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Percentage regulation = ( |VNL| - |VFL| / |VFL| ) x 100
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|VNL| = magnitude of receiving end voltage at no load (NL)
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|VFL| = magnitude of receiving end voltage at full load
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Percentage regulation = [ (I R cos φ + I X sin φ ) /Vr ] x 100
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η = (1 – loss/Ps ) x 100
Where
Ps = Vs Is cos φ in single phase
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Ps = √3 Vs Is cos φ in 3 phase
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Vm = Vr + Ir Z/2
Ic = Y Vm
Vm = ( Ic + Ir ) Z/2
Is = Ir + Y Vm
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Ic2 = Vr x Y/2
Ic1 = Vs x Y/2
Is = Ic1 + Ic2 + Ir
= VsY/2 + Vr Y/2 + Ir
Vs )= Vr + Z ( Ir + Vr Y/2
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dV = I Z dx
dV/dx = I Z
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d2I /dx2 = Y ZI
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At x = 0 : V= Vr and I = Ir
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Vr = A1 + A2
Ir = (1 / √( Z/Y)) [ A1 – A2 ]
Put Zc = √ YZ , then
A1 = ( Vr + Ir Zc )/2
A2 = ( Vr - Ir Zc )/2
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V = ( Vr + Ir Zc )/2 e + ( Vr - Ir Zc )/2 e -
I = ( Vr/Zc + Ir )/2 e γ x - ( Vr/Zc - Ir )/2 e - γ x
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Vs = ( Z’ Y’ /2 + 1) Vr + Z’ Ir
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Vs = Vr cosh γ l + Ir Zc sin γ l
Is = Ir cosh γ l + Vr/Zc sin γ l
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Z’ = Zc( sin γ l)/ γ l
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Line A B C D
Short 1 Z 0 1
Medium: T 1+ ZY/2 Z( 1 + YZ/4) Y 1 + ZY/2
Medium: π 1+ ZY/2 Z Y( 1 + YZ/4) 1 + ZY/2
Long cosh γ l Zc sin γ l 1/Zc (sin γ l) cosh γ l
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