cg';Gwfg
k|:tfjgfn] ub{5 .
@= ljz]iftf
Ps c;n cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgfdf b]xfosf ljz]iftfx ePsf] x'g'kb{5M
cg';Gwfg lsg ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]< eGg] s'/f ;s];DDf cfjZos ;"rgf tyf tYof\sx k|:t't
u/L ts{;+ut 9\uaf6 k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .
ug{ nfluPsf] cg';Gwfg;u ;DalGwt dxTjk"0f{ ljrf/x / s'/fxnfO{ k|:tfjgfsf] ljleGg
efuxdf k|i6?kdf phfu/ ug'{ kb{5 .
cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgfsf] p2]Zo :ki6?kdf pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .
cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ;DkGg ug{ ckgfOg] lj|mofsnfkxsf] :ki6 sfo{tflnsf k|:t't u/]sf]
x'g'kb{5 .
cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf ;DkGg ug{ ;+nUg x'g] JolSt jf ;d"x;usf] k|lta4tf, ;xsfo{ tyf
ah]6 ;DaGWfL ;Demf}tf :ki6?kdf pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
1
Kumar,R.(1999).ResearchMethodology.NewDelhi:SagePublication.
98
k|:tfjgf kf7sn] a'em\g ;Sg] u/L ;+lIfKt, ;/n / :ki6 efiffdf n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ . clt
cfjZos tyf pNn]v ug}{ kg]{ nfdf] ljj/0f tyf hfgsf/LnfO{ cg';"rLdf pNn]v u/]sf]
x'g'kb{5 .
kf7snfO{ lh1f;f hufpg] vfnsf] ljj/0f / tYof\sx k|:t't u/L k|:tfjgfdf pNn]lvt
;d:ofsf] sygnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .
#= 9frf tyf r/0f
ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lxdf cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgf tof/ ug{sf] nflu leGg leGg 9frfx k|:t't
ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . tyfKfL k|d'v r/0fxdf s'g} ljjfb kfO{b}g . z}lIfs cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgf tof/ ubf{
d'Vo ?kdf lgDglnlvt r/0fx tyf 9frfdf tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= cg';Gwfgsf] zLif{s (Title of the research)
@= cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro Pjd\ ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld (Introduction and theoretical framework)
#= cg';Gwfg ;d:ofsf] syg (Statement of the Problem)
$= cWoogsf] cf}lrTo (Rationale or significance of the study)
%= cWoogsf] p2]Zo (Purpose of the study)
^= ;DalGwt ;flxToxsf] cWoog (Review of related literature)
&= cWoogsf] nflu k|Zgx tyf kl/sNkgf (Research questions or hypothesis)
*= cg';Gwfg 9frfM ljlw tyf k|lj|mof (Research design: method and procedure)
gd"gf 5gf}6 (Sampling)
tYof\s;"rgf ;\sng ;fwg (Instrumentation)
tYof\s ljZn]if0f / JofVof (Data analysis and interpretation)
(=cWoogsf l;ldttfx (Limitation and delimitation of the Study)
!)= ah]6 tyf sfo{of]hgf (Budgeting and plan of action)
!)= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx
!!= cg';"rLx
oL r/0fxsfaf/]df ;+lIfKt?kdf b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf]5 .
!= cg';Gwfgsf] zLif{s (Title of the research)
cg';Gwfgsf] zLif{sn] Jofks cy{ lbg] vfnsf] geO{ :ki6 / ljlzi6 x'g' kb{5 . zLif{sn] ;Dk"0f{
cg';Gwfg stflt/ lgb]{lzt x'b}5 egL cg'dfg nufpg ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . clt Jofks / w]/} If]qx
;d]l6Psf] zLif{s x'g' x'b}g . h'g If]qdf cWoog ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf], ;f] If]qdf g} ljlzi6 ?kdf s]lGb|t
eO{ zLif{s tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
99
@= cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro Pjd\ ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld (Title of the research)

