Thc trng pht sinh v qun l cht thi in t Vit Nam Vn cht thi in t (e-waste) ang ngy cng

ng gia tng Vit Nam trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t khu vc v th gii. Vn tr nn nghim trng khng ch do s gia tng khi lng cht thi m hn na, l cc nguy c e da i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi do cc thnh phn c hi trong cht thi gy nn. Cc gii php ng b c v k thut, kinh t v qun l l ht sc cp bch nhm bo v mi trng v thu hi ti s dng cc ti nguyn qu him c trong cht thi in t. Cht thi in t c phn loi thnh cht thi cng nghip v cht thi dn dng (nh TV, t lnh, my git, my iu ha nhit ,my tnh c... khng cn kh nng s dng). Cht thi in t c xp vo loi cc cht thi nguy hi do c cha khi lng kh ln cc cht c hi nh ch, thy ngn, cadimi... Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s gia tng thu nhp ca ngi dn Vit Nam v s pht trin ca cng ng thng tin, nhu cu v cc thit b in t v vin thng tng ng k, to ra th trng sn xut v xut nhp khu pht trin si ng nhng cng ng thi gia tng khi lng cht thi in t vo trong mi trng. Cht thi cng nghip in t Cc cht thi rn sinh ra trong cng nghip in t bao gm cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut sn phm in t (nh cc u mu nha v kim loi, cc on dy v bng mch hng, ph liu, cc vt liu vn, cht thi trong qu trnh hn in, v nha v hng...), cht thi t khu bao gi nguyn liu v thnh phn (nh nylon, giy, ba carton, cc tm xp...). Theo kt qu iu tra ca Vin khoa hc v Cng ngh mi trng, tng lng cc cht thi cng nghip in t ti 52 cng ty cc Vng kinh t trng im ca Vit Nam c c tnh khong 1.630 tn/nm, trong : - Tng lng cht thi cng nghip in t pht sinh t Vng kinh t trng im Bc B l 1.370 tn/nm (chim 84% tng lng thi). Khi lng ny c d bo s tng ng k trong thi gian ti do s pht trin ca cng nghip in t ti Bc Ninh.

- Ti vng Kinh t Trng im min Trung, tng lng cht thi cng nghip in t ch khong 6-7 tn.nm (bng 0,4% so vi tng lng thi). Lng cht thi ny ch yu pht sinh t cc c s sa cha v cung cp sn phm in t. - Vng Kinh t trng im pha Nam to ra lng cht thi cng nghip in t khong 254 tn/nm (bng 15,6% tng lng cht thi trn ton quc). Cc chuyn gia d bo khi lng cht thi cng nghip in t trong vng ny s tng 10-15%/nm do chnh sch thu ht u t lm gia tng sn xut ca cc ngnh hng tiu dng v thit b in t gia nh. Bn cnh cht thi rn, qu trnh ch to sn phm in t cn pht sinh cc cht thi khc nh hp cht hu c, nc thi, bn cn... Cht thi in t dn dng Theo c tnh, tng lng cht thi in v in t dn dng Vit Nam khong 120.000 chic tivi, u my video, radio cassette, my git v t lnh thi b hng nm. Bn cnh , c khong 300.000 b my tnh cng b thi b hng nm. iu tra ti mt s ca hng Inter-net cho thy, c khong 50% ang s dng l my mi v khong 50% l my c cn thay th gn nh ton b ph tng c th c s dng li ngay ti ca hng, 90% cn li s c vt b cng vi rc thi sinh hot hoc bn li cho cc c s thu gom ph liu. Qun l cht thi in t Vit Nam Cht thi c thu gom, tho ri v phn loi x l theo cc cch khc nhau. Cc cht thi c th ti s dng hoc ti ch s c bn cho cc c s ti ch; cc phn khng ti ch c s c thu gom, vn chuyn v x l theo cch chn lp hoc cha trong kho theo hp ng c k vi cc cng ty mi trng th. Khc vi cc cht thi thng thng, cht thi in t thng c thu gom v ti s dng, ti ch vi t l kh cao do c cha cc kim loi qu him. Tuy vy, nhn chung vic ti s dng cht thi Vit Nam cn rt hn ch; chng ta mi ch yu s dng li cc ph tng phc v cho thay th, sa cha. Cng nghip ti ch ch mi hnh thnh ti cc lng ngh, trong cc

doanh nghip gia nh nh hoc cc cng ty t nhn. Cc c s ny ch yu ti ch giy, nha, st, nhm, ch. Do s dng cc cng ngh lc hu v thit b th s nn hiu qa kinh t rt thp ng thi ang gy ra rt nhiu vn mi trng nh nhim khng kh, nc, t, nh hng xu n sc khe ngi lao ng v cng ng dn c xung quanh. i vi cc cht thi khng th ti ch, cch thc x l ph bin nht c s dng Vit Nam hin nay l chn lp. Tuy nhin, c ti 74% cc bi chn lp cht rn Vit Nam hin nay khng t tiu chun trong vn hnh. Vic x l chn lp khng t yu cu k thut dn n tnh rng r r cc cht c hi vo mi trng, tim n nhng nguy c gy hi rt ln cho mi trng, con ngi v cc sinh vt. Mt s quy trnh cng ngh ti ch cht thi rn in t : - Quy trnh cng ngh ti ch cht thi rn in t vi cc phng php c chn la v a ra nh hnh 1. Th nghim ti ch thu hi: Cu, Pb dng cht thi ring bit

Cu kim loi ch yu trong cc chn linh kin d (Ti cng on ct chn linh kin), ng l bavia khi ct lm mch bo (cc cng ty sn xut mch in)

Cht thi rn in t Phn loi theo sn phm sn xut Phn loi ti ngun

Cht thi bao gi

Cht thi rn sn xut Tuyn trng lc t nhit cao Ho tan trong xt

Phn on cc phn on nh la Ho phm

Ho tch ho hc theo bc

Kt ta-to phc Oxy ho-kh

Trao i ion Trao i ion-chit

Ti thu hi: kt tinh, in phn Gia cng sn phm ti ch

Hnh 1: S cng ngh ti ch cht thi in t c la chn

Linh kin, bo mch hng p nghin t nng chy Cht rn Lc tch Phn rn Lc tch
HCL

Kim loi Sn

HCL

Dung dch PbCl2 Fe Dung dch CuSO4 Dung dch Au

Pb

H2SO4

HNO3

Phn rn Phn rn chn lp

Hnh 2: S quy trnh nghin cu thm d cc phng php ho hc ti ch cht thi Cng ty Sumitomo Bakelite
Phn loi Cu kim loi H2SO4 Dung dch Cu Dung dch Cu

Cn rn

Hnh 3: S quy trnh ti ch chn linh kin v ba via mch in

Ti Cng ty Sumitomo, Cng ty Hanel

CHT THI RN SN XUT IN T

Cng on c l

Thnh phn hu c Xng ti ch

Thnh phn hu c Nu chy

Thnh phn hu c X l kh thi

Thnh phn hu c

Phn hu chuyn dng

Ho tch B-kim loi Cu, Ag, Au, Pt

Lng-lc

Phn chia Phn kim Tinh ch Sn phm ti ch

in phn

X l nc thi sn xut linh kin in t : Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi: Cc ngun pht sinh nc thi: Nc thi t qu trnh sn xut linh kin in t thng cha nhiu tp cht, kim loi v thnh phn cht hu c l lng v ho tan Nc thi sinh hot: pht sinh ch yu t nh v sinh v bp n. Nc thi sinh hot c cc cht hu c, vi khun gy nhim vi nng thp ph hp vi bin php x l sinh hc. Kho st cc ngun thi nhm nh gi mc nhim, t a ra phng php x l ti u nhm gim chi ph u t. Quy trnh x l nc thi : S cng ngh :

- Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh : Cc ngun pht sinh nc thi ti khu vc sn xut c thu gom bng h thng mng thu nc. Pha trc b gom chng ti t song chn rc loi b cc tp cht c kch thc ln trong nc thi. Pha sau b gom l li rc tinh lc b cc tp cht c kch thc nh. Nc thi t b gom c bm qua b lng ct tch mt phn cn c kch thc ln (ct, vn). Nc thi tip tc c a sang b iu ha nhm n nh lu lng v nng . Ti b iu ha, chung ti b tri my khuy trn chm nhm

muc ich ha trn ng u nc thi trn ton din tch b, ngn nga hin tng lng cn b, sinh ra mi kh chu. Nc thi tip tc chy t b iu ha xung b keo t to bng, ng thi dng bm nh lng chm cht keo t vo ha trn vi nc thi to ra cc bng cn. Sau nc thi chu qua b lng. y cc cht mu v cn l lng b gi li ti vng cha cn cha b lng, cn nc thi nc thi chy qua ct lc p lc, gi li cn l lng v kh c lng mu, mi trong nc thi. Sau , nc thi chy qua ct lc tinh loi b cn l lng v kh c lng mu, mi st li trong nc thi Nc thi sau khi qua ct lc tinh t tiu chun theo quy nh hin hnh ca nh nc c x ra ngun tip nhn . Bn cn t cc b c a vo b cha bn, lm gim lng nc cha trong bn. Sau , c c quan chc nng x l theo nh k. Kt lun : Hin ti v trong tng lai lng cht thi in t s l mt vn nn nu chng khng c quan tm qun l cht ch. lng cht thi ny nh hng nh nht ti mi trng th cn c niu bin php ng b. u tin l gim ngun thi n ti ch v cui cng l x l. Trn th gii nay phng php x l cht thi in t t hiu qun nht vn l thiu t. Vit Nam hin nay, do iu kin hon cnh nn phng php ch yu x l cht thi in t l chn lp. c mt s m hnh x l, ch yu nhp t nc ngoi, nh t c p dng v t c nhng kt qun nht nh.