Professional Documents
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MC LC TNG QUT
M U Chng 1. Bi 1. Bi 2. Bi 3. Bi 4. Chng 2. Bi 1. Bi 2. Chng 3. Bi 1. Bi 2. Chng 4. Bi 1. Bi 2. Chng 5. Bi 1. Bi 2. Bi 3. Bi 4. Bi 5. ................................................................................................................12 MT S KHI NIM C BN ........................................................15 KHI NIM H THNG .....................................................................15 S DNG MY TNH X L THNG TIN ..............................24 PHT TRIN H THNG THNG TIN ...........................................29 M HNH HO H THNG ...............................................................50 KHO ST HIN TRNG V XC NH YU CU H THNG .................................................................................................57 KHO ST V NH GI HIN TRNG.......................................57 XC LP V KHI U D N.......................................................83 PHN TCH H THNG V CHC NNG ..................................89 CC M HNH V PHNG TIN DIN T CHC NNG ......89 PHN TCH CHC NNG NGHIP V CA H THNG ........103 PHN TCH H THNG V D LIU ........................................114 CC M HNH V PHNG TIN BIU DIN D LIU ........114 PHN TCH D LIU NGHIP V CA H THNG ................139 THIT K H THNG....................................................................160 THIT K TNG TH .......................................................................160 THIT K GIAO DIN NGI MY .............................................168 THIT K CC KIM SOT............................................................178 THIT K D LIU ...........................................................................184 THIT K CHNG TRNH............................................................189
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MC LC CHI TIT
M U Chng 1. Bi 1. I. ................................................................................................................12 MT S KHI NIM C BN ........................................................15 KHI NIM H THNG .....................................................................15 H THNG...............................................................................................15 I.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................15 I.2. Cc thnh phn ca h thng...............................................................15 I.3. S hot ng v mc ch ca h thng..............................................16 I.4. Mi trng bn ngoi ..........................................................................17 II. H THNG KINH DOANH/DCH V ....................................................18 II.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................18 II.2. Cc h thng con trong h thng kinh doanh / dch v.......................18 II.3. H thng thng tin ...............................................................................20 Bi 2. I. II. S DNG MY TNH X L THNG TIN ..............................24 GII THIU..............................................................................................24 CC PHNG PHP X L THNG TIN CA MY TNH ...............24 II.1. X l tng tc v x l giao dch .....................................................24 II.2. X l theo l v x l trc tuyn ........................................................25 II.3. X l thi gian thc (real-time processing) ........................................26 II.4. X l phn tn (distributed processing) ..............................................26 III. MT S LOI H THNG THNG TIN THNG GP .....................26 III.1. H thng x l giao dch .....................................................................26 III.2. H cung cp thng tin thc hin..........................................................26 III.3. H thng thng tin qun l .................................................................27 III.4. H tr gip quyt nh.........................................................................27 III.5. H chuyn gia ......................................................................................27
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin III.6. H tr gip iu hnh ..........................................................................27 III.7. H tr gip lm vic theo nhm ..........................................................28 III.8. Cc h thng t ng ho vn phng (Automated Office systems)....28 III.9. H thng truyn thng .........................................................................28 III.10. H thng thng tin tch hp..........................................................28
IV. KT LUN ................................................................................................29 Bi 3. I. PHT TRIN H THNG THNG TIN ...........................................29 T VN ............................................................................................29 I.1. Ti sao mt t chc cn pht trin h thng thng tin ........................29 I.2. Nhng ni dung c bn ca vic pht trin h thng thng tin ..........29 II. TIN HA CA CCH TIP CN PHT TRIN HTTT ........................30 II.1. Tip cn nh hng tin trnh ............................................................30 II.2. Tip cn hng d liu........................................................................31 II.3. Tip cn nh hng cu trc ..............................................................32 II.4. Tip cn nh hng i tng ...........................................................33 III. VNG I PHT TRIN MT H THNG THNG TIN ....................34 III.1. Khi to v lp k hoch d n ...........................................................34 III.2. Phn tch h thng ...............................................................................35 III.3. Thit k h thng .................................................................................36 III.4. Trin khai h thng..............................................................................37 III.5. Vn hnh v bo tr h thng...............................................................38 IV. CC QU TRNH KHC NHAU PHT TRIN HTTT .....................38 IV.1.Chu trnh thc nc .............................................................................39 IV.2.Chu trnh tng trng ..........................................................................40 IV.3.Chu trnh xon c ................................................................................40 IV.4.Chu trnh lp rp cc thnh phn .........................................................44
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin V. XY DNG THNH CNG H THNG THNG TIN ..........................45 V.1. Th no l mt h thng thng tin c xy dng thnh cng ...........45 V.2. Nhng vn t ra ca vic xy dng h thng thng tin ................45 V.3. T ng ha cc hot ng pht trin h thng ..................................46 V.4. Qun l d n pht trin h thng thng tin........................................46 VI. T CHC D N CNG NGH THNG TIN ......................................46 VI.1.i ng d n ......................................................................................46 VI.2.Qun l d n ......................................................................................49 Bi 4. I. M HNH HO H THNG ...............................................................50 KHI NIM...............................................................................................50 I.1. Nguyn l ch ng s phc tp ...........................................................50 I.2. M hnh................................................................................................ 50 I.3. Mc ch v cht lng ca m hnh ho ...........................................51 I.4. Hai mc m hnh ho .....................................................................51 I.5. Bn trc m t m hnh ho h thng .................................................52 II. CC PHNG PHP M HNH HO H THNG..............................52 II.1. Ba thnh phn c bn ca mt phng php ......................................52 II.2. Mt s phng php m hnh ho.......................................................53 II.3. Nhng tr ngi i vi phng php m hnh ho .............................54 III. PHNG PHP PHN TCH H THNG C CU TRC .................55 IV. KT LUN ................................................................................................56 Chng 2. Bi 1. I. KHO ST HIN TRNG V XC NH YU CU H THNG .................................................................................................57 KHO ST V NH GI HIN TRNG.......................................57 I CNG V NGHIN CU HIN TRNG .....................................57 I.1. Mc ch .............................................................................................. 57 I.2. Cc ni dung kho st v nh gi hin trng .....................................57
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin II. NGHIN CU V NH GI HIN TRNG.........................................58 II.1. Kho st, tm hiu h thng hin ti ....................................................58 II.2. X l s b, tng hp kt qu kho st ...............................................70 II.3. Phn loi thng tin...............................................................................74 II.4. Pht hin cc yu km ca hin trng .................................................75 II.5. Hp thc ho kt qu kho st ............................................................76 III. BI TON VT T ...................................................................................76 III.1. M t h thng.....................................................................................76 III.2. X l s b, tng hp kt qu kho st ...............................................82 III.3. Phn loi thng tin...............................................................................83 III.4. Ph phn hin trng .............................................................................83 Bi 2. I. XC LP V KHI U D N.......................................................83 XC NH PHM VI, KH NNG, MC TIU CA D N...............83 I.1. Phm vi ................................................................................................84 I.2. Mc ch .............................................................................................. 84 I.3. Bi ton Cung ng vt t.....................................................................84 I.4. Hn ch ................................................................................................85 II. PHC HO GII PHP V CN NHC TNH KH THI......................85 II.1. Tng quan ............................................................................................85 II.2. Bi ton Cung ng vt t.....................................................................85 III. LP D TR V K HOCH TRIN KHAI D N..............................87 III.1. H s v iu tra v xc lp d n.......................................................87 III.2. D tr v thit b..................................................................................87 III.3. K hoch trin khai d n....................................................................88 IV. Kt lun .....................................................................................................88
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Chng 3. Bi 1. I. PHN TCH H THNG V CHC NNG ..................................89 CC M HNH V PHNG TIN DIN T CHC NNG ......89 CC MC DIN T CHC NNG ..................................................89 I.1. Din t vt l, din t logic..................................................................89 I.2. Din t i th, din t chi tit .............................................................90 II. S PHN R CHC NNG (BFD) ..................................................91 II.1. nh ngha ...........................................................................................91 II.2. Cc thnh phn ....................................................................................91 II.3. Cc dng ca s phn r chc nng................................................92 II.4. Cch th hin .......................................................................................93 II.5. c im v mc ch .........................................................................94 II.6. Ch ....................................................................................................94 III. S LUNG D LIU (DFD)............................................................94 III.1. nh ngha ...........................................................................................94 III.2. Cc thnh phn ....................................................................................95 III.3. Tc dng ..............................................................................................97 III.4. Cch th hin .......................................................................................97 III.5. Kt lun................................................................................................99 IV. CC PHNG TIN C T CHC NNG.........................................99 IV.1.c t chc nng .................................................................................99 IV.2.Bng quyt nh.................................................................................100 IV.3.S khi..........................................................................................102 IV.4.Ngn ng c cu trc.........................................................................103 Bi 2. I. PHN TCH CHC NNG NGHIP V CA H THNG ........103 XC NH CHC NNG NGHIP V ................................................103 I.1. Khi qut............................................................................................103 I.2. Tin hnh ...........................................................................................103
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin I.3. V d ..................................................................................................104 II. XC NH CC LUNG THNG TIN NGHIP V ...........................106 II.1. Khi qut............................................................................................106 II.2. Tin hnh ...........................................................................................106 II.3. V d ..................................................................................................106 III. CHUYN I DFD H THNG C SANG DFD H THNG MI ..108 III.1. Khi qut............................................................................................108 III.2. Tin hnh ...........................................................................................108 III.3. V d ..................................................................................................108 IV. HON CHNH M HNH CA H THNG MI................................112 IV.1.Kim tra tnh y v nht qun ca m hnh................................112 IV.2.M t quy trnh x l cho h thng mi............................................112 IV.3.c t cc chc nng chi tit .............................................................113 V. Chng 4. Bi 1. I. KT LUN ..............................................................................................113 PHN TCH H THNG V D LIU ........................................114 CC M HNH V PHNG TIN BIU DIN D LIU ........114 M HO CC TN GI ........................................................................114 I.1. t vn ..........................................................................................114 I.2. Cht lng c bn ca m ho ..........................................................114 I.3. Cc kiu m ho thng dng .............................................................114 II. T IN D LIU ................................................................................116 II.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 116 II.2. Cc hnh thc thc hin t in d liu ............................................116 II.3. Ni dung cc mc t..........................................................................117 II.4. Nhn xt.............................................................................................121 III. M HNH THC TH LIN KT (ER).................................................121 III.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 121
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin III.2. Cc thnh phn ..................................................................................122 III.3. Cch th hin .....................................................................................124 III.4. Cc dng ............................................................................................126 III.5. Kt lun..............................................................................................132 IV. M HNH QUAN H..............................................................................133 IV.1.Gii thiu ...........................................................................................133 IV.2.Cc nh ngha c bn .......................................................................133 IV.3.Ph thuc hm ...................................................................................136 IV.4.Cc dng chun ca quan h..............................................................136 IV.5.Chun ho lc quan h ...............................................................138 Bi 2. I. PHN TCH D LIU NGHIP V CA H THNG ................139 I CNG V PHN TCH D LIU...............................................139 I.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 139 I.2. Yu cu ..............................................................................................140 I.3. Cng c..............................................................................................140 I.4. Cch tin hnh ...................................................................................140 I.5. Cc phng php tin hnh ...............................................................140 II. PHN TCH D LIU NGHIP V CA H THNG .......................141 II.1. Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt m rng....................................141 II.2. Chuyn ER m rng v ER kinh in ...............................................143 II.3. Chuyn t ER kinh in v ER hn ch ............................................149 II.4. Xy dng m hnh quan h ca h thng ..........................................154 III. HON THIN QU TRNH PHN TCH H THNG.........................158 IV. KT LUN ..............................................................................................159 Chng 5. Bi 1. I. THIT K H THNG....................................................................160 THIT K TNG TH .......................................................................160 TNG QUAN GIAI ON THIT K ...................................................160 8 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin I.1. Ti liu vo ca giai on thit k.....................................................160 I.2. Nhim v ...........................................................................................160 I.3. Cc bc tin hnh ............................................................................161 II. THIT K TNG TH ...........................................................................162 II.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 162 II.2. Phn chia thnh cc h con................................................................162 II.3. V d Bi ton vt t ......................................................................163 II.4. Phn nh cng vic thc hin th cng/ my tnh ...........................164 Bi 2. I. THIT K GIAO DIN NGI MY .............................................168 TNG QUAN THIT K GIAO DIN NGI - MY..........................168 I.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 168 I.2. Cc loi mn hnh ..............................................................................168 I.3. Cc nguyn tc chung thit k giao din ...........................................168 I.4. Ni dung ............................................................................................168 II. THIT K NHIM V TH CNG ......................................................168 II.1. Gom nhm chc nng th cng thnh cc cng vic v nhim v ...169 II.2. Chn phng thc x l....................................................................169 II.3. Cc yu cu khi thit k nhim v th cng......................................170 III. THIT K MU BIU V TI LIU IN................................................170 III.1. Cc loi biu mu v ti liu inn .......................................................170 III.2. Yu cu ..............................................................................................171 III.3. Cch trnh by....................................................................................171 IV. THIT K MN HNH CHN ...............................................................173 IV.1.Mc ch - mc tiu...........................................................................173 IV.2.Cch hnh thc i thoi....................................................................173 IV.3.Yu cu k thut ................................................................................175
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin V. CC HNG DN CHO VIC THIT K GIAO DIN ......................177
VI. CC VN KHI THIT K GIAO DIN ...........................................177 VI.1.Thi gian p ng ca h thng ........................................................177 VI.2.Gii quyt li .....................................................................................177 VI.3.Tr gip ngi dng..........................................................................177 Bi 3. I. II. THIT K CC KIM SOT............................................................178 MC CH .............................................................................................178 KIM TRA THNG TIN THU THP V THNG TIN XUT ..............178
III. CC S C LM GIN ON CHNG TRNH V KH NNG PHC HI..............................................................................................179 III.1. Nguyn nhn, tc hi v bin php khc phc ..................................179 III.2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca th tc phc hi ......................................179 III.3. Cu trc ca mt chng trnh c th tc phc hi ..........................180 IV. XM PHM T PHA CON NGI V CCH PHNG TRNH.......181 IV.1.Xc nh cc im h yu .................................................................182 IV.2.Xc nh cc kiu e do...................................................................182 IV.3.Xc nh cc trng thi pht sinh e do...........................................183 IV.4.La chn gii php kim sot h thng.............................................183 Bi 4. I. THIT K D LIU ...........................................................................184 TNG QUAN V THIT K D LIU .................................................184 I.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 184 I.2. u vo..............................................................................................184 I.3. Phng thc tin hnh.......................................................................185 II. PHN TCH S DNG D LIU .........................................................185 II.1. B sung thuc tnh.............................................................................185 II.2. Nghin cu cc yu cu truy nhp.....................................................185 II.3. Thm cc bng quan h phc v cho kim sot h thng .................186
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin II.4. nh gi khng gian lu tr..............................................................186 III. THIT K C S D LIU VT L.....................................................187 III.1. T chc cc phng thc truy cp ....................................................187 III.2. Chuyn i m hnh d liu thnh file d liu..................................188 Bi 5. I. THIT K CHNG TRNH............................................................189 I CNG V THIT K CHNG TRNH ....................................189 I.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 189 I.2. Phng php ......................................................................................189 I.3. u vo..............................................................................................189 I.4. u ra ................................................................................................190 I.5. Cc cng vic.....................................................................................190 II. MUN CHNG TRNH ...................................................................190 II.1. Cc mun chng trnh ...................................................................190 II.2. Biu din cc mun trong lc chng trnh .............................190 III. CCH CHUYN I DFD H THNG THNH LCT.........................193 III.1. Yu cu chung ...................................................................................193 III.2. Trin khai trn xung ........................................................................193 III.3. Thit k hng bin i (transform centered design) .......................194 III.4. Thit k hng giao tc (transition centered design) ........................196 III.5. Ch ..................................................................................................197 IV. C T CC MOUN CHNG TRNH ............................................198 IV.1.Ngn ng c cu trc.........................................................................198 IV.2.S khi..........................................................................................199 V. NG GI THNH MUN TI ........................................................200
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M U
H thng thng tin l mt ng dng tin hc y v ton din nht cc thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin vo mt t chc. Ngy nay, khng mt t chc hay mt n v no l khng c nhu cu xy dng cc h thng thng tin. Khng nhng nhu cu xy dng cc h thng thng tin tng ln, m quy m v mc phc tp ca chng cng khng ngng tng ln. Do c th ca cc h thng thng tin l sn phm n l (khng ging vi bt k ci no trc ), vi quy m v phc tp ngy cng tng, li l sn phm khng nhn thy, nn phn tch v thit k tr thnh mt yu cu bt buc c c mt h thng tt. C th hnh dung phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin l qu trnh tm hiu v m phng li hin tng, quy trnh nghip v trong th gii thc t xy dng h thng gii quyt bi ton t ra trn my tnh (hnh 0-1).
Hnh 0-1. Mi quan h gia th gii thc v phn mm Theo iu tra ca cng ty IBM trong giai on 1970-1980 cho thy, nhng sai st trong phn tch v thit k lm cho chi ph bo tr trung bnh ca cc h thng thng tin chim ti gn 60% tng chi ph. C hin tng ny l v mc chi ph sa cha mt sai lm b b st qua cc giai on pht trin h thng tng ln ng k: mt li b b st trong giai on phn tch n khi lp trnh v ci t mi pht hin ra th chi ph sa cha tng ln n 40 ln, v n giai on bo tr mi pht hin ra th chi ph sa cha tng ti 90 ln. Thm vo , nu thiu cc ti liu phn tch v thit k tt th s khng bo tr c h thng. Hnh v 0-2 cho ta hnh dung vic xy dng mt phn mm nu nh khng c thit k v c thit k s khc nhau nh th no.
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Hnh 0-2. S khc nhau gia xy dng phn mm c thit k v khng thit k Do tm quan trng v nhu cu thc t, phn tch cc h thng thng tin tr thnh mt ngh nghip c tnh chuyn mn ha cao. Mt k s cng ngh thng tin bt k, khng th khng bit c cc bn v phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin. L mt ngh nghip, phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin cng c nhng phng php ring, cng ngh v cng c ring v cn c kinh nghim ngh nghip. Mt k s cng ngh thng tin sau mt nm c th tr thnh mt nh lp trnh gii, th h phi cn nhiu nm mi tr thnh mt nh phn tch v thit k vin, v sau nhiu nm na mi tr thnh mt nh phn tch v thit k cao cp. tr thnh mt nh phn tch v thit k i hi mt ngi phi c t nht bn loi k nng: k nng phn tch, k nng cng ngh thng tin, k nng v nghip v v qun l, k nng giao tip. Nhu cu x hi v ngh nghip ny ngy cng ln. cc nc pht trin (M, Nht), cng ngy s cc nh phn tch thit k cng tng v xp x cc lp trnh vin. Do vy, mn hc phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin l mn hc bt buc i vi nhng ngi lm cng ngh thng tin c th hnh ngh tt. Trong phm vi mn hc s cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn nht v phn tch thit k h thng, c bit ch trng n mt vn dng thc hnh ca n. V vy ngoi cc ni dung v phng php lun, phng php, cng ngh v cng c c bn, c th truyn t cho sinh vin nm c mt quy trnh hon thin phn tch thit k mt h thng, bi ging a ra mt v d xuyn sut l h thng qun l vt t, t sinh vin c th thc hnh theo. Ni dung ca bi ging bao gm 5 chng Chng 1: Mt s khi nim c bn - s gii thiu vi sinh vin v nhng khi nim u tin ca phn tch thit k h thng v ni chung v mt s phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng.
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Chng 2: Kho st h thng y l bc i u tin trc khi mt xy dng mt h thng, trong chng ny s hng dn sinh vin mt phng php tip cn n h thng. Chng 3: Phn tch h thng v chc nng - hng dn sinh vin tng bc phn tch chc nng ca h thng. Chng 4: Phn tch h thng v d liu - hng dn sinh vin tng bc phn tch d liu h thng. Ch o ca phng php phn tch d liu s dng trong bi ging l m hnh thc th lin kt. Chng 5: Thit k h thng y l cng on sau cng trc khi m ha mt h thng, trong chng ny hng dn sinh vin nhng vn thit k c bn ca mt h thng. Yu cu ca mn hc, sau khi hc xong sinh vin phi nm c quy trnh phn tch thit k h thng v p dng c quy trnh phn tch thit k mt h thng thng tin c th nh: h thng qun l im, h thng qun l sinh vin, h thng qun l th vin Ti liu tham kho 1. Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin - Nguyn Vn Ba NXB i hc quc gia H ni. 2. Gio trnh phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin - Nguyn Vn V - NXB i hc quc gia H ni 3. Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin o Thanh Tnh NXB HVKTQS 4. Phn tch v thit k tin hc h thng qun l kinh doanh nghip v - Ng Trung Vit NXB Giao thng vn ti. 5. Phn tch thit k v ci t h thng thng tin qun l Hn Vit Thun NXB Thanh nin. 6. Moder Systems Analysis and Design Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Joey F. George and Joseph S. Valacich The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.
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Chng 1.
MT S KHI NIM C BN
Chng ny trnh by mt cch khi qut v khi nim h thng, mt s h thng cn ch (h thng kinh doanh/dch v, h thng thng tin qun l) sau cp n cc loi chu trnh pht trin ca h thng tin hc, bao gm cc bc phn tch, thit k, m ha v cui cng l cc phng php phn tch v thit k h thng, c bit lu phng php c s dng trong bi ging phng php phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc.
Bi 1.
I.
I.1.
H THNG
Khi nim
Thut ng h thng khng phi l mi. T lu ngi ta ni n h thng mt tri, h thng trit hc, h thng lut php, h thng thu lc, h thng c kh, h thng tun hon, h thng thng tin... Mt cch n gin v vn tt nht, ta c th hiu: H thng l mt tp hp gm nhiu phn t, c cc mi quan h rng buc ln nhau v cng hot ng hng ti mt mc ch chung.
I.2.
a.
Cc phn t ca h thng
Cc phn t y l cc thnh phn hp thnh h thng, c hiu theo ngha rt rng ri. Cc phn t c th rt a dng, chng hn trong lnh vc vt l c h thng mt tri vi phn t ca n l: mt tri, qu t, ho tinh,... Trong lnh vc sinh vt c h thng thn kinh vi cc phn t ca n l: b c, tu sng, cc dy thn kinh... Trong x hi loi ngi c cc h thng kinh t x hi vi cc phn t ca n l: cc c quan nh nc, cc t chc kinh doanh...
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Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cc phn t khng nht thit l n gin, s ng, m thng l nhng thc th phc tp, khin khi i su vo chng, ta li phi xem chng l cc h thng. V d xt h thng sinh vt trong c th con ngi th cc phn t ca n l h tun hon, h tiu ho, h h hp... cng c th xem l mt h thng. V th, h thng thng c tnh cht phn cp: h thng hp thnh t nhiu h thng con, v trong mi h thng con li c nhiu h thng nh hn...
b.
Cc phn t ca mt h thng khng phi tp hp li mt cch ngu nhin, ri rc, m gia chng lun tn ti nhng quan h (hay cc mi rng buc ln nhau), to thnh mt cu trc (hay mt t chc). Chng hn, trong mt h thng hnh chnh, gm cc cn b v nhn vin, th gia h tn ti cc mi rng buc v phn cp, phn quyn, cc quan h v on th, cc quan h v dn s... Mi quan h gia cc phn t ca h thng c th l mi quan h c hc, nng lng hay thng tin mi quan h th hin bn cht ca h thng. Ngi ta c th xc nh quan h gia cc phn t da trn cc thng s nh s lng, chiu hng, cng Cn phn bit cc quan h n nh, tn ti lu di. V d, A l th tng ca B, A l gim c ca B. Cc quan h bt thng, tm thi. V d, A v B va c c i cng tc cng nhau. Khi xem xt tnh t chc ca mt h thng, ng nhin ngi ta phi cp trc ht n cc quan h n nh, lu di. Tuy nhin ni n n nh, khng nht thit phi hiu l hon ton bt bin, tnh ti. Tri li phn ln cc h thng ng quan tm u c tnh bin ng. Bin ng song vn gi s n nh trong t chc, trong cc quan h gia cc phn t, ngha l vn gi ci bn cht, hay cc c trng ct li ca h thng.
I.3. a.
S bin ng ca h thng th hin trn hai mt: S tin trin, tc l cc thnh phn ca n (cc phn t v cc quan h) c th c pht sinh, c tng trng, c suy thoi, c mt i. S hot ng, tc l cc phn t ca h thng, trong cc mi rng buc nh, cng cng tc vi nhau thc hin mt mc ch chung ca h thng.
16 - 200
b.
Mc ch
Mc ch ca h thng thng th hin ch h thng nhn nhng ci vo ch bin thnh nhng ci ra nht nh. Chng hn, mt h thng thu hnh, nhn vo nng lng in cng cc sng v tuyn t i pht, bin thnh cc hnh nh trn mn hnh; Mt h thng sn xut nhn vo cc nguyn vt liu, tin v dch v sn xut ra cc thnh phm, hng ho.
I.4.
Mi trng bn ngoi
H thng
Mi trng
Phn t
Quan h
Phn t
u vo
u ra
Phn t
Phn t
Phn t
Hnh 1-1. Quan h ca h thng v mi trng phn bit h thng v mi trng xung quanh, cn phi xc nh gii hn ca h thng (c v vt l v khi nim). Mt trong nhng cch xc nh gii hn h thng l m t h thng. Vi cc loi h thng khc nhau, cch m t h thng cng rt phong ph v a dng c th m t h thng bng cc phng php nh tnh hay nh lng. Vic xc nh bin mt cch chnh xc v hp l l rt cn thit, c bit c ngha i vi giai on kho st h thng. Cn lu rng, gii hn ca h thng ph thuc cht ch vo mc tiu ca h thng . Ta c th a ra khi nim mi trng bn ngoi nh sau Mi trng bn
17 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin ngoi l tp hp cc phn t khng ph thuc vo h thng nhng c mi lin h vi h thng: hoc chu s tc ng ca h thng, hoc l tc ng ln h thng. C th phn bit h thng thnh 2 loi h thng t nhin: h mt tri, h thng c th con ngi, H thng do con ngi xy dng: h thng php lut, h thng ca mt c quan, mt cng ty, mt trng hc Trong mn hc ny, ta quan tm n cc h thng do con ngi xy dng. C th l h thng kinh doanh/dch v.
II.
II.1.
L h thng m mc ch l kinh doanh hay dch v. Kinh doanh l hot ng ca con ngi nhm mang li li nhun (tc thu gi tr thng d). Chng hn sn xut, phn phi hay lu thng sn phm l cc hot ng kinh doanh. Dch v l hot ng ca con ngi nhm mang li li ch (tc l cung cp gi tr s dng). Ch c nhng dch v l phi li nhun (bi khng th c tng nng sut, t to ra gi tr thng d), v d cc hot ng gio dc, y t, t thin... c im chung ca cc h thng kinh doanh/dch v so vi cc h thng khc, nh cc h thng vt l, k thut hay sinh hc, l: chng l ca con ngi v c con ngi tham gia. Ca con ngi, cho nn mc tiu ca chng l do con ngi nh ra. C con ngi tham gia, nn con ngi thng xuyn gp phn thc y hay km hm s pht trin ca h thng c im chung ni trn dn ti hai nt ni bt ca cc h thng kinh doanh/dch v l vai tr ca c ch iu khin (trong kinh doanh thng gi l s qun l) l rt quan trng, nhm gi cho h thng hng ng ch v t kt qu vi cht lng cao. Vai tr ca thng tin cng rt quan trng, nhm phc v cho nhu cu giao tip, trao i gia con ngi vi nhau.
II.2.
Bi s tn ti ca nhim v qun l bn cnh nhim v sn xut nh ni trn, cho nn cc h thng kinh doanh / dch v lun bao gm hai h thng con: H thng tc nghip, gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh bin i lung nhng ci vo thnh lung nhng ci ra (th hin mc ch kinh doanh hay dch v) ca h thng. H thng qun l, gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php cho php iu khin, kim sot hot ng tc nghip hng ng vo mc ch kinh doanh hay dch v.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
18 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin V mt hnh thc hot ng qun l lun lun l mt dy ni tip ca hai vic xut mt quyt nh kinh doanh v thc thi quyt nh kinh doanh. Ta hiu quyt nh l mt s la chn la mt trong nhng phng php hnh ng c th gii quyt mt vn no . Quyt nh c th nhiu mc (hay tm quan trng) khc nhau v mi quyt nh u c xut qua hai bc tm hiu vn v chn la phng php. Nh vy, trc khi ra quyt nh cn phi thu thp cc thng tin lin quan. Thng thng th cc thng tin c ch cho quyt nh phi c kt xut t nhiu ngun thng tin phc tp, thng qua cc qu trnh thu gom, lu tr, x l. Sau khi ra quyt nh, quyt nh phi c truyn t n ni thc hin, cng vi nhng thng tin cn thit cho vic thc thi quyt nh . Ni th c ngha l, trong qun l, bn cnh nhim v xut cc quyt nh kinh doanh, lun c nhim v x l thng tin. V vy h thng (con) qun l trong h thng kinh doanh / dch v li c th tch thnh hai h thng con: H quyt nh, gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php thc hin vic xut cc quyt nh kinh doanh. H thng tin, gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php tham gia vo vic x l cc thng tin kinh doanh. Tm li, h thng kinh doanh/ dch v c 3 h thng con: h tc nghip, h quyt nh v h thng tin, m mi lin quan v thng tin gia chng c din t nh trong hnh 1.3, thy r vai tr trung gian ca h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip.
H quyt nh
Bo co sn xut
Thng tin vo
H thng tin
Ch o sn xut
Thng tin ra
Nguyn vt liu
H tc nghip
Sn phm/dch v Mi trng
19 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Ch rng vic phn chia h thng kinh doanh/dch v thnh 3 h thng con nh trn ch c ngha phng php lun, nhm cho ta 1 cch nhn, mt cch nghin cu i vi h thng, ch khng phi l mt s phn chia v t chc. Thc vy gia cc h thng con kh c th vch c ranh gii tht rnh mch: chng hn c th c ngi va lm cng tc lnh o, va lm cng tc chuyn mn, va tham gia x l thng tin, nh th anh ta l thnh vin ca c 3 h con. Mt khc trn thc t, cc c quan c t chc thnh cc phng, ban, khoa, b mn, phn xng, ca hng... phn cng thc hin cc chc nng qun l hay tc nghip; nhng cc chc nng ny thng an xen vi nhau trong cc b phn, m khng chia tch mt cch hon ton gia cc b phn . Tuy nhin, nhn 1 cch khi qut vo 1 doanh nghip hay c quan, ta lun thy c nhng ngi nhim v chnh l xut cc quyt nh (cc cn b lnh o cc cp), c nhng ngi nhim v chnh l x l thng tin (nhn vin phng ban), c nhng ngi nhim v chnh l trc tip sn xut hay dch v (cng nhn, k s, bc s, thy gio...) V th m cch tip cn h thng nh trn vn l c ch. Khi mun tin hc ha mt doanh nghip, chng ta s quan tm n h thng thng tin, lm sao thu thp, lu tr v x l thng tin mt cch nhanh nht. V vy ta cn i su nghin cu v h thng thng tin.
II.3. a.
H thng thng tin (Information System) l mt h thng m mc tiu tn ti ca n l cung cp thng tin phc v cho hot ng ca con ngi trong t chc no . Ta cn c th hiu h thng thng tin l h thng m mi lin h gia cc thnh phn ca n cng nh mi lin h gia n vi cc h thng khc l s trao i thng tin. V d my tnh, h thng qun l nhn s, h thng k ton, h thng qun l im, h thng qun l th vin
b.