kl/rofTds efun] kf7sxnfO{ lh1f;f hufpg] / a'em\g ;Sg] u/L kof{Kt ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lsf]
cfwf/df cWoog sf] k[i7e"ld k|:t't ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ug{ nfluPsf] cWoogn] Jofks k|fl1s 1fgsf]
If]qdf s;/L of]ubfg k'/\ofpg ;S5, egL kl/rofTds v08n] :ki6 kfg'{ kb{5 . cGf';Gwfg s'g vfn]
kf7sxnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ ;~rfng ul/b}5, ;f] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} vf;
;}4flGts w/ftndf /x]/ cWoog ul/b}5 jf cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf l;4fGt :yflkt ug]{ w/ftnLo
l;4fGtsf (grounded theory) cfwf/df cWoog ul/b}5 eGg]af/]df ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kb{5 . cyf{t
cWoog sfo{ / o;sf pknlAwx s;/L ljleGg l;4fGx;u ;DalGwt x'G5g\, kl/df0ffTds /
u'0ffTds s'g vfnsf] 9frf leq /x]/ cg';Gwfg ug]{xf] v'[nfpg' kb{5 .
#= cg';Gwfg ;d:ofsf] syg (Statement of the Problem)
pknAw tYo, tYof\s, ;fGble{s k|df0f / ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ljBdfg cj:yfsf] ljj]rgf u/L
cWoog ug{ nfluPsf] ;d:ofnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ kb{5 . cWoogsf] ljifoj:t';DaGwL gLltut Pjd\
;}4flGts Joj:yf / sfof{Gjosf] ljBdfg cj:yf Pjd\ k|efjsf] cj:yfaLrsf] vf8n kQf nufO{ ;f]
vf8n Go"gLs/0f ug{sf] nflu cg';Gwfg ;d:ofnfO{ :yflkt ug'{kb{5 . ;d:ofsf] sygn]
cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cfwf/, ;Gbe{ / k[i7e"ld tof/ ub{5 . k|:tfjgf k9\bf kf7sn] ;lhn};u ;d:of
klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostfsf] hGd s;/L eof] < lsg cg';Gwfg ug'{
k/\of] < s'g cjwf/0ffTds vfsf (conceptual framework) leq /x]/ cg';Gwfg ug]{ xf] < h:tf
k|ZgxnfO{ Vofn ug'{kb{5 .
$= cWoogsf] cf}lrTo (Rationale or significance of the study)
tkfO{n] ug{ nfu]sf] cg';Gwfgn] ljBdfg 1ffgsf] If]qdf ;'wf/, k'glj{rf/, / lj:tf/ u/L s;/L
of]ubfg k'/\ofpg ;S5 < o;sf] vf; / Jofjxfl/s dxTj s] 5 < o;n] s;nfO{ s;/L kmfObf
k'/\ofpg] xf] < cg';Gwfgsf] pknlAwaf6 of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md th'{df, sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog, cg'dug
tyf d'Nof+sg OToflb s'g z}lIfs ;'wf/df s] pkfob]otf x'g;S5 < cg';Gwfg kZrft\ s'g If]qdf
s;/L ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 < cg';Gwfgsf k|fKtLx s;/L sfof{Gjog ul/G5g\ / o;n] s]
goFkg Nofp5 < eGg] h:tf k|Zgxsf] pQ/ o; v08df pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
%= cWoogsf] p2]Zo (Purpose of the study)
cWoogsf] p2]Zon] ;du| cg';Gwfg s'g lbzf tkm{ hFb}5 / s] vf]lh ub}{5 egL :ki6 lbzfaf]w
ug'{kb{5 . k|:tfjgf n]Vg] JolStnfO{ p2]Zo :ki6 5}g eg] kf7snfO{ klg :ki6 x'b}g . p2]Zodf
cWoogsf] s]lGb|o cjwf/0ff jf ljrf/, cWoogsf] PsfO, cWoog ljlw emlNsPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
;DalGwt ;flxToxsf] cWoog ugf{n] ljBdfg cj:yf / gLlt lgodaLrdf b]lvPsf] leGgtf (gaps)
kQf nufO{ cWoogsf] ;d:of :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofp5 . o;n] cWoogstf{sf] ;DalGwt If]qdf
100
cWoogsf] Jofkstf, uxgtf / ;Ldf ;d]t b]vfp5 . ;flxTo cWoogn] xfn;Dd ;DalGwt If]qdf s]
slt cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5 / ca s] ug{ afsL 5 / xfnsf] cWoognfO{ s;/L a]Un} lbzf (jumpingoff place) lbg] egL lgb]{lzt ub{5 . ;flxTo cWoog u/L ;+sng ul/g] ljj/0f ;s];Dd ;+lIfKt /
:ki6 x'g' kb{5 . Hf:t}M cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgx cWoog;dLIff (review) ubf{ s] ;d:of, s'g ljlwx
k|of]u ul/Psf], s] k|fKtL eof] egL cfkm\gf] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;fGble{s x'g] hfgsf/Lx ;+sng
ug'{kb{5 . cyf{t\ cWoog;dLIff ul/Psf] ;flxToaf6 hfgsf/Ln] cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfgdf s;/L ;xof]u
k'/\ofpg ;S5, s;/L k|of]u ug]{ egL pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
&= cWoogsf] nflu k|Zgx tyf kl/sNkgf (Research questions or hypothesis)
cg';Gwfg k|Zgxn] cg';Gwfg;u ;DalGwt ljleGg r/x (variables) aLrsf] ;DaGw b]vfp5 .
cg';Gwfg kl/sNkgf / k|Zgx s] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f cg';Gwfgsf] k|s[lt, ljlw / kf7sxsf]
dfusf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . k|foMu/L u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gwfg k|Zgx /
kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfgdf cg';Gwfg kl/sNkgfx k|of]u ul/G5 . tyfkL kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfgdf
klg cg';Gwfg k|Zgx k|of]u ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . cg';Gwfg k|Zgxn] g} cWoog ljlw,
tYof\s ;+sng ;fwg, v]fhL ug]{ ljifoJf:t' / bfo/f to ug]{ ePsf]n] cWoogsf] p2]Zosf] cfwf/df
w]/} ljrf/ u/L k|Zgx tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . cGTodf lgwf{l/t k|Zgxsf] pQ/ cWoogsf k|fKtLxn]
;xh 9\uaf6 lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . cg';Gwfg k|Zgx / cg';Gwfgsf p2]Zox Ps} lsl;dsf] eP s'g}
Pp6f dfq k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 .
*= cg';Gwfg 9frfM ljlw tyf k|lj|mof (Research design: method and procedure)
cg';Gwfg ljlw / k|lj|mofnfO{ cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgfsf] d'6' g} eGg] ul/G5 . o; r/0fdf dfly pNn]lvt
cg';Gwfg k|Zgxsf] ;Gbe{df s;/L s] s] lj|mofsnfkx ;DkGg ul/g] xf] ;s];Dd :ki6 / ;/n
9\un] k|:t't ug'{ kb{5 . ljlEfGg k|lj|mofx k|of]u u'/L ;Dk"0f{ cg';Gwfg hg;+Vofsf] k|ltlglWfTj x'g]
u/L gd"gf 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 . gd"gf 5gf]6 ubf{ cfGtl/s k|dfl0fstf (internal validity) ;'lglZrt
ug]{ cfwf/x ;d]tnfO{ Vofn ug'{kb{5 . tYof\s ;+sng ubf{ cGtjftf{, k|ZgfjnL, cjnf]sg, nlIft
;d"x 5nkmn, clen]v cWoog =OToflb s'g vfnsf] ;fwgx k|of]udf NofOg] xf] v'Nffpg' kb{5 .
o;}u/L tYof\s k|:t'tLs/0f, ljZn]if0f, JofVof ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlw / k|lj|mofx h:t} u|fkm
rf6{x, tflnsf, Dofl6S;, ;+s]tLs/0f, sDKo'6/ ;km\6j]o/ sf] k|of]u, tYof\s zf:qLo ljlw OToflb
s] s;/L k|of]u ug]{ xf] pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
(= cWoogsf] If]q tyf l;ldttfx (Limitation and delimitation of the Study)
cg';Gwfgsf] nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf ljlw, gd"gf 5gf]6, k|ltj]bg k|lj|mof, tYof\s ;+sng ;fwgx,
101
cfGtl/s k|dfl0fstfsf r'gf}ltxsf] Go"lgs/0f OToflbsf cfwf/df cWoog ubf{ cfpg ;Sg] ;DefJo
;d:of, Jojwfg tyf k|lj|mofut sdhf]/LxnfO{ ;d]6L cWoogsf] l;ldttfsf ?kdf pNn]v
ug'{kb{5 . o;}u/L cWoogn] ;d]6\g] sfo{ If]q tyf ;Ldf slt;Dd xf], lsg ;f] If]q;Dd dfq hfg
vf]lhPsf] xf], s'g} hg;+Vof, gd"gf, ljlw tyf cGo sfo{ If]q lsg 5gf]6 ul/Psf] xf], h:tf ljj/0f
pNn]v u/L tkfO{n] ug{ nfu]sf] / ug{ grfx]sf] If]qaf/] ts{k"0f{ 9\uaf6 kf7sx ;dIf ljj/0f
k|:t't ug]{ sfo{ l;ldlttf leq kb{5 .
!)= ah]6 tyf sfo{of]hgf (Budgeting and plan of action)
ljlEfGg z}lIfs ;+:yfxdf sfo{/t Joj;foL JolStxaf6 cg';Gwfg sfo{ ubf{ ah]6 tyf :ki6 sfo{
of]hgf;lxt ;DalGwt lgsfodf k|:t't ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljleGg 9frfdf sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L k|:t't ug{
;lsG5 . oxf Pp6f vfsf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
j|m=;+=
lj|mofsnfk
sfo{ k|lj|mof
;do ;Ldf
cfjZos ah]6 cGo ljj/0f
!)= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx

k|:tfjgf tof/ ubf{ cWoog ul/Psf] ;flxTox nufot cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|LxnfO{ APA Format
cg';f/ k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .
!!= cg';"rLx
k|:tfjgf tof/ ubf{ k|of]u x'g cfpg] nfdf] tyf yk ljj/0fx h:t} tYof+s ;+sng kmf/fdx,
gfdfjNfL Pjd\ cGo cfjZos ljj/0fx j|mdzM ljifo zLif{s v'nfO{ Ps jf Ps eGbf a9L
cg';"rLxdf pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
$= cg';Gwfg k|:tfjgf sf] gd"gf
dfly pNn]]lvt cg';Gwfg vfsfsf] cfwf/df tn Ps pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
!= cg';Gwfgsf] zLif{s (Title of the research): g]kfndf lzIfs k];fut ljsf;df k|efj kfg]{
tTjxsf] cWoog
@= cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro Pjd\ ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld
(Introduction and theoretical framework)
lzIfs k];fut ljsf; lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . ljBfnodf sfo{/t lzIfsxsf] k];fut ljsf;
ug]{ p2]Zon] g]kfndf ljut jif{x b]lv g} ljleGg lsl;dsf nfdf] / 5f]6f] cjlwsf k"j{;]jsfnLg /
;]jfsfnLg tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/, sfo{zfnf tyf If]q ed0f h:tf sfo{j|mdx ;~rfng ul/Psf]
5 . xfn ;/sf/L :JfLs[t b/aGbLdf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsx ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t b; dlxg] tflnd
k|fKt /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ sfo{j|md -@))(@)!%_ df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ lzIfssf]
102
tflnd cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t 5f]6f] cjlwsf] b; lbg] lzIfs k];fut ljsf; df]8"n ;~rfng ug]{
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . k|:t't gof 9frfsf] k];fut ljsf; df]8"ndf lzIfssf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ dWogh/
/fVb} ;s];Dd lzIfssf] glhsaf6 g} k];fut ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] b; lbgsf] df]8"nnfO{
tflnd sfo{zfnf, :jcWoog cEof; / z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{ u/L ljljwtf Nofpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;
k|lj|mofaf6 lzIfsnfO{ g} p;sf] k];fut ljsf;k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 .
k|:t't k];fut ljsf;sf] 9frf ljutsf ljlEfGg k|sf/sf tflndx EfGbf leGg} k|lj|mof / l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t ePsfn] sfof{Gjog r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . k];fut ljsf;df lzIfs / k|lzIfs dfq
;+nUg geP/ k|wfgfWofds, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no,
z}lIfs tflnd s]Gbx nfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/ u/fO{ k];fut ljsf;nfO{ ;du|tfdf ljsf; ug{ vf]lhPsf]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df Pp6f lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;df ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds ;xof]u k'/\ofpg]
ljlEfGg tTjx klxNofpg ;lsPdf sfo{j|mdnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9\uaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]
b]lvG5 . lzIfsn] ljlEfGg cj;/xaf6 cfkm\gf] k];fut ljsf; ug{{ pTk|]l/t x'g' jf gx'g', lzIfsn]
l;s]sf 1fg / ;LknfO pko'St 9\uaf6 sIff sf]7fdf k|:t't ug{ kfpg] cJf:yf x'g' jf gx'g' OToflb
cj:yfxnfO[{ ljleGg ;}4flGts kIfxaf6 JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIfssf] k];fut
ljsf;df ;xof]u jf c;xof]u k'/\ofg] tTjx :yfg ljz]ifcg';f/ km/s km/s x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] o;
cg';Gwfg 36gf / kl/j]zaf6 hlGdg] w/ftnLo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ug{
pko'St b]lvG5 . t;y{, lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] clek|fon] of] cWoog
sfo{ ug{ nfluPsf] 5 .
#= cg';Gwfg ;d:ofsf] syg
(Statement of the Problem)
lzIff ljefu f/f ul/Psf] cg';Gwfg, z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|f/f ;~rfng ul/Psf] lzIfs
tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL cWoog, ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'i6L ;j]{If0f Hf:tf cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgxn]
lzIfs tflndn] lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfdf ;xof]u k'/\ofP tfklg sIffsf]7fsf]
k|lj|mof lj|mofsnfkdf vf;} ;'wf/ Nofpg g;s]sf] ljj/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L lzIfs tflnd
gLlt tyf sfo{j|md / Jofjxfl/s kIfaLr vf8n (gap) b]lvPsf] x'bf k];fut ljsf;df k|efjkfg]{
tTjxsf] klxrfg u/L lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg k|:t't zLif{sdf
cWoog ug]{ cfjZostf dxz'; ul/Psf] xf] .
$= cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
(Rationale or significance of the study)
of] cWoogaf6 k|fKt pknlAwxn] lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|md ;~rfng sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}
JolStxnfO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] 5 . k|lzIfsxnfO{ lzIfs k];fut ljsf; ;fdu|Lxdf ;'wf/ ug{ /
lzIfsxn] cfkm\gf] sIffsf]7fsf] k|lj|mof sfo{snfk ;'wf/ ug{ o; cWoogsf pknlAwxn] ;xof]u
k'/\ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} o; cg';Gwfgsf k|fKtLxn] g]kfndf lzIfs k];fut ljsf; /
lzIfs lzIffsf] If]qdf yf]/} eP klg 1fgsf] gof cfofd yKg ;Sg]5 . o; cg';Gwfgsf
103
pknlAwxaf6 z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| tyf z}lIfs tflnd s]GxnfO{ lzIfs k];fut
ljsf;sf cfufdL sfo{j|mdnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] gof /0fgLltx th'{df ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] cfzf ul/Psf]
5.
%= cWoogsf] p2]Zo
(Purpose of the study)
of] cWoogsf] p2]Zo lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf] 5M

lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|msf] jt{dfg cj:yf j0f{g ug]{
lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjxsf] v]fhL ug]{ .
- cg';Gwfg k|Zgx pNn]v ul/Psf] cj:yfdf p2]Zox pNn]v gu/] klg x'G5_
lgDglnlvt ;flxToxn] of] cWoogsf] nflu ;d:of klxNofpg / cg';Gwfg 9frf to ug{ ;xof]u
k'/\ofPsf] 5 M
z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|f/f k|sflzt lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog k'l:tsfsf]
cWoogaf6 lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] jt{dfg 9frf / sfo{ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf]
5 . To;}u/L z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ljut jif{xdf k|sflzt lzIfs tflndsf]
k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL cWoogx / lzIff ljefuaf6 k|sflzt cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgsf] ;+ufnf]n] o;
cWoogsf] ;d:of :yflkt ug{ ;3fp k'/\ofPsf] 5 . o;}u/L lzIff ljefuaf6 k|sfzg x'g] z}lIfs
:dfl/sf, ;"rgfsf] ;+ufnf], z}lIfs ;dfrf/, z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt b"/ lzIff,
lzIfs lzIff / a'n]l6g, z}lIfs tflnd s]Gb|xaf6 k|sfzg x'g] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, 36gf cWoog
tyf z}tfs] Go'hn]6/xaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf / hfgsf/Ln] o; cWoogsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d:ofs]lGb|t
ug{ ;3fp k'/\ofPsf] 5 . -o:t} cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lxn] klg s] s;/L cWoognfO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofPsf
5g\ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5_ .
&= cWoogsf] nflu k|Zgx tyf kl/sNkgf
(Research questions or hypothesis)
o; cWoogsf] nflu lgDglnlvt cg';Gwfg k|Zgx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 M

-!_= lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] jt{dfg sfof{Gjog cj:yf s] /x]sf] 5 <
-@_ lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|mdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf k|efj kfg]{ k|d'v tTjx s]
x'g <
*= cg';Gwfg 9frfM ljlw tyf k|lj|mof
(Research design: method and procedure)
of] cWoog ld>Lt sfo{9frf cGtu{t /x]/ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg ;xefuLxaf6
/]l6 :s]n ;fwgdfkm{t\ k|fKt ;"rgf / hfgsf/LnfO{ kl/df0ffTds ?kdf JofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/g]5
eg] cGo ljj/0ffTds tYo / hfgsf/LnfO{ u'0ffTds tl/sfn] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 . ;"rgf
bftfsf] k|ToIfLs/0f / cg'ejsf cfwf/df tYo / hfgsf/L ;+sng ul/g] ePsfn] of] cg';Gwfgdf
1fgsf] ;|f]t cfTdk/s (subjective epistemology), 1fg lgdf{0fsf] k|lj|mof ;fk]lIft (relativist
104
/ k|fs[lts ljlw (naturalistic methodolgy) cGtu{t cGtjf{tf / clen]v / cj:yfsf]

k|ToIf cjnf]sg ljlw k|of]u x'g]5 .
lzIfs k];fut ljsf;;u cfj2 ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t txsf lzIfsx o; cg';Gwfgsf] k"0f{ hg;+Vof
x'g]5 . ;f] hg;+VofnfO{ k|ltlglWfTj ug]{ u/L z}lIfs tlnd s]Gb| lbkfonsf] ;]jf If]q cGtu{tsf
lgDglnlvt kfr ;|f]t s]Gb|xaf6 p2]Zod"ns 5gf]6 k|lj|mof (purposive sampling) sf cfwf/df
l6kL8L k|lj|mofdf ;+nUg /xg] lzIfsx !) hgf, k|wfgfWofksx, !) hgf, ;|f]t JolStx % hgf,
/f]:6/ k|lzIfsx !) hgf, ljBfyL{x !) hgf / cleefjsx !) hgf, ljBfno lg/LIfs ! hgf
nfO{ cWoogsfo{df ;xefuL u/fOg] 5 . ;a} ;|f]ts]Gb|af6 ;dfg'kflts?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]{
ePsfn] p2]Zod"ns 5gf]6 k|lj|mof cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 .
dfly pNn]lvt cg';Gwfg k|Zgxsf] ;Gbe{df /]l6+u :s]n, cGtjf{tf{ k|Zgx, nlIft ;d"x 5nknsf
a'bfx, sIff cjnf]sg kmf/fd h:tf ;fwgx k|of]u u/L of] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg ul/g]5 .
k|fKt ljj/0f, tYo / hfgsf/LnfO{ kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds b'[j} ljlw k|of]u u/L JofVof / ljZn]if0f
ul/g]5 . cg';Gwfg k|Zg g+= ! sf] ;DaGwdf k|fKt ljj/0fxnfO{ ;+VofTds ?kdf kl/jt{g u/L
ljZn]if0f ul/g]5 ;fy} k|fKt ;+VofTds ljj/0fnfO{ u'0ffTds tj/n] JofVof ul/g]5 . o;}u/L
cg';Gwfg k|Zg g+= ! sf] ;DaGwdf k|fKt ljj/0fxnfO{ u'0ffTds ljlwcGut{t ljifoIf]qut
;+lxtfx (thematic code categories) tof/ u/L ljZn]if0f / JofVof ul/g]5 .
ontology)
(= cWoogsf l;ldttfx
(Scope and limitation of the Study)
o; cWoogsf] pknlAwn] ;du| lzIfs k];fut ljsf; sfo{j|md;u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] eP tfklg xfn
o;sf] If]q z}tfs] lbkfonsf] kfr ;|f]t s]Gb|xdf dfq l;ldt ul/Psf]5 . lzIfs k];fut ljsf;
sfo{j|mdsf] a[xt If]qaf6 o;n] xfn ;~rfngdf cfO/x]sf] l6lk8L df]8\o"n / o;sf k|lj|mofsfaf/]df
dfq cWoog ug]{5 . l;ldt ;|f]t, ;do / ;fwgsf] kl/wLleq /xL sfo{ ug{' kg]{ ePsfn] o;
cg';Gwfgdf Ps ;|f]t s]Gb|af6 Ps hgf lzIfssf] dfq sIff cjnf]sg ul/g]5 . ;du|df o;
cWoogn] jt{dfg l6lk8L sfo{j|md k|lj|mofsf] cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn tof/L, ;fdu|L ljsf; k|lj|mof /
tflnd ;~rfng k|lj|mofsf] kIfdf cWoog ug]{ 5}g . o; cWoogn] ljBfnodf lzIfsn] s;/L
cWofkg ul//x]sf 5g\, lzIfsxn] l6kL8L sfo{j|mdf l;s]sf 1fg ;LknfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u ug{ s]
s:tf kIfxn] ;xof]u / c;/ k'/\ofO/x]sf 5g\ h:tf ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ dfq s]Gb| ljGb'
agfPsf]5 .
!)= ah]6 tyf sfo{of]hgf
(Budgeting and plan of action)
of] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ tk;Lnadf]lhd ah]6 sf] cfjZostf kg]{ b]lvG5 M
105
sfo{of]hgf
j|m=;+= lj|mofsnfk
;do
ah]6
lhDd]jf/
JolSt
lj|mofsnfkaf6 s}lkmot
k|fKt
x'g]
glthf
(output)
k|:tfjgf
n]vg @)^*
sfo{zfnf -# lbg, !) >fj0f %
hgf_
b]lv & ut]
;Dd
@)^*
cg';Gwfgsf
;fwgx
lgdf{0f >fj0f !)
!@
sfo{zfnf -# lbg, !) b]lv
ut] ;Dd
hgf_
lkmN8 e|d0f tyf @)^*
tYof+s ;+sng -% >fj0f @@
lbg, !) hgf_
b]lv @(ut]
;Dd
tYof+s ljZn]if0f tyf @)^* efb|
JofVof sfo{zfnf -% !) b]lv
lbg, !) hgf_
@%ut]
;Dd
k|ltj]bg n]vg -!)) @)^*
kfgf_
cflZjg
!%ut] ;Dd
cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg @)^*
k|af]wLs/0f sfo{zfnf sflt{s &
-! lbg, #) hgf_
ut]
HfDdf /sd ?=
!%)))
k|lzIfs
/fdk|;fb
zdf{
tof/L
k|:tfjgf
!^)))
k|lzIfs
/Ltf
s6'jfn
tof/L % ;]6
;fwgx
!%)))
k|lzIfs
;+uLtf
rf}w/L
;fwgadf]lhd
;+slnt
tYof+s
@)))) k|lzIfs
/d]zsfGt
emf
$$))) k|lzIfs
sljtf /fO{
!%)))
k|lzIfs
sljtf /fO{
ljZn]lift
tYof+s
/
cg';Gwfgsf
k|fKtLx
!)) kfgfsf]
tof/L
k|ltj]bg
k|ltj]bg,
;'wf/
sfo{of]hgf
!@%)))
106
!)= ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx -cBfjlws
APA format
df pNn]v ug]{ h:t}M_
Trochim, W. (2006). Research methods. New Delhi: Biztantra.

