Nugraha Widyatmono 1191261013 Environmental Remote Sensing of Udayana University

The History of Camera

5th-4th Centuries B.C. Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principles of optics and the camera. 1664-1666 Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of different colors. 1727 Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light. 1794 First Panorama opens the forerunner of the movie house invented by Robert Barker. 1814 Joseph Niepce achieves first photographic image with camera obscura - however, the image required eight hours of light exposure and later faded. 1837 Louis Daguerre's first daguerreotype - the first image that was fixed and did not fade and needed less than thirty minutes of light exposure. 1840 First American patent issued in photography to Alexander Wolcott for his camera. 1841 William Henry Talbot patents the Calotype process - the first negative-positive process making possible the first multiple copies. 1843 First advertisement with a photograph made in Philadelphia. 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process - images required only two or three seconds of light exposure. 1859 Panoramic camera patented - the Sutton. 1861 Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer. 1865 Photographs and photographic negatives are added to protected works under copyright. 1871 Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver bromide process - negatives no longer had to be developed immediately. 1880 Eastman Dry Plate Company founded. 1884 George Eastman invents flexible, paper-based photographic film. 1888 Eastman patents Kodak roll-film camera. 1898 Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film.

1900 First mass-marketed camerathe Brownie. 1913/1914 First 35mm still camera developed. 1927 General Electric invents the modern flash bulb. 1932 First light meter with photoelectric cell introduced. 1935 Eastman Kodak markets Kodachrome film. 1941 Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolor negative film. 1942 Chester Carlson receives patent for electric photography (xerography). 1948 Edwin Land markets the Polaroid camera. 1954 Eastman Kodak introduces high speed Tri-X film. 1960 EG&G develops extreme depth underwater camera for U.S. Navy. 1963 Polaroid introduces instant color film. 1968 Photograph of the Earth from the moon. 1973 Polaroid introduces one-step instant photography with the SX-70 camera. 1977 George Eastman and Edwin Land inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. 1978 Konica introduces first point-and-shoot, autofocus camera. 1980 Sony demonstrates first consumer camcorder. 1984 Canon demonstrates first digital electronic still camera. 1985 Pixar introduces digital imaging processor. 1990 Eastman Kodak announces Photo CD as a digital image storage medium.
Reference: Mary Bellis. http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/Ph otography.htm

Nugraha Widyatmono 1191261013 Environmental Remote Sensing of Udayana University

Digital Image Processing History

An Image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f (x,y), where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates) and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When x, y and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image. The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of digital computer. Note that a digital image is composed of finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location and value. These elements are referred to as picture elements, image elements, pels, and pixels. Pixel is the term most widely used to denote the elements of a digital image. One of the first applications of digital images was in the newspaper industry, when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between London and New York. Introduction of the Bartlane cable picture transmission system in the early 1920s reduced the time required to transport a picture across the Atlantic from more than a week to less than three hours. Specialized printing equipment coded pictures for cable transmission and then reconstructed them at the receiving end. Some of the initial problems in improving the visual quality of these early digital pictures were related to the selection of printing procedures and the distribution of intensity levels. The early Bartlane systems were capable of coding images in five distinct levels of gray. This capability was increased to 15 levels in 1929. Although the examples just citied involved digital images, they are not considered digital image processing result in the context of our definition because computers were not involved in their creation. Thus, the history of digital image processing is intimately tied to the development of the digital computer. The first computers powerful enough to carry out meaningful image processing task appeared in the early 1960s. The birth of what we call digital image processing today can be traced to the availability of those machines and the onset of the space program during that period. Work on using computer techniques for improving images from a space probe began at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, California) in 1964 when pictures of the moon transmitted by Ranger 7 were processed by a computer to correct various types of image of the moon taken by Ranger 7 on July 31, 1964 at 9:09 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), about 17 minutes before impacting the lunar surface. In parallel with space applications, digital image processing techniques began in the late 1960s and early 1970s used in medical imaging, remote Earth resources observation and astronomy. The invention in the early 1970s of computerized axial tomography (CAT), also called computerized tomography (CT) for short, is the one of the most important events in the application of image processing in medical diagnosis. From the 1960s until present, the field of image processing has grown vigorously. In addition to applications in medicine and the space program, digital image processing techniques now are used in a broad range of applications. Computer procedures are used to enhance the contrast or code the intensity levels into color for easier interpolation of Xrays and other images used in industry, medicine, and the biological sciences. Geographers use the same or similar techniques to study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite imagery. In Archeology, image processing methods have successfully restored blurred pictures that were the only available records of rare artifacts lost or damaged after being photographed. In physics and related fields, computer techniques routinely enhance image of experiments in areas such as high-energy plasmas and electron microscopy. Similarly successful applications of image processing concepts can be found in astronomy, biology, nuclear medicine, law enforcement, defense and industrial applications. With the fast computers and signal processors available in the 2000s, digital image processing has become the most common form of image processing and generally, is used because it is not only the most versatile method, but also the cheapest. Reference: Gonzalez R.C, Woods E. R. 2001. Digital Image Processing, Second Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey.