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'OMiG
00 lO ,. IiiMH HQC
TIN HQG \0
3. PlOA HOC 10
4.,sINH HOC·tQ
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T~~MGAMI-'! 40 "TI.~t.JG~HAfi' 10
ef~!m ~ir1D
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10
B$in Kr~8'·h9~ Xi· n~k'J:S, t{h~n ~n ': • Nt;O VAN liff t~p~: 1~JI ~~ h ,. L!OH
!iil j II • OlAJU 1Q
ra.
rfENG
NGA 10r'TI~Ni31R~NG
Qu6e {Q)
Gi;i,.... 11.,500d
TAO
!II!
LE XU AN TRQNG (T6D1gChiu b~en ki.fm Chnl b,iti]) ill NGQC A.NH··_ 'd~~M'~U QUYEN' - 'PHAN QUANG THAI
NANG CAO
~n\56 : NH007T7'
./' KhiJ:i ni~m ngLJ'yen tu"., Th:a.nh pilla n calJJ tao k fen thU'a'c va kh6r [oong'- ,Due n.:gluyen tU'.. .
I
.-
'
,/' Ca'u
c@iut~o
n:guysn
ill.
rnl thoi ~' Hj tfiP, eae nM It!fi.t _flt;lc J'ireD 1ntQtng' pMIi ,eif..m~qit !(Osl'f19r:rillJS) ~ ~ng ,G£iO chdt qju cti~ ~o tiJ·ntJahg phan tlr ,j1 nho &lfJcJJt?l tSJ 1i~»;Iy:J, nglWe fa ,kndn,g ,ooia ~Mhf1p ,d~ nQa Cho d~n .. _ giital 8r_ Ifi~. ngliiJl ~ cho tf.n:g ; c.~c;chM. dIu dtP;C , ~'O nan ttl' nhung n(Jt ,cifC M' title bE¥khOrlg rhl phln r:h'igj d~c;l (J(Ja, yr:;i la Hguyttf'j rfi_
. rimy' 00ng thqc tJfJ~ '140. cu&' the ki >ax. illu ,ohim,~ minh' r'l'gu~., rttoo 'JI~~ ..co' d~1 ptl.'Of:] If!p. ~ I~o.
moo
~ Vjy
I. ~'~h
Ji1g u:yi'n
~h6i II~n:SI
va
thanli'i pln,IA
U'IUa'C'" kh6i [uthlllD v'a ·(ftie" t le'll ega, c6c.Ilt.,at: a -, Flguyll'n, t U',1i baa li'ilhhlu ?
i!1
mo flen
cU
NG I
.'
rlr
a ~SIr' m ra electron
iS9'7~ Tem-xon J.J. Them . n), nlla b{i.Il:~oc 'nguui Anh, khJ nghi:l2:~icl'rlLl, n hien L~g ph6u' di~1I1lnng. lun~khoogdii phd1 hi._;Ilm wia;im . _r!; !n _b' chl~ .. ,~~it ch~l-m cie h~T nhb be mung. di~11,t(cl), 00l! It!~l~m&cic elearo«, '
N~ll TOll"F'xon 0110 p~'to.ng C1i~n,1fjJ M~u tfi# I f'ne 15 000 vOn qua ha' w~n eve;:gen v:tro.{ dl.u c.l:oa mOt' 6ng kIn 6a _ gdn hit "lIlmg IfhI (lq; sutit chlcdR 0, mmHg) thi thiy m4n IfuYnh' .ij'UB1I'fg trong 6ng lnlW rfnh ()h:a~ $aJ1lQ'. M~n huimh Ql/BJ1"g phat sang do .s~lxu5!' hiln c~'C fa khOng nhin ti1fy du'iJc d'i to C\--t: ~.m den ~ dUtJ'ng. Tla n'~ d~ g¢ l~ fief am O~, fia ~m ,~ b! IF~ pbJ. . C'i/C ,dWh{} kid d,! &g ,'lhul tinh bong ~ 1(J~n ~g_ rta am 'c~ ti' vi atOm hf/t roang' di~n 'icI'I 'm v~ mOl hal.,([e~ CD lih& ~ d~ g9" ,~ fd.ed'J:fm, ~J tI~H /tIJ. '@ (ll1nh 1. 1 v;m' 1.,2).,
:0°'
b) :Kh6~ IU"QJlg
\'a di~n
Ba~]g lhvc nghiem, !lIg.ufJita an xac diM dro;1C'khd1 hreng vA d'i~l1tic_h c:l~.aelectron, Kh6] hlqng : 111.e = 9 1,094.,. 0- J I kg. 1
Di~'i1 tkb .; q.:= ~ -li 602 . .1 0-1'9 C (en-Wtrlg)
IigU'ffi ta chua phat hj~n dl,;CQ'C tfch nao nh6 hen ] ,602.10- L ~C nen n6 duqc di~n dnng lam di¢n lien- dan vi, di~ tfch ~ro~ electron duQ'C quy U(k: M~]-.
~t
(I:
H~I) ~
.~lJyoill QUDi
,·.ailg motg
h;tt o lS
O;Curl hi!ll
o pht.ri!J
'.~
i'Ml'l 'tlll~rlI1ql:lo1!'l!:1 EnS hinh ...009 a.J1)9 di Q uan 88.. c-.a 0::; 1'iIl 11:
:D]gu nay chi 06 'tlte. dU'Q'C giffi"] thlcJh. ]a n.gu;y~n ;,l, ,('"6 ca:u. tao rOllg, cac electron
clU.lyen rj'q.ng Kung quanh mot h;(tt m.a~g di1n tich. duang c~5kich ttarde ;I';JI: nlu, ~. I: r, ,f_ ~ , so ~'dl 1<-1~ ',~s: tnuac cua ngllY~n ~ n am (i tum cum nguyen tu. DD( l~ nat nnan cua U, .' a r,
I ~
;<:';::'.l,.
~A
+_
nguyen Uf,
J. tau
VlCI
N~~n i918, Ro-do-pho khi bAn ]lila hat nhan nguyen r 4r,' nito bAng h}E,Ill c.tdi, quem d1.1QlcS1l.txlllfit ~li~n h~t nhlln nguyen 't~ oxi va l1fH!~loai h~1 c6 ldli6i luqng [ ~67 10-27 kg mang tn¢t don vi di~ tich dll.'ffl:llg (eo hay 1+). Hat nay }f,;, m~t 26, thanh phcln cffu, rao cua h~Jtnhan nguyen ttl duQ'c 6Q.i Lii pn)toJ7;,; kt hieu bang ch[t p,
sat
Nam ] 932~ ChaHlych (LChadwick) (cq,ng lAic v:Mn cua Ro..do-pho) dung ~! a han phia h\lt nhan :nguy~ tu ben da quan ,s,h durqc~ X!l(~hjt,n mot Ioai ~·l.ijttrnei su co k]l6i, luq:rug x:a'p Xl ,kh6i h!Qng cua proton nhung 'khong mang di¢tt durgc goi ]a n(ffron, ki hieu bAng chft n, Nh~ v~y; 1'fqJ nMr~ nguybt tu cua moi Ilguyin diu c0 cac h'¢ proton ]j.,'J 1'l(j'fJ'{)r/.*)_
to
K,(.t ~u~n: Thanh pbaro. cau tao C-Lla nguyen tit ,gdm :
f-lq.t nhan nam
,a tam
iVa notron
\1d nguye:rl
B'dng "1'.1
fM"-
rua
ru
I
D~~tiFilh hat
t
~
ncf~ron (n)
:. '
fJ:i4Ffi Uch
(q} .Kh6if:~
havq-.Ie! ..
= 1~
Qn
-0
em)
1 i~6.]26.1O-,Vkg
Imf!=
1;6748; 10-i1kg
(*) Kbtng nguy.;;n tt:: hidro ,t.:6 ~n,~!liIJIiJ:i.ngu~n lllr Lrn1ng h@.tnhan chi c.6 rn~t protOJ1 v1!i, '!l'Jl~;t'tig to! {; n otron,
to khae
khac nhan,
Nelli. hinh dung 'nguyen t Gr nhu m ~t q ua :O~,u ltrong do c6 cae electron chuyln d~ng r.%'t n'h ann. XJHlLg quanh ha t nhan thi ngu yen til' d6 co dlXb:Lf'lJg kin h
'i.-b A.8.n.;)'
g;;",,,,,. "~
IQ -1{lIm_ .. ,
V~~
De: hi~u th~kich thUTIC ngn yeu t&:~ ,~],g[fDiM dung don
Q
nanomet
0
l0--9m; IA ,= 10-1011f'i
; 111m;;;;;;
lOA,
tlr nhc.. ohAl I~ ~guyen ttl hidro ~O ball kffinh khoang 0-053 urn.
,CU;fJJ nguyen
:=:
b) DU'lbng klllh eua h@tnhan l1~uren hI con nbo hen, V3(l khoang 10-5 nm,
1M:iC"m
hO'l1L
tJioang
'. 10
"1104 )
:rIm
],
" ._
Neu hmh dung h~l nhan 1&q~~,cdu C~i, co. (hwoog kunh 1000 rn ~ 1 km,
co dOO:ng
Ie) Duifiig. kinh l:i!a electron va ciia proton 000 nho hon nhfeu tkhoang' IO_;8nrn'~! Eleetrnn chuyin d(p'ng xung quanh h=1itnhan trong !thong :gian ifong dIU nguyen lH.,
V~.y~ 'bie!!l th~ kfu6ii 1!191J.g ~ cua, ll,guyen t~~ ph;jn t& va cac hat proton! notron ~ electroa ngu:C:fira diUm,g~;dJ1 vi kh6i lU~lg D$uyen iU';t ki m~u a u{*\ u con chrqc
~:Qi ~,a,dv-C.
.,
1:~ lJJrxg
.J 2'
co kh6i
l'l.guyb,1
1uqng
lu -
1"2
,~,:;.i'
iVh.Jf! ]-1I"tm 0" ..... , (I, ~ .Il"'!.. V,I, U,,:~~ '",," l,!I,~
1 'n 0" - ~J"".ii'1, ~JU: caCI,;Jon, " 'I" ~n ~;>?'bUJ,,,.l, t·~ ,- ' b., Of'!! s: i:;:' ~ .r'i.-!] ks ~"'eoU)' I",."',~, d., V g
1 nguyen tu' hidro l,a ] ,6738_10-27 kg
;::S'
~, '12~',u'.
=
lI{hoi
J'~
ell a
1 n,
1. Cac h~t cau t~o n~n h~t n h@lVl, ooa hau hit cae nguyen 'ill' la A. €1~cl~n y~ p.r,~to['i. C. nCitwn ~ ~~ectton.
113"
proton
va rJd~mnl.
1)_
H~y' chon .gap afil Iflung_ 2. Cac h~t cilu tao ne!ll
A .. proton
18. netron
v.a
el,eclron
v.a ~I~ctron
Hliiy chQn ct'ap ;jj n dD ng. :3. Ket qua pnan t fch ehe th,8'Y ti'IOing phan tiI' ~~ CO2, cO 27,3% G, va '72.7% .0 '~h~o khol I~n~" Bi~t. nguy~nW' 1kh6ic~a C I:S!12.,0 11!" Hay x:ac d!r1Ih'ngu~e.n t& kh6'i ,eu a oxL 4. B11.J~.rrl~~g khOi Ilfqngl mgt nguyen
rua ngluy-eri\
roa f1r uliFon tiJ h~dro., Hoi n@'u.onrlJl ,_!_ kh6~ J'.. 12
n ram (l~n '\1 thl HI, Q co. lkihof I!,!i?,ngn9uyen. to' lid bao nh i@u 7
,8
,sO'n~tlnl
~
•'ss ~h Oi
Va! stf
U~e nao'
I
'('
1- H~r NHAN NGUY~NTII '1. Dr~n tic:h h~!1i:,nha n g6m cac har proton v~, nonon, eua ~,~ nhan bAng z+ v,a, &6. don v~,di?fIJ
Hat nhan N eI!!l h~t nhsn
'~]u dj~n
nch
ella
N gUYCl] '~lrtnsng hoa di¢1l nen s6 proton loong' h~l nhan ban,s; ~6 electron ~lIg;tuy~n V ~y trong nguyen Uf. ; ~U:.
S(/ dan vj di¢n. ttch hV't nnan ~ se proton
:=::
Tht d:~;' 56 r.J0'J.1L v:~_ i¢il '[ic,n ~t ntlhn nguyen. 'tlll niro d 7 proton 7 electron,
va
la T, v.~,ynguyen
til nita
co
2. S6 kh6i
SI5 :k_h(]'i oa hat nhsn, kf hi~u ]9 A, b~n,g o [,6og. :So proton
(2) '041 t6ng ~6 notron (N).
A-Z+N
Th: dij. .. H~t nlt%nngu yen til caebon h~l ]]hfuJJ nguyen IU caebon la. l2_ Hat nhan cua ,nguyen
I - NGUYEN
1. Dinh n,ghia
'TO HoA
HQC
N gUyrbi .fly hod hq,c id n''lwng ngu}'\B'n ui.co dmg di¢n tich hqt nhdn.,
Nhu v~;, t~:tca esc nguyen 'tit c ~a cung m¢:t nguyen t6 h~)d.hQC, (t~u co cirng s6 proton v~,cimg .sO' electron. Thi d~ : Tfit:cal c~c nguyen co. cimg s6 don vi di'~1fl Itich har mllfu:tn la 6 de~ thuoc nguyen '16 cacbon, cae uguy~.n ttl cacbon ,d~u ,00 6 proton VE!J 6 electron. NhifnS ~guyin ~ri cung .di¢n .tich Ii~~nhan deu. co linh chdt hod hoc gl6n,g nneu. c6
tu
t11;t nhie.~i
va khmmg
18 n.gUy'th1 t6 n~Jntao dl19'¢ t6ng h~ trcng cac phung thf nghi¢;m hat nhan,
ru
nguyen
S{{ dan 'Vi di¢n tich. hq,t nliil}f ,n.guyefi fit cua nguyen t6" do.
to duae
so: hieu nguyen nr (kt bi~.u fa Z) cho bilt : - so proton trong hat nhan n,goytn mm.,
,_so electron
trong nguyen
roo
N!ll bi€t So kh6i A va s'6 hieu ru,gUj'le:n til Z ta biet ducc 86 proton, so notron (N :::: - Z) co trong h~r.fl!han nguyen tu' va ~6 electron dla nguyen lli d6. A 3. Ki hietJ nguyen Ur S6 don vi (:I'~ntich }w.'l nhan va 136 kh6i duoc coi la nhfmg ,d~c 'trong ocr ban Gua
nguyt:n11!:[l
dl1m '~ :~
~'ki
cac chi 86
d'?c tnmg
?J. ben
x: v.oi
X.
nguyen tUt- do c6 so khQi l~ 35 vk, s-6 l1i~u ~.guyeo
Itll
17.
10
so kh6],
t& 06 clin.g
IE!!.86 notron.
C_ 96 proton. D. s6 netron
Ghqn da~p· n o'yng. a 2. lKi'hi~u og.U1(f:li! tift bi ~u 111i, a~y aUI d~c triln¢ cho nguy.@n ill c~la m~ nguy~n to. h
va S16 proton
vi
no GOO b;et
oa hoc
~cr
Kt. ~iaillhf'ch va cho ~h,r,d~, st3 do~ v! di~n troll h~t nhan, ,s.6' proton, :~
4{1,.... 2fj"_'~,
nt'-trorl
va s5 'electron
ctlal
eac
""'\
-
3,"
ZS<!!'T'h • '90
,5411":
b}
1-, -
1ri':2
:rere _
s6 notron
va ,66' electren
11
13 do'ng
v:!!
nguyen
!Oi
kb6i
I DONG VI
=
dl nhn:r v,~y '1,111 l1htlJll eua. cdc nguyen tUr do, co C~lf)g :s6 proton nhung C 6 th~ !In.t khac. 36 notron. Cdc d6ng ~Iicua CUllR 1};r.Q'J:' nguyen t6' he-a ~WC M nhilng nguyb-z ttr Co cUng stl proton nil llng kJl(~('nhau vi sri 'U11Tm;e. dO 'If kh 61 A . ,~la. luing kh6c nhau .. do
cae nguyen tit' eua cung mot nguyen to' hoa hgc cO rht c6 so khai khat nheu..&)
Ok d6r[,g vi duf,J'Cxep Y;W cung mot 'Vi Ul. TIt! du nguyen 16 hidro 'c6 ba d6ng vi :
~l
b) 'Eid1eri
HI~t nMr
,(~ H) 1 pr(lOOl"l
H~t F'lhB1ti m ~
(!rlttm9
n~
duy. Fihlft
pcrooon
film
vtt en
h@ dllJl}' r.il:3.!,
,Chl c:hKim
~ I~Fl ~
so
'36
Phan IOn Cae nguyen 't~ hoa hec Ushon hQPcua nhieu dOng vi. Ngoiii hoimg. 340 d6ng vi ton tai trong t1lJ' nhh~nj nglto:i ta (Hi,[~'ng hw. dUl.,)'Chen 1400 dong v~ nhan tao, Cac d.ang vi elm. cang mOt ngl.ll.y~n, to' boa hQC cb s6 notron trong hat nhan khth.: nhau nen c6 m:t!t so tfnh ,chat v~:~ khac nhau, '1"1 Th: dJ"i ;' 0 ~ng thAi don chJlit, clong vi v'~ rJ[bi¢~d:Q 's6i cao hon c1'ong ~
,1~ Cl .
I!...,t,.. .ter ... "J!ung "U'~ N ~ ~, ta pnan b"~~'cac ..t"" V~. IJj;;:I1 va
ngUYd.llli
A.
'.1on. uOille.. ..'. 0 \ la ~.-'1-.,. 'd- ~ 1:1i1~ w... '02-' '(Z > 02-.t 1" .N~.ong Ik.a:~·"," !v.I.• ling con ... IU n. ...
T
"t·'"
yDng
~ ¢Q':Sv
'~)'(
hireu ~
Nhieu dclng v1; d'*C biet ]iL cac d&ng v! pfu:6ng x~., dl1.qc s6ng., y hoc, nghieu crru sg phf1t tri€~ cua c~y treltng".,"
su dlJing :flJhi6~1trong
1~Nguven ur klhoi
N guyen
Eit
N gl:.t.yen dr khIfi cll.a Jnt)t n.gll_ye,~ tIl CRO hiet kht/l h(flJ'l.g cua nguyen t.r1' dO. nang gal) boo nJtib,j. l'6.n dan: vi khdi li.t:qng nguyen tit,.
Kh6i
lUQll'lJg
electron
Electron
kuru.
co kh6i luqng flho hon l'f~:trIlhieu (O~OOO:5:5 u), hap 1;.] 00 l:h6i cua hat nhan,
2" NguVen
..,. ,...
HAll. hgt cae nguyen t~ hoa h9C :~a h&n h?r ala. uhii§u doog v.~. o'i tI l~ pilau tram v d·;'~;l.. J:., .' .~~, ~ ~ -, - .... ~ ~ 1". .1' "" so nguyen '!J!1.' xac .•¥J!.u,~nen ngu yen tilt. .rJi.1lO:D. cua cac nguyen to co urueu wong 'V1.b .. guyen. lir lhoi nung bmh clia bon hop cac dong vi co nnh den d ]¢ plutn uam n 86 ·ng'l.i'Y·I§:n tcrr ,C!u:!iJJ. 'moi d6n g vi.
~ I
l-
A lfi nguyen
\11 A va B. 09'] .A la ugu.y,en lu kh6it trung biuh, . 'tit' kb.6''[ c~a doJ1,g vi A, a I}~.t:l N ph ~n tr.Uirrt80 nguyen t& cua d:611:g
v! 13,b
l~ ti l~: ph~n
U-.;till
$6
A. _. aA+b.B
100 'f:ro:r.llgnhifI-ng U:D1h r.,()o.tIJ kh(Jng
ba'ng set' .kh,6i ti« dii~:' N guyen 1.6 do co 2 ddng vj. 'b~:t1
.j~Cl
chi6rn
24,.23%" Nguyen
-
liE
Ao ~: 35. .1
. 7.5:-77
00
BAI TAP .
1. . g!Jye
.._
t6 cacbon co iai (1:'5n9 vi ~tt ~ 1 ,C c;h~~rn98,89'% val 1,~C clhiim 1 11%, Ngiuyr9 to; kh01 trW,Fig b'lnh! cua nguyen caebon liiI
to,
A, 1, 2.500 B,.,
C .. 1:2 02:2
12.0 l' 1
n(jtwLI
D" 12.055,
oi' h
cua hid'ro,
Ng~en
ti1 kh~i
oongl
v;i
do
'vi oua
tram s5 nguy~n
to chi'em
tlrong t~ nhUm nhU1 saw :: ~H(QB.'..984%} •~~ (O,016%}, ~~1~'5~ 77 '%), ~~I (.2. 4.23%).
'~arIdu$i
trnlflrg b,
nn coo mOi
to 0'6 '?
p'him t{f HC~ 'KhAc nt-la~j tao nEln til h,ai dong ~ cua hai
c~ Tin h pnao ~Okh01 CD\l!3m5i I~i p'h~~ tcr nol ~rafl. 5. "Igu¥en til k hol'~rurrQlbinh -oua d6ng bang 63.546:.' rong hj fil1ie , d'~6ng fl..¥! i d509 vi 06 ~~cu va
'~n ~j
b"o'ng ~r nhief!l_
tLr Mram co the GO. b) Tin h phth~ tJJ kho) cua !TIoi fO{ii pbi~n tLr..
~) Vi4t. eac oo~g thlfE'c ~n p
c) M¢t I.- k1hi" h~dto giatJ date ..( :2 ~ ) d cheu ki'~frIlieu chu§Jn n~n:g ~l,10 9. Tfnt:! thanh ph~n p1l~n ..tr~m kh5i ILnffAg tD'ng ao.ng vi hklrn.
eua·
co rh@ Ia. c h U fill cac hat rnang ai$n duong n ~l!I hat a (ph 6n g x~ a), hat proto n ; marlf; a i,~n am n Ilu t.hll m e lectron {phd ng XC} ~) ; lldi6ng m~ng dl ~n nhH hat not ro n hoac ti a l (co ban c h;§'t g i 6ng 11h u a. n h sang n hung n~ '''I Ilrqng IOn hem nhjeu). 5" LU- bEen d6r nhtr v$y cua h~I' I'lh~n nguyen t&1 thuong gQ,j 113.Sit! phan ra phong X~. ha y ph fi n ra hat n han
1 j a"phong
X~.
T v phan
tti n h h·M nha n cua cac nguy'en 'ttr ph6·ng 'X;~, Co s6 k h 100 n hu ~'~5 U IIJ' vtJ ra fharU'h «;.Ac m~ nh h~ t nhan kern then ~vthoat ra n otron v~, m(}t 50 hat co ban kh a L; cu ng I·a m()t d~ ng OJI~lSQ) phan ra I .(ttt nha n.
h ach, Iaqua
oi
r.a hat rJh~n C1'~u -6 $V n".Jt khol hrong, tuc Iii t6ng k h6i IlJ?nS cua cac hat tao th a.nl:'r! nh6 hon kh6i IUQlI1g, cu a hat 11 h~ n ban a~u..K h c).j hJQ!I1g b i halo h~t nay d"llUly~n n.oa lhanh nang Ilrqnlg kh6ng ~& d ~L trrl h ttl eo phuong tr In h fl6.ni~l1g cua Anln-·X~rli h (A ..E'i'nste~n) : tllE ~ ~m. c.2. T rung (~161 E I a A n~ng 1UQ'f1g tho~t ra khi ph:a.n ra hat nhan (n~llIg lUQn.g nay n~m 1'~on'8d'O,r;g nang cua cac h{IJl thoat ira. kh i phan ,!.~hat tlhii,1lI va nAng I~1g C Ua blk )«(1. y) ; ~m liJ d'? hut kh6i ; c ;;;;; 2,958 ..1Oe m/5 ~a v~n t6c anh sang tro~g chan. kh6ng~
va. phan
2. S~ phgng
ngubi Ph apr B ec-co-ren (A. [B ecquere I) va sau do la Ong ba p r-e QUY-J"i v~ M~- !.~QUly~ri{Pi erre Cu rie v~ Mari e Cu rue) p~~t hli~n ra r~lng
1896!