Jurs, S.G. & Wiersma, W. (2005). Research method in education. USA: Pearson .
DoE . (2065). A study on the effectiveness of scholarship distribution programs in
school leve . Sanothimi: Author.
Best, J .W. & Kahn, J.V. (2007). Research in education. New Delhi: Prentice Hall .
DoE (2006). Summry of research reports. Author.
NCED (2003, 2009, 2010). Effectiveness of teacher training in Nepal. Author.
NCED (2010). Report of client satisfaction survey. Author.
!!= cg';"rLx
-s_= cg';Gwfg ;fwgx
-v_= =======
107
PsfO{ M !#
k|ltj]bg n]vg
!= kl/ro
k|ltj]bg s'g}klg sfo{ jf 36gfsf] l;nl;nfa4 k|:t'tL xf] . k|lj]bg n]vgn] lzIfs / ljBfyL{df
s'g}klg 36gfnfO{ a'e\mg] / ljin]if0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . lgaGw, syfh:tf] sfNklgs gx'g]
x'bf o;df k|:t'tLsf] df}lnskg eGbf ljifoj:t'd'vLkg emNsG5 . o;/L ljifoj:t'sf] ;f]emf]
cleJolSts} j|mddf k|ltj]bf n]vgnfO{ a'E\mg ;lsG5 . s'g} cWoog, cg';Gwfg xf];\ jf e|d0f cyjf
cfly{s lj|mofsnfk g} lsg gxf];\, ltgsfaf/]df h] n]lvG5 Tof] k|ltj]bg n]vg xf] . o:tf] k|ltj]bg
n]vgsf] lglZrt k4lt jf 9frf x'G5 . o;df s'g} ljifo, 36gf jf tYosf] j:t'k/s j0f{g x'G5 .
To;sf ljifodf ;'emfj / lgZsif{ klg k|:t't x'G5 .
ljBfnodf k|ltj]bgsf] dxTj 7"nf] x'G5 . ljBfnon] cfof]hgf ug]{ z}lIfs e|d0f, If]q e|d0f tyf
jflif{s sfo{j|mdsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/L ljBfnoaf6 k|sflzt x'g] kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ul/g5 .
kqklqsfdf k|sflzt gePsf] v08df lognfO{ kmfOndf /flvG5 / ljBfno lg/LIfs, lhNnf lzIff
clwsf/L jf cGo ;Da4 JolStkbflsf/L ljBfnodf cfPsfavt pgLxnfO{ b]vfOG5 . o:tf]
k|ltj]bg lzIfsn] nflnd cjlw / To;kl5 klg cfk"mn] u/]sf sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{kg]{ x'G5
eg] sIff sf]7fdf klg ljBfyL{nfO{ ljleGg kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf dfdnf cwoogh:tf sfo{ ug{ nufO{
;f]sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ nufpgkg]{ x'bf k|ltj]bg n]vgdf lzIfs :jod\ hfgsf/ x'g cfjZos 5 .
@= k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] :j?k
k|ltj]bg n]vg eGgfn] s'g} vf; 36gf jf j:t'l:yltsfaf/]df ;'Id cjnf]sg jf uxg cg';Gwfg u/L
tYok"0f{ ljj/0f k:t't ug"{ eGg] a'lemG5 . To;}n] o;df n]vs t6:y x'G5 / k|foM sd{jfRrLo jfSo
9frfdf o;nfO[{ n]Vg] ul/G5 . cfjZostfcg';f/ k|ltj]bgsf] cfs[lt nfdf] jf 5f]6f] b'j} x'g ;S5 .
sIff k|of]hgsf nflu eg] o;sf] cfsf/ demf]Nf x'g' pko'St x'G5 / a9Ldf #)) zAb;Dddf ;Lldt
ug'{ pko'St dflgG5 .
k|ltj]bg nfdf] jf 5f]6f] h] ePklg To;df ;'?, dWo / cGTosf] >[\vnf ldn]sf] x'g'k5{ . k|ltj]bgsf]
;'? efudf ljifok|:\usf] ;\s]t ug{'k5{ . of] k|ltj]bgsf] p7fgsf] cj:yf ePfn] s] ljifo / 36gfdf
k|ltj]bg n]Vg nfluPsf] xf] To;sf] kl/ro jf k[i7e"dL o; efudf n]Vg'k5{ . o:tf] kl/ro
k|ltj]bgsf] cfsf/cg';f/ !@ cg'R5]bdf lbg' pko'St x'G5 . o; v08n] kf7snfO{ k|ltj]bgsf]
ljifoj:t'df k|j]; u/fpg sfo{ u5{ . k||ltj]bgsf] dWo efu k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo d'Vo ljifoj:t'sf]
k|:t'tLs/0f v08 xf] . o; v08df 36gf cWoog jf ljifossf] ;du| kIfsf] k|:t'tLs/0f ul/Psf]
x'G5 . o;df j:t'l:yltsf] tYok"0f{ ljj/0f ;dfj]; ul/G5 . k|ltj]bgsf] cGTo efu lgZsif{ efu xf] .
o; efudf k|ltj]bgsf] k"j{ c+z / To;af6 k|fKt lgZsif{ tyf lgZsif{sf cfwf/df l;kmfl/;;d]t
108
k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 .