H thng thng tin c bn chc nng chnh l nhn thng tin vo, lu tr, x l v a ra thng tin. Nhn thng tin vo di dng cc d liu gc v mt ch im, mt s kin hoc mt i tng no trong h thng, cc yu cu x l hoc cung cp thng tin, cc lnh. X l d liu: sp xp d liu theo mt th t no , sa cha, thay i d liu trong b nh, thc hin cc tnh ton to ra thng tin mi, thng k, tm kim cc thng tin tho mn mt iu kin no . Lu tr cc loi thng tin
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
20 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin khc nhau c cu trc a dng, phc v nhu cu x l khc nhau. a ra thng tin: c th a d liu vi cc khun dng khc nhau ra cc thit b nh b nh ngoi, mn hnh, my in, thit b mng hoc cc thit b iu khin.
c.
Nhim v ca h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip l x l cc thng tin kinh doanh. Ta hiu x l thng tin l tp hp nhng thao tc p dng ln cc thng tin nhm chuyn chng v mt dng trc tip s dng c: lm cho chng tr thnh hiu c, tng hp hn, truyn t c, hoc c dng ho... Ni c th hn mt x l thng tin cp mt hay mt s trong cc thao tc c bn sau ghi nhn v lu tr mt thng tin ln mt gi mang. Sp xp cc thng tin theo mt trt t no . Tham kho thng tin (tham kho mt tp, mt c s d liu, tm kin t liu...). iu chnh dng ca thng tin. iu chnh ni dung thng tin (cp nht, bin i). T mt s thng tin rt ra mt thng tin khc (tnh ton, kt xut). Chuyn thng tin i xa (vin thng). Phn phi thng tin ti mt ngi hay mt nhm ngi (truyn t) Thng tin kinh doanh (tc thng tin dng cho mc ch qun l trong cc doanh nghip) thng c phn theo hai loi chnh thng tin t nhin: l cc thng tin sinh ra v thu nhn bi con ngi trc tip bng cc c quan biu t hay cm th t nhin ca con ngi. Thng tin c cu trc (d liu): l cc thng tin c cht lc t cc thng tin t nhin, bng cch cu trc ho li, lm cho c ng hn, cht ch hn. Cc thng tin cha ng trong cc loi s sch, trong cc tp my tnh u l cc thng tin c cu trc. Chng khng cn c dng v t nhin na v ni chung chng l cc dy gi tr (s, ch...) c b tr theo mt quy cch no y (c php) v c hiu ngha theo mt cch no y (ng ngha). Vic s dng thng tin c cu trc thay v thng tin t nhin mang li 2 iu li Tnh c ng; ngn gn m thng tin c cu trc c truyn t nhanh hn, vi tin cy cao hn, v khi lu gi trn gi mang (giy, vt liu t...) chng chim khng gian b hn. C c php cht ch, thng tin c cu trc cho php thc hin cc tnh ton, cc x l theo gii thut: t mt tp hp cc thng tin, c th nhn c mt cch t ng nhng thng tin mi (thng tin kt xut). Ni chung c hai loi thng tin t nhin v c cu trc u tham gia vo qu trnh qun l, song cc thng tin t nhin ch yu ch b gn trong cng tc vn th, cn cc mt hot ng quan trng ca qun l, nh qun l ti chnh, nhn s, thit b,
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
21 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin khch hng... ch yu s dng cc thng tin c cu trc. V vy, khi phn tch mt h thng ta lu nhiu n cc thng tin c cu trc m t nhc n cc thng tin t nhin. Tm li vn t ra y l mc ch ca vic x l thng tin trong doanh nghip l t nhng d liu c, phi a ra c nhng thng tin c ch cho kinh doanh.
d.
Nu khng k con ngi v thit b, h thng thng tin trong doanh nghip c hai thnh phn c bn cc d liu ghi nhn thc trng ca doanh nghip, cc quy trnh x l cho php bin i cc d liu Cc d liu: l cc thng tin c lu v duy tr nhm phn nh thc trng hin thi hay qu kh ca doanh nghip. C th tch d liu thnh hai phn: Cc d liu phn nh cu trc ni b ca c quan, nh d liu v nhn s, nh xng, thit b... Cu trc c quan khng phi l c nh, m c th bin ng khi c mt s kin tin ho xy ra (chng hn khi mt nhn vin cht, mt thit b mi c b sung). S kin tin ho thng xy ra bt ng, ngoi mun ca con ngi. S iu chnh li cc d liu cho thch hp khi c s kin tin ho xy ra gi l s cp nht. Cc d liu phn nh cc hot ng kinh doanh / dch v ca c quan, nh l d liu v sn xut, mua bn, giao dch... Hot ng kinh doanh/ dch v nhm bin i lung vo/ ra ca doanh nghip c th xem l s tip ni ca hng lot cc s vic s ng, gi l cc s kin hot ng (chng hn nhn mt l hng, hon thnh mt m sn phm, mt n hng ti, thanh ton mt ho n...) Khi c mt s kin hot ng xy ra th phi ghi nhn (hay thu thp) n, v nh vy lm thay i cc d liu phn nh cc hot ng kinh doanh/ dch v ca doanh nghip. Cc x l: l qu trnh bin i thng tin, nhm vo hai mc ch chnh. Sn sinh cc thng tin theo th thc quy nh, chng hn cc chng t giao dch (n mua hng, ho n...), cc bo co, cc bn thng k... Tr gip cho cc quyt nh, thng thng l cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho vic chn la mt quyt nh ca lnh o, nhng cng c th l thc hin mt s chn la quyt nh (mt cch t ng), nu l loi quyt nh da trn gii thut (khc vi loi quyt nh da trn trc quan). Mi x l thng l 1 s p dng mt quy tc qun l nh sn v din ra theo mt trt t nh sn (gi l th tc). Cc quy tc qun l v cc th tc c th c n
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
22 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin nh bi h thng quyt nh ca doanh nghip, v nh vy chng c th b iu chnh theo mun (chng hn cc quy tc tiu th sn phm, phng php phn phi cc tr cp, cc quy nh v khuyn mi...), nhng chng c th c n nh t bn ngoi doanh nghip, c bit l bi nh nc (v d quy tc tnh thu VAT, cch tnh lng v bo him x hi...) v nh vy doanh nghip khng c tu tin thay i. u vo ca mt x l c th l cc thng tin phn nh cu trc doanh nghip v/ hoc cc thng tin phn nh hot ng ca doanh nghip. u ra c th l cc kt qu chuyn trc tip cho cc c nhn hay t chc ngoi doanh nghip (chng hn n t hng, ho n, thng k bn hng, bo co ti chnh...). Gi l cc kt qu ngoi. Cc kt qu c lu gi tr li vo trong h thng sau ny dng l u vo cho cc x l khc (thng l cc thng tin v tnh trng, v lch s hay lu tr). Gi l cc kt qu trong. C th hnh dung cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin, vi cc mi lin quan v d liu gia chng nh hnh 1.4.
Cc s kin tin ho
Kt qu ngoi
Kt qu trong
(Thu thp)
Cc s kin hot ng
23 - 200
Bi 2.
I.
GII THIU
Phn trn khi ni n h thng thng tin ta cha quan tm ti cng c dng x l thng tin l g (bng tay hay bng my tnh). Trong phn ny ta mi xt ti vai tr ca my tnh trong cc h x l thng tin . Theo t in Larousse Tin hc, Tin hc l tp hp cc ngnh khoa hc, k thut, kinh t - x hi vn dng vo vic x l thng tin v s t ng ho n. Nu vy, c th nh ngha h thng tin hc l h thng c mc ch x l thng tin v c s tham gia ca my tnh. S tham gia ca my tnh trong mt h thng tin hc c th nhiu mc khc nhau o Mc thp: my tnh ch c dng gii quyt mt vi cng vic n l, nh in mt bng biu thng k, lp mt ho n. o Mc trung bnh: my tnh cng vi con ngi cng tc, phn cng vi nhau thc hin 1 quy trnh qun l phc tp hay gii quyt mt vn ln. o Mc cao: my tnh ng vai tr ch cht trong qu trnh x l thng tin, con ngi khng can thip vo qu trnh ny, v ch c nhim v cung cp thng tin u vo cho my tnh v thu nhn cc kt qu ra t my tnh.
II.
Vic x l thng tin bng my tnh c th thc hin theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau
II.1. a.
X l tng tc l x l thc hin tng phn, phn x l bi con ngi v bi my tnh c thc hin xen k nhau; hai bn trao i qua li vi nhau di hnh thc i thoi. Nh vy, con ngi s dn dt qu trnh x l v my tnh ng vai tr tr gip tch cc.
24 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin H thng s dng x l giao tc khi h thng phi x l nhiu thng tin c mi quan h phc tp vi nhau, kh m t bng cng thc hay con ngi phi thng xuyn vn dng nhng kinh nghim cng tc ca mnh trong qu trnh x l.
b.
X l giao dch
Khi x l mt yu cu cho n khi ra kt qu, khng c s can thip t ngoi vo. Mt qu trnh nh vy gi l mt giao dch. X l giao dch thch hp vi nhng tin trnh c nhiu khu c lp vi nhau kim tra v x l thng tin. V d. Th tc rt tin ATM l mt dng x l giao dch C th lu rng mt qu trnh x l tng tc I l mt dy cc giao dch Ti (i = 1.. n), trong kt qu ra ca giao dch Tj, cng vi cc thng tin b sung v quyt nh a ra t pha con ngi s l u vo cho giao dch Tj+1.
II.2. a.
Cn gi l x l trn gi. Mi khi thng tin n (hay khi yu cu x l xut hin), th cha c em x l ngay, m c gom li cho mt s lng nht nh (mt l hay mt m) mi c em x l mt cch tp th. L tin trnh tp hp nhng thng tin sn c hoc to ra thng tin mi theo nh k hng thng, hng tun. X l theo l thng p dng cho cc x l m vic truy cp thng tin din ra nh k (hng tun, hng thng..), khun dng d liu hon ton xc nh, thng tin thng kh n nh trong hai ln x l lin tip. Cc thng k, cc kt xut, cc bo co c x l theo l thng in cc chng t vi khi lng ln (v d in ho n tin in, in th th vin cho sinh vin).
b.
X l trc tuyn
Hay cn gi l x l trn dng. Khi thng tin n c em x l ngay lp tc, mt cch c th v bt k vo lc no. V d: Dch v gi tin ti ngn hng, cch x l ti phng bn v my bay, tu ho c trng ca x l trc tuyn l vic truy cp thng tin din ra hon ton ngu nhin, khun dng v kiu thng tin khng hon ton xc nh, thng tin thay i lin tc, ngay trong khi thc hin x l. Loi x l ny thng p dng cho vic hin th, sa cha ni dung cc tp d liu, phc v cc giao dch c khi lng khng nhiu, cc giao dch cn c thc hin ti ch v cn c tr li ngay (v d bn v my bay).
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
25 - 200
II.3.
X l thi gian thc l cc tin trnh x l ca my tnh phi m bo cc yu cu ngt ngho v thi gian. Ngi ta dng x l thi gian thc trong cc h thng c lin kt vi h thng bn ngoi nh h thng iu khin nhit l luyn thp, iu khin my bay, tn la. c trng ca x l thi gian thc l vic m bo ng b cc tin trnh my tnh vi cc hot ng din ra trong thc t.
II.4.
X l phn tn l vic x l din ra ti cc b phn v nhng v tr khc nhau, c nhng yu cu khc nhau vo nhng thi im c th khc nhau. Cc h thng x l phn tn thng c b tr nhng v tr a l khc nhau v c quy nh dng chung. Trong h thng x l phn tn, iu cn quan tm l m bo tnh ng b ca h thng.
26 - 200
27 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thit k cung cp hay chc lc cc thng tin a dng ly t mi trng hay t cc h thng tin qun l, h tr gip quyt nh
III.10.
Mt h thng thng tin ca t chc thng gm mt vi loi h thng thng tin cng c khai thc. C nh vy mi p ng c mc tiu ca t chc. iu ny cho thy, cn phi tch hp nhiu loi h thng thng tin khc loi m bo s hot ng hiu qu ca t chc Vic tch hp cc h thng thng tin trong mt t chc c th tin hnh theo hai cch: Xy dng mt h thng tin tch hp tng th hoc tch hp cc h c bng vic ghp ni chng nh cc cu ni. Vic s dng cc h tch hp tng th thng a t chc n mt h thng tp trung, mt s phi hp v kim sot cht ch. Nhng chng cng to ra sc v qun l, v s quan liu trong hot ng v kh thay i.
28 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Khi s tp trung ca mt h thng thng tin t n mt im bo ha, nhiu t chc bt u cho cc b phn ca mnh tip tc pht trin nhng h con vi cc c th ring.
IV. KT LUN
Vic nghin cu cc phng thc x l thng tin trong my tnh s gip rt nhiu cho vic thit k h thng thng tin sau ny. Gip ta nh hnh c h thng mnh s xy dng s dng nhng phng thc x l no. Nm vng c nhng loi h thng c th gip ta chn la c phng php, cch thc bt u tt hn.
Bi 3.
I.
I.1.
T VN
Ti sao mt t chc cn pht trin h thng thng tin
Vic xy dng h thng thng tin thc s l mt gii php cu cnh trong cuc cnh tranh cng cc i th ca nhiu doanh nghip v n c xem l mt gii php hu hiu cho nhiu vn m t chc gp phi. Thc t cho thy mt t chc thng xy dng h thng thng tin khi h gp phi nhng vn lm cn tr hoc hn ch khng cho php h thc hin thnh cng nhng iu mong i, hay mun c nhng u th mi, nhng nng lc mi c th vt qua nhng thch thc v chp c hi trong tng lai hoc do yu cu ca i tc Xy dng h thng thng tin khng n thun ch l mt gii php k thut. N l mt b phn quan trng trong chin lc tng th pht trin t chc, tc l cn c tin hnh ng thi, ng b vi nhiu gii php khc. V vy cn c mt tin trnh chuyn dch t chc c v mt t chc v qun l t trng thi hin ti n mt trng thi tng lai thch hp vi mt h thng thng tin mi c thit lp.
I.2.
29 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Sau y s trnh by ln lt cc ni dung ny.
II.
Pht trin h thng thng tin da trn my tnh bt u t nhng nm 1950. Cho n nay hn 50 nm pht trin. Nhiu cng ngh mi v phn cng, phn mm khng ngng pht trin, nhiu vn mi ca thc t lun lun t ra. V vy cch tip cn pht trin mt h thng thng tin cng thay i. Ta c th k n bn cch tip cn chnh pht trin mt h thng thng tin: Tip cn hng tin trnh Tip cn hng d liu Tip cn hng cu trc Tip cn hng i tng Tr cch tip cn u tin, mi cch tip cn sau u gn vi vic gii quyt nhng vn t ra v s pht trin ca mt cng ngh mi.
II.1.
Thi gian u khi my tnh mi ra i, tc my rt chm, b nh lm vic cn rt nh nn ngi ta tp trung vo cc qu trnh m phn mm phi thc hin. V vy, hiu qu x l ca cc chng trnh tr thnh mc tiu chnh. Tt c s c gng lc l t ng ha cc tin trnh ang tn ti (nh mua hng, bn hng) ca nhng b phn chng trnh ring r. Lc ny ngi ta c bit quan tm n thut ton (phn x l) gii c bi ton t ra v cch s dng kho lo b nh lm vic rt hn hp. Cc d liu c t chc trong cng mt file vi chng trnh. Sau ny, vi s tin b v kh nng lu tr, cc file d liu c t chc tch bit vi chng trnh. Mc d vy, thit k mt HTTT vn da trn trnh t m n s thc hin. i vi cch tip cn ny, phn ln cc d liu c ly trc tip t cc ngun ca n qua tng bc x l. Nhng phn khc nhau ca HTTT lm vic theo nhng s khc nhau v tc khc nhau. Kt qu l, tn ti mt s file d liu tch bit trong nhng ng dng v chng trnh khc nhau, v dn n c nhiu file trong nhng ng dng khc nhau c th cha cng cc phn t d liu nh nhau.
30 - 200
Hnh 1-4. Mi quan h gia d liu v ng dng theo cch tip cn truyn thng Nhc im ca cch tip cn ny l mi khi mt phn t ring l thay i hay c s thay i trong mt tin trnh x l ko theo phi thay i cc file d liu tng ng. Vic t hp cc file d liu chuyn bit rt kh khn, v mi file mang tn v nh dng d liu khc nhau. Cch tip cn ny to ra s d tha d liu, hao ph rt nhiu cng sc cho vic thu thp v t chc d liu, v cc d liu s dng km hiu qu do khng th chia s gia cc ng dng vi nhau. Do cc nhc im trn nn cch tip cn ny khng cn c s dng na.
II.2.
Tip cn ny tp trung vo vic t chc cc d liu mt cch l tng. Khi s quan tm chuyn sang d liu, phm vi ng dng m rng n nhiu qu trnh ca h thng thng tin, n bao gm nhiu b phn ca mt t chc: nh nh cung cp, nhng ngi iu hnh, khch hng, i th cnh tranh. Hai tng chnh ca cch tip cn ny l tch d liu ra khi cc qu trnh x l v t chc c s d liu chung cho cc ng dng
Hnh 1-5. Cu trc h thng hng d liu Cng ngh qun l d liu tin b cho php biu din d liu thnh cc file ring bit v t chc chng thnh nhng c s d liu dng chung. Mt c s d liu
31 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin l mt tp cc d liu c lin h logic vi nhau c t chc d dng trong vic thu thp, lu tr v ly ra ca nhiu ngi dng trong mt t chc. Nh vic tch d liu t chc ring v tp trung ngi ra c th p dng cc cng c ton hc (l thuyt tp hp v logic) t chc d liu mt cch ti u v c phng din lu tr (tit kim khng gian nh) cng nh v mt s dng: gim d tha, tm kim thun li, ly ra nhanh chng v s dng chung. Vic t chc d liu nh trn cho php c s d liu phc v cho nhiu ng dng c lp khc nhau (hnh 1.6). Cch tip cn nh hng d liu l hiu qu nhng cn c nhng thay i ph hp trong thit k sao cho c s d liu mi h tr c c cc ng dng hin ti cng nh cc ng dng sau ny ca t chc.
II.3.
Tip cn nh hng cu trc nh mt bc pht trin tip tc ca nh hng d liu. Nhiu ti liu thng gp hai cch tip cn ny thnh mt v gi l tip cn hng d liu/chc nng. Tip cn hng cu trc hng vo vic ci tin cu trc cc chng trnh da trn c s modul ha d theo di, qun l, bo tr (hnh 1.7).
Hnh 1-6. Cu trc h thng nh hng cu trc Pht trin hng cu trc cp n qu trnh s dng mt cch c h thng v tch hp cc cng c v k thut tr gip thit k v phn tch h thng thng tin theo hng modul ha. Cc phng php lun hng cu trc s dng mt hay mt s cng c xc nh lung thng tin v cc qu trnh x l. Vic xc nh v chi tit ha dn cc
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32 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin lung d liu v cc tin trnh l tng c bn ca phng php tip cn t trn xung (top down). T mc 0: mc chung nht, qu trnh tip tc lm mn cho n mc thp nht: mc c s. t cc s nhn c ta c th bt u to lp cc chng trnh vi cc modul thp nht (modul l) (phng php tip cn t di ln bottom up). Pht trin c cu trc cung cp mt tp hp y cc c t h thng khng d tha c pht trin theo qu trnh logic v lp li. N cho ta nhiu li ch so vi cch tip cn trc lm gim s phc tp (nh chia nh, modul ha); tp trung vo tng (vo logic, kin trc trc khi thit k); chun mc ha (theo cc phng php, cng c cho); hng v tng lai (kin trc tt, modul ha d bo tr); gim bt tnh ngh thut trong thit k (pht trin h thng phi tun th cc quy tc v phng php).
II.4.
Tip cn nh hng i tng l cch mi nht pht trin h thng thng tin. Cch tip cn ny da trn tng xy dng mt h thng gm cc n th c gi l i tng lin kt vi nhau bng mi quan h truyn thng. Cc i tng thng tng ng vi cc thc th trong h thng thng tin nh khch hng, nh cung cp, hp ng, tha thun thu Mc tiu ca cch tip cn ny l lm cho cc phn t ca h thng tr nn c lp tng i vi nhau v c th dng li (hnh 1.8). iu ci thin c bn cht lng ca h thng v lm tng nng sut hot ng phn tch thit k.
Hnh 1-7. Cu trc h thng hng i tng tng khc nm pha sau ca cch tip cn ny l s k tha v bao gi thng tin. Cc i tng c cng cu trc v hnh vi c t chc thnh tng lp. K
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33 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin tha cho php to ra cc lp mi c chung vi cc lp ang tn ti mt s c trng v c thm cc c trng mi. Nh vy m s m t lp mi ch lin quan n nhng c trng mi. Do bao gi c d liu v x l trong 1 i tng lm cho hot ng ca n khng nh hng n cc i tng khc. R rng rng, vi c ch bao gi thng tin v lin kt qua truyn thng, h thng c lp ghp v tho d n gin, d bo tr, d s dng li v c th t c quy m ty . Cch tip cn mi ny p ng c nhng yu cu v thch thc c bn hin nay l pht trin cc h thng phn mm c quy m ln, phc tp hn, nhanh hn, d bo tr v chi ph chp nhn c.
34 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Nt chnh ca lch trnh lm vic cng c xc nh trong giai on ny, chng hn thi gian bt u, khong thi gian cn thit cho d n, cc giai on chnh. Vn ti chnh, nhn s v trch nhim ca mi bn cng cn c tho thun s b trong giai on ny. Vic kho st thng c tin hnh qua cc giai on kho st s b, kho st chi tit v bo co. giai on kho st cn xc nh r nhng nhu cu, vn quan tm, c gii hn chnh xc ca cng vic (phm vi ca d n: nhng g phi lm c, cha lm c v nhng vt ra ngoi phm vi ca vn ) ; Xc nh c th i tng s dng d h c th s b bin ng c v s lng v loi cng vic. Giai on ny phi tr li c cc cu hi : Phi chng t chc ang c vn ? Phi chng nhng vn c th gii quyt bng vic xy dng mt h thng thng tin hay ci tin h thng thng tin ang c? Nu nh d n c chp nhn th nhng i tng tng qut ca d n, phm vi ca d n v mt k hoch thc hin d n phi c vch ra v thng qua. Tm li, giai on ny ni dung ch yu nng v mt t chc v qun l, l giai on tip xc ban u c th i n mt cam kt (c th l mt hp ng trch nhim, hoc l mt hp ng kinh t k thut) gia ch u t v ekip xy dng h thng thng tin.
a.
Xc nh r cc cng vic cn gii quyt t c mc tiu qun l ca h thng. Phn r cc cng vic ra thnh cc cng vic nh hn sao cho vic thc hin cc cng vic nh m bo thc hin c cng vic ln hn Trong giai on phn tch ch a ra cc chc nng phn nh nghip v ca h thng. Mt chc nng c xem l y d nhng thnh phn sau: Tn chc nng, m
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35 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin t c tnh tng thut, u vo/u ra ca chc nng, cc s kin gy ra s thay i, vic xc nh v hiu qu ca chng.
b.
Phn tch cu trc thng tin nm trong h thng hin ti nhm lm r cc thnh phn thng tin v cc mi quan h gia cc thnh phn . Xy dng CSDL thng nht cho ton b h thng s dng. Sau giai on ny s hnh thnh mt bo co gm nhng ni dung sau phn tch chi tit nhng tn ti ca h thng hin hnh, xc nh cc mc tiu cn t c nh nhng gii php nu ra, cc gii php khc nhau, mt nghin cu kh thi tng ng vi mi gii php a ra v nhng yu cu t ra cho h thng thng tin mi.
a.
Thit k logic
Bao gm cc thnh phn ca h thng v lin kt gia chng vi nhau ng nh l chng s hin ra trc ngi s dng. Bao gm cc thit k v c s d liu, chc nng (cc x l), giao din, cc bo co, h thng thc n theo yu cu s dng, an ton cho h thng m bo tin cy ca h thng. M t nhng ci vo, ci ra, cc chc nng x l s thc hin, nhng th tc kinh doanh, nhng m hnh d liu, v nhng th tc kim tra. Cc i tng v quan h c m t y l nhng khi nim, cc biu tng m khng phi thc th vt l. Thit k logic khng gn vi vt th vt l v hnh thc t chc qun l.
b.
Thit k vt l
L qu trnh chuyn m hnh logic tru tng thnh thit k k thut ca h thng: h thng cc thit b v cc chc nng ca ngi v my tnh trn h thng . N to ra cc c t c th v thit b phn cng, phn mm, c s d liu, phng tin vo ra thng tin, cc th tc x l bng tay, cc kim tra c bit v s sp t cc thnh phn vt l trn khng gian, thi gian.
36 - 200
a.
To lp cc chng trnh
L giai on lp trnh trn c s cc phn tch, thit k cc giai on trc. Kt qu l chng trnh. Giai on ny chim khong 35-60% cng sc. Giai on ny gm cc bc o La chn phn mm h tng: h Hnh, h QTCSDL, ngn ng s dng. o Chn cc phn mm ng gi o Xy dng phn chng trnh cn li: thi cng, to cc CSDL kim tra v kim th chng trnh
b.
Kim nghim
L qu trnh chy th ton b cc chng trnh c s dng v xy dng vi nhng d liu gi xc nh xem h thng c to ra cc kt qu mong mun trong nhng iu kin xc nh hay khng ? Chng trnh c tin hnh kim th cho n khi t yu cu ra. Qu trnh kim th bao gm kim nghim cc modul chc nng (kim th n v), cc h thng con (kim th tch hp), s hot ng ca c h thng (kim th h thng) v nghim thu cui cng (kim th chp nhn).
c.
Ci t v chuyn i h thng
Qu trnh chuyn i bao gm vic ci t cc chng trnh trn h thng phn cng mi lp t v chuyn i ton b hot ng ca t chc trong h thng c sang hot ng vi h thng mi bao gm cc cng vic chuyn i d liu, o to v sp xp i ng cn b l vic trn h thng mi, khai thc h thng. Ngoi ra nhm pht trin h thng cn phi chun b cc ti liu chi tit thuyt minh v vic khai thc v s dng h thng (c v mt k thut, v h thng v ti ni lm vic ca ngi s dng). N cn c hon tt trong thi gian chuyn i phc v vic o to v m bo hot ng hng ngy ca h thng sau ny.
37 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Kt qu chuyn i h thng phi tr li c cu hi: H thng c xy dng lm vic trong iu kin thc nh th no ?
38 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Qu trnh pht trin h thng l s ni tip cc giai on trong qu trnh pht trin h thng, hay cn gi l quy trnh cc bc pht trin h thng. C nhiu loi chu trnh pht trin khc nhau, y s gii thiu mt s chu trnh pht trin chnh. Chu trnh thc nc Chu trnh tng trng Chu trnh xon c Chu trnh lp rp tng phn
Thit k
M ho
Kim nh
Nghim thu
Hnh 1-8. Chu trnh thc nc Nhc im chnh ca chu trnh pht trin thc nc l ch khng c s quay lui. Nhng s quay lui li l mt nhu cu rt t nhin, v nhiu khi c vo c vo giai on sau th ta mi pht hin c nhng thit st bt ngun t giai on trc v cn quay lui chnh sa li. Chnh v vy m c nhiu phng n ci tin ca chu trnh thc nc, cho php s quay lui, mt trong s c th k n chu trnh pht trin ch V (hnh 1-10)
39 - 200
Hnh 1-10 Chu trnh tng trng Chu trnh tng trng ch thch hp vi cc h thng c th chia ct v chuyn giao theo tng mnh.
40 - 200
41 - 200
Lm mn (pht trin) mu
Loi b mu
ti
nh gi, quyt nh
Hn ch
tt Mu hon chnh
cha
42 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Giai on 2: nh gi cc phng n c th, bng cch pht hin cc nguy c tim n v cch gii quyt chng. Giai on 3: Thit k v thnh lp mt nguyn mu chy c. Giai on 4: Th nghim nguyn mu. Trc ht gii thiu n cho mt s nh cc ngi dng tuyn chn, thu thp h cc ph phn, cc gp . Tu theo mc quan trng, mt s iu chnh c thc hin ti ch, mt s hon li n vng lp tip sau. Nu h thng t ra kh khc bit vi s mong mun ca cc ngi dng, c th gt b n ngay lm li t u. Nu h thng t ra c trin vng lm im xut pht c, ta s ch cho cc ngi dng thy l n s c iu chnh ra sao, ri ngi dng th vn hnh trong mt thi gian v ghi nhn tip cc yu cu iu chnh. Cc vng lp c tip tc cho n khi xt thy nguyn mu l tt c th chuyn sang sn xut thc s c.
d. Nhn xt
Vi phng php ny thi gian hon thnh h thng nhanh, c th rt xung cn khong 45% so vi cch lm c. Tuy nhin ngi dng c th tho mn vi vi mu u tin v yu cu dng li mc d c rt nhiu iu cn lm. Ngi xy dng h thng c th tho mn vi thnh cng bc u v khng cn nghim tc trong cc nguyn mu tip theo. D b qun vic kim chng hay mt s vic khc, vn t c nh hng ti kt qu trc mt. Vic lm t liu hng dn b xem nh s nh hng n s hot ng v bo tr h thng sau ny.
43 - 200
44 - 200
V.
V.1.
Mt h thng thng tin nh th no c xem l thnh cng ? l cu hi kh tr li, v ngay c i vi mt h thng thng tin c th, mi ngi khng d dng ng vi nhau v nh gi v hiu qu ca n. Tuy nhin, ngi ta cng a ra mt s tiu chun lm c s cho vic nh gi mt h thng thng tin. Mt h thng thng tin c xem l c hiu qu nu gp phn nng cao cht lng hot ng qun l tng th ca mt t chc c th hin trn cc mt t c cc mc tiu thit k ra Chi ph vn hnh l chp nhn c Tin cy, p ng c cc chun mc ca mt h thng thng tin hin hnh. Sn phm c gi tr xc ng D hc, d nh v d s dng Mm do, d bo tr: kim tra, m rng ng dng v pht trin tip c.
V.2.
Rt tic l c ti 75% cc h thng thng tin ln v phc tp hot ng yu km, khng t c mc tiu ra ban u. Nhng yu km ca h thng thng lin quan n cc mt: k nng ca ngi pht trin v nng lc ca t chc; Phng php lun v cng c s dng; Qun l d n.i su hn nhng vn nu trn l nguyn nhn ct yu nm khu phn tch v thit k.
45 - 200
V.3.
Trc y, pht trin h thng thng tin xem nh hot ng mang tnh ngh thut. Mi nh pht trin p dng cc k thut theo cch ring. S thiu thng nht trong k thut v cng ngh lm kh khn cho vic tch hp h thng, tch hp d liu, v cu trc nhng h thng mi cng nh kh khn cho vic bo tr v sau. gii quyt cc vn trn, cc phng php v phng php lun cng cc cng c t ng ha i theo c xy dng. K ngh phn mm tr gip bng my tnh CASE (Computer-Air Software Engineering) cp n cc cng c phn mm c cc nh phn tch h thng s dng nhm tr gip v t ng ha cc hot ng ca qu trnh pht trin h thng. Nh vy nng cao nng sut v ci tin cht lng tng th ca h thng thng tin c xy dng.
V.4.
Qun l d n l mt mt quan trng ca vic pht trin h thng thng tin. Mc tiu qun l d n l m bo cho cc d n pht trin h thng thng tin p ng c s mong i ca khch hng v c thc hin trong phm vi nhng gii hn cho php (nh ngn sch, thi gian). Cc d n thnh cng yu cu phi qun l tt cc ngun lc, cc hot ng v cc nhim v t ra. Qun l d n l s tin hnh c k hoch mt lot cc hot ng c lin quan vi nhau t mt mc tiu, c im bt u v c im kt thc. N bao gm bn pha: khi to d n, lp k hoch d n, thc hin d n, kt thc d n. Trong mi pha ny li bao gm mt lot cng vic cng cc k nng yu cu tng ng. Ni dung ny c nghin cu trong phn sau.
46 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Thng thng i ng d n c chia thnh hai bn (pha lp trnh v pha ngi s dng) c ng iu hnh bi hai qun tr d n ca hai bn.
a.
Bao gm: qun tr d n, nhm cn b hng nghip v v nhm cn b tip nhn h thng vi cc chc nng sau T chc kho st nhu cu Pht biu yu cu ngi dng Thm nh h s yu cu ngi dng Tham gia xy dng m hnh h thng T chc thm nh m hnh h thng (h s kho st, h s thit k) Kim th h thng Tip nhn v vn hnh h thng Qun tr d n Phi hp lp k hoch, iu hnh gim st thc hin, kim tra tin Nhm cn b hng dn nghip v (Phn tch v kim th) T chc kho st (quy trnh qun l, bin php v hnh thc qun l) Pht biu yu cu ngi dng Thm nh h s yu cu ngi dng Tham gia xy dng m hnh h thng T chc thm nh m hnh h thng (h s kho st, h s thit k) Nhm cn b tip nhn h thng (T chc trin khai) Kim th h thng Lp k hoch thit b Tip nhn h s v chng trnh Vn hnh h thng
b.
Bao gm: qun tr d n, nhm phn tch, nhm lp trnh, nhm kim th, nhm trin khai.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
47 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Qun tr d n Lp k hoch, iu hnh thc hin, tho lun vi pha ngi dng. Nhm phn tch Kho st nhu cu Lp h s yu cu ngi dng Phn tch thit k h thng, lp h s. Nhm lp trnh Lp trnh ng gi sn phm Lp hng dn s dng Nhm kim th Kim th h thng Nhm trin khai (thng c mt s thnh vin ca nhm lp trnh) Lp k hoch v quy trnh trin khai H tr Bo hnh
48 - 200
VI.2. Qun l d n
Trong mi trng hp, qun l d n ng vai tr quyt nh ti thnh cng ca d n. Qun l d n c hiu l bao gm cc cng vic sau: Lp k hoch, lp thi gian biu, theo di tin , kim sot d n. Cng tc qun l d n l vic iu phi ngun lc v kim sot tin , cht lng cng vic do hai qun tr d n ca cc bn ng thc hin. Ngun lc y c hiu l nhn s, thit b, ti nguyn v kinh ph.
a.
Lp k hoch
Cng tc iu phi c bt u bng vic lp k hoch tng th. K hoch ny c tnh t thi im bt u ti thi im kt thc d n bao gm k hoch v cng vic, nhn s, thit b v kinh ph. K hoch thng c cc mc cng vic nh du kt thc giai on: kho st, phn tch, thit k, trin khai th im v trin khai s dng. Trong giai on thit lp k hoch tng th, cc bn cng thng nht phng php lm vic trong quy nh cch thc phi hp trong cng vic, quy trnh v nh k xem xt tin , trch nhim ca cc bn. T chc nhn s cng c quyt nh trong giai on ny. K hoch tng th c th c iu chnh theo tin thc hin.
b.
Thi gian biu l cng vic c thc hin trong sut qu trnh trin khai d n. Thi gian biu c lp hng tun hoc hng thng, chi tit ti tng ngy lm vic cn c trn k hoch tng th. Kinh nghim cho thy vic lp thi gian biu lm vic cng chi tit bao nhiu th cng y nhanh v m bo tin thc hin.
c.
Theo di tin
Kt qu cng vic c cc nhm cng tc bo co hng tun hoc hng ngy cho cc qun tr d n.
d.
Kim sot d n
Cn c trn tin v cht lng hon thnh, cc qun tr d n iu chnh nhn s, thi gian biu trong cc trng hp cn thit.
49 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Mt nh qun tr gii c nh gi ch yu mc thnh thc trong ba k nng chnh: lp k hoch, kim sot tin v qun l ti chnh. Cc d n cng ngh thng tin ln khng th i ti thnh cng nu khng thc hin cng tc qun l mt cch c bi bn.
Bi 4.
I.
M HNH HO H THNG
KHI NIM
Trong cc bc pht trin ca h thng: kho st, phn tch, thit k h thng tuy khc nhau v nhim v v mc tiu, nhng chng c c im chung l u phi i u vi s phc tp v u l nhng qu trnh nhn thc v din t s phc tp thng qua cc m hnh. Ni cch khc, u l nhng qu trnh m hnh ho.
I.1.
Nguyn l ch ng s phc tp
tm hiu mt th gii phc tp, mi khoa hc thc nghim u s dng chung mt nguyn l c bn l s tru tng ho. Tru tng ho (hay gi l tru xut) l mt nguyn l ca qu trnh nhn thc, i hi phi b qua cc sc thi (ca mt ch ) khng lin quan n ch nh hin thi, tp trung hon ton vo cc sc thi lin quan ti ch nh . Ni cch khc, trc mt bi ton (mt vn ) ta c th tm qun hay l i cc chi tit t hoc khng l bn cht ca vn , t nh hng n li gii ca bi ton Nh th hnh thnh c mt din gii n gin v d hiu cho php gii quyt c bi ton m vn m bo ng bn cht vn ban u.
I.2.
M hnh
M hnh l mt dng tru tng ho ca h thng thc.
Ni r hn, m hnh l mt hnh nh (mt biu din) ca mt h thng thc c din t mt mc tru tng ho no , theo mt quan im hay mt gc nhn no bi mt hnh thc hiu c no nh vn bn, phng trnh, bng, th Vic dng m hnh nhn thc v din t mt h thng gi l m hnh ho. Ngy nay cc phng php phn tch v thit k h thng u c xu hng l s dng cc m hnh dng biu (diagrams). Cc biu u l nhng th, trong
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
50 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin cc nt v cc cung c v theo cc dng ring bit v mang cc ngha ring bit, tu tho yu cu din t chng.
I.3.
M hnh ho hiu: hnh thnh mt hnh nh xc thc v gin lc v i tng c tm hiu. Khng th ni rng hiu m cha c m hnh. Ngc li, bit vn dng cc loi m hnh, ta s nhn thc vn d dng v nhanh chng hn. M hnh ho trao i: v m hnh l d hiu nn n c s dng nh mt ngn ng chung trao i gia nhng ngi cng quan tm ti mt vn hay mt h thng chung. M hnh ho hon chnh: nh s minh bch ca m hnh m ta d nhn thy h thng ph hp vi nhu cu cha, c cht ch, c y khng, nh m c th hon thin thm. Hn na, m hnh cn gip ta kim nh, m phng, thc hin. Mt m hnh tt phi c cc c im sau: d c, d hiu, d trao i, xc thc, cht ch, y , d thc hin.
I.4.
Hai mc m hnh ho
Mi m hnh u phn nh h thng theo mt mc tru tng ho no . Thng ngi ta phn bit hai mc chnh: Mc logic: tp trung m t bn cht v mc ch hot ng ca h thng m b qua cc yu t v t chc thc hin, v bin php ci t. Mc logic tr li cu hi: Lm g?, b qua Lm nh th no? Mc vt l: Tr li cu hi: Lm nh th no ? Quan tm n cc mt: phng php, bin php, cng c, tc nhn, a im, thi gian, hiu nng Chnh v c s phn bit hai mc m hnh ho (logic v vt l) nh trn m mi qu trnh pht trin h thng, d theo chu trnh sng no, cng u phi bao gm hai giai on trung tm v phn bit, l phn tch v thit k. Phn tch h thng: i su vo bn cht v chi tit ca h thng, gii p cu hi lm g ? v b qua cu hi Lm nh th no ? Thit k h thng: chn la gii php ci t, nhm hin thc ho cc kt qu phn tch (thit k phi i sau phn tch v i trc lp trnh). Thit k lun lun phi tm s dung ho gia tnh hp l ca cc kt qu phn tch vi cc yu cu thc tin,
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
51 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin nh l cc rng buc, cc hn ch, cc u tin, s nhanh chng v s tin dng. Kin trc vt l ca h thng s c lm r trong giai on ny.
I.5.
M hnh logic v vt l ca h thng bao gm nhiu m hnh con. Mi m hnh con m t h thng v mt phng din, hay theo mt gc nhn (quan im) no . Cc phng php kinh in thng phn bit bn phng din m t h thng (thng gi l bn trc m hnh ho, hnh 1-16) M t cc chc nng m h thng phi thc hin M t cc c im tnh ca h thng: cc thng tin lu gi, cc yu t to nn cu trc (quan h). M t cc ng x (hay ng thi) ca h thng, gm: cc phn ng (tc thi), cc tin ho (trong thi gian di). M t cc thnh phn (thuc phn mm v phn cng), t xy dng kin trc ca h thng.
II.
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php m hnh ho h thng (cn gi l cc phng php phn tch v thit k h thng). Ngi pht trin h thng, trc khi bt tay vo vic, phi chn la mt phng php thch hp vi mnh v vi h thng cn xy dng.
II.1.
Mt phng php l s tng hp ca 3 thnh phn: tp hp cc khi nim v m hnh, quy trnh thc hin, cc cng c tr gip.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
52 - 200
a.
Mi phng php u phi da trn mt s khng nhiu cc khi nim c bn, v s dng mt s dng m hnh nht nh, km vi cc k thut trin khai hay bin i cc m hnh . Chng hn phng php SA da trn cc khi nim i tc, chc nng, lung d liu, kho d liu; cc m hnh chnh m n dng l biu lung d liuv t in d liu; n a ra cc k thut bin i t biu lung d liu vt l sang biu lung d liu logic, t biu lung d liu h thng c sang biu lung d liu h thng mi.
b.
Bao gm cc bc i ln lt, cc hot ng cn lm, cc sn phm qua tng giai on (nh t liu, m hnh), cch iu hnh i vi tin v cch nh gi cht lng cc kt qu thu c. Chng hn phng php hng i tng OOA/D ca Coad v Yourdon trin khai giai on phn tch theo 5 tng ln lt l: lp v i tng, cu trc, ch , thuc tnh, dch v; tip trin khai giai on thit k theo bn thnh phn ln lt l: giao din ngi my, lnh vc bi ton, qun l cc nhim v, qun l cc d liu. Trong cc phng php phn tch hng chc nng s dng cc m hnh m t sau: s lung d liu (DFD), m hnh quan h thc th (ER), s phn r chc nng (BFD), t in d liu.
c.
Cc cng c tr gip
l cc phn mm h tr cho qu trnh m hnh ho vi cc kh nng: Sn sinh cc m hnh v biu ; Bin i v iu chnh nhanh cc m hnh v biu ; kim tra c php, s cht ch, s y ; kim th v nh gi; m phng v thc hin m hnh. V d: Designer 2000, Rational Rose
II.2.
Ngi ta thng phn loi cc phng php m hnh ho theo hai tro lu chnh: m hnh ho hng chc nng (ly chc nng lm trc m hnh ho chnh) v m hnh ho hng i tng (ly i tng lm n v m hnh ho). Tuy nhin ta c th phn loi chi tit hn v lit k cc phng php (c ting) nh sau: Cc phng php h thng: MERISE (H. Tardieu, A. Rochfeld 1976): ca Php da trn cc mc bt bin ca h thng thng tin: mc quan nim, mc t chc, mc vt l v c s kt hp vi m hnh.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
53 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cc phng php chc nng hay c cu trc: SA (De Macro, 1978); SADT (Douglas T. Ross 1977): ca M, da trn vic phn r mt h thng ln thnh cc h thng con n gin hn; SA-RT (Ward-Mellor, 1985; Hatley-Pirbhai, 1987); CASE: phng php phn tch thit k t ng nh s tr gip ca my tnh. Phng php theo s kin: State Charts (D.Harel, 1987); Phng php tch hp (O. Foucaut, O.Thiery, 1996); Cc phng php hng d liu: LCP, LCS (J.D. Warnier, 1969-70); E/A (H.Tardieu, P.Chen, 1976); Cc phng php hng i tng: OOA/RD D: da trn m hnh ho h thng thnh cc lp; OOAD; OMT; OOA/OOD; OOSE; Fusion; SOART; UML+RUP+Ration Rose: c xem l phng php hng i tng c xem l mi nht hin nay.
II.3.
S phc tp ca lnh vc bi ton v ca trch nhim ca h thng: Lnh vc ca bi ton thng bao gm nhng nghip v phc tp v xa l i vi ngi pht trin h thng (v nh k ton, ngn hng, qun l bay, iu khin ra a..). Mt khc trch nhim ca h thng cng rt a dng i hi phng php m hnh ho c dng phi gip cho ngi pht trin h thng nhanh chng v d dng ch ng c s phc tp, nm bt c cc tnh hung v vn . Yu cu trao i gia ngi vi ngi: Ni n cng ngh phn mm, ngi ta thng ngh ti d liu, x l, thut ton, my tnh m qun mt yu t quan trng l con ngi v s giao lu ca ngi. Bi ton l do con ngi t ra v phi c gii quyt bi con ngi. Phng php m hnh ho tt phi l cu ni tt cho s trao i gia ngi pht trin h thng vi ngi dng v vi cc ng nghip. i u vi s thay i lin tc: S thay i cc nhu cu dn ti s thay i nn mng ca h thng l thng xuyn xy ra. Phi xem l chuyn bnh thng v phi chp nhn, bi v cc thay i bt ngun t nhng p lc khng th trn trnh: cc khch hng, s cnh tranh, cc ngi lm lut, s pht trin ca k thut Phng php m hnh ho tt phi ly cc yu t n nh lm nn tng cho cc m hnh ca mnh, cn cc yu t d thay i th c phn nh trong m hnh vi s khoanh bc vo cc phm vi nh hp, sao cho nu xy ra thay i v iu chnh th t c nh hng n i cc, khng gy ra s v h thng.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
54 - 200
55 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Bn cng c quan trng m hnh ho h thng theo phng php phn tch thit k c cu trc l: S phn r chc nng; M hnh lung d liu; M hnh thc th lin kt; M hnh quan h. Trong mi m hnh th hin mt cch nhn gc khc nhau vo h thng. Cc m hnh k trn cng c chung mt i tng m t l m hnh h thng v vy chng c quan h mt thit vi nhau, t mt m hnh c th suy ra c mt phn cc m hnh cn li. Trong phng php lun phn tch thit k, cu trc cc m hnh ny c xy dng chi tit ha dn theo cch tip cn t trn xung. Cc m hnh thng c xy dng ng thi, tuy nhin vn c th theo mt th t trc sau mt cht.
IV. KT LUN
Trong chng ny, gii thiu mt cch khi qut mt s khi nim c bn, vng i pht trin h thng, cc qu trnh khc nhau pht trin h thng thng tin Vn cn quan tm y l i tng ca mn hc l h thng thng tin v phng php phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc.
56 - 200
Chng 2.
Bi 1.
I.
I.1.
Thng thng mt h thng mi c xy dng l nhm thay th mt h thng c bc l nhiu iu bt cp. Chnh v vy vic tm hiu nhu cu i vi h thng mi thng bt u t vic kho st v nh gi h thng c . V v h thng ny ang tn ti nn ta gi l hin trng. Vic kho st hin trng l nhm : Tip cn vi nghip v chuyn mn, mi trng hot ng ca h thng; Tm hiu cc chc nng, nhim v v cung cch hot ng ca h thng; Ch ra cc ch hp ly ca h thng, cn c tha k v nhng ch bt hp l ca h thng, cn c nghin cu khc phc.
I.2. a.
57 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Nghin cu chc nng, nhim v ca tng b phn v s phn cp quyn hn trong th gii thc Thu thp v nghin cu cc h s, s sch, ti liu, cc chng t giao dch v cc phng tin x l thng tin. Thu thp v m t cc quy tc qun l, cc quy trnh x l cc thng tin trong h thng Thu thp cc nhu cu x l v s dng thng tin nh gi, ph phn hin trng v xut cc gii php
b.
c.
Vit bo co tng hp
Cn ch l bo co tng hp phi da trn nhng kt qu ca kho st hin trng c nhng thng tin tng qut v h thng. Nhm gip cho vic a ra nhng quyt nh cho nhng giai on tip theo.
II.
II.1.
a. Qu trnh kho st
Vic thu thp cc thng tin ca h thng hin ti c bt u bng vic tin hnh kho st h thng. V nguyn tc, vic kho st c chia thnh hai giai on kho st s b: nhm hnh thnh d n pht trin h thng thng tin; Kho st chi tit: nhm thu thp cc thng tin chi tit ca h thng phc v phn tch yu cu thng tin lm c s cho cc bc thit k sau ny.
58 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin bng cc mt ca t chc nh lnh vc hot ng nghip v, m hnh qun l v c cu t chc. Bn cnh , t chc cn c nhng mi quan h gia cc b phn bn trong cng nh nhng mi quan h vi mi trng bn ngoi, c mt truyn thng vn ha ring ca mnh. V vy, vic tip cn t chc cn tin hnh mt cch khoa hc. C hai cch tip cn thng c s dng l tip cn t trn xung (topdown) v tip cn t di ln (bottomup). Vic quan st chia lm 4 mc khc nhau: Mc thao tc tha hnh, mc iu phi qun l, mc quyt nh lnh o, mc chuyn gia c vn. Vic kho st cn c tin hnh theo cc nh hng v t chc: bt u t b phn cao nht (ban gim c) n cc b phn thp nht (cc t cng tc, t sn xut); V qun l: bt u t nh qun l cao nht (gim c) n ngi thc hin c th (nhn vin); V nghip v: bt u t nhim v chung nht (nhim v chin lc) n cng vic c th ti mi ch lm vic. Cch tip cn ny l ph hp vi qu trnh nhn thc v kh nng tip cn ca con ngi v ph hp vi qu trnh kho st.
ii.
iii. Cc yu cu t ra
Vic thu thp thng tin d liu c thc hin bng cch phng vn, iu tra v quan st ngi s dng, xem xt cc bo co, cc quy trnh, th tc trong hot ng ca t chc v tng hp cc thng tin thu thp c theo mt cch tt nht v y nht. Vic xc nh yu cu i hi ngi phn tch phi c Tnh xng xo cn hi mi iu Tnh ch ng cn tm gii php cho mi vn hay c hi kinh doanh S nghi ng - xem mi hot ng u c nhng hn ch, gii php c th khng kh thi
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
59 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Ch n mi chi tit mi s kin, s vt lin quan cn c ghi nhn Bit t ngc vn . Phn tch l mt qu trnh sng to, bn thn nh phn tch phi bit nhn vo t chc theo cch nhn mi. Cc kt qu thu thp cn c hnh thnh theo cc mu v cc chun mc nht nh. Cc n v pht trin phn mm thng c cc mu v cc chun ring cho mnh thu thp v biu din cc thng tin.
b.
xc nh yu cu ca h thng ta cn c cc thng tin v d liu khc nhau v hin trng ca h thng: n bao gm cc m t thu c t cc cuc phng vn, cc ghi ch t cc quan st, cc phn tch v tng hp ti liu, cc kt qu nhn c t cc iu tra, cc mu biu bo co, cc m t cng vic, cc ti liu khc cng nh cc ti liu sinh ra t vic lm bn mu v cc phn tch. Ni dung cc loi thng tin cn thu thp bao gm cc loi d liu (ti liu) v c trng ca n; Cc cng vic v trnh t thc hin cc chc nng nghip v cng nh cc thng tin d liu lin quan. Cc quy tc chi phi cc hot ng thu thp, qun l, x l v phn phi cc d liu cng nh cc yu cu k thut khc. Cc chnh sch v cc hng dn m t bn cht ca kinh doanh, th trng v mi trng m trong n hot ng. Cc ngun lc (cn b, trang thit b, cc phn mm nu c). Cc iu kin mi trng (cc h thng bn trong v bn ngoi lin quan). S mong i v h thng thay th ca ngi dng.
c.
Cch tt nht thu thp thng tin ca h thng hin ti l hy giao tip vi nhng ngi trong t chc m chnh h trc tip hay gin tip tc ng n s hot ng v thay i h thng. Cc phng php thng dng thu thp thng tin l phng vn, quan st, iu tra bng bng hi (phiu thm d), nghin cu cc ti liu, th tc.
i.
Phng vn
Phng vn l hi trc tip ngi c lin quan thu thp thng tin. l cch n gin v quan trng nht thu thp thng tin v mt t chc. C nhiu cch tin hnh phng vn hiu qu v khng mt cch no c xem l tt hn cch khc. Tuy nhin nhng nghin cu cho thy, kt qu phng vn ph thuc vo cc yu t s
60 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin chun b, cht lng cu hi v phng php ghi chp v kinh nghim v kh nng giao tip ca ngi phng vn. phng vn mt ngi, mt nhm ngi cn phi lm quen ln u, sau hn gp phng vn h. Ni dung hn gp thng bao gm thi gian, a im, ni dung d kin v thi gian thc hin. Trc ht cn lit k v la chn danh sch ngi cn phng vn. i vi i tng d kin cn thu thp ti liu c lin quan v thng tin v i tng c hi c c s chun b cu hi v cch thc lm vic thch hp vi i tng. K hoch phng vn Ngi c hi: (h v tn) a ch: (c quan, phng, in thoi) Ngi phng vn: (h v tn) Thi gian hn Thi im bt u: Thi im kt thc: i tng: i tng c hi l ai? Cn thu thp d liu g ? Cn tho thun iu g ? Chng trnh. Gii thiu Tng quan v d n Tng quan v phng vn Ch s cp Xin php c ghi m Ch 1. cu hi v tr li Ch 2. cu hi v tr li Tng hp cc ni dung chnh kin ca ngi c hi Kt thc (tho thun) 7 pht 10 pht 2 pht 5 pht 1 pht (d kin tng cng: 29 pht) Bng 2-1. Mu k hoch phng vn c lng thi gian 1 pht 2 pht 1 pht Cc yu cu i hi: Vai tr, v tr, trnh , kinh nghim ca ngi c hi
61 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cng vi vic chun b cu hi l chun b cc phng tin ghi chp, ghi m, cc mu ghi chp (mu phng vn, mu ghi thng tin) v c bit phi c k hoch tin hnh phng vn (bng 3.1). Trong vch r trnh t thc hin cng vic, d kin thi gian v kt qu thc hin mi cng vic . Ngoi ra, hai loi cng c thng dng nht ghi chp khi phng vn l phiu phng vn (bng 3.2 c chun b trc khi phng vn cng vi k hoch phng vn) v lu cng vic (bng 3.3 ghi khi phng vn hnh dung c tin trnh thc hin cng vic ca nhn vin). Mi mt cng c c mt chc nng ca n: mt dnh ghi li, mt ghi chp bng biu , minh ho. Phiu phng vn Tn d n : QUN L KINH DOANH Tn tiu d n : Qun l bn hng Ngi c hi: Nguyn Vn A Cu hi Ngy xx/xx/xxxx Ngi hi : Trn Vn Bnh Ghi ch Cu 1. Anh c s dng doanh s bn hng Tr li : m h thng tng hp khng ? C. Ti yu cu lm bo co v Nu c, c thng xuyn khng ? hng bn trong tun. Nu khng th sang cu 2 Quan st : Hnh nh ngi ny khng bit dng my tnh nn khng bit my c th tr li cu hi bt c lc no. Tr li : Quan st : H thng c th a ra doanh s bn hng bng tin, nhng ngi dng khng bit iu . nh gi chung : Ngi c hi hnh nh bn, c th cn thm vi ngy h chun b ri tin hnh tip Cha kt lun c vn , cn ch cha cp ht. H cn thu thp s liu bn hng nm 199X Bng 2-2. on ghi chp trong phiu phng vn Trang
Cu 2. .
62 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Lu cng vic Tn d n Tn tiu d n Loi : lu Th kho Phiu vt t D1 QUN L KHO Nhim v : Lp n hng Ngi qun l S n thc D2 Nh cung cp Trang XX Ngy xx/xx/xxxx Bn ngoi
Lp v chuyn n hng T1
S t hng D4
n hng
Phiu D5
giao
Bng 2-3. Lu cng vic Khi phng vn thng s dng hai loi cu hi: cu hi m v cu hi ng. Trong cc cu hi m c s dng nhiu hn. Cc cu hi m l cu hi c nhiu kh nng tr li, v cu tr li tu thuc vo iu kin v s hiu bit ca ngi c th c hi. C th kt hp s dng cu hi ng trong cc trng hp cn thit. Cu hi ng cung cp phm vi cu tr li d kin. V d anh c sao chp mi d liu anh cn khng ? (c hoc khng) cu hi ng. Anh nh gi th no v mc t c ca dch v h thng ? tt ? trung bnh ? hay ti ?
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
63 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Nhng cu hi ng nhm hn ch phm vi mun hi, tp trung vo nhng vn quan trng v hng n s chn. Phng vn nn tin hnh theo nhm, t nht c hai ngi. Khi phng vn mt ngi hi, mt ngi ghi. C th phn cng ngi c trch ghi chp bng biu , k hiu. Phng php ny cho php s dng thi gian mt cch hiu qu hn bng mt lot cc cuc phng vn c nhn, thng tin thu thp c trc tip nn c chnh xc cao. Bit c kh y cc yu cu ca ngi s dng i vi h thng mi. Khi nghe nhiu kin ca cc c nhn quan trng, mi ngi c th ng , khng ng vi ngi khc, kch thch s suy ngh ca mi ngi v tch cc tham gia tho lun. Tuy nhin, kt qu thu c mang tnh ch quan, ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t khch quan nh s thn thin gia ngi phng vn v ngi c phng vn, cc yu t ngoi cnh, cc yu t tnh cm. Phng vn l cng c tt thu thng tin chi tit, phong ph, cho php gii thch hay hi b sung ngay khi cn thit. Tuy nhin phng php ny cn nhiu thi gian, cng thng v rt b ng do ph thuc vo iu kin ca ngi c hi, yu cu ngi phng vn phi c o to v c c nhng kinh nghim nht nh. Phi t chc tt cuc phng vn: chn s ngi phng vn, thng nht trc ni dung, ch cuc phng vn cc bn c thi gian chun b. La chn cc cu hi hp l: Cu hi cn tp trung vo lnh vc nghin cu, ngn gn, trc tip, dng m vi nhiu kh nng tr li, trnh hi chuyn ni b, c nhn. Cu hi khng nn p t, hng dn hay khng nh vn . Ch lng nghe v quan st ngi c hi c th thch ng vi tnh th khi cn thit: thay i cu hi, cch hi, chuyn sang ch khc hoc im lng. Nn kt thc phng vn sm nu c th. Sm hnh thnh biu chc nng. Cui bui phng vn cn nhc li ni dung chnh khng nh kt qu, tho thun ln lm vic tip theo (nu cn).
ii.
Quan st
Con ngi khng phi lun nh ht v k mi iu h bit, h ngh, c bit nhng s kin t xy ra hay nhng s kin xy ra lu trong qu kh. Hn na,
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
64 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thng c s khc bit gia nhn thc v thc t, m t li mang tnh ch quan, c th b b qua nhiu chi tit, v vy quan st b sung v chnh xc ho li thng tin. C 2 cch quan st : trc tip (quan st bng mt, ti ch t m tng chi tit cng vic ca h thng c, ca cc nhn vin tha hnh), gin tip (quan st t xa, hay qua phng tin tng th ca h thng c c bc tranh khi qut v t chc v cch thc hot ng trong t chc ). Phng php ny gip ngi quan st thy c cch thc qun l cc hot ng ca t chc cn tm hiu. Nhm b sung thm thng tin, chnh xc ho li nhng thng tin thu thp c khi phng vn. u im. D thc hin i vi ngi quan st. Theo di trc tip hot ng ca h thng trong thc t. Nhc im. Kt qu mang tnh ch quan. i hi ngi quan st phi c kh nng nhn nhn khi quan st mt s vic, nu khng d b nhm ln. Tm l ca ngi b quan st s c nhng phn ng nht nh. H c th thay i cch hnh ng khi b quan st. S b ng ca ngi quan st. Tn km thi gian. Thng tin thu c ch mang tnh b phn, b ngoi, khng bao gm nhng cng vic, nhng hot ng v s kin quan trng, b hn ch v thi gian v phm vi nh hp.
65 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Nhng ni dung thm d c th l cc vn sau nhng kh khn m t chc ang gp phi; Cc nguyn nhn c th c ca cc kh khn ; Nhng yu t c tnh quyt nh n s hot ng thnh cng; Gii php xy dng h thng thng tin c phi l gii php tt nht; Kh khn chnh khi trin khai mt h thng thng tin; S hiu bit v quan nim ca ngi dng v h thng thng tin. Tm li nhng thng tin thu c bng phng php ny l nhng thng tin mang tnh v m tr gip cho vic nghin cu tnh kh thi sau ny. V s quyt nh xem phng php ny c thnh cng hay cng ph thuc vo vic thit lp cc cu hi trong bng hi. Bng hi thng gm 3 phn: phn tiu (tn tiu ghi r mc ch ca bng hi v cc thng tin chung v i tng c hi). Phn cu hi gm cc cu hi khc nhau c sp xp v b tr theo mt trnh t nht nh theo yu cu v mc tiu d kin. Trong cc cu hi nn c cc thng tin phn loi i tng c hi theo nhm (theo ngh nghip, theo chc danh: nh qun l, ngi s dng, la tui). Phn gii thch: Mt s gii thch v nhng vn cn lm r trong cu hi hoc ch thch khc. V d: xin gi bng iu tra v a ch Cc cu hi thm d thng dng cho sn cc kh nng la chn, ngi c hi ch cn tr li bng cch nh du vo nhng mc m h chn. Bng hi sau khi c son tho cn iu tra th hay ly kin mt phm vi hp (c th thng qua hi tho). Sau khi hon chnh, b sung ri mi tin hnh iu tra thc s. Sau khi bng hi c chun b (trn giy hay mu biu gi i trn mng) s phn pht cho i tng nh hi h in vo bng hi hoc c ngi iu tra trc tip. Khi c d liu iu tra cn tng hp v tnh ra cc kt qu mong mun. Thng thng, cc kt qu nhn c mang tnh thng k, nh tnh, xu hng l khng phi nhng con s chnh xc. Phng php ny c dng b sung cho cc phng php trn khng nh kt qu kho st. Nhanh v r hn phng vn, d tng kt, vic o to ngi iu tra t tn km c v thi gian v chi ph. Tuy nhin vic xy dng bn hi c th p ng c nhu cu th hin c cc thng tin cn bit l kh khn. Kt qu c chnh xc thp v c nh gi bng con s trung bnh thng k.
d.
Ngy nay cc phng php truyn thng vn c cc nh phn tch s dng xc lp cc yu cu ca h thng. Tuy nhin, nhiu k thut mi c b sung
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
66 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thu thp cc thng tin v h thng hin thi, v lnh vc m h thng mi s c xy dng v tt c nhng g c lin quan. Bng di y gii thiu mt s phng php hin i tr gip cho vic thu thp yu cu ca h thng.
Phng php
Thit k ng dng lin kt S dng trong phin lm vic gia ngi s dng, nh (JAD Joint Application ti tr, nh thit k v nhng ngi lin quan tho Design) lun v xem xt cc yu cu ca h thng. H thng tr gip nhm Tr gip vic chia s cc tng v tho lun v yu cu ca h thng Phn tch h thng hin ti, pht hin yu cu h thng nhm p ng nhng thay i ca iu kin mi trng Pht trin bn mu ca h thng lm hiu r yu cu ca h thng mt cch rt c th thng quan vic trnh din cc m hnh lm vic vi cc c trng ca h thng thc cho ngi dng ly kin v sa i
Cc cng c CASE
Phng php lm bn mu
i.