V~l Iii
. am
xa til n hh2n
nha
Man
chld.
h!JIYnh
i;jjuel1{j
0;)
kli~
ntiJng tJV pha,~. ra nh U'f1g tla khong nih in 'thay (Ilr?C1 cO th ~ xuy~rv qlla ni1Dng v,~t ma ti~ sang th u6ng k hdng, ai qu a dUi'Q''C, g(Ji ia C3.C tia p~16ng xa _ Dooi til c dlo-llngcua 'diefl hoo,g, t la ph6ng xa b] tach lam ba tla :
- T ia
- na P (b@-ta)II>$;h v~ ph fa eve
- 11 T (gam rna) kh6nlg II~ch ta tia s~ing (hlnh 1.S).
dJ$n tnrong. g6m cac t dT~Jfl nch ~;hl('.mBr co khoi .IU?'f~g bAng kh6i, IIJVhS CU.;J ngr"lly€n ttl' hell,
ct
lf~ C~.[Jj
[anph a! I$ch
phfa eve: am
n!,
(.t
rf(MIlI"!g_
ha i
ve O~JI'C nao
N hung ngh~en. cuu v,e ba f1I ch!'t ell a h i~1i tl!J"9ng phong x g. dUlng to, r.~ng hat nhA n ella cac nguyi~n l~ ph6ng xa kll6ng bent t~r pn.§.n hUl' va phong 1"'(.11 tdc h~t v~t cnat khac n h a u nhu hat o, kern thea buc xa d i ~n tir n hi u t i a r. D6ng (hm v&.i h n$n tUi'Ql1g ph61llg X? tv n h j,en rI~u.b.n ta ,eolllg phat h i~n mOt sO Ila~i nguyen 'tLF CUi] mQ't s6 ngu)I1el1 t6 n han tao cO rig 'co khtl narng ph6ng X~ ..
~I l
3. Illng dung. (1Ua dd ng vi phong )(~ M~c du maH6.'i nam 18196 hien tU'qng phong
'hoc IPhap Bsc-co-ren, dang ke trong llcb su phat ~Fh~nCU~lthe ki xx va the ki <:hurrlg ta dang song_ I1ng d~lng a6ng v f ph o n g X9 trong c~c liln n VIJ'C khfk nh au oja kl till !J~t ooi 56n g Chrll, V~u d ua tren h a i yetJ (1 J I uong tac rnan n cua ti a phot.1g )(~ veri mo i hu&ng 'i/~l chat 11i_~116 dj qua I (2) Do Sl,f ph~t tta pft6ng ~, esc cT6ng \I! ph6ng x~ d~' ClUiQ.\[phat ni¢n bang cac may do phong xa, nen ~6 tlh.~ dong \Jai lr'6 cua cac n:gIJY'@n'k! dann d~LU .. Sau ct~y 103m¢t va i f.h r dL,! v~· un ~ d V I1g d61'lg \It ph ong xa.
xa mol ChlQC ph.cfut hi~n b6i nha bac nhun.g cac .d·ong v] ph6ng)G~ ct~1n h~rn ,eh6ng don g V·~i '~I'O h
to ::
va
tu dSnh
I~ co 56 ella each m~ng xanh ~r@riI gi6'i. the Tta Y ClJal dOllg II i '&CtCoIa lac nhan li~t trnng, ch6ng flam r,r,6c h C'ru h i$!J .,ron g, bao quin luang, thirc .. thL/c pham va cac Ilo~i hi;'t giong, nh~~u tlnh "hit vi~t.
Cae ~ia ph6ng x~ co n~ng. hlQ'ng lool ~:.ay esc dot bien g:eli ra
Day
b) Trona
hoc
Trfmg y hoc, cac dong \,II phong xa OUVCdung ~n_g r~i cho ho~t dQng i1ghi~n nyu,. ch~'n claim II~ a ieu tr]...C~C hop chat dan h dS.ul hoa phong Xii cung ap' cac '~h~ng ti n gULiphr~u hoc v~ l1~ii;ulg con ngooi I ve hoar d¢ ng eua .cac ca qua n ri~ng bi~t~ p:rl1,.ic t \l1J cho ch~n dean b$nh. Tla ph6ng xa dLIQ'C s(r dL,lng. trong cac phuong pha[l d"IJIJP ~~:t lOp. T U' I~u nglfO'i ta da ~Lr d~ ng d6n i§ v! 'I].~I trong. ·chan doa n v~. [ A.eU trj ~nh ~uy,~ gL~p. Tta r co fh1~' hOi tu tao thanh churn ~h:1. n;;)]ng~U\fflg 16n~dLiQ'CsrJ'dvng co nhu mOt Itr5i 000 sac (dao gamma l h(mg cac ca m6 khoFlot;l" cha>;t rnau (16~voi cae kh6i UI n.%ms~u 1,!'Orig nao, ma '1~nh nrltlan khbn g n phil.i gay me, cd tl~e: di h:ili dr"r;zyc ngay sau COl m6, ..., NJ,m 200S I m()t th i,~t b i "dao gam rna 1I1~':(U y~y dl d'l,IA.)'C: ua vao d
ca
[0'
Slr L)
d~ng (~V~~t N am
Phuong phap nguyeo [(r tlJ.l~h d:lu dUQ'C dung, r'c;;ngrai de' heo dOE 51j' di chuyerl C(I a Ill.WC m~ t, nuoc nga m ~ k.i ~m tra t(jc <f¢ lh&'m qua de, cJ'~PJ 'tlh~ m do d~IJ kh i" nghlen cuu co ch€ ctlia cac pban {rug. pnuc tap vj do dac cac hh~g s.6 hoa IL T i a. y v&~ k h~ nla ng tlJm xuyen m~!1h cho phep k i ~m tra dq. d~c kb it CUi! be tong va cae v~'t I'i,~'uk.§'r kh6'i, phat hi,*11 (:~c khuy€t t~t, nut, g~y n~m sau trong v~t 1~~!l,J ma. khong pha i pha mali .. ,~ng IUQrl£, /C(la tia phong x~ co th€! gay ra n h i~lJ bien d6 i hoa hQ'C, bi en ti" nh nhircu v·ilt lleutao ra cac va'~Ii:~u m6'~t v6i nhU'ng tlnh Lh~t cn,rc klrd¢c dao. C~C pnoong phap hat nharr co kh~ ri!.\tr:rg phial h i$n t.;tp (:h b n6ng 09 r5t Tlh6 (10-9 - 1 0-8)...d~ Jam thay dol dang kedi~t' m?o cu~ HoA n9c ph~n tfch hE~n da.i.. Pnan 't!:ch dcmg V! eno phep x.ac dj.n h tiJ 6~cua m~ u dat dA ho~c m~u ho~ th~.'chi"_.
at
CEdi
su CHUYEN DONG
• Trong
ellA E ECTRO'N
;j
The nao Iii abitan ingurin titv,a h'in'frI d~ng ooa chungr Ira ~o
cOr n,1h ung ~o~li,obitan nguyin
ch:uyin d9n9 n h IIth~1ill'Q ? SIl,f f chuyen dQ n 91 c~al e1,eG1:J:'"<l n co g:u6"ng ,SI/ eh uy€ n Id~nlgCiU:3.J Gao ~t th" ~6n h,ay khcin;g' '2
e lect'rnn
nguyen tOr;
eVA
M6 hlnh nguy'~n
(1'6xuang_ 'fheo m6 hlnh nay rrong nguyen Ilt cac electron chu y~n dQng tren 'n]hitrng qu Y dao tron hay b~hldue :.taG di~J'bxung quanh h{Lt nhan, nlur cac hanh tinh quay quanh m~t troi (hluh 1.6 . Do d6 me h)nh nay con dUQc gO] Iii rna hinlL hanh tinh nguyen tit.
Tuy nhien, :mo hlnh nary k111bng -)11,3nlmh dung trang tha i dmytl1, dQng dm, electron trong ng uyen '~tI. 'nhfmg '~huyftcua v~~ If hi~n dai, ra t'Yi&t tI~ng thal ch uy~n {H)ng Clla electron (n hUng hat vi m6 nheng h'}:t "110dJing @o) co nhtmg khilk bift ~ ban- chat so v& str . ... 'ChlU y8n d,(mgella n hmg v~t the vi mo (v~t 'tnt! Wn) rna ra tlhLl1oo.g q uan 3~h tll,:fy hang ngi~y,
nr
M6 hinh hfU1.h ti rib. ng'uY~ll til cua Ro- do-pho, 110 va Zom-mo-phen c6
Cloy rMiO
eleeeen
tac
thuyet cau
.lit 01:': ]::,""". ,u ~'j}J]g 'Ui1,y
t ~,iO
I
chJft
r,ti"
2.HDA 1(Io,NC - A
11
nt
s~'chuye-n
d(lng
CU3
electron
trong nguy~d
tu-
'Irong nguyen hi, cac etectren chuy.en d¢ng l'ti~nhanh Kung quanh h~.t nhsn khbng' thee met qu.9 'd~ l\ac dinh uao, ,Gia S-II hiing la c6 the chup .a.nh electron e cua ngu y®n tl.r hiero & mot thoi d:if~:nnao d6, ne'u cluing ta hili chup inh ,cr mQt thcri di€.m ti~ thee ~N electron se 6 m?t v~ .lu"li khac, N6u, chnng ta chO[lg hang
tr~¢u lOde ail'ih thu d.u'gc sao cho hat rfh:lln '~rUrng nhau dl~ hlnh ~;(JJhthu duqc b~ng each lAp ,gbep ,co the gi6ng nhu ID9t (trun, mAy clut!C tao thann tb mQt rn't 1l6lil. Me Mu chrun~ m8i dau cbam bi~u dien m.¢t vi tri cO-a electron xung quanh h~t nhan. ;V6i, v6i ngu yen '~i, idro, st,r c.huy61l d,Qng cua electron Co thi '~lnh dung h
;so
nbu 'Il'i~)tdam mai,y tich di'~n am. V ~ m,~ Ii dmyer thong c6 dUOng bitn 1'0 nit cua dam, m~y tich di~l1~n.ttUng rhq,c w' co [h~ v.e thanh mOt m4t cong ban quanh h&u [J~hU' lOO:!] bq di~n Uch ella dim ro,ay.
j
Vili._ngkh~ng gian bao quanJl hat nhfin ngu.y~n til ctrta hau nhu loon be) d.].~ tich cua dam may dU'i~ ,g9i lit obitan nguyen 'illr. Thy nhien, m,~t d¢ di~n tlch kh6n.g a6ng ~teutrong khong ,g]aJ] Iliay- M~t dQ cac d,au ch€fm day d~c fl(j[1, b g~n ~ nb~n" chUng cae electron ihuOitg xuyen {j gin ~I: nbin hon Ia (1 xa h~t rrhim.
to
:NlE!y electron cilJ\ ngll.ly:n tit hidro 'cr 't~g thai co bat:lJ v1Lmg kh6rag gian cb dang hlnh c.fiu b~JO kfnh tnmg binh 0,053 run (hluh 1.7).
NhU v~y ': Obltan ngN,Jbt tIt la khu wIt'
'~l~tI hu n
fi19t
kh6:ng gian ;.t~;ngquanh hgl. nhan rna t{il d6, _r6c suat cd ~n{it (.uk sud.t tim th.ay) electron klu.Jdng 90%. Obitan nguyen tu dl1~ckf hi~u.ia, AO (Atomic Orbital).
Hinh 1.']'. i!tI-&iri; ~y. a-ie{ifro.fl' ng~"'n ru Mdro
hiM du ~
11
:2.HC')t 'II0.NC -
e.
De: cho tien Iqi v& don gian, n.gl.wi ta cilng co tllL~' bi6u di~n obitan nguyen til" hidro b:ing m¢.t m~t cong net He.n thay eho hlnh anh cac Mu cham (hlnh 1.. ), 8
o
,
III HINH DA.'Nti OOrfAN NGUYEN lU Khi chuyeo d¢ug treng UgLiyen t(r; ,cac electron co the c:hi~ID m.hG'lil,g mec namIg JU<!llg Jd:mc nhau a~ tnmg cho trang thai. d~li1y6t'Jl dOng ClJ3. no, Nlumg electron
=
d'my~n d¢ng h~t nhan bon, chienll "hijng mlk:: nt'ing lueng mip hon 'll"'rC 'I 6 trang Ih~Ubfu hem. Mting electron c uy$n d9ug 0 xa hat nhan co nang hlQ'Dg cao hon.Dua tren sv. I:;h,1(: nhau v~ trang thai ella electron ttong nguyen N'! n,gll1ii1l ta .It" ntlAu loai thanh cac obitan s, obitan Ill, obiran d v~, obi tan f. Hmh dang; cac It'.. .., obitan So v,~P du:gc bjj~1]dien tren hlnh ].9 vtt 1.10.
,z.
gan
't'
AO
1\
nguyen dl.
Obitan p gom 3 obitan .P,., Py v,~ Pi. co. dang htnh ttim n6i. Mtioi obitan c6 811 d,!nh hu.r6ng kh~ic nhau trong kh6ng gian, clu\Jl]g tl.~nobitan Px dinb hnang thea true x, obit-an Py dinh huong theo [1'~lCYI.'. Obitan. d, f co hlnh d~ngp.huc t~p hen,
so
BAI T~P
1~ Ob-tlcan nguyli!n 'tir Itlidro Cl' ~ng thai W b:aFlJ ,06 d9lfng; h,irth
G,
....
,~
la,
A 0 ;045 nm,
B. 0,053 nm, Chq. n (Mp ejf] rju l'ig. :2. Obita n Py 06 d~ng, hlinh s6 tam rl10i
0,098 nm,
an '$-SU dAy ?
olft;1C, 'tim 'tfJ ~y
\I] ,€':1edron
thLfifng
c. ben
O.
ca b~n
ro~
oat
kl aha. nao
4. Co th~ m6
ta ,sJ!chUJyen d9n9
cua et€ctn:m ~roflg nglJJy~n tU' ~ng cac quy d~o ,chuy,§r.
ta ~
1iIg!
h~nhanh g! 1-
'6. Trinh bay hlnh d~ng CUiii obtt@ln ng l!Iyl!n tCr s, p va neu r-{j s~ ~nh hU6li91 khac nhi3Ju cua chung tron:g khong '91ian.
cae
THANH PIHAN
LU'Y¢N T AP V~ :
'. Oung co i(lli.n th (fe, ve 'Ilanh phi," ciu ~o 'n,g ulfen ~lr~ h~' nll1alill f'II,gu:vet:1 ttl, kitch '{hU"&,~kh51'h19h_g" di~n tf~h I~U~ ta~ hf;t. • Hwi~ kh~i' !['i I,m ng uyim bS h oa hgc'r kT hi~u n9luf~en tlf~, Id 5"19v[1" n.gu~in kh'5i ngu:yen ttl khoi, vung 'biflltiu. obilan ~ ''lfe. n~gU~1iI t~
1
tw
l,
,. Reni Iuy,~n Iki nalilg xile di n h sif[ e le~rtilr'Qn!1proton; n ~mn v,a nguyen tit :kh6li k:~li'b~et.kJ ,h"i~,unguyen tU'.
boj electron
va
Ill.
= so '~'Ie(,b"on
Ngu}!~" tur kh6i duvc. coi nruJ bang tori!' so Ca,C proton '¥' A eac notron (g~i[!l ung). d Nguyen lUr khdl GUill nl\,l nguyen to co nhieu d6ng vi, :!a, nguy@:t:1i tiT kh6i u'uog btnh cua cac d6ng v,j'j co tlnh d:ei[JJ[ ,~,~ l phin u:i}nn s,6 nguyen ~r 'rn,~i d6ng vi. !ena,
Nguyen ~~ 11,00,h~~H;g&utr'JJ !l~'!J~lngnguyen ~,Y' cung; di~n 'tkb h~t nhilD, Ca"c d;6ng- vi cua mgt n.guyen ~6 hQ~ih9C ,iilJ caic nguyen tir co cung 516 proton, kh6.c
,~6:lftotton.
Kf hl~u
co
4. 0 birtan nguyen
obitan nguyen tit
tu-
~ x,
- Obitan nguyen 1:6:]a khu we kheng gian xung quanh h~t nhsn :ma,tai d6 x,ae s'u~t co. m~t. (hay xac 8uie 'tlm thil'y) electron khoang 90 %. tit h'idr{j liL U'iH')t kho'i re.au co b.,m kfnh O~05:3DIIIl.. "TI'Ougthe: tlcll.kb.6i cau mly l~'p trung klwmg 90% xac Sl.II£t (:6 m,~t{hay xac su.fit ttm Ihay) electron x ung quanh hat nhan, Th( d~{ : Obit~:n dia
I]gu~n
- Or: obitan p;(' P:-- ~ fz (dU9C viet l~ AO-px - AO-Pyt AO-pz;) co d~l1g hmh 86 tam n6i, d~nh h:ur.6lig theo 3 true x, y va z CiUll toa dQ ·~,-cac .
he
B-BAIT~P
.,
...
1,. MQ1rnguY€!Wil to' (,;eJ a, nguy'en to' X cO 75 electron sau day laJ cia n9u~l.§nt6 x ?
1,8.5 A .. 11[) X' 'I, ,
D !k'I.
185X '185
.,..,. .......
~MX'
7'5'.
'1:$'0 r...
"'9
'75""
,2.
thai .20
no: ron,
proton
"
va 19 ele.ctr'o,n ?
37C'" 17 ,I.
III
391 , K
19 "
',"",
,'""
40.'nl~' 1.8i'""W ,
,,4:GC" D":20
,"i9l.
3. Theo
s6 Ili~1J!(5 ban'9 1.1 bad 1. Hay tint! : , 8/) Khoi I. 19n {g} cOa 111guryert hI nitd (goo, 7 proton;" L gr dIron." .elec~ron). b) 11' Si;)' kh6i ~~!i9 COOeleo1roo wong, ngu!t~n ~} niW so' vOl kh6i IligOg wa toan ngifye~ fu,
4. BJI~'t ~ng flgluyerl1,5. ago~ co. ba dong vj knse nhau, tmg '!!d~s6.ll::h6i 36., ,33 v.~ A. Ph;§;n tram $6 nguyen tUt'cu':a cae dong· v[ 'twangl On'g I~n lugt b.aJng : 0;34% ;, 0,06% ~ 99,6%, il'n h so khoi o~a, a'ding v~A. eua ngu;yen to agon, biet :nglJJy~ifIJLr khoj 'If.u~g blrilh eaa agon t ~ng 39,98.
5. Ng UYE!:!l t.6 Mg cO bc'! a6ng v.j lrng v.c1i thanh IPnan lph~ntr~.m :nhul sau ;
Dong vi %
:a.). l('n'h ngu'1~n 'i_1U
24.Mg
25Mg 10 ,-DO
26Mg
1.8,.ss
li::tJ15i lrufllg blnh cla Mg.
11,01
b,) 'G.ia sO' twong b.6n h9P no] tren 06 50 nguyen til ,25Mgl, till' sO' nguy@n oua hai dong
\I~ ron
la WOng
Ctmg
~? Iia oao ~
IrrthrBU ?
'IUl
va
Trong
'f!~rJj
tfu:~eac elecrren &rqc sip xep rhanh ([rug 16p~cae lOp clj~ x,ep let ~,t.~ '-~, _ -,'_ i>.,~ ~ .......... v~ ..... ..... f_.,_~ t;i")i~& Mn _' ""t_ ]1J:J'ffi1 .rt~ ngo,t1II. \ ... .... electron ~ en t!;iW.ll;:. mM I,An ""A t,Il!.;o[I~¢ ,_....... ~'"' <5!O'" '. ~l-.i.:]to" nh.i1u '" ):1..... ........u U.II III Jl IJI ~,
"'~<fi,;:) \!}._ '_
sap
Nhm.1g electron
(j
~6:ptrong
16p ngoai, Do d6, nang Iuong cua electron 6 I~ trong th$lp hon nang electron .fJ ]$p ngooL '\fjJ, v~y! nl'kl1g A-~ CU(~ electron clitu ytu ph:1!Jthu¢e
UirCi' hl ella, 1dp.
Thu
l;l;t.'
duqc ghi 'bAng cac :s6 nguyen n:= l 2 3 ~',.." 7" 2. 3 4 .5 -6 "1
j j
Theo trinh 'I.~ sap xGp trta 16p K "ill ~, 1) l:h l¢p g~,n h~t nfuJln nh ~~LN2iJngluqng .cU;8[ lectron tren ['Op n8J.y:~il. htfp nJ1it, e l lien kel g]il~ electron tren lOp My ytJij h~'[ nhiJJill~ Mn chat nhat, nji 'li€p ilioo Hl ID!bUrJig electron CUE 16p ring vrn n 16t~, hon co IDHn.g ]u~g cao bon.
s.,
cae clcceon
d,
f_
S6 p.hful [lOp hung moi. l,Op bang 36 lha .n;t ICU a lap do.
L6'p thlfi: nhfit nO]? K) c.6 I p.hAn 16p~,d6 In phan 'lOp 1s
u
Lop tint hai ([6p L) co 2. phan 161'- d6 la die phihlAdp 25 va 2p. Lop thrt ba {[,6p M) 00 3 phan l6p~ d.6 13:·cae phan lap 3s, 3p
Lop th~ 11 co n phan lOp electron ..
va 3d ..
LO'p thir to (JOp N) cO -4 phan lOp .•dO. 1a cac pharr lop 4s t 4 p, 4d v~ 4f.
Thy nhien, tren 1l1~C .~€ bon 110- (i~~ye:[IJ 18 ern b.i€t~chi co s6 electron di~n ¥Cri ~ '1.. _, ·ii-..t I~ 1 ,!;,f.il, "jf • vao bon p~~al1 -~p,' ~ lOP
Cac electron
6 phan [·op P
d\rqc g9i Hl
Trong mQt phan 16'p~cae obitan c6 ctEng mue It~l:lgruqng, chi Id1d,c nhan 811d! nh huUng rrong kh6ng g. an- 56 va. dang 0 bitan phu thucc vao di).c dMm cua m3.i phan lOp, electron :: - Ph&n lfJp' .-011 00 I obitan,
co dffi ~(mg
- ph-an
'op' [)' : Co
(hlnh i. 10).
- P'hdn lap d : Cd 5 cbitan, djnh hireng khac nhau nang khong gian.
- PhJn, lap f
.. -7 obitan, cung Co
NhU' '\l,~y : 'so obiran troIlg Cae phau i~ S; p, d, f nrong dug' rn eac s6
~e::L, 3~ 5, 7-
Til lRONG
S6 obitan
- Ulp
K, (n ~ 1) c6 12
- L6p l (n ~ 2)
co 22 = 4
bitan, gdm '1 obitan 2s \0'8.3 obitsn 2p. gom.1 obitan 3~; 3 obitan 3p
Vfl
- LOp M (n .~ 3) co 3"2
= 9 obitan,
5. obitan Jd,
- L6p N (n ~ 4) ,c6 4,1 .=: 16 obitan, ,gom 1 obiran 4s.; 3 obitan 4p, :5 obitan 4d va '1 obitan 4f.
24-
C. kihac n hau
'D. co hlnh d~ilg kh6ng' ph ~ th Wl9~vao d~c diem moi ph.-arll 1,i3'p ..
f-fay chon d,;§p a·n d1D ng..