#= k|ltj]bgsf k|sf/x
n]vg z}nLsf] cfwf/df k|ltj]bg b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
-s_ ljj/0fTds k|ltj]bg
o:tf] k|ltj]bg s'g} vf; 36gf jf lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;df cfk}mn] b]v]sf, ef]u]sf /
cg'ej u/sf 36gfnfO{ l;nl;nfa4 kdf k|:t't ul/G5 . tYout x'g ePsfn] of] ;xh eO{sg
klg ;l6s x'G5 . o:tf k|ltj]bg d"ntM lgDglnlvt k|s[ltsf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t x'G5g\ M
ljBfnoaf6 cfof]hgf x'g] z}lIfs e|d0f, If]q e|d0f, klof]hgf sfo{sf nflu ul/g] cWoog
e|d0f cflb .
ljBfnodf cfof]hgf ul/g] ;flxlTos sfo{j|md, hGdhoGtL, hGdf]T;j, ljleGg /fli6o kj{x
cflb .
s'g} :yfgdf ul/g] ko{6sLo e|d0f cflb .
-v_ ljZn]if0fTds k|ltj]bg
o:tf] k|ltj]bgdf 36gf jf tYosf] ;;{tL{ j0f{g dfq geO{ To;sf] ;du| ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf]
x'G5 . s'g}klg 36gf lsg ePsf] xf], To;sf] sf/0f / c;/ s:tf] x'G5, To;n] ;dfhsf ;d'bfonfO{
s:tf] k|sfj kf5{ eGg]h:tf s'/fxsf] d"Nof\sg / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] k|ltj]bg ;'Id
cWoog / cjnf]sgdf cfwfl/t x'g'sf ;fy} ck]Iffs[t kdf nfdf] klg x'g ;S5 .
o:tf k|ltj]bg d"ntM lgDglnlvt k|s[ltsf ljifo zLif{s x'g ;S5g\ M
s'g} vf; If]qdf ePsf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx .
;dfhdf 3l6t s'g} cfk/flws 36gfx .
oftfotsf] Joj:yfkg / ;d:of cflb .
pBf]usf] :yfkgf, ljsf; / lj:tf/ .
k|b'if0f, kmf]xf/d}nf .
u|fdL0f hLjgdf JofKt u/LaL .
ahf/df JofKt dxFuL / sfnf]ahf/L cflb .
sfo{ / ;dosf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg lgDglnlvt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
-s_ uf]i7L jf sfo{j|md k|ltj]bg
ljleGg ;+3;+:yf, sfof{no cflbn] lglZrt p2]Zo jf sfo{j|mdsf cfwf/df ul/g] uf]i7L/
sfo{zfnfsf ljifodf n]lvg] k|ltj]bgnfO{ uf]i7L jf sfo{j|md k|ltj]bg elgG5 . z}nLsf cfwf/df
o:tf] k|ltj]bgsf] n]vg ljZn]if0ffTds x'G5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgsf] n]vg ljZn]if0ffTds x'G5 .
o:tf] k|ltj]bg cfsf/sf b[li6n] 5f]6f] / :jksf b[li6n] ;\lIfKt x'G5 .
109
-v_ k|ult k|ltj]bg