Phng php JAD c s dng bt u t nhng nm 1970 ti cng ty IBM. Sau nhiu bin th khc nhau ca JAD c xy dng thnh cc ti liu v ph bin nhiu ni. tng chnh ca phng php ny l tt c nhng ngi s dng ch cht, cc nh qun l, cc nh phn tch h thng cng tham gia vo vic phn tch h thng hin thi. Mc tiu u tin ca s dng JAD l thu thp yu cu thng tin ca h thng mt cch lin tc bt u t nhng ngi ch cht trong h thng. Kt qu ca qu trnh lm vic khng ngng c tng cng v cng c, c cu trc cht ch v hiu qu cao. Nh phng vn, cc nh phn tch nhn ra c u l s tho thun, u l s bt ng, thng qua trao i to ra nhng c hi gii quyt cc bt ng, v hiu c ti sao c bt ng gii quyt. Phin lm vic JAD thng c t chc ni tch bit, c th ko di t mt gi n c tun v gm mt s phin lm vic. V th, JAD chi ph tn km v cn
67 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin nhiu thi gian ca nhng ngi tham gia. Ngi tham gia vo phin lm vic ca JAD l o Ngi lnh o phin JAD: nhng ngi t chc v iu hnh JAD, iu hnh chng trnh, gii quyt xung t v tng hp tng. o Nhng ngi s dng: nhng ngi s dng ch cht ca h thng, hiu r ci g m h thng cn hng ngy. o Nhng ngi qun l: h cung cp nh hng ca t chc mi, nu ra nhng tc ng ca h thng ln t chc. o Nh ti tr: nhng ngi ti tr cho cc phin lm vic. o Nhng nh phn tch h thng v cc k thut vin v i ng pht trin h thng. JAD thng tin hnh trong phng c bit c cc cng c nghe, nhn v biu din thng tin c s dng (my chiu, biu , k hiu). Khi bt u chng trnh lm vic: ngi lnh o phin JAD t vn , ngi s dng trnh by thc trng h thng hin thi, nhng ngi khc hi v tho lun, nhng nh k thut th hin trn cc phng tin nghe nhn v ghi li trn my cho cc nh lnh o JAD c iu kin hng dn cuc hp v a ra nhng kt lun khi cn thit. Kt qu sau khi kt thc JAD l mt tp cc ti liu chi tit bo co v nhng hot ng ca h thng hin thi v nhng vn c lin quan n nhng nghin cu h thng thay th. Phng php ny rt hiu qu, cho kt qu nhanh, nhiu vn c tho lun i n thng nht, nhiu thng tin c b sung v lm chnh xc nhng cn c nhng ngi c kinh nghim t chc.
ii.
Phng php lm mu l mt qu trnh lp m nh phn tch cng tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin v xy dng li bn mu ca h thng thng tin mi ln c cc thng tin phn hi t ngi s dng. Phng php lm mu cho php mau chng chuyn nhng yu cu c bn thnh mt h thng thng tin lm vic ngi dng xem v thc hin th nghim, nh gi, ng gp b sung. Phng php lm mu c thc hin vi s gip ca cc cng c CASE.
68 - 200
e. i.
Mt chc nng c hiu l tp hp cc hnh ng c thc hin mt phm vi no trong mt h thng c tc ng trc tip ln d liu v thng tin ca h thng . Nhng tc ng ln d liu v thng tin thng c nhc nh cp nht (to, xem, sa, xo), lu tr, truyn, x l v biu din thng tin. Kt thc mt chc nng thng cho mt sn phm cng l thng tin. Khi nim chc nng c th chia lm cc mc t rt gp n cc mc chi tit hn nh sau: mt lnh vc hot ng, mt hot ng, mt nhim v hay mt hnh ng (nhng khi nim ny s c trnh by k hn trong m hnh chc nng nghip v).
ii.
Mt th tc hay mt quy tc nghip v l nhng quy nh hay nhng hng dn c chp nhn chi phi cc hot ng ca t chc nhm m bo cho hot ng ca t chc t c cc mc tiu ra trong nhng iu kin c th. Cc th tc v quy tc nghip v l nhng rng buc phi chc nng, c th thuc bn trong t chc hay bn ngoi t chc. Nhng quy tc v th tc bn ngoi t chc l bt buc i vi t chc v khng th thay i c. Thng thng, ngi ta phn chia cc th tc v quy tc nghip v lm 3 loi Quy tc th tc qun l l nhng quy nh, trnh t lm vic cn tun th v thc hin m bo yu cu v mc tiu ca qun l. Xt 2 v d sau V d 1. mt quy nh ca b ti chnh (bn ngoi t chc) v qun l ti sn Ti sn c gi tr trn 500.000 ng v c thi gian s dng trn mt nm phi ghi vo ti sn c nh V d 2. mt quy nh ca doanh nghip mi hp ng kinh t trn mt triu ng phi do ph gim c ti chnh hay gim c ti chnh k y l quy tc qun l bn trong doanh nghip nhm m bo vic k kt hp ng c kim sot cht ch. Cc quy tc v th tc v t chc. l nhng quy nh, trnh t lm vic cn tun th t mc tiu trong iu kin ca t chc. V d. do b phn bn hng t nhn vin, phi lm vic kim nhim,
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
69 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thm vo yu cu mua hng ca khch khng thng xuyn nn x nghip quy nh: ch giao hng vo cc ngy th 3, 5, 7 Cc quy tc v th tc v k thut l nhng quy nh, trnh t v lm vic cn tun th nhm m bo yu cu qun l k thut v cht lng cng vic. Chng hn, m bo an ton cho cc my in kim, ngi ta quy nh khng in lin tc qu 30 pht. Nh vy, chnh iu kin k thut, cc my in kim c u in di chuyn c hc khi in, nu in lin tc s b nng, c th gy ra chy my. V nguyn tc, cn ghi chp y mi quy tc v th tc lin quan n mi hot ng ca t chc. Cc th tc v quy tc ny l cc rng buc t ln cc dch v ca h thng xy dng. Tuy nhin, cn loi b cc th tc, quy tc lc hu hay ch lin quan n c th ca t chc trong iu kin hin thi.
II.2.
X l s b, tng hp kt qu kho st
Tr khi s dng nhng b cng c tin tin thu thp yu cu thng tin, i vi a s cc trng hp cn li, cc d liu thu c thng vn l nhng d liu th, l cc chi tit tn mn cn c x l s b v tng hp.
a.
X l s b kt qu kho st
Sau khi phng vn, iu tra, nghin cu ti liu ta cn xem li v hon thin ti liu thu c, bao gm vic phn loi, sp xp, trch rt d liu, tng hp d liu, lm cho n tr nn y , chnh xc, cn i, gn gng d kim tra v d theo di. Pht hin nhng ch thiu b sung, nhng ch sai hay khng logic sa i. Hon chnh biu chc nng phn cp thu c. Qu trnh ny thng c lp li nhiu ln v tin hnh song song vi cc hot ng xc nh yu cu. Trong s cc hot ng thng bao gm c vic lp cc bng m t chi tit v cng vic v d liu (bng 3.5 v 3.6). Cc d liu a vo cc bng ny thng
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
70 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin c rt ra t cc bo co, chng t, ti liu v nhng kt qu t phng vn hay nghin cu ti liu. Cc bng ny l mt hnh thc lm ti liu ly kin ca ngi s dng.
Dng ch nhng ngi cung cp hng thng xuyn, n cho php xc nh mi nh cung cp. Kiu k t, gm t 30 n 40 k t, mt s ch u hay ch vit tt vit hoa. S cp (d liu gc) 50 nh cung cp (mc ti a) Cng ty xut nhp khu SUNITOMEX, vit tt SUNITOMEX Tn nh cung cp thng c tn y v tn vit tt. i khi cn c tn bng ting anh. i theo tn cn c nhng c trng nh: a ch, in thoi, fax, ti khon. Bng 2-5. Bng m t chi tit ti liu
iu kin bt u (Kch hot) Tn kho di mc quy nh ngh hp dn ca nh cung cp C ngh cung ng ca khch hng n ngy lp n hng theo quy nh qun l
Thng tin u vo: Th kho, giy ngh, danh sch nh cung cp, n cho hng
71 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Kt qu u ra: 1 c in thoi t hng hay 1 n hng c lp v gi i (c bn mu km theo) Ni s dng: Nh cung cp, b phn ti v, lu. Tn sut: Tu thuc ngy trong tun Li bnh: i khi phi t hng t xut, chng hn c d bo v s khan him mt s mt hng trong thi gian ti. Mc tn kho ti thiu ch tnh cho mt s mt hng v cch c lng ca n cn mang tnh ch quan. Bng 2-6. Bng m t chi tit cng vic Th 2, 7: khng xy ra. Th 3, 5: 10 - 15 ln Th 4, 6: 0 - 5 ln. Nhng n hng trn 2 triu ng phi c trng b phn thng qua (qun l) S lng t di mc quy nh cho trc (k thut) Quy nh mt s ngi c th lp n hng (t chc)
b.
Tng hp kt qu kho st
Mt t chc ln, phc tp thng khng th quan st c tt c cc d liu cng mt lc. Khi tin hnh xc nh yu cu, ngi ta phi tin hnh tng nhm, theo tng lnh vc quan st v thu thp thng tin. Lc ny cn lp ghp li c c mt bc tranh tng th. Vic tng hp c tin hnh theo hai loi: Tng hp theo cc x l v tng hp theo cc d liu.
i.
Tng hp cc x l
Mc tiu ca tng hp x l l lm r cc thiu st v s ri rc ca cc yu t lin quan n cng vic khi phng vn. Sau trnh by tng minh ngi s dng xem xt, nh gi v hp thc ho, m bo s chnh xc ca x l (bng 3.7).
72 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S TT T1 M t cng vic V tr lm vic Tn sut 4 5 n/ ngy 5 - 10 dng / n H s vo D1 D2 H s ra D2 D4
Lp n hng: xut pht t Qun l kho yu cu cung ng, thc n sn xut, bo gi, n hng lp v chuyn i bng in thoi (80%), vit (20%), sp cc n hng vo s t i chiu, theo di
T2
Bng 2-7. Bng tng hp cng vic Vic tng hp c th t chc theo cc lnh vc hot ng c s gn kt cht ch vi nhau. Thng thng, s gn kt v ph hp ny da trn mc tiu m cc hot ng x l hng ti hay cc sn phm m chng to ra.
ii.
Tng hp cc d liu
Mc tiu ca tng hp d liu l lit k ra tt c cc d liu c lin quan n min kho st ca t chc v sng lc thu c nhng d liu y , chnh xc v gn cho tn gi thch hp m mi ngi tham gia d n ng . Hai ti liu khng th thiu c l bng tng hp cc h s (bng 3.8) v bng t in d liu (bng 3.9). S TT D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Di Tn - vai tr Phiu vt t: ghi hng ho xut hay nhp S thc n: nh mc hng ho lm mt sn phm n t hng: ghi lng hng t gi nh cung cp S t hng: tp hp cc n hng t Phiu giao hng: ghi s lng hng ca nh cung cp pht ra Bng 2-8. Bng tng hp h s ti liu Cng vic lin quan T1 T1 T1 T1, T2 T2, T3
73 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S TT 1 2 3 Tn gi S ho n Tn hng ho Ngy ho n Kiu K t K t Ngy C 8 20 8 dd-mm-yy Khun dng Lnh vc K ton K ton K ton Quy tc, rng buc Ch hoc s
II.3.
Sau khi x l s b thng tin ta cn phn loi v tp hp cc thng tin li theo tng nhm cho thch hp. Cc thng tin c thu thp v x l trn c phn loi theo tiu chun 1. Hin ti v tng lai: thng tin no cho h thng hin ti v thng tin no cho h thng tng lai. 2. Tnh/ng/bin i Tnh. Thng tin t c tnh thay i, biu din cc mt n nh, bn vng ca h thng nh c cu, t chc, khun dng. ng. Thng tin lun thay i theo thi gian hay khng gian (theo khng gian: cc dng thng tin di chuyn gia cc tin trnh hay gia cc h thng con vi nhau). Bin i. L cc nguyn tc nghip v thc hin vic bin i thng tin Ch nh gi tc ng qua li gia h thng v mi trng xung quanh. Cc nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh nh iu kin lm vic: nhit , p sut, m ln cc my mc. Cc nh hng ngc li ca h thng ln mi trng xung quanh, ln iu kin lm vic. C th tm tt cc loi thng tin c thu thp nh sau:
74 - 200
Thng tin c pht biu r rng Thng tin cha r rng, dng gi Thng tin t tm hiu, suy din
Thng tin ng
II.4.
75 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Thay i h thng mt cch dn dn: Va thay i c h thng c nhng cng khng gy ra nhng thay i t ngt trong hot ng ca doanh nghip. Cc bc i u phi l nn tng vng chc cho cc bc i sau. Cc bc i sau phi th hin c s ci tin, nng cao so vi bc i trc, ng thi k tha cc thnh qu ca cc bc i trc .
II.5.
Hp thc ho kt qu kho st
Hp thc ho l vic hiu v th hin cc thng tin kho st cc dng khc nhau c nhng ngi s dng v i din t chc chp nhn l ng n v y . Mc tiu ca hp thc ho kt qu kho st l nhm m bo s chnh xc ho ca thng tin v d liu phn nh yu cu thng tin ca t chc v tnh php l ca n s dng sau ny. Vic hp thc ho bao gm vic hon chnh v trnh din nhng ni dung phng vn ngi c phng vn xem xt v cho kin. Cc bn tng hp cc ti liu c trnh cc nh qun l v lnh o nh gi v xut b sung. Sau cc ti liu c hon chnh v trnh by li theo nhng khun mu xc nh cc nhm v b phn qun l pht trin h thng xem xt, thng qua v quyt nh chp nhn.
III. BI TON VT T
III.1. M t h thng
H cung ng vt t nh my A. Nh my A l mt nh my c kh ln. Gn y b phn cung ng vt t sn xut ca nh my t ra bt cp, khng p ng kp thi cc nhu cu sn xut ti cc phn xng. V vy c yu cu ci tin qun l b phn ny.
a.
Nhim v c bn
Khi cc phn xng c yu cu vt t, b phn CVT phi thc hin mua hng cc nh cung cp, a v p ng kp thi cho cc phn xng, khng xy ra cc sai xt v hng nhn v tin tr.
b.
C cu t chc
B phn CVT gm ba t, hot ng tng i c lp vi nhau
76 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin T th nht m nhim vic t hng da trn cc d tr vt t ca cc phn xng. T ny c s dng mt PC, trn c mt h chng trnh gi l h t hng (H) tr gip cc vic chn nh cung cp, lm n hng v theo di s hon tt ca n hng. T th hai m nhim vic nhn v pht hng. T ny cng c mt PC, trn c mt h chng trnh gi l h Pht hng (PH) tr gip vic ghi nhn hng v v lm th tc pht hng cho cc phn xng. T th ba l t i chiu v kim tra. S d c t ny l v hai my tnh hai t ni trn l khng tng thch cho nn khng ni ghp c vi nhau. V vy cc thng tin v t hng v nhn hng qun l hai my tnh l hon ton b tch ri v do hng v m khng xc nh c l cho phn xng no. Chnh t i chiu s ly cc thng tin ca cc t t hng v ca cc t nhn hng t hai t ni trn v, khp li tm ra phn xng c hng, gip cho t th hai thc hin vic pht hng. T i chiu cn c nhim v pht hin cc sai xt v hng v tin khiu ni vi cc nh cung cp nhm chnh sa li cho ng. T i chiu lm vic hon ton th cng.
c.
Quy trnh x l
Qua iu tra kho st, ta thy quy trnh lm vic, cng cc loi chng t giao dch s dng trong quy trnh nh sau Khi c nhu cu vt t, mt phn xng s lp mt bng d tr gi cho t t hng, trong c cc mt hng c yu cu, vi cc s lng yu cu tng ng. T t hng trc ht chn nh cung cp t mua cc mt hng ni trn. Mun th, n dng my tnh tm cc thng tin v cc nh cung cp lu trong tp NCCAP. Sau n thng lng trc tip vi nh cung cp c chn (gp mt hoc qua in thoi). Sau khi tho thun, dng h chng trnh H in mt n hng. Cc thng tin trong n hng c lu li theo di trong tp N HNG, cn n hng in ra th gi ti nh cung cp. tin theo di, ngi ta p dng nguyn tc: mi khon t hng trn mt n hng gii quyt trn vn (ngha l khng tch, khng gp) mt khon yu cu v mt mt hng trn mt bn d tr. Tuy nhin mt n hng, gm nhiu khon, c th p ng yu cu ca nhiu d tr khc nhau. Ngc li cc khon yu cu trn mt bn d tr li c th c phn b ln nhiu n hng khc nhau, gi n cc nh cung cp khc nhau. Li ch rng n hng gi ti nh cung cp khng
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
77 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin cha thng tin v phn xng d tr hng t. V vy cn lu mi lin h gia cc bn d tr ca cc phn xng vi cc n hng c pht i trong mt tp gi l tn DT - H, t lin kt mi S hiu d tr v mi S hiu n hng. Nh cung cp, cn c trn n t hng, chuyn hng n nh m, km phiu giao hng. T nhn v pht hng tip nhn hng . Hng th ct tm vo mt kho (c nhiu kho), cn thng tin trn phiu giao hng cng a im ct hng c lu vo my tnh, trong tp NHN HNG. Trn phiu giao hng, mi mt hng c giao u c ghi r S hiu n hng t mt hng (s lng giao c th l cha nh s lng t). Nh th vn cha r hng l do phn xng no yu cu c th pht hng v phn xng ngay c. gii quyt vng mc ny, hng tun t nhn hng s dng h chng trnh PH, in ra mt danh sch Nhn hng trong tun, gi cho t i chiu, vi ni dung SH giao hng - Tn NCCp - SH mt hng - S lng nhn - SH n hng Mt khc, cng hng tun, t t hng s dng h chng trnh H, in ra mt danh sch t hng trong tun, gi cho t i chiu, vi ni dung SH n hng - Tn NCCp - SH mt hng - S lng t - SH d tr - Tn phn xng T i chiu khp hai danh sch ny tm ra SH n hng v SH mt hng chung, v t xc nh c lng hng no l cn pht v phn xng no. Danh sch cc a ch pht hng c lp v gi li cho t Nhn v Pht hng, t ny chuyn hng km Phiu pht hng cho cc phn xng. T i chiu v kim tra cn c nhim v tip nhn Ho n t nh cung cp gi n, i chiu n vi hng nhn, nu chnh xc th xc nhn chi ln ho n v gi cho b phn thanh ton (thuc Phng Ti v) lm th tc tr tin. Nu pht hin c s khng n khp gia hng t - hng nhn v tin phi tr, t i chiu v kim tra khiu ni vi nh cung cp chnh sa li. Vic kim tra thng c kh khn, v lm khi nh cung cp thiu hng, cha p ng ngay m con n li mt phn giao sau. Cn v pha nh my, c khi cha tin tr theo ho n, m cn n li mt phn tr sau. Mt khc, t t hng li cng mun bit n hng do mnh pht ra l hon tt hay cha, cho nn t ny yu cu b phn thanh ton mi khi tr tin cho nh cung cp th gi cho t mt bn ghi tr tin. Thng tin tr tin ny c cp nht vo tp N HNG, nh bit n hng no l hon tt.
78 - 200
d.
Mu biu
Mu ca cc loi giy t giao dch ca h thng gm
Nh cung cp gi cho h thng bng gii thiu v mnh v n gi ca tng loi mt hng mnh cung cp c. H thng lu li thng tin trong tp NCCP bao gm: Tn NCCp:_________________________________ a ch NCCp:______________________________ iu kin bn hng:___________________________ SH mt hng n gi chun
D tr vt t t phn xng D TR VT T S hiu _______ Tn phn xng :_____________________________ Ngy DT:___________________________________ SH mt hng Lng yu cu
Ho n t nh cung cp HO N S________ Tn NCCp:______________________________________ Ngy H:____________________________________________ SH mt hng S lng n gi Thnh tin SH giao hng
79 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin n hng h thng lu theo di N HNG S________ Tn NCCp:______________________________________ Ngy H:____________________________________________
SH mt hng
Lng t
n gi
Lng nhn
Lng tr tin
Thng tin trong tp nhn hng SH Giao hng:_________________________________________ Tn NCCp:___________________________________________ Ngy GH:_______________________Ni ct: _______________
SH mt hng
Lng giao
SH n
Phiu Giao hng PHIU GIAO HNG SH Giao hng:_________________________________________ Tn NCCp:___________________________________________ Ngy GH:_____________________________________________
SH mt hng
Lng giao
SH n
80 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Phiu Pht hng ti phn xng SH Pht hng : ______________________________ Tn phn xng :_____________________________ Ngy PH:___________________________________
SH mt hng
Lng pht
SH mt hng
S lng giao
D tr - n hng (DT - H)
SH mt hng
Lng yu cu
SH n
81 - 200
e.
- Tip nhn phiu d tr t PX - Chn NCCp - Bin son Hng - In ds t hng - Theo di thc hin n hng - In ds t hng
tt tr li
n hng
Phn xung
Ti v
BP nhn v pht hng - Nhn hng v phiu giao hng - Luu tr tt phiu giao v dim ct - In ds nhn hng - Lp p.pht hng - Pht hng cho PX
Ds a ch p.hng khiu ni
Hng+p.pht hng
Nh cung cp
82 - 200
Thng tin c pht biu r rng Thng tin cha r rng, dng gi Thng tin t tm hiu, suy din
Thng tin ng
Bi 2.
I.
XC LP V KHI U D N
y l lc c quan ch qun v ngi pht trin h thng thng nht cc mc tiu trc mt v lu di trong vic pht trin h thng. Cn c vo kt qu kho st, nh gi h thng c v cc phng hng pht trin ra, nh phn tch v nh qun l cn xc nh r mc tiu chung cn t c, t i n thng nht phm vi ca h thng tng lai.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
83 - 200
I.1.
Phm vi
Khoanh vng d n c th thc hin theo cc phng php khoanh vng hp i su gii quyt vn theo chiu su hay gii quyt tng th ton b vn theo chiu rng. Phm vi ca d n lin quan n cc mt xc nh cc lnh vc ca d n v d: bn hng, mua hng... v xc nh cc chc nng v d. Trong bn hng: tng cng tip th, ci tin c cu bn hng.
I.2.
Mc ch
Thng thng mt h thng thng tin c xy dng nhm cc mc ch mang li li ch nghip v: tng kh nng x l; p ng yu cu nghip v mt cch tin cy, chnh xc, an ton, b mt. Mang li li ch kinh t: gim bin ch cn b, gim chi ph hot ng; tng thu nhp hon vn nhanh. Mang li li ch s dng nhanh chng thun tin. Khc phc cc khim khuyt ca h thng c; h tr cc chin lc pht trin lu di; p ng cc u tin, rng buc v hn ch c p t. Tuy nhin khi vch cc mc tiu cn t c cho mt d n xy dng h thng thng tin, ta nn chn cc mc tiu tng i c th sau ny c th kim im s hon tt ca d n mt cch d dng.
I.3.
Bi ton Cung ng vt t
i vi vic xy dng h thng cung ng vt t trong nh my A, ban u mt cch i th c th a ra hai mc tiu: Rt ngn thi gian gia d tr v pht hng. Loi tr cc sai st trong vic x l cc n hng. Tuy nhin c th hn, ta phn tch cc mc tiu trn bng cch t ra cu hi "Lm th no t c cc mc tiu i th ?". C nhiu kh nng chn la, chng hn ta c th chn cc mc tiu nh a thm mt kho hng d tr c th gii quyt cc yu cu v cc mt hng thng thng ngay ti kho. Ci tin cch xc nh a ch pht hng trnh ch lu. Ci tin v thng nht vic kim tra, tranh cc sai st gia hng t, hng nhn v tin tr. Chuyn cng vic ca t i chiu v kim tra t thc hin th cng sang thc hin trn my tnh c th gim bin ch cn b t ny. Mt khc, ta ghi nhn mt im u tin m pha c quan ch qun mong mun l: c gng tn dng hai my tnh c v cc chng trnh cn c th dng c trn hai my tnh .
84 - 200
I.4.
Hn ch
Do c quan ch qun xut tu theo kh nng ca mnh, cng cn c trao i k. C th c ba loi hn ch: Hn ch v nhn lc, hn ch v thit b, k thut, hn ch v ti chnh.
II.
II.1.
t c mc tiu ra, thng c nhiu gii php. giai on u ny nh phn tch c gng tm ra lng ti a cc gii php. Sau s em ra so snh, kim tra tnh kh thi chn ra gii php ti u. Tnh kh thi c xt trn cc phng din kh thi v k thut, kh thi v kinh t, kh thi v hot ng.
II.2.
Bi ton Cung ng vt t
Gii php 1. Thit lp mt knh lin kt gia hai my tnh vn c. Xo b t i chiu v Kim tra.
Gii php 2. Thm mt my tnh gii quyt khu i chiu. Ba my tnh c kt ni.
85 - 200
Gii php 3. Gp hai h n hng v Pht hng li. B mt my tnh c. B t i chiu v Kim tra th cng.
Gii php 4. B c hai my tnh c, a bi ton vo Trung tm my tnh chung ca c quan. T chc li nhng phn vic th cng.
ho n
H n hng - Mua hng - Kim tra thc hin n hng Yu cu mua hng Danh sch hng v
n hng
d tr
pht hng
Gii php 5. B t i chiu v kim tra th cng v gi li hai h H v PH vi t nhiu iu chnh nhim v: :
H t hng thc hin vic t hng, nay thm vic kin tra thc hin H; h PH vn thc hin vic nhn v pht hng, nay thm nhim v qun l d tr (do t tc c vic tm a ch pht hng) v thm nhim v qun l kho hng d tr. Yu cu mua hng v danh sch hng v c chuyn bng tay t h PH sang h H.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
86 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cn nhc tnh kh thi v chn la gii php Gii php 1 khng kh thi v k thut: cc my tnh c l khng tng thch, cho nn khng ni ghp c. Gii php 2 khng kh thi v k thut: cc my tnh c l khng tng thch, cho nn khng ni ghp c. Khng kh thi v hot ng: nu chuyn vic i chiu v kim tra vn thc hin bng tay sang thc hin trn my tnh m khng ci tin li quy trnh x l th vn km hiu qu. Gii php 3 gi s mt my tnh gi li l mnh kh thi v k thut. Theo kt qu kho st bn u th hai chng trnh H v PH l khng tng thch vi nhau, nh vy t ra ta phi vit li khong mt na s chng trnh km kh nng v kinh t. Gii php 4 khng kh thi v kinh t: Cung ng vt t ch l mt cng vic ng khung trong mt b phn nh, khng ng phi em ho chung vo quy trnh x l thng tin tng th ca c nh my, v nh th s phi tn km cho vic vit li tt c cc chng trnh. Gii php 5 l mt gii php c tnh cht tho hip. Hai my tnh c cng hai h chng trnh n hng v Pht hng c tn dng trit (tho mn iu u tin m c quan s dng xut). Vic a thm kho hng d tr cng vi cc ci tin mi v khu pht hin a ch pht hng (nay x l trn h Pht hng) v kim tra (nay x l trn h n hng) p ng c cc mc tiu, m khng gy tn km nhiu. Gii php 5 do c chn.
III.2. D tr v thit b
Bao gm k hoch s b d kin (s lng d liu cn lu tr lu di, cc dng lm vic, s lng ngi dng, khi lng thng tin cn thu thp, cn kt xut). Thit
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
87 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin b cn c (cu hnh ca thit b, thit b ngoi vi, phn mm). iu kin mua v lp t (ti chnh, giao hng v lp t, hun luyn ngi dng, bo tr h thng).
IV. Kt lun
Sau giai on kho st hin trng cc kt qu m ngi phn tch thu c o D n kh thi (s chc nng, s lung tin trnh) o K hoch trin khai d n. Ba dng d liu quan trng nht m ngi phn tch phi hon thnh l o T in d liu o Chi tit d liu o Chi tit chc nng
88 - 200
Chng 3.
Bi 1.
I.
I.1. a.
Mc vt l i hi phi ni r c mc ch v cch th hin ca qu trnh x l. Tr li 2 cu hi : lm g ? Lm nh th no ? (Dng phng php g ? Bin php g ? Cng c g ? Ai lm ? u ? lc no ?)
b.
Din t logic
Mc logic ch tp trung tr li cu hi lm g ? m gt b cu hi Lm nh th no ?, ngha l ch din t mc ch, bn cht ca qu trnh x l m b qua cc yu t thc hin, v ci t nh : phng php, phng tin, tc nhn, a im, thi gian Trong giai on nghin cu hin trng chng ta kho st mt h thng c sn v phi ghi nhn nguyn xi nhng g ang din ra trong thc t din t mc vt l. Tuy nhin cc yu t vt l thng lm che khut bn cht ca h thng v lm lu m hay bin minh cho cc bt hp l ca h thng. a ra c bn cht, ni r c s bt hp l, giai on phn tch h thng ta phi loi b mi yu t vt l v din t chc nng mc logic. i vi h thng mi (h thng cn xy dng) th s m t logic mt cch hon chnh v hp
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
89 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin l l rt cn thit trc khi ngh n cc bin php v ci t. Giai on thit k l lc tnh n cc bin php ci t din t s hot ng ca h thng mc vt l vi y cc yu t ci t v thc hin. C th tm tt s thay i mc din t vt l/ logic trong hnh v sau, trong cc bc chuyn i (1) v (2) thuc giai on phn tch, bc chuyn i (3) thuc giai on thit k.
I.2.
mc i th, mt chc nng c m t di dng hp en. Ni dung bn trong hp en khng c ch r, nhng cc thng tin vo v ra hp en th li c ch r.
Hnh 3-2. Mt hp en mc chi tit ni dung ca qu trnh x l phi c ch r hn. Thng thng cn ch ra cc chc nng con v mi lin h v thng tin v iu khin gia nhng chc nng con . V cc chc nng con thng vn cn phc tp, nn li phi din t chng mt cch chi tit hn, thng qua cc chc nng nh hn. C th tip tc, ta s c mt s phn cp trong m t. mc cui cng, cc chc nng l kh n gin. By gi ta c th din t trc tip qu trnh x l ca n, m khng cn v n thnh cc chc nng con na. S m t trc tip mt chc nng c gi l s c t.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
90 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S din t i th, chi tit hay s din t vt l, logic c s dng tu lc, tu ni trong phn tch thit k h thng. Phn tip theo gii thiu mt s m hnh v phng tin din t chc nng c vn dng cc mc khc nhau .
II.
II.1.
Biu phn cp chc nng (BFD) l cng c biu din vic phn r c th bc n gin cc cng vic cn thc hin. Mi cng vic c chia ra lm cc cng vic con, s mc chia ra ph thuc vo kch c v phc tp ca h thng. V d
QL doanh nghip
QL nhn s
QL ti chnh
QL vt t
QL bn hng
QL thit b QL vt liu
II.2. a.
Chc nng l cng vic m t chc cn lm v c phn theo nhiu mc t tng hp n chi tit. Tn gi thng l ng t + B ng. (ng t nn dng thc mnh lnh). mc phn tch tn ca chc nng phi phn nh c cc chc nng ca th gii thc ch khng ch dng cho h thng tin. Tn ca chc nng l mt cu ngn gii thch ngha ca chc nng, s dng thut ng nghip v. V d Ct gi hng ha ch khng phi ghi nhn lu gi hng ho, Ly n hng, Mua hng, Bo tr kho... Biu din Hnh ch nht Tn chc nng
91 - 200
b.
Quan h phn cp
Mi chc nng c phn r thnh cc chc nng con. Cc chc nng con c quan h phn cp vi chc nng cha. Biu din
Biu phn cp chc nng biu din thnh hnh cy phn cp.
II.3.
C hai dng, chn dng no dng l tu thuc vo chin lc x l d liu ca cng ty v vo tm quan trng v mm do ca h thng. Dng chun. Mt s m t ton b chc nng ca lnh vc nghin cu. Cc tip cn ny s dng cho cc h thng nh. Dng cng ty: Gm mt s s chc nng, m t chc nng mt s mc. S dng cho cc t chc ln, nhiu lnh vc, nhiu chc nng.