:2. The Il!~OIta k~pva phiUl lOp €Iecl!roil_ Sg I<h~c nhau gii ~ ltip v,a ph§ n I~p eleetron ? 3"
Hla~cho
bi€t
ten c'lJa
b~§t
o~c Idp db I\~n iLf1! co. baa nhieul plhim lop etectron "7
4. His.y eho bi€.t $6 P h~n II tip elec~ron~ dbilan 06 trong lOP M. va N. 30 ,5. Ve h inn d~ng, eac 'OblWlr! b,.
~;$
NANG LUON'G ellA . Ac ELECTIRO . TRONG NGUYtN ru (AU HiNH EL'ECTRON NGUYEN Til
'. Tr,ong; ,ng'uyen
._
I""ng nao '1 'i'll'inh til :s'fD.x:e."'p·ca.c· rn~ n'in.lg [I~nrgl ra sao? ·~ ... . .:Q . ~ t') . ua VI~C:: pnan b~ eae e Itt ("on ·rol'l,gf ngUlyl~~!n1:iIj" t'" n ec n h Ilng n'Q:uyen H va. qllil)' taco nao -7
I
tOi~1CB c
nay.
.' 'Ciu hinh electron n g]uyen tit I,a g~ ? C,ach viet c~ electrQ n rnguyE!!n In hl,lJ" the n90' l'
tu·
h tnh
2 phan lcr.p la 2s vilJ2p. Phan lap 2s, chi co m~t obi tan 2s, ,c/o·:!) phan lOp 2-p c6 § 3 obitan ~ 2p,;i;."2p.y, 2p,._. erk electron i .dma.eric obitan P trong _phan 16'p nay tuy OJ co S-iJ ~.j:t1hhlID'flg hung khOng ,gian khac : nhaa ~nhung chang 06 cling mdc mln,g '0
Q
1a m'l1c ndng ht(ing obitan ng II_yin (i_I. (mtrc nang luvng AO) cae electron [(M c~c obiran khac nhau eoa cillllg m~~'~h1}n 10p cO [iI,~ng luqng p nhu nhau, Th I d~ ;' Ub.g v~,i n = 2.~ta -CO
ro'Ljt mnic nang lugng .x.ac din 11;.NguOi ta goi m Uc nang llLl:gng Day
c.6
cae electron
tren m6~
I
t
1i
if 11
,
•
•••••• Sd ••• ••
•• 1iI
~p
~r
511,
4>1!I
IIiiI
is I;!
.:!Ir
:32
J2
la
.l
Hi
.llll
~
2$
•••
I [
8
\:I
lU'qngAO .
Htn'h 1..1 'II. Mf$ qu.an h~ vd m~ ~)I!i(tGi.i'tP:!ng cua ~c abllsJ'i' lrong nh~ ppSn !(ifJ khac fi'h<l~
26
TIr trinh 1~1'nlUc nang hf~ng t~t"n AO cho ]:h~Y khi (n.~n neh ~t uhan tlilig co s.~~ cfUJn fmtC n3.n,g Iinmg, mlic 4.s tn) nen lhf'p hd'fl 3d,! nnic 53 th~p bon 4d~ 68, 'Lh air
u ~ CAe
NGUYEN
u vA
OUY
TAe
NGUYE-TU
SI! 'phan b6 cal~electron trong .llg'U1,y,en. ell tufin theo ngu~n li Pau-li, nguyen If 'vUng lOOn vA quy de Hun (E Hund), 1~Nguyen Ii' Pau~f
a)
o lU'<;m,g
~fr
'D& b.i~l] di~11i,obitan nguyen '~ifr mQt eacb d:cm g]cm~ng!iu~i ta con dung t!) vuong :nbo" d~ goQjj H~,I. h(qng tU:. Mt)16 ~,LTgng iing vo'i mot AO., ( ill
Tit! dl;,i :ibg 'v6i n ,~ 'I chi co.m~~e OitaJE1J 1, ' ta ve O m(l'l 0 vuong. (bg vdi n = 2. co m,c)t 0 bitan 2s v:t
ba obitan 21' (2px; 2py va, 2pJ ~t2L we rnQIit) vuong thuQc phfm lop 2.s Vtt ba {'}wOng thnoc phan 16p 2~ ba 0 vuong nay ducqc' y~ ]i~ nl13.11, d~ chi ['.fing cac obitan 2p co cliug mire nang lw;mg AO~ nhl1ng cao hal1 AO -2s. (hlnh I. ].2 a, 'va hlnh I .,li2:b).
,P1'tLI-li ~ng
Obitan:
b) Nguyen
h Pau-Ii
Tren m~',tobitan chi c6 thl. co nflilu llh.lit li1 hai electron va hai electron ndy C'hMJe~d¢.ng, t~tq,~y khJc. chi!u nhau xung quanh trtIc I'ieng cua mJ.i electron.
Nguoi ta biiu thj ch.h~11 t¥' quay khac nhau quanh true rit!11,g eua hat eleciron bam~g2 miH ten nho :' Mqt rmli ten co. chi~[] di ]~n.:, InQ1: mill ten co cbi~u di xu5n,g. Trong rru,)'iobitan da co 2, electron. thl2 electron d6 gqi]a electron ghep
dbi (hmh 1,.13~). Khi obitan dl[ 06 m¢'l electron till electron dO. gQi ]:3, electron d(Jc than (htnh 1.130).
Lm
So ~ eerron
el ecsro«.
(~)
OJ
~ ele,clron O~C th1in
(Q)
c)
p h~n
]ap'
~.So electron r& da trong nUll ldp electron ,:Ta.d~l.hi-tit .Iop 0 co, .['j:t! obitan.,M·6Ii obitan thee nguyen li Pau- Ii ce t6i cia 2 electron. Do c1'6 : Lap n c6 1'61. da 2 n2
- So electron ,'fifi' da trong m¢(' phdn liJp electron .: o.]]J,g thee nguyen Hi Pau-li ,. ta co th€ bill ,dlltqt 86 electron t6i da, 1;['0]]8' w¢;l pba_1l lap. Phan Tot};, chi co m~t obitan, v~y chi eu t6i. da 2 electron, Ph![l lop p c6 3 obitan nen c6 t:6i. da 6 eleC1tOl~.Jcitm.g hr pl1:an ~dpd. ,06 till da 1. 0 electron, phan .Itip f ,co. wi da t 4 electron, Ta co the bi6~ diClll .$6 electron tril da kong eke. pU~,JulOp b~llgcac e.. ht9'u;£ tU hen
hlli~h 1.,'14.
f1~1 u·ltH
(b).
(0) Pht':lm.16'p P ~
dnng k r h:l~1IJ I s"2., d dJy.~s6 1 dlmg ben t:rn.r chi hip 11. ;;:;; :1 ,. chn s chi obitan .s~ : 0562, (} phfa b~n ben .phai elri s6 electron ,c6 ¢b~ trong obitan I s. (JM :sir phan Oiic phlr), [.6\p ; :s"2; 1'6~ d 10, (14 'co dli1 scJ. electron t~.i da goi Hl phan lap 000' hod. ·COn pll.ln lOp chua .(lit s6 electron '~Si da g9] Ut ph&-n lap chua baa hod. Till d~. cae; phan ]6p s 1. ~ p3 df'., fi 2...
t
Mit!t each ·~h~. d! bl.eu ditn trzyng thai] electron cua obitan ] s chua 2: electron tao
lOp 2p 00 6 electron,
ta
'viet ; 2p6.
thcil co ban.; t.l"ong .rtguy.6n U.f cifc electron chhfm ian l~~ .nhrJng obita» CD mUt nang {;{J~'ffrlg thifp cUh caa ~ t&(
trf1llg
Thidl! : NgU}'en III hidro (Z ~ 1.) c6 1 electron, electron nay se chlt!m obiran J s (AO-I So) co. mac nan g h:H'lng t~i(p riliat. DO' dO. .;;:6 lh~ bi'~l& di~l] 8:~ phan b6 electron cua nguyen Lir, hidro I~,: 1s ,[: Bi~u dien bal1g 0' llu:m,g tIT la, ~
11'
co
co 2 el(:c tron, 'rhea nglJ1y~n li Pau- ~'i, al electron nay h IUIl1c. nang, ~,U'Q'i1,g th~:p nW.t BOi \.r@y S'I:! pJ:uln b6 electron
N' . uybl fa !.iti ,Z = 3) c6 3 electron, 2- electron trUoc c hi€m obita 1 1s va aa, baa hoi, electron C(;'T.iI, lai chie'rn obi-Ian 15, '~jepthen 00 mric nAng IltQi[].g can b.QIJ, Do do sl$ phan b6 electron rren cac obitan Glut liti t~ ; ~' sl2s
M¢,t, each tuong
--+-
I t .J
[tt~ IT,] 25
1;;2 -
ta 06 uh~vi61 dU'Q'c 5~i' pha:n b6 electron rren cac obitan c iia cac ngnye.n t6 tiep thee, Thf drJ :
t'!-,.
TI;IJy. n hien, k11.01.1gnhat hi6t luc nao cfi~g phiti bi€u ~JiE;ncac AO-2p pJuli cao hen AO- 2s.,_" Vb s.e oong kenb. Ngu(1i ta chi bieu di!n s Y' cao, map ,cua. cac 6 _ [uqng 1ir khi can the hien m(re naflg hrong khac nhaa c tm, tm.llg phall lap electron, ;3. Quy
tat Hun
Trang ctsng m¢t phdn /(rl!; tac electron se- phem bt/ tNJr.1 (~,ckobiian sao ('110 so electron (tile them iii rdi' da v,a Cae electron nay. phai chi'e.u lif' quay giej'n:g nhas: T1:11 SIl;t. pha~b6 electron tF~l1 cae obitan cua nguyen tit. cac bon, ni tcr nhu sao :: du
co
N (Z = 7):
Cac electron d~c than trong m(H nguy~n tU:' dltc:;t"CJ bj~U! bEng esc ,m'fij t!&n cilmS k chien, rln.r.ang duoc vitt huong len :rr.e:n" 2:9
111
csu HINH
ELECfRON NGUYEN
tn~T1Ii
nr
'bI
Cdu' hinh electron nguY'in bila dil.l'i: Sif phcbt b6 electron tren cdc phdn t6rp thtl.¢c cac lap lrJuiocnhau. Quy u@;C' each viet cau htnh electron nguyen U;t " - SO'tiiLl!tl$ kip electron duqc viet b~ cac chu 810 {I, 2, 3.,.J - Pharr lrjp' dLrgt 11' hieu blnllg ,chit 'Cal [hu:bng (s p, d, f). - .$6 electron du!Q"c ghi bang chi s6 b phL1 tren, ben :phai :ki' hieu cua phau -~2 ,2 ,h;r'p (.$ , p ~"".). C&-ch iVia faU hln-h: e lectron n.gtijN!n .til ,- Xac d~n,h.s6 electron 1"IIguy6n 11],;
tu-
cn~,
- C:;;',c electron dU'Qc ph&1lJ b6 theo th'!l' 'L~' 'liing d~n cac m.c[c nang lU'Qng AO; (11$0 esc ng:uy~ If va quy t~c phan b6 electron Iron:g nguyen tir, - Viet cffu hinh electron thea ~~(i' I! Cae phan lOp trong :m¢t lOp yiJJilioo tba tg: I cill.a. cac ]o,p electron,
Th[ d¥ .-
11 electron, Ct~h:1nh electron ella Na nhu sau ~ 1$22s22{l!63s1 'Fe (Z ;;;;:: 00 26 electron. Do co s.~ chen mlEr 'Iling 'hrQlig~ Cae electron d'LtqC 26}
phan b6 nlnr sau : 'Is22s2 2p63 Sau do ph&j S$"p j(,i$p
&2-] p6:4
Na
(Z ;;;;;; co 11}
s.z 3d Q
eac pMn.
[Ar 111~1i h ie,u can l!l~ electron ngnJ!y~n rn ciia nguy,~ t6 agon, U. khf hl~m, g~n. I~h
to
,ca,c nguyen If va quy 'b\c neu 0 tr.en ta co tl1.~ xay dung cil'u hlnh electron nguyen it cua cac nguyen t6 khae. 'Dum a,ay Ht cau htnh electron
to da u tien tron
,iI,
g bfmg
Nguy€hl
t~
E-l
5.1 1$.2
c~u hlrnh
electron
"II
~I,J
[[]
:2
3 4·
1)
H~ li
'1s~2.s1
eel
18
~y..2s:l'
1s2 .2::;22p
6
'7 8;
c
Nl 0 F NEIi N'~I MQl AI
14
2::;2 :2~2
2114
1s".l
25,2 J'p,:5
10
t1 12
13
14 15 16.· 17 18
..
1 S.2 ~ 15,2
.~
S.
P
$.
3:;;.,2 ~~
1~2
25:;::
CI Ar K
'C;a
t~,'22s,2
1j~
.~
~~:
3~
1H
.20
2~ 2f} ~~ ~p'(,;4::;;1
I I IITJ
CJ::J U
:31
3~D~c m~mrua lop eiectron ngoa.' .:(1 n\g Caic electron b lOp ngoal dl'llg q u yet difth Hnill ~haE hoa h9C
cua m()t
nguyen, t6'.
a) De).] vcri nguyen t.Ur. eM cac nguyen [6~56 electron hlp ngoai cumg r&, d~ 1~8. Cae nguyen ~!Lr ~ electron ~&p,I1goai, cnng d~u nli't b~ vmg, chang h£u nhu ,kh6ng co tham gia
VaG
cac :phan. lang boo b9C. Do HI cac nguyen tili' !Chi :biiem (n[~He ,00 s6
b) Ca,c nguyen tIm- co. l ~~ 3 electron b ksp ngoai cung Ht eae nguyen
H~ He
va B). 6"
tu kim lo~~,(hit
phi kim.
d) ('.l!Jc ng,l;iI,yeliJl ph ikim,
ta' co,
4 electron
h:fP' ngoa:i CUr.i~c6 fh~ J~, :rJJg\ly!~J1 r.lE kim loai hay
1.
rlav ghep
~u
vtrJ
CI
N~u.y,'~ n
~Lr
a.
b. S
C.O
D. 1~22~;2Zp~3,s~3p~;
,2',
d, F
SI!fi'phan b6 electron Iro,ng ngu'f\8n ill- 'kJ@if't thee nhU"ng ~gl:ly,8in Ii va qu}' t~c 'gt ? H~y phat big,u Cae 'nguyen! Ii va qu.y t~c. do. L~y th r dl\;l m Inh! hoa. T~i see trorrrg so a6 ph€!in bO '~I¢ctrof'l ~~a ,nguyen til eseeon (C: ~S:2;2$.. 2 p2:), ph~n l:op 2
2p ~~j blgu d~~1fiinhu sau :
,;3"
I t I f II I..
41. r:iay vH!·t ciil!Jl Mf1~1 eleolf)D11 dla eac if1I'Yuy~m b1' co, z; ~ 2!1)! Z ;;; 2-t, Z ~ 22!
z.;;;;
24; Z ;;;;29"
va cho !1lh~n xet ~u hinfl'1elearo(l OU:3I rJ9U('f8,n Kt 10iQ khac .nhau th$" nap ? C8.(: 5. lHay.,ch~ bi&t-so :e:'iectmn r~ ~gooi dJng tlia ,a;ic nguy~n tlflH! 6. Ca'u hlnh e:1~n
7. V~,~·
l1g!Jlfen't(1~
cae n~ye~
:::l.
c~u hlnh
9),
t" (.Z, ~
u, Na,
H::~
qjdi
8) LUY(:NT~P CHUONG I
• C,u ng ctl Ga~ kien thQrt
~ Tha'OO ph'lin' ctiu t'?'.o n€\11' n9'uy~n' ;til,
ngvwn
:_
.fi/;,
(f~t
- Nguyen tfihott h~c" ntriJng ,J~~In:/fJg cu.a !1IgtJy8n hoo boe - C,au trUe ng,uyen tq .. Van dU!flM I~th Ul'~~' d" ~,ammot ,~O dan"" barn 'tap-~ C(1 ban, J ~~ Il. a ~
va
to
!II:qI
-~.
'it
~l/'
Q:uy
tac: !-i un
lU'gfl1og;
~;'~h:~::~h-an !=;~ P n
(Z+): B6ng \,Ii _,
Nguy@.n 10' kh6i 1rong brn h ; A;;"
~ sO' e N
B - SA.1T.P A
'D1_ if,J_,:j7
I
..;II
It-''
P"
'I
"
f12.
..
C- ",,2
~I ~
r:1J4
[I
d 1,0 fn ;
I
D-'
lora
",,2 n
n-'6 I d P'"
11[1
:I
.i!j IJ
1l4
III
2. C'u h~nhelectron tr~[lg thai Co bGn o ' a IlIQlu.ye'n '~!}kim lo~i nao sa u d'Ay cO el~ec.tr.ofll ;:;t,., u; ~ " b-i... is .,• "-'!QC '1,.11 ,an, a' o ~1lCI1IiI A. Orom ; 3_ M([C 4. !Hay B_ Coban ; ILtgng 'CLh8cac obitan C, sat; D,., Man,gan ; E, N,ikJ~liL
nang
roo
oa, :
bl Trongl cac
ph~1iII&p S. p, d, f.
5, SL} phf!Jn bo esc ele:c'lron vao m(}i Qb~mn nguyen to; b ·~~lig thai eo
lliJ
a
b Cae ooitaf'l rs II
rru
e
[ill
c
~'f I t ~
d
*~t I
6. Kh i ~ .hi~U nguy@.n
lit Z
'~rtg, tr~t h$ cae m (it; nang I Ut;1llg' A.O tang :dlAn thee otTii€:u tU'
vi~l c€ka
t6 00,z ~
1: , Z 5
17 i Z
=:
20.
N(£u nguytn at Fe b;! mal h,a~e!lectron. mat ba elel;h-on thl cae nih 11'
'~henao
_JI€lng C'h
• • ' • "'J ~
i;
"
,/ C~C Ilg~yeit1 't5 hoe ti~~ d~:c. :s~~~, ~r)·l,1ang "tu~n >t~p hGarr the~ , 11h~g ng lJyen tac na'o, ? " ,/ Gau hillfl sleG1TIroil. f1Jgu~1iI fLi1 c:u.a nglLjl¥-81'il b5 Iho:a fJ~c" co
m~)·,~~afl h~ "nh;!Jr ·tt'!~ n~o v~i vi: trf ode ,ahtQng trong bi\ng tu~n hoan? i." •" ,.,. ... . ........' "" ~ , .,..... ,~;. v Tinh Qtrat cao ng~uyeJ1to tr"Ql1Ig bang tlJan hoen b l'erg 'Q~li ..
I1l:l'Ij th~
na Q
-:
?"
"
"
'~~~I.~ -
cAe.
T6
HoA HOC •
.. Bang ·tuan ho:an Qr~c )Cay dilfJA9 tre;" n guryerA ,~c. 'fl~O ?
I - 'NGUYEN
NGUVB4 TO'TRONG B
G TUAN
HOAN
tren
cae nguyen l·d'hoo. hoc dll~ xep vao m~t bal1g; g9; Ia bing cik ngu.yen d.c san :::
eee-
C~ nguyen t6' drrgc x~~p thee chiieu '~~,gd~n ella di¢n nch h~'~ nhan nguy~n tU.;.
trong i'ilgPye.Tl
mQi
hang.
IIl.U'
}..olinnguyen t6 boa hoc d:ugc xAp va'o :tn¢t 6 cua bang ~goi 1ft6 ngu yen t6'- S6 thrd ty: cua 0 dun~ bang 56 hi,¢u nguyen tit cua nguyen U5 do. 1'hi:.d1! : b Ug1L1Y~!lt6 c,ua. hidrn va ena nll~m _
I,
t
noah9C _
Te-fl
K:rllr~
H
Hld~~
I
'.l11J1a -
I !tlJ ng b'lnh
Ng,uy~flI 1Y'k
K~hiihJ h~Mc. 'f.~
r
I
"
1-3
U~
15'
··1, +·1
i£l¢.am di~l'I
Cs-u hint"! el ~,g;.;ih~
AI
!\Ii'Ji1Tll
I
~~t8
iElo?;§mdi~ 1}S1- I
~u~nto
~uyent9
I.~!~PJ;
..3·
Call Ililrihi el
sa o.xi nM
electron ",,,{) ~:oallg.them gia Junh tba_1d! h:Cn 'k£t h{~~h9C_ {1.uitlg kba Ih~tCmgjJti:I'[~ ,(]' Wp ttgoai cUliIgh.~c (; Ga, ph" lOp, s~.t KfJ)ngooi ciing lit ·u. pMn 16p d:6 (.'hua blo, ho~..
z, Ctlu
dtlf,fC
lei
.xe.p
nguy€n tl;:,cua chung co. {'lIng so lip meo dr.Mu difJ1 tfch hq:! nhan tiir1g dan.
rna
ei:ccttOlt.,
B,ang tua'n boon grjm 7 ehu :kl d~ugc danh s6 '[[L 1 d€n '7, SO ~hrr111fl chu kl trumg cua v6:i 86 1~p electron ,c:U,f}, nguyen tit cac nguyen to trong chu 11 db. Gim tht?u cec ch'1:4 1<1;' M H (Z = ~)viIJHe (Z ;::;; Nguyen f!! eua crning 2). 06 mryt l6p electron Cn;.;;; ]) v,~, ae electron dUQ'c'ph~l h6 v,a'!] p~ '[Or 8; OOlitsau : c UT ::" ' ,s-),. n. {'jU~)l\ V:a" H'e '(1 "}~ . lJ~u l:I
1 ; G6m 2- nguyen ld'
{;o
Chu kJ: 2 : G&n 8 nguyen t6~ '~U!'Li (Z;;;; 3) ,d'M Ne (2 ~ 10}_ Ngl.[y~n cIDli chung 'llr 2 ]6p electroo (n ~ 2) o~h~ electron dl!qc phan b6 VaG cac lOp MU sau ,; l.i (,~ 231) cho dSfIJ, Ne (I 52 2~22p6)., s2
va
C~f.
pha:ru '06 VaQ, cac Idp n'ti:bl1' sau '::Na ('I Sl 2~~22pfi 3r.'~) cho den AT (3. 32 2si 2p"s 3s,2 3(6) , I
Chu kl 4. ; G6m '18 ng_1!;lyen t6 t.tl' K. (Z == 19) d€Jrr Kr (2 ;:;:;; . .Ng~yet:t 'bi)" cia 36} dll,~ngICO -4 lap electron (n ~ 4). Vi~ phan bt'5' electron 0" chu kl nay 00 d¥ diem ~i'i, dUlil phim. b5 vao phlm; ldp 3d rna ph~n b6 vao phan 16p 4s cho du 2, electron & nguyen t~ kim Ioai kiem K (Z = [9) :: ls,l 2s2 2,p6 318;'2 3pt) 451 vi kin] loai kiem Ih8 eft (Z =: 20) :' 1s2 2s,2 2pfi 3 g1: 3r~ .4';2, S,iillJU do mrn phan h6' electron tiep ~),C vlw, :phan lOp, 3d, 'Crt 1 d~n :1 electron cho cac nguyen tit eua 10 nguyeH to kim 0 loai chuy€n h€p (t.iir Sc {Z :...21} din Zn (2 = 30»). Tiip, theo la St;' phfilll btl electron v~o phsn 16p4]) dm me nguyen tir 6 nguyen 'to' ~crr Ga (Z ,~ 31) eho d.61l
Kj["(Z -- 36)" Chu kt :5 : Gom I 8. ~~oyen t6~ tiT Rb (Z ,== 37) (ten Xe (Z electron cfing d.ten IS! nrong tIJ' chu ld 4,
Chu kl 6 : Goan 32. nguyen to, ~~'C.;; (2 ~ 55) den Rn (Z =, 86)" slJ phan b6 electron di,~ll1ra :phl1c t@ hon. Chu k~ 7 : Bat d~u til ng'uy~n to' Fr (Z :::= 87)- den ngxryb'l (2 :;;: 1'~ D~y Hi m.'~l elm kJ, d-nl:a hom thanh, 0).Phdn 10.fJi ehu Id .'
tr~]' ll
va 1
3. Nhom nguye'n
to
.cu]]J,g Fl1iQt nhom cO nhem (tm mQt 86 ngo'{ti ,[~),
Nh6m ng~~y.tn tt/ fa t(ip hr;rp cdc n.guybt frJ rna ,n,guy.r!n /;'lIt co cait. htl~h electron tuxmg t,1I'nJU;l1l~do do co linh cha.t hod hoc gJ.n i~j.61l:g ooa'U va df.((!,c ,;'tip .thJnh
,11t¢t
c¢t_
to trong
Ik1J[]gtu~n holm co 18 c~t duqc' chia '~mh :3 nhom A diimh s6 ~~~A dftl, VUIA va, 8 OO'Ot!1 B danl.L 56 ttt U~, d:€n V]UB. ,M'OJ. nhom Ell mQt a¢t.~Ii,eng nhorn 'VUIB
,go.m
N goat each d~ia esc nguy¢n [:6 thitr.uh ~]h6m! nglitoi ta con chia cluing t11~mh cac
sau ': • Khoi eae ngu ytn to s gem cac nguyen t6 nhom ,FA w nluim HA, N gUY'(j11. 1:6s lel l1!htmg nl{l~y{jn ttl nd1 ,nguye}~ di: co eiectron c u.5i. cung
~6i
i/.J,flqlc di
en.
= 11) ,: Is]. 2s;l2p6 3s1 ; K (,Z:;;;;;; 19) : j 32 2s2: 2ptl 38,2 3pt! 4s1 IVlg (Z = 12) :,,Igi 2~s22pto,3052 ; Ca (Z ;;;;; 0) : 1 S2 2&6Zp6 3 S2 3-1'6 4lsl 2
:N,a_ (Z
nt c6 elec tron
o (Z = 8)
Cdc
= 18)
• '~1~6n 'nguyen t6 d g6m cac nglill.y13n t6' tlIruQc cae nhorn B. cac
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to
en
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va
to
h lu,@ttuan hoan V:B! bang tu ~ n ho,an cac nguY@ll ~,6flo.a hoc 00 gi,a, ttl to i6'1'1 kh en g. nhrmg cT6,i vor hoa h~LJ rna ca d6i v&~tri,€i' h cc,
V itfC :phfd 1!11,i 11h fa din
tua.n hoan esc ngu yen till tim ra In h ileUI d~~h.1 me sa u $~:c han, N hfl1l"1.g 1,0;~i'~n m&.i t,ri CtMI M,etll~dlt:~ie~e "Dj nh Iu.e:l hHln Ih ORn se ,kh ang bi! de doa ph a vfJj ma, ch ~ill p ;}.v b6 ~Ut:1g va phc1t tri,;e;n~lhbng ngJCmgCl't 0,1 dl~ tbuc tEf kifn1 cn!i1tig v.i3J >::~cnh~ni_
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to hoa, h~e;
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to p (oong 2_1 }.
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Ngu.y~n tUr cua calc nguyen t6 trong 'mQt nhem A cO $.6 electron 'IOp·rlJp. cilililg 00ng nhau, S¥ gi6hg nhau ~ C:lU htnh electron ['Op' ngoai ciing la ngu yen. nhan di.a. s~ gi6ng nhau vi§ tliilh dl~t hoo. hoc cilJa cae ngu.ytn til:i tto'llg m¢,~'i1l~h6Jlfil! A.
S6 [hILi: til CU,!3; nhom (1A~ n~....cho· biet. :50 electron hoa, rei cua ngllb.Y'~rilU cae ) ngu.yen to' trong nh.6m dotl:g tho1 ding lit So electron lap ngoai ding dia nguyen lU nguyen t6 do ,. Do d6 bi,e't $6 'tlhn1tv ella nbom, ta co t'b.:~ xsc J"~,:~h dtrt}'C :s6 electron ldp ngooi din;g. 1111du Al & rmom. IHA.t c6 ,3, electron & 16p'l1goai ci1ng,. A] lbu¢r.; chu Jd 3.; co ba l(fp electron do v$y cau h'iF1Jh electron lop ngoai tCU_r:iI.g: ella ng~,yen fir Al se lit 3s23pl.
Sau
:moi ehu
cung
ngu.y4§;n ~6
nh6rn. A. dUQc li[Lp di. Ri!p lai, tao n6i. I:.~ng cluing
• -. ~ .~ .,•. noan ve~~... r~m":I; ,eI'ectron l"i,..~ n.gO().l cu.:r.'lgCi[.~an:guyen i~~ ('au l~' J' _vp cae n,g~~ytn khi' di'f'.~tf.eb' hq:t nhdn tang dC?11 d'linh 1& rJgf~ytfn nhlin .c ik~S~t' bi~~n. t{/ a6J' u.t/in h()itn vi tinA chch ,ena.cae nguytfn trf
'fir ellA
esc NGUvtN
TO NHOM
Tir chu k14 di ~trong moi ehu kl~ sau khi brio boa pli;.iJl lcip ngoai CUflg ns2, cac eleetron dip theo dI~ phan h6 van phan Idp (n-].)d th.u~c ldp ~~9:~ ngoai cung, C.~11 hln h electron ngu yen tIT cua N1.c n.glll:y~n to nay t~-n(aUig co d ang (n- ~~ ns), 0 d:aiy a l.~.56 electron (tuqc di.~n.VaG phan 16p SaJ ngoai cimg )dlL\ (m.-l)d tlr a.:=: 1 dena == 10 tru: mot vai 'fn1o.n.g hop ngoai .[,~,
1,
tro
cae
Hl cac kim forti chu~~/n titj). ~Wye~(·6 hoa. hoc, c.n:ung ta ~lIh~n. : '[bay
co 1. 0 nguyen r6 d. Rleng hei nguyen to' ]BJ er (Z ~ 24) : :3d5 4s'~ va.01 (Z = 29) : 3d W 4.B 1 'co (~111 hinh chung El 3 dS 4s J ; 8 ngtliY~I1J t6 d eon :~{li d!&i,c6 c~u htoh. .3d~ 452. Thi d!} .,~ {Z~. 26) : 3d~ 4s2, :~e
1'hi
d¥ .-'Chu k14
Not chufiI.g, esc 'nv-ty~n 16 d h(j~c.f ~ &6 electron hoa tit! n~m b i.'Op ngoai cling ho~ o· en phtiJll ~.'Opsat h"ip I1g'Oaj cnng chua bao hoo~ khi phan ]Jp &ar ngoilJ! Cl],]'l.g d@j 000 hoA 1M.156electron hoa tri du'gC tfn!h thea '86 electron iJ ].Op ngoai oung"
Th 1" tfh} :,.Ag (Z ~ 4'7) ::[K1.']4d.1O.5s I co
so electron
da bao hoa,
1. 31/ bien thienl tin'h clii~~ c a cae nguyen to mu¢c chu ki sau I~I dur;:la 1'~iP I~'igiong I!lhlJ ehu kl trut1c ,~ do
A s.~ I~p I~i Hnh }(JImIO{Bioua cac nguyen
to' a chu
k1 sau
~Q
a dhu
1'1 Tnh
etectron lap I1QO'ai ciang, eua nguyen 'til' cae ng uy~n t6"
a en u
to. d cho
kT sew
50
Hay
c 9n dap' aJndOng,
0, S" CI. Sr,
2., DI/a vae o.arng 2,1 i hay cho b,iet.s6 electron 1t11P ngo~lIi Cling eua 1i'l9u~n ttl' eac nguye n t6 sau d~y : H. Hl~.u, Na. K, ~" ,3., Cho nguyen
4.
W' eae ii1Qluyen 16 CD ; Z ~ 8, Z = 9" Z = 17! Z .. 19, H i!y xa c dinh s6 elec.!ron l~p ngo@j .c~ng roa nguy,en tii cae rriguy,a n to 0'6. sO''Ml[r t~ n hem ve ehu [fd chCfa cae nglJy~'n to do. Vhat cau hinrn ~I:~ron nguyen tlt cQa cae nguyen t6 co L .. 18 va ,Z :: 19. T~i sao , 119 uyen to 06 ,Z =1,8 '0 chu kT3; con ng,u~1lI 16 cO, Z :::::19 l~i a diu kr ,4 ? cO
hrnh II;IJlectro eua chung cO dr~c (f ~m gti 7 T~i sao, C.U
a n hom
z. '_ :20. : 21
to' C.
Ca u
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II
OLUii
I - BAN fdNH NGUYEN TUTh'1h1nh 2-'] san dAy cho tbiOCy : Trong m¢t chu ki, tny nguyen tlt c~c ngu y€:o t6 co ,c[lng s6 ldp electron. Mung khi di~11Itfch hat nhsn 1t:;}T.1Ig" l~[t Ihrut.gifta hat nhan vui esc electron lop ngoai cimg cum,g Hmg theo, do dO. ban kfnh nguyen :tLa:' 116i chung gi~m dall.
xu6ng d'll,{n~s6 ~6p~~eetron, l1ftg d.hl,~ ban. kfnh nguysn oj- c'L~,a~c ngu:yl~nt~ tang theo, m~c du di¢n tleh '~t ooffim '~fulgnhanh, c
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Nang IU~~l1g li1o~i.dirqc lImh a.ang kl/mol, ion Thi dl;l .. D6 tach mot mol electron fa kfu.Q] m~t: mol nguyen hidro theo qua trlnh ':'H -=-+ H"" + e pMi ti6u, 'e6n m¢"t n&[!)_g hI~: b:in.,g 13 12 kJ/mol_ N i:'in.glu,gi1g ion hoa thfi: 2\~tlni 3 d~tQ'C1d hi~u JA ~~, ":11a Ding' h1~g can d~ tach "I ..,'. ~ 'i' 'R ..;a.. ~... ~ , ',,.," ~, ~ nan' h.IOOo e ecrron " th U''';;;'t 3 ra ,t'!..uQ,1 cae 10m !.1[.f.0'tt:lg ung. G':'{ ~'ricua, c hUT!iar !~ '.!ie.~OO~"" g,', " 'w. -~!e- _l}U~ L @
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tu
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tren h1nh 2;2.
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theo chieu tan{t cia (ti~n t:!ch h~ nhsn, k hoiLng each giU;;1! electron lop ngoa! cfing d~~.h~t nhtm tang, hJc H~t1 k-e't giu.a electron lop
ngoai cnng
HIe.
va
J
h,,,.1L uhan
15M I
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1200 I
giam~ do do nang lU'gng ion ~'l-,A nQl cl .. · ....C.::t.U!ng . l~lm .. i . ~ V.;L Th[ d~. .-Nang lUQOg ion hoa ella. lid (Lj) 'bfing 520 klima], C(}tl cilia xe sl (Cs) b ~:ng 376 klJmol._ Xes. la. ngllly&l
t6
1QOO
co. nAng
• •
lu\ing ion
6DO
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thap nhat (khOng .k~ franx i la nguyen t6 pheng xa), mtl met electron thanh ion dueng Cs+, 1'100
200
i
de
•
II
tro
II
xesi
quangdi~n. V~y : Niing lU'(l:n~.~ hod thi( rrhat cUa nguyen ta cat: nguyen tdnhom A biln ion: dJi tu&:n hoo.rl theo ehier" tai'lg c.~·adJ'~11ticb h{lt nluin.
III ~ DO
f)t).
AM DI~N
am Ji.en. eua m~JlnguyJn: til d{k ~1·Ufl.g cho kiui nang hut electron eua nguybt til' do..kki tfU} tha~'lh liJn kit hod boc.
Nhu v~y? d~ am d]~n coa nguyen nr D2uye'tl. (0 ctLfig ]00 thl tlnh ph] kim cna nguyen t6 dtl cang manh. Nguqt lai, dQ am Ji~n cila nguyen tir nguyen 16 cang thl tinh kim lo~ eua ·iiJgllYI@.n '16 dO. cang manh,
nno
k.hac 'nnal!l do c£Lc rae ,ghl tfnh roan d·Lf.a tren nhQng co $& khAc nhau ..DlIlu,i day giro thieu M'ng gioi tr~ dOl am di¢n cua nha hojj. hoc Pau-Iinh (L.P-4diog) thiet: ].@pntirtl [932. Vi nguyen t6 flo ] a. phi kim manh nhat, Pan-Iinh quy trOc hiy dl¢-.ltrrJ di¢n dJa flo d~ xac dinh d9 am dil}Il tl(O'ng d6i eua ngu.yen tit cac [lgl]y~n to kluk. Trong hoa hoc, c6. nhi~:lJ.lthang d¢
47
am di¢.n
S'anD 2~3
Gra tri dO
1 2
l[
2,20
Li
0,98
fu. ·1,57
R
2·04
I
c
2.55
N
304 .,
()
F
3,98
-
8 44
1
3
4
Nil
0,93
r..-l!;:1.31
I
s.
1,90
P
219~ , As 2,1'8 Sb
S
2',58 & 2,55
C']
3,16-
1,61
K
0,8.2
,
C~1.
1,00
Ga
1,8,'1
Gc
2J01!
llr
2 ,'9tI
[
:5 6
Rb
0,82
Sr
0.95
In
1";7B
Sn
1 ,:96
Ph
Te
2.1([1
2.05 Gi
2,02
2.66
At
Cs
0,79
lL
0,89
Tl
1,62
Po
2,00
2)33
2.20
Sit bie;n d61 db am dien theo Z duoc b.i~u dien tren hlnh 2.3_
.. I I • •
.~.
'Ii;j,
,
I I I \
CI
1 \ I I
,li,
2'
~-,
\
,
\ \
•
\ \~'a
11
u
~T-~~=r-'~=-~~~~-'-T~--~~~9r-._Jz.
15
•
I
.~ '
!I(
20
Tr()ng ,mQl ,,-hu k,i. theo c~~e u 'ta'flJ_g: d.a.tl c(J,a d'i~;[llfch h~t nh an, d:O ,~m di¢n ClUIJ nguyen tLt' cac nguyen 16 t'h'[!OrIlg tang dan,
Trong c,ilng,l1u)1 ~'ih6m theo cbieu tang <cilia A. di~n rich h~t nhan,
to thuong
V QY :: D¢ am t!i¢J'l cifa nguyen: chMuc tang elta difrl tich h«t .nhiin,
~
....
d'6~itudn
SAl T~P
1, Tronq m¢t ebu ki, ban kl'nh ng uyen
A.
ta ng
ca e, v8i C
D, CaA~
3,
fJQ ,8m {fj~n d?c tlU'filg rna kha n ijng A., h~l el'eQr"On
ou~Flguyen
alia.
S, ntiJUi!lng electron
h'Jha(;.,
'G~,i3,nguY'EMII
,'St! bi rin
d&i. i'l§ng h..tl~n9 iOJiI hoa 1hCI"nnat eua nguyen ti1 cae filgu-y€m._
to'
e" 8¢ ,i1 in di~n 'cU\i m¢t nQiuiYeIi 'bj la 9 1 ? Guy I~~t bh~'n gki tr] d'Qam di~n oua ng uy~n do~ tcr eac ng u~n l6" 'irong ca~nnorn A nhu' I.hi! nae ?
;" Nguyen
tu'
Wllnait ?'
49
4.HCA 10Ne-A
WfJJiil
Ai
,{H.)(!.
lb.inr-~~~~~
__
~~~~~~
~_
A~ LI)'C
ELECTRO N
1l!Celectron cliJ,a ngluy:en tlda nang hrong wa fa ha:y hap thu khl mQt nguyen '~u ng hoa f:.t tr~rig th a i kt~( ~ h~ n m(H el ectro n d@tr6 th~ n h mot i 00 mang d i i;n tru tkh 1-, cnng nAm 6" tFilng, thai do., hu vijy, ji I~ electron U h ieu ung n~ng
e ,~
A_-
(klh f)
b~ng kJ/II1loL
.Ai
da:u - cho aij I~ electron khi co SI./ to~ ra ni;l,n_g IUQng v.], d ~u + kh~co Sv ha:p thu n:i.ng Iut)ng ICi b~11 ngoa i. IPh.in ~6i"1 cac ngllY~'!i' t'6 hoa hoc co ~i I'!'C electron i1m, nhl.mg, cac nguyefl td n hom ~ lA, I! B 'vJ cac kh i tro cO ;;Ii 1t,1IC electron d uon g_ 'Ouy Iu~'l b i,iin tt~en iti Iv'C eJ€!ctrr()n t heo en i~1J lang c u a d i'~11Hob ht~l!tnhan tlglJy-@n i t& CO,i,3:cac nguy@n to 110'a h9C k'hbng til ~t r0 r¢t va n hai qu an 111'!ru:C~,C -guy. I u ~t tim tl"l.1y d6i \rQ1 d(J' Am di~1I1 n~Lng i'u()ng ion ho~, va Tuv i't·hli~t11 cClng co. the. nJit ra mot so. nhan xet sal! dt:iy : - Nh ln chu rlg1 cae phi kim co ~i I~ € Iectron m.ang dau 2U"!1 Vt");' gli a tri t.uy~ doi
Ng,lI'b[ ta quy u6c d~t
I,an hon kim lo~L Cac ha logen co ,ai Iv,-celectron a III VOh gmJ. r] tu'y~t d 6i 16n hem t Or cac '['fJgu 16 khac OJ a IJ~ ng ~uAn hoan, vi nh6m nguy@!n t6 nay d~ tbu 'th~m yell e k cnen, Kh I hiem co l&p electro n ngoa i -Clng,b~D hea (h oac gi~ bao hoat dn:! ng kho thu them e,1 ectron n,~n}co iti Ivc e lectron d uong, - Trong ph ~ n 16'11tnran,g h WI trong mOt n h elm A, thea- c h i~u ling eua c1i,~n tlch hat nh@,1lI~i luc ,el ectron am co g i~ tr] tu y$l ,d5i g i~ m dil!n.
- Trang rm~lt chu kl,
nhln
nlhJln. Nhr,mg cac kh f h iem ~~i co ,ju hrc elecrron duong, Vi _gli(r,a, dO am t1'i~n vit a I ~',fLelectron pha i to. rn6i If~n quan cn@;t che vui nhau, MiLlIij ken (M!J II iken sca~,e)dEi 511 d ling C{3r g i~ 'tr! ai II,K electron va n,ang, I,UQ1l1:g ion hoa di!- xAy dl$ng thang d~) Jm d1~11 mang t~n 6ng. B i~IJ da n g ch Q Y I ttl trolllg k h;1 k hal n i'~m do .i3:m ,tl'i$W'1 tJhool1g du ng c h 0 cac nguy~~1 tthl ai Ive electron con duoc ap dung cho ca cac phan tu, Ch~ng han, hil, nglta~ ta dlJ"a, ra ,gi'a tr] ,ai live electron duong cho benzen, antraxen, g~t1 b.~,ng kh..Jng cho poan tu- n~,phtalen. Vl th~, ~HIILfL electro III al.JQ'C d~ng d'e giai thfph khiii "
cua hat
a~~111tlch
chung g,ia, tt! tuy$t d6i cua ai luc.electron ,am ta,ng dAn
TlNH PHI KIM (lI,A, cAe NGUYEN TO ,HOA. HOC .. DINH LuAT TuAN HoAN
II
LOAI'.,
I
.. H iey ;aU'q~tfnl1
tin
khWlI lQ~i! tr nh ph i kffim QJUY' ~u~,t bi;ellil doi h kim ~o~i, t.i n h p,1lii !ki m (~IUialca'O :nglUlyen 'M '~l'ion;g !Dang
va
H~~~t Ibl~~d&1 hQa tJr,il tlnh a:d~= baz(!l ella OlXi,t va. h,id,r.Qxh:c a oa,c I'lIrgu,en tromg ban Q tuan lhoamt.
to
cAe NGUYEN
t;·u c.ua
n6
TO
t~r a' m
f.l,gu.ye n
de nhll&ng
t6 do csng manh.
Tlnh phi ~im ld ti'nh dul~ CM:6l mt)t n.. guyln ttl mil.' .nglU1en
to
to nao
Gang
de nh~n electron,
Thl!c ra, khong 00 rnnh gi6i ro ~t giw utili kim loai va tffih phi kim. M'9t each ru'dil:~g ~trong 'bing tusn hahn cae nguyen '~6kim lOI?}l], va pbi kim ~l~ phan [!lej ckiiclli bing ffi]()']:(g k,l;~m (xem bitrn,~ tJt1~n,hOM, trang .4:[ ),.. Ben 'Ph~i Hl c~!C i1gUY~il phi kim, bell 'l;.1"ii ht ·cae ngu Y'~]] t-6 kim 1:~L
to
2. S\Jjbien
p:lli ,kim
r.(,chht[l~' nhdJ~!,Hnh kbn loqJ c~~a cdc ngu.v~n !tl gidm dan • .d6:nl8th&.i .rinh pM kim tang ddn.
ua di¢n
Tni d~~ Chu ld 3 b:i't da.u tu nguyen £rJ natri (Z ,~, 11), mO'~kim loai d~:tlJhmh, _" r6i Hill l~ dW magis (~=, 12) a. klm Jo~±manh nbrutu'lig h(j~t d"Ong k~nl natri, Nhom, (2 ~ 1'3) Iii kim loai nlnrng hidroxl't cf~a.nO.cUi' C'O linh [i.l'f.t~g tfnh,
1.4) Ul pJni k.brl,- TIr F~h.otphp(Z 15) d~n luu huynh (Z = .16)~tinh poi kim m~~)h dIm, clo {Z '7) l~,mQt phi Idm.d:ie;u hinh,
Sitic (Z
'5;
dIU
kt
C6 ~h~ giro. thfc.h 'I'oy lll~;tb.ien doi tfnh chat tren nhu sau :
Th.m,g m¢i chu ti1 theo chi ell (.tng eua d::il~fIt:lch h~t .nhan
n~[]g 1U"C;,[l,gon hoa, dQ am '.tE~n tilmJJg dan dong thtfi 'ban kfnh nguyen til giam. i dall Hun cho k'hil nang nhuong electron giiu'ill nen tin h kim ]o~ girun, ·kha. nang
m,h~nelectron tang 11-ong mr'lo' nlwmA,
nen
tfnh phi
kim
tang ..
theo Cf1:rlu M'IlO' C,~ladi't!n. ~fch 11.(;,t nh·&n tinh. kim h).(1l coo cae nguye.n tlf tang dan, dong thut tinA phi kim gi6m. dan.
Thf du
nhom
LA
v.a nhom
V lIA.
Trong nhem IA:: Tlnh kim loai tang r.o n;l ro Btl (Z ~ 3) dtn J(esi (Z = 55) ntc Ja kha nang nhulCmg electren Uing dan. ·~h6ml1 VHA Cubom halogen) g6m nih'i1:ng phi kim di~n h)nh : Tinh ph j kim giam dan til' flo (Z =. 9 del] io,t (2' 5.3\ tlic la, khii ning nhan electron giam dAn.
~5;
Quy lu~u db duqc ]~:p.~ d8i voi cac nhom A khac va dtr'Q'C giii thich ai
Trang
M'Gt.' gall :
mOt
nhom At theo chi~utang c:ua. di~n tich h~t' nh~ln. (tit. tren xu6ng dU\1i)
thi nang hj(~ng ion hoa, d~ :!1m. i~n giam d'tl d6m1lgrher1birr kfnh nguyen t':1 tln,g d ~hanh U~mcho kha nang [mtlOng electron t.an_g,nen nnh lim 'l~i tang, kJt~.n:ing
ir1h~ electron g'iiam., nen
anl.
Tfnh kim lot.ti, 'mi'llh phi kim cua cac ngu y'~n 16 plJj~.JUuu)(: chit yeu vao c~fu hlnh electron nguyen tjU'. Cal.1. hhd~ electron nguyen til' cuaclc nguyen t6 trong bang 'tUM hoan co tinh 'bien d61 '[utir] boan nen tfnh kim loai, tW~h'Ph~ikim bien d6i uJl~n hoan,
Nb~n ri~: Tink Urn lOf!Ji, ttnh ph c'kim c~,a cac nguY~J~ 1(/ nh6m A bi'tn dili .tutil1, holrfl. theo .cniiht, ti1nb, CJia {,ii~n ttch ~t nh&n.
II - SU BIEN 061
•
'1'rong
k" di·· .. ti at sang pnat, 1k. A tn". cao nnat 'ClILa nguyen. t6 Vd'J()X'I .....(. ....lh, ~. ~. . nca C~(! t.tilg Ian ]~_(.ifllir 1 den 7.; con hoa tli 'V6i bidro eua cac phi kiitu .gjam 4 den 1..
mQt
h
'II-,.t.f,''<'
to
:52
Tbi dlj.c.- Trong ebu kl 3, ba n, luyen t6 dW.J. chu k1J(Na, Mg, Ali) tao thanh hop d,,tJJt oxit ~wng do cdc ngu yt1l t6' 06 hmi. tri lrtn [~lit 1.~2 3" C~Cm:aguye'fl to tier
j
theo {Si,. P, S, Cl) co hoa tI! ~M ll.1Qt.1:\4; 5. 6, ] trong oxit cao n h ~t..
Qi,c nguyen t6 phi kim Si, p~ S,
a t<~od-Il'Q"C
SV bi.~n cTtJi
aG'I1IISi'~~
(i'homA
wan
h oan -oa
- eual Cat
lIRA
AI.2~
nguyen
to 0 cbu
VA
P2°t; As._2°5 5· I?H3,
kll 3 va 4
IA
IIA
IVA
V1A 503
SeO~l
'\llIA
HQ.p dh€it
v.o~oxi
Na20
K20
MgO
Si~ Ge.°2
4-
CI~07
GaO
2
Ga2Q;; 3
Br2P7 "l
Hel HBr
.1
6
!HI2S H;2Se'
SiFt~
G~'iH4
4
AsH 3
3.
H[o~.~]vtji hidw
.2
Nh,JD x.et '; Nod tr] cao nhdl o~am~t J1.g~J,y.en .to v6i OJCi., ho{~ tri Ild'i hidro ella cac phi. kim bitn. M.l' tud:n holm theo chie"'u tung c,u,a ciir.n u'ch h.~~nhdn.
~II._ SU BI£N 061 TlNH AXIT,- BAZO cUA aXIT vA IDROXIT TUllNCi UNG
I
53
Brin!1' 2.5
va 3
va
[ua
cac ngu
v~n t6 a
l!;}ij(lg 1i!l h
Oxit
. Clxit
aJxit
Ox'il axil
Oxit ~xii
UOH.
Ba.zd !ki~m
Axil yeliJ
,0."
Na2Q
Mg"O ob~it
~a!ZO
PO'<5 ,~
S03
Oxit axir
,,'Qsdtb8'~
NtaOI-1l
'a" . ·X11aK~'
1-\,18103
10))11 gill.dt
H:1po· 'lI,
M@(OHh
AI~OHh·
H~SQ4
HlOQ4
Trong ,m¢t ch~ kil' theo dlielU tm,g cihl d]~, tiC:h h~t nhan, tIM bazo cila oxit vBi h~drox:l t. t~rtg 'irng g;i,am,dan~ d:dug tJ"loi. tlnh axit eua chung. tang dan.
Trong ~t nh6:rn A'l theo chitu tiin:g CUlfi di~n tich h~!lI h;filt~t[rill baze elm cac exit n hidro:xirt hKt.ng 'lhi.g 'lang dan, d6ng thoi 'Hilh axit coa clning gikm, dIDl.
va
Nhi:,t'tl X1el : Finn axis - base c~l,acae ox-it va hlJ.roxil Ulotn.g ,Wng ,(_Vl ,Cae: r.~suyen
.ta,
HoAN
'bi~, nhir ,'1i:IJl!J
:
f
{h~Qi'C phfit
c l,.J!{~t"".";l"""
~'JLd·"" ",),
tclc h{tp eMt UJO lIt€n tif cdc nguy.tn tti,a6 Ne-n. eua d~?n!:fch lttp nh'cln ng.u~n tii".
sAl T~P
1. chc
en u kl va ~rQngrnfl¢t nMm
bie~ qruy ~u~1' ien dOl tfrnh k.im lo~.i, Unh phi kiim eua b
cae
1. H~¥ cho bie.ts,! b~e.·f1! '\,!Ie. tin:h .aXlil - baz~ cua, cae oxit can rnh€t va ~idroxil1ll!Oflgl d~
J. Hay pha~biihJ 6i.nh I~t tu§jn hoan esc ngru~n to hoa hoc va lay cac tili dy v.~, e§'u 'hinhi electron f1gwlen til', tinn chi!t c-ida cac don cha't va Hnh c;,h&'t CO~fJrcaJc hc;FP ch.at d~
minh liiio~. 4. INhlmg d:gl~ I'u'c;'ngva t'inh a} Kh 6i I:LJ~ng fig uyen hI
chEn' nso
eua..nguyeeFil t6 hoa
h9C (ghi d~
lu.an
cUng,.
17.
to. X. y, Z c6 s6 hi~unguyen t~·~kinIW;; I; liiI 9; 16, a) X-ac a~nhvi ~r:r Ua. thung trol'llg oa ng 1uA n noon. c
b} X,"p cac nglJ,Jr)'lento' dO. fheo thO hf tlnh phi ¥,jim tiflng dAn.. 6. CnD eae nguyen
13, 14.
'Cw chung.
tuan
d!nh v! trr
ho~i,j'1.
.;. D~ vao :$.L! biin ctJ6i tuan hoa~ tinh chit ,eua: eae nguy-en 1'6, Ita),' doan nttJ~n su :b~e.n ddi .~ nang 1U'Q1i{j ioo hoo thlr nhiH· d'Q am d1~Ii, 'tifnh lI;;im Io.~u cac kJ m loai nh6m 11\. oUa
~iii
i!
g'
O.AN
• Khi bift s&~hieu rig uyin ·til e ua mot ngl!lJJin 'l6, -ta eo til' $U_Y' ra v-i tli c~aTnUl' ~r(;ng bang tUairl Tbo.a,n lauth; khotlQ ?
'~ !II _
eli: v.e:
~ih~H~ tro'ng
n ~ilJye"'ti' '06.,
I - QUAN H~ GIUA.
v, TRI v'it
trf
(AU T ~o NGUYEN TO
Bbt't vi tri C',11\anf}t n.gLuyeri, ttllrong bdng twin hoan, e.6 thl'suy ra ca.n tao ngl.t_yen t flJ ct]~· n:ff.~yb1.td do va ,ng.~t1C .tCji ixem sa d$ sa.1;.t) : trom.g l!tb£g iu&n' hoar! MJ
'~i liCcua
.m~t 11~QIi!n
-.sO' thf:.f 1¥' dID ,nIDlY~ (6 - S6 ti'btt ttr ~~la n1 k'1 C:oo _ '.
(,~ ~L ~ ii.~il!.t., - ,~ '~JJlU' +J\!f' ilZlbLa ·Jlll.V.m 'l " fi
electron, ~6 4, 16p electron (vI $6 lop electron. Mug sri lhtl' t~·ella chu kl}, 00 ] electron b '~6p]jjgow cu;ng (vi sO'
ngUly.fn '1 '9
to do co. 19 proton,
li1g\JY'En
TA,
as (bJ£ suy fa :
t6 kali,
electron 16p· n goal cung b!hg 56 trrcr. '[~]'efta tdt6m A)_ DO. I.a nguyen
Tb; d~~ : 2
:met cAu
hl.nlh electron
tLt' eua mQ't n_go.yt:n to' Ja llS2 2s.2 2p6 35.2. 3pl
TOng s6 electron cua. ngl.1y~n ti~ ng~.yen t6 dO ~~ l 6~ v~y 'ngtlyen to' do chl~m 0 m.~.16 trOlillg b&ng ~uanhoan (V[ [l,guyeu tir co. ] 6 electron, 16 proton, 86 don 'vi di¢n ~Jcl1hat nha.n ~.l16 ~g :,;6 1h.li llJ' c©.a nguyen ~ nong bang '~u~lnmOM), Ngoy~1'L E6 dd lhMOe chu kl 3 (VI 00 '3 16p e]ectroJlJ~ nh6m VIA. (v~.co ,6 demon :i6p ngoo] c~ng). 'DO. tit nguyen to ]w.t huynh.
eUA
NGUYEN
TO
lu?~ ca Mil
CUD
~(f
,-1'~nh kim loai, tfnh phi kim :,Dc nguyen 16 f:J cac uhom lA, OA, lilA (lrQ: hidro va, be) co linh kim loai, Ciie ngu yen l'6 lJ cae 'MOml VA, VIA, VHA co tluh ph i kim (trlt antimcn ~bitm U! v,~,poloni), e= Boa tr~Gao nhSt dia n~uyel1 to "1m. oxi, hoa tri vm hidiO" ,_, O.')Ji],g thoc ciia oxlt UtO nl:la't v& h idroxit tuung lmg, ,_ Cbng thUic c WLa ~~1p ch&: khf v61, hidro (n5u co).
- Oxil, Va, R'tid_fQ;;l:jt 00 [fnh axit h a.y b.~7D_ Tnt dzy;" Nguyen t6 :Ruu. [i1uy'rrh 0 a. th.l1' 16~ nhum VIA; chu kl 3-" Suy ra ]ITJj huynh 'Hem, hi caa [lhlii' v&i oxi la 6 oong [:hoc cua oxit eao nhQ:"t: 803" la Hoi1 hi vdl hidro U, 2. cong futk coa hop chi't klU v6i hidro Uk H2g s():, Hl oxit SI.'%,h va H2SO4 1ft ax it manh,
1
fli
q'lJI.y h..l!@.'~bien, d6t t[nfu ,chilLtem.a cae nguyen t6 trong' b~n:g tu~n hoan c6 ! . th~ so sanh dnfu ch~t hoo hoc etta, lT~q:tugu.ye1i:J. ~6vm cac nguy6n '(6 lan can. ThI dlf ;. 80, s:fu ~ tlnh dl~t h~, hQC csa P {Z = IS} l;l&i Si (Z = 14) Va S (2 ~: 16),
Dva
v6i N (Z
:=:
7)
Trong ba'Vtg 'wall ~lI.Qfin.; cac nguyen: tel Si, F:. S lhu¢C cung lTIQt chu ki, N xep theo thti' tg dl,~n tfch hat lih~n ta!rug da'U'jj ta d'UIr]cd~'y S( p~S(. Trong, chu kt, theo dl ien (h~n tid1JJh~t nhan (inS thi tfilh phj ki m lang- V ~y P 00 t[~h phi, kim y~u hen S: va manh hon Si, Thong nh6m VA, theo ~hieu di~ rilch h~,tn han (an g daJn .ffnh ph i kim gi,am dfu. "Ii v~y theo tho t~ N, P, As, lh~ P 6.S tii:lh phi kim yeu hon N 'v~manh hen M. V~:y P 00 tinh phi kim yell h® N Vfu 8 hi droxit cna no 1;8:13P04, eo tinl1 axit yelt l hon HN03 "2,804.
va, As
(Z
= 33).,
e~,
va
BAIT~P
1, Theo q~y lu~i' bien dOi tiWilh chit dJa cat; n gUi~nl ~D Irtlif:lg b~n 9 tu~n hoan; th~
D, ~im 'Io~i
yeu
.nha~Iia x.esL
57
- cifu hlnh electron ,nSlu~~n tU' cua nguy,@,n ,16X. - Tin,h og. noa nQc CO ban alia ngluyen to' X. 3,., D~ vsc q!lJ)f h.l~t bi ($n ddi inn I.dm IQ~i. Ullh p'hi kim cua cao nguy@n 'bj. hong ban91luan,
hoan,
h1§y
Y1~1J :
'16 nao Ie kim lo~i m~nh liilh§:'t ? N g yyen t6 nao 'Ia phi [kim m~nh nhat ?' b> Cae nguye~ to' k.im I~i dV~c phan b6 & khlJ vve nao rong, bangl tU~fi ho.an ? c) Cae n9 uy€"fiI to' phi kl m aw;sc pnan bo a kln:u vIJ/c nao tron g ban,g 'ru~n hoe n ?
a) Nguyen
d). Nhbm nao g6m nl'lO'ngnguyen t6 ki m I'O?li die n rtin h ? Nh6m nao g6m nh lJirng n9u~n 10 pl1i ~imdlIen h~n '7 h e) cae ngluyefiJ to khf hi~m fl~m 0 khu lIVe 000 trong ,bJiJngru~nI hoan ?
4. [NglUy~n tlr
b) N~u
51. Nguyen
etta
:2 ngu.y~n t6 co Z = 25
'va l
;;;;; 36.
1011 n hom eoa ciic og u~n to tren '~rong b~ng tu~n hoa.~. va
!haii ngl:,ly~n to do.
to X co sO hi ~,u flgU~r1
ohgt hoa. hoc co ban cua nguyen, t6 x. 6. Bang dwil day eho b~e:t barn kinh 09 u~n t&' va nang lW)ing iOnJh:M th Ct' nhjt: OU8Jnguyen - Cho
bre.:t tmlh
ngu~{~n.
Ngu,y~n 'to
Na,
Mg
,AI
81
P 0,,110 1012
C.I
0,157
0,135 O,t25
738
O.tt"l 786
.
0.104 0..0199
1'000
1251
n1h~ (~,Jf'mol~
497
578
OVa vao esc d,[J' ki~n tr'en, h~y rri.Jtra nhu(rIg nh~!'l x~t sau ~
9J) 81/ bLen ,doi b-AllilIdnl1 nQuyin: ti1 rua cae ngury.® n i5 toolilig &Ill kl.
b) Sl/ bt~n do.i n~ rig 'lU9ng ion hOOi11 'YU~ ngUJlen hI de
'1. iF' hat b i§u dJnh~u~ttua n hoa n va eno bi'et iilgUy~ F1n ha n cOa si/ bi~,nd& tu~n iho,a n tfirl!h ki m loal, 'Iinh phi klm .c~aJ cac Ilgj!Uyen to' th eo ch'ieu Umg coa ai~n Uch h~.lt n1ha [II
- 1Di. .ngilJlj!\sr1 t~ ,8., N'9uY~i1 to clo thll,J9C ch u ,Id 3 va n'h6m V~~AI'h~y cno blet (l~(:: di.e:m '!i~ e-au hi nh
electron g,. ~gUY~fll
ho~ hoc
00 b~m
rua
clo,
'II~ Calli
o~Hay
Ilgn..uy@n
chu
hiill'llh~~ectmfll
(2: ~ 11)
va Ai (2
.:::1S).
cBdi
1/!J
,. CUing
oac nguyarr
ro hoa hqJc.
- Q~y lL4t bie.n 00; tua,~hoan m~t s6 fi'?i j~ng v~l' Jl ~ tlnh chit C~'C :i1g'uy~ntIS thee chi~,r;'t~ng caa ai?,n 'tich f1~t nnaJ1. - f)jnJ'~lu~t w~n
[U;lan_
n-a n,g
:' Lam
P'sf t~p )(~C' i$fi'mrSJ quan h~ ttl OaD ,ng~1~n va tinn ch~t c~a to
(;,£fC'
hang tu~n
hoan
t6 hoa hoc - 6 : 56 thu 1111: 'CU,fjJ6 'h~ng s6 ni~ nguyen tili" bang s6 don Vi di~n l [ell h~f.nhan va 'bang t6ng sd electron,
bang hoan - Chu kl :,86 thu
tu~n
cac ,~~n
Clu~ chu ,k] ban,g w lap electron, + Cbu kt rulO l:.Thac chu :kl lJ 2, 3 chi gOa.n ca,c n_guyfn ttl' $, va ng_uy,6n. 16 p, c
t~'
I'i...-t.. I',,~' .... !~.,a, I'i k.,{m 'I....~~ (!r ~ < , ! UII.!. iL-''':'- .:~ .. 111~'Lj_ l!li±l!B-,e ;;.(_)
+ 'C1J.u. ld ]00 Hi cae chu l!d 4;1 5~6~7 g6m, eac nguyen t6 s ~.P~ d 'Va f.
- N'h,;t, . . QJo;.;; .... vID;:.:JIiJ -4-
mbm A : 56 1LhtT.' con nhom ,A b~ng so electron Wp ngoai CUDg., J'fh,6m A PlJl' gum esc nguy0ti to s 'rl p., -11- Nhom B ;:86' tho ~' ~9, "hom, B h§l1,g so electron boa tri, Nh6m. B .g.om cae ngu yen to d. v.~,f:
3. Nh{mg u(li hJ1;mg va tinh chat bj'@n dbi tiu~nhoim thea chi~utang wa di~n uch h~tnhi n
=
wti 'nhit
va,haa
4..Dinh lu~twan
hoan
"Tinl: cluff ci~a cac nglryb~ r{/ v& dan chefI' cl1rlg lthu thimh phdn 'Vcl.tr~lh rheft Ct~a
cae hf/p Chc'if tao ,~Jntll' cac ng.u.yen tl/ do bje,I1 IJd.r. tl~anlwiin theo chilu ,tih~,g CUQr di¢n tich hr:p nhcllt ngl~yen 1.'11'''.
B-
A. Tn;mg rnlUl l\Ji, eac ngu~l~nlt6 t1l.!gcx,~p.thso en ieu di$n tfCh h~t n . an ~ng' d~n.
[8. Troftg ohu 'k1., esc Ill9luy@n t5" cM#c xep thee 'chieu sO hi~!.Jn@uy@f)tLt' ~ng dan.,
C. NgU)t€:fl 't.U' cua eae Inguye n 'to' eu ng chu ki ,00, sO' elersron b~n~ nheu,
10,.Chu k.i baa gJa
cu
.gI
bal da,u
la 1Ti9t
2. a} Dva
~1Il
~guy~n me nao rl9UOi ta xep eac nguyen] to thanh ch[,li kl, Tih6m ?
roan
to la ki m I~
nom
i ? N hom 1180.
gam
t61ar
ph'i kim?
r hiem ? f)~c
tren.
4. lang] '00 nat proton, '[iI(iltron" el,e.ab"On ona nguy~n tfr m~1 ng:uyel:\ 16 thu9c nli'tom V~IA a) Ti"nhngu~n til khat
b,) W@'t cl"u cv;~ kh6i I~g
hinh
efiedFiom nguyen
S. O~it cao ['rJhiil,Qoa m(r! ng:uy~n t6 la R03i tmng hy;p c.hat clla nO.vol hidro 00 5,,8.8% hidro
. .xac .djnh ng,uyen
to d6.
,6. HW chm ~hj' \~i hidro oua m¢t n9uy~n t6 Ja RH4. Oxit eao ~hil rCu-snQ chua 53,,3.% oxl y,~ kh61 1tt<;!J1Jg. Tim n~UlY&nto' d6,
'7_. Khi
mo .n,H
9 m¢t kim lo~i, ilIh6ml '1~A tao d1L,Jrlg hel v6ii ilIlt& ~o
.r.a
to A,
1uan
hoan eo
tonQ1 sii' ddn v~ di~·n tim h~t rlh~,nIe 25_ a) Vj'~t cau h'lnh e·ledJron d~ xil!c.·djli1h hal .ngUiy~n td A
~,
va
B thu¢'c
en u ki' nao,
nh6m na.{'J,
1,\,,\ Q",
'0",'
",01""
""A,,';h
I~ ••
9.. Gho ·8,,8.g m~i: han hqp ha~ kim IQ~i n~m
6 h ai ehu
tac d~ogl '\!'6iHlel du: '(hi! thu d~1¢ 6,,7.2 Ilit kh r thiijNl a di@u kj~n ti;§u chuiE1m D~
'10X
::
i s2 :]s.2 2p6
W :3rfo Jd5 4s 1
Hay xac di!ilil ; 91) Vi ~rr CQa X ·~ltJn~JibaOQ b) N~ti Un'h·c~,~th'O~1 hoc i
~u:in hoa·n ..
'OC)
ibilinl c~~
x.
W trong
nh6m IA ~U, Na., K:! Rb!, Cs,
Hay ~~p .x~·pesc nglJY€O ~6 thoo, ~hieu gli;fm {~~nC~8Jb~fJ1krl'llh ngllJ)!\~n ta, gi~l thich, d6
~I"'.'Y
fRai
__
-.......:....I
15
MOT so THAO ,Ac TH~"C HANH TH' ,GHI~M HoA HOC. su BIEN DOl TiNH CHAT CUA esc NGU'YEN T'O TRON'G CHU KI vA NHO
• I -" III
RAI TH~fC
HANH
so 1
Gj(.ip' h~c sinh reti hJytn £Q9t$0 kli Irh1ing sUodl;!l'ng .h~ 'chat 'va d l.J n 9 c~ thffi tnglhi;~!\1IiI1 til tl.am jbaQ ~an toin v,a ,ket~Iq th~' 1119 hj~rrr.,
'IiII,
..
iii,'
.' T~i:n hanh m,ot sir .,.~' nglh~;e,m,ddn 9 ian va ~s lf~lbiiien d'O:~ nh U Clhilt Icua nguyin ~Otr,ong chu ikI va n him!.
I, ~ N()~DUNG
1. M'Qt sISthao tac tn'l$C hanh thi nghi~m hoa hQc
u) LilY hna
'UI'al:
cnal
j.
t:r,~M ho~ cfuJ(td~y:rnban. l.lIy ho:ii ell:(t ran pJkr'j;i dimg: m1;~
ltu(::
tay
(fulfill 2.4).
,L~y hoa:, c}Mil lOng ,p.!h~idhng hut rilib giot, Kbri db h()a ch~t tr~ [9 nay sang ]g l:Ju~J~~ dinng ph-tu_ pru\i Khi r6~hoa chit vao 6ng nghi~m phal dung j}~p gict Gog nghl~m" d~ l'dJJlih 1'000 cha:t day fa. tay, h ~Tren c~c boa cha'i
oog
~8)fJ,
cae hrnl, chift trong ooc phai dung dta 'thoy iinh.
l}~n ho~(; floA tan cac hoa ch~fttrong 6ng n.gh.i~ phai ,cdm mi~ng DUg h&ng esc ng6n lay trb, cai va gitra cua ban lay. 6ng hoi ngh[,eng va l,~cb~ each ~p phtn dudi, cua 6ng \1,iW rJ,g6n tay ho~ ]orng him tay b~t'lJkia cho den khi c.h..!r leng d:LtgC ~n d~u. KhoO,g dJl!Q'c dung ngon tay oJ! mj?i1I,g omg nghiem VEtJ lac, VI nhu v,@y:s.e Lam hod chat day ra £ay-
tro
De
,N 'iI!lJ.J!
t 11 ~J :;Lal..' ung
'[ ~ ]. ~-
d~
khuay nhe, c) Dun nong hod chat Khi don hoa chit .ran trong 6ng ng11i~1 can ca'p. 6n~nshiem b to' '. _ ~:::o.
tlhl na,tn, ngang
tren g'l a
'110'1,
th ~
nghiem, lni~ng 6ng hoi clnic hw dtt{£ thoat ra, dong l~i 'va chi)' ng~ xu6o.g day 6ng' ngh.i~m dang nang 'il~ Hun va 6ng'Dun boa c:hiilit 16ng trong c60 thuy tlnh ph,3d dung tutti (then kh6ng gi hoac d6ng) lot dlJ'tn day poe thuy tinh d~ tranh nUt. vit. K110ng d,uqc cUii ~ ,gan m.]~'i[]g coo dang. dlJr~. 'Dong lra.oh hoa ,chift s6i YMJ m..t v~,mat (bJnh 2.5).
rmOt.: tir:
ban
de
Trot.tg thi nghi~m t11l!c hanh ho1 hoc r!uIOng dung c~p g6 hose kim ]o~i~ c~p a v] 1:rfeacb. nll~ng 6ng nghi~nf'J bAn.g 1(3 chien dai CUH 6n:g- nghiem. Khi cia cho 6ng
nghiem vao cap [ioi, chi nen flam ,chAD nhanh dh.i cua C r;lp va d:;ur ngon ray ,cli len nha:fl'h ngan!
khong dong
nh~ltth,eD,a c~p..
Khi cham den ,cOn phai dung que d6~1I1. Khong nghieng den cham l'ili~,'ltt' den n~.y san g ~,en khde de 'Cranh con cbiy ra ngoai gay ,c:ha,y ~ bOng (hl nh :2,6) - Kh i lit den con :ph~i dimg ehup d~,y, khong U1101 ng9f1! l~tabAng n1i~ng"
Khi dun chd't long 'U'OJ1g cac dll}Rg
G~~
,c6c
C~I
lira den con! . (;) 'Vi 'trl !, chj,gi,ll CaO ne- hIa, ~:Ilh thI trbl X:tld'n.g_ "'"Otil _ 3 ,
Khi doc muc cha:~16.ng trong cac da:-,ng 'C1.;l dong, do chit: long.~c.mn d€
lim
n1~:[(
nhln ngang vm d.-:i.y yom khnm 'ella clh{(t lbng ChWd:t:ro:DJjgac dlJng. C'~, (b1nh 2.7). c
2~'Ill U'C 'hanh ve SY" bien 661 tinh ,chat ella nguyen 16 trong dtu ki
va nhmn
~) SI,l
~otrong
nhcm
'li:OOc_
L~"y VaG hal. ,00C;th~,y tinh, 1116i c6e chUt1~ 60 ml dung. djch phenolpntalein 'Va kllLu:ay de;u.,
Cho )100 coe 'thu' i1lha:t'm(>r 'm'au nheJ, atri ~ode thll' ~a:l m¢t miLu kal i co clmg kich n thuGrc (eM_ :'9 baD an t,O~l1.khi lam lm n,ghi~m 'v6i kali).
Qm~n -MJt ru~, 't~g :<uy fa trong mOl coc_ Nh~ wet va, rut ra ket: l.u~nv6 ,')1$ bien d'6i 1:U:ib, chat ,dia: CJ,c nguyen 't6 trong lth6m,_
oom,
R 6t va"o hat elSe to u)r tl nh, m@i c6.c chirng 60 ml ralde. .R6~ vao ccc [h6 ba .choog 60 ml nude ri}6rt1.g,.Nb"o' V,8"O m,di (;6c vai giot dung dich phenclphtalein :r.6i khu ail' ct~u. Cho vaG: ode: 1ifurri r1bt~:m/?f.m~T!HI1ho natri nhu oi giro tlueu iJ thi ngru~m (a), . Cho 'VaG c6c tlh:u- hai v~, cdc· thii ba, moi c6~ rn(H ttdu magic c.6 kfe:h thu6"c b~n~ mtfu, natri, Quan sat hi~n t~1g x~.y Fa troIljg moi ,cUe. ~n het va nit ra klt ll!!l~ ~ S:l!J bl.,~ ddi tint.. clua[ c[aat .caic nguyen to' [long chn '~.
k'i
-Chuang
.,
.,/ T,~i sao trong tv n h iertl ngr;Jy!§n Iii esc, I1lglu)'€m t~ chu )!leudlf(ji d~ngphan tLf' hO~G tInt! {hi?
to I$~ tOn
.I The.nao
HoA HOC
I~;,:I
• Ca,c mom thJ1q'c l;.~o.tha n hi nlhU' tnlf Iit,ao"? ' .. l'lf'u~; in~UJ cra,iiion va an;ion l' 'llhe nae lei) i!~1i'I 'o;n" ion ril d
• JLii Iii ket ion ':hii~Chin hi f'h.aml h nliJllil th,f n:a,~l'
• CiiJ t"b m!n 9 ti nh .hi iion va cae tfnh chit c!tu,mg CDaJ m Sing t,ien! q1uan \iiid~ nih;Slju In hllJli' 'Ul if nao' l' . , I - KJHA.I N~~MV~ U~N Kn HOA. HQC
1- 'Khai nii;m
,Uen k6: 110& h9C III, S~{ kIt h~p gi,[tQ .co£ n,guyln ni'r t{1o thank phlln. Ii« hay fink thE
ben V1!m:g han. Khi 06 :sq ,chuySn esc :U:lJg'lry@ir.b rr. :d&mf!;,:re thanh phan d
co
l(,!;1
1Vl9t' each
t6ng quat, sl$ ]ien k€~giita cac nguyen ~~1l"tao thilnh phan '~il' hay tinh giai thfeh b.~ng ,s.~(:gi£lm niing l.U'9'ig khi chuyen cac nguyen til r.i,eng Ii
2~ aUV tae :tn%t lir (8 e[ectron} Ta d.a brett cac khf hiem heat d¢~]g hoi h~;c rift kern, chting t&n '~~~trong n[ nhien d..wi d~rg nguyen tU 'le! do rieng reI nguyen til CM chting kheng ben, ke::1' nhau vai tao t11al~1ph.fu:a, t.tt Trong de n.g!Jyen 'n1-kJr[ Jlt~m; oguy~ N' p~J chi c6 :2. electron nen c6 2 electron l. 0. lap th(i nht£l cUng: la, l6p n,gOOi cang, con eac nguyen [Ju' khii hiem khac dell co 8 electron 0 l~ ngQai euag, 'NtHI'v,~y, cdi~' hl'ih 'vOi /3 electron d lap ltgo,a'i {'~~ng (hm,tc 2' electron (Jdi vbi' hdO M cau hinh electron v~g bin. Theo 114;; die bdt tlt (8 electron} thi ng~yen tic Cl:ltl (ac nguye.n c:6 khuynh Ihilmg lil!'1i Mf v&i cc&cnguyen ihac di dr7l .dUt;'C Cti~1; hinh electron. vu;n;g heN:' cdc. cdc khi h£;m 1J,.\Qri 8 electron {hO'{tc 2 d61 vw' heli) d ~6p'~~goJi cimg. Val q,UY tilc btH tl!l' ngl!oi, lSI, co th~ gi,adj, thIch m,t}t each dinh t:inh 5il! h'inh thanh cac loai Hen ke't trong phan til',~d~JCbi"¢t Ih each vi~rr. ceng thik c;iu tao trong cac hgp cb,at thong 'Ontoog.
tu-
to
'V1 phan
n~!1Jrong nbi,~u t~ t
'to 'H'~,
Trong nguyen tu, 56 proton bang so. electron ne,n nguyen rfr trung hoa dJ..~n. Trong phir~ dng hoa hoc nell nguyen. ru mat bOt bm,.c thu '~hemelectron, no se tftrJ. '~banhpha'fIJ ~fr mang (li~il tfch duong hoic am. N glity&n Uf ho{Jc nh6m nguyen til mang di~ dut0c g9i It1 ion.
ion
dU[/!I~'
To xet .'f:'! htJzh thrinh ion natrl tU It,guyen nt natri : . gu.yen tu natri (;6 cAu htnh electron ~ 1. sZ 2s2 2pD' 3s,i va, uJn.g lU9'J1g 'ion hoo. l 1 nho Hen d~ mfft m~t electron G l.op ngoai cimg d~ tr6' thanh ion mang ,mQt don vi di~l1ti'ch drrong 'Ia co the bieu dien qua trmh do rnha sau : Na ---+ Na+ + e Qie ng 1yen IiI k,im Ieai d~ nlnrong l , ~; 3 elec tron () lOp ngoai cung d~ tro thsnh eae ien mang l., 2~3 don v] di¢n ttch dllOng" Thi d~ ~ M'g
---7'
"
'Mg2+ + 2e
AI ~ . A'(i+ + 3e ,. ,,~ Ion mang di~ Lk·hd~g d~ g9i I,~,ion duans hay cation. Ngurn. ta SQ.i t!n cation kim loai b:lng each d~l tnrOt: 'Ci!nkim leal 'llr cation mihu cation ~ (Li +), it;' cation magie CMgZ,t), cation nhom (A13+)~ cation dong]' OJ:+) cation d:6ll1g' 11
('C- U :2'",,) 1'.". .. ion {on (h{.JY anion) , Ta xe~ sf.{ thank ion fto r& nguyen tU" flo .. Nguyen til flo co cat] Mnb electron ; ] $2 2s '2 2p'~' co dQ !Un di~rt '[00 nen flo d~ thu them m~.t electron d~ va trer thmili ion ma;ng mt~t don vl di~n tLch am, "la Ctl' th~ b l~u d i~n qua trlnh d6 n hu
hu.tn
Cae nguyen £it halogen khac va, cac nglly~n (u ph i kim nhu 0, S co t1h~thu them A, :2 electron v:a rrcr thanh cac ion ~r.n. hf ~;t~ T ::
C[
sau : :P + e ~ F"
+ e ~, O~, s,2-
O +. 2e ---::.'01~
S + 2e
Ion mang di~1i 11ch am duoc gci ]a ion dn1. hay anion. Ngubi ta thirong goi &00, esc anion b~l1g ten ,g6c axit tur,fflg mig till du cac ion F", C.[-~ $2- Mn hr~ dl(9'C .b'Qi Ii'! ion florua, clorua sunfua, [0[1, 0)'- duqc goi l~ im~ox-it,
67
b) [on tto:n
va
a-
[~O
nen
0)
m(H nguyen
't~l',Thf
til HeIlL ket v6'i nhau d& thanh tich duong hay am. ThJ dUJ.~on amoni (NH:), i (N03)~ion sunfat (SO~-)~ Ion ph,otphat'
'cae ion g6e axu nhu ion nitrat J-) ( PO ',' ,',;1, ..~ ... 2. ,Sl\1 hinh thanh lien
tel Ion
k~t ion trong phitn
a) 811 tau ~ha.D1 lien ke't ien ell a phan tu 1 ngu)'e 0 Iit h Xct str h~nh thanh
1. len
va, q, dep xuc vm, nhau se ~6 .sv n hUUcn va, nhan electron d€ trb thAnJh eae ion Na+ g va, Cl", c6 c~u hinh elootron, [ii,gl]yel1 lit gi6ng cau hlnh electron nguyen 'u:Jcia cac kIlf lll6m Ne va AI'. Cac ion N a+ va C[- dlJ19'Ctao thanh cO dien [len uti di1:l.I, hut nhau tao nen lien 'k€~ion irong phan In cling nhtr trong tinh tb.~,N aCt.
Sv hlnh thanh lien ke~ i011 trong phan lU N aCJ co lfue tom ~~,tban g s.a d:6 sau : '
a thee
(N~I'Cl).
tit Na
Na
0,
Cl-
Hai ion d:u\'1oC tao lbJanh. mang di~n ticb n,aU'!(C diu hflt nhau bang lV:C hut tint.
di¢u, tao ne:i1 ph&nt
h)
tu N aO
:
Na+
s., i ~o Ihanh
+ 01'-
-:). Naa
f1~
yen nr
thanh 1 ien k8'l ion trong
rill dl! : Phan vir CaCI2• Tuong n.]' nhu 5 V' hlnh thAiiI h ph i'n 'lit N ftCi t SL;r hjnh phan tu CaJC1206 1fi6 bj~u dietl b~n.gso do sau : CI + Cat + Cl '------7 Cl" +
[N~1J02~
[tiel :Jsl.Jj!l.
ea1+ ~l J.2:V
C1[rtl~~
-Cae ion Ca,2+va CI- tao rhanh mang di~n rich ngurgc d!(u hut nhau bdn,g h;rc hut finh di,~, tao n~j) phim tu CaCI2;,
V'~y : Lien kit ion la liin ,M dU(fc tao l'hil}~h do l1Jc hUJ .ttr:d~dif.l1, giiJ:a (.'de ion mang dif,Ft li'cn trai dau. Lien ktr ion. duec Ilklh tJ]~nhJ. gUm kim loai die'n hinh
'V~,
In - JlNH
THE ION
Tinh the; diUqc Cat]. tao W' nhimg ngu,yert tu', ~o~c i9\i11 ho,~cpl)jln Cic h~Jt nay du;gc sap xtp m,()'~each ~:~u d{i.n~ ru~n hom theo ITIJjl' tr~lt tg nhiit. d~~ trong h khang gian '~o' d~arnh m.~tl.g tinh the.. Ciic 1L~.I1tll. tb,~'dnr.bng 00 Moo d~n,gkill6ng
to.
gian
x,~.c d~nh.
2~M~ng tinh
tl1e ion
IN;a,-+
't~o bOti:nft ['lhJ..~uion Na+ va, CI,-t khong co phan 'tfr NaC1 rieng b:i~L Toy v,~y~ viet c,ong, tbuc pha:n t&' ,G1]& m.ILlI5:U nard clorua, d6 d,O.Ll, giiun khi "";:;"':~jL..~ 'j{;' 'N ,,.,,.- .. h@ Clrnt ion 1:"-1.."': ,... 'b : RCl , 'l;..fr ..C':'!'L1'k" [)'glH}1 ta W;J'UVJci, ,_, a0' ,. T ,1,'l:LoJlg til ,dO.l \!>61 cac " :l:'.Jllci.C nrur " .L.~ ·.!?b;"'-
cfic hcp chat ion tlnrong ~6lll~i6' daag tinh co tfnh ben virng1, thUlcfng CQ [1Jbi~l '('0 n6ng eha y nhi~,t d<?s6i Idui cao, cae. hqp chAl: ion chl tOn I~ cr d~g phan tit' rieng kh i chang 2J trang thai hoi.
cua
te
va,
me~
Ok hop ch€ft ion rhutmg tan nhleu trong ntt6'c. Khi n6ng trong nl1.O'c, chung din dlen ~ COrlJ 0 trang fhai ran thl khong
hoa tan
BAll'~P
1. Cac nguyen
A., ,
tCr It&t:!
ta t1e
Be,
chlu~n
~t]
e, Do..
ria ng I1J.Qlng
la 291 ho~c
GaO h on,
z. The nao Ia Jil!a.ll1g h!~ng iOIilJ hail thLr n1hat ena nguyen. 'G 1- ': 9 uyen ItLt A. 06 na ng J~ng 'io~ hoa lhU' nhat Ion hen n~ng Lli(;I'ngion hoe' thfr nhat cua. nguyen X, hoj nguyen tu- nso de ntl,uang e~eCllUn h(!ir, ?
an
nao s.ai ?
1u
3. IHe y.
\J i6t
tu'Jjn g li
Mg
--t
--ii"
(Jngl :
u-,
Mg;jl ~.
CI...-.v
S4
CI82-
AJ -'>' A~',
5. H~~r 9 iai tlhrcn s!J' hll1n thanh lien ,k;el giu.a. esc ng U~1li Id' cua esc ng uyen to' :SaU dlly :
K
11gr;,lyen
ijOI1 ICOdj~n
Ur::h~rn9
bae n.'hi~u?
7. Hay cho thf dy
8.
v~ onn
th~' ton
Cation R+ 00 eEry hlnh etectron d pha.n lap ngo~i a). Viet 8iLll hfnh electron b) Nguyen
e}
to R tlhuQc chu W ai,aQ ? Nlhilm nao ? Clio. birit ~encua n.guyen to.
nguyen
to. R
rung ~a2p6,
70
(}jat
OATR'
~ttdan c:hltft va
I , •
tit'we Jh'iln h thiuil h RhU' the "aO 1 • • ,SIIr' P ha_!i1 'CI4Ct:r,ong ,hen ket, cQn!l hQa If,!
hi9.p Ghat
'""
In hit( the,
nao '1
~ ,
ELECTRON CHU~G
'1~SII
ttln h toonh
phan
gi,e1Jlg csu hlnh electron b~n wAg cila 'k~]fhitirn hen :'
H·+"H: ~ :H: H M6i ch:rm ben k:[ bi~ru nguyen t5 bi~'ill, eli en m9t electron 6 lap ngoai dU1Jg-, H : H dwc gQ'~la, ctj':ng thuc electron. Thay had cha-m b~ng 1 g~Gh ta co ,]-]I - H goi l~, cong thi'tc C.a~tao. GiU'a 2. nguyen tC1 hidro co. i c~p electron Iien '~Jftbi-~I;;~ rhi bang m.¢t gach (-)~ do Hi n ttl kft d(h~:_
b) Sl! hlnh thsnk phan til' N2
'caru hinh
(j ]Op
n;glOW CUF.L,g"
Trong [lit~n til nito N2~d~~ Cal.l hlnh elecrron cua nguyen til' :kh! ~'i~m g~1.n d~t rIlhit (Ne), n1:0:E nguyen 'IiI [l,l"t0' ,ph:i:i gop chung :3 electron,
:N:'::N:
C6fitg thQo eJoorron
hay
Cii
Hai nguyen tit nito lien kit voi nhau 'bmg 3 c~p electron lien ket b.i~'IJJI, Uti Mmg ba gach (=), dO I;A,litn k& ba _Lien tet ba nay ib6n nen nki?t d~ 'ibl1Km,gj khf nit,'O
a.
cOng
Lien kel q~ hIM rhanh trong ph~[l [U Hz~ N2, vW b1~lh bay 0' rren Mi,'Ilen k,~n
hOtl, tr,!"
I'll
ooa.
tu- bJng
E6. (co dt)
m¢t
di~n nhu nhau) ~~~f] cac c~p electron chung tbOng \)1 hilt l,~c hve plua nguyen uJ. nao, :On 00 lien k.e~rron,g cac phan t1$' do kheng bi ph~n c~t. Do [:1. lien. kt!t ,c(Jng
7
c~p e lectron chung tao nen mot lien k€t c~ng hoa hi. C~icphan t&. H 2.~ N 2 tao nen tiifi ha.i nglJ;y~n 'm 'CU.fIjcung mo.,tnguyen
,am
C~{C.
tu hgp chat tu (H va 0)
c'!iI:.
H) St.' blnh UJ!imh phil] lit ~Cl Trong phan tu hidro clorua, m5,i ngu y~J1
]hJ
1 c~p electron chang d~ tao nell rn(1t ]j!§n Ire'£ e gog hoa tri.
DO
clo
3! 16 100 han
H" +,Cl:
~), H ':Cl:
H-Cl
G&r~g lhr.lc cil[.!'
t?"<>
Trong tJ()IT~ th~ electron cua phfin litt co cl1C~ nglf"N ta ~ c.~p electron chung l~h .... phfa kf hi~ll, cna l1,gUlyen t.il' . 6 dq am di~~ Ion.hon, Thi d~ .~ H :Cl
Lien k~t ct'}rI!ghna tri hung at c~p electron chu~ng bi lech v~ phba. m¢'1t nguyen dtrqc gQ,~:ia lMn kif c9ng h.od tri co ClfC hay lien ktt c~n(1"ho.a t,-~[?Ju2nC~!(':.
tu
b) Sit h~nh thanh phan tir CO2 l~O eau tao thang) C~U hinh electron nguyen W: cua. C (Z iii 6) la 1s.22s2 lp2. nguyen ~U:cacbon co
4 electron ,(1 16p Nglli11 c·ung ..
a~u hinh electron ngUlr~1!'iJ 1frC'~1aJ 0' (Z == 8) ntIs2 2s2 2p4. nguyen til oxi 0'5, 6- electron r;j lOi? ngooi cU·og. Trong phan tlJ C02~ nguyen tit.' C nhm gill,a 2 ngCly.~n ttr 0 va gop chung v{ri m.&i nguyen tili 0 hai e lectron, [ndi [iJ,gu)"enlit 0 gnp chung \.'00ngu.ytn. lit C hai electron rao ra 2 lien let dol. Th ,co. ;
'·0"
II :_
,.
11
II
C ". 0'···
:. • II " •
h~y
Gi5Jig'/JlUt:
~e(jJror.t
o=c.:o
Nhu v@.y. ol nguyen tJir C hay 0 df1u co 8 electron a lap ngoai cang, d~t c~u m hinh ben vling cua kJhi hifm. '£)ii an]. di~n c·ua. oxl (3 ~) lffil hem dO tim d.i~n
cila C (2~55 'I ~len'C~p' lccrron chung 1~C'hv phia exi, Liel, ki't giiia
osi
va
C{1£, ml h
Ja pluJr:I
qlc, (C.;::
fI;flu.:pfn. Uf
H eEL"J
Dh~n
TroJJ\g m~l .$~ 1moo~ !!tW. c~p e ech"Ulii' rChlll:1~~ cbi do mQ,t ng,uyto W' d61il!,g, gnp thl ~ ~t.t k(~tlglfl'a hai 'fig i.'Ly,en l1Lt lb Uif~ i cho - nh~n. TId d{l _"D6i \pOi: :phal1 i~it O~ cOng lh:liic electron .. OOfig lhd'c ,('-ail S di~n nTrbiu sou :'
~,,}Oco.
!~"
[he: b~e:u
.S ~q··-~'R:
cmr, ~m:G'feWM
0"'7
.....
0
U'
~I
COny ilItfc e
Nguyen ~f.r S co 6 elcetron 0' ~dpngo~;i tl!l~],L.' K~ ± hh~h lblnh phan [rLt SOl~ ns'uY~lI1l tit -,', it du-ng 2 ele non dye than "op chen ' 1tI'rli llil<ili ~Ieanm dOc IWiH CrUCImQt tJ1ong: fuai Ilgujn~.n ~'~ exi, Nguyt:n lIT: S srY" d~:ng mQr C;:'~,:pe]ec~nm d6 dtJflg chung \!',(1i ngUl,'y~JI1 end con lai, Trol!'1lg con!; lh_(rc cIfu [E)O. ngooL ta b~tu din ~ij,p' electron chun Mng n'~l ,g{leh n6~~p eleei ron cho - nb~1l bh],~ m@t mili M:.t1t cd ~hi li mllf1nS ~ phf1~1. ~'(gl1yfn [g nh~J:t
r~
3. Tfnh chat cua Cat chM [..0 ~ien k~t c~ng hoa tr]
lie
cOng Iloa
hi
1M
lW hu,ynh, iOE!,,,.. ,; 00 Ihe! lfii ella[ long nlur: mt6t~ ancel., .. ho~c chat khf tlhu:' khf caebonlc, C,IIO~hidm.. .. Ok th:a'l l'~C !Uhlir ancol t;ty Iic. d~g ...; tan nh ieu trong. IUnIg mO" c6 (;1, ' iflhu nwk. Fh. )00 ,cae d khon cJ!C ntur io\ !;ac cha'i hUH 00 khO:n:gc~· tan trong d~ln~' mO.i.kh6ng c~c 11h'~ benzen, cacbon tetraclorua., ..
co
t cqug hoa
!li..n
a m9J
u - LIEN Ktr tQNG Hoil mil VA ,5\f XEN PHU cAe DBlfAN
NGUY'E
a) ':'~ u
~Ijln h
U'
1 ~ S" Ken phil cUa cae obiian nguy8ntU- k ili hil1h til nh cae phan tU dan chit
th -i r
II phS.u
~III H ...
~itr:tk~l: gifra hai nguyen LLr'H trong phan tic'l1ittr'Q hal obil'~111, I So ,cia hai n~l~n UlH r en ph~ voi Ifhhalli rae ra mot VUllg xen phil giOfl, hal hijl nhM l1t:,g,ytl'l nit. X'ic Slli1t <:6 m~l' cUa cole electron U:iV [rung chu y '1m idI k_h~ ~ giibL
rs
nhan, Vi. v~y, ngoai hrc (biy urong :bo gHm. hat proton 'Va ha.t electron con (:,0 Iuc 11tHg~.ftacac electron 'VOlhai hat nhan ~lI.l,r.6ng ram phan ni (hinh 3,,2).
hai
hl;lit
_.
ve
15
ooa ~.
fJkfro
Khi hai hat Ilihfin co khoang each d = O~074 nm, cac IV"chut va hrc lily c2in bing nhau (0 dm:Jc goi I.a khoang each Cf!1'i bamg hay d9 dai cu.8J ]ien k!~ H _.H)" (j khoanl,g.~ch csn bing tren, :ph~:n ro H2 c6 nang ~u?'llg th~p han tdng nang
lEt:Qtr1lg ,olia hal nguyen tJU" rieng
re..