s'g} ljBfno, ;/sf/L sfof{no jf u}/;/sf/L ;\3;+:yf, /fhg}lts ;d"x cflbn] lglZrt
cjlwdf cfk\mgf] sfo{ k|ultsf ljifodf tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ k|ult k|ltj]bg elgG5 .
o;df ;dfGotof lgDglnlvt zLif{sx /x]sf x'G5g\ M
kl/ro
p2]Zo
sfo{j|mdsf] nIo
sfo{j|mdsf] k|ult
xfn;Ddsf pknlAwx
pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;lsPsf If]q / ;d:ofx
lgZsif{
-u_ jflif{s k|ltj]bg
s'g} ljBfno, ;/sf/L sfof{no jf u}/;/sf/L ;\3;+:yfsf jif{el/sf sfo{sf] k|ult / ;d:ofsf]
;du| d"Nof\sg u/L tof/ kfl/g] k|ltj]bgnfO{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg elgG5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bg k|foM ;a}
;+3;+:yfn] clgjfo{ kdf tof/ kfg}{ kg]{ x'G5 .
o;df ;dfGotof lgDglnlvt zLif{sx /x]sf x'G5g\ M
kl/ro
p2]Zo
cl3Nnf] jif{ tof/ kfl/Psf] sfo{j|md
k"/f ePsf sfo{j|mdk|ult ;dLIff
cfufdL jif{df ul/g] sfo{x
cfufdL jif{sf sfo{j|mdsf] nIo
ah]6 afF8kmfF8
sfo{of]hgf
-3_ cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg
cg';Gwfg eg]sf] Jojl:yt Pjd\ ts{;\ut k|lj|ofsf] cjnDjg u/L gofF tYo kQf nufpg' jf k'/fg}
tYosf] k/LIf0f jf k'gJof{Vof ug'{ xf] . of] gofF 1fg yKg] k4lt jf k|lj|of xf] . o;/L s'g} vf;
36gfj|mddf tyf ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos vf]h;lxtk:t't ul/g] k|ltj]bgnfO{ cg';Gwfg
k|ltj]bg elgG5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bg lglZrt eflifs k|of]hg / ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / o;df kl/ro,
cWoog ljZn]if0fsf] ;4flGts cfwf/, tYo ;\sng ljlw, cf}lrTo / pknlAw, ;d;fdlos hgzlSt
/ vr{ cflb ;du| kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ ltgs} cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] x'G5 . o;df tYoxsf] ;\sng,
110
ljZn]if0f / auL{s/0fdf hf]8 lbO{ lgZsif{nfO{ klg clwsflws j:t'k/s agfOPsf] x'G5 .
ljBfno tx / tflnddf k|ltj]bgsf] cfjZostf / dxTj
ljBfnodf ul/g] / ul/Psf sfo{xsf] pknlAw / ;d:ofsf] /]vf\sg ug{ .
tflnd sfo{j|mdsf r/0fdf ePsf sfo{sf] hfgsf/L lbg .
ljBfyL{sf] ;du| k|ult k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{ .
s'g} cWoog / If]q e|d0fsf cg'ejnfO{ ;Dk|]lift ug{ .
k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] 9frf 7DofO{ To;nfO{ Joifjxfl/s kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd agfpg .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg u/L ltgsf] lgZsif{ k|:t't ug{ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgrf]8 k|:t't ug{ .
ljBfnosf ;fF:s[lts;flxlTos sfo{j|mdsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ .
ljBfnosf ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t eO{ k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ sfo{df k|cnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf
k|ltj]bg n]vgdf ;xof]u k'ofpg .
$= k|ltj]bgsf] 9frf -;fdfGo k|ltj]bg_
-s_ zLif{s
-v_ kl/ro
k[i7e"dL
dxTj
If]q
p2]Zo
-u_ ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f
ljifoj:t'sf] p7fg
JofVofljZn]if0f
cg'R5]bsf] ;+/rgfTds :jk
kf7snfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ k|lj|mof
ljZj;gLo
kf7ssf egfOdf ;sf/fTds
;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fdf hf]8
;d:ofsf sf/0fsf] vf]hL
-3_ lgZsif{ / ;'emfjx
lgZsif{
;'emfjx
111
%= k|ltj]bgsf] n]vg / tof/L

k|ltj]bgsf] :jk, k|sf/ / 9frfsf] 1fgkl5 k|ltj]bg n]vg k|lj|mofnfO{ a'e\mg' h/L x'G5 . k|ltj]bgsf]
n]vg Pp6} r/0fdf ;DkGg x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu ;j{k|yd tYox / To;sfaf/]df ;Dk"0f{
hfgsf/L ;\sng ug{'kb{5 . k|ltj]bg lgaGw jf l6Kk0fl xf]Og of] t j:t'k/s, tYok/s n]vg xf] .
To;}n] k|ltj]bg n]vgsf nflu tYok"[0f{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;\sng dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fdu|L ;\sng ubf{
cjnf]sg, lg/LIf0f, k|ZgfjnL, cGt/jftf{, clen]v ;\sng k|lj|mofnfO{ cFufNg' k5{ . ;fdfGo
k|ltj]bgdf k|ltj]bs n]vsn] cfk\mg} l6kf]6af6 klg k|ltj]bg n]vg ;DkGg ug{ ;S5 t/ ha ljz]if
k|ltj]bgsf] ;Gbe{ cfp5 To;a]nf cGt/jftf{ lng'kg]{ x'G5 . cGt/jftf{ k|ltj]bg n]vs / To;
ljifosf hfgsf/sf aLrsf] ;jfn hjfkm xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|ltj]bg tof/stf{n] cfjZos
k|Zgxsf] lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ / tL k|ZgxnfO{ j|mlds kdf /fvL cf}krfl/s kdf k|Zg ;f]Wb} pQ/
l6kf]6 jf /]s8{ ug'{k5{ . o;afx]s cg';Gwftfn] If]q sfo{ klg ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf
If]q sfo{sf] k"j{ tof/L, ;\sng sfo{ / ;\slnt ;fdu|Lsf] h' ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdu|L ;\sngkl5
;fdu|Lsf] ;+of]hg / Joj:yfkg ul/G5 . ;Dkfbg Joj:yfkgcGtu{t ;\u7g, auL{s/0f kb{5g\ eg]
;\u7g / auL{s/0fkl5 ljZn]if0f k|lj|mof ;DkGg x'G5 . ljZn]if0fcGtu{t tflnsLs/0f, cf/]v /
cfn]v, tYosf] j0f{g, JofVof / lgZsif{sf] lgk0f ul/G5 .
k|ltj]bgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] ;\sng, auL{s/0f / ljZn]if0fkl5 k|ltj]bg n]vg sfo{ ;DkGg
x'G5 . o;df ;j{k|yd s'g k|sf/sf] efiff k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn ug'{k5{ . k|ltj]bgsf] z}nL
;"rgfTds / ljZn]if0ffTds x'G5 eg] efiff ljj/0ffTds x'G5 . To;kl5 o;df cWofo / zLif{ssf]
ljt/0f x'G5 / ltgnfO{ klg tfls{s kdf /fVg'k5{ . zLif{scg';f/ ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0fkl5
dfq k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] j|md ;dfKt x'G5 .
yk cWoog ;fdu|L M
!= k|lzIffyL{ ;|f]t;fdu|L M dflj tx, z}hljs] .
@= r"8fdl0f jGw' M cg;Gwfg / k|ltj]bg .
112
tflnduf]i7LcWoog e|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg n]vgdf ;xof]uL ljj/0fx