X l n hng
Gim st x l n hng
X l yu cu
Nhn n hng
ng gi hng theo n
Hnh 3-4. S chc nng nghip v dng chun Vi cch tip cn cng ty, phn tch ton b cng ty, xc nh tt c cc chc nng nghip v mc cao nht. Bt c d n no ang c pht trin u l mt phn ca mt trong nhng chc nng mc cao nht ny.
Cng ty A
Mua vt t
Lu kho vt t
Sn xut hng
Bo tr kho
Bn hng
Duy tr ti khon
Hnh 3-5. S chc nng nghip v mc cao nht V d: d n x l n hng c th cha cc chc nng v cc chc nng con t bn hng, bo tr kho, duy tr ti khon. Nhng chc nng no khng c lin quan n d n c th b i hoc dng ng nt t
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
92 - 200
II.4. a.
Xut pht t chc nng cha phn thnh nhng chc nng nh hn mc thp hn. Sao cho vic thc hin cc cng vic mc di (cc cng vic c phn r) th bo m thc hin c cng vic mc trn c phn r. Vic xc nh cc chc nng mc thp nht ph thuc vo tnh cht v kch c ca d n. Tuy nhin theo kinh nghim chc nng thp nht nn m t c trong khng qu na trang giy, n nn ch c mt nhim v hoc mt nhm nhim v nh thng do tng c nhn thc hin. V d s phn r chc nng tuyn dng nhn vin ca mt cng ty
Tuyn nhn vin
Nhn ngi vo lm vic
ng thng bo tuyn ngi Nhn v xem xt h s Tin hnh phng vn hoc thi B cc trng hp khng tho mn Giao vic cho ngi lm mi
Mc ch: tuyn ngi vo lm vic Trch nhim: Phng t chc, v phng iu hnh nhn s Hnh 3-6. S phn r chc nng Tuyn dng nhn vin Trong chc nng ng thng bo tuyn ngi l mt chc nng mc thp nht v cng vic ny do 1 ngi lm, h thc hin vic in thng bo tuyn dng v gi cho ni qung co.
b.
Cch b tr sp xp
H thng ln khng nn qu 6 mc, vi h thng nh khng nn qu 3 mc. Sp xp cc cng vic trn mt mc cng mt hng m bo cn i. Cc chc nng con ca cng mt m nn c kch thc, phc tp v tm quan trng xp x nh nhau.
93 - 200
II.5. a.
c im v mc ch c im
Cho mt cch nhn khi qut, d hiu, t i th n chi tit v cc chc nng, nhim v cn thc hin. Rt d thnh lp, bng cch phn r dn dn cc chc nng t trn xung. C tnh cht tnh, bi chng ch cho thy cc chc nng m khng cho thy trnh t x l. Thiu s trao i thng tin gia cc chc nng.
b.
Mc ch
Xc nh phm vi ca h thng cn phn tch. Cho php m t khi qut dn cc chc nng ca mt t chc mt cch trc tip khch quan. Cho php pht hin chc nng thiu, trng lp. Gip lm vic gia nh thit k v ngi s dng trong khi pht trin h thng.
II.6.
Ch
Cn phn bit BFD vi s t chc ca mt c quan. S t chc th hin cc b phn, cc t chc hp thnh c quan. Bi s phn cp qun l thng c p dng trong cc c quan, cho nn s t chc cng thng c dng cy. Ni chung l c s tng ng gia t chc v chc nng. Tuy nhin s tng ng khng nht thit l 1 - 1. V vy BFD v s t chc ca cng 1 c quan c nhng khc bit.
Ho n Hng tn kho
94 - 200
L mt hot ng c lin quan n s bin i hoc tc ng ln thng tin nh t chc li thng tin, b sung thng tin hoc to ra thng tin mi. Nu trong mt tin trnh khng c thng tin mi c sinh ra th cha phi l tin trnh trong DFD. Tn gi thng l ng t + b ng (ng t nn dng thc mnh lnh). Trong thc t tn tin trnh phi trng vi tn chc nng trong s phn r chc nng. Biu din : hnh trn, hnh elip Tn tin trnh
V d :
Nhn n hng
X l yu cu
T chc thi
b.
Lung d liu
L lung thng tin vo hoc ra khi mt tin trnh. Tn gi thng l danh t v tnh t. Biu din l mi tn trn ghi thng tin di chuyn. V d.
n hng
Ghi nhn ho n
ho n hp l
Ch : Cc lung d liu phi ch ra c thng tin logic ch khng phi ti liu vt l. Cc lung thng tin khc nhau phi c tn gi khc nhau. V d. Lung d liu biu hin vic tr tin mang tn l thanh ton ch khng mang tn l tin hay sec.
c.
Kho d liu
L ni biu din thng tin cn ct gi, mt hoc nhiu chc nng s dng chng. Di dng vt l cc d liu trong kho c th l cc tp ti liu ct trong vn phng hay cc tp lu trn a. Nhng chng ta ch quan tm n thng tin cha trong . Tn gi thng l danh t + tnh t. Ch ni dung d liu trong kho. Biu din bng cp ng thng song song cha tn ca thng tin c ct gi.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
95 - 200
Vo
Ra
Cp nht
V d: Mt ngi mun tra cu mt danh sch gi c: phi ly thng tin t kho d liu danh sch gi c (hnh a), cn mun sa i gi c th lung d liu i t tin trnh ti kho d liu (hnh b). biu th vic kim tra gi c mt hng v sa i cc gi khng ph hp th dng mi tn hai chiu biu th lung d liu t tin trnh ti kho (hnh c).
Ln gi n hng Hiu chnh gi c Kim tra v sa i gi
Ch : Khi tn lung thng tin vo hoc ra kho trng vi tn kho v vy khng cn vit tn lung. Nhng khi ghi hoc ly tin ch tin hnh mt phn kho th lc phi t tn cho lung
Ho n
Ghi nhn ho n
Ho n hp l
96 - 200
d.
Tc nhn ngoi
L mt ngi hoc mt nhm ngi nm ngoi h thng nhng c trao i trc tip vi h thng. S c mt ca cc nhn t ny trn s ch ra gii hn ca h thng, nh r mi quan h ca h thng vi th gii bn ngoi. Tn thng l danh t, biu din hnh ch nht Khch hng Nh cung cp
Ch V l do trnh by cng mt tc nhn ngoi c th xut hin nhiu ni, khng c cc trng hp sau
e.
Tc nhn trong
L mt chc nng hoc mt h thng con ca h thng ang xt nhng c trnh by mt trang khc ca biu . Mi s lung d liu u c th bao gm mt s trang, thng tin truyn gia cc qu trnh trn cc trang khc nhau c ch ra nh k hiu ny. Tn gi ging nh tn tin trnh. Biu din: K ton K ton
III.3. Tc dng
Xc nh nhu cu thng tin mi chc nng thng tin u vo: ai ? tin trnh no a d liu vo kch hot chc nng. Thng tin u ra: sao khi chc nng thc hin thu nhn c thng tin g ? Ai, tin trnh no thu nhn ? Cung cp bc tranh tng th ca h thng v mt thit k s b v thc hin cc chc nng. L phng tin giao tip gia ngi phn tch thit k v ngi s dng. Lun c hai mc din t vt l v logic. Mc vt l tr li cu hi nh th no, mc logic tr li cu hi lm g.
97 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cc mc c nh s th t, mc cao nht (mc khung cnh) l 0 sau n mc nh 1, cc mc di nh 2,3,... Mc 0: Tn chc nng l tn ton b h thng. Mc 1: Mi chc nng c gn vi mt s v s c mang tip theo vi cc ch s ch mc ph thuc, xem nh mt cch t tn theo s cho tng chc nng con ca n. Bt u mc 1 mi c cc kho d liu. V d
Mc 0 A
Mc 1
Mc 2
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
b.
Vic phn mc cho s lung d liu tng ng vi s phn r c th bc trong s phn r chc nng. Nn t s phn r chc nng ta c th xc nh c cc tin trnh tng mc ca s lung d liu. Ngc li t s lung d liu ta c th xc nh c s phn r chc nng ca h thng. V d
Mc 0 A
Mc 1
Mc 2
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
2.2
98 - 200
III.5. Kt lun
M hnh lung d liu l mt trong nhng cng c quan trng nht trong vic phn tch h thng c cu trc. N a ra c mi lin h gia chc nng hoc tin trnh ca h thng vi thng tin m chng s dng. N l mt phn ch cht ca c t yu cu h thng, v n xc nh thng tin no phi c mt trc khi qu trnh c th c tin hnh. M hnh lung d liu l mt cng c dng h tr cho 4 hoat ng chnh ca nh phn tch Phn tch - DFD c dng gip xc nh yu cu ngi s dng. Thit k - dng vch ra k hoch v minh ho cc phng n cho nh phn tch v ngi dng xem xt khi thit k h thng mi. Lin lc - gia nh phn tch v ngi s dng do tnh n gin, tnh d hiu ca n. Ti liu - DFD c dng trong c t yu cu hnh thc v c t thit k h thng l mt nhn t lm n gin ho chnh trong vic to ra v chp nhn ti liu nh vy.
M hnh lung d liu a ra di dng m hnh hot ng ca cc chc nng trong h thng. Nhng m hnh lung d liu khng ch ra c yu t thi gian (VD:Thng tin chuyn t tin trnh ny sang tin trnh khc ht bao nhiu thi gian). Khng xc nh c trt t thc hin cc tin trnh (hay cc chc nng). Khng ch ra c yu t nh lng i vi d liu c lin quan. (ti a v ti thiu nhng thng tin l c bn trong qu trnh phn tch)
99 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S lp li qu trnh phn r ng nhin ti mt lc phi dng li. Cc chc nng thu c mc cui cng, l rt n gin, cng vn cn c gii thch. By gi s gii thch chc nng phi c thc hin bi nhng phng tin din t trc tip, ta gi l s c t chc nng, thng gi tt l P-Spec (Process Specification) Mt c t chc nng thng c trnh by mt cch ngn gn, khng vt qu mt trang A4, gm hai phn Phn u : tn chc nng, cc d liu vo, cc d liu ra Phn thn: m t ni dung x l, thng s dng cc phng tin m t nh phng trnh ton hc, bng quyt nh, s khi, cc ngn ng t nhin cu trc ho. V d. Ta c t chc nng Tnh kt qu bo v lun vn nh sau u Tn chc nng: Tnh kt qu bo v lun vn u vo: im ngi phn bin im ca ngi hng dn S cc u vin hi ng im ca tng u vin hi ng u ra : Kt qu bo v Thn Kt qu bo v = (im ca ngi phn bin + im ca ngi hng dn +
100 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S cc gi tr c th ca mi iu kin vo phi l hu hn. Chng hn L thng binh c th ly gi tr ng hay Sai. iu kin tui tc c th ly 4 gi tr: Tui th (di 13 tui); Tui tr (t 13 n 29 tui); Trung nin (t 30 n 59 tui); Tui gi (t 60 tr ln) Nh vy s cc trng hp c th c l c bit trc (bng tch ca cc s nhng gi tr c th ca cc iu kin u vo). Nh vy ta khng th st cc trng hp. l mt u im ng k ca cc bng quyt nh. Bng quyt nh l mt bng hai chiu, trong mt chiu (c th l chiu ngang hay chiu dc) c tch lm hai phn: mt phn cho cc iu kin vo v phn kia cho cc hnh ng hay cc bin ra. Chiu th hai l cc trng hp c th xy ra tu thuc gi tr ca cc iu kin. ng vi mi trng hp (l ct hay l dng), th cc hnh ng chn la s c nh du , hoc nu ci ra l cc bin, th cho cc gi tr ca cc bin .
Cc trng hp
Cc iu kin
S S
S S
S S
S S S
Cc hnh ng
Hnh 3-7. Bng quyt nh V d. Mt ca hng quy nh gim gi 10% cho thng binh, gim 5% cho lit s, khng c hng hai tiu chun (by gi ly mc cao nht) Nh vy chc nng xc nh mc gim gi cho khch hng c c t bng bng quyt nh sau L thng binh L con lit s Gim gi 10% Gim gi 5% Gim gi 0% Bng 3-1. Mt v d v bng quyt nh
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
S S
101 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Ch . C th n gin ho cc bng quyt nh bng cch gp tng cp trng hp tho mn hai iu ging nhau hon ton trn phn hnh ng, ch khc nhau mt dng trn phn iu kin. Nh vy bng quyt nh trn tr thnh iu kin X iu kin Y iu kin Z Hnh ng A Hnh ng B Hnh ng C Hnh ng D S S S S S
IV.3. S khi
Ta c th s dng s khi c t chc nng mc cui cng. V d dng mt s khi c t chc nng Lp danh sch trng tuyn
cn th sinh cha xt S
Tra cu im th sinh
im ts >= im chun
DS <- th sinh
DS rt <- th sinh
102 - 200
Bi 2.
I.
I.1.
Mc ch xc nh cc lnh vc, cc chc nng h thng cn t ti. Tng cng cch tip cn logic ti cc chc nng ca h thng. Cng c: Biu phn cp chc nng (BFD) Phng php: c hai phng php phn r cc chc nng ln thnh cc chc nng nh chi tit hn (top down). Xut pht t nhng chc nng chi tit ca h thng, ta gom nhm chng li thnh nhng chc nng mc cao hn (bottom up)
I.2.
Tin hnh
Bc 1: S dng phng php bottom up tm cc chc nng chi tit. T kt qu ca qu trnh kho st ta c bng ghi li ton b hot ng ca h thng. Gch
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
103 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin chn tt c cc ng t (v b ng ca ng t) v xt xem chng c th l chc nng ca h thng khng. Gom nhm cc chc nng chi tit li, thnh chc nng mc cao hn Bc 2: S dng phng php top down gom nhm cc chc nng chi tit thnh cc chc nng mc cao hn. Mt s nh hng trong vic gom nhm chc nng: mc cao nht ca nghip v, mt chc nng chnh s lm c mt trong 3 iu: Cung cp sn phm (VD. gom sn phm, ch to hng ho). Cung cp dch v (VD. sa cha hng ho khch hng, mua hng d tr, bn hng ho). Qun l ti nguyn (VD. qun l ti khon, bo tr kho, qun l cn b). Hoc da vo c cu t chc ca doanh nghip (cc chc nng ca 1 b phn s c gom nhm cng nhau). Khi phn r mt chc nng thnh cc chc nng con c th cn c vo mt s gi . Xc nh nhu cu hoc k hoch mua sm (VD. nghin cu yu cu khch hng, d bo bn hng). Mua sm v / hoc ci t (Mua sm - ln n hng, ci t - gom hng theo n, giao hng theo n). Bo tr v h tr (Duy tr chi tit khch hng, x l yu cu). Thanh l hoc chuyn nhng (VD. Loi b thng tin khch hng c, loi b cc chi tit t hng) Bc 3: Lp li bc 2 cho n khi thu c chc nng ca ton b h thng
I.3.
V d
Xc nh chc nng chi tit ta c (1) Lu tr bng d tr (2) Chn nh cung cp (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Lp n hng Cp nht kt qu thc hin n hng Cp nht thng tin t hng cho bng d tr Ghi nhn hng v Lp danh sch nhn hng trong tun Lp danh sch t hng trong tun Lp danh sch a ch pht hng
(10) Lp phiu pht hng (11) Tip nhn ho n (12) Kim tra chi tit ho n
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104 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Bc 2. Gom nhm chc nng chi tit thnh chc nng ln hn ca h thng. gom nhm chnh xc ch n c cu t chc ca x nghip, c 3 b phn t hng, Nhn v pht hng, i chiu v kim tra. Nh vy, cc chc nng trn mc chi tit ca h thng gm 3 nhm chc nng trn. a tng chc nng chi tit xc nh bc trc vo tng nhm ng theo c cu ca x nghip. C th nh sau (1) : Lu tr bn d tr (2) : Chn nh cung cp (3) : Lp n hng (4) : Cp nht KQ thc hin n hng (5) : Cp nht tt t hng cho BDTr (8) : Lp DS t hng trong tun (9) : Lp DS a ch pht hng (11) : Tip nhn ho n (12) : Kim tra chi tit ho n (6) : Ghi nhn hng v (7) : Lp DS nhn hng trong tun (10) : Lp phiu pht hng i chiu v kim tra H thng cung ng vt t t hng
t hng
Lu tr bn d tr Chn nh cung cp Lp n hng Cp nht KQ t.hin n hng C.nht tt t hng cho bng d tr Lp dsch t hng trong tun
Ghi nhn hng v Lp dsch nhn hng trong tun Lp phiu pht hng
105 - 200
II.
II.1.
Mc ch: B sung khim khuyt ca BFD bng vic b sung cc lung thng tin nghip v cn thc hin chc nng. Cho ta ci nhn y hn v cc mt hot ng ca h thng. L mt trong s cc u vo cho qu trnh thit k h thng. Cng c: Biu lung d liu (DFD). Phng php: Phng php phn tch topdown da trn BFD h thng.
II.2.
Tin hnh
Bc 1. Xy dng DFD mc khung cnh (mc 0) xc nh gii hn ca h thng. Biu lung d liu mc khung cnh gm mt chc nng duy nht biu th ton b h thng ang nghin cu, chc nng ny c ni vi mi tc nhn ngoi ca h thng. Cc lung d liu gia chc nng v tc nhn ngoi ch thng tin vo v ra ca h thng. Bc 2. Xy dng DFD mc nh (mc 1) vi mc nh cc tc nhn ngoi ca h thng mc khung cnh c gi nguyn vi cc lung thng tin vo ra. H thng c phn r thnh cc tin trnh mc nh l cc chc nng chnh bn trong h thng theo biu phn cp chc nng mc 1. Xut hin thm cc kho d liu v lung thng tin trao i gia cc chc nng mc nh. Bc 3. Xy dng DFD mc di nh (mc 2 v di mc 2) thc hin phn r i vi mi tin trnh ca mc nh. Khi thc hin phn r mc ny vn phi cn c vo biu phn cp chc nng xc nh cc tin trnh con s xut hin trong biu lung d liu.
II.3.
V d
DFD mc khung cnh ca h thng cung ng vt t (mc 0)
Phiu d tr giao dch + n hng tt tr li
Phn xung
Hng + Phiu pht hng Bn ghi tr tin
Qun l cung ng vt tu
ho n
Nh cung cp
Ti v
106 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin DFD mc nh ca h thng cung ng vt t (mc 1)
Hnh 3-11. S lung d liu mc 1 h thng Qun l cung ng vt t DFD mc di nh ca h thng cung ng vt t (mc 2)
107 - 200
III.3. V d
Nhc im ca h Cung ng vt t hin ti l thiu mt kho hng d tr gii quyt ngay cc d tr v cc mt hng thng dng. Chu trnh qu lu, do khu ch i tm a ch pht hng. Kim tra khng cht, xy ra sai xt hng - tin. Tn nhn lc khu i chiu v kim tra th cng. Trong giai on kho st h thng, khi la chn gii php v cn nhc tnh kh thi ta chn gii php 5. B b phn i chiu v kim tra th cng, nhng chc nng no pht sinh do vic i chiu l kim tra phi lm bng tay nay b i. iu chnh li chc nng ca b phn t hng v b phn Nhn v pht hng sao cho m nhim c nhng chc nng ca b phn i chiu v kim tra c lin quan n mnh. Thm chc nng qun l kho hng d tr lu tr cc vt t thng dng trong cc d tr, trnh s ch i. Trong giai on ny, ta thc hin m t nhng thay i vo DFD ca h thng. Lc ny DFD mc 1 ca h thng s c thay i nh sau
108 - 200
Hnh 3-13. DFD mc nh ca h thng Qun l cung ng vt t Bc 2: iu chnh li cc chc nng t hng, Nhn hng v pht hng. Nh vy, bc ny ta thc hin thay i DFD mc 2 ca h thng
109 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Bc 3: Thm chc nng qun l kho vo DFD. Khoanh vng cn thm.
Phn xng
d tr
110 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Bc 4: Vi chc nng qun l kho hng d tr cn thc hin cng vic sau: Xt duyt d tr xem d tr c th p ng c t hng c trong kho hay phi chuyn sang t hng. Chnh chc nng ny s ch ng a ra yu cu t hng cho kho mi khi c mt hng no st xung di ngng quy nh ca n. Mt chc nng xut nhp kho. Ta c th v DFD mc 2 cho chc nng qun l kho hng d tr nh sau
Hnh 3-18. DFD mc 2 ca chc nng Qun l kho hng d tr Bc 5: Sa i BFD ca h thng c theo DFD ca h thng mi. V li s phn r chc nng ca h thng mi
111 - 200
112 - 200
V.
KT LUN
Sau phn tch chc nng kt qu m nh phn tch thu c l M hnh ca h thng c M hnh ca h thng mi da trn ci tin h thng c Ba dng d liu quan trng nht m ngi phn tch phi hon thnh l S phn cp chc nng ca h thng mi S lung d liu ca h thng mi c t chc nng chi tit ca h thng mi
113 - 200
Chng 4.
Bi 1.
I.
I.1.
M HO CC TN GI
t vn
M ho l php gn tn gi vn tt cho mt i tng no trong h thng. Cc i tng nh bn ghi, ti liu, tp d liu hoc tn bin ca chng trnh... u cn tn gi. Tn gi phi ngn gn, xc nh, khng trng nhau trong cng mt phm vi v phi th hin c nhng thng tin quan trng nht.
I.2.
Cht lng c bn ca m ho
Vic m ho phi c gng t c mt s yu cu v cht lng sau khng nhp nhng, thch hp vi phng thc s dng, c kh nng m rng v xen thm. Phi ngn gn, bi v m cng di th vic x l cng kh khn. C tnh gi . Cc yu cu ny khng th tho mn ng thi c, v chng c th loi tr nhau.
I.3. a.
Dng cc s lin tip tr cc i tng. V d: M ho cc khch hng theo th t thi gian: 001, 002, ..., 084, ... Phng php m ho ny khng nhp nhng (nu khng dng li cc m s b loi), n gin, m rng pha sau c (nu
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
114 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin khng hn ch v di). Tuy nhin, khng xen thm c; khng gi , cho nn phi c mt bng tng ng m v i tng; Khng phn nhm. Lu : khng nn dng li mt m dng, d n b loi
b.
M ho theo on
M c phn thnh nhiu on, mi on mang mt ngha ring. V d: S bo him x hi cho tng c nhn
Phng php m ho ny khng nhp nhng, m rng v xen thm c (nu mi on cn ch), dng ph bin, cho php thit lp cc kim tra gin tip. Tuy nhin, thng qu di nn thao tc nng n khi c qu nhiu on, mt khc vn c th b bo ho v m khng c nh (v d i ni th phi i s bo him)
c.
M ho ct lp
Chia tp i tng thnh tng lp. Trong mi lp thng dng kiu m ho lin tip. V d: Bin s xe l mt loi m ho ct lp, trong , mi tnh thnh l mt lp ln. Trong mi tnh, thnh, m li c chia thnh nhiu lp nh. Chng hn trong bin s 29U31302 th 29 ch bin s xe ny thuc H Ni, U3 tn mt lp con trong s cc s H Ni, 1302 l s th t trong lp con U3 Phng php m ho ny khng nhp nhng (nu cc lp l tch ri, tc l khng c mt i tng thuc vo 2 lp khc nhau), n gin, m rng v xen thm c. Tuy nhin, vn cn dng bng tng ng.
d.
M ho phn cp
Cng l phn on, song mi on tr mt tp hp cc i tng v cc tp hp bao nhau theo th t t tri qua phi. Mc lc cun sch l mt v d v m ho phn cp. V d 3.4.2 l m ch mc 2, bi 4, chng 3. Phng php m ho ny cng c cc uu im tng t m phn on mt khc cn cho php tm kim mt i tng d dng, bng cch ln theo on t tri
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
115 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin qua phi (tng ng vi mt s tm kim trn cy). Tuy nhin cng vn cn dng bng tng ng.
e.
M ho din ngha
Gn mt tn ngn gn, nhng hiu c cho tng i tng. V d: #
HOADON l s hiu ha n. u im: Tin dng cho x l th cng. Nhc im: Khng gii m c bng my tnh Ngoi ra ngi ta c th s dng tng hp nhiu phng php m. Khi cn la chn phng php m ho, cn phi cn c vo mc ch s dng m sau ny, s lng cc thc th i vi tng loi d liu, phn b thng k cc i tng v kin ca ngi s dng, nu d liu c khu no c x l th cng.
II.
II.1.
T IN D LIU
Mc ch
T in d liu l mt t liu tp trung v mi tn gi ca mi i tng c dng trong h thng trong c cc giai on Phn tch, Thit k, Ci t v Bo tr. Chng hn, mc logic c cc lung d liu, cc giao dch, cc s kin, cc chc nng x l, cc thc th, cc thuc tnh... mc vt l c cc tp, cc chng trnh, cc chng trnh con, moun, th tc... T in d liu l cn thit c bit cho qu trnh trin khai cc h thng ln, c ng ngi tham gia. N cho php Trong phn tch v thit k: qun l tp trung v chnh xc mi thut ng v cc m dng trong h thng, kim sot c s trng lp, ng ngha hay ng m d ngha... Trong ci t: ngi ci t hiu c chnh xc cc thut ng t kt qu phn tch v thit k. Trong bo tr: Khi cn thay i, th pht hin c cc mi lin quan, cc nh hng c th ny sinh. V d i mt tn, bit r rng tn c dng nhng ni no thay i.
II.2.
Bng tay: l mt tp ti liu (nh mt t in thng thng) thnh lp bi ngi thit k v sau c duy tr v cp nht bi ngi qun tr h thng. Bng my tnh: Dng mt phn mm, cho php d dng thnh lp, thay i. Trong trng hp ny cn c 1 ngn ng c t thch hp, thun tin c cho ngi v cho my tnh trong vic miu t cu trc ca cc d liu phc hp.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
116 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cng nh trong t in thng thng, t in d liu l mt tp hp cc mc t, mi mc t tng ng vi mt tn gi km vi cc gii thch i vi n. Thng th mi mc t c chp trn mt t giy ri cho d sp xp.
II.3.
Ni dung cc mc t
Trong mc t, ngoi tn gi v cc tn ng ngha, phn gii thch thng cp n bn loi c im v cu trc: l nguyn thu (n) hay phc hp (nhm); v bn cht: l lin tc hay ri rc; v chi tit: min gi tr, n v o, chnh xc, phn gii, s lng, tn s, mc u tin... v v lin h: t u n u, u vo v u ra, dng u... Tuy nhin, ni dung ca cc mc t thng thay i theo loi ca i tng mang tn gi. Ta thng phn bit cc loi sau lung d liu, kho d liu (tp d liu), d liu s cp (phn t d liu) v chc nng x l (hoc chng trnh, modul) V d 1. Mc t cho mt lung d liu nh ngha lung d liu Tn lung d liu Tn ng ngha V tr (T/n) T n Hp thnh : : : Lp ho n Gii quyt bn hng theo tun Tn khch hng Ngy Thng Nm Cc khon bn hng Tn mt hng S lng Thnh tin Gii thch : Gii trnh tin tr cho mt n mua hng Lp ngy 10/10/1996 Bi: N.V.B
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
: :
Ngy ho n
117 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin V d 2. Mc t ca mt d liu s cp nh ngha d liu s cp Tn d liu s cp M t T ng ngha Hp thnh Bn ghi, tp lin quan Cc x l c lin quan c im d liu Cc gi tr (min c th) : Ngy m ti khon : : : : : : Ngy TK Ngy + Thng + Nm tp khch hng Bin tp n hng Xy dng tp khch hng s k t 6, kiu N khun dng DDMMYYYY nm khng trc 90, ngy trc ngy hin ti. Bi: N.V.B : L ngy m mt ti khon ca khch hng bt u hot ng
Cha mi thng tin v cc nhn vin trong c quan Khng M s NV Tn NV Ngy bt u cng tc Lng Phng
S hiu d n + T 0 - 3 Ngi ph trch d n
T chc
Tun t theo m s NV Cp nht nhn vin Tm kim nhn vin Bi: N.V.B
118 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin V d 4. Mc t cho mt chc nng x l nh ngha chc nng x l Tn chc nng Lu : :
n hng ti khon khch
n hng hp thc
M t
Kim tra v bin tp mt n hng t khch hng ti, i chiu vi ti khon ca khch, a ra n hng hp thc x l tip, hoc n hng khng hp thc tr li cho khch. Khng n hng, ti khon khch n hng hp thc/n hng khng hp thc Bi: N.V.B
T ng ngha Vo Ra
: : :
Lp ngy 10/10/1996
Trong mi mc t, phn nh ngha d liu hp thnh (hp thnh, gi tr...) thng c vit mt cch ngn gn da vo mt s quy c nh sau i vi cc d liu phc hp, s hp thnh ca n c thc hin bi cc cu trc tun t, chn, lp. C nhiu cch th hin cc cu trc o Dng cc t kho (ting Anh hay ting Vit) Tun t: d liu A IS d liu P AND d liu Q AND d liu R Lp: d liu B IS ITERATION OF d liu S Chn: d liu C IS EITHER d liu T OR d liu U OR d liu V
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
119 - 200
AND ng, ph AND Qun, huyn AND Tnh, thnh Tp nhn vin IS ITERATION OF Bn ghi nhn vin IS EITHER Khch ng tin OR :: + {} (|) <|> [] ** c ngha l c ngha l :: : : : : : : : Khch ly hng Giao dch khch hng
o Dng k php EBNF (Extended Backus Naur Form) Hp thnh bi Tun t lp chn mt trong (hoc c loi tr) t nht mt trong (hoc khng loi tr) tu chn (khng hay mt ln) ch thch * Cc thng tin v t hng * Tn khch hng + a ch khch hng + s hiu khch hng +
T n mt hng + M hng + + Don gi + S lng
V d. n hng
Tng tin Giao dch khch hng : : (Khch ng tin | khch ly hng) o Dng th V d:
120 - 200
Tn
S nh
ng ph
Qun huyn
Tnh thnh
Tp nhn vin
Khch ng tin
Khch ly hng
II.4.
Nhn xt
Mc d t in d liu c ch cho qu trnh trin khai h thng, song nu ly n lm m hnh d liu, lm cn c cho vic thit k c s d liu sau ny s gp phi nhng kh khn nh thiu tnh hnh thc: khng cht ch, km tru tng. Khng phn nh c cc mi lin quan vn c gia cc d liu.
III.1. Mc ch
M t th gii thc gn vi quan nim, suy ngh ca ta. y l m hnh tt vi lng thng tin t nht, m t th gii d liu y nht. Vic xy dng m hnh
121 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin nhm thnh lp mt biu cu trc d liu bao gm d liu cn x l v cu trc ni ti ca n. V d
Thy ID_thy Tn thy Dy Hc sinh ID_hc sinh Tn hc sinh
Thc th l mt vt th c th hay tru tng, tn ti thc s v kh n nh trong th gii thc, m ta mun phn nh n trong h thng thng tin. V d. Thc th c th nh Khch hng Nguyn Vn A; n hng s 13457. Thc th tru tng nh Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin; Ti khon s 49578 Kiu thc th l mt tp hp cc thc th biu din cho mt lp t nhin cc vt th trong th gii thc. V d. Kiu thc th Khch hng, n hng, Sinh vin Tn gi. Danh t. (ch lp i tng trong th gii thc)
b.
Thuc tnh l mt gi tr dng m t mt kha cnh no ca mt thc th. V d. Tui ca Nguyn Vn A l 45; Tng tin ca n hng 37458 l 250.000 . Gi tr thuc tnh thng c cho km theo mt tn (tui : 45, tng tin : 250.000). Tn thc cht l tn chung ca mi gi tr c th chn la m t mt kha cnh nht nh ca cc thc th (tui: 45, tui: 20, tui: 14...). Ta gi tn l mt kiu thuc tnh. V d. Tui, tng tin, s lng, ngy sinh... l kiu thuc tnh Ta c th gi Kiu thc th c m t bi cng mt tp hp cc kiu thuc tnh. V d. Kiu thc th Khch hng c m t bng cch kiu thuc tnh tn, a ch, s ti khon.
122 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Kho. Mt hay mt tp kiu thuc tnh ca mt kiu thc th c gi l mt kho nu gi tr ca n cho php ta phn bit cc thc th vi nhau. V d. S ti khon v m hng ln lt l kho ca cc kiu thc th Ti khon v Mt hng. Vi kiu thc th Hc sinh, ta c th ly Tn v Ngy sinh lm kho. Thuc tnh nh danh. Nu kho ch gm mt kiu thuc tnh duy nht, ta gi thuc tnh l mt nh danh. Tn nh danh thng vit vi cc tin t ID, #, SH hay M. V d. ID nhn vin, # Nhn vin, SH nhn vin, M nhn vin. Tn gi thng l Danh t.
c.
Lin kt (relationship) l mt s gom nhm cc thc th trong mi thc th c mt vai tr nht nh. V d. Khch hng A giao np n hng 4328. n hng 4328 t mua cc mt hng 34 v 78. Anh Lim l hc tr ca thy An. Mt kiu lin kt l mt tp hp cc lin kt c cng ngha. Mt kiu lin kt c nh ngha gia nhiu kiu thc th. S cc kiu thc th tham gia vo kiu lin kt gi l s ngi ca kiu lin kt. Gia cc thc th c th c hoc khng c lin kt vi nhau. i vi nhng thc th c mi lin kt vi nhau, th tt c cc kiu lin kt trong th gii thc u thuc mt trong ba kiu: lin kt 1 - 1; lin kt 1 - n; lin kt n - n. Tn gi. ng t (ch ng hay b ng) phn nh ngha ca n. V d. Kiu lin kt Giao np gia kiu thc th Khch hng v kiu thc th n hng (2 ngi)
Ch . Tn lin kt thng ch phn nh ngha lin kt theo mt chiu. V d Thy dy hc sinh ch khng phi l hc sinh dy thy. i khi lin kt cng c th c thuc tnh. V d Thy Gip dy tr Mu mn Ton vo nm 2000. Vy kiu lin kt dy c th c lm r thm bi cc kiu thuc tnh mn dy v nm dy.
d.
Lc lng tham gia vo lin kt (gi tt l bn s) l s i tng ca mt thc th c th tham gia vo lin kt. Max: l s ln nht cc phn t tham gia vo lin kt. Nhn gi tr 1 hoc n. Min: l s nh nht cc phn t tham gia vo lin kt. Nhm xc nh mc rng buc gia thc th v lin kt. Nhn hai gi tr 0 v 1. Bng 1
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
123 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin khi lc lng tham gia vo lin kt l bt buc. Bng 0 khi lc lng tham gia vo lin kt l la chn. Biu din: max = n; min = 0; max = 1, min = 0; max = 1; min = 1; max = n; min = 1;
Thc th Thc th Thc th Thc th
Trong cc quan h c th hin nh sau Thuc: Sinh vin - Lp Lp - Khoa Gio vin - Khoa Ging dy: Sinh vin - Gio vin - Mn hc. Vic ging dy mt mn no phi xc nh c ging dy u, vo lc no. Hy v m hnh thc th lin kt.
124 - 200
tn lp
b. V d 2. S dng cc thuc tnh v cc quy tc qun l sau xc nh cc thc th v to ra mt m hnh ER Thuc tnh: M n v, Tn n v, S in thoi n v, a ch n v M nhn vin, Tn NV, Gii tnh, S in thoi, a ch NV, ngy sinh. M d n, Tn d n. M khch hng, Tn khch hng, S in thoi KH, a ch KH. M sn phm, Tn SP, S lng trong kho ca SP. S lng yu cu, Ngy yu cu. Quy tc qun l: o Mt n v thu mt hoc nhiu nhn vin. o Mt nhn vin phi thuc v mt n v o Mt nhn vin c th lm vic cho mt d n o Mt d n thu mt hoc nhiu nhn vin. o Mt nhn vin c th phc v cho mt hoc nhiu khch hng o Mt khch hng c mt hoc nhiu nhn vin phc v
125 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin o Mt khch hng c th yu cu mt s sn phm (mi yu cu ca khch hng c mt hoc nhiu sn phm). o Mt sn phm c th c nhiu khch hng yu cu. o Mi yu cu gm c mt sn phm. Ta c th v m hnh thc th lin kt ca h thng nh sau
Nhn Vin n v M n v Tn n v S in thoi a ch
Thuc
D n
Ca
M d n Tn d n
Phc v
yu cu Lng YC Ngy YC
c
III.4. Cc dng
Trc tin ta s tm hiu m hnh thc th lin kt kinh in. l dng ban u ca m hnh, v cng tng c ng dng nhiu. Tip theo ta s tm hiu mt m hnh thc th lin kt m rng, thun theo xu hng m hnh ho hng i tng ca nhng nm 90; ri li gii thiu mt m hnh ER hn ch gn vi m hnh quan h dng chun 3.
a. i.
ER kinh in Nhn xt
y l dng ban u ca m hnh ER. ER kinh in cho php m hnh ho th gii thc di dng mt tp hp cc kiu thc th, mi kiu ny c nh ngha bi mt tp hp cc kiu thuc tnh. Cc kiu thc th c kt ni vi nhau bi cc kiu lin kt, cc kiu lin kt ny li c th c nh ngha bi mt tp hp cc kiu
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
126 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thuc tnh v mt b cc bn s. Trong ER kinh in, c 2 rng buc phi c tho mn i vi kiu thuc tnh 1. Gi tr duy nht: mi thuc tnh ca mt thc th c th ly mt v ch mt gi tr duy nht. 2. Gi tr s ng: gi tr thuc tnh khng th chia tch thnh cc thnh phn nh hn (tc l khng th nh ngha mt kiu thuc tnh t cc kiu thuc tnh khc, bng cch hp thnh hay rt gn) V d. Kiu thuc tnh Tn cc con ca kiu thc th Nhn vin l khng chp nhn c v vi mi nhn vin, gi tr thuc tnh ny c th l khng duy nht (mt dy tn cc con). Khng th nh ngha kiu thuc tnh a ch khch hng nh l hp thnh cc kiu thuc tnh S nh, ng ph, Tnh thnh (m phi xem n l mt xu k t duy nht) Cc rng buc ni trn c a vo l nhm lm cho cc min gi tr ca cc kiu thuc tnh tr nn rt n gin, v nh th d chuyn sang ci t vi h QT CSDL quan h: Tuy nhin cc rng buc s lm gim s thoi mi, t nhin trong m hnh ho thc ti.
ii.
Thc th c biu din bi mt hnh ch nht, gm hai ngn: ngn trn cha tn ca kiu thc th, ngn di cha danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh ca n. Cc kiu thuc tnh hp thnh kho ca kiu thc th c gch di v t ln u danh sch. V d.
n hng SH_n hng Ngy n hng
Kiu lin kt c biu din bi mt hnh thoi, c ni bng nt lin ti cc thc th tham gia lin kt. Trong hnh thoi vit tn kiu lin kt (tn ny c th khng c nu khng cn lm r). Nu kiu lin kt l 2 ngi th mt ca ng ni, st vi cc kiu thc th ta ghi thm bn s) V d
127 - 200
Biu din cc kiu lin kt. Lin kt quy: l kiu lin kt gia mt kiu thc th vi chnh n, tc l kt ni cc cp phn t cng trong mt kiu thc th. V d Quan h kt hn xy ra gia hai phn t trong kiu thc th ngi, lc ny ta nn ghi r vai tr ca mi thc th tham gia mi u ca kiu lin kt.
Chng
Ngi ID-Ngi Tn Ngy sinh Kt hn
Nhiu kiu lin kt gia hai kiu thc th: Phi v chng ring r (khng c chp vo nhau)
S hu Ngi ID Ngi Tn Thu Cn h SH-Cn h a ch
Kiu lin kt c thuc tnh: Ghi danh sch cc thuc tnh bn cnh hnh thoi. Cng c th v thm mt hnh ch nht hai ngn nh mt kiu thc th, ngn tn c th cha tn kiu lin kt hay b trng, ngn thuc tnh cha danh sch cc thuc tnh, b sung cc thuc tnh kho ca kiu thuc tnh tham gia lin kt. Hnh ch nht ny c ni vi hnh thoi ca kiu lin kt bng mt ng t nt. Cch lm ny gi l thc th ho mt kiu lin kt.
128 - 200
Kiu lin kt nhiu ngi: t gp hn, nhng cng kh th hin hn. V d quan h gia Sinh vin, Lun vn v Gio vin.
Sinh vin Hng dn ID - Sinh vin Tn sinh vin ID - Lun vn Tn Lun vn Lun Vn
b.
ER m rng
Mc d m hnh ER kinh in c s dng trong nhiu d n v c ging dy trong cc trng i hc kh rng ri, song dn d ngi ta pht hin ra nhng hn ch ca n, c bit l cc rng buc i vi kiu thuc tnh khin cho n kh thch ng vi cc h thng phc tp. Do t sau nm 1980, ngi ta nghin cu a thm cho n mt s im m rng. Cc im m rng ny chu nh hng t xu hng hin i ca m hnh ho hng i tng, cng nh cc h qun tr CSDL hng i tng.
i.
Cc im m rng i vi m hnh ER
C ba im m rng Cc kiu thuc tnh a tr: Trong ER kinh in, do rng buc (1), ch dng cc thuc tnh n tr, th trong m hnh ER m rng c php dng kiu thuc tnh a tr, ngha l kiu thuc tnh m gi tr ca n i vi mt thc th c th l 1 dy hay mt tp cc gi tr n.
129 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin V d. Cc ngoi ng, tn cc con, tui cc con ca mt nhn vin Cc kiu thuc tnh phc hp: Trong ER kinh in, do rng buc (2), khng dng kiu thuc tnh l t hp hay hn ch t nhiu kiu thuc tnh khc. Hng m rng y cho php dng cc kiu thuc tnh (gi l kiu thuc tnh phc hp), to thnh b s kt tp t nhiu kiu thuc tnh khc. Mt mc nh, th mi gi tr ca kiu thuc tnh phc hp l s ghp tip cc gi tr ca cc kiu thuc tnh s ng. V d. Kiu thuc tnh a ch l s kt tp cc kiu thuc tnh: S nh, ng ph, Qun huyn, tnh thnh. Kiu thc th H tn: H m, tn. Cc kiu thc th con: Xut hin bi yu cu khi qut ho hay chuyn bit ho khi cn phn cp cc s vt. o Nu trong mt kiu thc th A, ta ch ra mt tp con B ca A, m cc thc th trong B va mang cc kiu thuc tnh chung ca cc thc th trong A, li va thm mt s cc kiu thuc tnh mi, ta ni l s chuyn bit ho. B c gi l kiu thc th con ca kiu thc th A. Cc kiu thuc tnh ca B bao gm mi kiu thuc tnh ca A cng thm cc kiu thuc tnh ring ca n. Ta ni B tha k cc thuc tnh ca A. o Qu trnh ngc li vi chuyn bit ho l s khi qut ho: T nhiu kiu thc th B, C... ta rt ra cc kiu thuc tnh chung lp mt kiu thc th A (vi cc kiu thuc tnh chung ) sao cho B, C,... u l kiu thc th con ca A. o Nu B l kiu thc th con ca kiu thc th A, trong biu din ho, ta v mt mi tn (u tam gic) t B ti A. V d. Nh vn v Vin chc u l cc kiu thc th con ca Kiu thc th Ngi.
ii.
130 - 200
c.
ER hn ch
Khi ci t vo mt H qun tr CSDL c th ER kinh in th hin mt s hn ch c mt s k hiu khng c trong m hnh quan h, c mt s vn nu mun chuyn sang m hnh quan h cn phi p dng mt s quy tc c th. Tm li, cn c mt m hnh c thm mt s im hn ch gn vi m hnh quan h hn l ER hn ch.
i.
Cc hn ch
ii.
hay
A B
hay
u c chuyn v dng
A B A B
131 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin i vi kiu lin kt hai ngi dng
A B A B
hay
A B
hay
u c chuyn v dng
A B A B
tu tng trng hp c th, c cch m t trong ER hn ch. Vi hai hn ch trn, trong m hnh ER hn ch ch cn l mt tp hp cc kiu thc th kt ni vi nhau bi cc kiu lin kt 1 - nhiu.
III.5. Kt lun
M hnh thc th lin kt l mt trong nhng cng c quan trng trong vic phn tch h thng c cu trc. N a ra c mt m hnh tng i tt trong lng k hiu, thng tin l t nht v m t th gii thc y nht. M hnh thc th lin kt ch n cc mi lin kt gia cc thc th v cho ngi phn tch nhn thy c s rng buc ca cc mi lin kt.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
132 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Tuy nhin m hnh ny cha a ra c ht cc thuc tnh ca tng thc th khng phn nh ht ci cn m t v h thng cn phi s dng m hnh khc b sung thng tin hay thay th.
Cho D1, D2,..., Dn l n min cc gi tr, khng nht thit khc nhau. Theo nh ngha ton hc ta c: Tch cc ca cc tp D1, D2,..., Dn c k hiu l
D1 D2 K Dn l tp cc b n ca dy sp th t (d1 , d 2 , K , d n ) trong d i Di
D1 D2 K Dn = {(d1 , d 2 , K , d n ) d i Di vi i = 1,2, K , n}
Nu vit tt c cc b n ca quan h R, mi b trn mt dng, cc thnh phn cng v tr trn cc b c ging thng ng vi nhau, ta c mt bng hai chiu vi: s n cc ct c gi l cp ca quan h, s m cc dng c gi l bn s ca quan h. V d. Cho D1 l tp ngi v D2 l tp cc s nguyn dng. Quan h
R D1 D1 D2 , trong mi b <a, b, c> din t mt cuc hn nhn (anh a ly ch
133 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Ct th nht Hi Qunh Ho Ct th hai Hnh Nga Cc Ct th ba 1975 1956 1980
b.
Thuc tnh
Theo nh ngha ton hc v quan h, cc min D1, D2,..., Dn l c th t. Chng khng th trao i v tr cho nhau, v vai tr ca chng trong s din t ngha ca quan h l gn vi v tr. Chng hn v d trn ct th nht c din t l chng, ct th hai c din t l v v ct th ba c din t l nm kt hn. Tro i v tr s lm ngha ca quan h b sai lc. Tuy nhin nu ta em tn vai tr ca mi ct gn cho ct (xem l tn ca ct), th v tr li khng cn quan trng na. Gi tn ca mi ct l mt thuc tnh. Trong tin hc, ta xem ngha ca mi ct l c gii thch bi tn ca ct (thuc tnh) ch khng phi bi v tr ca ct . Nh vy, v d trn c th c vit li vi cc thuc tnh thay cho s th t ca ct Chng Hi Qunh Ho V Hnh Nga Cc Nm kt hn 1975 1956 1980
c.
Lc quan h
Khi nim. Mt lc quan h l s hp thnh ca hai yu t mt cu trc gm tn quan h v mt danh sch cc thuc tnh (mi thuc tnh gn vi mt min), thng c di dng R(A1, A2, ..., An). Mt tp hp cc rng buc ton vn, tc l cc iu kin m mi quan h trong lc u phi tho mn. Nh vy, c th ni lc quan h l mt khun mu, hay ni ng hn l mt ci lc, cho php thit lp mt h cc quan h cng ng ngha. V d. Lc quan h SINH VIN(M sinh vin, h tn, ngy sinh,...)
134 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Rng buc ton vn. L iu kin rng buc i vi gi tr ca mt hay nhiu thuc tnh. Cc thuc tnh ca mt thc th trong th gii thc khng phi khi no cng c php nhn nhng gi tr tu . Trong mt s trng hp gi tr ca thuc tnh phi chu nhng rng buc m ta gi l cc rng buc ton vn. V d: Trong quan h bng chm cng: s gi >= 0; Nhn vin: nm tuyn dng > nm sinh + 17 Tc dng. m bo tnh hp l trong th gii thc ca cc thc th trong m hnh. Trong h thng thng tin, gip h thng pht hin nhng sai lch trong thu thp, x l v truyn thng tin. Tr thnh nhng kim sot sng lc cc gi tr khng hp l trong h thng tin hc ho sau ny. Cc loi rng buc ton vn: min gi tr, gi tr 0, tng hp v gi tr, nh danh.
d.
Trong m hnh ER, mi kiu thc th l mt tp hp cc thc th c m t bi cng mt tp hp cc kiu thuc tnh. Vy nu lit k tt c cc thc th vi cc gi tr thuc tnh ca chng, ta c mt bng hai chiu, trong mi ct tng ng mt kiu thuc tnh, mi dng din t mt thc th. Ta gi l biu din bng ca kiu thc th (hay kiu lin kt), v ta thy chnh l mt quan h. Tuy nhin biu din bng ca kiu thc th t khi c lm r, v trong m hnh ho t khi ngi ta phi quan tm c th ti cc gi tr thuc tnh. Bi vy thay v mt bng, ta thng biu din kiu thc th (hay kiu lin kt thc th ho) di dng mt hnh ch nht cha tn v danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh. So snh vi m hnh quan h, th chnh l mt lc quan h. Khch hng SH - KH Tn KH a ch KH Ti khon KH SH KH 00324 00986 00456 00245 Tn KH Nguyn vn An Hong th Thanh Trn Xun Thu H Hi Anh a ch KH 50 Phng Mai 27 Trng nh 30 Ph Hu 01 Hng Bi Ti khon KH 12345678 98754632 17349028 91230456
KHCH HNG (SH - KH, Tn KH, a ch KH, Ti khon KH) Nhng ngc li, phi chng mi quan h cp trong m hnh quan h u l kiu thc th (hay kiu lin kt thc th ho) ? Khng phi nh vy. Quan h c ngha rng ln hn, c khi l phc tp v thm ch ri rm hn.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
135 - 200
b.
Khi thit k mt h thng thng tin vi m hnh quan h, ngi thit k ban u c th tu tin gom nhm cc thuc tnh thnh cc lc quan h theo nhn thc ch quan ca mnh i vi thc t. Cc lc quan h nh vy thng n cha mt s biu hin cha tt, gi l cc khuyt tt. Cc khuyt tt ny li thng lin quan ti cc ph thuc hm gia cc thuc tnh ca lc . Xt bng quan h sau CHM CNG M - CN SH - My C1 m1 C1 m2 C2 m3 C3 m5 C3 m4 C2 m2 Thi gian 10 10 50 100 30 20 SH - PX p1 p1 p2 p3 p2 p1 Trng - PX Hi Hi H Thu H Hi
136 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S d tha thng tin: l s lp li cng mt thng tin nhiu ln, nhiu ch. Trong bng quan h trn ta thy v SH - My SH - PX, cho nn cp gi tr (m2, p1) b lp li 2 ln; SH - PX Trng - PX, cho nn cp gi tr (p1, Hi) b lp li 3 ln, cp (p2, H) lp li 2 ln. Khuyt tt khi cp nht: khi mun iu chnh mt thng tin, do thng tin xut hin nhiu ch ca quan h, ta phi tm kim chng gy mt thi gian. Trong bng quan h trn nu mun sa (p1, Quang) ta phi duyt ton b cc b quan h v cha 3 ch. Khuyt tt khi loi b mt b: khi loi b mt b ca quan h, c kh nng ta s nh mt mt thng tin ph (th hin bng mt ph thuc hm) cha trong b . V d, khi cng nhn C3 cht khng cn chm cng cho anh ta na xo cc dng th t v th nm ra khi quan h Chm cng; nhng sau th thng tin (p3, Thu) s khng cn trong CSDL na. Khuyt tt khi b sung thng tin: khi ta mun b sung mt thng tin ph ch chim mt phn ca mt b, m cc gi tr khc trong b cha c, ta cha th b sung c. V d, nh my thm phn xng mi p4, vi trng phn xng l An ta cn b sung (p4, An) vo CSDL, nhng lc phi i n khi c cng nhn lm vic thc s c chm cng th thng tin v PX mi c b sung. Cn c mt quy tc chun ho quan h cc dng chun.
b.
Quan h chun ho: Quan h R l chun ho nu s cc thuc tnh trong mi b gi tr l nh nhau. Trong quan h chun ho khng cn tn ti nhm cc thuc tnh lp li. Khng c cc thuc tnh c nhiu gi tr. Dng chun 1 : (1 NF) Mi quan h chun ho u dng chun 1. Mt quan h c gi l dng chun 1 theo ngha cht, nu R chun ho. C tn ti mt ph thuc hm m ngun l 1 phn ca kho (c ngha l tn ti nhng ph thuc hm khng s cp). Dng chun 2 : (2 NF).Quan h R dng chun 2 theo ngha cht, nu R dng chun 1, mi ph thuc hm u l s cp v c tn ti ph thuc hm gin tip. Dng chun 3 : (3 NF). Quan h R dng chun 3 theo ngha cht, nu R dng chun 2, mi ph thuc hm u l trc tip. C tn ti cc ph thuc hm c ngun l 1 thuc tnh khng kho, ch l 1 thuc tnh kho.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
137 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Dng chun Boyce - Codd : Quan h R dng chun Boyce - Codd theo ngha cht, nu R dng chun 3. Khng tn ti cc ph thuc hm c ngun l 1 thuc tnh khng kho, ch l 1 thuc tnh kho. Ngi ta chng minh c rng mt c s d liu dng chun Boyce Codd l cc tiu s d tha thng tin, chun ho tt.
V d YU CU(S yu cu, Ngy, S khch hng, Tn khch hng, S hng, Tn hng, S lng) c nhm (S hng, Tn hng, S lng) lp li v mi khch hng c th mua nhiu hng khc nhau. p dng v d trn t quan h YUCU ta tch thnh 2 quan h. R1 (S yu cu, S hng, Tn hng, S lng) R2 (S yu cu, Ngy, S khch hng, Tn khch hng) Xt R1 (S yu cu, S hng, Tn hng, S lng) S yu cu, S hng Tn hng, S lng
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
138 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S hng Tn hng R1 dng chun 1. Tch thnh R11 (S hng, Tn hng) R12 (S yu cu, S hng, S lng) Xt R2 (S yu cu, Ngy, S khch hng, Tn khch hng) S yu cu Ngy, S khch hng, Tn khch hng S khch hng Tn khch hng R2 dng chun 2. Tch thnh R21 (S khch hng, Tn khch hng) R22 (S yu cu, Ngy, S khch hng) Vy t quan h ban u ta tch thnh cc quan h sau R11 (S hng, Tn hng) R12 (S yu cu, S hng, S lng) R21 (S khch hng, Tn khch hng) R22 (S yu cu, Ngy, S khch hng)
Bi 2.
I.
I.1.
Phn tch cu trc thng tin nm trong h thng hin ti nhm lm r cc thnh phn thng tin v mi quan h gia cc thnh phn . Xy dng CSDL thng nht cho ton b h thng s dng
139 - 200
I.2.
Yu cu
Khng b xt thng tin: pht hin v a vo lc d liu mi thng tin cn phi c thu thp, lu tr, phc v cho cc x l h thng. Khng d tha thng tin: thng tin trong lc khng c trng lp. S d tha khng nhng lm tn b nh, nhng quan trng hn l d gy ra mu thun.
I.3.
Cng c
o M hnh thc th lin kt (ER m rng, ER kinh in, ER hn ch) o M hnh quan h
I.4.
I.5.
S dng h s kho st chi tit: S dng h s kho st chi tit tm cc kiu thuc tnh v nhm chng li thnh kiu thc th ca h thng. Tm mi lin h (kiu lin kt) gia cc kiu thc th vi nhau. V m hnh ER m rng. S dng cc quy tc chun ho d liu v a ER m rng thnh ER kinh in. Tip tc s dng cc quy tc chuyn t ER kinh in thnh ER hn ch. Chuyn t ER hn ch thnh m hnh quan h ca h thng Phng php ny c th s dng cho mi h thng. N c nhng quy tc c nh, nu thc hin ng s a ra kt qu nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, n i hi ngi phn tch phi i cht kinh nghim trong lnh vc cn phn tch (trong qu trnh nhm cc kiu thuc tnh vo cc kiu thc th)
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
140 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin S dng t in d liu: da vo cc biu mu thu c trong thc t phn tch v a ra m hnh d liu bao gm cc bc lp t in d liu, m ho v chn lc thng tin, xc nh cc ph thuc hm v xc nh thuc tnh kho, chun ho, lp bng mi quan h gia cc kiu thc th v v m hnh d liu. Phng php ny tng i d thc hin. Tuy nhin, ch p dng c khi cc mu biu ca h thng l bit, i hi ngi phn tch phi c nhiu kinh nghim trong lnh vc nghin cu mi c th xc nh ng cc kiu thc th, y cc kiu thuc tnh v kiu lin kt ban u. y p dng phng php s dng h s kho st chi tit phn tch d liu nghip v ca h thng.
II.
II.1.
xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt phi xc nh c ba yu t: Kiu thc th, cc thuc tnh ca kiu thc th v cc lin kt.
a.
T vic xem xt c th cc thc th ca h thng m ta suy ra c nn thit lp kiu thc th tng ng hay khng. Mt thc th s c m rng thnh kiu thc th nu n tho mn: Thng tin v thc th l cn thit cho h thng; N thuc mt tp cc thc th cng loi m h thng cn qun l. V d: Kho hng c th l kiu thc th tu thuc vo iu kin c cn qun l nhiu kho bi hay khng. Cc kiu thc th c th xut hin cc tc nhn ngoi, cc lung thng tin ni b, cc kho d liu. Tm cc kiu thc th t 3 ngun thng tin ti nguyn: con ngi, kho bi, ti sn (VD: nh cung cp, mt hng...); Thng tin giao dch: l cc ngun thng tin n t mi trng m kch hot mt chui hot ng ca h thng (V d: n hng (mua, bn), d tr, phiu yu cu...); Thng tin tng hp: thng di dng thng k, lin quan n vch k hoch kim sot (V d: d ton chi tiu, tnh lng...) V d: Pht hin kiu thc th ca H thng Cung ng vt t: Cc ti nguyn: Nh cung cp, Phn xng, Mt hng, Tn kho. Cc giao dch: D tr, n hng, Giao hng, Ho n, Pht hng. Cc thng tin tng hp: Bo co nhn/pht hng. Ngoi nhng kiu thc th pht hin trn, ly bng m t h thng cn c, xem xt k cc danh t v ng t m t (gch chn) bng cch t cu hi: C cn
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
141 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin lu tr thng tin v iu ny khng ? Lu di dng mt dng trong bng hay c bng? R sot li cc chng t thu thp c trong h thng c (n gin nht l coi mi chng t l mt Kiu thc th).
b.
Trong phn gch chn cc danh t hoc ng t m t trong bng kho st, nhng ci no khng c xt n m khng lp thnh kiu thc th s lp thnh kiu thuc tnh trong mt kiu thc th m n m t. Ngoi ra c th da vo mu biu ca h thng, trong mi mu biu s cha thuc tnh ca mt kiu thc th tng ng. 1. Nh cung cp (Tn NCC, a ch NCC, iu kin bn hng, M hng, n gi chun) 2. Phn xng (Tn phn xng, a ch, S in thoi) 3. Mt hng (M hng, tn hng, n v tnh, m t) 4. D tr (SH d tr, Tn phn xng, a ch, Ngy d tr, M hng, Lng yu cu) 5. n hng (SH n hng, tn NCC, ngy n hng, M hng, lng t, n gi lng nhn, lng tr tin) 6. Giao hng (SH giao hng, tn NCC, ngy giao hng, m hng, lng giao, SH n hng) 7. Ho n (SH ho n, Tn NCC, ngy ho n, m hng, s lng, n gi, thnh tin, SH giao hng) 8. Pht hng (SH pht hng, tn phn xng, ngy pht hng, m hng, lng pht) 9. Tn kho (M hng, tn hng, n v tnh, s lng tn, ngng) 10. Xut nhp kho (SH xut nhp, ngy xut nhp, m hng, lng xut nhp, xut nhp)
c.
Ch xc nh nhng lin kt gia cc kiu thc th pht hin trn v ghi nhn nhng lin kt c ch cho qun l. Trong bi ton qun l vt t ta pht hin cc lin kt gia chng bng cch duyt li qu trnh giao dch (t khi Phn xng a d tr n khi phn xng nhn c hng), gch chn cc ng t din t mi lin h
142 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin gia cc d liu trong h thng, qua ta s thy c cc mi lin h gia cc kiu thc th. Ta c th v ER m rng ca bi ton qun l vt t nh sau
Phn xng Xut Tn phn xng a ch PX S in thoi Lp D tr SH d tr Tn phn xng a ch PX Ngy d tr M hng Lng yu cu Gm n hng SH n hng Tn NCC Ngy n hng M hng Lng t n gi Lng nhn Lng tr tin
Xut nhp kho SH xut nhp Ngy xut nhp M hng Lng xut nhp Xut nhp Pht cho gm
Gm Gm Gi
Pht hng SH pht hng Tn phn xng Ngy pht hng M hng Lng pht
Mt hng M hng Tn mt hng n v tnh M t Nh cung cp c Tn NCC a ch NCC K bn hng M hng n gi chun
gm
gm
iu chnh theo
giao
gm
Giao hng SH giao hng Tn NCC Ngy giao hng M hng Lng giao SH n hng
theo
II.2. a.
Quy tc 1: X l cc thuc tnh a tr ca mt kiu thc th: Thay mt kiu thuc tnh a tr T ca mt kiu thc th A bi mt kiu thc th mi E -T v kt ni A vi E - T bi mt kiu lin kt. a vo kiu thc th mi E - T mt kiu thuc tnh n tr t, tng ng vi gi tr thnh phn ca T. Nghin cu bn s mi cho kiu lin kt mi (gia A v E - T). V d. Kiu thc th nhn vin c kiu thuc tnh a tr l: cc ngoi ng.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
143 - 200
Ch : Kiu thc th mi E - T ni trn thng c gi l kiu thc th ph thuc. Kiu thc th ph thuc ch tn ti cng vi kiu thc th chnh. Ngha l khi kiu thc th chnh v mt l do no khng cn na, th kiu thc th ph thuc n cng phi b loi b. Nu kiu thuc tnh a tr T c gi tr lun lun gm mt s lng nht nh n cc gi tr n, th khng cn a thm kiu thc th ph thuc, m ch vic thay i T bi n kiu thuc tnh n T1, T2, ..., Tn. V d, nu ta quy nh rng mi nhn vin ch cn k khai hai ngoi ng, lc ta ch cn bin i nh sau
Nhn vin
Nhn vin SH - Nhn vin Tn nhn vin Cc ngoi ng
tr thnh
Nu kiu thc th A cha mt cm cc kiu thuc tnh a tr cng din t v mt ch chung (v d: Cc ngoi ng, trnh ca cc ngoi ng hoc Tn cc con, Nm sinh, Lp ca cc con) th c cm thuc tnh lin quan vi nhau c chuyn thnh mt kiu thc th ph thuc bao gm cc kiu thuc tnh n tr tng ng.
144 - 200
Nhn vin SH - Nhn vin Tn nhn vin Cc ngoi ng Trnh ngoi ng Tn cc con Nm sinh cc con Lp cc con
C con
Bit
Con Tn Nm sinh Lp
Ngoi ng Tn NN Trnh NN
tr thnh
Mt trng hp c bit quan trng thng gp trong m hnh ho l trng hp cc chng t c bng. V d nh Ho n sau HO N S________ H tn khch hng:______________________________________ a ch:_______________________________________________ Hnh thc thanh ton:____________________________________ M hng Tn hng n v tnh S lng n gi Thnh tin
Ta nhn thy trong Ho n trn c hai danh mc: Cc danh mc ngoi bng, ch nhn mt gi tr duy nht; Cc danh mc trong bng, c th nhn nhiu gi tr Khi tin hnh m hnh ho, mt cch t nhin ta din t Ho n l mt kiu thc th vi tt c danh mc c trong ho n c ly lm kiu thuc tnh. Nh vy ta c mt m hnh ER m rng. Sau ta bin i ER m rng v ER kinh in bng cch loi b cc thuc tnh a tr. y ch cn to mt kiu thc th ph thuc duy nht, m mi thc th trong tng ng vi mt dng cc gi tr vit trong bng.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
145 - 200
ca
tr thnh
Quy tc 2: X l cc kiu thuc tnh a tr ca mt kiu lin kt: Thc th ho kiu lin kt ri p dng quy tc 1 cho kiu thc th mi lp. V d. Trong m hnh ER sau
Gio vin Dy ID - Gio vin Tn gio vin ID - Sinh vin Tn sinh vin Sinh vin
Hai kiu thuc tnh Cc mn hc, cc nm hc ca kiu lin kt Dy l kiu thuc tnh a tr. Ta c th bin i nh sau
146 - 200
Dy
Mn hc Nm hc
Quy tc 3: X l cc kiu thc th phc hp. Thay kiu thuc tnh phc hp bi cc kiu thuc tnh hp thnh. V d. Thay a ch bi S nh, ng ph, Qun huyn v Tnh thnh. Quy tc 4: X l cc kiu thc th con. Gi s kiu thc th A c kiu thc th con l B. C hai cch x l tu chn nh sau o Quy tc 4.1: Loi b kiu thc th B v b sung mi kiu thuc tnh ca B vo trong A, ng thi thm mt kiu thuc tnh cho php phn loi cc thc th ca A (thuc tnh B hay khng thuc tnh B). Chuyn mi kiu lin kt vi B sang A, v nghin cu li cc bn s cho chng. o Quy tc 4.2: Thay mi lin quan tha k gia A v B bi mt kiu lin kt gia A v B m cc bn s ti a u l 1. Nghin cu c th cc bn s ti thiu. V d. Trong m hnh ER sau
147 - 200
Nh vn Bt hiu S tc phm
L nh vn
L vin chc
Nh vn Bt hiu S tc phm
Ch : Trong m hnh ER trn khi Loi ngi = Vin chc, cc kiu thuc tnh Bt hiu, s tc phm khng dng ti, ngha l khng c gi tr. Tuy nhin cho cc kiu thuc tnh i vi mt kiu thc th lun c gi tr, trong trng hp trn, ta gn cho kiu thuc tnh mt gi tr quy c: Null (c hiu l khng tn ti hoc cha c bit). Nu kiu thuc tnh Loi ngi l thuc tnh a tr (ngha l c ngi va l nh vn va l vin chc), ta li phi p dng quy tc 1 x l tip, v lc m hnh ER tr thnh
Ngi S CMT Tn Loi ngi Bt hiu S tc phm C quan CT Mc lng Loi Ngi Dy Tn loi ngi
V d: Bi ton vt t:
148 - 200
II.3. a.
Cch 1. Xem 1 - 1 l trng hp ring ca 1 - nhiu v v li n bng 1 ng ni thng. Cch lm ny vi phm hn ch ca m hnh, hoc d gy hiu lm nn t dng. V d
149 - 200
chuyn thnh
chuyn thnh Cch 2. Gp hai kiu thc th c quan h 1 - 1 thnh mt kiu thc th duy nht, bng cch ho trn hai danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh vi nhau.
h s cn b M CB H tn S CMT Ngy cp CMT Ni cp CMT Qu qun Ni thng tr Mc lng
V d.
Quy tc 6: X l cc kiu lin kt 2 ngi nhiu - nhiu v cc kiu lin kt nhiu ngi: thc th ho mi lin kt bng mt kiu thc th mi c cha cc kiu thuc tnh l kho ca cc kiu thc th tham gia (tp hp cc kho ny to thnh cc kho bi ca kiu thc th mi). Ni kiu thc th ny vi cc kiu thc th tham gia lin kt bng cc lin kt 1 - nhiu. V d
150 - 200
chuyn thnh
Nh cung cp M nh cung cp Tn nh cung cp a ch CataloG M nh cung cp M hng n gi Mt hng M hng Tn hng n v tnh
Mn hc M mn hc Tn mn hc
Ngy gi
chuyn thnh
151 - 200
Xc nh kho ca kiu thc th ph thuc, kiu thuc tnh kt ni i vi m hnh ER hn ch, ta cn phi ch r kho cho mi kiu thc th. Kho c th l kho n (ch gm mt kiu thuc tnh), hoc l kho bi (gm nhiu kiu thuc tnh). Kho bi thng gp cc trng hp: Cc kiu thc th ph thuc: kho ca mt kiu thc th ph thuc lun phi bao gm kho ca kiu thc th chnh nh mt thnh phn ca kho, v n lm nhim v kt ni thc th ph thuc vi thc th chnh. Cc kiu thc th lp t quy tc 6, tc l kiu thc th c kiu lin kt nhiu- nhiu hay nhiu ngi u phi c kho bi hp thnh t kho ca cc kiu thc th tham gia quan h
Ho n S ho n Tn khch hng a ch Hnh thc TT Cng tin ho n Ngy ho n Dng Ho n S ho n M hng Tn hng n v tnh S lng n gi Thnh tin
Ta gi mt kiu thuc tnh kt ni (hay kho ngoi) l mt kiu thuc tnh vn l kho ca mt kiu thc th, nhng li xut hin trong mt kiu thc th khc vi nhim v m t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th. D dng rt ra quy lut sau: Nu mt kiu thc th B c cha mt kiu thuc tnh kt ni, l kho ca mt kiu thc th A, th gia Av B c mt kiu lin kt 1-nhiu (u nhiu v pha B).
A ID - A ............. B ID - B ............. ID - A
152 - 200
V d:
Nu trong mt m hnh ER hn ch, ta s dng mt cch c h thng cc thuc tnh kt ni phn nh cc kiu lin kt 1-nhiu gia cc kiu thc th, th cc ng ni 1-nhiu c th xo b. Lc m hnh ch cn l mt tp hp cc kiu thc th. V vy m hnh ER hn ch cn c gi l m hnh thc th. Tuy nhin ta vn gi li cc ng ni 1- nhiu trong m hnh nhm lm cho m hnh d c, d hiu hn. V d: Bi ton vt t. Biu din li cc quan h 1 - nhiu. Tch quan h nhiu nhiu thnh 1 - nhiu, xc nh y kho cho cc kiu thc th Ta c th v ER hn ch ca bi ton qun l vt t nh sau
153 - 200
Phn xung Tn phn xng a ch PX S in thoi Dng P.Hng SH pht hng M hng Lung pht
D tr SH d tr Tn PX a ch PX Ngy d tr
Xut nhp kho SH xut nhp Ngy xut nhp Xut nhp
Pht hng SH pht hng Tn phn xung Ngy pht hng Dng XN SH xut nhp M hng Lung XN Giao hng SH giao hng Tn NCC Ngy giao hng
Ho n SH ho n Tn NCC Ngy ho n
Tn kho M hng Tn hng n v tnh s lung tn ngung Dng G.Hng SH giao hng M hng Lung giao SH n hng
II.4. a.
i.
Bc 1: Chuyn kiu thc th thnh bng quan h v m ho cc kiu thuc tnh ca bng quan h
Mi kiu thc th chuyn thnh mt bng quan h vi tn bng quan h c m ho tng ng. Xt cc kiu thuc tnh ca kiu thc th, khi chuyn thuc tnh no sang bng quan h ta thc hin m ho chng.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
154 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin o Thuc tnh kho chnh, kho ngoi chuyn thnh thuc tnh kho chnh, kho ngoi ca quan h tng ng o Kiu thuc tnh c th kt xut t cc kiu thuc tnh khc b i o Kiu thuc tnh m t khng xut hin nhiu kiu thc th chuyn thnh kiu thuc tnh ca quan h tng ng o Kiu thuc tnh m t xut hin nhiu kiu thc th: Xt xem cc kiu thuc tnh ny thuc vo kiu thc th no, gi li cc kiu thuc tnh ny bng quan h tng ng. i vi nhng kiu thc th khc c cha cc kiu thuc tnh ny s thay th nhng kiu thuc tnh ny bng kho chnh ca kiu thc th c cha cc thuc tnh trong bng quan h tng ng.
ii.
iii.
Bc 3: V m hnh quan h
p dng ng cc quy tc sau Bng quan h Biu din: ging kiu thc th TN QUAN H Thuc tnh 1 Thuc tnh 2 Thuc tnh Phn loi: c 4 loi thuc tnh chnh: thuc tnh nh danh, thuc tnh tn gi, thuc tnh m t, thuc tnh kt ni: l thuc tnh ch ra mi quan h gia thc th ny vi mt thc th.
Sinh vin
M SV H tn Ngy sinh Lp Qu qun
Lun vn
M LV M SV Tn lun vn Gio vin HD
155 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Mi quan h: biu din ging kiu lin kt trong ER hn ch Quan h 1 - 1: Quan h 1 - n: Quan h 0 - n:
V d: Bi ton vt t
ddutru IDdutru mahang luongyc IDdhang donhang IDdhang tenncc ngaydhg
xuatnhap IDxunhap xuatcho nhaptu ngayxn xuatnhap phathang IDphat phatcho ngayphat dongxn IDxunhap mahang luongnx giaohang IDgiao tenncc ngaygiao
dphang IDphat mahang luongph IDghang hang mahang tenhang dvtinh mota
156 - 200
iv.
c t chi tit bng quan h: s hiu, tn bng, kiu thuc tnh (kho chnh, m t, kho ngoi). Xc nh kiu d liu cho tng kiu thuc tnh. V d: c t Dng giao hng
b.
Ch
C th chuyn thng t ER kinh in v m hnh quan h m khng qua ER hn ch. Khi bc 2, biu din mi quan h ta thc hin nh sau: Xut pht t cc kiu lin kt cha kiu thc th treo (ch tham gia vo mt quan h). Nu khng c kiu thc th treo ta xut pht t kiu thc th c t quan h nht. Xt ln lt cc kiu lin kt c ngi thp nht o Bc 1. Nu kiu lin kt l 1-nhiu (hay 1-1) v khng c thuc tnh ring thm kho kiu thc th bn 1 vo kiu thc th bn nhiu (nu kiu lin kt 1-1 tu thuc vo tng bi ton ta c th coi mt bn l nhiu). o Bc 2. Vi mi kiu lin kt trong cc trng hp cn li (khng k ngi) tr kiu lin kt 1 ngi Thm mt quan h mi Thuc tnh ca quan h gm: Cc kho ca cc quan h tng ng vi cc kiu thc th tham gia vo mi quan h ny, cc thuc tnh ring ca mi quan h ny Tin hnh xc nh li kho ngoi
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
157 - 200
158 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Ma trn chc nng gip ta pht hin ra chc nng, thc th c lp loi b c cc chc nng khng c d liu, hoc cc d liu khng cn thit cho chc nng no c. Pht hin cc mi quan h thiu. Xy dng bng m t cc tin trnh: Bn m t chi tit cho tt c cc chc nng mc thp nht v cc x l v cc rng buc x l. Xy dng t in d liu: gm cc mc t, mi mc t m t mt tn, khi nim mi hay mt dng d liu ca DFD.
IV. KT LUN
Sau giai on phn tch kt qu ngi phn tch thu c Nhng chc nng nghip v ca h thng M hnh d liu ca h thng Nm dng d liu quan trng nht m ngi phn tch phi hon thnh S phn r chc nng ca h thng mi S lung d liu ca h thng mi c t chc nng chi tit ca h thng mi M hnh quan h ca h thng mi T in d liu ca h thng mi
159 - 200
Chng 5.
THIT K H THNG
Trong chng ny ta bc sang giai on thit k h thng, mc ch l chuyn cc c t logic ca h thng (v chc nng, v d liu) thnh cc c t vt l. Nh vy, nu phn tch nhm tr li cu hi H thng lm g ?, th thit k nhm tr li cho cu hi H thng lm nh th no ?. Sau y ta s i su vo cc cng vic khc nhau trong thit k. Th t trnh by khng nht thit l th t thc hin, v thc ra cc cng vic ny thng an xen ln nhau, khng th thc hin mt cch tuyn tnh c.
Bi 1.
I.
I.1.
THIT K TNG TH
u vo ca cng vic thit k bao gm: Ti liu c t yu cu ca h thng (s phn r chc nng, s lung d liu, m hnh d liu). Ti liu h tr gm c t chc nng, s cc yu cu vt l, t in d liu. c c cc ti liu ny, nh thit k cn phi c lin h cht ch v lin tc vi nh phn tch, v i khi cn phi tip xc v i thoi vi ngi s dng v ngi ch h thng trong sut qu trnh thit k.
I.2.
Nhim v
Chuyn m t logic ca h thng mi thnh m t vt l bng cch thm vo cc bin php, cc phng tin, cc ci t. C th chia phn thit k thnh hai qu trnh l thit k logic v thit k vt l. Thit k logic tr li cho cu hi cn a nhng d liu no vo h thng, cc x l no s c thc hin, cc thng tin no s c a ra v nhng rng buc no s c p ng Thit k vt l tr li cho cu hi a d liu vo h thng nh th no, cc d liu s c ct gi v x l nh th no, cc thng tin s c a ra nh th no v cc rng buc s c p ng nh th no.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
160 - 200
I.3.
Cc bc tin hnh
Thit k tng th: Xc nh ranh gii gia phn thc hin my tnh vi phn th cng (xc nh ranh gii th cng my tnh); Xc nh cc h thng con my tnh: l thc hin vic chia nh phn x l bng my tnh Thit k giao din: Thit k cc lung thng tin ct ngang ranh gii th cng v my tnh; Thit k thng tin ra trc v thng tin vo sau Thit k kim sot: Bo mt thng tin (cc quyn truy nhp); Bo v h thng (hng hc, tht thot ti sn...) Thit k c s d liu: Trong m hnh d liu khi phn tch ta quan tm n cc vn : , khng tha, khng nhp nhng. Khi thit k ta cn xt n vn truy nhp cho nn cn thm hai yu t: nhanh v tin li cn bin i m hnh d liu l tng v m hnh thc t. Thit k chng trnh: a ra bng thit k chng trnh r n mc ngi lp trnh da vo m vit c chng trnh d ngi lp trnh khng hiu r h thng. Theo cc phng php PTTKHT hin i, ngi ta chia thit k thnh hai phn: thit k logic v thit k vt l. Thit k logic l phn thit k gm cc bc: Thit k mu (form) v bo biu (report) m t cch a d liu ti ngi s dng trong phn nhp xut d liu ca h thng; Thit k giao din v hi thoi m t mi trng giao tip gia h thng v ngi s dng; Thit k CSDL logic m t cu trc thng dng ca CSDL ca h thng c th d dng ci t trn cc h qun tr CSDL khc nhau. Thit k vt l bao gm cc bc: Thit k vt l cc file v CSDL m t vic ct gi v truy nhp d liu trong b nh th cp ra sao v bo m cht lng ca d liu nh th no; Thit k chng trnh m t cc chng trnh v modul chng trnh tng ng vi biu lung d liu; Thit k qu trnh phn phi chin lc m t thit k d liu v chng trnh sn sng cho nhng ngi s dng trn mng my tnh. Mc d c th pht trin h thng theo mt hnh thc no i na th nhu cu ca ngi s dng vn l yu t u tin quan trng nht tin hnh thit k.
161 - 200
II.
II.1.
THIT K TNG TH
Mc ch
Nhm a ra mt kin trc tng th ca h thng. Kin trc ny th hin s phn chia h thng thnh nhiu h con, v s chia tch phn thc hin bng th cng vi phn thc hin bng my tnh (1 hay nhiu my tnh) trong mi h thng con .
II.2. a.
H thng con (gi) l s gom nhm cc chc nng (hay chng trnh) trong mt h thng xung quanh mt nhim v hay mt mc ch no .
b.
Mc ch
Nhm gim thiu s phc tp, s cng knh. Gip ngi qun l d n phn chia cng vic cho cc nhm pht trin, xc nh th t thc hin cc phn vic ca h thng. Nhm to ra s thun li cho qu trnh thit k cng nh khai thc, bo dng sau ny.
c.
S dng DFD c c t giai on phn tch tin hnh phn chia h thng. Dng mt ng ranh (t nt) tch cc chc nng trong biu lung d liu thnh nhm, mi nhm l mt h thng con. Thng thng DFD mc cao (mc nh, di nh) cho ta gi tt: mi chc nng xut hin trong DFD mc cao l i din ca mt h thng con, gm nhng chc nng phn r n trong DFD mc thp hn. Vic gom nhm cc chc nng khng ch da hon ton vo chc nng thun ty, cn da vo cc cn c t thc t.
d.
Gom nhm theo thc th: gom nhm vo mt h thng con cc chc nng lin quan n cng mt hay mt s kiu thc th nht nh. Gom theo s kin giao dch: gom nhm vo mt h thng con cc chc nng c khi ng khi c mt s kin giao dch no xy ra. Gom nhm theo trung tm bin i: nu pht hin trong DFD c nhm cc chc nng cng tc vi nhau thc hin mt tnh ton hay mt bin i thng tin c bit no , th tch chng thnh mt h con 162 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Gom nhm theo mt l do thit thc no : nh thun li cho cu trc kinh doanh, thun li cho vh tr cng s, thch ng vi cu hnh phn cng vn c, ph hp vi trnh i ng cn b, ph hp vi s phn cp trch nhim cng tc, to ra kh nng bo mt tt hn...
II.3.
V d Bi ton vt t
Xut pht t DFD mc nh ca h thng Cung ng vt t lp trong giai on phn tch ta phn h ny thnh cc h thng con cn c phn chia y l cu hnh phn cng vn c. C th, mun gi li hai my tnh c (cng phn ln chng trnh c sn trn ). Trong giai on kho st ta chp nhn gii php 5 nn gi li hai h n hng v h Pht hng c iu chnh t nhiu so vi tnh trng c. Mi h s trn mt my tnh (hai my khng ni mng). Vic qun l kho hng d tr c thc hin trn h Pht hng Ta c th vch ranh gii cho hai h con
Xc nhn chi + Ho n
Ti v
Bn ghi tr tin
NCCap
Giao dch + n hng tt tr li Khiu ni SYC n YC hng mua hng
n hng
t hng
ho n DS hng v
Nh cung cp
Phn xng
Nhn hng
Nh cung cp
Bng d tr
D tr
Hnh 5-1. Cc h con ca h thng Qun l cung ng vt t t li tn phn nh r ni dung hn o H 1: t hng v theo di n hng o H 2: Qun l kho hng d tr, nhn v pht hng
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
163 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Mi h con 1, 2 phn chia bao gm 2 nhim v tch bit, vy c th chia mi h con lm i, kt qu ta c 4 h con o H 1.1: t hng o H 1.2: Theo di n hng o H 2.1: Qun l kho hng d tr o H 2.2: Nhn v pht hng Xt li m hnh mc di nh ta c th vch ranh gii
NCCap
Nhn v pht hng
Yu cu mua hng DS hng v
Chn nh cung cp
Qun l nh cung cp
tt tr li
Thng tin
Giao dch
Nh cung cp
yu cu
n hng
n hng
Lp n hng
Ti v
Bn ghi tr tin
DT-H
Ho n
Tip nhn ho n
Ho n
Xc nhn chi + ho n
Nh cung cp
tt tr li
Khiu ni
Hnh 5-2. nh ranh gii cho h con t hng v h con Theo di n hng
II.4. a.
Tr li cu hi: Chc nng no do my tnh thc hin? Chc nng no do con ngi thc hin? Kho d liu no c lu trn my tnh? Kho d liu no c qun l bng tay ?
b.
Phn nh trn DFD phn thc hin bng my tnh v phn thc hin th cng. Quyt nh phng thc x l theo m c s dng u, phng thc x l trc tuyn c s dng u
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
164 - 200
c.
Vch mt ng ranh (nt t) chia phn my tnh vi phn th cng trn DFD. i vi chc nng xem xt tng chc nng trong DFD quyt nh chc nng no s thc hin bng my tnh, chc nng no thc hin bi cn ngi. C 2 kh nng xy ra: Mt chc nng c chuyn trn vn sang x l bng my tnh hay x l th cng. Tn chng c gi nguyn; Mt s chc nng cn tch mt phn x l bng my tnh, mt phn x l th cng. Phn r thm 1 mc xc nh phn no x l bng my, phn no x l th cng. Chn tn thch hp cho cc chc nng con. i vi kho d liu: xem xt tng kho d liu c mt trn DFD. Kho d liu chuyn sang phn my tnh s l kiu thc th tip tc c mt trong m hnh d liu, sau ny tr thnh tp hay CSDL. Kho d liu chuyn sang phn th cng s l cc tp th cng (s sch, bng biu...); cc h s, chng t vn phng Cc kiu d liu tng ng vi cc kho d liu x l th cng phi loi ra khi m hnh d liu. Nh vy trong m hnh d liu mi, mt s kiu thc th s bin mt, mt s kiu thc th mi, mt s kiu thc th b gim kiu thuc tnh. Ngc li, do yu cu x l my tnh, mt s kiu thc th mi c th c thm vo. V d nh catalog cung cp (NCC-Mt hng) cn thm vo m hnh d liu.
d.
V d Bi ton vt t
Xt h con 1.1: t hng, khi cha tch phn my tnh v phn th cng ta c
Hnh 5-3. H con t hng Khi tch phn my tnh v phn th cng ta c
165 - 200
e.
Thng c nhiu cch s dng my tnh thc hin cc chc nng. c bit c hai phng n thng dng x l theo m, x l trc tuyn. Khi thnh lp DFD phn tch phn my tnh v th cng, ta phi th hin r xu hng s dng my tnh chn la. V d: Gii quyt vic t hng b sung cho kho hng
Hnh 5-5. DFD h thng cha phn tch C hai phng n gii quyt
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
166 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Phng n 1: x l theo m: Mi ngy 1 ln kim tra tp hng lu kho rt ra cc mt hng cn t hng b sung. Mi tun 1 ln cp nht cc hng v v tm cc n hng b ko di gic nh cung cp Phng n 2: x l trc tuyn. Thc hin i thoi vi my tnh bt c lc no cn. y vai tr ca ngi l ch yu trong vic dn dt cng vic, my tnh ch ng vai tr tr gip
167 - 200
Bi 2.
I.
I.1.
Thit k mi trng giao tip gia ngi s dng v my tnh tho mn iu kin: d s dng, d hc, d nh, tc thao tc nhanh, kim sot tt, d pht trin.
I.2.
Cc loi mn hnh
Hp thoi: l cc giao din phc v cho vic kim sot h thng, trao i thng tin gia ngi dng v h thng, kim tra quyn truy nhp, cc thng bo li... Mn hnh nhp liu: l cc khung nhp liu cho php ngi dng tin hnh nhp liu cho h thng hay cung cp thng tin cho vic tm kim d liu, a ra cc bo co theo yu cu Mn hnh bo co: l cc biu mu hin th cc thng tin c thu thp v tng hp theo yu cu ca ngi s dng.
I.3.
Lun cung cp thng tin phn hi v cng vic ang tin hnh cho ngi dng. Thng tin trng thi: cung cp cho ngi dng thng tin v phn h thng ang c s dng. Cng vic ti thiu: hn ch ti a s c gn khng cn thit ca ngi dng. Tr gip: sn sng cung cp cc tr gip khi ngi dng cn. D dng thot ra: cho php ngi dng thot khi hp thoi d dng bng cc thao tc quen thuc. Lm li: cho php hu b cc thao tc tin hnh, tng tnh khoan dung ca chng trnh.
I.4.
Ni dung
Thit k giao din l chuyn cc tin trnh ca my lm thnh cc hot ng thng qua s tc ng ca con ngi qua mn hnh. Thit k giao din phi i km chc nng giao din thc hin. Cc bng (quan h), cc thuc tnh s dng. Cc rng buc ton vn. Ni dung x l v phng php x l trong tin trnh i theo giao din. M t kt qu sau khi ra khi giao din. M t s giao din.
II.
Nhim v th cng l cc quy trnh do con ngi thc hin. Vic thit k nhim v th cng bao gm cc bc
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
168 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Gom nhm cc chc nng th cng thnh cc cng vic v nhim v Chn phng thc x l: x l theo m ? x l trc tuyn ?
II.1.
Gom nhm cc cng vic th cng n gin thnh nhim v ln hn giao cho mt hay mt nhm ngi thc hin. S gom nhm c th thc hin theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau: Theo giao dch, theo kho d liu, theo a im, theo thi gian x l, theo s phn cng chc trch... Ni dung v hnh thc thc hin tu thuc vo phng thc lm vic gia ngi v my tnh.
II.2. a.
Trong phng thc ny my tnh c giao gii quyt mt vn trn gi, con ngi ch cn u vo ca my tnh: thu gom thng tin, tin x l bng tay trc khi a vo my tnh v nhp liu vo my tnh. u ra ca my tnh: kim tra bng mt, phn phi v s dng thng tin xut t my tnh. So vi vic x l bng tay, vic x l theo m ny sinh mt s vn mi cho con ngi nh kim sot th cng cc thng tin thu thp, m ho thng tin thu thp, nhp liu qua bn phm, kim tra cc giy t in ra t my tnh, phn phi cc giy t n ni s dng.
b.
X l trc tuyn
Trong phng thc ny con ngi ng vai tr ch o trong cng vic, my tnh ch gip con ngi trong vic ch bin mt s thng tin, d dng hn trong vic chn la phng php hnh ng. Kch bn ca mt phin lm vic trc tuyn l s thay i lin tip gia s lm vic ca ngi v my tnh. din t kch bn , ngi ta thng s dng biu i thoi. Cc k hiu s dng trong biu i thoi Ni bt u Ni kt thc My tnh lm vic v dng ch s can thip ca ngi Mt phn kch bn (chng trnh con) c m t biu khc
169 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cc cung bao gm cc loi Phn ng ca ngi S p li ca ngi bng cch n phm ngm nh S la chn phng n i theo n chn S chuyn tip t ng ca my tnh do qu thi hn tr li
ng nhp
Thng bo li
Tr gip
[CR]
n chn chnh 2 3
Thng bo li
Lm ho n
II.3.
Miu t ni dung cng vic r rng: mc ch cn t, cc bc thc hin, yu cu ca mi bc, n nh chnh xc phi t, n nh mc nng xut cn thit, mc kho lo cn c, hng dn cch x l khi c sai xt.
170 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin c th l cc bo co ch xut hin trn mn hnh, cng c th l cc bo co c a ra my in, a ra tp. l cc hnh thc trnh by cc thng tin nhp vo my tnh hay xut ra t my tnh, bao gm cc biu mu thu thp thng tin (Cc t khai, cc phiu iu tra); Cc ti liu in ra t my tnh (Cc bng biu thng k, tng hp, cc chng t giao dch)
III.2. Yu cu
y thng tin cn thit, thng tin phi chnh xc, phi d c, d hiu, d s dng. Khi thit k bo co phi ch ti cc vn sau: Tr li cu hi: Bo co mi hoc bo co hin c?: Vic lp bo co mi c thc s cn thit khng ? C th dng mt bo co hin c thu thp thng tin khng ? Ch : Nn lp bo co mi t nhng bo co c, hn ch lp bo co mi hon ton. To nhanh bo co giai on u v sau hon chnh dn. Kch c ca bo co: khi thit k cn ch ni dung ca bo co phi iu chnh ph hp vi cc yu t khc. V d: nu qu nhiu ct s khng ph hp kh giy b bt ct khng cn thit. Thay i cch th hin ni dung: kch c my in, kh giy. V d: nht k chng t c giy A4, c ch 13/14 tr gii thch c 10. Tu thuc vo cch s dng: ng tp, gi i, ng gi. Dung lng v tn sut: Nm c dung lng v tn sut ca bo co s dn n vic quyt nh ti thit k bo co nh th no. Ni dung: Lp danh sch cc mc cn a vo bo co vi kch thc ti a ca trng. Mi ct, mc ca bo co cn ly d liu u, nh th no in vo ? Khi in vo ch n khun dng ca d liu. Ch n thng tin trong bn chnh, bn sao theo cch s dng. Cc thng tin ph khc giao dch Mu sc v b tr: C cn thit phi s dng nhiu mu khng ? Ch en trn nn trng thng c s dng hn, tuy nhin c th s dng mu trn cc bn sao khc nhau
171 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Ngoi ra cc t khai hay phiu iu tra thng c thm phn ghi ch mt sau hng dn cho ngi khai. Cc thng tin trong phn thn c gom theo nhm c lin kt cht ch vi nhau. Th t cc nhm thng tin trnh by trong phn thn quyt nh da trn nhiu cn c (theo th t u tin, theo th t quen dng hay d in, thng cc bng c t sau cc thng tin n) i vi biu mu thu thp thng tin, c 3 cch: Khung in, cc trng hp la chn, cu hi tr li. C hai dng: cu hi ng, cu hi m Cht liu ca biu mu: c cn nhc trn cc mt: Giy (kh giy, loi giy), s phin bn, mu: mc en trn nn trng l thng dng nht.
172 - 200
a.
Dng hi p
My hi hay nhc, ngi p. Thng dng cho cc hot ng tra cu. N bao gm mt lot cc cu hi theo tun t. V th t cc cu hi (hoc cc du nhc trn my tnh) ln lt c tr li (do con ngi). Cc cu hi thng c nhng la chn tr li, ngi s dng ch vic chn trong s (c / khng; tip tc / khng). V d Xt nghim: _ A : Siu m X : X - Quang E : Xt nghim (Chn ch ci tng ng) ESC : Dng S : Ghi li Dng ny n gin v d dng, ph hp vi nhng ngi mi s dng, trnh khng cao. Tuy nhin, b hn ch v kh nng la chn do hn ch v kch thc mn hnh, tinh vi ca i thoi cng b gii hn.
b.
Dng thc n
L dng thng dng truy nhp vo chng trnh hay cc chc nng ca h thng. Cc thc n tu chn c hin ln lt trn mn hnh cho php chn. Nhng
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
173 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thc n c tn sut ln c sp trc (trn), sp theo trnh t ca cc tin trnh. C 3 dng
Kiu thit k ny ph hp vi ngi mi s dng, trnh khng cao. Ch khi thit k: thc n c gii hn bi s cc tu chn m n c th hin ln mn hnh. L tng l s kh nng tu chn l khng nhiu hn 9. V vi thc n c phn cp nh hn 3 mc v vic phn qu nhiu mc s dn n tnh thiu trc quan.
c.
Dng in mu
Ngi dng in thng tin vo cc ch trng trn mt khung mu trn mn hnh. y l mt dng i thoi c dng ph bin nht i vi d liu v cng c s dng trong vic khi phc d liu v son tho. Mu c hin trn mn hnh tng t nh s b tr ca t bo co mu. Trn mn hnh c tn ca mu, ch thch cho cc trng v cc thng bo hng dn s dng. V d: Thit k giao din cho mt ho n bn hng
174 - 200
u im ca dng ny l quen thuc, gn gi vi ngi s dng v vic thao tc trn chng c t gii ngha cho n khi mu c np thng tin xong. Ph hp vi mi ngi dng. Nhng im cn lu khi thit k loi giao din ny l mu th hin trn mn hnh phi ging vi mu trong thc t v c thm tr gip cc mc phc tp. Ngn ng trao i phi trong sng, d hiu, n ngha.
d.
Trn mn hnh c ca s lnh cho php nhp cu lnh. Qua ca s lnh, ngi s dng s a vo nhng lnh cn thit. u im ln ca thit k loi ny l th hin c s mm do v tnh tinh vi: v c th a vo cc lnh t n gin n phc tp. Nhc im, ngi s dng cn c thi gian hc ngn ng lnh, v h cn phi c mt t kin thc v h thng khi khng c thng tin biu th ln mn hnh.
Phn bit cc dng thng tin: gia cc dng d liu tiu , cc thuyt minh, lu tr d liu hoc nhp d liu, cc ch dn, thng bo li l phi khc nhau. Tit: t gc, ch hoa. u : ln, r, gia. Nhn: ng nht. Gii thch: tch ring, bn cnh cc nhn v c du ngoc. D liu nhp: c du hiu khc nhn (mu, nn); Ch th r rng, ngn gn, tng ng ph hp; Cung cp cng c tr gip (c 3 dng: gii
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
175 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thch bn cnh, phm bm theo ni dung, file Help, thng tin di, y . Bao gm ni dung cc chc nng, trnh t th tc, cu trc cu lnh; Thao tc n gin, t nht c th vi mc khc nhau: ngi s dng c trnh cao v c trnh trung bnh. Ch n cc thit b s dng i theo giao din: ph thuc trnh ngi s dng v iu kin. Dng phm, chut, bt t. Thit b ngoi vi khc (a mm, a cng, bng t) Khi thit k mn hnh nn c s phn loi cc mn hnh. Chng hn, c th phn loi theo nhm cc mn hnh nhp liu, cc mn hnh nhp yu cu, cc mn hnh i thoi (phc tp v n gin), cc mn hnh thng bo. Gia cc nhm mn hnh cn phn bit vi nhau v mu sc v cu trc. Cc mn hnh trong cng 1 nhm cn thng nht v cu trc, mu. Trong mt mn hnh cc nhm thng tin cn c sp xp c trt t v hp l. Vic nh v hp l cc nhm thng tin cng s gip din t chnh xc cc yu cu. Nn s dng thng nht mt th ting. Trnh s dng nhiu th ting trn mt mn hnh, trong mt h thng. Cc ch th yu cu phi c th hin mt cch r rng, d hiu.
b.
Khi thit k cc mn hnh nhp liu cn ch cc vn nh: Th t s dng, tn sut s dng v tm quan trng ca cc mc d liu. Kim tra s trng lp cc gi tr trong khi nhp, m bo tnh duy nht cc gi tr ca chng. S thun tin ca phng tin nhp d liu.
c.
Mn hnh i thoi
Cn c s thng nht v cu trc: Ngoi ra, cc ch i thoi cn r rng, ngn gn. Ti mi thi im ch nn cp n mt vn c th.
d.
Mt s vn v mu v ch
Mu v ch l nhng thng tin khng km phn quan trng m ngi chuyn gia tin hc cn s dng nhn mnh mt thng tin (d liu) no khc. V d, s khc nhau hoc ging nhau gia cc nhm d liu, gia cc nhm, cc phn trn mn hnh hoc lm ni bt mt phn no . Mt s im cn lu v vn mu v ch khi thit k mn hnh l khng nn dng qu nhiu mu (giao din lm vic 4 mu, giao din menu, u chng trnh, demo nhiu mu hn 8 mu). Mu phi ho hp, c tng phn hp l.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
176 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Tng t nh mu sc, ch vit cng c s dng nh l nhng thng tin nhm h tr cho vic th hin cc thng tin khc nhau. Trong mt h thng thng s dng nhiu kiu ch khc nhau, tuy nhin s lng kiu ch trong mt mn hnh, trong mt h thng cng c s dng tng t nh mu sc.
V.
Phn loi ngi dng theo kh nng kho lo, tinh t, phn cp trong t chc, cc nhm chuyn mn h tham gia. M t nhu cu, c im v kch bn ca mi loi ngi dng. Thit k s phn cp cc lnh: a ra danh sch cc lnh theo nhu cu ngi dng, chnh li h thng cc lnh bng cch: sp th t, phn on cho d nhn. Thit k cc chi tit tng tc: da trn cc tiu ch thch hp, t bc, khng c thi gian cht, quay li, ngi dng khng cn phi nh, d hiu, d c, li cun v th v, phi cung cp thng tin v tnh trng h thng (trng thi) trn mn hnh thng xuyn hoc khi cn thit. Khi thc hin vic thit k giao din nh thit k phi m t s giao din. C rt nhiu cch m t s giao din, mt trong nhng cch l s dng s khi m t trng thi h thng u vo ca giao din v trng thi h thng u ra ca giao din.
177 - 200
Bi 3.
mt s giai on trong qu trnh pht trin ca bt k d n no, bao gi cng cn tin hnh cc kim tra cn thit bo m vic thc hin ng n cho h thng d nh. iu ny c th p dng cho ton b h thng nghip v ch khng ch ring h thng thng tin tin hc ho. Vic nghin cu, phn tch kim sot bao gm nh phn tch v thit k. Cc nh qun l - ngi s dng h thng. Cc kim ton vin ni b. Ngi c trch nhim qun l d n. y l mt trong nhng giai on ng quan tm nht trong d n, ti y nh phn tch phi t t mnh vo cch ngh ca cc iu tra vin, v c gng on trc mi hnh ng c th c ca nhng k ph hoi.
I.
MC CH
h thng hot ng ng n, hiu qu ta cn phi b sung cc kim sot cn thit. Cc kim sot ny nhm tng tin cy ca thng tin h thng, phng trnh hay hn ch ti a cc nguy c gy mt mt, h hng thng tin e do s hot ng ca h thng do ngu nhin hay c . Mc ch ca vic thit k kim sot l xut cc bin php nhm l cho h thng m bo c. Cc kha cnh cn quan tm khi thit k kim sot l: Tnh chnh xc: H thng lm vic lun ng n, khng a ra kt qu tnh ton sai lc, khng dn n cc quyt nh sai lc. Tnh an ton (safety): h thng khng b xm hi khi c s c k thut. Tnh bo mt (security): kh nng ngn nga cc xm phm v tnh hay c t pha con ngi. Tnh ring t (privacy): bo m c cc quyn ring t i vi cc loi ngi dng khc nhau.
II.
178 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Ni tin hnh kim tra: Ni thu thp thng tin u vo, trung tm my tnh, ni nhn ti liu xut Ni dung kim tra: pht hin li v sa li. Hnh thc kim tra: Bng tay/bng my; y /khng y : kim tra y s gy tn km nn trong mt s trng hp ngi ta tp trung ch vo mt s thng tin ch yu kim tra; Trc tip/gin tip: Trc tip l kim tra khng cn dng thng tin ph. Th t kim tra: kim tra trc tip trc, kim tra gin tip sau. Trong kim tra trc tip ta kim tra ln lt: s c mt, khun dng, kiu, min gi tr. Trong kim tra gin tip, c gng kim tra mt thng tin khi nhng thng tin dng cho vic kim tra qua kim tra trc ri. Vic kim tra t ng c th ci t theo hai hnh thc: kim tra khi nhp thng tin theo m, theo kiu i thoi ngi my.
179 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Khi chy phc hi sau s c gin on, chng trnh thc hin cc bc c cc gi tr cui cng ca cc bin mc, nh v li cc file ang dng, x l (nu cn) mt s l trn cc file vn ng, do c mt s l cha r l trc khi b gin on c x l cha, khi ng li chng trnh t ch b ngt.
Hnh 5-9. Bi cnh lm vic ca chng trnh c phc hi Cu trc ca chng trnh c phc hi
180 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Cc lnh ghi nhn cc bin mc c chn vo chng trnh nhng v tr tu thuc loi chng trnh. Loi chng trnh qun l: Thng c iu khin bi file dn trong cc bin mc thng c ghi nhn gi tr sau n bn ghi c x l (n 1, n=20, 50, 100) hoc c th ly bin mc l sau mt khong thi gian nht nh. Loi chng trnh tnh ton khoa hc k thut: thut ton y thng kh phc tp. Ngi ta ghi nhn gi tr cc bin mc sau n ln lp, hoc sau mt khong thi gian nht nh. Cch lu gi cc bin mc: lu chng trong mt file gi l file phc hi hoc lu nhiu b ni tip nhau theo thi gian. File phc hi c th t chc theo 2 cch t chc tun t hoc t chc theo li u a.
181 - 200
IV.1. Xc nh cc im h yu
im h yu l nhng im m ti thng tin ca cng ty c tim nng b thm nhp bi nhng ngi trong hoc ngoi t chc. iu ny khng ch ni ti dng u ra, nh n mua hng v bng kim k, m cn ni ti mi thng tin bn trong ca cng ty m nu b dng sai th c th lm cho ti sn cng ty chu ri ro. Mt s ni thng c im h yu: Thng tin trn ng truyn t ni lu tr n ni s dng. Thng tin trao i qua giao din. Cc ni lu tr thng tin (d liu v phn mm).
IV.2. Xc nh cc kiu e do
e do c th xy ra t nhng im h .
a.
Cc kiu e do
C nm kiu e da c bn
n cp thng tin v ti sn: lm hng hoc ly cp cc thng s quan trng i vi t chc. Khi tm kim cc kim sot trong phn h thng lm vic trn my tnh th phn ti sn ca t chc cn b h chnh l thng tin, v r rng nhm kim sot phi thm tra cc kh nng thng tin b nh cp. Tht thot ti sn: bin th mt s ti sn ca t chc hoc vic mt mt ti sn do s bt cn ca t chc. Sai st t h thng: th hin hot ng ca h thng. Nhm phn tch kim sot phi xem xt k ton b vn v chnh xc ca cc chng trnh my tnh v phi tnh n nhng nguy him nu nh h thng my tnh hot ng khng ng n. y l mt trong nhng kha cnh rt quan trng trong vic nghin cu phn tch cc kim sot. Gy tn km lng ph. Do cch tin hnh th tc ca t chc theo cch thc qu tn km. Gy l b mt do thng tin b truy cp tri php. Cc thng tin v t chc b ri vo tay i th cnh trnh.
b.
nh gi e do
Vi mi e do cn xc nh Bc 1. Xc nh cc trng thi e do (Khi no ? Tnh hung no ?)
182 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Bc 2. Xc nh cc mc thit hi nh gi c mc thit hi m t chc phi chu. Cao: tc ng trm trng cho t chc. Chng hn nh mt b quyt kinh doanh. Va: c thit hi ln, nhng khng nh hng n ton b t chc. Chng hn nh, sa s liu tn kho n cp ti sn. Bnh thng: thit hi c th sa cha c. Chng hn nh sai s liu cp nht chng t.
C nhiu bin php c th p dng ngn chn cc m mu xm hi n h thng. Tuy nhin mi bin php u c im hn ch. V vy cn phi hp nhiu phng php mi c th t c kt qu mong mun. Cc bin php c th c sp xp theo mc t th n phc tp Bo mt vt l: l cc bin php s dng cng c vt l, hoc tc ng ln thit b. V d: kho, t h thng bo ng. Nhn dng nhn s: nhn dng ngi dng khi vo vn phng hay ng nhp mng. Mt khu: l bin php ph bin v c dng. Tuy nhin vic giu kn mt khu c th v nhiu l do nn kh ko di, lm cho vic kim sot chng mt tc dng. Mt m: l s bin i d liu t dng nhn
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
183 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin thc c thnh dng khng nhn thc c (gi l mt m). Qu trnh ngc li l s gii m. C nhiu cch to mt m (kho b mt, kho cng khai) em li kt qu tt. Tuy nhin cch lm ny thng kh bo tr v tn km. Bo mt bng gi li: s truy nhp thc hin mt cch gin tip, qua mt trm kim sot, tng t cch gi in thoi qua tng i, thng c p dng cc c quan c yu cu bo mt cao. Kim sot c tht cht, song ngi dng phi chu thm phin phc. Tng la: l mt h thng (phn cng + phn mm) c t gia mng ca mt t chc, mt cng ty, mt quc gia v Internet, hay gia cc mng c bo mt khc nhau.
b.
Ta cn ch trong vic phn bit ring t mc thp: cho mi ngi dng mt mt khu truy cp h thng; mc cao: l vic phn loi cc ngi dng gn cho mi loi ngi dng mt s quyn truy cp nht nh, cho php mt s ngi dng c php u quyn, tc l giao quyn truy cp cho ngi khc. i vi mt i tng truy cp l d liu, quyn truy cp c th l read, insert, delete, update, expand(thm thuc tnh), drop (xo file), index (to ch mc) i vi mt i tng truy cp l chng trnh, quyn truy cp c th l thi hnh (Run).
Bi 4.
I.
I.1. Mc ch
THIT K D LIU
Trong phn thit k tng th quan tm n d liu nhng ch l thit k logc, trong phn ny chng ta quan tm n thit k vt l ca d liu. Thit k logic ca d liu l xt ring r d liu v x l nhm pht hin quan h ni ti ca tng d liu. D liu ch cn , khng trng lp v khng nhp nhng. Thit k vt l ca d liu quan tm thm 2 kha cnh tin li v nhanh chng. Mc ch ca thit k CSDL l xy dng CSDL t biu cu trc d liu c thng tin y v cho php truy cp nhanh.
I.2.
u vo
Biu cu trc d liu (m hnh quan h)
184 - 200
I.3.
Phn tch s dng d liu trn cc kha cnh: Thm cc thuc tnh tnh hung; Thm cc bng d liu cn thit cho thit k kim sot. Xt xem mi bng quan h trong m hnh quan h c thnh mt bng d liu trong m hnh d liu hay khng. Ci t d liu ca h thng: c 2 cch da trn h qun tr CSDL c sn mi quan h, c ngn ng nh ngha d liu ring cho php khai bo cu trc d liu. S dng tp: ngi dng phi bit t chc tp ca mnh. Cc h qun tr tp khng gip qun l CSDL. V d Pascal, C...
II.
II.1.
Trong phn tch d liu, gim thiu s d tha d liu, thuc tnh tnh ton (v d tng tin ca mt ho n, thnh tin ca cc mt hng, im trung bnh ca sinh vin...) thng c b ra khi m hnh. V s c mt ca cc thuc tnh ny trong h thng cha ng nguy c tim n ph v s ton vn ca d liu. Tuy nhin cc thuc tnh ny cng c th c ch khi thc hin cc tin trnh. Nu c mt thuc tnh tnh ton (thuc tnh c th c kt xut t nhng thuc tnh khc) thng xuyn c tra cu trong mt khong thi gian no , mi ln tra cu n li phi thc hin nhiu khu phc tp nh hng n thi gian p ng ca chng trnh nn cn nhc gia vic chp nhn d tha d liu hay p ng chm quyt nh xem c nn lu nhng thuc tnh tnh ton trong m hnh. Nhng thuc tnh nh vy c gi l thuc tnh tnh hung. Cch lm: Thm vo cc thuc tnh tnh hung: thuc tnh tnh ton, thuc tnh tch lu. i khi phi lp c file tnh hung. Gp cc bng quan h vo mt bng d liu. Tuy c d tha nhng bt c s ln truy nhp. Tch mt bng quan h thnh nhiu bng d liu v khng phi bao gi cng dng ht trong mt ln truy nhp. Lp li cc thuc tnh t bng d liu khc. Lp cc bng d liu ch dn (index table) truy nhp nhanh tu thuc nhu cu x l.
II.2.
Cc yu cu thng tin cho tng chc nng c xem xt trong s lung d liu. Tuy nhin, trong s lung d liu li khng ch ra cch thc truy cp cc kho d liu. y ta cn ch ra cch thc truy cp d liu bao gm cc thng tin:
185 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Thng tin u vo, truy cp tp no, s dng kho no, thao tc g ? (to mi, cp nht, c, xo), tn sut truy nhp, thng tin u ra. Ngi thit k phi ch ra con ng i t thng tin c n thng tin yu cu qua cc h v cc bng quan h ca m hnh d liu. Ni chung, ng truy nhp theo cc mi lin kt 1 n c chia thnh nhiu bc. Vic nghin cu cc yu cu truy nhp phi c lp li cho tt c cc chc nng x l ca h thng. Cui cng c th tng hp li cc kt qu vo m hnh d liu. Qua s tng hp ny ta c th nhn xt c bng no c nhu cu truy nhp cao, kho tm kim no c s dng nhiu, cc cm trng no thng c tra cu cng nhau. Cc nhn xt ny cho php ta chia ct li cu trc cc bng d liu. Cc kt ni khng h c s dng (tc l nhn ca kt ni khng c lm tm kim cho mt bc truy nhp no) th s g b (cng kho tng ng). Cn c trn s pht hin cc cm trng thng c tra cu ng thi ta thc hin cc bin i sau: Nu c mt cm nm ri ra trn 2 bng, nn gp hai bng thnh mt, bt c s bc truy nhp. Nu nhiu cm ri nhau li nm trn cng mt bng ln, nn ct bng thnh nhiu bng nh theo cm cc bng gn nh hn. C th lp li mt trng mt bng khc (tc l lp mt bng sao ca n), nu thy nh th tin tra cu hn. Nu c mt bng no c truy nhp nhiu theo mt kho tm kim no , nn thit lp cho n mt ng truy nhp c bit.
II.3.
Tu thuc vo qu trnh thit k kim sot bc trc, y s thm cc bng d liu phc v kim sot h thng. Tu theo mc kim sot cao hay thp nh thit k c th thm mt hoc nhiu bng vo CSDL.
II.4.
nh gi khng gian lu tr
S lng cc bn ghi trong mi bng d liu c gi l dung lng ca bng d liu. Thng tin ny cn c b sung vo m t bng (c th ghi vo mt ngn cui ca mi bng d liu). Tuy nhin trong thc t, s lng cc bng ghi thng bin ng. Chng c th tng ln theo thi gian, hoc i khi li b gim i. Thng thng, ngi ta thng ghi s lng trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian no ng vi mt chu trnh hot ng ca h thng. Trong v d vi m hnh th vin va xt, ngi ta thng ly chu k thi gian l mt nm: sau mt nm th bn c thng c xem xt gia hn; u nm thng c xt cp kinh ph mua sm sch; cui mi nm thanh l sch c, x l
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
186 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin sch qu hn lu ngy, x l bn c c nhiu sch qu hn. Vic tnh ton, c lng dung lng ca cc bng d liu c nh hng ln ti vic la chn thit b lu tr sau ny.
187 - 200
a.
Cc phn t t lin tip trn gi mang. truy nhp n phn t th n phai i qua n-1 phn t trc n. Thao tc: tra cu phn t mt cch tun t, b sung vo cui tp, loi b: Ch loi b logic (nh du xo), cp nht: sao chp sang ni khc ng thi cp nht.
b.
Truy cp trc tip vo phn t khng phi qua cc phn t khc. Mi phn t mang mt kho tm kim, kho ny nhn din duy nht mt phn t. Vic truy nhp kho tm kim thc hin bi mt hm trc truy ch ra a ch vt l ca phn t. Thao tc: Tra cu phn t mt cch trc tip. B sung: gi tr kho l v tr ct gi. Nu cn ch no th ghi vo, nu khng th ghi sang bung trn. Loi b: Sa li cc kho tm kim nu phn t gia tp hay loi trc tip nu phn t cui tp. Cp nht: Truy cp trc tip vo phn t
c.
Cc phn t vn t lin tip trn gi mang nhng mi phn t li c mt kho nhn din truy cp trc tip. Thao tc: Tra cu: tun t, trc tip; B sung: sang bung trn; Loi b: logic; Cp nht: Truy cp trc tip vo phn t
d.
Mi phn t cha a ch ca phn t tip theo, i khi cha a ch ca phn t lin trc (iu ny ph thuc vo ngi lp trnh qun l) Thao tc: Tra cu: tun t; B sung v loi b: iu chnh mc ni; Cp nht: Tun t Nhn xt: Lin kt 1 - n khng c vt l ho trn m hnh quan h; ng truy nhp thng qua thuc tnh kt ni
188 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin ngoi tr s c mt ca kho ngoi. Mt ngn ng nh ngha d liu cho php nh ngha cc quan h, cc lnh trong mt ngn ng thao tc d liu cho php lu tr v tm kim cc d liu da trn cc php ton ca i s quan h.
Bi 5.
Cng ging nh tin trnh thit k c s d liu vt l, chi tit ca hot ng ny ph thuc cht ch vo phn mm c dng. Ngoi ra vic thit k chng trnh ny cng ph thuc c vo h thng nghip v ang c pht trin, v ph thuc vo cch tip cn phn tch v thit k trong cc giai on trc. N bao gm hai kiu hot ng khc nhau 1. iu chnh bn mu phc v cho c s d liu c ti u. 2. Hon chnh c t chng trnh xy dng bng vic dng cch tip cn ngn ng th h ba truyn thng.
I.
I.1.
Xy dng mt kt cu chng trnh ng n, hiu qu m vi ni dung ngi lp trnh c th vit c chng trnh m khng cn hiu c v h thng. Kt cu chng trnh l tp hp cc mun (n th) c sp xp theo mt trt t quy tc xc nh. Kt cu chng trnh c biu din bi lc cu trc chng trnh.
I.2.
Phng php
Phng php thit k c cu trc. Phng php ny cho php phn tch bin i lung thng tin thnh cu trc chng trnh. Cch tip cn theo hng t trn xung. Trong phng php c hai hng phn tch cc lung thng tin l phn tch theo bin i v phn tch theo giao tc. Hai hng phn tch c th tin hnh ring bit, nhng ni chung thng c kt hp xy dng ra mt cu trc chng trnh duy nht.
I.3.
u vo
DFD ca h thng con my tnh v cc din t ca cc mun x l. Thit k CSDL. Thit k giao din. Thit k kim sot.
189 - 200
I.4.
u ra
Lc cu trc cho ta cu trc tng th ca h thng con my tnh di dng mun chng trnh. Din t cc mun chng trnh
I.5.
Cc cng vic
Phn nh cc mun chng trnh. Xc nh mi lin quan gia cc mun l li gi v cc thng tin trao i. Din t cc mun chng trnh. Gp cc mun thnh chng trnh (ng gi mun ti). Thit k mu chng trnh
II.
Lc chng trnh (hay cn gi l lc cu trc) l mt biu din di dng th ca mt tp hp cc mun cng vi cc giao din gia cc mun (bao gm s chuyn giao iu khin v s chuyn giao d liu).
II.1.
Mun chng trnh c th hiu l mt chng trnh con (procedure, function, subroutine) c khi ch l mt cm cu lnh nm trong chng trnh. Mun chng trnh c 4 thuc tnh c bn sau : Thng tin vo/ra: cc thng tin ly t chng trnh gi n hay cc thng tin tr v chng trnh gi n ; Chc nng : l cc hm bin i t thng tin vo n thng tin ra ; C ch : l phng thc c th thc hin chc nng ; Thng tin cc b : l cc thng tin dng ring cho chc nng. Ngoi 4 thuc tnh c bn trn, m un chng trnh cn c mt s thuc tnh khc cn lu khi thit k. Tn ca mun, cho php dng tn gi mun, ch chim ca n ( trong vn bn chng trnh, hay trong b nh). C 3 loi mun : M un tun t : c gi v thc hin m khng b ngt ; M un tng trng : c th b ngt trc khi kt thc v sau c th chy tip ti thi im ngt ; Mun song song : thc hin ng thi cng vi mt s mun khc gi mt mun ch cn bit cc c trng ngoi cn c trng trong th hin s ci t ca c trng .
II.2. a.
190 - 200
v d Nu l m un nh ngha sn (trong th vin chng trnh, trong h thng) biu din nh sau
Thng tin chuyn giao gia cc mun o Truyn d liu o Truyn thng tin iu khin V d : lc chng trnh ca h thng tnh lng
191 - 200
Nhn xt : Cc mun pha trn mang tnh iu khin lm nhim v kt ni cc mun. Cc mun cng xung pha di tnh iu khin cng gim dn v tng dn tnh x l bin i thng tin. Nu trin khai tip xung di s xut hin nhng mun ch ch bin thng tin v chng c gi t cc mun khc.
b.
S tng tc: L s nh hng ln nhau gia cc m un. S tng tc cng lng lo, n gin cng tt. V mun thit k cc m un dc lp vi nhau c nhiu thun li khi sa cha h thng. C nhiu loi tng tc. Tng tc v ni dung : M un ny can thip vo ni dung ca m un khc, tng tc ny l tng tc xu cn loi b. Tng tc v iu khin : M un ny chuyn thng tin iu khin cho m un khc. Khi gi thng tin iu khin th m un cp trn bit ni dung ca m un cp di, iu ny vi phm nguyn tc che du v vy tng tc iu khin cng t cng tt. Tng tc v d liu : Cc m un trao i d liu vi nhau. Tng tc ny bt buc phi chp nhn nhng lm cho cng n gin cng tt bng cch thc hin vic trao i thng qua phng thc chun l cc tham s. S c kt: L s gn b v mt lgic gia cc phn trong ni b mt m un. S c kt cng cao cng tt d pht hin li v d bo tr. c s c kt tt mi m un ch thc hin mt chc nng. Phm vi: Phm vi iu khin ca mt m un l chnh m un v cc m un c gi n. Phm vi nh hng ca mt quyt nh l mi m un chu nh hng ca quyt nh . Mt thit k tt l : Phm vi nh hng nm trong phm vi iu khin v cc quyt nh c min nh hng cng b cng tt.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
192 - 200
+ H G T SH HM S
193 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Trong chc nng B trin khai thm mt mc tr thnh mt DFD mc di nh vi cc chc nng B1, B2, B3, B4. Cn c trn DFD mc nh, ta d dng lp c phn chp ca lc chng trnh, ri sau trin khai B vi cc li gi ti cc mun mi B1, B2, B3, B4. Nh vy ta c lc chng trnh tng ng sau
Hnh 5-13. LCT tng ng, trin khai theo hai mc Cch lm nh trn l kh n gin, song lc chng trnh thu c thng l qu rm r. V li, khi gp mt DFD ( mc no ) c dng phc tp, th vic chuyn n thnh lc chng trnh khng phi l d nh v d trn. Cc trng hp phc tp th hin di 2 dng: cu trc bin i v cu trc giao tc. Nh vy c 2 hng thit k khc nhau: Thit k hng bin i; Thit k hng giao tc.
Thit k hng bin i p dng cho trng hp DFD c nhim v bin i mt s thng tin ly t mt s ngun pht, thnh mt s thng tin gi ti ni nhn. Trong thit k hng bin i xut hin khi nim trung tm bin i. Trung tm bin i : L trung tm x l, bin i cc thng tin vo to ra lung thng tin ra i ra. N c th l mt n th, c th l mt tp hp cc n th.
194 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Thit k hng bin i nhm pht hin 1 trung tm bin i thng tin ch yu.
b.
Cc bc thc hin
Bc 1 : Vi lung vo. Di theo cc lung d liu vo v vt qua cc chc nng bin i thng tin s b cho n khi hoc cc d liu tr thnh d liu vo cc dng tru tng nht, hoc khng cn xem chng l d liu vo na th nh du ngt lung vo. Bc 2 : Vi lung ra. Vi cc dng d liu ra, i ngc dng vt qua cc chc nng bin i thng tin cho n khi khng xem l d liu ra c na th nh du ngt cc lung ra. Bc 3 : Cn c vo cc im nh du khoanh vng cc x l cn li y l trung tm bin i. V d
Hnh 5-15. DFD h thng c mt trung tm bin i Bc 4 : V 2 mc cao nht trong lc chng trnh Mc 1 : Gm cc m un chnh Mc 2 : gm 3 modul o Mt m un vo cho mi lung d liu vo o Mt m un ra cho mi lung d liu o Mt m un cho trung tm bin i Bc 5 : Trin khai mi m un mc 2 xung mc thp hn v lm xut hin dn cc m un tng ng vi cc chc nng x l trong DFD V d
195 - 200
c trng ca cu trc giao tc l mt chc nng phn loi cho php xc nh loi ca d liu vo, ri c mi loi s cung cp mt cch x l ring. Thit k hng giao tc p dng cho trng hp DFD h thng th hin mt cu trc giao tc nh vy. Trong thit k hng giao tc xut hin khi nim trung tm giao tc. Trung tm giao tc: l trung tm x l lung thng tin vo v to lung thng tin ra. Tuy nhin lung thng tin vo trung tm giao tc c tnh giao tc tc l n s gy ra lung d liu i ra theo mt trong nhiu nhnh khc nhau.
Hnh 5-17. Cu trc hng giao tc Loi tr ch xut hin trong cc lung thng tin ra.
b.
Cc bc thc hin
Bc 1 : Xc nh v khoanh vng cc trung tm giao tc trong DFD h thng
Bc 2 : Xc nh cc loi giao tc khc nhau tng ng vi cc lung ra ca trung tm giao tc ng thi xc nh cc chc nng c khi ng t trung tm giao tc .
196 - 200
Hnh 5-18. DFD h thng c trung tm giao tc Bc 3 : V lc chng trnh hai mc cao nht. Mc 1 : Mt m un chnh Mc 2 : Gm hai m un o mt m un cho u vo giao tc o mt m un cho x l giao tc. Bc 4 : Trin khai cc m un mc hai xung mc thp hn, mi x l mt m un v c m un x l giao tc gi qua php chn. Khi trin khai cn pht hin cc m un dng chung.
III.5. Ch
Hai phng php trn l hai cch tip cn thnh lp lc chng trnh. Thng thng phng php 1 l chnh v c s dng nhiu hn, cn phng n 2 l trng hp c bit dng cho cc bin i c giao tc c phn loi. Vi biu DFD phc tp phi p dng ng thi c hai phng php. Dng hai phng php trn d dng chuyn i DFD thnh lc chng trnh nhng cht lng ca lc chng trnh cha cao v vy phi tinh ch li thu c lc chng trnh tt hn.
Nguyn Hoi Anh ( nguyenhoaianh@yahoo.com) Khoa CNTT HVKTQS
197 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin Khng c nhng tiu chun c th v cht lng ca lc chng trnh nhng vic tun th mt s quy tc sau y s nng cao cht lng ca lc chng trnh : C gng gim rng bng cch tng su ca lc chng trnh (chia h thng thnh cc h con). Quy tc ny s tng c kt, gim tnh kt ni n th. Hn ch ti a phm vi nh hng ca n th v t phm vi nh hng nm trong phm vi kim sot ca n th. Hn ch ti a cc dng thng tin vo, ra mt n th. Tt nht l to cc n th mt u vo, mt u ra. Quy tc ny cho php gim tnh gn ni, tng tnh c lp chc nng ca cc n th.
198 - 200
Phn tch v thit k h thng thng tin IF lng p ng < Lng yu cu THEN BEGIN Gi thng bo s 1 cho ngi dng CASE tr li + Hu n hng Thc hin hu n hng Tnh trng = Hu + Rt bt s lng Lng yu cu = Lng yu cu - lng ct gim Tnh trng = Gim + B mt hng Loi mt hng khi n hng Tnh trng = ct mt hng END END END Lu n hng vo tp N HNG
IV.2. S khi
V d : c t mun chng trnh thc hin chc nng Kim tra kh nng p ng mt hng.
199 - 200
V.
NG GI THNH MUN TI
Mt mun chng trnh mun thc hin c phi a vo b nh trong. Mi ln ti phi tn mt phn thi gian ca h thng. V nguyn tc mi lc chng trnh l mt chng trnh do mi mun u np ht vo b nh trong. Nhng do b nh hn ch nn phi ct lc chng trnh thnh cc nhm mun gi l mun ti, cc mun ny c ti dn vo b nh trong. C nhiu cch ng gi mun ti: ng gi theo mc ch s dng: cc mun c mc ch s dng gn nhau th ng gi lm mt. Thng ct ring: x l theo l hay x l trc tuyn. ng gi theo dng d liu vo (ng gi theo phm vi iu khin). ng gi cc mun mc thp thnh mt mun ti v gi l th vin chng trnh. Cc mun c gi lp thng ng gi chung vi mun gi n.
VI. KT LUN
Sau giai on thit k, nh thit k phi hon thnh xong bng c t thit k h thng. Bao gm M hnh d liu vt l c t bng d liu h thng c t giao din h thng: form, bo co, phn cp menu Lc chng trnh c t mdul chng trnh Nhng kt qu thu c trong phn thit k s l u vo cho giai on sau (m ho chng trnh). Phn tch T in dng d liu M t tin trnh M hnh quan h M hnh d liu DFD nghip v M hnh chc nng nghip v Tm tt qun l Mc lc c t yu cu Thit k c t vo ra c t chng trnh nh ngha c s d liu M hnh c s d liu DFD my tnh M hnh h thng my tnh Tm tt qun l Mc lc c t thit k h thng
200 - 200