Do [~,nguyen nhan ,cu,a t'r~hinh thsnh Jiefil km. cQng boa tri, v.a .103. Hi~'l k~t hoa hoc ben .. mQI
b) S¥ hlnh thanh phi - Hi Ct2
gilla
hai nguyen
ttr
06 giai thfch
51}
hlnh ·~.hanh11.6nk€t. a-CJ. co li1e d~a v~.o ctfu hInh electron caa
~: ttl
1s:i!::2s:t
3r
SV" hinh thanh ben k€t giila. hai ngu ~en lU do 1~do s~cxen phu gm ua hai obit an p
chua electron dOc than cia. m6i ng~y~n
CI
ua cac obitan
r Hel
nguy'!n
tu khi
tu
bgp chtLt dlYqe hhm thanh tit cac nguyen tu' cua cac nguyen t6 khac
74
Lito
tb do
va
lh~!1h nh(s
s~ xen :phu.
(hmh 3.4).
SI! hlnh rh,~ pha.nt3 H2,S co the mo tit bAo,g hinh , 11-.. ' •i~.~~ • ucro an h A en. ]J.!IJlO. g].1J::a. obrtan 1s cua cac nguyen tu .1-..:t va 2. obitan p cua nguyen t~ hru huYnh. Ldp nglx~i c~ng Gila ngnyen tu" S c6 .c§'u hl I1h electron 352 3p4. Tre:n2 obitan P c6 2 electron dQc than, Hai obi tan nay XeI"[ phil. VOli 2: obitan 1. s cO electron dQc th~n cu,a 2. ngl1yen til H t'.lrO lleIIJ 2. Hen krt!it S-H. (hinh 3,5). BA.i T~P
.". C h9n d~nh nghTa CIting nhit
\i\~:
HiJritn 3.!5:. $\i' xw pM Gil~ hG'i AO 15 ct~fj'h~ ftGuyen fI1 h'Kiro 'VdJ fi~I 11.0.2p ,OO~ n,g>uy4ft at S ~o hM XJ'~.rl kdl S. - H
Mn
lLli;§n kat eot)ng h~ tr! la ii~fI keit A gi:~ cae phi ki m v&i n hau, B_ l'rong dO. C~IP ele:e!f(!n ohung b! Ic~h W ring!: n'9.Lly~f1I·to. c. ch.f9'G hJ I'm lh~n h do sir dunll chung electron oua 2 flgu.y.~:-n . 11' h9io nhau, k D_ ~ htn'h ·I.hanh gicta 2 ngtuy~n b~f1g m¢t !hay nh igu ,~p electron ctnJF'! g.
2. H!ay
,gJei Blich SI,!': 111nhthanh c~ p eloofron l'ie ket giaa nguy@n tu c. v~ cac nguY'en ltir HI IJrong pn~n tll C~4' gi!la ng u%1'Il 'W 0 ·v.i cae Inguy~nr'~U'H '[wong ph~ n tifr H20" gi era nguy.e n hl S va cac nguyen ILl'H trong pna!fil tUt H!~S,
N211
ta
.'
3. GI~i thlch s~ hTinh tlrla nh ~p e!edmnr Hen kit glua hal filguy~n tUi N 1rong phAln tU" giCFanguy-e 11 "if H va ng;uyen tll" CI '~rong p h~11 tft: Hel.
[ph!1 cao o:bltan tmng phall·tir Hel. 5. Hay 'l,!'h¥i;t 'OOHg tlh{fc;: ,8.llec.oti"{Jn 00119 1hirc. ca;u ~o eua cae phan ftl' sau d'@Jy. : va
SIj'xsn
11 bang
H~I' Her. H20, CI2, NH 31 CH4. 6. X. V"~ la nhUng rnguyei:il w.: c.o. s6 don vi. di~ n Ncb h~t nh~tJl la g. 19" 8 . Z .a) VMt. ,c,§u hin'h e~'ectmn flgl!.fY~n KI c-Oa cae rlguye'n '00 dOb) Dy doan llcieu I,j'§nk~t hoa hQCco ~h~cO g~Lraesc c~p X va Y, Y v,a. Z. x va Z.
15
mai IS
"'!'
5· 'I" LAI HoA tAc OBITA.. NGUY~N y S·U' H'iNH TH,ANH LIEN KET DON, LIEN KET 001 vi!!'). L'IEN KEf B.A
.' KhiU n i~m
, ~ "',
ru
• v,
phal1i
ta.
euaJ
• The
ket
ke.t ba.
ma
pii'
fn:) ?
th'lJ)fet hOB tfi dim
SrI J~f hOi!' C~G obit:an ngC;l'~n @. liJ kh~l niwm quan trQng tu.!Ong. (f.r4!o PatHfflh dt/a ra nam '/9'31 .(f4 gh~'i tftfoh
00'
SV'
nhiii: cua
vc fi~;,t1811. h¢
et
4-
H f H-C-H.. .. I
e~lDlbiM
[ll]J
1s.,'l. 2$ i
;;:p3
xen phu vm 4 obitan I s C'1!J.~4 nguyen ~U'H ..~.~ v~y, dang' H~:rong pharr 'tit ~ t ph~] co 2 loai lien k~t khac nhau la :' .I. lie.n kStt s-s v.a 3 Hen ket p-s, Tuy nhieu, tillIl!C nghl em cho ble-~4- J j en k~t !C-H U'{ifD:_g l1hStJl tu eH4 gi.. ng het ~hau va t~o 6 ~] arilJn Ca'c g.uc '! itm k'et d.eu.bang 1 09~8' •. De gl &i !hfc'h mrtmg :hW tren day va cac mrong hqp ~ll'ung t~:> cae nha boa h9C I\1i S~;ty-to{J. Slater) 'lilt Pau-Iinh da d~ ra rhuy€ilai hOG.
• , , r
Trong phan W CHQ. co. 4 ]ian k€t C-H tao thanh b&j 4 obitan hoa tr.j (mbi obi ten co m~u. electron. d:¢c than) cua ngllyen til C (mot obhan 2s va ba obitan 2p)
16
Thea -thuyet nay~, khi nguyen 't~r C tham gia !i6Ti1 ktt: ytri, b6'trllng!Lly~n to H wo thanh plaitn 'tt.' CH~. tn.l IWq~obitan 2~ (In (0 hop C 'tt9~1 'IAn~~) {~ ba oliiU.n lp t~o v thanh bC/n obium nwi' 8i6J~'3 h¢i nha~r."!£Qi la bOon obitan lai hod' :sp3 (h'i:nh 3 ..9).. 'B6n obitan :~a~~ sp3 xen p'hri] yQi. ban obi [[JJn'I s cim. boo nguyen tu' H tao thanh hmi bdrtlH~I] k€t. C-H g.i6.og het nhau, Nhu' v,@JY:: Slf len' hOG obita.~;~:guy{ju tit: fa .qt tel h(Jp (~'m?n Mn "') m9t oaitan trong m~t ,~;lg:uyl'l~ di a:mlc I £tn.g a)J abita» fed noo gJdltg nJIO:u nJulltg dink lU hl..timg khtic nha« trong khons gia 11.., N gT[].yI~~, '[]httn cua Slil" lai hoa Ht cac obiran ho~ hi cr c~.c phalli, IGp kh.1c nhau, 00 nang lugng va hlnh dl}rl;g khac nhau czYn p'hiti d6~]g lilh§£t d~ tao du~ lien k€it 'ben v6:i cac rngtlJyto uJ khac.
"So
II
!!!
THUONG, GAp
1. lai hoa
Lai hoa sp ~n;r,.6hop j ob]t~n s ytri, t obitan p dim m,~t nguyen tU' tham gia lien k:e't tao th~nh 2 obitan lai hf;ci fiP nam tha:ng lhitrng VOl 11hau hm:1ng 2 phfa, d6i x(Ul1g nhau (hinl~3.6)" L~ i ho~ ap ,c1uq:cg~p kong phan tri1' ,&H;1(hlnh 3,,7) va
ve
tLUt1l,g
_,
BeC12~" ..
~r'
HI
Nhu the SY' Jai h.o~ 1a ngJl.Jy@.n nital} doo. din lfnh '[hin,g hang (goc sp 1&0°) cua cac ]ifm kGt hong nbihi g phAn t'~' neu tren,
l
Henler 'bang
2 ..Lai hoo Sp2 Lal hoa .spJ Ut. ~l,t. ,[,8 hqp ,I, obitan S vQi, 2 obiran p eua mot ngu yan hi tham gia lien kc:t rao 'lhJa(b'~l3. obitan Ial hoa, spJ. TIarn trong mot m~t ph~ng., inh. b1l:Ong '~U: d tam ooru d[rdil cua tam gi,ac deu,- Lad hos. ~~p2 duq,c g4P trong ak phan tu gFJ
(htnh 3,,8)., 'CzH4, •••
T{
IP.h§n 'tU' Hillfllil !t8. SVl~ hoa ,~p2 y~ ~'fjinh fflJnil c.-~t;; Mn k~'r "~f)fjg I)MJl til" ~~~
E:F~
SI!-Iai hoa Sp2 [a H1lg~.y~nnhfln dAn d,6n cae gee 1ien k,et ph~9]g li[)iD' trong Bf 3. Lai hoo :sp,3
3'
\1'6'13 obltan p cu,~ m¢t nguyen iU thalll gia lien ~it,tao thatib 4 obitan lai hod £'P~ d~nh hli6n,g fUr tam den 4 dinh ell,a hmh 'h~ dj~ ,(leu:" ,cii" true d6i ~Ung {,::u,a., chdng tao v6\u nhsu mot g6c l09~8" (binh 3,,9)., Lai hoiR sp3 drro,c g~~p c~c nguyen 'l~ 0, NJ C nam trQ;r~ c~,c ph,~gl ~rr. ,2.0; NJ-I~l' & H 'CH4 va C;:1,C ankan,
I obitan
S
lal ~
'1 AC,i;;;
\,Iti.j
:lA-OD
Chl!l
GiG obitan eM Iai hoa du,gc v6i nhau khi nang I u1;Jng c'u a dH1TIg xap ,b~ngnhau,
.y :
xtr CHUNG
Thuyet 1.a1hoci co. val lro gii~thfch boo la tien dotin dang hlnh 11l9C C'lia. phan N'.
Thl100g chi sau khi hh~t ph~n 00 dang hinh h~c gJ; co nhrrn,g goc lien k~t :xa(i dinh du'Q'C b:a:ng th~cnghiem J~ bao nh1eul m61 (W~ su lai d:~ giai thjch, N~Ui. cho ,Ilt~t ph2iJntir hay ion, chang h~ ABll m~, 'ullO.!i]g co du' kien n~p, thl th~iyet lai hOil s.t kh6ng tien do an, dnqc la, co. s.~ lal hoa mer. di?ll hay wong ph~]1,g.
tu
hoo
76
IV
v,A, XEN
PHU B~N
'a
Sif. xen phu 'tl'cmg dO. t!',¥C' CJ1ll1 cdc obitas: tnam gia U~n ket.' song song ~i'Jitthou voo~g goc vm dll'Ctng fit6llan i CU(1.hai nguyen lien k~t dU{J'C g~d M s~ ,Xgl1 ph~~
tw
v,a
8) xan phu1f1:!lC
v .. SU'TAO THANH
LI£N
KEf 'DONI~LIEN
1. LiAn ki[1Idon Ta d5. 'hiSt! m8,] c~'p electron chuug dia, hai nguyen til' dUgiC tfnh ]a m9~lieD k6t Va, a-~gc Meu dien bang m(H gaeh n6i gi (lSi, kf lli¢u c(]a ~ha:u :f1gUy~!1 ttl d6., eac nguyen tir uUJ1Ig cac phan to cia 'Ret uhu H ,_ H, H - C1 d'e~]lien kel v6i Mal] b~'[lJ,g~,i6n kEt. don. Li¢j~, don luon 1,'"16]1, l'uSn k61: 5, d'uqc tao rhsnh tit 51! Ken kit la pbu true \'~ dluon,g ben vUng.
J!'., Lh~nket doi Trong phi~n tll" elden ttiH~) m5i nguyen tit cacbon ,co fHf Iai boii giiJa mql, obuan S 'VD,t hal obitan p rheo ,ki~u 100hoa spJ., Cac obitan lai l108J, tao m~t J[,eTIl, kef cr &~:m:.,hai nguyen tU cacbon vii hai lien k€t 0' vm hai :Nguye.n 'm hidm. MS,] nglJ.y~n lit C;aCOO'l1CQ~l mQl obitan p khong rham gia lai hoa, se xen Ji~]i]ben vO'i l,dULU t~ lien kr:t 'ft. Lien kei g~~)a hai 'Dl(guyen rCitcecbon Ii:!.lien 'k_lt d6i, g6m m(~! H~nl kit Ci va th~t lien k~t 7t~ C-a,c B.~n ke~ n; kem ben hon so v6:ij, lien lket cr {h inn. 3" 11).,
j
3. Lien ket ha Ngn.1yet1J. 'W: Nco 5. electron lOp ngoAi cnng, kill ~lnh lfu~nhphan tit N2~n16i l1lgUyen tit' gOp 3 electron dOc tha:n tao mann ba. lien k~. NgU(t.Lta g91 do L~Hen k€l ba Chung ta 'C-O the dg;a V,JO Gi~uh1m electron liT n,go;ai cung cua nguyen tit nito d~ giai thfch lien k€ft trong phan hI. nih).
1 ~;, ~. ;, '" nm C~4:I,u. IL..~ h electron 16p. H(JOru euna cua nguy en nr mro : . .. . be,
,)If,
M6i nguy~n tit nitc dUlill,g mOt obitan 2p;::.(quy lrae liy iruc Z linn true litn k:~'t) d~ tao lie.:t1 k~t gt mt~. ai nguyen tit thee ki~lJ xen phil U"VC" ~o lien 'kE~o, h
Hal obitan p con l~ (2p , 2Py) se xen phil OOl] 'lim nhsu tUng d6i m·t'}t f@.O ra hai. lien k€t it. M,5i lien ket ki h]~u bang nJ\lt gach noi, oOng thuc cau tao cua ph.full rtt niio c6 dang lien k€t ba : g6m m,Ql litn k:et 0' va b ail Hen k€t ;liL
C6rlg
Lien ki/t gb£{.~ hal nguyen tEl alf(/'(,' th~(,chi¢n biii m~t lien kit '0: va m¢.t. hay hai lj.fn kef 17: dl.(~'f.Wi ia lMn U, b9~'·
51! lai
hoa
?
ba ki ~ u
~Q~
I':aih~ 00 hoc,
la~hQ~.
4.. Mo. fa s~ hinh thanh Ij~nr ik,e.;, tn'OliIgcao ph:an tfr H20, NHJ nhu si/ lal hoa sp$· cac AD hoe m cu~ cac ngl,.ly,~tJ1 0 v.a N. He:y. .r'lt6 ta h]n h d~n9. ,cG,t!I ao pniJrn ·at ,do, e 5.. The nao la :s!/ xen phi'} true Val gl/ Ken phil oon ? liy thi du mil1h ho~. B. T: e' nao la I:i@n ket co, li,ej'fl k~~ 1C va neu tillh ohat COal ch~[1Jgl?
troog 'pM" tlt BeH2• phan til' BIF''3.ph~nr tir CH4 ·~eo, th~t
ta
'1. The rrao la Vi@nket don ?: LI~n k~t do~? LJl€:n k~t ba ? Ch.o' nill d IJ, 8. Mo ta :51/ hin h I:hanhl cae lien kGt tron g: phil1n tll' H.Ct C:;:H4" CO2,, N2,
LUY~N T ~P V£, :
,""
su
.c"
111
va ,(tan 'Chit tQ,~ li~n ktt ion" ;(t' CvJ1g f~O.a'~:rf v.a ~on c""a;l [,.ru':8i ,rl£trl ,,,,8'~' ,oR t...., 'h~ "" ._.1. ,r" ~ ,~, ....~ ~I~-nro;::
r-"i;;
i....
f·
,w'"~
cQn,g hoa' (n" ·' 11~_.;i' ~ • 2. ", = CqC J1.~~iV I&JI J'I.O? i$p~ !fi;P "~ $P~. _ Ii Varni dY!nn H ~hruue:t:d'~.l.am I1iilot
~ \~;S
tll!ll;;:ll.F
,so da:ntra
hi! i fa
frli
ca~ bi~.,
A - KISN 1- lIl:N
rrurc
K:ETHoA
HOC
1~Khw nf~m ve ~ n ket hoa h91; ie Khi noi I]C;_rJj kct h(Y{~, ~QC~ khong :n,,6i Ki~!], ~l it-mng cho toan plUIJI.l til, ma chi J ta k noi m(J[ l~'e~l nao d6 gi:cra hal nguyen tit wong phfin tit kC"t, 1",.... 1-., Ii..,_t:f.~. "L. .~. .... ''f! J"I'U'.lJig LA tU' S·o·2: co.r nar'II' - ~I;-t [loa, u9C gJ~;;il nguyen ht I1';l\I!. h:~ n h v,8i. pnan ~ ." deili _uy Tit.t d. -' '1l"..~,
Y
hai nguyen tl~ oxi, trong do .LTiI,Otien ke1' bi lien k"'tt doi, eon litn kc!t thl1Y hai I,i}, l 11E.nk~t cho - '~.lb~Il,
2. Ap dyng quy rae bait ,tLr d~ g1ai mfch ~~ hi nh thanh lien ket hoa hec Quy de btt 1"11 8 electron) lEt quy l~~ [llli~rtil iiJ:i tWch khuynh hUQngella ngu ye:!'I1 ( g t Ii. cac ng uyen h! 006 tb~ nll.trdim,g hay l1b~n them dec tron, h.o~:c g6p' ,dlliUi.. g electron ~ d~t d~]'~ cffu hloh Mn vung i:;u.a, eac i<JJi biew."
II ~ LIEN'
KET
fON :
+ Cation :' u~ mang (]i~n tfch diuong, ion + Anion ;.J.ti ion 'mang d'i¢JJl tfch am.
Cation hay anion co th& 15J m9t, nhom nguy~n U] (lJJhieu nguyen ui) 'trI.ang dl?m rich ,cJUCMg hay am, con duqc gQ'ii ]A ion da nguyd,~'I, nt.
+ Lien ktt ion. l~ lien ke't duqc tao thanh do I~c ~6t tinh dien gifra cac ion meng
"j~n Hch tnii di"fu.
In ~ LIEN KE:T CONG HoA TR, - U(Jn, k~~(.'~'ng fwa tri la lito k~l, duqc h]r111 thanh gifra hai l1guy€:~ tLt ~~ng U1LQt hay nbieu cap electron chung, - £)~i electron d'ung chang co th-e; Dam 0 gi1la hai ]'Iguye41 tl[ lien ket (lien kGt, c¢ng hoa trj, khong CiJc).. hoac l~ch ve nguyen lit C'ua IDQl nguy~n 1,6 (lien ket C~J:bg hot tr:1, co cue), - Khi bi&. di~n cong thut electron cu,a pbS_n tli~ngum, ta lTIuong bieu d~ hal obitan xen phil ~o 1ten 'kef bAng m(t-tc~p electron dimg ehung (bA.ng hai dsu cham gi U"a hai ngl,],~n ti Hen k,e~). - I\-~t)'ttrong cac thuyet hi~n d{i.i V,6 lien k~i boa, hoc cho ring: Nguyen nhsn cua s'l$' htnh [h~itm ]i~n k6t ,et)UIJg Iloa til ia do s~ xen phil. cLua die 0 bitan OgU,y@:'I)j t,i:;r.'. N~1!1 vfing xen phll giffil cac obuan cang lOn, E~n k€t hlnh 'thanh can bfJ1.
cAe OB,ITAN
l,
NGUYEN
nr
cua cae "guy,en to' khac teo thtuih cac lien k~t eQng hoa tt~, - Giai th§d'l. su ~6hop dLC obitan nguyen m: d~ rtlnh thanh cac ki~u lai hoa SI\, s,p~,~ v~, My cac thi du m inh hoa s,p"3 B-
,_Lai hoa l~ SCi! ~6 esc o hit an haa h.-i ericl m'~l n.gu}'ln tif: (j ctk phan lap kllilc h~p nhau, tao fhanh cac obitan Ial hoa, gi,oug nhau d~ xen phu v6ti cae obi tan, hoa ITi
sAl TAP .
quy t§c 1::1911' V~fiI d~ng quy t~{; tOr. cac ph@!n 1)1): Li F, KBr, C;§JCI,2ngu~n bat
• T,rinh b~ly n~i dung eua thahh W}n kl'l: ion lml'ig
ta d~
c¢ng ho~ 't~~ ttiong cac phan t~ ; 12, HBr. 3. HaY' vtet oong thltc etecnen va c()ng ~hll:J'a c:au tao cila, cac phsn I.U' sau : PH;" HNO~" CdH 1O'
4, D\I'8ltwn Ilthuy$t lai hca cac ooHa.n nguy~'r"J~U,rub
.s Oa.
phlin 'tiE' :: BeCI;2. BGla" El.iel phaln d~n91 'tam giac. deu.
tu-
hlnh thanh IMn k~t trong cac BeCI2 00 d1~ng dutrng 1hing, ~61l phi¥rn tilt Bela, co
$~
ta
i3.H6A 10. NC - B
....
I .. TINt!
1. Thl dl,l
THE NGUY~N
tinh
III
tb,e kim enong dU'Q'C tao 'bin cac ngny~rl ttl cac bon, Trang tinh the kim Ctfoog,
...... ..l "!I
1iL1.6i [i!2:t1V~ ItIT caebon ('i trarH! thai, lai boi sp3 lien kiet c.qng hoo tr] vd'i bon rnguytn ru cacbon g~ Malt nam b b6n diM c.i~um~t ni di~n de.I] r lb~lg b611 4P electron chung, M8j nguy~n tit caeben (; dll]b lai ]i~n k.€t vOl cac nguy~1Jit:.LI' cacbon khac, ""'hoangeach giua hai !1gbly,~nilr
'!!Ii'
caebon c'~111b nban rrrong m~n,g rinh th~ kim cnong l~,0,]:5-, nm (hlnh 3.] 2),~~n v(ij (to d~ lien Mt d® C~Ctrong phan hidrocacbon no,
tu
fflf#]g
boo tri,
'~ir Am 6 cae m:it C'ua mang, li~rtJ k€l v6i. nhau bing D
Thf du : Ki m
Lien ke1 cgng hoa ~r'j, it lien k€t ben nen cac tinh 'th~ nguyen tit (Si, Ge,.,,) d'eu l
[00, nhi¢{: CIt)nong chiy v,a,nh i~l d¢ d:<> cnng lon :lli1at so v6ic;k tinh th~ khac,
ct~citng
861] C;aJO.
C[tOllg
00
II ,_11NH TH~, PH AN
1~ Mij1t s6 m~ngtinh
ru
'w
1th~ phan
tit cua Ior Phan til iot b. phan 'tit hai nguyen '~la, c~c pha n HI iot I:l~rn rren cac dlnh v:a tam cac lua1! cu a ~
hlmlr l~p 'p.~ntOJtg!. ~9l .1~ tinh '~h£,~,~p hunng p
Tinh the rili~ lfi iot k~~bl[Qg l;], lot co the chl1yen M '[]]~n.g'ltr 'lb~Jiilll sang ~~~'lHJi(:s~ [~Ilg' hoa). h) M~,n g ~inh
:the phan
M~I;ogtin h the nude d'a, u.hu¢c ,!o~i tinh th.~ phln tit. M,o.i p:b&l1JJ tili' n~ lieo t,~l, \f,rti, bSn ph:§:n
khiic gttn n.6 n~15tMm bt:n bom d'iI1m cua m:t)t hteh m:.l' di~n d'~:~, hlnh :3 .14 ). (
tu
0:
Cffu tnic cua tinh tht ph&.o 'Il! :nu6.e -dii thuOc C!lU tnic ro dien, _]m c~u mic :r;6ng neu ,n'~ d~ co d k:1101]]hi) hen khi n~r(1(:b t~:r:'IJg ltdi long, th .. , tuch eLl,a. ooc d.~ e n 0. 'U',€J,ng thSiidang d~c lUfi hen khi 0: trzyng th!i i long:
Ll!C tuung tac giifa' cae ,pb1iJn h~'" yet] nen C~,C'cll~t Go. ,cjfl] tao t1nn tll.£ phA:n 'lit :ri£t ttn.rbng rneftt co. p hi~t dO, nong ohay -rhap" d~ hay hoi,
l
84
B.AtT~P
1, Tim
~Ui
:!II
......'
saL
A. Kim .c:tiong la m~~ dl~lng thll hlnh cUa, C-8GDQn; thuOc Ilo9i tinh th~ n'Quy@n IS. Trong m@lr~g ti nil this ngUyen thea m~1 tr~;t' '~~ n~aJtdil1h.
tll.
to, cac
n guy~n t~ d~c.
pha
A, Hu.r& liI'a th U9G lo~f,ti nil th~ ph~ n 'td'. B ..Trorlg ·~n.h
cse
pns n
D., linll'L thif idt 'thu~c. ~\Q~itlnh th~ phaFl '!}1}.. J" Tai sao b~ng phlen va rot ,de d~rlg thang hoa va khong 'd~n di~ n "{ Bi~ttrnn,g b~ng phie'n '~hL!~ m~ng tillh th ~ phan ill': 4. I?-tay mQ
ciu true cua m~ng tinh the kim <p!1cmg. lie n k&t 9 i!1a cae ki~'u lien kJel gl '[ eno bf €t ti'nh 'Gh~t G~8J tin'h 'lhg kim cl!frJn9~
'La
rigury'@!'iii
til' do la,
5'0 Hay ehe -bi131 s~ khElC nhau 'g~ua tinh the 'fiIgluy.en tU' 6, H~y mO
t13 c&'u
ta l:ot~ trnh
Cia:
v,~ neu
HoA
HI~U DO A
H()C
OlEN ,
vA
LI~N "'ET
,cih: l\tirG.u 1~len
"aO d,rn
VI d¢· ~m 'Q'i~nG~la mt?t.' nguy&rT t:tJ d'~c tn:..rng One kh!i Mng I'tdt ele.ctron cn1a nguyen til nguy~\n tiJ d'6 khi hinh thann li~:n kef hoa h9G, nen sir kh~C nhau v€ (j¢) ~m di~n' giiNJ C'aC nguy~fJ' tfi tham gi,1f;l.lien kel s~ quJ1It ainn (:~p eJe.c4mn dung chl)ng Mi fhuOc v4 Itai
!Jgu~n to' "~n k~.'t VOl mac ap. n.twi'nhau (lien k-~-t c9n9 flea ttj kh6ng eve), I~ch It~ p/li?J llg.uy~n tit cO d(J am tli#;n JCJnhOn (!.fen M~;;to9'ng' ho&- i1] c6 cliO) hsy noan .to~'nfhu¢o v6 m¢f trong hai riglJyen ttl (lien h,it ion). Ceo Milu Jwn Ai~'n$y If!Jn qU8n dIn h~v' c1~ ~m ~itin. cua hM fi,9.llJyen tl1 {r;if}n kit v6i nh&u.
va lien
rU' tao th,anh boi. hal Jjglly~n tIT ci'u~cung m~t nguyen to hoa hec nfm H2~02' Q2."·'·' h~u dQ am d:il~.nciaa die nguyen tir iham gla lien ket bang O.
Khi eae nguyen ttl tham gia lien kel (;6 hieu 0'0 am di.. nno. hen 0,4, d~ phan en C'~c dJa lien ke:·1. 6 gij ui nllJo din m.t'tc trong th'!Jc t$ kh6.ng xac t1'inh duqc! 1ten e ke"t vin dlU't? col ~ml len 'ktft ,c;~~ng h08 trl khbng cil!c.,. Nhu v~.y, nglrOi£a quy uO-c. rAng : Khi hieu d'¢ am di¢.n eua, hai nguyen t11111~m trong khoAng tU: 0 den n110 hon O.~4 till lien kat. cong boii rri dU'Q'C coi 131. khl5ng ~.
,2. Hi~
Llen ket, cOng hod ui 06 rC1$.'c.t(rc .h'i lien k.~·tC¢ng hoa ·~rl.ltlrfl c~p electron chung t bi L¢c.b p:hfa mot flguye[l 'ttl tham gla Hen Iret~ duqc tao Ihanh gi.iia t:a.c nguyen IU ~6hieu d¢ am rn.~rl am trong ,kh0\i:1ngttr 0,4 Mn nho hrm 1~7. n Thi dJ.,l .. Lien k6t H-CI. vm h]~u dQ am di~ru cia do v~. hidro oong r[) t96 m" [j en k€t cqog hoi tri co eire. Lien ~'t H-O trong phAn tir mrOc ,,'61 ~ti~l!1 am d'i¢n g]i'fa oxi va hidro bru.1g 1,,24. lit) c[ing Ht 1119t lien k~t oQng hml tri co (arc. Hieu d~, am di?n cang 1(11'1hl ch, phan cue cang manh. t
·w
B6
de
Thi th,~: Trong phan tit NaG. ht~,u d<>am dien Qu,a 0 ~ttl kEt ,gi,LtaNa va, Cl lalien kef iOI1. Trong phfh1 Hi M,gO" m~udO an, cti¢m]cua 0 k6t giw 0 va M'g Hi.'Iien :k£t' ion"
va Na
va Mg
11-
KEY
LU~N
Nlur vij!y, d~ta vao hi~u dO am di~l1 git:m hai nguyen tham gia l'j~H'1J k~tco th~ d.-IIc10an dUde met lien ke~t: inh thanh thuoc loal lien Ibet: ion, Hen kf-t oOng hoa h . I. _ ... -~
tu
c\JC(f').
BAI4-P
1. C ?n cliu dung Jrnn,g eae oau sau ':
A. Trrong Ii:~n ket c¢ing hoa trio c~p electron chlJng I~ch v~ phfl'tIJ nguyen t(ir 00 d¢, ~m dien nho hen,
• '!
tu 0.4 den
gr[{(;a
C. lien kat oi)ng ,hoa, b1 kholfl~ ct!;C dlvtrc tao ne n tl.J cac ngluyelll ~i1 khac h~n nhau ve' ti nh chit hoa hC;H~. D, Hi~lJJ! Q am di~n giU'a, 2 ~Ulyen d 2. Hay (iho, 'biE~1 Reo th6 hoa tJi khong cue,
t\l' l{!lfidhi plilaliJ til phan eJ;(c y~u. la ilie~ k€it c9ng hoa trj khong eVe? Cho ba Hlt d'~ va lien
ket c¢ng
3. May v.ie.l oo,11g thW:f eleciran ,cOa p:h~n hll' F2., phan tii" HF, .ph~nl'tU H2,., H,~'Y cho ~bi~1.~ trro~' esc phan do tIli phaln t~ nao cO li€m ~gt C¢l!'bgh08Jtr~ co, cq,c, va kh6ng CIJ¢.
ta
4. Xet eac phan tU :~H1ilJ day: NaCI" MgCI2i Ale~3 Hel. Hay cho bi€tlien 'k€t trong phaFl tlt nao 1.8lie'n hi~l c.~ng ho~ tr~ va li4n kat ~oillg pho8il"i :nao Ie lien ke1 ion. ti1
5, X~l eae phan tel sau day : H8r, O2, H2" N~. OiJC, lien i{gt tmng ph811 ttl' nao kh.o ng c~.
{!jy. mo
c6
(;;:) ]D1il~ghl!}l.l.d~ !1:n di.~!J. die llhlm !,{!I~ilien 'tee !tv.i hQC chi 12l111On,gdm, 00n !thatl,'! ph,i:ii hqp vOi tll'Jl!C nghi.f.m.
tv r:IDth'3g 'Ilgoai, i~
I'D '\ ,.
":Ddt·
... Ca5ch xtlc din:h h oa If! cua 1~9't MgUyE!M to' bl~H1lg I ieln kEft ~on va !Iiin I~e;tCqJIl!g holt, t~i i!1 h u t h,r na.o 1 '
.1
a'XI~hoa
b~.fi_ig cac:h
filI
3@"1
'}\a bS.ng
tJ,i¢it
u;O"
ltffU!!.'bl f(i'b/htg
...1l'1
T hI dl} .-U"OIIJg phflln. 'W: N a,(]! natri 00 di.¢:n 'floa tt! l~, 14-, clo c6 di?TI, hoil, tJi, la 1-.
"])"1 ;:u)di¢ll
ho.&.tri ('~1aW1'r?t
ngu;)itll dj'~l1
C{w::h ght.' .di¢fl. hot1 tTj ,tlW ,ngu_v&:.!'1 hf ': Gh i, tr.~ s6 di~n ttch tlillUc, dau dm
tich
sau,
so
Trong cae hQP eMt cqng hoa 06 cli!'c hay k:h6n:g' cue, s6 H~t1 k€l xung quan~jJ nguyen t4 d'ttQC xac di.nb bang sO'c~p electron Ch:UDg tao ro, ~'i¢n:ktt
. I .
tv.
ilJ111~CdLil
tao OUfL ehan ll1NH3·. H - N - H. nzuven fir. N co 3. lien, Kel ",!t"" ~ I It: ...
o1)ng hoa tr] 3 ;,'mOl Iilglly&fJ. tLt H 06 1 .H~~ k~;t c~ng hoa tri, nguyen t6 H:co oQng fuoa tr] L
c(l
- Trang 06ng thu\:; c~u tao cua :phrAn tu' H20" H - 0 - H~,]guCY'eu to H co cemg hOtl ] tri 1.1 nguyell, 'W0 Co ocQng ho,! ~ri 2,
Ii
cau
tao [Cl]a.pt1ij}n
m Q[. " H
- C - H, nguyen
,~
to C
co. c{lng
II
'I1ng oxi
s6 oxi hoa.
OK:!. hOB. eua nguyen to Hl. 'mO~s.6 [6 d6 mer! cac quy t~ san :
56
Quy tar 1 : Trong cac [don ctu.at. s6 oxi hoa cua ngULyen. t6 b~ng khong,
Thi'ill! .' SO OX] h,oa cua cit; ngu)'~n.r.6 CUI ZfI, H, .N, 0, .., troug cae dO'rl chat 01, z», H2'~N2~ 2"., d~ubang kbbng, Quy tic _. ; Truu.gm,qr pMn tit, b.5ng s6 s6 oxi Iloa eoa cac nguyen toban,g khong
Quy
3 : 'Irong CAe; ion d(fn ngu.yE:IlJ 56 oxi boa cua fil~FfI.I.y¢n [[1') h~ng d:i~fl tfch t~, C'~,~,]00 d6...Trong. jon tla rtg lJI.y6n.1u, l6t~g &6 oxl hoa cU@. c~ic nguyen ~6ban.g A'.& tl~1-.. .. • u L~1l IlY m cua Ion. l
lit'
so
f..._J:u y
kim. IQ~.i.(NaB,. CaHh ... ). 86' OX] ho~.CO!! oxi h~ng -2, pcoxit (cluln.g han H_20l ,... ).
TId dlf .. Tlnh s6 oxi hoa cira nguyen t6 nito trong amoniac (NH~), a~j'£nitro
=0
~, x
=: -3"
~
+- x + 2(-2) = 0. -;li- X
=I ~ x
g
+3.
+5.
oxi hoa .-SO oxi ht?a. d:u:qc d~l ph fa.tren ki hieu cua ngu.ycfIl lb. Ohio
+4-2 3,1
fj-2
S 02.; NH;
~ NOi,
&Jr1g,
2. SO oxi hoo CU9Jkim !o~wMn Fe trongF:eC~3! S tr,o'9 SOJ' P' rong PO:~ Ian
~uT9t I'a
c I'"ji IV:!
~'I
+.o"j;, ..J.,
OhQn dap &n dun:g" 3. Hla~ cho bh~t dle,n 1100'bi cO;:! cac nguyen to trong
cae
BaO, AI.20;1, N.aCI, KF, CalClz. 4. Hay XEW ~n h cgng hoa r] CUI~it cec n~uy~n t,6 tro.ng oac :~p C ~t sa U H20. CH.q,.Hel, NH 35. X:ac d1~nhs6 oxi
hoa
cua
CS,i;
va
•
ion sau :
··0" °0- .-. Ni""'IJ CO'·2~ H 2·-·,.,;1, 'J! NH :), "v.,2> N""+ Cu2+ . a) H2S, 8" H2S01• H2SO4' SO~, 50:3 .
b}
~",,2-+ E'",,3,~A·'J3 •
6. x.i3c ~n~ s6 old hoe cua l'lJUhu}'nll • clo, m.af!!g~H'!va nikf b"OI1'g Hel, HCIO, 'laCI~, HiCI04l:
cae
c) Mn,
MnC~,
Mr.I~,
KMn04;
'90
fRdi
23 LI£
KIM LOAI
1- KHAil NIE
nay vi cac ion du(tng tao nell Hen kct k im loai, Nhu Y~y ; Lien kit kim 100li iii IUn kif dUf/i' hinh. thiJ.nh giiia cac nguyen Ii}. ion kim ioai trons m(JJ~~ tilth thl do SU loom eia ed'C' electron tu do. a.-o 0I •
I'
tUn het cac kimloai b die1U ki,¢n. thuOng deu ton tai dU'di. dang ~~.nb (nu Hg), th~ Trong tinh the kim Ioai ion dtrong va. nguyen tu: kim lo~.i :n~m b nhtJ!I]g nut cua m.~ng tinh 'thi,. Cac electron. hoa tri lien kt!t y~1l vOi. har [JJban nen de 'ffich khill l guyen tii· ......chu.y€n d¢ng b_! do tron .. m~ng tinh th$. li!' hut gma cac electron a g
~I'
coo
i,~a
'aie kim lO?i too t*i duo! ba dang tioh 'lhi ph.d b~~nsan: L(Jp phuong tam kho; _" ae [lg!uyen ti'r, C ion kim. loai nam tren eac d'inh va .Wm cua hlnh l@pphuong (hinh 3" 15a). L"p pn1£f.1ng Id~'11'di4:n : Cac nguyen til'; ion kim loai n~r[j_tren cac ~in.h va tam cac n't~1ena hmh 1~.pphuong'
b) (h1rnh 3...15b). tilill)n s..1:!. Lit.£' ph.U'(lug ."Ole: nguyen tw.. ion kim. M6 flinfl' mjrlg lm.n tM rm& tlidn 008' idrli' ~; loai n.am tren cae dinh va tam cac a) I....~p p!JtJCng farn iVJOJ rn.t,tt etta bmh t~,c gi~c d'u:ng va ba b) L~p. j1/11lti'rlg r,§J]1 dijn nguyen rtr, inn nitn phia trona ella (;') Lr,t9.piJl.ltmg hlnh l~.c g i (h1nh 3.150)_ K~.~u crill true 111~l!.1gtinh ph6 bie!'[l ·eua mt)t s6 kim '1 tiuqc t6ng kef, trong o~.i btilng 3"1- Chung la co th~ tra cuu kh] m.116n biet kim loai ~.)gh·~en etCH e6 kieu
ac
~he
Thi ,dl! ,"Ttr bAV'Dg3_1 cho tJhiiy kim loai sat thuoc dang timih l.h,e, l~p 'p!n,ITJ]lg tarn khdi, dong thu¢c.d~1Jg tin h th€ l~p :phl1ong tam di~n va coban tl':IJl.t(lc. ~,g tiiOh th~ d Iuc phuong. Ngwi ta dung dQ d~r; khft P H~e[ih!n ~ritm t k:hrna Cae nguyen tlIT
the
911
tnmg cho timg :J.d~u C,flJU tr lie,,'V ill k ieu c;:hI,true :~~p p:huOin,g];~m kh6i" P = 68% : KielJ! ca:u tnlc l~p plnrong tam dien, p = 74% ; Kieu crliutole luc pir~~ p ~ 74%" Ph,5n tram con l~i, trong ti nh ~h8 'ltL k:h6ng gian
th€ ct~ d~
Thf d~ _" e;~ cae t'jm loai 'co cau, tnic kj~UJ] ~p ,p~n11b'ngam, khal esc nguyen D wJi t tlll kim, IQ~ chiem 6J3'% the tk]] elm tinh th~ . Khong gian tJ.'6ng cua d~h d\e 1 31% ~hclfch t~nh the. t
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1~ Ha,y 000 m¢l tihi ell! ve m~lIiIgtlnh th~ kim IItl{i:i va cho bjet I:i@nk€it. trong tin h ~h~ ol'~ ~o '~halnh nhlJ" th.§ m"3.0 ?'
kim
lo~j'
2" H,ay 1k4 n h !10Ql k'lelll m gI ng '~in'hth~ p\h8 b'i~nl ella ki m leal. Cho U9'1d It,
3_,
H~y neu cao linn aha~: iE~ Hnh th~ klm lQ<~i c
I
4. [l'l,1:a v~O Ib~nQi 3.1 • ,hay cho biet I!::TetJ ca'JU trne m9"g ~ijl1hth@' eli a ~ac Kim IGl~i : C!.I, Na ce :M··~""I 'iJ.
~'I~.
92
LUY£N
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C :U(J G 3
A ~ KIEN THUC CAN NAM VUNG I - SO SANH UI!N Ktr ION~U~N 1<1::1 ONG HoA Til" VA LIEN KET C KIM lD~1
1 . So santi li~n ket ion va lien k'et e'ong hail tri
3}
va .~] n kt~~¢ng hoa tri gi6ng nhau ve nguyen nhan @ hlnh lhanh Hen kit cae nguy~n tu ] 'i em k~t vm uhao t~o (harm pn,aJI'itf! de:·00 c2l'u. htnh electron ben yimg eua khf hjSm.
G.i6ng' nhau ,:Lien .k·e:~ ion
b) Jrhii e n hau : l.i6tl kti't ion y~ 'ben ket cQ·ng fuoa tr¥ khac nhau
Ue~ ket
Batl' ch~j1t li~n k~t
ef;ectron
+ .;..ti •
0;..;'&"
I!;I"
e.~fuk~n
It-en ket
blll1 nhlf:l~ '!l~. bGtn .mgt ho~ n!Q{; nh~u'h~~c g~r1 gi6ng nha~'v€ ban (ti:Jj~Flg ;xa~' ra wi ',C'tl@ kim lot,11 dh~t ooa h~c (th'u'eing ",illy r~ 'vOl d'i~[l l'iIr:niJI va ~i kim di~n Minh) cae rJgoy~n 'It( phi Mm nt16rn IVA~
V..:;
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'1k.iI
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grORgi
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VA. VIA, VUA) TOOnthuc M!',~trong hfu hlt eac lntoo-: I4QP 'tf~g thai lien kef. W;;:JJ ang drill chii1 m ci}J'J.g hmi tri viili:a mang lfnb ~'hat]0:0.. Ova ~~a(:l tri hieu ·ci'q am di,~n giiIla. hai gia, :DJJ.guybn tir vUli.m.qt Hen k6t ta 06 'dl~ 'b1jet dUQc ]o~i lien k€t nso chiem U.11the:
Lien
~itC~P1,g
2. So san h ien kM kim lnal \poi !fen ket ci)ng hoa b"f va lien ket ~on
Lien ket ki m loa i va U~nk~~cong ho~ ~rigi6ng nhau ~a00 nhun,g electron chnng cua cac ngl!l yen tir, nhung electron chong trong 'Iien k~t kim loai Hi c;::uaMil ll.him.g ngl.1ytn to' kim l.o~'ico m~t rrol'l:g don chat .' -
ca
Lien k~t ki In Ioai va lien kGt ion Mu duq.c.; hinh l.hiUID do luc hlilt tinih di~n g]U;a cac pilau Lit' tich di:~ trai dfu, nhung cac phru1 t~ neh di~n u-a j, d~111 trong hen kit kim loai ]i1 ion drrong Va cac electron 'ttl! do.
111-TINH TH~ ION,. llNH THE NGU'VtEN TU TINH THI:, PHAN TU VA TINH TH~ KIM LO~I
F
oi
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Tiin'h thi
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KJ1laJii
l1Ii~m
Tinh the ion dUQc nnt;.~hA dUo'c nIh hi than h tu hlnh thanh iff' ~(; n:IlUhg ion rna ng nguyen Ml
,di~n'Jrbhtr,ai
hi,n h thJ$ n h .
000 ph:j n
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the
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L~ Jien.
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itt
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tne
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electron
do
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kim
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nhi~t tot.
94
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t6 bang 3-6 electron ml tJ~~'yef)l, ~lrcu~ ngu yen -[i) do run:utWn~I b,o~c thu ,d€ tzyo th~l[m,ion.
'~Cdd~ xdc djnh t1~n hoa tr; ,,- £15dli~ hmi 'Tti
2. Hoa tr!' Irang hOp chM: cOng hoa trl Khai 1J.i~m vt! ('(mg ho&' tri :' Hoa cr! eua ~UYM 1"6trong hop chit c{l.fLg hox1ni du?C g9i lilt c'!jng hoa tri,
'I'
t tOng hod tr,j, ~Ua rnQt nguyet] W~ s6 lj~~]k~;~ bAng to do ra duqc voi cac nguyen tfr khac trong
,i,
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3. So oxl
nDa
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IWG .' 86' oxi hoi! c'~a [i!.i9l nguy,en '~6troBg phm tit b di~n tfch ciwa nguyen 'rfr ngu yoe" t6 {:to n~h1 gi a, d:'~nh 'ti&n hft gi [ta, ctic nguytn til trong phan rlrt.' 'Ha lien l'el iO:[JJ •
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sv g ionQI nhau
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't~i hong k
c) Ue n !ki!: ci]n,g hOB' tri, cO c!¥fCNaJ20~MgO, AI;2Q~, SiO~j Pz0s, 30:l;., ('.1201D~ \raO g~a ti] h~~U' Am di~n, rna :2 ~guy~:n dQ
ba ng 2-3'~-
tif 'frong
!1! nh kl6u
II~rb
C,hllung
'" Theo quan ,diim h I~r-.nay, ,the; nla~1 chM oki tlo~"eh~t ~hO', Ie £1;1' o)tt ;h;o~(, 'sV jkh!t." ~han' \Jw:tg ~~b ho~?' Lam th~' m3fj Jd~ ~~p, u~c pHtidfig trinh hoa hgc,tJJ~ 'phah ~9 0)<1 hot! - khil? a
~nu
,/ Ngoai oaeh p,hBn !0~i ph~lIl Uhg da dtJVO h~, f1~wj ta co. th~ ph§Lt11~i phan U'rt,gnoa h9C theo"oorch khat ~IO kfl6ng ? ,./trhe: h;8lQ'I'a pha~, ttlu nh]$t ?
L'mg hioa
noc,
M(N@rell'g d&U'Ajan-g i:ifD r~ ng,gn Ilia khol'1g lei ~ilan (}rfQ a-0i noo • khl1' l'iftjv too fa mqt, luqng nhi¢:t Oi,ft: 1&11 t~ na ~J:IIJ.'nRI~ ~~ klli)ll9 :khr ><~ngqJll(!!nh I~n ~$tcao.
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