k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] a]nfdf ;+of]hssf] df}lnstfsf] cnfjf lgDglnlvt a'bfxnfO{ larf/ u/L n]Vg
;lsg]5 M
tflndsf] ljj/0f
sfo{j|mdsf] gfd M
sfo{j|mdsf] cfjZostfcf}lrTo M
;xefuL ljj/0f, 5gf}6 k|lj|mof / o;sf] cfwf/
k|lzIfs;xhstf{ 5gf}6 / ljifoj:t' ljefhgsf] k|lj|mofM
;xhstf{sf] of]Uotf, cg'ej / ljz]if1tfM
tflnduf]i7L pb3f6g ;df/f]x M
k|d'v cltlycltlyuGodfGo JolStxsf] gfdfjnL / ljj/0f, pb3f6gsf] tl/sf /
pb3f6g ug]{ JolSt, pb3f6g ;df/f]xdf jStfxaf6 cf}NofOPsf d'Vo s'/fx cyjf
pgLxsf d'Vo egfOx
;xefuLxsf] kl/ro u/fPsf] tl/sf, ck]Iff ;+sng u/]sf] tl/sf / pgLxaf6 cfPsf
ck]Iffx
tflndsf] p4]Zox / k|fKt ck]Iffx aLrsf] tfnd]n / leGgtf
;~rfng k|lj|mof
;}4flGts sIff ;~rfngsf]] 5f]6f] ljj/0f .
Jofjxfl/s -cEof;_ sf sfo{x sxfF, s;/L ;~rfng ul/]Psf] .
:ynut e|d0f (Field visit) u/fPsf] eP sxfF, s;/L ;~rfng ul/]Psf] .
;~rflnt tflnd ;];g k|efjsfl/tfsf] ljzn]i0ffTds ljj/0f .
tflnd ;fdu|L, vfhf cflbsf] Joj:yfkg .
tflnd cjlwdf ;xefuLsf] ;xeflutfsf] :t/ .
tn plNnlvt s'/fx cg';'rLdf /fVg] M
k|df0fkq afFl8Psf] eP, k|df0fkqsf] gd"gf .
ljleGg ;dodf lvlrPsf /fd|f kmf]6fx pko'St :yfgdf ldnfP/ /fVg] .
tflndsf] cGtdf ;xefuLxn] tflnd ;dflKt kl5 ug]{ sfo{j|mdsf] nflu s]xL Action plan
agfPsf eP .
tflndsf] d"Nof\sg
;xefuL / ;+of]hsn] tflndsf] d"Nof\sg u/]sf] eP d"Nof\sgsf] :t/ .
tflnd ;~rfngaf/] ;xefuLxaf6 k|fKt l6Kk0fL;'emfjx
113
;dfkg sfo{j|md
;dfkg sfo{j|md s;/L ul/of] <
;xefuLxk|d'v cltly tyf cGo cltly
;xefuL tyf jStfxaf6 cfPsf d'Vo egfO{x
vfhf Joj:yfkg s;/L ug'{eof] < nfut slt nfUof] < s] s] lbg'eof] < k'u ck'u s] eof] <
;xefuLxsf] ;Gt'li6 :t/ s] /xof] < s]xL ;d:ofx k/] ls <
;+of]hssf] d"Nof\sg
(SWOT Analysis)
tflndsf ;an kIfx

tflndsf sdhf]/ kIfx
tflndsf cj;/x
tflndsf r'gf}tLx
cGo s]xL eP To;sf] ljj/0f
-o;sf] ;fydf Estimate, sfo{tflnsf, ;xefuL af]nfPsf] kq, xflh/L ptf/nufotsf ;Dk"0f{
sfuhftxnfO{ Pp6} lstfadf Binding u/]/ k]; ubf{lbbf /fd|f] x'g] 5 _
114

Head Teacher Training Resource Material 2068.

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Head Teacher Training Resource Material 2068.

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

k/LIf0fsf nflu

k|wfgfWofks g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd

tflnd ;|f]t ;fdu|L

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

k|wfgfWofks g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd

tflnd ;|f]t ;fdu|L

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|, @)^*

z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|

ljBfno ljsf; of]hgf

lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;

$= ljBfno ;|f]t Joj:yfkg

%= ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg / k/LIff Joj:yfkg

*= k];fut ljsf; / cfTd Joj:yfkg

!)= tgfj Joj:yfkg

!@= cg'Gwfg k|:tfjgf n]vg

!#= k|ltj]bg n]vg

ahead .' k|efjsf/L of]hgf lgdf{0f

@= -s_ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df b]lvPsf ;d:ofxsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu k|fyldsLs/0f

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfj (School Development Proposal) sf] 9frf

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

gd"gf ljBfno ljsf; k|:tfj

!= ljBfnosf] gfd M >L cd/hof]lt gd'gf pRr df=lj= g]jf/], ;'v]{t

cfof]hgf ug]{ ul/Psf]

#_ ljBfnosf] ljBdfg cj:yf M

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

sIff cg';f/ lzIfs

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

ljBfyL{sf ;j} /]s8{

5fqj[ltsf] cj;/ j[l4 ug]{,

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

%= ;'wf/sf If]qx / nIo lgwf{/0f -cfufdL @ aif{sf nflu_

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf;

lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; df]8\o'nsf] ;+/rgf

lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; df]8\o'n ;+/rgf

efu@M :jfWoog cEof; (Self-study exercise)

efu#M z}lIfs k/fdz{

k];fut cfjZostf k|:tfj tof/L

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

l6lk8L cfjZostf k|:tfj vfsf

cWofkg ubf{ ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf ck]lIft k];fut ;xof]u

j|m= ;dli6ut cfjZostf

;DalGwt k|=c=sf] gfd

tflnd cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{

;dfof]hg x'g ;Sg] cfjZostfxnfO{ tflnd sfo{zfnfsf ljifoIf]qdf / ;d:of ;ddfwfg

l6lk8L cfjZostf k|f]kmfOn vfsf

j|m=;+= ljifo If]qut cfjZostf ljj/0f

dfu ug]{ lzIfssf] gfd

cfjZostf ;d"x (Need Cluster) !

l6lk8L df]8\o'n ;fdu|L vfsf

ljifout cWoog cflb]

efu !M tflndsfo{zfnf -kfr sfo{ lbg_

lzIf0f ;'wf/ of]hgf (TIP) 9frf

df}h'bf l:ylt ck]lIft nIo

nIo k"/f ug{ ;Dkfbg

ljBfyL{sf] cf};t pknlAwk|fKtf\s

-3_ z}Ifl0fs k/fdz{sf nflu tf]lsPsf ljBfnodf vl6Psf k|lzIfsxaf6 ;xefuLxnfO{

k|c g]t[Tj Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd ;|f]t;fdu|L

k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/ xf] .

sfg'gL sfo{jfxL / efjL ;Gbe{sf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .