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'il.!

'OMiG

Mf~N I!Qf.ll Ctl(dl1'f1B CHlT !.iIJ~NG Q\J6C1E

SAC,H GIAO KHOA LOP ~O


'1. mA~ HQC
..~AI 7. [IrA II W 10
8.

00 lO ,. IiiMH HQC

TIN HQG \0

.2. ~A(IJ 1(r

3. PlOA HOC 10
4.,sINH HOC·tQ
< ~~

~,mJN~ f':J,~H~D 1 ie,GJAo D~e OClNGVAN Ut


1~.N~I?~INGD
Ii

f"JGO V~ 4Oif$f) (Ii~ ~p"~[i}

T~~MGAMI-'! 40 "TI.~t.JG~HAfi' 10

ef~!m ~ir1D

Tl~N'G i'!IG~4GJ • T.rbN~ TRUN!S,OOfJl!E. 1~

• TO'AN HOC (BA1 sO J 0 ,fiiwtt 8:QC 10)


r

•~

LT 1!J ~ l-lexA HQC

1AJ t SINH HO..e

10

B$in Kr~8'·h9~ Xi· n~k'J:S, t{h~n ~n ': • Nt;O VAN liff t~p~: 1~JI ~~ h ,. L!OH

!iil j II • OlAJU 1Q

• M@f~lt~lMOO (TIB1G AN,H to, TIENG:P~P

ra.

rfENG

NGA 10r'TI~Ni31R~NG

Qu6e {Q)

Gi;i,.... 11.,500d

BO GlA,o DUe vA. £)Ao


.. !I

TAO
!II!

LE XU AN TRQNG (T6D1gChiu b~en ki.fm Chnl b,iti]) ill NGQC A.NH··_ 'd~~M'~U QUYEN' - 'PHAN QUANG THAI

NANG CAO

692 - 2 (J06/CXB.l4f28 = 1530/fiD


1

~n\56 : NH007T7'

./' KhiJ:i ni~m ngLJ'yen tu"., Th:a.nh pilla n calJJ tao k fen thU'a'c va kh6r [oong'- ,Due n.:gluyen tU'.. .
I

.-

'

,/' Ca'u

tao \/0 ng lI~n tfi'.

M61i Iien h~ g i'em


(:8C

c@iut~o

11m uyen ill" va tinh chiJilQ]!El

n:guysn

ill.

So (Niels ~.ol)r) (18'85 - f952}

rnl thoi ~' Hj tfiP, eae nM It!fi.t _flt;lc J'ireD 1ntQtng' pMIi ,eif..m~qit !(Osl'f19r:rillJS) ~ ~ng ,G£iO chdt qju cti~ ~o tiJ·ntJahg phan tlr ,j1 nho &lfJcJJt?l tSJ 1i~»;Iy:J, nglWe fa ,kndn,g ,ooia ~Mhf1p ,d~ nQa Cho d~n .. _ giital 8r_ Ifi~. ngliiJl ~ cho tf.n:g ; c.~c;chM. dIu dtP;C , ~'O nan ttl' nhung n(Jt ,cifC M' title bE¥khOrlg rhl phln r:h'igj d~c;l (J(Ja, yr:;i la Hguyttf'j rfi_
. rimy' 00ng thqc tJfJ~ '140. cu&' the ki >ax. illu ,ohim,~ minh' r'l'gu~., rttoo 'JI~~ ..co' d~1 ptl.'Of:] If!p. ~ I~o.

moo

the .xx d'a

~ Vjy

I. ~'~h

... ~YO III .. I~.du,..,._ nhU'C"~· ,~Jil,


ii"Ni

Ji1g u:yi'n

tur leo k]:~h th..r8c,


'''''~'D'?, 0111 "'· .. ~
III

~h6i II~n:SI

va

thanli'i pln,IA

U'IUa'C'" kh6i [uthlllD v'a ·(ftie" t le'll ega, c6c.Ilt.,at: a -, Flguyll'n, t U',1i baa li'ilhhlu ?
i!1

mo flen

I - THANH PHA _ (.Au T~O


1. EI ctron

cU

NG I

.'

rlr

a ~SIr' m ra electron
iS9'7~ Tem-xon J.J. Them . n), nlla b{i.Il:~oc 'nguui Anh, khJ nghi:l2:~icl'rlLl, n hien L~g ph6u' di~1I1lnng. lun~khoogdii phd1 hi._;Ilm wia;im . _r!; !n _b' chl~ .. ,~~it ch~l-m cie h~T nhb be mung. di~11,t(cl), 00l! It!~l~m&cic elearo«, '
N~ll TOll"F'xon 0110 p~'to.ng C1i~n,1fjJ M~u tfi# I f'ne 15 000 vOn qua ha' w~n eve;:gen v:tro.{ dl.u c.l:oa mOt' 6ng kIn 6a _ gdn hit "lIlmg IfhI (lq; sutit chlcdR 0, mmHg) thi thiy m4n IfuYnh' .ij'UB1I'fg trong 6ng lnlW rfnh ()h:a~ $aJ1lQ'. M~n huimh Ql/BJ1"g phat sang do .s~lxu5!' hiln c~'C fa khOng nhin ti1fy du'iJc d'i to C\--t: ~.m den ~ dUtJ'ng. Tla n'~ d~ g¢ l~ fief am O~, fia ~m ,~ b! IF~ pbJ. . C'i/C ,dWh{} kid d,! &g ,'lhul tinh bong ~ 1(J~n ~g_ rta am 'c~ ti' vi atOm hf/t roang' di~n 'icI'I 'm v~ mOl hal.,([e~ CD lih& ~ d~ g9" ,~ fd.ed'J:fm, ~J tI~H /tIJ. '@ (ll1nh 1. 1 v;m' 1.,2).,

:0°'

b) :Kh6~ IU"QJlg

\'a di~n

~lch ella electron

Ba~]g lhvc nghiem, !lIg.ufJita an xac diM dro;1C'khd1 hreng vA d'i~l1tic_h c:l~.aelectron, Kh6] hlqng : 111.e = 9 1,094.,. 0- J I kg. 1
Di~'i1 tkb .; q.:= ~ -li 602 . .1 0-1'9 C (en-Wtrlg)

IigU'ffi ta chua phat hj~n dl,;CQ'C tfch nao nh6 hen ] ,602.10- L ~C nen n6 duqc di~n dnng lam di¢n lien- dan vi, di~ tfch ~ro~ electron duQ'C quy U(k: M~]-.

2M Sl,.f tim ra h~r n han nguye n til'


Nam 1911 Rrr-do-pho fE.Rutherford) •.~ cac c(lng S~JI' d5. cho cac h~ o:r~)b~n :phii ITIH?t lEi vOO::J.g ng va dung man hujnh qt1.8ng d~t . au M v.i\og d~ theo doi mil duoog di caa ha_tt o; Ktt qua thf nghit?m cho tfuay lUlu het cac lu~.t0: dtu 1..uyen th~ng qua IfL",,,'ArIlg, nhung cO m9[ s6 .it hat di l(}ch hu:dng ban llau va mot SeQ . ..ill :lit h!!J! bi b~:t J ai phfa sau k hi g~p J.6. vang (hlnh .r..3).

~t

R.et ith~t«( nf.!PJ'J'C ~I

:Fi:~(li chii'.;. t-oo!<) hOp Gtil pl:tOng ra ta

(I:

H~I) ~

.~lJyoill QUDi

,·.ailg motg

h;tt o lS

O;Curl hi!ll

I.!I ....Bng ,rnl~lg

o pht.ri!J

'.~

i'Ml'l 'tlll~rlI1ql:lo1!'l!:1 EnS hinh ...009 a.J1)9 di Q uan 88.. c-.a 0::; 1'iIl 11:

:D]gu nay chi 06 'tlte. dU'Q'C giffi"] thlcJh. ]a n.gu;y~n ;,l, ,('"6 ca:u. tao rOllg, cac electron

clU.lyen rj'q.ng Kung quanh mot h;(tt m.a~g di1n tich. duang c~5kich ttarde ;I';JI: nlu, ~. I: r, ,f_ ~ , so ~'dl 1<-1~ ',~s: tnuac cua ngllY~n ~ n am (i tum cum nguyen tu. DD( l~ nat nnan cua U, .' a r,
I ~

;<:';::'.l,.

~A

+_

nguyen Uf,

J. tau

VlCI

cua hat nhan nguyen tli

3) S 1,1" tim ra p urton

N~~n i918, Ro-do-pho khi bAn ]lila hat nhan nguyen r 4r,' nito bAng h}E,Ill c.tdi, quem d1.1QlcS1l.txlllfit ~li~n h~t nhlln nguyen 't~ oxi va l1fH!~loai h~1 c6 ldli6i luqng [ ~67 10-27 kg mang tn¢t don vi di~ tich dll.'ffl:llg (eo hay 1+). Hat nay }f,;, m~t 26, thanh phcln cffu, rao cua h~Jtnhan nguyen ttl duQ'c 6Q.i Lii pn)toJ7;,; kt hieu bang ch[t p,

sat

b) S,! dHIIJ ea aotren

Nam ] 932~ ChaHlych (LChadwick) (cq,ng lAic v:Mn cua Ro..do-pho) dung ~! a han phia h\lt nhan :nguy~ tu ben da quan ,s,h durqc~ X!l(~hjt,n mot Ioai ~·l.ijttrnei su co k]l6i, luq:rug x:a'p Xl ,kh6i h!Qng cua proton nhung 'khong mang di¢tt durgc goi ]a n(ffron, ki hieu bAng chft n, Nh~ v~y; 1'fqJ nMr~ nguybt tu cua moi Ilguyin diu c0 cac h'¢ proton ]j.,'J 1'l(j'fJ'{)r/.*)_

to

K,(.t ~u~n: Thanh pbaro. cau tao C-Lla nguyen tit ,gdm :
f-lq.t nhan nam

,a tam

cua.· nguyb1. tu-' g6m

cdc hq:t proton

iVa notron

\1d nguye:rl
B'dng "1'.1

fM"-

gdm cac e!ectron chuyln d9ng xung quanh hC;j nhsin. f

Kh6i 1.U'Qllg va dien 'tlch

rua

cac h~t lCau tao nen ng,uyen


H~tlilh~n proton (p} 'CI;P = 1~602.'1o-19C h~yqj) = 1;-.
r.rlp=

ru

I
D~~tiFilh hat

t
~

va. ng uyen tii'


;'-!o

.' ·ejeetmll ke;


~ = -1,6G2.~i)-19C

ncf~ron (n)
:. '

fJ:i4Ffi Uch
(q} .Kh6if:~

havq-.Ie! ..

= 1~

Qn

-0

em)

m.l.>\ ~ 9,1 094,.1 ()-31.kg

1 i~6.]26.1O-,Vkg

Imf!=

1;6748; 10-i1kg

(*) Kbtng nguy.;;n tt:: hidro ,t.:6 ~n,~!liIJIiJ:i.ngu~n lllr Lrn1ng h@.tnhan chi c.6 rn~t protOJ1 v1!i, '!l'Jl~;t'tig to! {; n otron,

11- KicH THUaC VA KHOI LUONG CUA NGUYEN Til


NgJtY' nay, cac fihA khoa hoc CU~ (iii xac clio h dli.t?C kjch thuac va kh,5i 111'9ng cac hat tao nen ,nguV~J1 ttl" .. ~

Ngury,en ill' dia cac ngu yeID.

to khae

nhau cO kfch Ihu:6c v,1t l\f_h6il~g.

khac nhan,

Nelli. hinh dung 'nguyen t Gr nhu m ~t q ua :O~,u ltrong do c6 cae electron chuyln d~ng r.%'t n'h ann. XJHlLg quanh ha t nhan thi ngu yen til' d6 co dlXb:Lf'lJg kin h

'i.-b A.8.n.;)'
g;;",,,,,. "~

IQ -1{lIm_ .. ,
V~~

De: hi~u th~kich thUTIC ngn yeu t&:~ ,~],g[fDiM dung don
Q

nanomet
0

eviet tat: IiI. nm)

hay angstrom (k~'hieu 1ft A). Inrn a) Ngultn


=:

l0--9m; IA ,= 10-1011f'i

; 111m;;;;;;

lOA,

tlr nhc.. ohAl I~ ~guyen ttl hidro ~O ball kffinh khoang 0-053 urn.
,CU;fJJ nguyen
:=:

b) DU'lbng klllh eua h@tnhan l1~uren hI con nbo hen, V3(l khoang 10-5 nm,

Nhu v~.y; du?mg' k;inh


~ O' 00'.0. 1', ~,. _ ,~,

1M:iC"m

hO'l1L

du:fuiLg kfnh cua hat nhan

tJioang

'. 10

( ']J]-J [)j.nl - .. -.:5 _.

"1104 )

:rIm

],

" ._

Neu hmh dung h~l nhan 1&q~~,cdu C~i, co. (hwoog kunh 1000 rn ~ 1 km,

co dOO:ng

klnh 10 'em thi ng~y0n '~ir],8. qui!

Ie) Duifiig. kinh l:i!a electron va ciia proton 000 nho hon nhfeu tkhoang' IO_;8nrn'~! Eleetrnn chuyin d(p'ng xung quanh h=1itnhan trong !thong :gian ifong dIU nguyen lH.,

.2., Kh6i, IlI'(mlf,


Th,khb ~UUl1g'h.tq.n!g dUqc- l g ICU~, bait kl cMt nOO CUJ1g chUa t&i hWtg t[ tl [!)guy~tl ru;. Thf dl! _- g cacbon 0): toi :).lli)2:2(50 '000. li()9.109) nguyen 1 mUQ'inghln tl ti nguyen lit cac bon).

[u cacbon (uwc lit ['larm

V~.y~ 'bie!!l th~ kfu6ii 1!191J.g ~ cua, ll,guyen t~~ ph;jn t& va cac hat proton! notron ~ electroa ngu:C:fira diUm,g~;dJ1 vi kh6i lU~lg D$uyen iU';t ki m~u a u{*\ u con chrqc

~:Qi ~,a,dv-C.

.,

1:~ lJJrxg

.J 2'

co kh6i

t.M" ~U:(YJtg J:la milt


C

l'l.guyb,1

fJ t!J'rig IIJ! CC/.'{:·bOfl 12. Nguyen lir n aX

1uqng

1. 9 ~ 9265. 10-27 kg.

lu -

'~9 0i2"::':;: ] O~27~" lL', 'jJ, 'Ul)" i(\g:


",I

1"2
,~,:;.i'

iVh.Jf! ]-1I"tm 0" ..... , (I, ~ .Il"'!.. V,I, U,,:~~ '",," l,!I,~

1 'n 0" - ~J"".ii'1, ~JU: caCI,;Jon, " 'I" ~n ~;>?'bUJ,,,.l, t·~ ,- ' b., Of'!! s: i:;:' ~ .r'i.-!] ks ~"'eoU)' I",."',~, d., V g
1 nguyen tu' hidro l,a ] ,6738_10-27 kg
;::S'

~, '12~',u'.
=

lI{hoi

J'~

ell a

1 n,

1. Cac h~t cau t~o n~n h~t n h@lVl, ooa hau hit cae nguyen 'ill' la A. €1~cl~n y~ p.r,~to['i. C. nCitwn ~ ~~ectton.
113"

proton

va rJd~mnl.

1)_

electron, prolon v,a rrC1tro;n.

H~y' chon .gap afil Iflung_ 2. Cac h~t cilu tao ne!ll

hia u h@t esc 1'il9luyen til' la

A .. proton
18. netron

v.a

el,eclron

c- nl~tron \ta proton


D. n,C1tmn, proton v&! e~@ctFon_

v.a ~I~ctron

Hliiy chQn ct'ap ;jj n dD ng. :3. Ket qua pnan t fch ehe th,8'Y ti'IOing phan tiI' ~~ CO2, cO 27,3% G, va '72.7% .0 '~h~o khol I~n~" Bi~t. nguy~nW' 1kh6ic~a C I:S!12.,0 11!" Hay x:ac d!r1Ih'ngu~e.n t& kh6'i ,eu a oxL 4. B11.J~.rrl~~g khOi Ilfqngl mgt nguyen

tu ox~'f'i~ng gap 115,842 la~ va khoi I~ng


I!J;CHilfi ,,:::0
!:;I

rua ngluy-eri\

Kr ,oadb!J)n 11~ ng_. g~;n ~1,:9-06~aJn kh6i " ....


1~f1g nguy~n tll'
08;000

roa f1r uliFon tiJ h~dro., Hoi n@'u.onrlJl ,_!_ kh6~ J'.. 12

n ram (l~n '\1 thl HI, Q co. lkihof I!,!i?,ngn9uyen. to' lid bao nh i@u 7

,8

HAT -, HAN NGUYEN TU N:GUYEN rei HoA HOC


E -

.. Su- ~ieltlnuan g~«al ,sod~n vi diin tielh ,hal nhaflll vcli


!Po • ~ '. I'l -.J III

,sO'n~tlnl
~

•'ss ~h Oi

Va! stf

eliectr'0r1,. c'ua ~,t nhan Ch.J'i~t, ,tirrh nlflu'

U~e nao'
I

'('

1- H~r NHAN NGUY~NTII '1. Dr~n tic:h h~!1i:,nha n g6m cac har proton v~, nonon, eua ~,~ nhan bAng z+ v,a, &6. don v~,di?fIJ
Hat nhan N eI!!l h~t nhsn

z proron, tfch h@.t 'i'ilhanJ bang z.


06
sd eleetron.

'~]u dj~n

nch
ella

N gUYCl] '~lrtnsng hoa di¢1l nen s6 proton loong' h~l nhan ban,s; ~6 electron ~lIg;tuy~n V ~y trong nguyen Uf. ; ~U:.
S(/ dan vj di¢n. ttch hV't nnan ~ se proton
:=::

Tht d:~;' 56 r.J0'J.1L v:~_ i¢il '[ic,n ~t ntlhn nguyen. 'tlll niro d 7 proton 7 electron,

va

la T, v.~,ynguyen

til nita

co

2. S6 kh6i
SI5 :k_h(]'i oa hat nhsn, kf hi~u ]9 A, b~n,g o [,6og. :So proton
(2) '041 t6ng ~6 notron (N).

A-Z+N
Th: dij. .. H~t nlt%nngu yen til caebon h~l ]]hfuJJ nguyen IU caebon la. l2_ Hat nhan cua ,nguyen

co. ,6 proton va 6 notron.

V ~~y !moi cna s6

tit natri 06 li 1 proton 'V"'dJ 2

notron, V~y £6 kh6], clia h~M

nhan n:gUyful u) natri lit 21,

I - NGUYEN
1. Dinh n,ghia

'TO HoA

HQC

N gUyrbi .fly hod hq,c id n''lwng ngu}'\B'n ui.co dmg di¢n tich hqt nhdn.,

Nhu v~;, t~:tca esc nguyen 'tit c ~a cung m¢:t nguyen t6 h~)d.hQC, (t~u co cirng s6 proton v~,cimg .sO' electron. Thi d~ : Tfit:cal c~c nguyen co. cimg s6 don vi di'~1fl Itich har mllfu:tn la 6 de~ thuoc nguyen '16 cacbon, cae uguy~.n ttl cacbon ,d~u ,00 6 proton VE!J 6 electron. NhifnS ~guyin ~ri cung .di¢n .tich Ii~~nhan deu. co linh chdt hod hoc gl6n,g nneu. c6

tu

Cho den naY1 nguUi aa da b:ier 92 :nguyen 2. .$0 hi"eu neuvin

to hoa h9=C 'co. trong

t11;t nhie.~i

va khmmg

18 n.gUy'th1 t6 n~Jntao dl19'¢ t6ng h~ trcng cac phung thf nghi¢;m hat nhan,

ru
nguyen

S{{ dan 'Vi di¢n tich. hq,t nliil}f ,n.guyefi fit cua nguyen t6" do.

tu-- r~l~~ m(Jt. ngu:y,en

to duae

gri M s~f l.'fu h

so: hieu nguyen nr (kt bi~.u fa Z) cho bilt : - so proton trong hat nhan n,goytn mm.,

,_so electron

trong nguyen

roo

N!ll bi€t So kh6i A va s'6 hieu ru,gUj'le:n til Z ta biet ducc 86 proton, so notron (N :::: - Z) co trong h~r.fl!han nguyen tu' va ~6 electron dla nguyen lli d6. A 3. Ki hietJ nguyen Ur S6 don vi (:I'~ntich }w.'l nhan va 136 kh6i duoc coi la nhfmg ,d~c 'trong ocr ban Gua

nguyt:n11!:[l
dl1m '~ :~

~'ki

bjj~u ng!la,ye~tit:, ngm)i ra.li"H'.(·Ong gJi]

cac chi 86

d'?c tnmg

?J. ben

trai ki hi(~1J r.\guy'~nt6

x: v.oi

so kb6i A b phfa U"el'1! 86' hi~1] nguyen tfr Z ,cr phfa

X.
nguyen tUt- do c6 so khQi l~ 35 vk, s-6 l1i~u ~.guyeo
Itll

Tlu dl.!- :' f.~Cl ~ cho bi,€'l


],flJ

17.

10

11. Ngluy.&n'~ hoa hQG I~ nhCillg rig lJyen A.

so kh6],

t& 06 clin.g

IE!!.86 notron.

C_ 96 proton. D. s6 netron

Ghqn da~p· n o'yng. a 2. lKi'hi~u og.U1(f:li! tift bi ~u 111i, a~y aUI d~c triln¢ cho nguy.@n ill c~la m~ nguy~n to. h

va S16 proton

vi

no GOO b;et

oa hoc

/1\. 56 ktJ pi A,.,

B. so hi~u nguye~1 Z_ -Ch~.n ,d~p !lJ'un~,. an


3, Hay eno bj.~t m()llh~,n h~ gliJa kong rn ~t n~uye.n
4- Hf~y dbo bi~t

~cr

C. n guyeo t~ klhoi oua nguyen tLt'.


D _ SlJ kh6i A --

v~ 56 don vi~di~ntfch hat ntJall. ~ h~t n~\tiln va so electron

Kt. ~iaillhf'ch va cho ~h,r,d~, st3 do~ v! di~n troll h~t nhan, ,s.6' proton, :~
4{1,.... 2fj"_'~,

s6 proton, gO' rj;o:nvi ,di~ntfdh

nt'-trorl

va s5 'electron

ctlal

eac

nguyen ill' 06 k1 h i~u sa u d.ay ,:


""'1

""'\
-

3,"

7'U :23"u"ta'i S9 K' s ~- 19 -, 11

ZS<!!'T'h • '90
,5411":

b}

1-, -

1ri':2

.4H'18" t2C;' ~',

1'6i1""'i ':Up' 8!;.,,)', '15'

:rere _

5. Yhi {Y)I dung, I~m 'v~1,Ii~Ul shih.! d~n d!rllh s6 proton,

s6 notron

va ,66' electren

'po. ~6 khai 1,;389.

Di;M y~O ba~ tualll hean, h~Y ;cic

c~a nguyen tij' llI91u';fe'n 16 y

11

DCiNG Vt -NGUYEN T 'I KHO:I vA '.GUYEN TU KH6!1 TRUNG Bi


• "he
Ra,O

13 do'ng

v:!!

nguyen tL1r khot

nguyen

!Oi

kb6i

111.1"9: bi nh ? .' C~cih xa c cijnlil n gJUlye.n tli klbol tr\lngl bmnh.

I DONG VI
=

dl nhn:r v,~y '1,111 l1htlJll eua. cdc nguyen tUr do, co C~lf)g :s6 proton nhung C 6 th~ !In.t khac. 36 notron. Cdc d6ng ~Iicua CUllR 1};r.Q'J:' nguyen t6' he-a ~WC M nhilng nguyb-z ttr Co cUng stl proton nil llng kJl(~('nhau vi sri 'U11Tm;e. dO 'If kh 61 A . ,~la. luing kh6c nhau .. do

cae nguyen tit' eua cung mot nguyen to' hoa hgc cO rht c6 so khai khat nheu..&)

Ok d6r[,g vi duf,J'Cxep Y;W cung mot 'Vi Ul. TIt! du nguyen 16 hidro 'c6 ba d6ng vi :

({} nguyen to} bion.g bing h]'~!11hoan.

~l

. q.:' ,roll. (1 H '~ 'j I

b) 'Eid1eri
HI~t nMr

,(~ H) 1 pr(lOOl"l

>e) Trili {~H)

H~t F'lhB1ti m ~
(!rlttm9

khOngl 00 ootJlool ,ohl~m 00,984% 5,} nguyen 'lit 'hioJ\C! LV n~n

n~

duy. Fihlft

pcrooon

1 ~rOil, d"II6m 0,01 e.% 5Q ngw.te 1 til tlldN, '111M

film

vtt en

I-l?l: 'nnall ,gam 1 proton ...iIJ :/!' nC1lrfm


~g
~~

h@ dllJl}' r.il:3.!,

,Chl c:hKim

~ I~Fl ~

co no'lJ".ljn prarofl). {).OftQ v! n@y kltOOr~ ~O-7% ngW8rli

so

Ill' hlclfO U$l1Ihien

'36

Phan IOn Cae nguyen 't~ hoa hec Ushon hQPcua nhieu dOng vi. Ngoiii hoimg. 340 d6ng vi ton tai trong t1lJ' nhh~nj nglto:i ta (Hi,[~'ng hw. dUl.,)'Chen 1400 dong v~ nhan tao, Cac d.ang vi elm. cang mOt ngl.ll.y~n, to' boa hQC cb s6 notron trong hat nhan khth.: nhau nen c6 m:t!t so tfnh ,chat v~:~ khac nhau, '1"1 Th: dJ"i ;' 0 ~ng thAi don chJlit, clong vi v'~ rJ[bi¢~d:Q 's6i cao hon c1'ong ~

N'el, ,co d kll6i

lou hon, nh~,~,t.d:~, chay nong

,1~ Cl .

I!...,t,.. .ter ... "J!ung "U'~ N ~ ~, ta pnan b"~~'cac ..t"" V~. IJj;;:I1 va

ngUYd.llli

A.

'.1on. uOille.. ..'. 0 \ la ~.-'1-.,. 'd- ~ 1:1i1~ w... '02-' '(Z > 02-.t 1" .N~.ong Ik.a:~·"," !v.I.• ling con ... IU n. ...
T

It- 'L~~, .ru.ruJ.1g 'L.t.. H": l,I'I;;'l1L,. au

h e.t. cac '" ~

"t·'"

yDng

I~ ~ ..::Ii'; ; gq[ . '.-.a. cae 'uong v~


doi

~ ¢Q':Sv

'~)'(

hireu ~

'nbbn,11 RH. ,I~ ~


m

Nhieu dclng v1; d'*C biet ]iL cac d&ng v! pfu:6ng x~., dl1.qc s6ng., y hoc, nghieu crru sg phf1t tri€~ cua c~y treltng".,"

su dlJing :flJhi6~1trong

II .~NGUYEN TLr .KH'Dl V.A. NGUY~N Til KH6~ mUNG BiNH

1~Nguven ur klhoi
N guyen

t.il: khoi. la kJiHjil

lU'~g Ul,cmg dOl. ciia nguyen

Eit

N gl:.t.yen dr khIfi cll.a Jnt)t n.gll_ye,~ tIl CRO hiet kht/l h(flJ'l.g cua nguyen t.r1' dO. nang gal) boo nJtib,j. l'6.n dan: vi khdi li.t:qng nguyen tit,.

Kh6i

lUQll'lJg

ciL~.mer nguyen ·~tt· ln~ t6n__gkh~'5iht.gng cna proton, b


11'&'1

electron

rron g nguyen LU'd.o. Proton va aotron

notion va del] co kho'[ hroug x,sip x..t :I. '!it.

Electron
kuru.

co kh6i luqng flho hon l'f~:trIlhieu (O~OOO:5:5 u), hap 1;.] 00 l:h6i cua hat nhan,

co. the eoi 'U]guyen tit·

2" NguVen
..,. ,...

HAll. hgt cae nguyen t~ hoa h9C :~a h&n h?r ala. uhii§u doog v.~. o'i tI l~ pilau tram v d·;'~;l.. J:., .' .~~, ~ ~ -, - .... ~ ~ 1". .1' "" so nguyen '!J!1.' xac .•¥J!.u,~nen ngu yen tilt. .rJi.1lO:D. cua cac nguyen to co urueu wong 'V1.b .. guyen. lir lhoi nung bmh clia bon hop cac dong vi co nnh den d ]¢ plutn uam n 86 ·ng'l.i'Y·I§:n tcrr ,C!u:!iJJ. 'moi d6n g vi.
~ I

'tu kh6i tru ng binh

l-

Gii, sit nguyen to 'co hai d6ng

A lfi nguyen

\11 A va B. 09'] .A la ugu.y,en lu kh6it trung biuh, . 'tit' kb.6''[ c~a doJ1,g vi A, a I}~.t:l N ph ~n tr.Uirrt80 nguyen t& cua d:611:g

v~ A :; .B r&L [lgi,.1.~1l '~ifkhoi ella cloJ]g d6ng v~. 3. Ta. ,co : 1

v! 13,b

l~ ti l~: ph~n

U-.;till

$6

flgJU.Y'e~l ·tIT Gtl9

A. _. aA+b.B
100 'f:ro:r.llgnhifI-ng U:D1h r.,()o.tIJ kh(Jng

can. d:~ chfnh

x.:1C eao, ngu.oij ta col nguyen lU' kh6i

ba'ng set' .kh,6i ti« dii~:' N guyen 1.6 do co 2 ddng vj. 'b~:t1

1.;(] chiein 75.77 % va

.j~Cl

chi6rn

24,.23%" Nguyen
-

liE

kh.oi trnng bmh cua do lti :.

Ao ~: 35. .1

. 7.5:-77

00

+ 37 . 24.~23. ~ 3'" ).. .'. liOO' .::t.,..

BAI TAP .
1. . g!Jye

.._

t6 cacbon co iai (1:'5n9 vi ~tt ~ 1 ,C c;h~~rn98,89'% val 1,~C clhiim 1 11%, Ngiuyr9 to; kh01 trW,Fig b'lnh! cua nguyen caebon liiI

to,

A, 1, 2.500 B,.,

C .. 1:2 02:2

12.0 l' 1
n(jtwLI

D" 12.055,

ChQn 'd'e p an (fung,

:2,. Cho bi~t ~6proton, s6

va so el actron cUeJ eac d!6ng. v] sat! day' :

3, NguY'sn 111klh6. l tnJlflg


r

oi' h

eua b~c: ~ogl 107. Ct2 I~in nguybn it khffi

cua hid'ro,

Ng~en

to' kh6i coa h id"rn


4. Cho. h<ii d5ng a) T~ ng uy€n nguyen

b~rJ9 1.008. Tlnh nguyen hid"~o va hai

ti1 kh~i

oongl

bin hi c~.~ b~c:_


~.1'lI

v;i

do

'vi oua

0 v(1u (ij 11$ IP glfY~rt 0-

tram s5 nguy~n

to chi'em

tlrong t~ nhUm nhU1 saw :: ~H(QB.'..984%} •~~ (O,016%}, ~~1~'5~ 77 '%), ~~I (.2. 4.23%).

'~arIdu$i

trnlflrg b,

nn coo mOi

0) Co 'tjh~'co bso ~ h~'L:1 I~i

to 0'6 '?

p'him t{f HC~ 'KhAc nt-la~j tao nEln til h,ai dong ~ cua hai

c~ Tin h pnao ~Okh01 CD\l!3m5i I~i p'h~~ tcr nol ~rafl. 5. "Igu¥en til k hol'~rurrQlbinh -oua d6ng bang 63.546:.' rong hj fil1ie , d'~6ng fl..¥! i d509 vi 06 ~~cu va

~~:c- lInh 'd 1$pnan tro m :s5 nguyen u

tlf c(Ja dOng Vi ,~§C u

'~n ~j

b"o'ng ~r nhief!l_

6. Cho tDai,dong vf. ~H (I!~rhi@u W! H") v,~ ~.H ( r hL$u Ie ID),

tLr Mram co the GO. b) Tin h phth~ tJJ kho) cua !TIoi fO{ii pbi~n tLr..
~) Vi4t. eac oo~g thlfE'c ~n p

c) M¢t I.- k1hi" h~dto giatJ date ..( :2 ~ ) d cheu ki'~frIlieu chu§Jn n~n:g ~l,10 9. Tfnt:! thanh ph~n p1l~n ..tr~m kh5i ILnffAg tD'ng ao.ng vi hklrn.

eua·

co rh@ Ia. c h U fill cac hat rnang ai$n duong n ~l!I hat a (ph 6n g x~ a), hat proto n ; marlf; a i,~n am n Ilu t.hll m e lectron {phd ng XC} ~) ; lldi6ng m~ng dl ~n nhH hat not ro n hoac ti a l (co ban c h;§'t g i 6ng 11h u a. n h sang n hung n~ '''I Ilrqng IOn hem nhjeu). 5" LU- bEen d6r nhtr v$y cua h~I' I'lh~n nguyen t&1 thuong gQ,j 113.Sit! phan ra phong X~. ha y ph fi n ra hat n han
1 j a"phong
X~.

T v phan

tti n h h·M nha n cua cac nguy'en 'ttr ph6·ng 'X;~, Co s6 k h 100 n hu ~'~5 U IIJ' vtJ ra fharU'h «;.Ac m~ nh h~ t nhan kern then ~vthoat ra n otron v~, m(}t 50 hat co ban kh a L; cu ng I·a m()t d~ ng OJI~lSQ) phan ra I .(ttt nha n.

h ach, Iaqua

oi

Tr()ng lu- piliJJn hach

r.a hat rJh~n C1'~u -6 $V n".Jt khol hrong, tuc Iii t6ng k h6i IlJ?nS cua cac hat tao th a.nl:'r! nh6 hon kh6i IUQlI1g, cu a hat 11 h~ n ban a~u..K h c).j hJQ!I1g b i halo h~t nay d"llUly~n n.oa lhanh nang Ilrqnlg kh6ng ~& d ~L trrl h ttl eo phuong tr In h fl6.ni~l1g cua Anln-·X~rli h (A ..E'i'nste~n) : tllE ~ ~m. c.2. T rung (~161 E I a A n~ng 1UQ'f1g tho~t ra khi ph:a.n ra hat nhan (n~llIg lUQn.g nay n~m 1'~on'8d'O,r;g nang cua cac h{IJl thoat ira. kh i phan ,!.~hat tlhii,1lI va nAng I~1g C Ua blk )«(1. y) ; ~m liJ d'? hut kh6i ; c ;;;;; 2,958 ..1Oe m/5 ~a v~n t6c anh sang tro~g chan. kh6ng~

va. phan

2. S~ phgng

ngubi Ph apr B ec-co-ren (A. [B ecquere I) va sau do la Ong ba p r-e QUY-J"i v~ M~- !.~QUly~ri{Pi erre Cu rie v~ Mari e Cu rue) p~~t hli~n ra r~lng
1896!
V~l Iii

. am

xa til n hh2n
nha
Man

~ olig eMil kh':'ng

chld.

h!JIYnh

i;jjuel1{j

cac [hqp c h §"t cua u ran i

0;)

kli~

ntiJng tJV pha,~. ra nh U'f1g tla khong nih in 'thay (Ilr?C1 cO th ~ xuy~rv qlla ni1Dng v,~t ma ti~ sang th u6ng k hdng, ai qu a dUi'Q''C, g(Ji ia C3.C tia p~16ng xa _ Dooi til c dlo-llngcua 'diefl hoo,g, t la ph6ng xa b] tach lam ba tla :

- T ia

- na P (b@-ta)II>$;h v~ ph fa eve
- 11 T (gam rna) kh6nlg II~ch ta tia s~ing (hlnh 1.S).

dJ$n tnrong. g6m cac t dT~Jfl nch ~;hl('.mBr co khoi .IU?'f~g bAng kh6i, IIJVhS CU.;J ngr"lly€n ttl' hell,
ct
lf~ C~.[Jj

[anph a! I$ch

phfa eve: am

n!,

(.t

rf(MIlI"!g_

ha i

dl.IDl'g cua di~n .[FuO'ng gom


cQ.3!di~ri tfuUn'gl
Co

cac her electron.

ve O~JI'C nao

ban chat g.i6ng nh u

N hung ngh~en. cuu v,e ba f1I ch!'t ell a h i~1i tl!J"9ng phong x g. dUlng to, r.~ng hat nhA n ella cac nguyi~n l~ ph6ng xa kll6ng bent t~r pn.§.n hUl' va phong 1"'(.11 tdc h~t v~t cnat khac n h a u nhu hat o, kern thea buc xa d i ~n tir n hi u t i a r. D6ng (hm v&.i h n$n tUi'Ql1g ph61llg X? tv n h j,en rI~u.b.n ta ,eolllg phat h i~n mOt sO Ila~i nguyen 'tLF CUi] mQ't s6 ngu)I1el1 t6 n han tao cO rig 'co khtl narng ph6ng X~ ..
~I l

3. Illng dung. (1Ua dd ng vi phong )(~ M~c du maH6.'i nam 18196 hien tU'qng phong

'hoc IPhap Bsc-co-ren, dang ke trong llcb su phat ~Fh~nCU~lthe ki xx va the ki <:hurrlg ta dang song_ I1ng d~lng a6ng v f ph o n g X9 trong c~c liln n VIJ'C khfk nh au oja kl till !J~t ooi 56n g Chrll, V~u d ua tren h a i yetJ (1 J I uong tac rnan n cua ti a phot.1g )(~ veri mo i hu&ng 'i/~l chat 11i_~116 dj qua I (2) Do Sl,f ph~t tta pft6ng ~, esc cT6ng \I! ph6ng x~ d~' ClUiQ.\[phat ni¢n bang cac may do phong xa, nen ~6 tlh.~ dong \Jai lr'6 cua cac n:gIJY'@n'k! dann d~LU .. Sau ct~y 103m¢t va i f.h r dL,! v~· un ~ d V I1g d61'lg \It ph ong xa.

xa mol ChlQC ph.cfut hi~n b6i nha bac nhun.g cac .d·ong v] ph6ng)G~ ct~1n h~rn ,eh6ng don g V·~i '~I'O h

to ::

va

al Troog ngtw:·n r uu _I nh hoc va nong r r.. r~p


Trong nhtmg thanh tvu rlL,FL rb g~n day CI;a n.gh'i~nrcoo di; triuy~n hoc, gij,i m.1 gen. t~m hjal su v~n (huy~n cac axlt amir! lrn~llg 0)' th€f sinh v~ti".' vai tr6 cua cac ngll}'BIfI rn~
V01

tu dSnh

d~lI I!a r~t q IIan tr'9ng~~Q IUIJ

I~ co 56 ella each m~ng xanh ~r@riI gi6'i. the Tta Y ClJal dOllg II i '&CtCoIa lac nhan li~t trnng, ch6ng flam r,r,6c h C'ru h i$!J .,ron g, bao quin luang, thirc .. thL/c pham va cac Ilo~i hi;'t giong, nh~~u tlnh "hit vi~t.

Cae ~ia ph6ng x~ co n~ng. hlQ'ng lool ~:.ay esc dot bien g:eli ra

Day

thilt'IJl1 cae gi:6ng,

b) Trona

hoc

Trfmg y hoc, cac dong \,II phong xa OUVCdung ~n_g r~i cho ho~t dQng i1ghi~n nyu,. ch~'n claim II~ a ieu tr]...C~C hop chat dan h dS.ul hoa phong Xii cung ap' cac '~h~ng ti n gULiphr~u hoc v~ l1~ii;ulg con ngooi I ve hoar d¢ ng eua .cac ca qua n ri~ng bi~t~ p:rl1,.ic t \l1J cho ch~n dean b$nh. Tla ph6ng xa dLIQ'C s(r dL,lng. trong cac phuong pha[l d"IJIJP ~~:t lOp. T U' I~u nglfO'i ta da ~Lr d~ ng d6n i§ v! 'I].~I trong. ·chan doa n v~. [ A.eU trj ~nh ~uy,~ gL~p. Tta r co fh1~' hOi tu tao thanh churn ~h:1. n;;)]ng~U\fflg 16n~dLiQ'CsrJ'dvng co nhu mOt Itr5i 000 sac (dao gamma l h(mg cac ca m6 khoFlot;l" cha>;t rnau (16~voi cae kh6i UI n.%ms~u 1,!'Orig nao, ma '1~nh nrltlan khbn g n phil.i gay me, cd tl~e: di h:ili dr"r;zyc ngay sau COl m6, ..., NJ,m 200S I m()t th i,~t b i "dao gam rna 1I1~':(U y~y dl d'l,IA.)'C: ua vao d

ca

[0'

Slr L)

d~ng (~V~~t N am

(t~i 8¢nh vi ~n Tr.wng £J~i 11QC Y Khoa 1"'I:ue).

I rong cong nghi(!p \.'d ngillcll

ciru khoa hoc

Phuong phap nguyeo [(r tlJ.l~h d:lu dUQ'C dung, r'c;;ngrai de' heo dOE 51j' di chuyerl C(I a Ill.WC m~ t, nuoc nga m ~ k.i ~m tra t(jc <f¢ lh&'m qua de, cJ'~PJ 'tlh~ m do d~IJ kh i" nghlen cuu co ch€ ctlia cac pban {rug. pnuc tap vj do dac cac hh~g s.6 hoa IL T i a. y v&~ k h~ nla ng tlJm xuyen m~!1h cho phep k i ~m tra dq. d~c kb it CUi! be tong va cae v~'t I'i,~'uk.§'r kh6'i, phat hi,*11 (:~c khuy€t t~t, nut, g~y n~m sau trong v~t 1~~!l,J ma. khong pha i pha mali .. ,~ng IUQrl£, /C(la tia phong x~ co th€! gay ra n h i~lJ bien d6 i hoa hQ'C, bi en ti" nh nhircu v·ilt lleutao ra cac va'~Ii:~u m6'~t v6i nhU'ng tlnh Lh~t cn,rc klrd¢c dao. C~C pnoong phap hat nharr co kh~ ri!.\tr:rg phial h i$n t.;tp (:h b n6ng 09 r5t Tlh6 (10-9 - 1 0-8)...d~ Jam thay dol dang kedi~t' m?o cu~ HoA n9c ph~n tfch hE~n da.i.. Pnan 't!:ch dcmg V! eno phep x.ac dj.n h tiJ 6~cua m~ u dat dA ho~c m~u ho~ th~.'chi"_.

at

CEdi

TR'ONG NGUIV£N TIJ. , OBITAN NGUYEN! TU


...

su CHUYEN DONG
• Trong

ellA E ECTRO'N

;j

The nao Iii abitan ingurin titv,a h'in'frI d~ng ooa chungr Ira ~o
cOr n,1h ung ~o~li,obitan nguyin

ch:uyin d9n9 n h IIth~1ill'Q ? SIl,f f chuyen dQ n 91 c~al e1,eG1:J:'"<l n co g:u6"ng ,SI/ eh uy€ n Id~nlgCiU:3.J Gao ~t th" ~6n h,ay khcin;g' '2
e lect'rnn

nguyen tOr;

ttt mam 't'n"o.ng n QLWillill ~?

1- SI) CHUVtN DONG

eVA

ELECT,RON' TRONG NGUYEN TiLl

M6 hlnh nguy'~n

ltr 'C'il do Ro-do-pho, Bo va Zom-rnc-phen {A. Sommerfeld)

(1'6xuang_ 'fheo m6 hlnh nay rrong nguyen Ilt cac electron chu y~n dQng tren 'n]hitrng qu Y dao tron hay b~hldue :.taG di~J'bxung quanh h{Lt nhan, nlur cac hanh tinh quay quanh m~t troi (hluh 1.6 . Do d6 me h)nh nay con dUQc gO] Iii rna hinlL hanh tinh nguyen tit.
Tuy nhien, :mo hlnh nary k111bng -)11,3nlmh dung trang tha i dmytl1, dQng dm, electron trong ng uyen '~tI. 'nhfmg '~huyftcua v~~ If hi~n dai, ra t'Yi&t tI~ng thal ch uy~n {H)ng Clla electron (n hUng hat vi m6 nheng h'}:t "110dJing @o) co nhtmg khilk bift ~ ban- chat so v& str . ... 'ChlU y8n d,(mgella n hmg v~t the vi mo (v~t 'tnt! Wn) rna ra tlhLl1oo.g q uan 3~h tll,:fy hang ngi~y,

nr

M6 hinh hfU1.h ti rib. ng'uY~ll til cua Ro- do-pho, 110 va Zom-mo-phen c6

Cloy rMiO
eleeeen

tac

d:~ng rat Idn d~n S1J' phat tT.i,en :1 i


d~' dIU gl • a:E j.1"./ h moi. ttn I1 Z ~, •. U L11I'!£::
I

thuyet cau
.lit 01:': ]::,""". ,u ~'j}J]g 'Ui1,y

t ~,iO
I

nguyen tlr nhung

chJft

cua nguyen tit

iH1p~1,~, M6 hlflh itM.# tmt1I'1gU~l.!

r,ti"

d'Ja Ra-4o''otw;j, 80 '1ft- ltIm-mcr-ph~

2.HDA 1(Io,NC - A

11

2. No hlnh hiin dqil \r'e 511 dl uy"


l

d(Jng [ila electron bong nguyefl

nt

obitan ngtIVa., tit a)

s~'chuye-n

d(lng

CU3

electron

trong nguy~d

tu-

'Irong nguyen hi, cac etectren chuy.en d¢ng l'ti~nhanh Kung quanh h~.t nhsn khbng' thee met qu.9 'd~ l\ac dinh uao, ,Gia S-II hiing la c6 the chup .a.nh electron e cua ngu y®n tl.r hiero & mot thoi d:if~:nnao d6, ne'u cluing ta hili chup inh ,cr mQt thcri di€.m ti~ thee ~N electron se 6 m?t v~ .lu"li khac, N6u, chnng ta chO[lg hang
tr~¢u lOde ail'ih thu d.u'gc sao cho hat rfh:lln '~rUrng nhau dl~ hlnh ~;(JJhthu duqc b~ng each lAp ,gbep ,co the gi6ng nhu ID9t (trun, mAy clut!C tao thann tb mQt rn't 1l6lil. Me Mu chrun~ m8i dau cbam bi~u dien m.¢t vi tri cO-a electron xung quanh h~t nhan. ;V6i, v6i ngu yen '~i, idro, st,r c.huy61l d,Qng cua electron Co thi '~lnh dung h

;so

nbu 'Il'i~)tdam mai,y tich di'~n am. V ~ m,~ Ii dmyer thong c6 dUOng bitn 1'0 nit cua dam, m~y tich di~l1~n.ttUng rhq,c w' co [h~ v.e thanh mOt m4t cong ban quanh h&u [J~hU' lOO:!] bq di~n Uch ella dim ro,ay.
j

h] ObitaH nguyen, t i1'

Vili._ngkh~ng gian bao quanJl hat nhfin ngu.y~n til ctrta hau nhu loon be) d.].~ tich cua dam may dU'i~ ,g9i lit obitan nguyen 'illr. Thy nhien, m,~t d¢ di~n tlch kh6n.g a6ng ~teutrong khong ,g]aJ] Iliay- M~t dQ cac d,au ch€fm day d~c fl(j[1, b g~n ~ nb~n" chUng cae electron ihuOitg xuyen {j gin ~I: nbin hon Ia (1 xa h~t rrhim.

to

:NlE!y electron cilJ\ ngll.ly:n tit hidro 'cr 't~g thai co bat:lJ v1Lmg kh6rag gian cb dang hlnh c.fiu b~JO kfnh tnmg binh 0,053 run (hluh 1.7).
NhU v~y ': Obltan ngN,Jbt tIt la khu wIt'

'~l~tI hu n

t~p trung troog

fi19t

kh6:ng gian ;.t~;ngquanh hgl. nhan rna t{il d6, _r6c suat cd ~n{it (.uk sud.t tim th.ay) electron klu.Jdng 90%. Obitan nguyen tu dl1~ckf hi~u.ia, AO (Atomic Orbital).
Hinh 1.']'. i!tI-&iri; ~y. a-ie{ifro.fl' ng~"'n ru Mdro

hiM du ~

11

:2.HC')t 'II0.NC -

e.

De: cho tien Iqi v& don gian, n.gl.wi ta cilng co tllL~' bi6u di~n obitan nguyen til" hidro b:ing m¢.t m~t cong net He.n thay eho hlnh anh cac Mu cham (hlnh 1.. ), 8

o
,

III HINH DA.'Nti OOrfAN NGUYEN lU Khi chuyeo d¢ug treng UgLiyen t(r; ,cac electron co the c:hi~ID m.hG'lil,g mec namIg JU<!llg Jd:mc nhau a~ tnmg cho trang thai. d~li1y6t'Jl dOng ClJ3. no, Nlumg electron
=

d'my~n d¢ng h~t nhan bon, chienll "hijng mlk:: nt'ing lueng mip hon 'll"'rC 'I 6 trang Ih~Ubfu hem. Mting electron c uy$n d9ug 0 xa hat nhan co nang hlQ'Dg cao hon.Dua tren sv. I:;h,1(: nhau v~ trang thai ella electron ttong nguyen N'! n,gll1ii1l ta .It" ntlAu loai thanh cac obitan s, obitan Ill, obiran d v~, obi tan f. Hmh dang; cac It'.. .., obitan So v,~P du:gc bjj~1]dien tren hlnh ].9 vtt 1.10.
,z.

gan

't'
AO

1\

To hinh ann cac obiran ngtllyen tUi clning ta tha;y :'


Obuan
is

co dang hlnh cau,

tarn liL hat nhan

nguyen dl.

Obitan p gom 3 obitan .P,., Py v,~ Pi. co. dang htnh ttim n6i. Mtioi obitan c6 811 d,!nh hu.r6ng kh~ic nhau trong kh6ng gian, clu\Jl]g tl.~nobitan Px dinb hnang thea true x, obit-an Py dinh huong theo [1'~lCYI.'. Obitan. d, f co hlnh d~ngp.huc t~p hen,

so

BAI T~P
1~ Ob-tlcan nguyli!n 'tir Itlidro Cl' ~ng thai W b:aFlJ ,06 d9lfng; h,irth
G,

....

,~

cau va cO barn kil'rnh 'kung binh

la,

A 0 ;045 nm,
B. 0,053 nm, Chq. n (Mp ejf] rju l'ig. :2. Obita n Py 06 d~ng, hlinh s6 tam rl10i

0,098 nm,

D" 0.058 nrn,

A. d~c dlnn hwng Nileo true z.


B. dl.fQ'c djrrrh hU'C3ngtheo w,c y. Oh~n dap ,an dung. 3. nap an 'nao dung trong cae dap

C. di.l<;1.cdlnlh hudng) thee '~r~cx,


D, klh6ng dint! h'lAAlg thee tn.Ju nao.

an '$-SU dAy ?
olft;1C, 'tim 'tfJ ~y
\I] ,€':1edron

Tron9lrii91uJY9 A" trong


h~t

'tu h idro ele.ctron


i

thLfifng

nhao nguyen ~ti.

8. ~n Ulgool hirt liMn

?'OOQ ¢ gan h~\ nhan


X8

'b~ hU1 bat hE;ltproton,

c. ben
O.

ca b~n

ro~

ngoai h~t nhin va thlfO'ng i} .ngl!J~n llf' do.

ht;1t nhiEtrf, VI th4 tloh ngulyen til i~ mary 'e:'ladron ~m lh~~l.o

~rO-1iJg Mm nlg'o~i ~l rJJh~n, vi eleclIOn luen d~ va, h trans ng lIye.n tl1.

oat

kl aha. nao

4. Co th~ m6

ta ,sJ!chUJyen d9n9

cua et€ctn:m ~roflg nglJJy~n tU' ~ng cac quy d~o ,chuy,§r.

d©ngl klh6ng ? T,€,l sao ?


5. Thea II thuyet h!~n d'~i" t~ng th~i chu~lend¢flg cua electron Irdng nguyen hi ~i.l(JoC m6.

ta ~

1iIg!

h~nhanh g! 1-

'6. Trinh bay hlnh d~ng CUiii obtt@ln ng l!Iyl!n tCr s, p va neu r-{j s~ ~nh hU6li91 khac nhi3Ju cua chung tron:g khong '91ian.

cae

THANH PIHAN

LU'Y¢N T AP V~ :

KH61 LUONG CUA NGUYI:N Til CBllAN NGU'YEN TU

csu TAO NG'UYE,N Til

'. Oung co i(lli.n th (fe, ve 'Ilanh phi," ciu ~o 'n,g ulfen ~lr~ h~' nll1alill f'II,gu:vet:1 ttl, kitch '{hU"&,~kh51'h19h_g" di~n tf~h I~U~ ta~ hf;t. • Hwi~ kh~i' !['i I,m ng uyim bS h oa hgc'r kT hi~u n9luf~en tlf~, Id 5"19v[1" n.gu~in kh'5i ngu:yen ttl khoi, vung 'biflltiu. obilan ~ ''lfe. n~gU~1iI t~
1

tw

l,

,. Reni Iuy,~n Iki nalilg xile di n h sif[ e le~rtilr'Qn!1proton; n ~mn v,a nguyen tit :kh6li k:~li'b~et.kJ ,h"i~,unguyen tU'.

A '", KIEN TH.Oc: C:'&',N NA,M VONG 1 ~Nguryeltl

Bin 00' proton

tu- d'Uli;Jetijo nen


va
notron

boj electron

va

to ~t nhan. H ~t III han ,dlJli1c~o

fte:== 1-; me ~ 0;00053 u,


q.p '...' 1+ '; Itlp ~ ] u.

q[~ 0 ,;'rrt.lt ~ 1 ;;;;'

Ill.

2~ Trang nCiU¥elll Ilr~ sO proton Sl'fkh(5i A =:Z + N_

= so '~'Ie(,b"on

Ngu}!~" tur kh6i duvc. coi nruJ bang tori!' so Ca,C proton '¥' A eac notron (g~i[!l ung). d Nguyen lUr khdl GUill nl\,l nguyen to co nhieu d6ng vi, :!a, nguy@:t:1i tiT kh6i u'uog btnh cua cac d6ng v,j'j co tlnh d:ei[JJ[ ,~,~ l phin u:i}nn s,6 nguyen ~r 'rn,~i d6ng vi. !ena,

Nguyen ~~ 11,00,h~~H;g&utr'JJ !l~'!J~lngnguyen ~,Y' cung; di~n 'tkb h~t nhilD, Ca"c d;6ng- vi cua mgt n.guyen ~6 hQ~ih9C ,iilJ caic nguyen tir co cung 516 proton, kh6.c
,~6:lftotton.
Kf hl~u

co

3.~S6 hi~U neuven Wi' Z, va SOl kooi A


LlgU)~~n tit

a~( 1nlngche nguyen tUi

4. 0 birtan nguyen
obitan nguyen tit

tu-

~ x,

- Omy.Gn dqng dla. electron trong :ng1ll:y~fi

tu dt]"qc m,t ta b&irlJ[.hiinh 3r1,h1 ctila ca,¢


21

- Obitan nguyen 1:6:]a khu we kheng gian xung quanh h~t nhsn :ma,tai d6 x,ae s'u~t co. m~t. (hay xac 8uie 'tlm thil'y) electron khoang 90 %. tit h'idr{j liL U'iH')t kho'i re.au co b.,m kfnh O~05:3DIIIl.. "TI'Ougthe: tlcll.kb.6i cau mly l~'p trung klwmg 90% xac Sl.II£t (:6 m,~t{hay xac su.fit ttm Ihay) electron x ung quanh hat nhan, Th( d~{ : Obit~:n dia
I]gu~n

- Or: obitan p;(' P:-- ~ fz (dU9C viet l~ AO-px - AO-Pyt AO-pz;) co d~l1g hmh 86 tam n6i, d~nh h:ur.6lig theo 3 true x, y va z CiUll toa dQ ·~,-cac .

he

B-BAIT~P

.,

...

1,. MQ1rnguY€!Wil to' (,;eJ a, nguy'en to' X cO 75 electron sau day laJ cia n9u~l.§nt6 x ?
1,8.5 A .. 11[) X' 'I, ,
D !k'I.

va 11() n otren. FJt&i b


D'
'.

hi~U n,guy~n tlfu Fl~G

185X '185

.,..,. .......

~MX'
7'5'.

'1:$'0 r...
"'9

'75""

,2.

Nguye.n tlt nao sau d~y dnU'a dang ,


A M.

thai .20

no: ron,

proton
"

va 19 ele.ctr'o,n ?

37C'" 17 ,I.

III

391 , K
19 "

',"",

,'""

40.'nl~' 1.8i'""W ,

,,4:GC" D":20

,"i9l.

3. Theo

s6 Ili~1J!(5 ban'9 1.1 bad 1. Hay tint! : , 8/) Khoi I. 19n {g} cOa 111guryert hI nitd (goo, 7 proton;" L gr dIron." .elec~ron). b) 11' Si;)' kh6i ~~!i9 COOeleo1roo wong, ngu!t~n ~} niW so' vOl kh6i IligOg wa toan ngifye~ fu,

4. BJI~'t ~ng flgluyerl1,5. ago~ co. ba dong vj knse nhau, tmg '!!d~s6.ll::h6i 36., ,33 v.~ A. Ph;§;n tram $6 nguyen tUt'cu':a cae dong· v[ 'twangl On'g I~n lugt b.aJng : 0;34% ;, 0,06% ~ 99,6%, il'n h so khoi o~a, a'ding v~A. eua ngu;yen to agon, biet :nglJJy~ifIJLr khoj 'If.u~g blrilh eaa agon t ~ng 39,98.
5. Ng UYE!:!l t.6 Mg cO bc'! a6ng v.j lrng v.c1i thanh IPnan lph~ntr~.m :nhul sau ;

Dong vi %
:a.). l('n'h ngu'1~n 'i_1U

24.Mg

25Mg 10 ,-DO

26Mg

1.8,.ss
li::tJ15i lrufllg blnh cla Mg.

11,01

b,) 'G.ia sO' twong b.6n h9P no] tren 06 50 nguyen til ,25Mgl, till' sO' nguy@n oua hai dong
\I~ ron

la WOng

Ctmg

~? Iia oao ~

IrrthrBU ?

: LOP 'vA. PHAN LOP EL CYRON


" Tmn gl nguyen.

tir!. cae eJlet;tr~," d~c p!han bo·njh~ ~h;e ? n,a"o

.' T~' n aO' la I'~p ~tlecltron" p,han 1'd'Pellec1~n 1


.' C6 baD nhietEobibt:n fig uy~n
'tr,ong: ,m~t: p;hJin

'IUl

troJlIQ M9t ~dp elle~ro.·n

Id\p IU me eil:lfoo ? 1111

va

Trong

'f!~rJj

11...:"- 1""-",, ~rui.J.J~L

tfu:~eac elecrren &rqc sip xep rhanh ([rug 16p~cae lOp clj~ x,ep let ~,t.~ '-~, _ -,'_ i>.,~ ~ .......... v~ ..... ..... f_.,_~ t;i")i~& Mn _' ""t_ ]1J:J'ffi1 .rt~ ngo,t1II. \ ... .... electron ~ en t!;iW.ll;:. mM I,An ""A t,Il!.;o[I~¢ ,_....... ~'"' <5!O'" '. ~l-.i.:]to" nh.i1u '" ):1..... ........u U.II III Jl IJI ~,
"'~<fi,;:) \!}._ '_

sap

Nhm.1g electron

(j

~6:ptrong

lien tel: 'vro h~.'t :nh$tnbin, eh~~ hon iiibiimg electron 0


hrJQng 'V&O s()

16p ngoai, Do d6, nang Iuong cua electron 6 I~ trong th$lp hon nang electron .fJ ]$p ngooL '\fjJ, v~y! nl'kl1g A-~ CU(~ electron clitu ytu ph:1!Jthu¢e
UirCi' hl ella, 1dp.

Thu

l;l;t.'

cae J6p electron


n ':;;;'1

duqc ghi 'bAng cac :s6 nguyen n:= l 2 3 ~',.." 7" 2. 3 4 .5 -6 "1
j j

Theo trinh 'I.~ sap xGp trta 16p K "ill ~, 1) l:h l¢p g~,n h~t nfuJln nh ~~LN2iJngluqng .cU;8[ lectron tren ['Op n8J.y:~il. htfp nJ1it, e l lien kel g]il~ electron tren lOp My ytJij h~'[ nhiJJill~ Mn chat nhat, nji 'li€p ilioo Hl ID!bUrJig electron CUE 16p ring vrn n 16t~, hon co IDHn.g ]u~g cao bon.

Ten 16p: 'K

s.,

If - PH.AN LOP ELECTRON


M6i 1qp electron phan ehia thanh cae phan lap dttqc ki hieu bang cdc c,_fu!] c6j viet dil~mg ~
S']):1

cae clcceon

tren ,C:IBng ]m.'O~phsn lap co neng .lll(fftg oong nhau.

d,

f_

S6 p.hful [lOp hung moi. l,Op bang 36 lha .n;t ICU a lap do.
L6'p thlfi: nhfit nO]? K) c.6 I p.hAn 16p~,d6 In phan 'lOp 1s
u

Lop tint hai ([6p L) co 2. phan 161'- d6 la die phihlAdp 25 va 2p. Lop thrt ba {[,6p M) 00 3 phan l6p~ d.6 13:·cae phan lap 3s, 3p
Lop th~ 11 co n phan lOp electron ..

va 3d ..

LO'p thir to (JOp N) cO -4 phan lOp .•dO. 1a cac pharr lop 4s t 4 p, 4d v~ 4f.

Thy nhien, tren 1l1~C .~€ bon 110- (i~~ye:[IJ 18 ern b.i€t~chi co s6 electron di~n ¥Cri ~ '1.. _, ·ii-..t I~ 1 ,!;,f.il, "jf • vao bon p~~al1 -~p,' ~ lOP
Cac electron

,c, 'phan lop

s dU'Q'C gt)'i ]G calc electron s,

6 phan [·op P

d\rqc g9i Hl

. cae 'electron Pl ...


In _,so. OBITAN NGUYEN

Till mONG MOT

PHAN UJIP EL'ECTRON

Trong mQt phan 16'p~cae obitan c6 ctEng mue It~l:lgruqng, chi Id1d,c nhan 811d! nh huUng rrong kh6ng g. an- 56 va. dang 0 bitan phu thucc vao di).c dMm cua m3.i phan lOp, electron :: - Ph&n lfJp' .-011 00 I obitan,

co dffi ~(mg

cau b:'Qng ld\tlng gian (bJinh.1.9).

- ph-an

'op' [)' : Co

3 obitan Px.~ P)I~pz d~nh hl1d.n.g theo eac true x, y v:?i 1:

(hlnh i. 10).
- P'hdn lap d : Cd 5 cbitan, djnh hireng khac nhau nang khong gian.

- PhJn, lap f

.. -7 obitan, cung Co

d~nh hl1'oog khac nhau trong kh.o ;,g gian,

NhU' '\l,~y : 'so obiran troIlg Cae phau i~ S; p, d, f nrong dug' rn eac s6

~e::L, 3~ 5, 7-

~'V ...SO OB'ITAN NG:UYEN

Til lRONG

MOT LOP ElE(.TRON

S6 obitan
- Ulp

trong ]6p electron thO n la. n2 obltan :

K, (n ~ 1) c6 12

- L6p l (n ~ 2)

co 22 = 4

1 obitan, (i,o IAobitan ~s,


0

bitan, gdm '1 obitan 2s \0'8.3 obitsn 2p. gom.1 obitan 3~; 3 obitan 3p
Vfl

- LOp M (n .~ 3) co 3"2

= 9 obitan,

5. obitan Jd,

- L6p N (n ~ 4) ,c6 4,1 .=: 16 obitan, ,gom 1 obiran 4s.; 3 obitan 4p, :5 obitan 4d va '1 obitan 4f.

24-

1. Cae ,g,bifao '~roF\9m¢'t pMrtl I.Op, el~c:trQn


A. ,00 clurg s~ dinh huangl trOing khb'fIIQl 9 i.;ill1. B. -c6 coUn 9 m({c, iI,ang I~ng.

C. kihac n hau

"ie' mUG,n.a-ng IWn g.

'D. co hlnh d~ilg kh6ng' ph ~ th Wl9~vao d~c diem moi ph.-arll 1,i3'p ..
f-fay chon d,;§p a·n d1D ng..

:2. The Il!~OIta k~pva phiUl lOp €Iecl!roil_ Sg I<h~c nhau gii ~ ltip v,a ph§ n I~p eleetron ? 3"

Hla~cho

bi€t

ten c'lJa

esc !~p .:electron ClingVCfti cac

nia 'ID~ cira

= 1, 2:, ,3", 4- va chQ·

b~§t

o~c Idp db I\~n iLf1! co. baa nhieul plhim lop etectron "7

4. His.y eho bi€.t $6 P h~n II tip elec~ron~ dbilan 06 trong lOP M. va N. 30 ,5. Ve h inn d~ng, eac 'OblWlr! b,.
~;$

v~ Caq, ,o·bii;an ,2p:o:, 2Py; 2 Pz:

NANG LUON'G ellA . Ac ELECTIRO . TRONG NGUYtN ru (AU HiNH EL'ECTRON NGUYEN Til
'. Tr,ong; ,ng'uyen

._

I""ng nao '1 'i'll'inh til :s'fD.x:e."'p·ca.c· rn~ n'in.lg [I~nrgl ra sao? ·~ ... . .:Q . ~ t') . ua VI~C:: pnan b~ eae e Itt ("on ·rol'l,gf ngUlyl~~!n1:iIj" t'" n ec n h Ilng n'Q:uyen H va. qllil)' taco nao -7
I

tOi~1CB c

el,eclro,rn 'ch lim rnhO'l1f) g m U'c; niln 9

nay.

,.:11h .eo. i',

.' 'Ciu hinh electron n g]uyen tit I,a g~ ? C,ach viet c~ electrQ n rnguyE!!n In hl,lJ" the n90' l'

tu·

h tnh

I ~ NAN G L.UONG (UA ELECTRON TRONG :N'GUYI:N TU


" ~Mlit: nti ng ~ng Trong, nguyen tit.
obitan

obitan nguv@:n tlr

2 phan lcr.p la 2s vilJ2p. Phan lap 2s, chi co m~t obi tan 2s, ,c/o·:!) phan lOp 2-p c6 § 3 obitan ~ 2p,;i;."2p.y, 2p,._. erk electron i .dma.eric obitan P trong _phan 16'p nay tuy OJ co S-iJ ~.j:t1hhlID'flg hung khOng ,gian khac : nhaa ~nhung chang 06 cling mdc mln,g '0
Q

1a m'l1c ndng ht(ing obitan ng II_yin (i_I. (mtrc nang luvng AO) cae electron [(M c~c obiran khac nhau eoa cillllg m~~'~h1}n 10p cO [iI,~ng luqng p nhu nhau, Th I d~ ;' Ub.g v~,i n = 2.~ta -CO

ro'Ljt mnic nang lugng .x.ac din 11;.NguOi ta goi m Uc nang llLl:gng Day

c.6

cae electron

tren m6~

I
t

1i
if 11

,

•••••• Sd ••• ••
•• 1iI
~p

.~. .1LIii. .....• .......


&II
'

~r

511,
4>1!I

IIiiI

is I;!

.:!Ir

:32
J2

la

.l

Hi

.llll
~

2$

•••

I [
8

\:I

lU'qngAO .

.2. T'rat tv cae mLrc nang IlfQng abitan ngtlyentir


Th ·_~c 'n.gh.ii~. .va 1".thu.'i1£~:cho thAll khi .J·.:IV hi~u nguyen 'lU: Z tmg~ cac mric nang lUQl1gAO tang d~n theo trinh t~·ssu :
!.!'. .,; .., ~.t(

Htn'h 1..1 'II. Mf$ qu.an h~ vd m~ ~)I!i(tGi.i'tP:!ng cua ~c abllsJ'i' lrong nh~ ppSn !(ifJ khac fi'h<l~

] s 2.s 2p 3s 31' 48 3d 4p 5s 4d.5p 60s4f 5d 6p 7<;;. 6d_ .. 5f

26

TIr trinh 1~1'nlUc nang hf~ng t~t"n AO cho ]:h~Y khi (n.~n neh ~t uhan tlilig co s.~~ cfUJn fmtC n3.n,g Iinmg, mlic 4.s tn) nen lhf'p hd'fl 3d,! nnic 53 th~p bon 4d~ 68, 'Lh air

hon 4f; jcI,.,.

u ~ CAe

NGUYEN

u vA

OUY

TAe

PHAN 8 0 ELECTRON fRONG


1

NGUYE-TU
SI! 'phan b6 cal~electron trong .llg'U1,y,en. ell tufin theo ngu~n li Pau-li, nguyen If 'vUng lOOn vA quy de Hun (E Hund), 1~Nguyen Ii' Pau~f
a)

o lU'<;m,g

~fr

'D& b.i~l] di~11i,obitan nguyen '~ifr mQt eacb d:cm g]cm~ng!iu~i ta con dung t!) vuong :nbo" d~ goQjj H~,I. h(qng tU:. Mt)16 ~,LTgng iing vo'i mot AO., ( ill
Tit! dl;,i :ibg 'v6i n ,~ 'I chi co.m~~e OitaJE1J 1, ' ta ve O m(l'l 0 vuong. (bg vdi n = 2. co m,c)t 0 bitan 2s v:t

ba obitan 21' (2px; 2py va, 2pJ ~t2L we rnQIit) vuong thuQc phfm lop 2.s Vtt ba {'}wOng thnoc phan 16p 2~ ba 0 vuong nay ducqc' y~ ]i~ nl13.11, d~ chi ['.fing cac obitan 2p co cliug mire nang lw;mg AO~ nhl1ng cao hal1 AO -2s. (hlnh I. ].2 a, 'va hlnh I .,li2:b).

,P1'tLI-li ~ng

P~ffj (l900 - 19'58)

Obitan:

Zs. 2P.:.t. 2.J;i~. ~~


{b)

b) Nguyen

h Pau-Ii

Tren m~',tobitan chi c6 thl. co nflilu llh.lit li1 hai electron va hai electron ndy C'hMJe~d¢.ng, t~tq,~y khJc. chi!u nhau xung quanh trtIc I'ieng cua mJ.i electron.

Nguoi ta biiu thj ch.h~11 t¥' quay khac nhau quanh true rit!11,g eua hat eleciron bam~g2 miH ten nho :' Mqt rmli ten co. chi~[] di ]~n.:, InQ1: mill ten co cbi~u di xu5n,g. Trong rru,)'iobitan da co 2, electron. thl2 electron d6 gqi]a electron ghep
dbi (hmh 1,.13~). Khi obitan dl[ 06 m¢'l electron till electron dO. gQi ]:3, electron d(Jc than (htnh 1.130).

Lm
So ~ eerron
el ecsro«.

2 e'JeolrQr:i :g~ilSp d'oi

(~)

OJ
~ ele,clron O~C th1in

(Q)

c)

toil da trong 1:11.9t ~16'p trong mot va

p h~n

]ap'

~.So electron r& da trong nUll ldp electron ,:Ta.d~l.hi-tit .Iop 0 co, .['j:t! obitan.,M·6Ii obitan thee nguyen li Pau- Ii ce t6i cia 2 electron. Do c1'6 : Lap n c6 1'61. da 2 n2

- So electron ,'fifi' da trong m¢(' phdn liJp electron .: o.]]J,g thee nguyen Hi Pau-li ,. ta co th€ bill ,dlltqt 86 electron t6i da, 1;['0]]8' w¢;l pba_1l lap. Phan Tot};, chi co m~t obitan, v~y chi eu t6i. da 2 electron, Ph![l lop p c6 3 obitan nen c6 t:6i. da 6 eleC1tOl~.Jcitm.g hr pl1:an ~dpd. ,06 till da 1. 0 electron, phan .Itip f ,co. wi da t 4 electron, Ta co the bi6~ diClll .$6 electron tril da kong eke. pU~,JulOp b~llgcac e.. ht9'u;£ tU hen
hlli~h 1.,'14.

f1~1 u·ltH
(b).

(0) Pht':lm.16'p P ~

(e) Phan .IOp d ;

dnng k r h:l~1IJ I s"2., d dJy.~s6 1 dlmg ben t:rn.r chi hip 11. ;;:;; :1 ,. chn s chi obitan .s~ : 0562, (} phfa b~n ben .phai elri s6 electron ,c6 ¢b~ trong obitan I s. (JM :sir phan Oiic phlr), [.6\p ; :s"2; 1'6~ d 10, (14 'co dli1 scJ. electron t~.i da goi Hl phan lap 000' hod. ·COn pll.ln lOp chua .(lit s6 electron '~Si da g9] Ut ph&-n lap chua baa hod. Till d~. cae; phan ]6p s 1. ~ p3 df'., fi 2...
t

Mit!t each ·~h~. d! bl.eu ditn trzyng thai] electron cua obitan ] s chua 2: electron tao

lOp 2p 00 6 electron,

ta

'viet ; 2p6.

2,. Ngu.y@n 'Ii vimg bi~in

thcil co ban.; t.l"ong .rtguy.6n U.f cifc electron chhfm ian l~~ .nhrJng obita» CD mUt nang {;{J~'ffrlg thifp cUh caa ~ t&(
trf1llg

Thidl! : NgU}'en III hidro (Z ~ 1.) c6 1 electron, electron nay se chlt!m obiran J s (AO-I So) co. mac nan g h:H'lng t~i(p riliat. DO' dO. .;;:6 lh~ bi'~l& di~l] 8:~ phan b6 electron cua nguyen Lir, hidro I~,: 1s ,[: Bi~u dien bal1g 0' llu:m,g tIT la, ~

11'

N guytJn I U hen (Z~' 2)


c:tmng chi~m obitan Is

co

co 2 el(:c tron, 'rhea nglJ1y~n li Pau- ~'i, al electron nay h IUIl1c. nang, ~,U'Q'i1,g th~:p nW.t BOi \.r@y S'I:! pJ:uln b6 electron

N' . uybl fa !.iti ,Z = 3) c6 3 electron, 2- electron trUoc c hi€m obita 1 1s va aa, baa hoi, electron C(;'T.iI, lai chie'rn obi-Ian 15, '~jepthen 00 mric nAng IltQi[].g can b.QIJ, Do do sl$ phan b6 electron rren cac obitan Glut liti t~ ; ~' sl2s
M¢,t, each tuong
--+-

tren obitan 'c"~,aheH :Hm ] s~ __,.

I t .J

[tt~ IT,] 25
1;;2 -

ta 06 uh~vi61 dU'Q'c 5~i' pha:n b6 electron rren cac obitan c iia cac ngnye.n t6 tiep thee, Thf drJ :

t'!-,.

TI;IJy. n hien, k11.01.1gnhat hi6t luc nao cfi~g phiti bi€u ~JiE;ncac AO-2p pJuli cao hen AO- 2s.,_" Vb s.e oong kenb. Ngu(1i ta chi bieu di!n s Y' cao, map ,cua. cac 6 _ [uqng 1ir khi can the hien m(re naflg hrong khac nhaa c tm, tm.llg phall lap electron, ;3. Quy

tat Hun

Trang ctsng m¢t phdn /(rl!; tac electron se- phem bt/ tNJr.1 (~,ckobiian sao ('110 so electron (tile them iii rdi' da v,a Cae electron nay. phai chi'e.u lif' quay giej'n:g nhas: T1:11 SIl;t. pha~b6 electron tF~l1 cae obitan cua nguyen tit. cac bon, ni tcr nhu sao :: du

co

N (Z = 7):

Cac electron d~c than trong m(H nguy~n tU:' dltc:;t"CJ bj~U! bEng esc ,m'fij t!&n cilmS k chien, rln.r.ang duoc vitt huong len :rr.e:n" 2:9

111

csu HINH

ELECfRON NGUYEN
tn~T1Ii

nr

1 .' cau l1i I1lh e lecuon

'bI

Cdu' hinh electron nguY'in bila dil.l'i: Sif phcbt b6 electron tren cdc phdn t6rp thtl.¢c cac lap lrJuiocnhau. Quy u@;C' each viet cau htnh electron nguyen U;t " - SO'tiiLl!tl$ kip electron duqc viet b~ cac chu 810 {I, 2, 3.,.J - Pharr lrjp' dLrgt 11' hieu blnllg ,chit 'Cal [hu:bng (s p, d, f). - .$6 electron du!Q"c ghi bang chi s6 b phL1 tren, ben :phai :ki' hieu cua phau -~2 ,2 ,h;r'p (.$ , p ~"".). C&-ch iVia faU hln-h: e lectron n.gtijN!n .til ,- Xac d~n,h.s6 electron 1"IIguy6n 11],;

tu-

cn~,

- C:;;',c electron dU'Qc ph&1lJ b6 theo th'!l' 'L~' 'liing d~n cac m.c[c nang lU'Qng AO; (11$0 esc ng:uy~ If va quy t~c phan b6 electron Iron:g nguyen tir, - Viet cffu hinh electron thea ~~(i' I! Cae phan lOp trong :m¢t lOp yiJJilioo tba tg: I cill.a. cac ]o,p electron,
Th[ d¥ .-

11 electron, Ct~h:1nh electron ella Na nhu sau ~ 1$22s22{l!63s1 'Fe (Z ;;;;:: 00 26 electron. Do co s.~ chen mlEr 'Iling 'hrQlig~ Cae electron d'LtqC 26}
phan b6 nlnr sau : 'Is22s2 2p63 Sau do ph&j S$"p j(,i$p
&2-] p6:4

Na

(Z ;;;;;; co 11}

s.z 3d Q

eac pMn.

]6p theo tl:rt'!,gl:6p : 1s22s:22ptij.S23'p63dil54:s2


'2"

H'~~.C'vi6~ gen ]a : '[Ar] 3d~8


~t

[Ar 111~1i h ie,u can l!l~ electron ngnJ!y~n rn ciia nguy,~ t6 agon, U. khf hl~m, g~n. I~h

d:V:ng tw6'c Fe.

2 ~(A'1lJ hi nh e:lectn:m nguy-An


DI!H \!,,8,0

tu '(jOal mOt so nguyen

to

,ca,c nguyen If va quy 'b\c neu 0 tr.en ta co tl1.~ xay dung cil'u hlnh electron nguyen it cua cac nguyen t6 khae. 'Dum a,ay Ht cau htnh electron

nguY&ll tfr c'ilia 20 nguyen.

to d~.u tien ~mng ba~~

In~1] hoan (bfIJ.1L,g 1,,2.),.,

a,eng 1.2' Cau "inh etectron bJiin ho,an


2.

nguy elfl' tU ella 20 ngtl"{E!1l1

to da u tien tron
,iI,

g bfmg

Nguy€hl
t~
E-l
5.1 1$.2

c~u hlrnh
electron

Ci§,U hln'h electron Vlru. dlKti ct'? ng 0 IUQ'ng


I" ... , ,~

"II

~I,J

[[]

:2
3 4·
1)

H~ li

'1s~2.s1

eel
18

~y..2s:l'
1s2 .2::;22p

6
'7 8;

c
Nl 0 F NEIi N'~I MQl AI

14

2::;2 :2~2

'1~ 2s:2 2p~ 1~


2S2

2114

1s".l

25,2 J'p,:5

10
t1 12

1's2:2s:2 2piil 1i:s! as2 2~ 3·s ~ 1sf 25.:22p~' 3s2

13
14 15 16.· 17 18

..

1 S.2 ~ 15,2
.~

2p'fi. 3S.2 3;1)1 ;2pS. 35,2


~

S.
P
$.

1S2 ,2;S2 2p&

3:;;.,2 ~~

1~2

25:;::

2'p6 3s. . 3.15.4

CI Ar K
'C;a

1$'2 2S.Z ~13 3$2 3p5

t~,'22s,2
1j~

.~

~~:

3~

1H
.20

2~ 2f} ~~ ~p'(,;4::;;1

I I IITJ

'11~~2.8.:2.2;pr€i 31$2' sp:6. 452

CJ::J U
:31

3~D~c m~mrua lop eiectron ngoa.' .:(1 n\g Caic electron b lOp ngoal dl'llg q u yet difth Hnill ~haE hoa h9C

cua m()t

nguyen, t6'.

a) De).] vcri nguyen t.Ur. eM cac nguyen [6~56 electron hlp ngoai cumg r&, d~ 1~8. Cae nguyen ~!Lr ~ electron ~&p,I1goai, cnng d~u nli't b~ vmg, chang h£u nhu ,kh6ng co tham gia
VaG

cac :phan. lang boo b9C. Do HI cac nguyen tili' !Chi :biiem (n[~He ,00 s6

'electron Mp ngoai cung l~. 2).

b) Ca,c nguyen tIm- co. l ~~ 3 electron b ksp ngoai cung Ht eae nguyen
H~ He

va B). 6"

tu kim lo~~,(hit

c} (\1c nglli.y~'u n:r co, 5,

7 electron tJ 16p fligotd c~mg thU,oog lao c~.":!lg:l)ly~i1Jtb


.(j

phi kim.
d) ('.l!Jc ng,l;iI,yeliJl ph ikim,

ta' co,

4 electron

h:fP' ngoa:i CUr.i~c6 fh~ J~, :rJJg\ly!~J1 r.lE kim loai hay

1.

rlav ghep
~u

ci"u h lnh ~~~ctron ci: 't~ng th,a i cd iban


hlnhl electron

vtrJ
CI

n,g UY@r1 til til fCh hc,ip

N~u.y,'~ n

~Lr

A., 1"822s22p5 8. 1$22s.22p~ C. 1,sZ2:S2,2pb3s23p4

a.

b. S

C.O

D. 1~22~;2Zp~3,s~3p~;
,2',

d, F

SI!fi'phan b6 electron Iro,ng ngu'f\8n ill- 'kJ@if't thee nhU"ng ~gl:ly,8in Ii va qu}' t~c 'gt ? H~y phat big,u Cae 'nguyen! Ii va qu.y t~c. do. L~y th r dl\;l m Inh! hoa. T~i see trorrrg so a6 ph€!in bO '~I¢ctrof'l ~~a ,nguyen til eseeon (C: ~S:2;2$.. 2 p2:), ph~n l:op 2
2p ~~j blgu d~~1fiinhu sau :

,;3"

I t I f II I..

41. r:iay vH!·t ciil!Jl Mf1~1 eleolf)D11 dla eac if1I'Yuy~m b1' co, z; ~ 2!1)! Z ;;; 2-t, Z ~ 22!

z.;;;;

24; Z ;;;;29"

va cho !1lh~n xet ~u hinfl'1elearo(l OU:3I rJ9U('f8,n Kt 10iQ khac .nhau th$" nap ? C8.(: 5. lHay.,ch~ bi&t-so :e:'iectmn r~ ~gooi dJng tlia ,a;ic nguy~n tlflH! 6. Ca'u hlnh e:1~n
7. V~,~·

l1g!Jlfen't(1~

cae n~ye~
:::l.

I"!h~nthem 1 eledro!1 thl Ibp electron n g;oau cu ng 06 (I~c (lle.m gi.

c~u hlnh

;e!ec.b'on CU\j3, F' (Z

9),

t" (.Z, ~

to K ~z.~ 19) va Ca (Z ~ 2Q} 00 d~


11)

u, Na,

H::~

ca, M~. C~ Si, 0"


di'@m'gi 7.'

va cho bi~t khi r;t9\;!Y~tr~ GU,~' ohung' 'ill

qjdi

8) LUY(:NT~P CHUONG I
• C,u ng ctl Ga~ kien thQrt
~ Tha'OO ph'lin' ctiu t'?'.o n€\11' n9'uy~n' ;til,

ngvwn

:_

.fi/;,

(f~t

,d'1~m c~ hoft,t ~u t~o

- Nguyen tfihott h~c" ntriJng ,J~~In:/fJg cu.a !1IgtJy8n hoo boe - C,au trUe ng,uyen tq .. Van dU!flM I~th Ul'~~' d" ~,ammot ,~O dan"" barn 'tap-~ C(1 ban, J ~~ Il. a ~

va

to

!II:qI

Cau tt:tu:; \1-'0 nij~er1

-~.

'it

~l/'

C€IIu him h eJect~onngluy~n ta H~c dha'm 'Iojp ,el~Ck.ro,nliigcnli oong1.


I----i! ..... ~

rt~Ifu.Il!'cae mut. nang

Q:uy

tac: !-i un

lU'gfl1og;

~;'~h:~::~h-an !=;~ P n
(Z+): B6ng \,Ii _,
Nguy@.n 10' kh6i 1rong brn h ; A;;"

~ sO' e N

aJA + b 13, 100

B - SA.1T.P A
'D1_ if,J_,:j7
I

..;II

It-''
P"

'I

"

f12.
..

C- ",,2
~I ~

r:1J4

[I

d 1,0 fn ;
I

D-'

lora

",,2 n

n-'6 I d P'"

11[1

:I

.i!j IJ

1l4

III

2. C'u h~nhelectron tr~[lg thai Co bGn o ' a IlIQlu.ye'n '~!}kim lo~i nao sa u d'Ay cO el~ec.tr.ofll ;:;t,., u; ~ " b-i... is .,• "-'!QC '1,.11 ,an, a' o ~1lCI1IiI A. Orom ; 3_ M([C 4. !Hay B_ Coban ; ILtgng 'CLh8cac obitan C, sat; D,., Man,gan ; E, N,ikJ~liL

nang

2p);., ::2Py v,a 2pz co. Ikhat(~nnau khang "{ VU sao?

roo

b,j@ti: s6 ele-,cu-orL toi

oa, :

,a) Trong' cae l{1;p K" l, M i IN"

bl Trongl cac

ph~1iII&p S. p, d, f.

5, SL} phf!Jn bo esc ele:c'lron vao m(}i Qb~mn nguyen to; b ·~~lig thai eo

b.a n MU cO dl!iJ?t:: vil!t

d·u ng Id'N~mg' 7.' Hay gi~i thh:;lh_

lliJ
a

b Cae ooitaf'l rs II

rru
e

[ill
c

~'f I t ~
d

*~t I

Coo obitan riP

6. Kh i ~ .hi~U nguy@.n

lit Z

'~rtg, tr~t h$ cae m (it; nang I Ut;1llg' A.O tang :dlAn thee otTii€:u tU'

tffii qua IP -ul~icO (fCling ·b~"t .b!' nh u d,ay sau khbng ?


~s 2s. :2p 3s Jp. 3d 4s. 4p 4d 4f 55 5p. 6$ 5d 6;p "1'8 Sf' 6d_.. _ Neu sei" ·h;ay slla I~i eho dUni97.

vi~l c€ka

hinh electmrh rnguyen Ill" otla cae nguyen


:=.

t6 00,z ~

1: , Z 5

17 i Z

=:

20.

Z '= .2'1. Z ;;; 31 ,

B. . ,guyen til' fe 0,6 Z


U'ng
5~

26. H §y vi~l c~u, hinh elactron cua ~~_


C~[IJ

N(£u nguytn at Fe b;! mal h,a~e!lectron. mat ba elel;h-on thl cae nih 11'

'~henao

hil1h e'lectrron t.l1dng

_JI€lng C'h
• • ' • "'J ~

i;

"

,/ C~C Ilg~yeit1 't5 hoe ti~~ d~:c. :s~~~, ~r)·l,1ang "tu~n >t~p hGarr the~ , 11h~g ng lJyen tac na'o, ? " ,/ Gau hillfl sleG1TIroil. f1Jgu~1iI fLi1 c:u.a nglLjl¥-81'il b5 Iho:a fJ~c" co
m~)·,~~afl h~ "nh;!Jr ·tt'!~ n~o v~i vi: trf ode ,ahtQng trong bi\ng tu~n hoan? i." •" ,.,. ... . ........' "" ~ , .,..... ,~;. v Tinh Qtrat cao ng~uyeJ1to tr"Ql1Ig bang tlJan hoen b l'erg 'Q~li ..
I1l:l'Ij th~

na Q
-:

?"

"

"

." Bil ng tuJj~"hoan ·00 ~" ng h:Ta g] ?

'~~~I.~ -

W, M'E;~eB) ~~S34- , 90]J

cAe.

BA' . G T-AN HoAN


GUVE

T6

HoA HOC •

.. Bang ·tuan ho:an Qr~c )Cay dilfJA9 tre;" n guryerA ,~c. 'fl~O ?

• Bing lwan boan rduq,c ciu t,~o n htl1l1' Iile rno.o ?

I - 'NGUYEN

lAc sAp XEP cite,

NGUVB4 TO'TRONG B

G TUAN

HOAN
tren

cae nguyen l·d'hoo. hoc dll~ xep vao m~t bal1g; g9; Ia bing cik ngu.yen d.c san :::
eee-

ttl:!]] hoan, d~.

C~ nguyen t6' drrgc x~~p thee chiieu '~~,gd~n ella di¢n nch h~'~ nhan nguy~n tU.;.
trong i'ilgPye.Tl

- cae nguyen to 00 c'img so' lap electron.


mQl cqt

til' dU·QC. thanh x€p


E

mQi

hang.

- Cie nguyen (6 co cnng 56 electron hOO l1l' ft) trong

guyen tit dugc :1ep Eh~.n h

I - (AU T",O BANG. TUAH HoAN 10 nguyen fiV{ . .'


&

IIl.U'

}..olinnguyen t6 boa hoc d:ugc xAp va'o :tn¢t 6 cua bang ~goi 1ft6 ngu yen t6'- S6 thrd ty: cua 0 dun~ bang 56 hi,¢u nguyen tit cua nguyen U5 do. 1'hi:.d1! : b Ug1L1Y~!lt6 c,ua. hidrn va ena nll~m _

I,
t

noah9C _
Te-fl

K:rllr~

H
Hld~~
I

'.l11J1a -

I !tlJ ng b'lnh

Ng,uy~flI 1Y'k
K~hiihJ h~Mc. 'f.~

r
I

"

1-3

U~
15'
··1, +·1

i£l¢.am di~l'I
Cs-u hint"! el ~,g;.;ih~

AI
!\Ii'Ji1Tll
I

~~t8

~guy,~n til k hoi ~f1:fllg tNnlTl

iElo?;§mdi~ 1}S1- I

~u~nto

~uyent9

I.~!~PJ;
..3·

Call Ililrihi el

sa o.xi nM

(*) E~oo!!ronhoo. Il'.~,I~ :nnw!

electron ",,,{) ~:oallg.them gia Junh tba_1d! h:Cn 'k£t h{~~h9C_ {1.uitlg kba Ih~tCmgjJti:I'[~ ,(]' Wp ttgoai cUliIgh.~c (; Ga, ph" lOp, s~.t KfJ)ngooi ciing lit ·u. pMn 16p d:6 (.'hua blo, ho~..

z, Ctlu
dtlf,fC

lei

C hu kl. III .dtiy cae nf{uybt ttl

.xe.p

nguy€n tl;:,cua chung co. {'lIng so lip meo dr.Mu difJ1 tfch hq:! nhan tiir1g dan.

rna

ei:ccttOlt.,

B,ang tua'n boon grjm 7 ehu :kl d~ugc danh s6 '[[L 1 d€n '7, SO ~hrr111fl chu kl trumg cua v6:i 86 1~p electron ,c:U,f}, nguyen tit cac nguyen to trong chu 11 db. Gim tht?u cec ch'1:4 1<1;' M H (Z = ~)viIJHe (Z ;::;; Nguyen f!! eua crning 2). 06 mryt l6p electron Cn;.;;; ]) v,~, ae electron dUQ'c'ph~l h6 v,a'!] p~ '[Or 8; OOlitsau : c UT ::" ' ,s-),. n. {'jU~)l\ V:a" H'e '(1 "}~ . lJ~u l:I
1 ; G6m 2- nguyen ld'

{;o

Chu kJ: 2 : G&n 8 nguyen t6~ '~U!'Li (Z;;;; 3) ,d'M Ne (2 ~ 10}_ Ngl.[y~n cIDli chung 'llr 2 ]6p electroo (n ~ 2) o~h~ electron dl!qc phan b6 VaG cac lOp MU sau ,; l.i (,~ 231) cho dSfIJ, Ne (I 52 2~22p6)., s2

va

o1u kI 3 : G6m B :ng~y,en 1[:6, t11N~ (Z ~ ] ~) din Ar (Z = '~B)., Ngny£m to


chnng c6 :3 lap electron (0. := 3) va cac 'electron d~

C~f.

pha:ru '06 VaQ, cac Idp n'ti:bl1' sau '::Na ('I Sl 2~~22pfi 3r.'~) cho den AT (3. 32 2si 2p"s 3s,2 3(6) , I

Chu kl 4. ; G6m '18 ng_1!;lyen t6 t.tl' K. (Z == 19) d€Jrr Kr (2 ;:;:;; . .Ng~yet:t 'bi)" cia 36} dll,~ngICO -4 lap electron (n ~ 4). Vi~ phan bt'5' electron 0" chu kl nay 00 d¥ diem ~i'i, dUlil phim. b5 vao phlm; ldp 3d rna ph~n b6 vao phan 16p 4s cho du 2, electron & nguyen t~ kim Ioai kiem K (Z = [9) :: ls,l 2s2 2,p6 318;'2 3pt) 451 vi kin] loai kiem Ih8 eft (Z =: 20) :' 1s2 2s,2 2pfi 3 g1: 3r~ .4';2, S,iillJU do mrn phan h6' electron tiep ~),C vlw, :phan lOp, 3d, 'Crt 1 d~n :1 electron cho cac nguyen tit eua 10 nguyeH to kim 0 loai chuy€n h€p (t.iir Sc {Z :...21} din Zn (2 = 30»). Tiip, theo la St;' phfilll btl electron v~o phsn 16p4]) dm me nguyen tir 6 nguyen 'to' ~crr Ga (Z ,~ 31) eho d.61l
Kj["(Z -- 36)" Chu kt :5 : Gom I 8. ~~oyen t6~ tiT Rb (Z ,== 37) (ten Xe (Z electron cfing d.ten IS! nrong tIJ' chu ld 4,

:54).t slJ ph,aiiiJbe)

Chu kl 6 : Goan 32. nguyen to, ~~'C.;; (2 ~ 55) den Rn (Z =, 86)" slJ phan b6 electron di,~ll1ra :phl1c t@ hon. Chu k~ 7 : Bat d~u til ng'uy~n to' Fr (Z :::= 87)- den ngxryb'l (2 :;;: 1'~ D~y Hi m.'~l elm kJ, d-nl:a hom thanh, 0).Phdn 10.fJi ehu Id .'

_to c6 's6 fbi

tr~]' ll

ca,c chu ~d1, 2 va 3 1m cac chu k~ nlla,


Cae chu kt 4! :5 ~ 6

va 1

l~ c~c chu ki /6:it

3. Nhom nguye'n

to
.cu]]J,g Fl1iQt nhom cO nhem (tm mQt 86 ngo'{ti ,[~),

Nh6m ng~~y.tn tt/ fa t(ip hr;rp cdc n.guybt frJ rna ,n,guy.r!n /;'lIt co cait. htl~h electron tuxmg t,1I'nJU;l1l~do do co linh cha.t hod hoc gJ.n i~j.61l:g ooa'U va df.((!,c ,;'tip .thJnh
,11t¢t

c¢t_

NgU!y~n ~U' ac nguyen c

v.a b1i:ng s6· thY. ql 'CU,8L


3 c¢l..
:D1ih,L.r

to trong

so electron no.&. tri rung nhau

Ik1J[]gtu~n holm co 18 c~t duqc' chia '~mh :3 nhom A diimh s6 ~~~A dftl, VUIA va, 8 OO'Ot!1 B danl.L 56 ttt U~, d:€n V]UB. ,M'OJ. nhom Ell mQt a¢t.~Ii,eng nhorn 'VUIB
,go.m

N goat each d~ia esc nguy¢n [:6 thitr.uh ~]h6m! nglitoi ta con chia cluing t11~mh cac

"Ilao p.ha}~ lap s. Thfdl.) :'

sau ': • Khoi eae ngu ytn to s gem cac nguyen t6 nhom ,FA w nluim HA, N gUY'(j11. 1:6s lel l1!htmg nl{l~y{jn ttl nd1 ,nguye}~ di: co eiectron c u.5i. cung
~6i

i/.J,flqlc di

en.

= 11) ,: Is]. 2s;l2p6 3s1 ; K (,Z:;;;;;; 19) : j 32 2s2: 2ptl 38,2 3pt! 4s1 IVlg (Z = 12) :,,Igi 2~s22pto,3052 ; Ca (Z ;;;;; 0) : 1 S2 2&6Zp6 3 S2 3-1'6 4lsl 2
:N,a_ (Z

!. Khei cac ng-~yl:'ln t6 P g6m cac nguy¢~ l6 'thuQo Cite nhom


(un He) ..
Nguyin uJ p lit nhilng ng.u)'ien ttf ma j~glJ.ytfl vdo phdn lap p,
rhf:d~/' :

tll' HIA (I,€n VIllA.

nt c6 elec tron

cu6l CWtg {'lytlc .a'Yt!n

o (Z = 8)
Cdc

:: 1s21s2. 2p4 ; S (2 ~ 16) ,: 192. 2s1 2p~3s.2 3p4

N~ (Z ~' 1. 0) : 1. ~21s2 2p6 ; AI (Z

= 18)

,: 182 2s;l 2pJi;3sZ 3p6

nnurn A bao gd,l"~ c:rJ(: ~gu'ybt: t'O s '~an.gu_y.rb~ uJp"


tit co electron cum C',Ul1g
d;.U:iJcdidn

• '~1~6n 'nguyen t6 d g6m cac nglill.y13n t6' tlIruQc cae nhorn B. cac
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vaQ

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ngu.yen

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d()ng. $~Ii!g I'~O Vi d)~r nhat cua Meh-ae-Ie-ep liiJ '5~1 phat minh Fa drnh I u 't~r.jtn hoan cac I'l\glJy~n. ~:6n~ rn 1. 869, ILk ~J'6 'l')f'Ig mOi 3S tu6r., Ngoal ra, Ortlg con c6 n n i~ 1.11c6ng trlnh khac co gla I:irj; 'n!hv ::c~ c ngh r&0 (Uu v~ trong h.. lflg ri@t1g n crU'~ du ng d lch n uOC,; dJl,mg d i ch CUdJ r~ _, I:JUUc va k hai nii$rn ,,~, du rug d i c~" Nn'Cmg c6ng trl nh nghi@n cdu cua Me'n·d~·1 ~.ep \Ie dung dich la ph;in qual'1lrQllg
t{~l qlJ.i heat

*t

eua' thu~t-lhi~f1 d~i.

Cu6n PGor SO' h 08. nQc,(I' 18:{:6ng tr~n 11 KU i1fr, 3.1iC cua Men~de~Ie~epJ' lFung e16
t i~ i'"IJ to~ n bq hoa h9l: v6 co' CI'ugc: trin h bay thee quan di.em

ca a di,nh

~~,i1l

a'au

lu~t~u~n

hoan, Nam '1947 euon sach cl'l!!!QfG ta i: ban llj 1"11 :~hu'13.
J

Ke:t h9P m(J~:each (J~~;~ If th uyet vO'i th lJC tfr l\1erli-d~@c-'I'~'-'6pu a n I uon q u an che I 'tam aeJ1l s,!J' phat trieil1 oSng In?,Jhn~p ctJ2L d'&k 1fil1Lt'fu.: Ng.a,. Barlg bJ~r! hoan cac ngu)'I® n to' co ,3nh h IJ'6ng d~n 51} phat Hi F!n L Ua hoa ~9CNo khong In nOng Ia S4 ph~~ loa i tv n h·i~i') dii L! t i en C8JC nguyen t6 raoa hQ>C,che b i,et cac ngu yel!1! t{i 06 mO'i Iierl h~ cn~t~ch~ va h~ '~h6ng. rna con nh h uting cho vh~c ngh:i en coo ti€p tuc cac nguyen m6i,

1m,

to

en

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va

to

h lu,@ttuan hoan V:B! bang tu ~ n ho,an cac nguY@ll ~,6flo.a hoc 00 gi,a, ttl to i6'1'1 kh en g. nhrmg cT6,i vor hoa h~LJ rna ca d6i v&~tri,€i' h cc,
V itfC :phfd 1!11,i 11h fa din

tua.n hoan esc ngu yen till tim ra In h ileUI d~~h.1 me sa u $~:c han, N hfl1l"1.g 1,0;~i'~n m&.i t,ri CtMI M,etll~dlt:~ie~e "Dj nh Iu.e:l hHln Ih ORn se ,kh ang bi! de doa ph a vfJj ma, ch ~ill p ;}.v b6 ~Ut:1g va phc1t tri,;e;n~lhbng ngJCmgCl't 0,1 dl~ tbuc tEf kifn1 cn!i1tig v.i3J >::~cnh~ni_

Ih uyet

c~u tao nguye;rtl t Lr& th~ H XX d:!i soi 'sa ng V.~(} d!!nh Ill~t IUI.)n noa 111 vil

biing.

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esc NGUY'~N TO HOA, HOC


'cau hin h electnnl
irltguyi,n
IIhin qillJa~ nhllll thl It~O ?

INH ELECTRON .GUV£'

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tLl'val si) U'Q tv eua i'\ho.m (i:

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f.1trguyen ,tOi cua !CEtc nguyiJlil 'tI'i.aty d-6i nhU' the na~, tJr-ong! cae ehu kl 1"
• Cauf hi inh e~e~"

to hoa, h~e;
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I - (Au HiNH ELECTRON NGUY~ TO ellA cAe NGUYEN 16 NHOM A


ffi10m A g6n.1. cae nguyen to' thu¢c coo, kl lil.ho va chu
m,guyfn 1.6 s \~a[:lgl]yen

to p (oong 2_1 }.

k] liOO. Chdng

1a die

Bang ,2~1
cau hin' 'electron lop rl;goaj cung wa nguyen til cac nguyen
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to nhom
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Ngu.y~n tUr cua calc nguyen t6 trong 'mQt nhem A cO $.6 electron 'IOp·rlJp. cilililg 00ng nhau, S¥ gi6hg nhau ~ C:lU htnh electron ['Op' ngoai ciing la ngu yen. nhan di.a. s~ gi6ng nhau vi§ tliilh dl~t hoo. hoc cilJa cae ngu.ytn til:i tto'llg m¢,~'i1l~h6Jlfil! A.

S6 [hILi: til CU,!3; nhom (1A~ n~....cho· biet. :50 electron hoa, rei cua ngllb.Y'~rilU cae ) ngu.yen to' trong nh.6m dotl:g tho1 ding lit So electron lap ngoai ding dia nguyen lU nguyen t6 do ,. Do d6 bi,e't $6 'tlhn1tv ella nbom, ta co t'b.:~ xsc J"~,:~h dtrt}'C :s6 electron ldp ngooi din;g. 1111du Al & rmom. IHA.t c6 ,3, electron & 16p'l1goai ci1ng,. A] lbu¢r.; chu Jd 3.; co ba l(fp electron do v$y cau h'iF1Jh electron lop ngoai tCU_r:iI.g: ella ng~,yen fir Al se lit 3s23pl.
Sau

:moi ehu

ki, cau hinh electron lOp ngoSii


I';.i'vl.· t.Uta.f1
~..j:..
"';t"

cung

cua nguyen ~lt ae c

ngu.y4§;n ~6

nh6rn. A. dUQc li[Lp di. Ri!p lai, tao n6i. I:.~ng cluing

.~y ,(" L - .,. Vii!:, : 0.1{·_ u\te.n

• -. ~ .~ .,•. noan ve~~... r~m":I; ,eI'ectron l"i,..~ n.gO().l cu.:r.'lgCi[.~an:guyen i~~ ('au l~' J' _vp cae n,g~~ytn khi' di'f'.~tf.eb' hq:t nhdn tang dC?11 d'linh 1& rJgf~ytfn nhlin .c ik~S~t' bi~~n. t{/ a6J' u.t/in h()itn vi tinA chch ,ena.cae nguytfn trf

bien ttr:Ii tud.n.hoan.

II ~ tAu HiNH ELECTRON NGUyeN


Qie rD:[u;yBn t6 Il~16m .R deu

'fir ellA

esc NGUvtN

TO NHOM

tb.uQr; cbu kl lCtn_,. ChOng lEt cae nguyen t5 d va

nglLIye.'f.IJ to' f, coo duge gqi.

Tir ba'ng tuirn OO~\

Tir chu k14 di ~trong moi ehu kl~ sau khi brio boa pli;.iJl lcip ngoai CUflg ns2, cac eleetron dip theo dI~ phan h6 van phan Idp (n-].)d th.u~c ldp ~~9:~ ngoai cung, C.~11 hln h electron ngu yen tIT cua N1.c n.glll:y~n to nay t~-n(aUig co d ang (n- ~~ ns), 0 d:aiy a l.~.56 electron (tuqc di.~n.VaG phan 16p SaJ ngoai cimg )dlL\ (m.-l)d tlr a.:=: 1 dena == 10 tru: mot vai 'fn1o.n.g hop ngoai .[,~,
1,

tro

cae

Hl cac kim forti chu~~/n titj). ~Wye~(·6 hoa. hoc, c.n:ung ta ~lIh~n. : '[bay

co 1. 0 nguyen r6 d. Rleng hei nguyen to' ]BJ er (Z ~ 24) : :3d5 4s'~ va.01 (Z = 29) : 3d W 4.B 1 'co (~111 hinh chung El 3 dS 4s J ; 8 ngtliY~I1J t6 d eon :~{li d!&i,c6 c~u htoh. .3d~ 452. Thi d!} .,~ {Z~. 26) : 3d~ 4s2, :~e
1'hi

d¥ .-'Chu k14

Not chufiI.g, esc 'nv-ty~n 16 d h(j~c.f ~ &6 electron hoa tit! n~m b i.'Op ngoai cling ho~ o· en phtiJll ~.'Opsat h"ip I1g'Oaj cnng chua bao hoo~ khi phan ]Jp &ar ngoilJ! Cl],]'l.g d@j 000 hoA 1M.156electron hoa tri du'gC tfn!h thea '86 electron iJ ].Op ngoai oung"
Th 1" tfh} :,.Ag (Z ~ 4'7) ::[K1.']4d.1O.5s I co

so electron

·hoa. t1~+bing 1. vl phan .~:Op 4d

da bao hoa,

1. 31/ bien thienl tin'h clii~~ c a cae nguyen to mu¢c chu ki sau I~I dur;:la 1'~iP I~'igiong I!lhlJ ehu kl trut1c ,~ do
A s.~ I~p I~i Hnh }(JImIO{Bioua cac nguyen

to' a chu

k1 sau

~Q

vfii chu kJ trlfCrc.,

B. S~f J~p I~j inn phil kim eua eac f1guy€!n t6

a dhu

1<1saul so vdi cU' ,,",,I'MJ6.c.-

c" '5'1I~p I~i tau


D,
SIJ ~~P

1'1 Tnh

etectron lap I1QO'ai ciang, eua nguyen 'til' cae ng uy~n t6"

a en u

sau so vOi ch u ki trutr~"

!i;ii Un h chat hoe hcc 'e~'a CaG nguyen

to. d cho

kT sew

50

vCli ohu k'i IrUOc,

Hay

c 9n dap' aJndOng,
0, S" CI. Sr,

2., DI/a vae o.arng 2,1 i hay cho b,iet.s6 electron 1t11P ngo~lIi Cling eua 1i'l9u~n ttl' eac nguye n t6 sau d~y : H. Hl~.u, Na. K, ~" ,3., Cho nguyen

4.

W' eae ii1Qluyen 16 CD ; Z ~ 8, Z = 9" Z = 17! Z .. 19, H i!y xa c dinh s6 elec.!ron l~p ngo@j .c~ng roa nguy,en tii cae rriguy,a n to 0'6. sO''Ml[r t~ n hem ve ehu [fd chCfa cae nglJy~'n to do. Vhat cau hinrn ~I:~ron nguyen tlt cQa cae nguyen t6 co L .. 18 va ,Z :: 19. T~i sao , 119 uyen to 06 ,Z =1,8 '0 chu kT3; con ng,u~1lI 16 cO, Z :::::19 l~i a diu kr ,4 ? cO
hrnh II;IJlectro eua chung cO dr~c (f ~m gti 7 T~i sao, C.U

5~_ \fiat cau hrnh eJJectfOn nglJy.~n W cQ)acac nguyen to

a n hom

z. '_ :20. : 21
to' C.

; 24 ; 29. :' 3.0.

Ca u
r.$'ay

[B, zn ~ nh6m lIB ?


Ca, F@

.e.

SIj' phiHi b6 electro n vao cac AO cOs, nguyen tu cac ng U~ii

d'iJ ng hay sal '? Neu s.al .h~y. ~s.aaI,~i chc dungC:

va Sri seu

ff!J] [ill n, r I I

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11) SU BIEN DOl


MOT
~. 10

.UA esc NGUYEN TO HoA HOC


110 Il

so DAI LUONG VAT u


.l=:: fiIldll1Q II' ug;n:gl

... nglJY~1I1 tit 'Oilh::: nguyen to' ? Ql~'!Ilu~,t bmn dl611cacd~i ~~n,g v~t H na,y '~r,'ong Ibifulg tuan tiiQiHiIJnih Di tlHl" n80' 7'
II

I!;j!jh ~r nlaCl II~ " I I_ _~et '3

• lion h"Qa!,.'d"" am A·'.I&..... 9' ~ iyl,~n

OLUii

I - BAN fdNH NGUYEN TUTh'1h1nh 2-'] san dAy cho tbiOCy : Trong m¢t chu ki, tny nguyen tlt c~c ngu y€:o t6 co ,c[lng s6 ldp electron. Mung khi di~11Itfch hat nhsn 1t:;}T.1Ig" l~[t Ihrut.gifta hat nhan vui esc electron lop ngoai cimg cum,g Hmg theo, do dO. ban kfnh nguyen :tLa:' 116i chung gi~m dall.

Trcmg nZi)t nhom A" thee chieu h':rr 11;n 1


nA:Be

xu6ng d'll,{n~s6 ~6p~~eetron, l1ftg d.hl,~ ban. kfnh nguysn oj- c'L~,a~c ngu:yl~nt~ tang theo, m~c du di¢n tleh '~t ooffim '~fulgnhanh, c
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OhiG;1,J gi;§ni 'Cli€i:{'l OOCI

KfFln r!lgljJ~n tQ'

II

NANG LUONG ION HoA

.N ilng, iU'{fng ion hod ;h1Z nhfil (I1) c1c1;ang,~l.yin.nt' lei nJ'l1.!1 hlqng .tSi thii~',dn di c t6ch electron tn r.( nlliit ra kh6i nguy€"it t:i J tr:gri.g thai cor bd}?'"
Nang IU~~l1g li1o~i.dirqc lImh a.ang kl/mol, ion Thi dl;l .. D6 tach mot mol electron fa kfu.Q] m~t: mol nguyen hidro theo qua trlnh ':'H -=-+ H"" + e pMi ti6u, 'e6n m¢"t n&[!)_g hI~: b:in.,g 13 12 kJ/mol_ N i:'in.glu,gi1g ion hoa thfi: 2\~tlni 3 d~tQ'C1d hi~u JA ~~, ":11a Ding' h1~g can d~ tach "I ..,'. ~ 'i' 'R ..;a.. ~... ~ , ',,.," ~, ~ nan' h.IOOo e ecrron " th U''';;;'t 3 ra ,t'!..uQ,1 cae 10m !.1[.f.0'tt:lg ung. G':'{ ~'ricua, c hUT!iar !~ '.!ie.~OO~"" g,', " 'w. -~!e- _l}U~ L @
ILJ. ~

tu

ion boa thy' MaX.

Gi ~ wi Mug lU'Q'rt;g ion hem tint tIib~, cu.a: lig.I,,!i.Yi~nUl'~~ic r1.glJy~n 16 nhorn A d~ 'tt'iilfu ~y 'ttCU'IJ bing 2"2. :s~'bi~n. d'~j nang lU~~']]gon, 'boo thee Z (h.!'~ bi~u di~n i
tren h1nh 2;2.
B'.ting 2.2

N~ rag' h..rQng ion hoal Iilli' nhtit tId/m,ol,) cua ngu:v~n

tu- cac

nguye n

to

nhomA
~.
,

l~ 1
,2:

IliA

nWA

IVA

VA

V.RA.

VHA

vu:nA
He 23":r,~

F-f
1312
,

-4.l
5~O

l?ti
899'
~

R
,801
,_

C 10815' Sf. 185 ,v

1\1402 P
'l'
"

0
,'314

r
16-8,1

Ne
:g.QS1

3,
4.

Na
49'f

AI

S
100ffl

736

.srs
c;:..

C[
t251
i

'/\1:
1521'

1012

K 419

sso
1

ttl

t,"a 519
In 5:58':, ...

rsz
709:
'",'

Ge

Ar;. 947

Se
~1

Br
11·40

Kr
1151 Xe 11l'Cf..
,,

5,
6

.Rh
403

3r
54<9

$n

Sb
~4

ees
S,12

Te

I
, Q08 /\l 92:'0

6i
376
,,"itl

~a
503'

1J
58J~~ t'1-"..:l.y •

Pb
716

Bi
70:2i

Po

Rn
'~D,i7

'Tr'\;m, JL Ill,

bang'. 2' )' 'UX Ul:':h,J ".; -.:..

1'1~'Ii'i 1)" .. IHI;J.U].

'"'i'.,

L .. "'l", .... .~.~tI.", .; __., ~1.:I.!!...i

Trong m:q~ c.h~ kit theo d]:i.~ t~llg cua di~n


uhan v~, electron :~Up ngoai

tic]] h~t nhfu1, 1.p::lien k~l gi~a, h~t


C]1i.llfig

C:UilJgtang ~:L~M.neho nang hrQll!..g ion hos n6:i

clln.g tih'il,g theo,

Trang cling mI)l nh6m A,

r 1(kJImol)
2~01)

theo chieu tan{t cia (ti~n t:!ch h~ nhsn, k hoiLng each giU;;1! electron lop ngoa! cfing d~~.h~t nhtm tang, hJc H~t1 k-e't giu.a electron lop
ngoai cnng

HIe.

va
J

h,,,.1L uhan
15M I
14'01)
1200 I

giam~ do do nang lU'gng ion ~'l-,A nQl cl .. · ....C.::t.U!ng . l~lm .. i . ~ V.;L Th[ d~. .-Nang lUQOg ion hoa ella. lid (Lj) 'bfing 520 klima], C(}tl cilia xe sl (Cs) b ~:ng 376 klJmol._ Xes. la. ngllly&l
t6

1QOO

co. nAng
• •

lu\ing ion

6DO

~10j

thap nhat (khOng .k~ franx i la nguyen t6 pheng xa), mtl met electron thanh ion dueng Cs+, 1'100

200
i

de

II

tro

1 :2 :3- -4 15· II;! 7

II

9 10 11 12 13 M. 15 16 1)' 'i8 1~ :20

xesi

duge dung trong te bso

quangdi~n. V~y : Niing lU'(l:n~.~ hod thi( rrhat cUa nguyen ta cat: nguyen tdnhom A biln ion: dJi tu&:n hoo.rl theo ehier" tai'lg c.~·adJ'~11ticb h{lt nluin.

III ~ DO
f)t).

AM DI~N

am Ji.en. eua m~JlnguyJn: til d{k ~1·Ufl.g cho kiui nang hut electron eua nguybt til' do..kki tfU} tha~'lh liJn kit hod boc.
Nhu v~y? d~ am d]~n coa nguyen nr D2uye'tl. (0 ctLfig ]00 thl tlnh ph] kim cna nguyen t6 dtl cang manh. Nguqt lai, dQ am Ji~n cila nguyen tir nguyen 16 cang thl tinh kim lo~ eua ·iiJgllYI@.n '16 dO. cang manh,

nno

k.hac 'nnal!l do c£Lc rae ,ghl tfnh roan d·Lf.a tren nhQng co $& khAc nhau ..DlIlu,i day giro thieu M'ng gioi tr~ dOl am di¢n cua nha hojj. hoc Pau-Iinh (L.P-4diog) thiet: ].@pntirtl [932. Vi nguyen t6 flo ] a. phi kim manh nhat, Pan-Iinh quy trOc hiy dl¢-.ltrrJ di¢n dJa flo d~ xac dinh d9 am dil}Il tl(O'ng d6i eua ngu.yen tit cac [lgl]y~n to kluk. Trong hoa hoc, c6. nhi~:lJ.lthang d¢
47

am di¢.n

S'anD 2~3

Gra tri dO

di~n cua lA,

nguyen nr ,mQt56 nguyen W


IIlIA IliA ~iVA VA

' m A thea Pau-linh


'VIA
VillA

1 2

l[

2,20

Li
0,98

fu. ·1,57

R
2·04
I

c
2.55

N
304 .,

()

F
3,98
-

8 44
1

3
4

Nil
0,93

r..-l!;:1.31
I

s.
1,90

P
219~ , As 2,1'8 Sb

S
2',58 & 2,55

C']
3,16-

1,61

K
0,8.2
,

C~1.
1,00

Ga
1,8,'1

Gc
2J01!

llr
2 ,'9tI
[

:5 6

Rb
0,82

Sr
0.95

In
1";7B

Sn
1 ,:96
Ph

Te
2.1([1

2.05 Gi
2,02

2.66
At

Cs
0,79

lL
0,89

Tl
1,62

Po
2,00

2)33

2.20

Sit bie;n d61 db am dien theo Z duoc b.i~u dien tren hlnh 2.3_
.. I I • •

.~.
'Ii;j,

,
I I I \

CI
1 \ I I

,li,

2'

~-,
\

,
\ \


\ \~'a

11

u
~T-~~=r-'~=-~~~~-'-T~--~~~9r-._Jz.
15


I

.~ '

!I(

20

Tr()ng ,mQl ,,-hu k,i. theo c~~e u 'ta'flJ_g: d.a.tl c(J,a d'i~;[llfch h~t nh an, d:O ,~m di¢n ClUIJ nguyen tLt' cac nguyen 16 t'h'[!OrIlg tang dan,
Trong c,ilng,l1u)1 ~'ih6m theo cbieu tang <cilia A. di~n rich h~t nhan,

cna nguyen ril.c ~c n guyen

to thuong

V QY :: D¢ am t!i¢J'l cifa nguyen: chMuc tang elta difrl tich h«t .nhiin,
~
....

giam dan, tIf cdc nguyen tt/ nh6m ,A bien

d9' am (ti~[l noon. thee

d'6~itudn

SAl T~P
1, Tronq m¢t ebu ki, ban kl'nh ng uyen
A.

'ta 'c9 c nguy9in t6

ta ng

theo chiel!;l til I':Ig cua: di'~n '~rch h,~t tlh8Jn_

B, giam th eo oni,e'ul~ng, oua di~n lich ih~l nha n

c. Q!iiuln ~heQ chH~1!J~ng t


D_

ca e, v8i C

cOO d¢ if! m di~Tl,

Ch~~ di~.p an OOng nh::lt.


2. Tr'ona m~l nl!;&J)i A. ban kin h nguy~

'W' dIE, cae nguyen to'

A. tang theo chi@u Wing, cua dj~i1 t~ch tJ~~ti1hl~:n. I

B-9liiillil thee ch ie~ta:ng Cg~l dj~n lfch h~t n h~!1_


C. M ng theo ohiEhJ gia m cua ,di~am di~tt

D, CaA~
3,

CnQI'lJcap an dung rdim.

fJQ ,8m {fj~n d?c tlU'filg rna kha n ijng A., h~l el'eQr"On

ou~Flguyen
alia.

t~ trol'lg phi§:n 'IUng u~n 't(}

S, ntiJUi!lng electron

.nguy*n tLr ni9Jy cho


to'
Flay

h'Jha(;.,

C. tham Qlia phElil ([ng m~n h hay Yl~U;

D_ nh'U'Ong ,proton ChQJ1! Cf4P' ~ n dung,


4. H~y d'm biet,

'G~,i3,nguY'EMII

cho nguyen t& klhac.

,'St! bi rin

d&i. i'l§ng h..tl~n9 iOJiI hoa 1hCI"nnat eua nguyen ti1 cae filgu-y€m._

to'

lrong oung IrfitJ;t chILl 1.<'1 v~ tro ng ell ng mgt rlh6m A.


5. N~UI kh !j\ng xet. knf hi~m thl f:l~l1g l!.Wflig ion ho~1.thO n h~t cf!aJ Inguy~nl t.il IFIglu~ n '!,6" nao liOn n hall' CU~ nguyen '~itr1guyen

e" 8¢ ,i1 in di~n 'cU\i m¢t nQiuiYeIi 'bj la 9 1 ? Guy I~~t bh~'n gki tr] d'Qam di~n oua ng uy~n do~ tcr eac ng u~n l6" 'irong ca~nnorn A nhu' I.hi! nae ?
;" Nguyen

to llIao IiIh6 ,nha~ ?

tu'

wa nguyen t6 nao c6 giL~ '.r~ d,gam di~fIlJkln

Wllnait ?'
49

4.HCA 10Ne-A

WfJJiil
Ai

,{H.)(!.

lb.inr-~~~~~

__

~~~~~~

~_

A~ LI)'C

ELECTRO N

1l!Celectron cliJ,a ngluy:en tlda nang hrong wa fa ha:y hap thu khl mQt nguyen '~u ng hoa f:.t tr~rig th a i kt~( ~ h~ n m(H el ectro n d@tr6 th~ n h mot i 00 mang d i i;n tru tkh 1-, cnng nAm 6" tFilng, thai do., hu vijy, ji I~ electron U h ieu ung n~ng

I 1LI'Q'P1 8: c Ua q iJa trl n h ;


A {!kill j) ...

e ,~

A_-

(klh f)
b~ng kJ/II1loL

.Ai

I.;c electron cua mQt mol ngu}'\~n

da:u - cho aij I~ electron khi co SI./ to~ ra ni;l,n_g IUQng v.], d ~u + kh~co Sv ha:p thu n:i.ng Iut)ng ICi b~11 ngoa i. IPh.in ~6i"1 cac ngllY~'!i' t'6 hoa hoc co ~i I'!'C electron i1m, nhl.mg, cac nguyefl td n hom ~ lA, I! B 'vJ cac kh i tro cO ;;Ii 1t,1IC electron d uon g_ 'Ouy Iu~'l b i,iin tt~en iti Iv'C eJ€!ctrr()n t heo en i~1J lang c u a d i'~11Hob ht~l!tnhan tlglJy-@n i t& CO,i,3:cac nguy@n to 110'a h9C k'hbng til ~t r0 r¢t va n hai qu an 111'!ru:C~,C -guy. I u ~t tim tl"l.1y d6i \rQ1 d(J' Am di~1I1 n~Lng i'u()ng ion ho~, va Tuv i't·hli~t11 cClng co. the. nJit ra mot so. nhan xet sal! dt:iy : - Nh ln chu rlg1 cae phi kim co ~i I~ € Iectron m.ang dau 2U"!1 Vt");' gli a tri t.uy~ doi
Ng,lI'b[ ta quy u6c d~t

ter a'lJ"(r(: rtnh

I,an hon kim lo~L Cac ha logen co ,ai Iv,-celectron a III VOh gmJ. r] tu'y~t d 6i 16n hem t Or cac '['fJgu 16 khac OJ a IJ~ ng ~uAn hoan, vi nh6m nguy@!n t6 nay d~ tbu 'th~m yell e k cnen, Kh I hiem co l&p electro n ngoa i -Clng,b~D hea (h oac gi~ bao hoat dn:! ng kho thu them e,1 ectron n,~n}co iti Ivc e lectron d uong, - Trong ph ~ n 16'11tnran,g h WI trong mOt n h elm A, thea- c h i~u ling eua c1i,~n tlch hat nh@,1lI~i luc ,el ectron am co g i~ tr] tu y$l ,d5i g i~ m dil!n.
- Trang rm~lt chu kl,

nhln

theo chi.eu tang

nlhJln. Nhr,mg cac kh f h iem ~~i co ,ju hrc elecrron duong, Vi _gli(r,a, dO am t1'i~n vit a I ~',fLelectron pha i to. rn6i If~n quan cn@;t che vui nhau, MiLlIij ken (M!J II iken sca~,e)dEi 511 d ling C{3r g i~ 'tr! ai II,K electron va n,ang, I,UQ1l1:g ion hoa di!- xAy dl$ng thang d~) Jm d1~11 mang t~n 6ng. B i~IJ da n g ch Q Y I ttl trolllg k h;1 k hal n i'~m do .i3:m ,tl'i$W'1 tJhool1g du ng c h 0 cac nguy~~1 tthl ai Ive electron con duoc ap dung cho ca cac phan tu, Ch~ng han, hil, nglta~ ta dlJ"a, ra ,gi'a tr] ,ai live electron duong cho benzen, antraxen, g~t1 b.~,ng kh..Jng cho poan tu- n~,phtalen. Vl th~, ~HIILfL electro III al.JQ'C d~ng d'e giai thfph khiii "
cua hat

a~~111tlch

chung g,ia, tt! tuy$t d6i cua ai luc.electron ,am ta,ng dAn

nang ph an Utllg, cua n n h;ll c h~t hjjiU (:0'.

TlNH PHI KIM (lI,A, cAe NGUYEN TO ,HOA. HOC .. DINH LuAT TuAN HoAN
II

SU BI.I~N, DlU TfNH KI


II --

LOAI'.,
I

.. H iey ;aU'q~tfnl1

tin

khWlI lQ~i! tr nh ph i kffim QJUY' ~u~,t bi;ellil doi h kim ~o~i, t.i n h p,1lii !ki m (~IUialca'O :nglUlyen 'M '~l'ion;g !Dang

va

tutln hct~'". . • tliiu !glllfqc 'quy


e e

H~~~t Ibl~~d&1 hQa tJr,il tlnh a:d~= baz(!l ella OlXi,t va. h,id,r.Qxh:c a oa,c I'lIrgu,en tromg ban Q tuan lhoamt.

to

•' Hi&Ul d'jJtIc. no~ du n.g clUinh I~uit: ~n hoan~ tu


'I~'

1- SU'BII~Notil TiNH KIM LOAt riNH PHI KIM (UA .


"

cAe NGUYEN
t;·u c.ua
n6

TO

1. rrnh k!im loal, tinh phi kim


Tl-J.ih kim lO{llld tfnh chrIr. ella m9t nguy#u

electron ttl t,..rJ thiur;n. ion. dJ.tong.


Nguyen 'tlt d~a nguy~.n '~6'[ilikoding

t~r a' m

f.l,gu.ye n

de nhll&ng

t6 do csng manh.

d8 IIJJ.IU'Cmg electron ..'tinh kim ]o~i dia IDtguym

Tlnh phi ~im ld ti'nh dul~ CM:6l mt)t n.. guyln ttl mil.' .nglU1en

electro» dd trtJ thlmh ion ,dm.


Nguyen cua nguyen t6 d6 GAng marih.

tu eua nO de nh.(jrl them


tfnh phi kim ella ffigoyeri

to

to nao

Gang

de nh~n electron,

Thl!c ra, khong 00 rnnh gi6i ro ~t giw utili kim loai va tffih phi kim. M'9t each ru'dil:~g ~trong 'bing tusn hahn cae nguyen '~6kim lOI?}l], va pbi kim ~l~ phan [!lej ckiiclli bing ffi]()']:(g k,l;~m (xem bitrn,~ tJt1~n,hOM, trang .4:[ ),.. Ben 'Ph~i Hl c~!C i1gUY~il phi kim, bell 'l;.1"ii ht ·cae ngu Y'~]] t-6 kim 1:~L

to

2. S\Jjbien

chli ti nh kim loai~.unh

p:lli ,kim

Tro,ng miii chu ki" thea ,ch~llJ.tJng c

r.(,chht[l~' nhdJ~!,Hnh kbn loqJ c~~a cdc ngu.v~n !tl gidm dan • .d6:nl8th&.i .rinh pM kim tang ddn.

ua di¢n

Tni d~~ Chu ld 3 b:i't da.u tu nguyen £rJ natri (Z ,~, 11), mO'~kim loai d~:tlJhmh, _" r6i Hill l~ dW magis (~=, 12) a. klm Jo~±manh nbrutu'lig h(j~t d"Ong k~nl natri, Nhom, (2 ~ 1'3) Iii kim loai nlnrng hidroxl't cf~a.nO.cUi' C'O linh [i.l'f.t~g tfnh,

1.4) Ul pJni k.brl,- TIr F~h.otphp(Z 15) d~n luu huynh (Z = .16)~tinh poi kim m~~)h dIm, clo {Z '7) l~,mQt phi Idm.d:ie;u hinh,
Sitic (Z

'5;

Quy 1u~t t.ren .((Ulqc L~pli~j (l'6i vm m6i.

dIU

kt

C6 ~h~ giro. thfc.h 'I'oy lll~;tb.ien doi tfnh chat tren nhu sau :
Th.m,g m¢i chu ti1 theo chi ell (.tng eua d::il~fIt:lch h~t .nhan

(tu tr~.i S<flf!l,g pilai) th1

n~[]g 1U"C;,[l,gon hoa, dQ am '.tE~n tilmJJg dan dong thtfi 'ban kfnh nguyen til giam. i dall Hun cho k'hil nang nhuong electron giiu'ill nen tin h kim ]o~ girun, ·kha. nang
m,h~nelectron tang 11-ong mr'lo' nlwmA,

nen

tfnh phi

kim

tang ..

theo Cf1:rlu M'IlO' C,~ladi't!n. ~fch 11.(;,t nh·&n tinh. kim h).(1l coo cae nguye.n tlf tang dan, dong thut tinA phi kim gi6m. dan.
Thf du

nhom

LA

v.a nhom

V lIA.

Trong nhem IA:: Tlnh kim loai tang r.o n;l ro Btl (Z ~ 3) dtn J(esi (Z = 55) ntc Ja kha nang nhulCmg electren Uing dan. ·~h6ml1 VHA Cubom halogen) g6m nih'i1:ng phi kim di~n h)nh : Tinh ph j kim giam dan til' flo (Z =. 9 del] io,t (2' 5.3\ tlic la, khii ning nhan electron giam dAn.
~5;

Quy lu~u db duqc ]~:p.~ d8i voi cac nhom A khac va dtr'Q'C giii thich ai
Trang

M'Gt.' gall :

mOt

nhom At theo chi~utang c:ua. di~n tich h~t' nh~ln. (tit. tren xu6ng dU\1i)

thi nang hj(~ng ion hoa, d~ :!1m. i~n giam d'tl d6m1lgrher1birr kfnh nguyen t':1 tln,g d ~hanh U~mcho kha nang [mtlOng electron t.an_g,nen nnh lim 'l~i tang, kJt~.n:ing
ir1h~ electron g'iiam., nen

DfTlh phi kim g i

anl.

Tfnh kim lot.ti, 'mi'llh phi kim cua cac ngu y'~n 16 plJj~.JUuu)(: chit yeu vao c~fu hlnh electron nguyen tjU'. Cal.1. hhd~ electron nguyen til' cuaclc nguyen t6 trong bang 'tUM hoan co tinh 'bien d61 '[utir] boan nen tfnh kim loai, tW~h'Ph~ikim bien d6i uJl~n hoan,
Nb~n ri~: Tink Urn lOf!Ji, ttnh ph c'kim c~,a cac nguY~J~ 1(/ nh6m A bi'tn dili .tutil1, holrfl. theo .cniiht, ti1nb, CJia {,ii~n ttch ~t nh&n.

II - SU BIEN 061

'VE HoA. TRI CUA cAe NGUYE - TO


-III •

'1'rong

k" di·· .. ti at sang pnat, 1k. A tn". cao nnat 'ClILa nguyen. t6 Vd'J()X'I .....(. ....lh, ~. ~. . nca C~(! t.tilg Ian ]~_(.ifllir 1 den 7.; con hoa tli 'V6i bidro eua cac phi kiitu .gjam 4 den 1..
mQt
h

n CdU· jJ., .~,' tJ;t.'

'II-,.t.f,''<'

to

:52

Tbi dlj.c.- Trong ebu kl 3, ba n, luyen t6 dW.J. chu k1J(Na, Mg, Ali) tao thanh hop d,,tJJt oxit ~wng do cdc ngu yt1l t6' 06 hmi. tri lrtn [~lit 1.~2 3" C~Cm:aguye'fl to tier
j

theo {Si,. P, S, Cl) co hoa tI! ~M ll.1Qt.1:\4; 5. 6, ] trong oxit cao n h ~t..
Qi,c nguyen t6 phi kim Si, p~ S,

a t<~od-Il'Q"C

hQP char kht vrn. hidro, oong- d6

cn60g c6 hed"tr~.l~n lirot Hi 4, 3 ~ 2~ l ,


:DO] v~~i ~ ch u kl khac, s~rbi.en d6i c

hoa tr] cua cac nguyen to' ,c:ililg di~n Fa 1110ll_g

tl1 Ching 2,,4).


BSl1g ,2.4

SV bi.~n cTtJi
aG'I1IISi'~~
(i'homA

wan

h oan -oa

- eual Cat
lIRA
AI.2~

nguyen

to 0 cbu
VA
P2°t; As._2°5 5· I?H3,

kll 3 va 4

IA

IIA

IVA

V1A 503
SeO~l

'\llIA

HQ.p dh€it

v.o~oxi

Na20
K20

MgO

Si~ Ge.°2
4-

CI~07

GaO
2

Ga2Q;; 3

Br2P7 "l
Hel HBr

"Ho.attrcao nhat vbi oxl IFIQP·,ch:it kJhi


hidrQ
v,6j

.1

6
!HI2S H;2Se'

SiFt~
G~'iH4
4

AsH 3
3.

H[o~.~]vtji hidw

.2

Nh,JD x.et '; Nod tr] cao nhdl o~am~t J1.g~J,y.en .to v6i OJCi., ho{~ tri Ild'i hidro ella cac phi. kim bitn. M.l' tud:n holm theo chie"'u tung c,u,a ciir.n u'ch h.~~nhdn.

~II._ SU BI£N 061 TlNH AXIT,- BAZO cUA aXIT vA IDROXIT TUllNCi UNG
I

53

Brin!1' 2.5

Tinh am _'bazo aJ a oxft


chu 'kl J

va 3

va

Ii'idroxlt tUllng (mg

[ua

cac ngu

v~n t6 a

Chit hili.' 5Ij Z

l!;}ij(lg 1i!l h

Oxit

. Clxit

aJxit

Ox'il axil

Oxit ~xii

UOH.

------~~------_r------_r------~------~ fi.:lNOs H~;BO!3 IBe(OH'2 3, H:2C03


,I
c

Ba.zd !ki~m

Hilctro~t lu'6h§ 1inh

Axil yeliJ
,0."

IV.I.l y~!,.i Axil m~n'h , ...


gi()~
..:..:

Na2Q

Mg"O ob~it
~a!ZO

AlI::tQ3 O;dl lu'flflg Un,n

PO'<5 ,~

S03
Oxit axir

~1,201 ·C&lt al(]t

,,'Qsdtb8'~
NtaOI-1l

'a" . ·X11aK~'
1-\,18103

10))11 gill.dt
H:1po· 'lI,

M@(OHh

AI~OHh·

H~SQ4

HlOQ4

Trong ,m¢t ch~ kil' theo dlielU tm,g cihl d]~, tiC:h h~t nhan, tIM bazo cila oxit vBi h~drox:l t. t~rtg 'irng g;i,am,dan~ d:dug tJ"loi. tlnh axit eua chung. tang dan.
Trong ~t nh6:rn A'l theo chitu tiin:g CUlfi di~n tich h~!lI h;filt~t[rill baze elm cac exit n hidro:xirt hKt.ng 'lhi.g 'lang dan, d6ng thoi 'Hilh axit coa clning gikm, dIDl.

va

Nhi:,t'tl X1el : Finn axis - base c~l,acae ox-it va hlJ.roxil Ulotn.g ,Wng ,(_Vl ,Cae: r.~suyen

t({bit!n d6i wan 'iotll1

thea c.hi'iu tang cna dj~n tich. hq:t nhdn n;gu;yb~

.ta,

tV - DINH ILUAT JU,AN


Djnh hJ*,'t.'ttIJfu1 hoan
,r·T.{lIiOiI:-. c:t.,R.~· ~..~i " ,~J"Jl',I; ,f.I~(.U·
I'

HoAN
'bi~, nhir ,'1i:IJl!J
:
f

{h~Qi'C phfit

""~""J '-'''';;c no""y·R"" U', " bll:i," !Z.r~


~

'1'/0,"11>" A',..."", ~~2' . U ,U~.tj:.:-. Ih;(.t~l 1L..,~~'~6 •. n

c l,.J!{~t"".";l"""

.,""L,~t·t.~:'"':t. rrrr1'~ . rU·ib'lIn· y.n;

~'JLd·"" ",),

~:;,.,.l.. 1l-"f.t.iIf!'·~I.i.or ~~ ..., ,r ~ '!~lv.i; ~j'I!j-~t;f.'I.,r"'{1 ""~~..."

tclc h{tp eMt UJO lIt€n tif cdc nguy.tn tti,a6 Ne-n. eua d~?n!:fch lttp nh'cln ng.u~n tii".

4-&; iudn hoiJn theo chi'd~ tling

sAl T~P
1. chc

en u kl va ~rQngrnfl¢t nMm

bie~ qruy ~u~1' ien dOl tfrnh k.im lo~.i, Unh phi kiim eua b

cae

riig!Jly~·n t6 tmnrg ml)t fling

A. giai thfch. m~1 chu W. va '~mlf1gm(>t WlIh6mAthieo chi~u tE5 ng

1. H~¥ cho bie.ts,! b~e.·f1! '\,!Ie. tin:h .aXlil - baz~ cua, cae oxit can rnh€t va ~idroxil1ll!Oflgl d~

roa cae ng,l.,J~n t6 1mng


h~.t ntiJ@on,

ro@ dli,~n tlen

J. Hay pha~biihJ 6i.nh I~t tu§jn hoan esc ngru~n to hoa hoc va lay cac tili dy v.~, e§'u 'hinhi electron f1gwlen til', tinn chi!t c-ida cac don cha't va Hnh c;,h&'t CO~fJrcaJc hc;FP ch.at d~
minh liiio~. 4. INhlmg d:gl~ I'u'c;'ngva t'inh a} Kh 6i I:LJ~ng fig uyen hI

chEn' nso

eua..nguyeeFil t6 hoa

h9C (ghi d~

[lay) bi~n a&i

lu.an

hoa n UiJe.ochieu 1ar~ dr$n Uch h~l n han nguyen ttt ?

bl SO' ttl (r ~IJ'


c) :B.an krnh i('iJg.uy,e n 'lU d) Tinh kim lo~i e). nnh phi kJm f) N ~ng luqng ion hoa thCt nMt i) T:fon axil - baw ~aJ esc hidro)ti,t k) Cau hinh et.ectroll nguY@f1 5. Cho. C8JC rngl:lY~fiI

tu- tOp· I1QQair

cUng,.
17.

to. X. y, Z c6 s6 hi~unguyen t~·~kinIW;; I; liiI 9; 16, a) X-ac a~nhvi ~r:r Ua. thung trol'llg oa ng 1uA n noon. c

b} X,"p cac nglJ,Jr)'lento' dO. fheo thO hf tlnh phi ¥,jim tiflng dAn.. 6. CnD eae nguyen

to A, 8, G., ro cO s6 Hih~uI'iIguy~ntUi Min lu'9t 11~ t2!

13, 14.

a) Viet cal!] hinh electron nguyen'~ b) XiiJC

'Cw chung.
tuan

d!nh v! trr

rue ch(dng trong bing

ho~i,j'1.

C)I x6p dec n.guyen

to db meo tiler hi' finh

kim lo~i tang dan,

.;. D~ vao :$.L! biin ctJ6i tuan hoa~ tinh chit ,eua: eae nguy-en 1'6, Ita),' doan nttJ~n su :b~e.n ddi .~ nang 1U'Q1i{j ioo hoo thlr nhiH· d'Q am d1~Ii, 'tifnh lI;;im Io.~u cac kJ m loai nh6m 11\. oUa

~iii

13 -Y NGHIA ellA. BANG TU.AN


CAe NGUYEN TO HO.A HOC
:.!'

i!

g'

O.AN

• v~triO ·c:ualm~d n.gurye.n· to hoa.


ehe 'ia nh OOg th,&ng Un

• Khi bift s&~hieu rig uyin ·til e ua mot ngl!lJJin 'l6, -ta eo til' $U_Y' ra v-i tli c~aTnUl' ~r(;ng bang tUairl Tbo.a,n lauth; khotlQ ?
'~ !II _

eli: v.e:

~ih~H~ tro'ng

b\~ng tujn, hoi::.n

n ~ilJye"'ti' '06.,

I - QUAN H~ GIUA.

v, TRI v'it
trf

(AU T ~o NGUYEN TO

Bbt't vi tri C',11\anf}t n.gLuyeri, ttllrong bdng twin hoan, e.6 thl'suy ra ca.n tao ngl.t_yen t flJ ct]~· n:ff.~yb1.td do va ,ng.~t1C .tCji ixem sa d$ sa.1;.t) : trom.g l!tb£g iu&n' hoar! MJ

'~i liCcua

.m~t 11~QIi!n

-.sO' thf:.f 1¥' dID ,nIDlY~ (6 - S6 ti'btt ttr ~~la n1 k'1 C:oo _ '.
(,~ ~L ~ ii.~il!.t., - ,~ '~JJlU' +J\!f' ilZlbLa ·Jlll.V.m 'l " fi

~ S6 proton 86 electron - S6 hlp electron - sr; e leorron :~&pngoai G~tng

Thi dsl :'. I:lg.uy~n t.6 eo s6 tbo ~~

electron, ~6 4, 16p electron (vI $6 lop electron. Mug sri lhtl' t~·ella chu kl}, 00 ] electron b '~6p]jjgow cu;ng (vi sO'
ngUly.fn '1 '9

N.g{l~n. tit ctw.

to do co. 19 proton,
li1g\JY'En

n.r la 19 thil]~C d1U kl 4, nhom

TA,

as (bJ£ suy fa :
t6 kali,

electron 16p· n goal cung b!hg 56 trrcr. '[~]'efta tdt6m A)_ DO. I.a nguyen
Tb; d~~ : 2

00 dl~ suy 'fa :

:met cAu

hl.nlh electron

tLt' eua mQ't n_go.yt:n to' Ja llS2 2s.2 2p6 35.2. 3pl

TOng s6 electron cua. ngl.1y~n ti~ ng~.yen t6 dO ~~ l 6~ v~y 'ngtlyen to' do chl~m 0 m.~.16 trOlillg b&ng ~uanhoan (V[ [l,guyeu tir co. ] 6 electron, 16 proton, 86 don 'vi di¢n ~Jcl1hat nha.n ~.l16 ~g :,;6 1h.li llJ' c©.a nguyen ~ nong bang '~u~lnmOM), Ngoy~1'L E6 dd lhMOe chu kl 3 (VI 00 '3 16p e]ectroJlJ~ nh6m VIA. (v~.co ,6 demon :i6p ngoo] c~ng). 'DO. tit nguyen to ]w.t huynh.

QUAM HE;G~(fA VI TRI' vA TiNH CHAT

eUA

NGUYEN

TO

BUt vi tri cUa. rn.¢.t ngl£yhl ttf.trong bdng t.uan hOOn,.c6


ftiOQ

lu?~ ca Mil

tn! suy Fa tthl,7:1~gthtli chJl'

CUD

~(f

,-1'~nh kim loai, tfnh phi kim :,Dc nguyen 16 f:J cac uhom lA, OA, lilA (lrQ: hidro va, be) co linh kim loai, Ciie ngu yen l'6 lJ cae 'MOml VA, VIA, VHA co tluh ph i kim (trlt antimcn ~bitm U! v,~,poloni), e= Boa tr~Gao nhSt dia n~uyel1 to "1m. oxi, hoa tri vm hidiO" ,_, O.')Ji],g thoc ciia oxlt UtO nl:la't v& h idroxit tuung lmg, ,_ Cbng thUic c WLa ~~1p ch&: khf v61, hidro (n5u co).

- Oxil, Va, R'tid_fQ;;l:jt 00 [fnh axit h a.y b.~7D_ Tnt dzy;" Nguyen t6 :Ruu. [i1uy'rrh 0 a. th.l1' 16~ nhum VIA; chu kl 3-" Suy ra ]ITJj huynh 'Hem, hi caa [lhlii' v&i oxi la 6 oong [:hoc cua oxit eao nhQ:"t: 803" la Hoi1 hi vdl hidro U, 2. cong futk coa hop chi't klU v6i hidro Uk H2g s():, Hl oxit SI.'%,h va H2SO4 1ft ax it manh,
1

lit phi kim,

fli

SO sANH TiNH, CHAT HOA HQC NGUYEN TO LAN cAN


y,~O

ellA MOT NGUV:EN TO VOl cAe


-

q'lJI.y h..l!@.'~bien, d6t t[nfu ,chilLtem.a cae nguyen t6 trong' b~n:g tu~n hoan c6 ! . th~ so sanh dnfu ch~t hoo hoc etta, lT~q:tugu.ye1i:J. ~6vm cac nguy6n '(6 lan can. ThI dlf ;. 80, s:fu ~ tlnh dl~t h~, hQC csa P {Z = IS} l;l&i Si (Z = 14) Va S (2 ~: 16),

Dva

v6i N (Z

:=:

7)

Trong ba'Vtg 'wall ~lI.Qfin.; cac nguyen: tel Si, F:. S lhu¢C cung lTIQt chu ki, N xep theo thti' tg dl,~n tfch hat lih~n ta!rug da'U'jj ta d'UIr]cd~'y S( p~S(. Trong, chu kt, theo dl ien (h~n tid1JJh~t nhan (inS thi tfilh phj ki m lang- V ~y P 00 t[~h phi, kim y~u hen S: va manh hon Si, Thong nh6m VA, theo ~hieu di~ rilch h~,tn han (an g daJn .ffnh ph i kim gi,am dfu. "Ii v~y theo tho t~ N, P, As, lh~ P 6.S tii:lh phi kim yeu hon N 'v~manh hen M. V~:y P 00 tinh phi kim yell h® N Vfu 8 hi droxit cna no 1;8:13P04, eo tinl1 axit yelt l hon HN03 "2,804.

va, As

(Z

= 33).,

e~,

va

BAIT~P
1, Theo q~y lu~i' bien dOi tiWilh chit dJa cat; n gUi~nl ~D Irtlif:lg b~n 9 tu~n hoan; th~

A .. ptJi ,kim m~fi1b nm~t 13 'iot. B. kim !o~limanh n h@itla, lirti.


C. phi' kim 'rri~oh nh~'t Ie ~lo_

D, ~im 'Io~i

yeu

.nha~Iia x.esL

Ch9n t1ap ~n dlCEng,

57

2. Cho filguyent5 X (l ::; '2), 1

tJay cho bl~"t ,:

- cifu hlnh electron ,nSlu~~n tU' cua nguy,@,n ,16X. - Tin,h og. noa nQc CO ban alia ngluyen to' X. 3,., D~ vsc q!lJ)f h.l~t bi ($n ddi inn I.dm IQ~i. Ullh p'hi kim cua cao nguy@n 'bj. hong ban91luan,
hoan,

h1§y

Y1~1J :

'16 nao Ie kim lo~i m~nh liilh§:'t ? N g yyen t6 nao 'Ia phi [kim m~nh nhat ?' b> Cae nguye~ to' k.im I~i dV~c phan b6 & khlJ vve nao rong, bangl tU~fi ho.an ? c) Cae n9 uy€"fiI to' phi kl m aw;sc pnan bo a kln:u vIJ/c nao tron g ban,g 'ru~n hoe n ?
a) Nguyen

d). Nhbm nao g6m nl'lO'ngnguyen t6 ki m I'O?li die n rtin h ? Nh6m nao g6m nh lJirng n9u~n 10 pl1i ~imdlIen h~n '7 h e) cae ngluyefiJ to khf hi~m fl~m 0 khu lIVe 000 trong ,bJiJngru~nI hoan ?

4. [NglUy~n tlr
b) N~u
51. Nguyen

etta

:2 ngu.y~n t6 co Z = 25

'va l

;;;;; 36.

a) Xac, t'Jjnh s.6

!:her tl/ chu

1011 n hom eoa ciic og u~n to tren '~rong b~ng tu~n hoa.~. va
!haii ngl:,ly~n to do.

~rnnchatoa hoc ee ba,n cue

to X co sO hi ~,u flgU~r1

ohgt hoa. hoc co ban cua nguyen, t6 x. 6. Bang dwil day eho b~e:t barn kinh 09 u~n t&' va nang lW)ing iOnJh:M th Ct' nhjt: OU8Jnguyen - Cho

- Viet ,c~u hinh elecltOn

bre.:t tmlh

ngu~{~n.

tfr la 16. tfr ~6 tlQIlJy.e.n ttl X.

WI' m91, so nguyen t6


.

Ngu,y~n 'to

Na,

Mg

,AI

81

P 0,,110 1012

C.I

[Ban krnh flguy~i:'l!toll' (nm}


~i1ng' llt9.ng ion hoa thli'

0,157

0,135 O,t25
738

O.tt"l 786
.

0.104 0..0199
1'000
1251

n1h~ (~,Jf'mol~

497

578

OVa vao esc d,[J' ki~n tr'en, h~y rri.Jtra nhu(rIg nh~!'l x~t sau ~

9J) 81/ bLen ,doi b-AllilIdnl1 nQuyin: ti1 rua cae ngury.® n i5 toolilig &Ill kl.
b) Sl/ bt~n do.i n~ rig 'lU9ng ion hOOi11 'YU~ ngUJlen hI de

'1. iF' hat b i§u dJnh~u~ttua n hoa n va eno bi'et iilgUy~ F1n ha n cOa si/ bi~,nd& tu~n iho,a n tfirl!h ki m loal, 'Iinh phi klm .c~aJ cac Ilgj!Uyen to' th eo ch'ieu Umg coa ai~n Uch h~.lt n1ha [II
- 1Di. .ngilJlj!\sr1 t~ ,8., N'9uY~i1 to clo thll,J9C ch u ,Id 3 va n'h6m V~~AI'h~y cno blet (l~(:: di.e:m '!i~ e-au hi nh
electron g,. ~gUY~fll

n9 uye.i'i t5. trolflg chu td.

nguye:rn tiI va. tfnh chat

ho~ hoc

00 b~m

rua

clo,
'II~ Calli

o~Hay

Ilgn..uy@n

tcr va 'linh ch@iillftoo hoc Gd' ,bin c6a

to' 1FiIa-lfi th:u9c

chu

rkl.;3 va n h6m .lA, hay cho bts,t aa"c di € m


i"Iatrii.

hiill'llh~~ectmfll

so sanh Unh ki rn JO~ltlCIM Mg (Z ~ 12) It'oi N~

(2: ~ 11)

va Ai (2

.:::1S).

cBdi

1/!J

LUVt:N TA, CHUONG 2


!oo cae kl~e UII(tc n.
h@~R

,. CUing

- CIU' t\\lO' b~ng twan

oac nguyarr

ro hoa hqJc.

- Q~y lL4t bie.n 00; tua,~hoan m~t s6 fi'?i j~ng v~l' Jl ~ tlnh chit C~'C :i1g'uy~ntIS thee chi~,r;'t~ng caa ai?,n 'tich f1~t nnaJ1. - f)jnJ'~lu~t w~n
[U;lan_

• Ilen IlfIiy~n lei nguy~n fif.

gj"~ vj t~ ~caiJ t~o, ngfllj\lleO

n-a n,g

:' Lam

P'sf t~p )(~C' i$fi'mrSJ quan h~ ttl OaD ,ng~1~n va tinn ch~t c~a to
(;,£fC'

A .. K1EN TH.UC' CAN NAM VUNG


1. Nguyen tac sa p' xep cac nguyel11 Wi tron g :2 ~ cau
@iD

hang tu~n

hoan

t6 hoa hoc - 6 : 56 thu 1111: 'CU,fjJ6 'h~ng s6 ni~ nguyen tili" bang s6 don Vi di~n l [ell h~f.nhan va 'bang t6ng sd electron,
bang hoan - Chu kl :,86 thu

tu~n

cac ,~~n

Clu~ chu ,k] ban,g w lap electron, + Cbu kt rulO l:.Thac chu :kl lJ 2, 3 chi gOa.n ca,c n_guyfn ttl' $, va ng_uy,6n. 16 p, c
t~'
I'i...-t.. I',,~' .... !~.,a, I'i k.,{m 'I....~~ (!r ~ < , ! UII.!. iL-''':'- .:~ .. 111~'Lj_ l!li±l!B-,e ;;.(_)

+ 'C1J.u. ld ]00 Hi cae chu l!d 4;1 5~6~7 g6m, eac nguyen t6 s ~.P~ d 'Va f.
- N'h,;t, . . QJo;.;; .... vID;:.:JIiJ -4-

mbm A : 56 1LhtT.' con nhom ,A b~ng so electron Wp ngoai CUDg., J'fh,6m A PlJl' gum esc nguy0ti to s 'rl p., -11- Nhom B ;:86' tho ~' ~9, "hom, B h§l1,g so electron boa tri, Nh6m. B .g.om cae ngu yen to d. v.~,f:

elect ,0""." '110'" ~1~ ....... ,'0,.11. +,


'IV....

3. Nh{mg u(li hJ1;mg va tinh chat bj'@n dbi tiu~nhoim thea chi~utang wa di~n uch h~tnhi n
=

B~n kfnh rtgl!l.yen tit'.

- Nang ,h~'~"jJg' hoa ionl

wti 'nhit

,_, DL') am di¢n.

- Tfnh kim loai r tfnh phi kim"


- Thill axit - bezo

c·ua ox i[va hid:rox.il.

- H.o~, cao :illM"r rua nguY~1:11d ,411 oxi ITl

va,haa

tli d~a rrgu.y~-fh[6'pfuj kim 1I6'i hidro,

4..Dinh lu~twan

hoan

"Tinl: cluff ci~a cac nglryb~ r{/ v& dan chefI' cl1rlg lthu thimh phdn 'Vcl.tr~lh rheft Ct~a

cae hf/p Chc'if tao ,~Jntll' cac ng.u.yen tl/ do bje,I1 IJd.r. tl~anlwiin theo chilu ,tih~,g CUQr di¢n tich hr:p nhcllt ngl~yen 1.'11'''.

B-

cAu ell vA Biu r:p

1. INhL1ng cau sau d'aJ~, cau naP. sal?

A. Tn;mg rnlUl l\Ji, eac ngu~l~nlt6 t1l.!gcx,~p.thso en ieu di$n tfCh h~t n . an ~ng' d~n.

[8. Troftg ohu 'k1., esc Ill9luy@n t5" cM#c xep thee 'chieu sO hi~!.Jn@uy@f)tLt' ~ng dan.,
C. NgU)t€:fl 't.U' cua eae Inguye n 'to' eu ng chu ki ,00, sO' elersron b~n~ nheu,
10,.Chu k.i baa gJa

cu

.gI

bal da,u

la 1Ti9t

im lo~i IkJU~m~u6i ell ng o

la mQ' khfl ht€m.

2. a} Dva

~1Il

~guy~n me nao rl9UOi ta xep eac nguyen] to thanh ch[,li kl, Tih6m ?

bi) l~a nao 11& dhu M ?' sangl

Mrli ohu ki 06, bao nihi~u;rlguJy~n 'to '(


hau h~ mile ngu~n

roan

hQBn 00 bao nhi@u chu k] f'IM, bac Flhh~!,.I kll'& ? ohu

3~ 1"rongllb~ngl luan iho~I!, nlhom A nao g6m

tat ca eao 11;9 uyen

to la ki m I~
nom

i ? N hom 1180.

gam

t61ar

ph'i kim?

Nh6m nSo. go.m cac nguyen to' k

r hiem ? f)~c

m~ms6 elec-#iroo l()p


Ja 28..

ngosli wOQ ciia: Me ng uy~rJitCr [rang cac

tren.

4. lang] '00 nat proton, '[iI(iltron" el,e.ab"On ona nguy~n tfr m~1 ng:uyel:\ 16 thu9c nli'tom V~IA a) Ti"nhngu~n til khat
b,) W@'t cl"u cv;~ kh6i I~g

hinh

efiedFiom nguyen

'to' eua mg1uy@n t~ do.,

S. O~it cao ['rJhiil,Qoa m(r! ng:uy~n t6 la R03i tmng hy;p c.hat clla nO.vol hidro 00 5,,8.8% hidro
. .xac .djnh ng,uyen

to d6.

,6. HW chm ~hj' \~i hidro oua m¢t n9uy~n t6 Ja RH4. Oxit eao ~hil rCu-snQ chua 53,,3.% oxl y,~ kh61 1tt<;!J1Jg. Tim n~UlY&nto' d6,

'7_. Khi

mo .n,H

9 m¢t kim lo~i, ilIh6ml '1~A tao d1L,Jrlg hel v6ii ilIlt& ~o

.r.a

0,336 If~krli hiCf.ro

~a (fi~u k.i~n tielU chu~n)- .Xa·~Gjnh kim I!J~~ do_


S.. HfI i F1guy~m

to A,

B dUn 9 kia tiep' nhalu 1ror-tg .ell ng m¢t ch u k1 cua bang

1uan

hoan eo

tonQ1 sii' ddn v~ di~·n tim h~t rlh~,nIe 25_ a) Vj'~t cau h'lnh e·ledJron d~ xil!c.·djli1h hal .ngUiy~n td A
~,

va

B thu¢'c

en u ki' nao,

nh6m na.{'J,

1,\,,\ Q",
'0",'

",01""

""A,,';h

I~ ••

11-.·1""'5-.· hs~..~. riI-. ......;:, 11L 'v." ij;!IlL i

he ,owa c.' Ungl_ ~c ~. h' .

9.. Gho ·8,,8.g m~i: han hqp ha~ kim IQ~i n~m

6 h ai ehu

kl 'lien tEe'po n~au- \I'~ thw~c ~~ em II tA, vao bang

tac d~ogl '\!'6iHlel du: '(hi! thu d~1¢ 6,,7.2 Ilit kh r thiijNl a di@u kj~n ti;§u chuiE1m D~

llU8nl ihoa.n cho tliffi. Mm, cua haj ki m loo.ij do,


10. INguyen

'10X

'06 cSl;.Il hlnhl etectron ntl Lf S81!J

::

i s2 :]s.2 2p6

W :3rfo Jd5 4s 1

Hay xac di!ilil ; 91) Vi ~rr CQa X ·~ltJn~JibaOQ b) N~ti Un'h·c~,~th'O~1 hoc i

~u:in hoa·n ..
'OC)

ibilinl c~~

x.
W trong
nh6m IA ~U, Na., K:! Rb!, Cs,

11. Vi~t ~u blnh electron rJgury~n 1ir rna ~G rrguye'n

Hay ~~p .x~·pesc nglJY€O ~6 thoo, ~hieu gli;fm {~~nC~8Jb~fJ1krl'llh ngllJ)!\~n ta, gi~l thich, d6

~I"'.'Y

fRai
__

-.......:....I

15

MOT so THAO ,Ac TH~"C HANH TH' ,GHI~M HoA HOC. su BIEN DOl TiNH CHAT CUA esc NGU'YEN T'O TRON'G CHU KI vA NHO
• I -" III

RAI TH~fC

HANH

so 1

Gj(.ip' h~c sinh reti hJytn £Q9t$0 kli Irh1ing sUodl;!l'ng .h~ 'chat 'va d l.J n 9 c~ thffi tnglhi;~!\1IiI1 til tl.am jbaQ ~an toin v,a ,ket~Iq th~' 1119 hj~rrr.,
'IiII,

..

iii,'

.' T~i:n hanh m,ot sir .,.~' nglh~;e,m,ddn 9 ian va ~s lf~lbiiien d'O:~ nh U Clhilt Icua nguyin ~Otr,ong chu ikI va n him!.

I, ~ N()~DUNG
1. M'Qt sISthao tac tn'l$C hanh thi nghi~m hoa hQc
u) LilY hna
'UI'al:

cnal
j.

Khi rna nut l~ Liy hoo, ch~t! ~hM


.,III',1I;t
1 '~ ! ,~ ,_ ngua nUL,rren. m~i ii-. ~ A.:I'.<I'· '!Jan oe earn bio dt) drib kh~,,e:;tella, hml d1.at v,~,

t:r,~M ho~ cfuJ(td~y:rnban. l.lIy ho:ii ell:(t ran pJkr'j;i dimg: m1;~
ltu(::

hoac kep, khong earn 'bing

tay

(fulfill 2.4).

,L~y hoa:, c}Mil lOng ,p.!h~idhng hut rilib giot, Kbri db h()a ch~t tr~ [9 nay sang ]g l:Ju~J~~ dinng ph-tu_ pru\i Khi r6~hoa chit vao 6ng nghi~m phal dung j}~p gict Gog nghl~m" d~ l'dJJlih 1'000 cha:t day fa. tay, h ~Tren c~c boa cha'i

oog

Khi n'Onho~ h.oa


,62:

~8)fJ,

cae hrnl, chift trong ooc phai dung dta 'thoy iinh.

l}~n ho~(; floA tan cac hoa ch~fttrong 6ng n.gh.i~ phai ,cdm mi~ng DUg h&ng esc ng6n lay trb, cai va gitra cua ban lay. 6ng hoi ngh[,eng va l,~cb~ each ~p phtn dudi, cua 6ng \1,iW rJ,g6n tay ho~ ]orng him tay b~t'lJkia cho den khi c.h..!r leng d:LtgC ~n d~u. KhoO,g dJl!Q'c dung ngon tay oJ! mj?i1I,g omg nghiem VEtJ lac, VI nhu v,@y:s.e Lam hod chat day ra £ay-

tro

De

,N 'iI!lJ.J!

· IIJ1qDg 'iLioa~ c h~ Cf nra qua • 2 ong ngm em .<..... 1 _, t..' ~ ~t


jj;

t 11 ~J :;Lal..' ung
'[ ~ ]. ~-

d~

d~ lh ~ lTI1~~ U8. ~tl!y "


1)..,

khuay nhe, c) Dun nong hod chat Khi don hoa chit .ran trong 6ng ng11i~1 can ca'p. 6n~nshiem b to' '. _ ~:::o.
tlhl na,tn, ngang

tren g'l a
'110'1,

th ~

nghiem, lni~ng 6ng hoi clnic hw dtt{£ thoat ra, dong l~i 'va chi)' ng~ xu6o.g day 6ng' ngh.i~m dang nang 'il~ Hun va 6ng'Dun boa c:hiilit 16ng trong c60 thuy tlnh ph,3d dung tutti (then kh6ng gi hoac d6ng) lot dlJ'tn day poe thuy tinh d~ tranh nUt. vit. K110ng d,uqc cUii ~ ,gan m.]~'i[]g coo dang. dlJr~. 'Dong lra.oh hoa ,chift s6i YMJ m..t v~,mat (bJnh 2.5).

xuong d'~' d~ phung

rmOt.: tir:

ban

de

d) Sir rl~ll1g m(lt . 0 d, g C"l} thi nghj~ ~ r hong thIrtrng

Trot.tg thi nghi~m t11l!c hanh ho1 hoc r!uIOng dung c~p g6 hose kim ]o~i~ c~p a v] 1:rfeacb. nll~ng 6ng nghi~nf'J bAn.g 1(3 chien dai CUH 6n:g- nghiem. Khi cia cho 6ng
nghiem vao cap [ioi, chi nen flam ,chAD nhanh dh.i cua C r;lp va d:;ur ngon ray ,cli len nha:fl'h ngan!
khong dong

ban 'truy nam cd ha:i

nh~ltth,eD,a c~p..

Khi cham den ,cOn phai dung que d6~1I1. Khong nghieng den cham l'ili~,'ltt' den n~.y san g ~,en khde de 'Cranh con cbiy ra ngoai gay ,c:ha,y ~ bOng (hl nh :2,6) - Kh i lit den con :ph~i dimg ehup d~,y, khong U1101 ng9f1! l~tabAng n1i~ng"
Khi dun chd't long 'U'OJ1g cac dll}Rg
G~~

thu y ~i[1fu Eihu' ong nghiem,


1" - -

,c6c

nen d*t en fJ ,G,~ndun ~uing cita cac d ung

C~I

vao di61'tlL m6ng nht1t crilia, ngon

lira den con! . (;) 'Vi 'trl !, chj,gi,ll CaO ne- hIa, ~:Ilh thI trbl X:tld'n.g_ "'"Otil _ 3 ,

Khi doc muc cha:~16.ng trong cac da:-,ng 'C1.;l dong, do chit: long.~c.mn d€

lim

n1~:[(

nhln ngang vm d.-:i.y yom khnm 'ella clh{(t lbng ChWd:t:ro:DJjgac dlJng. C'~, (b1nh 2.7). c

2~'Ill U'C 'hanh ve SY" bien 661 tinh ,chat ella nguyen 16 trong dtu ki
va nhmn
~) SI,l

hif!"n dou tinh eh~t ,c~a eae nguyen

~otrong

nhcm
'li:OOc_

L~"y VaG hal. ,00C;th~,y tinh, 1116i c6e chUt1~ 60 ml dung. djch phenolpntalein 'Va kllLu:ay de;u.,

Nfi,a v.an m8i c& vai gi~H;,

Cho )100 coe 'thu' i1lha:t'm(>r 'm'au nheJ, atri ~ode thll' ~a:l m¢t miLu kal i co clmg kich n thuGrc (eM_ :'9 baD an t,O~l1.khi lam lm n,ghi~m 'v6i kali).

Qm~n -MJt ru~, 't~g :<uy fa trong mOl coc_ Nh~ wet va, rut ra ket: l.u~nv6 ,')1$ bien d'6i 1:U:ib, chat ,dia: CJ,c nguyen 't6 trong lth6m,_

oom,

b) Sl.ii bien d6i fmh chit eLIa Cae

R 6t va"o hat elSe to u)r tl nh, m@i c6.c chirng 60 ml ralde. .R6~ vao ccc [h6 ba .choog 60 ml nude ri}6rt1.g,.Nb"o' V,8"O m,di (;6c vai giot dung dich phenclphtalein :r.6i khu ail' ct~u. Cho vaG: ode: 1ifurri r1bt~:m/?f.m~T!HI1ho natri nhu oi giro tlueu iJ thi ngru~m (a), . Cho 'VaG c6c tlh:u- hai v~, cdc· thii ba, moi c6~ rn(H ttdu magic c.6 kfe:h thu6"c b~n~ mtfu, natri, Quan sat hi~n t~1g x~.y Fa troIljg moi ,cUe. ~n het va nit ra klt ll!!l~ ~ S:l!J bl.,~ ddi tint.. clua[ c[aat .caic nguyen to' [long chn '~.

n g,li yi!: n t6 ~ron g chu

k'i

-Chuang

.,

.,/ T,~i sao trong tv n h iertl ngr;Jy!§n Iii esc, I1lglu)'€m t~ chu )!leudlf(ji d~ngphan tLf' hO~G tInt! {hi?

to I$~ tOn

.I The.nao

113 m¢,t Iten k~t hOE,h:9C ? Go nhUn~gkh~'ulien kit


?

hva h9C neo

KHAI NleM VE LIEN KEf LIEI K~T' ON


119 l!JyiBl ~fr?

HoA HOC
I~;,:I

• Ca,c mom thJ1q'c l;.~o.tha n hi nlhU' tnlf Iit,ao"? ' .. l'lf'u~; in~UJ cra,iiion va an;ion l' 'llhe nae lei) i!~1i'I 'o;n" ion ril d
• JLii Iii ket ion ':hii~Chin hi f'h.aml h nliJllil th,f n:a,~l'

• CiiJ t"b m!n 9 ti nh .hi iion va cae tfnh chit c!tu,mg CDaJ m Sing t,ien! q1uan \iiid~ nih;Slju In hllJli' 'Ul if nao' l' . , I - KJHA.I N~~MV~ U~N Kn HOA. HQC
1- 'Khai nii;m

ve, Iren 'ket

,Uen k6: 110& h9C III, S~{ kIt h~p gi,[tQ .co£ n,guyln ni'r t{1o thank phlln. Ii« hay fink thE

ben V1!m:g han. Khi 06 :sq ,chuySn esc :U:lJg'lry@ir.b rr. :d&mf!;,:re thanh phan d

.kSr hoa hoc tM nguyen M kh i h'le'm,.,

co

l(,!;1

tnrOng dat t'6j cW,n hllJjlh electron bt@.nV':""u:nr,g cilia '

lU h~y t~'nh th~ tlit: l.A cO ]'i~n

1Vl9t' each

tll~ d~ thimh phan tit hay tinh t:h~"

t6ng quat, sl$ ]ien k€~giita cac nguyen ~~1l"tao thilnh phan '~il' hay tinh giai thfeh b.~ng ,s.~(:gi£lm niing l.U'9'ig khi chuyen cac nguyen til r.i,eng Ii

2~ aUV tae :tn%t lir (8 e[ectron} Ta d.a brett cac khf hiem heat d¢~]g hoi h~;c rift kern, chting t&n '~~~trong n[ nhien d..wi d~rg nguyen tU 'le! do rieng reI nguyen til CM chting kheng ben, ke::1' nhau vai tao t11al~1ph.fu:a, t.tt Trong de n.g!Jyen 'n1-kJr[ Jlt~m; oguy~ N' p~J chi c6 :2. electron nen c6 2 electron l. 0. lap th(i nht£l cUng: la, l6p n,gOOi cang, con eac nguyen [Ju' khii hiem khac dell co 8 electron 0 l~ ngQai euag, 'NtHI'v,~y, cdi~' hl'ih 'vOi /3 electron d lap ltgo,a'i {'~~ng (hm,tc 2' electron (Jdi vbi' hdO M cau hinh electron v~g bin. Theo 114;; die bdt tlt (8 electron} thi ng~yen tic Cl:ltl (ac nguye.n c:6 khuynh Ihilmg lil!'1i Mf v&i cc&cnguyen ihac di dr7l .dUt;'C Cti~1; hinh electron. vu;n;g heN:' cdc. cdc khi h£;m 1J,.\Qri 8 electron {hO'{tc 2 d61 vw' heli) d ~6p'~~goJi cimg. Val q,UY tilc btH tl!l' ngl!oi, lSI, co th~ gi,adj, thIch m,t}t each dinh t:inh 5il! h'inh thanh cac loai Hen ke't trong phan til',~d~JCbi"¢t Ih each vi~rr. ceng thik c;iu tao trong cac hgp cb,at thong 'Ontoog.

tu-

to

'V1 phan

kllong ddy du.

tu 18. m,()1i:h¢ phfic t~p

n~!1Jrong nbi,~u t~ t

hop quy tAc b~f. tll'

'to 'H'~,

11- LI~N KET ION 1~51! hinh thanh ion


3,100

Trong nguyen tu, 56 proton bang so. electron ne,n nguyen rfr trung hoa dJ..~n. Trong phir~ dng hoa hoc nell nguyen. ru mat bOt bm,.c thu '~hemelectron, no se tftrJ. '~banhpha'fIJ ~fr mang (li~il tfch duong hoic am. N glity&n Uf ho{Jc nh6m nguyen til mang di~ dut0c g9i It1 ion.

ion

dU[/!I~'

To xet .'f:'! htJzh thrinh ion natrl tU It,guyen nt natri : . gu.yen tu natri (;6 cAu htnh electron ~ 1. sZ 2s2 2pD' 3s,i va, uJn.g lU9'J1g 'ion hoo. l 1 nho Hen d~ mfft m~t electron G l.op ngoai cimg d~ tr6' thanh ion mang ,mQt don vi di~l1ti'ch drrong 'Ia co the bieu dien qua trmh do rnha sau : Na ---+ Na+ + e Qie ng 1yen IiI k,im Ieai d~ nlnrong l , ~; 3 elec tron () lOp ngoai cung d~ tro thsnh eae ien mang l., 2~3 don v] di¢n ttch dllOng" Thi d~ ~ M'g
---7'

"

thov {alimd " ..

'Mg2+ + 2e

AI ~ . A'(i+ + 3e ,. ,,~ Ion mang di~ Lk·hd~g d~ g9i I,~,ion duans hay cation. Ngurn. ta SQ.i t!n cation kim loai b:lng each d~l tnrOt: 'Ci!nkim leal 'llr cation mihu cation ~ (Li +), it;' cation magie CMgZ,t), cation nhom (A13+)~ cation dong]' OJ:+) cation d:6ll1g' 11
('C- U :2'",,) 1'.". .. ion {on (h{.JY anion) , Ta xe~ sf.{ thank ion fto r& nguyen tU" flo .. Nguyen til flo co cat] Mnb electron ; ] $2 2s '2 2p'~' co dQ !Un di~rt '[00 nen flo d~ thu them m~.t electron d~ va trer thmili ion ma;ng mt~t don vl di~n tLch am, "la Ctl' th~ b l~u d i~n qua trlnh d6 n hu

hu.tn

Cae nguyen £it halogen khac va, cac nglly~n (u ph i kim nhu 0, S co t1h~thu them A, :2 electron v:a rrcr thanh cac ion ~r.n. hf ~;t~ T ::
C[

sau : :P + e ~ F"

+ e ~, O~, s,2-

O +. 2e ---::.'01~

S + 2e

Ion mang di~1i 11ch am duoc gci ]a ion dn1. hay anion. Ngubi ta thirong goi &00, esc anion b~l1g ten ,g6c axit tur,fflg mig till du cac ion F", C.[-~ $2- Mn hr~ dl(9'C .b'Qi Ii'! ion florua, clorua sunfua, [0[1, 0)'- duqc goi l~ im~ox-it,
67

b) [on tto:n

va

ion da nglly.en tir

Ion don nguyen


I:'~'~,_IJ! Al:.l+ C' 2+ ,I.'~

a-

tu- lit 'ion duqc


S"1.,., •• ,...,
d'i¢fI

[~O

nen

0)

m(H nguyen

't~l',Thf

d:~ : Li+ Mg2+,

Ion da ,n,gu.y.en .l.~ta ion dWJc· t~ ri,~n ~iJ:nhh~u nguy~ l

m¢.l[ nhom nguyen tIT. rnang


'~

til HeIlL ket v6'i nhau d& thanh tich duong hay am. ThJ dUJ.~on amoni (NH:), i (N03)~ion sunfat (SO~-)~ Ion ph,otphat'

'cae ion g6e axu nhu ion nitrat J-) ( PO ',' ,',;1, ..~ ... 2. ,Sl\1 hinh thanh lien

tel Ion
k~t ion trong phitn

a) 811 tau ~ha.D1 lien ke't ien ell a phan tu 1 ngu)'e 0 Iit h Xct str h~nh thanh
1. len

'Do d~c di~m cau tao n,guy~~ tir .

va, q, dep xuc vm, nhau se ~6 .sv n hUUcn va, nhan electron d€ trb thAnJh eae ion Na+ g va, Cl", c6 c~u hinh elootron, [ii,gl]yel1 lit gi6ng cau hlnh electron nguyen 'u:Jcia cac kIlf lll6m Ne va AI'. Cac ion N a+ va C[- dlJ19'Ctao thanh cO dien [len uti di1:l.I, hut nhau tao nen lien 'k€~ion irong phan In cling nhtr trong tinh tb.~,N aCt.
Sv hlnh thanh lien ke~ i011 trong phan lU N aCJ co lfue tom ~~,tban g s.a d:6 sau : '

a thee

fa. natrl clorua

(N~I'Cl).

quy lite hit ll'~ khi cac nglj,y~n

tit Na

Na

0,

Cl-

Hai ion d:u\'1oC tao lbJanh. mang di~n ticb n,aU'!(C diu hflt nhau bang lV:C hut tint.
di¢u, tao ne:i1 ph&nt
h)

tu N aO

:
Na+

s., i ~o Ihanh

+ 01'-

-:). Naa
f1~

]i~Wl ~Ct ion

ong phan ttl rl~f ~~J

yen nr
thanh 1 ien k8'l ion trong

rill dl! : Phan vir CaCI2• Tuong n.]' nhu 5 V' hlnh thAiiI h ph i'n 'lit N ftCi t SL;r hjnh phan tu CaJC1206 1fi6 bj~u dietl b~n.gso do sau : CI + Cat + Cl '------7 Cl" +
[N~1J02~

[tiel :Jsl.Jj!l.

ea1+ ~l J.2:V

C1[rtl~~

-Cae ion Ca,2+va CI- tao rhanh mang di~n rich ngurgc d!(u hut nhau bdn,g h;rc hut finh di,~, tao n~j) phim tu CaCI2;,

V'~y : Lien kit ion la liin ,M dU(fc tao l'hil}~h do l1Jc hUJ .ttr:d~dif.l1, giiJ:a (.'de ion mang dif,Ft li'cn trai dau. Lien ktr ion. duec Ilklh tJ]~nhJ. gUm kim loai die'n hinh
'V~,

'phi kim dit'n hmh.

In - JlNH

'HE vA M~NG TIN" 1'. Khai nlim ve tin h the

THE ION

Tinh the; diUqc Cat]. tao W' nhimg ngu,yert tu', ~o~c i9\i11 ho,~cpl)jln Cic h~Jt nay du;gc sap xtp m,()'~each ~:~u d{i.n~ ru~n hom theo ITIJjl' tr~lt tg nhiit. d~~ trong h khang gian '~o' d~arnh m.~tl.g tinh the.. Ciic 1L~.I1tll. tb,~'dnr.bng 00 Moo d~n,gkill6ng

to.

gian

x,~.c d~nh.

2~M~ng tinh

tl1e ion

Xet. [~ng tinh th~ N aCI :'


M~g tinh thi N aCI,c6 cdu true hlnh !,~p plurong, C~C ]011Na,+ v,a (:1~ ll~m.o cac mit c:ua mang tinh Ih~ mgt each 'I1MlTl, phien. Trong nun th~ N aC[~oli 1n9't ion Na or. ~:l~Q'Cao qU8J]1,h bO'i, 6 Ion Cl". Nguoe ],~i1 mqt. ion C]- duqc baa qu an h bo,i b 6 i011l. Na~ (hlr:!h 3,,]).

IN;a,-+

Tinh tbe NaCI dt~

't~o bOti:nft ['lhJ..~uion Na+ va, CI,-t khong co phan 'tfr NaC1 rieng b:i~L Toy v,~y~ viet c,ong, tbuc pha:n t&' ,G1]& m.ILlI5:U nard clorua, d6 d,O.Ll, giiun khi "";:;"':~jL..~ 'j{;' 'N ,,.,,.- .. h@ Clrnt ion 1:"-1.."': ,... 'b : RCl , 'l;..fr ..C':'!'L1'k" [)'glH}1 ta W;J'UVJci, ,_, a0' ,. T ,1,'l:LoJlg til ,dO.l \!>61 cac " :l:'.Jllci.C nrur " .L.~ ·.!?b;"'-

ciing viet :m"J.;~.~y. v

,3, Ti'nh chat chung

cfic hcp chat ion tlnrong ~6lll~i6' daag tinh co tfnh ben virng1, thUlcfng CQ [1Jbi~l '('0 n6ng eha y nhi~,t d<?s6i Idui cao, cae. hqp chAl: ion chl tOn I~ cr d~g phan tit' rieng kh i chang 2J trang thai hoi.

o dieu kien th~g~

cua

hqp chat ~on

te

va,

me~

Ok hop ch€ft ion rhutmg tan nhleu trong ntt6'c. Khi n6ng trong nl1.O'c, chung din dlen ~ COrlJ 0 trang fhai ran thl khong

chay va k hi din di. tl.

hoa tan

BAll'~P
1. Cac nguyen
A., ,

tCr It&t:!

k~'l v~i nhau tha h phan

ta t1e
Be,

chlu~n
~t]

,~:ng tran g thai ICO Ii'lan;g!~ng 1hap, non,

e, Do..

lhlnh electron cua khi hrem.

C. cO cau h~nh electron .rjp flg'OOIeli ng


D. otn.ly~n sangl tr~ng thai cO Dap

ria ng I1J.Qlng

la 291 ho~c
GaO h on,

z. The nao Ia Jil!a.ll1g h!~ng iOIilJ hail thLr n1hat ena nguyen. 'G 1- ': 9 uyen ItLt A. 06 na ng J~ng 'io~ hoa lhU' nhat Ion hen n~ng Lli(;I'ngion hoe' thfr nhat cua. nguyen X, hoj nguyen tu- nso de ntl,uang e~eCllUn h(!ir, ?

an

nao s.ai ?

1u

3. IHe y.

\J i6t

phUdng trl nh biel!.ll tjielil


Ns -;). rNa+,

Su h1 h t· 'anh cae ion 'sa~ day to cac Il!giLEy~n ttl 1111

tu'Jjn g li
Mg
--t
--ii"

(Jngl :

u-,
Mg;jl ~.

CI...-.v
S4

CI82-

AJ -'>' A~',

4. IHa~{ v~t calu hlri!h elecro n eOa eac [Din S91Uiday :

u-, Be2 r-, 024'j

5. H~~r 9 iai tlhrcn s!J' hll1n thanh lien ,k;el giu.a. esc ng U~1li Id' cua esc ng uyen to' :SaU dlly :
K

va, CI; rNa \f8 .0,

6. Ngu~'EH11tr cUt!! eac

11gr;,lyen

to' N a, Mg, AI,

S, CI, F 06 fh~ '~o lhan'h

ijOI1 ICOdj~n

Ur::h~rn9

bae n.'hi~u?
7. Hay cho thf dy
8.

v~ onn

th~' ton

Y~,H~ho. bar'! oha' i~ Ili~n k.~ttrong cac tintdha ion. bii.t


'ttr oua n.guyen

Cation R+ 00 eEry hlnh etectron d pha.n lap ngo~i a). Viet 8iLll hfnh electron b) Nguyen
e}

to R tlhuQc chu W ai,aQ ? Nlhilm nao ? Clio. birit ~encua n.guyen to.

nguyen

to. R

rung ~a2p6,

Mguyenl t6 R Ie kim ]o~i hay' IAtphi kim?

70

(}jat

f7t LIEN KEY C ~ NG


. • ~. ~ & ~I ~

OATR'
~ttdan c:hltft va
I , •

,.' Lj~!fI el '!i9,"'9 h O~I,t~, Uiorng. phan k

tit'we Jh'iln h thiuil h RhU' the "aO 1 • • ,SIIr' P ha_!i1 'CI4Ct:r,ong ,hen ket, cQn!l hQa If,!

hi9.p Ghat
'""

In hit( the,

nao '1
~ ,

1- SV HI,NH THANH LIEN,KEf CQ,NG HO,A

Tn, BANG cAp

ELECTRON CHU~G
'1~SII

ttln h toonh

phan

'tu- dan chat

,3.) Si(! hi n h lh~ n h phim r U' H,:1:


N guyen t;fr H (Z =' 1) co c$l1l hlnh electron la, l 5,I" llK~i guyen 'tU' H. lien k~t, v6'i n nhau k3t:n,er each mAl' ''''c''y.Gl·r?I'LU, H ,u "", ~u l~ ' ....... i.' .1~R_.t " , ,,,,-",L i,lI<:I, 'eo . i!1W,J, ",'UI, "'i;l:LiI, G, u 'n~'" '" gcp 'I' ""'I'F"" ............ tao ,~~~,;:...,.,;I.~ "V.' ""'';;;n elect .."T'Io u ..... '-'!JI,' L.' • '"''l.LI!'"" . , .....·v 'V,I'
r ,,'L-

gi,e1Jlg csu hlnh electron b~n wAg cila 'k~]fhitirn hen :'

chung tmug phan tLr'H2, Nhu 'tJfj,€

trong phan tili B1•moi nglJye:n ~lr(;6 2 electron,

H·+"H: ~ :H: H M6i ch:rm ben k:[ bi~ru nguyen t5 bi~'ill, eli en m9t electron 6 lap ngoai dU1Jg-, H : H dwc gQ'~la, ctj':ng thuc electron. Thay had cha-m b~ng 1 g~Gh ta co ,]-]I - H goi l~, cong thi'tc C.a~tao. GiU'a 2. nguyen tC1 hidro co. i c~p electron Iien '~Jftbi-~I;;~ rhi bang m.¢t gach (-)~ do Hi n ttl kft d(h~:_
b) Sl! hlnh thsnk phan til' N2

'caru hinh

electron nguyen til' coa N (Z

7) la '1;84 2s2 2p3" 00 .5 electron

(j ]Op

n;glOW CUF.L,g"

Trong [lit~n til nito N2~d~~ Cal.l hlnh elecrron cua nguyen til' :kh! ~'i~m g~1.n d~t rIlhit (Ne), n1:0:E nguyen 'IiI [l,l"t0' ,ph:i:i gop chung :3 electron,

:N:'::N:
C6fitg thQo eJoorron

hay

Cii

cOJ~gNiiO't oiu t~o

Hai nguyen tit nito lien kit voi nhau 'bmg 3 c~p electron lien ket b.i~'IJJI, Uti Mmg ba gach (=), dO I;A,litn k& ba _Lien tet ba nay ib6n nen nki?t d~ 'ibl1Km,gj khf nit,'O

a.

n]'l' ben, kern lho~'~d~ng hoa hQc.

cOng

Lien kel q~ hIM rhanh trong ph~[l [U Hz~ N2, vW b1~lh bay 0' rren Mi,'Ilen k,~n
hOtl, tr,!"
I'll

Lii~ kef c~ng


M6.i

ooa.

tri ld Si~! k~t J'1{qc h I.'nh.rhij~h giila hai nguyen n

tu- bJng
E6. (co dt)

m¢t

hay nJti'll!. cqp electron .,,:hung.

di~n nhu nhau) ~~~f] cac c~p electron chung tbOng \)1 hilt l,~c hve plua nguyen uJ. nao, :On 00 lien k.e~rron,g cac phan t1$' do kheng bi ph~n c~t. Do [:1. lien. kt!t ,c(Jng
7

c~p e lectron chung tao nen mot lien k€t c~ng hoa hi. C~icphan t&. H 2.~ N 2 tao nen tiifi ha.i nglJ;y~n 'm 'CU.fIjcung mo.,tnguyen

,am

hoa tri klu)l1g

C~{C.

2. SCIhI h thanh pan

tu hgp chat tu (H va 0)
c'!iI:.

H) St.' blnh UJ!imh phil] lit ~Cl Trong phan tu hidro clorua, m5,i ngu y~J1
]hJ

gop 1 electron tao thsnh

1 c~p electron chang d~ tao nell rn(1t ]j!§n Ire'£ e gog hoa tri.

DO

~m. di~n cua

clo

3! 16 100 han

(1·0 lim ch~ri.ciia hidro

phiia. el 0 !i:~n.k~t cQng 'Ilea


iI L

I-ri nay bt phan


III

Ht 2;20 nen 'c~p e Iectron H8tlJ ket b] lech ve.

H" +,Cl:

~), H ':Cl:

H-Cl
G&r~g lhr.lc cil[.!'

t?"<>

Trong tJ()IT~ th~ electron cua phfin litt co cl1C~ nglf"N ta ~ c.~p electron chung l~h .... phfa kf hi~ll, cna l1,gUlyen t.il' . 6 dq am di~~ Ion.hon, Thi d~ .~ H :Cl

Lien k~t ct'}rI!ghna tri hung at c~p electron chu~ng bi lech v~ phba. m¢'1t nguyen dtrqc gQ,~:ia lMn kif c9ng h.od tri co ClfC hay lien ktt c~n(1"ho.a t,-~[?Ju2nC~!(':.

tu

b) Sit h~nh thanh phan tir CO2 l~O eau tao thang) C~U hinh electron nguyen W: cua. C (Z iii 6) la 1s.22s2 lp2. nguyen ~U:cacbon co
4 electron ,(1 16p Nglli11 c·ung ..

a~u hinh electron ngUlr~1!'iJ 1frC'~1aJ 0' (Z == 8) ntIs2 2s2 2p4. nguyen til oxi 0'5, 6- electron r;j lOi? ngooi cU·og. Trong phan tlJ C02~ nguyen tit.' C nhm gill,a 2 ngCly.~n ttr 0 va gop chung v{ri m.&i nguyen tili 0 hai e lectron, [ndi [iJ,gu)"enlit 0 gnp chung \.'00ngu.ytn. lit C hai electron rao ra 2 lien let dol. Th ,co. ;
'·0"
II :_

,.

11

II

C ". 0'···
:. • II " •

h~y

Gi5Jig'/JlUt:

~e(jJror.t

Congo moc C'Gu il~Q

o=c.:o

Nhu v@.y. ol nguyen tJir C hay 0 df1u co 8 electron a lap ngoai cang, d~t c~u m hinh ben vling cua kJhi hifm. '£)ii an]. di~n c·ua. oxl (3 ~) lffil hem dO tim d.i~n

cila C (2~55 'I ~len'C~p' lccrron chung 1~C'hv phia exi, Liel, ki't giiia
osi

va

C{1£, ml h

Ja pluJr:I

qlc, (C.;::

nh U'~-tg phl.ln tit CO~

c I1Ccua hai Ii~n k6t d6i


b.fIF". H}U~'~t ,"U'. ej Llen

O) mll'J~[ ~hau~ Wi QJ'tti ~ieu

co C:fbil, tao tha[lg

fI;flu.:pfn. Uf

n~nd¢ ph ~11 iii IOOIJ lui pJuin Ut Wn .. ~

H eEL"J

Dh~n

TroJJ\g m~l .$~ 1moo~ !!tW. c~p e ech"Ulii' rChlll:1~~ cbi do mQ,t ng,uyto W' d61il!,g, gnp thl ~ ~t.t k(~tlglfl'a hai 'fig i.'Ly,en l1Lt lb Uif~ i cho - nh~n. TId d{l _"D6i \pOi: :phal1 i~it O~ cOng lh:liic electron .. OOfig lhd'c ,('-ail S di~n nTrbiu sou :'
~,,}Oco.

!~"

[he: b~e:u

.S ~q··-~'R:
cmr, ~m:G'feWM

0"'7

.....

0
U'
~I

COny ilItfc e

Nguyen ~f.r S co 6 elcetron 0' ~dpngo~;i tl!l~],L.' K~ ± hh~h lblnh phan [rLt SOl~ ns'uY~lI1l tit -,', it du-ng 2 ele non dye than "op chen ' 1tI'rli llil<ili ~Ieanm dOc IWiH CrUCImQt tJ1ong: fuai Ilgujn~.n ~'~ exi, Nguyt:n lIT: S srY" d~:ng mQr C;:'~,:pe]ec~nm d6 dtJflg chung \!',(1i ngUl,'y~JI1 end con lai, Trol!'1lg con!; lh_(rc cIfu [E)O. ngooL ta b~tu din ~ij,p' electron chun Mng n'~l ,g{leh n6~~p eleei ron cho - nb~1l bh],~ m@t mili M:.t1t cd ~hi li mllf1nS ~ phf1~1. ~'(gl1yfn [g nh~J:t
r~

3. Tfnh chat cua Cat chM [..0 ~ien k~t c~ng hoa tr]

ate ~hil mil pbim tit clrli c6 Ht:n

lie

cOng Iloa

hi

1M

lW hu,ynh, iOE!,,,.. ,; 00 Ihe! lfii ella[ long nlur: mt6t~ ancel., .. ho~c chat khf tlhu:' khf caebonlc, C,IIO~hidm.. .. Ok th:a'l l'~C !Uhlir ancol t;ty Iic. d~g ...; tan nh ieu trong. IUnIg mO" c6 (;1, ' iflhu nwk. Fh. )00 ,cae d khon cJ!C ntur io\ !;ac cha'i hUH 00 khO:n:gc~· tan trong d~ln~' mO.i.kh6ng c~c 11h'~ benzen, cacbon tetraclorua., ..

m(:b '1 rnn nhu dllfimg"

co

N6,i chung. Cae


II9DI thai.

chat chi Co Imcfl k

t cqug hoa

lJi khdng cc~ckhOn!l diin

!li..n

a m9J

u - LIEN Ktr tQNG Hoil mil VA ,5\f XEN PHU cAe DBlfAN
NGUY'E
a) ':'~ u
~Ijln h

U'

1 ~ S" Ken phil cUa cae obiian nguy8ntU- k ili hil1h til nh cae phan tU dan chit
th -i r
II phS.u

~III H ...

':De l1lnh thimh

~itr:tk~l: gifra hai nguyen LLr'H trong phan tic'l1ittr'Q hal obil'~111, I So ,cia hai n~l~n UlH r en ph~ voi Ifhhalli rae ra mot VUllg xen phil giOfl, hal hijl nhM l1t:,g,ytl'l nit. X'ic Slli1t <:6 m~l' cUa cole electron U:iV [rung chu y '1m idI k_h~ ~ giibL

rs

nhan, Vi. v~y, ngoai hrc (biy urong :bo gHm. hat proton 'Va ha.t electron con (:,0 Iuc 11tHg~.ftacac electron 'VOlhai hat nhan ~lI.l,r.6ng ram phan ni (hinh 3,,2).

hai

hl;lit

_.

ve

15

SIl'J xen ~hU oMtIi"I 1:5 ,c.ua hat ngu~F11tr I'1ldro..


Hil1lil

ooa ~.

3.2'. SV ftlnh loonfoi f.J'h/.lo ll.i

fJkfro

Khi hai hat Ilihfin co khoang each d = O~074 nm, cac IV"chut va hrc lily c2in bing nhau (0 dm:Jc goi I.a khoang each Cf!1'i bamg hay d9 dai cu.8J ]ien k!~ H _.H)" (j khoanl,g.~ch csn bing tren, :ph~:n ro H2 c6 nang ~u?'llg th~p han tdng nang
lEt:Qtr1lg ,olia hal nguyen tJU" rieng

re..

Do [~,nguyen nhan ,cu,a t'r~hinh thsnh Jiefil km. cQng boa tri, v.a .103. Hi~'l k~t hoa hoc ben .. mQI
b) S¥ hlnh thanh phi - Hi Ct2

gilla

hai nguyen

ttr

06 giai thfch

51}

hlnh ·~.hanh11.6nk€t. a-CJ. co li1e d~a v~.o ctfu hInh electron caa

mOi nguyen UIdo :

~: ttl

1s:i!::2s:t

Iill INJ J !t1J


2pP'

[ill 14J tll1J


JY'

3r

SV" hinh thanh ben k€t giila. hai ngu ~en lU do 1~do s~cxen phu gm ua hai obit an p
chua electron dOc than cia. m6i ng~y~n

tu clc (hlnh 3.3).

CI

2. S 1I xen pllllJ - ~p (hiiJt Phan tit


j

ua cac obitan
r Hel

nguy'!n

tu khi

h lnh thanh rae pha n

tu

a) 51! Idnh thanh phan


C'lUI

bgp chtLt dlYqe hhm thanh tit cac nguyen tu' cua cac nguyen t6 khac

nhau nhu phtiln t~ Het.

74

Lito

'kel hoa hoc !Tong phS,n

gitra obitan Is c"ilanguyen t1I hidm


.nguyen

lO' hop ,chilt Hel dr:r1'c h! nh

tb do

va

lh~!1h nh(s

s~ xen :phu.

obitan 3p 06 'I electron dOc than cua

(hmh 3.4).

b) 81:1' hinh thanh pb;:m tLI"H2S

SI! hlnh rh,~ pha.nt3 H2,S co the mo tit bAo,g hinh , 11-.. ' •i~.~~ • ucro an h A en. ]J.!IJlO. g].1J::a. obrtan 1s cua cac nguyen tu .1-..:t va 2. obitan p cua nguyen t~ hru huYnh. Ldp nglx~i c~ng Gila ngnyen tu" S c6 .c§'u hl I1h electron 352 3p4. Tre:n2 obitan P c6 2 electron dQc than, Hai obi tan nay XeI"[ phil. VOli 2: obitan 1. s cO electron dQc th~n cu,a 2. ngl1yen til H t'.lrO lleIIJ 2. Hen krt!it S-H. (hinh 3,5). BA.i T~P
.". C h9n d~nh nghTa CIting nhit
\i\~:

HiJritn 3.!5:. $\i' xw pM Gil~ hG'i AO 15 ct~fj'h~ ftGuyen fI1 h'Kiro 'VdJ fi~I 11.0.2p ,OO~ n,g>uy4ft at S ~o hM XJ'~.rl kdl S. - H

Mn

kF!'l.o~n 9 hQa tr].

lLli;§n kat eot)ng h~ tr! la ii~fI keit A gi:~ cae phi ki m v&i n hau, B_ l'rong dO. C~IP ele:e!f(!n ohung b! Ic~h W ring!: n'9.Lly~f1I·to. c. ch.f9'G hJ I'm lh~n h do sir dunll chung electron oua 2 flgu.y.~:-n . 11' h9io nhau, k D_ ~ htn'h ·I.hanh gicta 2 ngtuy~n b~f1g m¢t !hay nh igu ,~p electron ctnJF'! g.
2. H!ay

,gJei Blich SI,!': 111nhthanh c~ p eloofron l'ie ket giaa nguy@n tu c. v~ cac nguY'en ltir HI IJrong pn~n tll C~4' gi!la ng u%1'Il 'W 0 ·v.i cae Inguy~nr'~U'H '[wong ph~ n tifr H20" gi era nguy.e n hl S va cac nguyen ILl'H trong pna!fil tUt H!~S,
N211

ta

.'

3. GI~i thlch s~ hTinh tlrla nh ~p e!edmnr Hen kit glua hal filguy~n tUi N 1rong phAln tU" giCFanguy-e 11 "if H va ng;uyen tll" CI '~rong p h~11 tft: Hel.

4. Gaj fufch st_rhin th·anh lien ket c?ng. hoe

[ph!1 cao o:bltan tmng phall·tir Hel. 5. Hay 'l,!'h¥i;t 'OOHg tlh{fc;: ,8.llec.oti"{Jn 00119 1hirc. ca;u ~o eua cae phan ftl' sau d'@Jy. : va
SIj'xsn

11 bang

H~I' Her. H20, CI2, NH 31 CH4. 6. X. V"~ la nhUng rnguyei:il w.: c.o. s6 don vi. di~ n Ncb h~t nh~tJl la g. 19" 8 . Z .a) VMt. ,c,§u hin'h e~'ectmn flgl!.fY~n KI c-Oa cae rlguye'n '00 dOb) Dy doan llcieu I,j'§nk~t hoa hQCco ~h~cO g~Lraesc c~p X va Y, Y v,a. Z. x va Z.

15

mai IS
"'!'

5· 'I" LAI HoA tAc OBITA.. NGUY~N y S·U' H'iNH TH,ANH LIEN KET DON, LIEN KET 001 vi!!'). L'IEN KEf B.A
.' KhiU n i~m
, ~ "',

ru

ve $1/ I~i h'(J,a '~ac0 bita n nlguye n tit.


, _.(l'

-. Mijlrt S'D k.ieu I;ail hca d:iie n hi:nh ..

• v,

n dy n 9 k ieu ila i h,pa di

phal1i

ta.

9 iii tl~ iCh d~n,g, :rn Ih :hi9c. h

euaJ

• The

na.o I.a I~i\enktet it'din! .!fie.,.

ket

d'oi va. :Iie fill

ke.t ba.

• Ttre .na.o la mi,eR :k,e,"t xieh

ma

I~G)", ~!i'eFl Iklat

pii'

fn:) ?
th'lJ)fet hOB tfi dim

SrI J~f hOi!' C~G obit:an ngC;l'~n @. liJ kh~l niwm quan trQng tu.!Ong. (f.r4!o PatHfflh dt/a ra nam '/9'31 .(f4 gh~'i tftfoh
00'
SV'

nhiii: cua

djnh hU'O!l'f) ~xJngnhrl dQ ben

a.de H~n k~i' Q Mji;jU ,hqp c.h~r h.W co· '11$' v6

,(a~o ,r;.~lla ph{Jc laha~_

1- KHAI NIEM V~ SU LAI HoA.


.~ ·~i~~l. iJllq(; khitj n.i~ Cfing tb.(~C'ciib tao :

vc fi~;,t1811. h¢

cac obi tan, ta l't.. .~i~nkc!'ll:rO[JJ,g' ph,~ntil CH

et

4-

H f H-C-H.. .. I

e~lDlbiM

electron nguyen til' C (.0 t~g

mil kich lliich) :

[ll]J
1s.,'l. 2$ i

;;:p3

xen phu vm 4 obitan I s C'1!J.~4 nguyen ~U'H ..~.~ v~y, dang' H~:rong pharr 'tit ~ t ph~] co 2 loai lien k~t khac nhau la :' .I. lie.n kStt s-s v.a 3 Hen ket p-s, Tuy nhieu, tillIl!C nghl em cho ble-~4- J j en k~t !C-H U'{ifD:_g l1hStJl tu eH4 gi.. ng het ~hau va t~o 6 ~] arilJn Ca'c g.uc '! itm k'et d.eu.bang 1 09~8' •. De gl &i !hfc'h mrtmg :hW tren day va cac mrong hqp ~ll'ung t~:> cae nha boa h9C I\1i S~;ty-to{J. Slater) 'lilt Pau-Iinh da d~ ra rhuy€ilai hOG.
• , , r

Trong phan W CHQ. co. 4 ]ian k€t C-H tao thanh b&j 4 obitan hoa tr.j (mbi obi ten co m~u. electron. d:¢c than) cua ngllyen til C (mot obhan 2s va ba obitan 2p)

16

Thea -thuyet nay~, khi nguyen 't~r C tham gia !i6Ti1 ktt: ytri, b6'trllng!Lly~n to H wo thanh plaitn 'tt.' CH~. tn.l IWq~obitan 2~ (In (0 hop C 'tt9~1 'IAn~~) {~ ba oliiU.n lp t~o v thanh bC/n obium nwi' 8i6J~'3 h¢i nha~r."!£Qi la bOon obitan lai hod' :sp3 (h'i:nh 3 ..9).. 'B6n obitan :~a~~ sp3 xen p'hri] yQi. ban obi [[JJn'I s cim. boo nguyen tu' H tao thanh hmi bdrtlH~I] k€t. C-H g.i6.og het nhau, Nhu' v,@JY:: Slf len' hOG obita.~;~:guy{ju tit: fa .qt tel h(Jp (~'m?n Mn "') m9t oaitan trong m~t ,~;lg:uyl'l~ di a:mlc I £tn.g a)J abita» fed noo gJdltg nJIO:u nJulltg dink lU hl..timg khtic nha« trong khons gia 11.., N gT[].yI~~, '[]httn cua Slil" lai hoa Ht cac obiran ho~ hi cr c~.c phalli, IGp kh.1c nhau, 00 nang lugng va hlnh dl}rl;g khac nhau czYn p'hiti d6~]g lilh§£t d~ tao du~ lien k€it 'ben v6:i cac rngtlJyto uJ khac.

"So

II

!!!

cAe KI~U LA. HOIA


S,ll

THUONG, GAp

1. lai hoa

Lai hoa sp ~n;r,.6hop j ob]t~n s ytri, t obitan p dim m,~t nguyen tU' tham gia lien k:e't tao th~nh 2 obitan lai hf;ci fiP nam tha:ng lhitrng VOl 11hau hm:1ng 2 phfa, d6i x(Ul1g nhau (hinl~3.6)" L~ i ho~ ap ,c1uq:cg~p kong phan tri1' ,&H;1(hlnh 3,,7) va

ve

tLUt1l,g

esc ph1n 'lU ~H2'

_,

BeC12~" ..

t+iiiilh :3;,6" D,f,'ir't@c.LI&


O~~ll

~r'

18i 110.9 B:P'

HI

Nhu the SY' Jai h.o~ 1a ngJl.Jy@.n nital} doo. din lfnh '[hin,g hang (goc sp 1&0°) cua cac ]ifm kGt hong nbihi g phAn t'~' neu tren,
l

Henler 'bang

2 ..Lai hoo Sp2 Lal hoa .spJ Ut. ~l,t. ,[,8 hqp ,I, obitan S vQi, 2 obiran p eua mot ngu yan hi tham gia lien kc:t rao 'lhJa(b'~l3. obitan Ial hoa, spJ. TIarn trong mot m~t ph~ng., inh. b1l:Ong '~U: d tam ooru d[rdil cua tam gi,ac deu,- Lad hos. ~~p2 duq,c g4P trong ak phan tu gFJ
(htnh 3,,8)., 'CzH4, •••
T{

IP.h§n 'tU' Hillfllil !t8. SVl~ hoa ,~p2 y~ ~'fjinh fflJnil c.-~t;; Mn k~'r "~f)fjg I)MJl til" ~~~

E:F~

SI!-Iai hoa Sp2 [a H1lg~.y~nnhfln dAn d,6n cae gee 1ien k,et ph~9]g li[)iD' trong Bf 3. Lai hoo :sp,3

3'

\1'6'13 obltan p cu,~ m¢t nguyen iU thalll gia lien ~it,tao thatib 4 obitan lai hod £'P~ d~nh hli6n,g fUr tam den 4 dinh ell,a hmh 'h~ dj~ ,(leu:" ,cii" true d6i ~Ung {,::u,a., chdng tao v6\u nhsu mot g6c l09~8" (binh 3,,9)., Lai hoiR sp3 drro,c g~~p c~c nguyen 'l~ 0, NJ C nam trQ;r~ c~,c ph,~gl ~rr. ,2.0; NJ-I~l' & H 'CH4 va C;:1,C ankan,
I obitan
S

Lai hoa s:p3

~,a5q (:6 ,h9P

lal ~

'1 AC,i;;;
\,Iti.j

:lA-OD

4 ob!11i:n ~Bi!roQS Sj)~ CI..!:a nQ[.!~ n i(\i' OB roo n

Chl!l

GiG obitan eM Iai hoa du,gc v6i nhau khi nang I u1;Jng c'u a dH1TIg xap ,b~ngnhau,

.y :

lit ... NHAN

xtr CHUNG

V~ THUYEr LA'I HOA

Thuyet 1.a1hoci co. val lro gii~thfch boo la tien dotin dang hlnh 11l9C C'lia. phan N'.
Thl100g chi sau khi hh~t ph~n 00 dang hinh h~c gJ; co nhrrn,g goc lien k~t :xa(i dinh du'Q'C b:a:ng th~cnghiem J~ bao nh1eul m61 (W~ su lai d:~ giai thjch, N~Ui. cho ,Ilt~t ph2iJntir hay ion, chang h~ ABll m~, 'ullO.!i]g co du' kien n~p, thl th~iyet lai hOil s.t kh6ng tien do an, dnqc la, co. s.~ lal hoa mer. di?ll hay wong ph~]1,g.

tu

hoo

76

IV

S,U' XEN PHO TRue

v,A, XEN

PHU B~N

1~511xen phu true


.sr/ .ten phtl ,t~-OJ.1.g trl.!c cAa c&c obito» tha.1H gicl lMn ktt. ,tnhr.g 'II.-,,(n drrlmg rU~1: dH tam eua bai nguye.'n ,llllien' kei: g.9i Sif xen phu true. S{t xe n P,fU;t tr,tlc tao liin k£t: a (hlnh 3.. :IJJa)_

'a

2~ SU xen phu ben


i

bin.. S~txen pluJ ben t~o b'lp/, ke't ~ (hinh 3".1Ob).

Sif. xen phu 'tl'cmg dO. t!',¥C' CJ1ll1 cdc obitas: tnam gia U~n ket.' song song ~i'Jitthou voo~g goc vm dll'Ctng fit6llan i CU(1.hai nguyen lien k~t dU{J'C g~d M s~ ,Xgl1 ph~~

tw

v,a

8) xan phu1f1:!lC

b} X8n plio .ben

v .. SU'TAO THANH

LI£N

KEf 'DONI~LIEN

KET 001 V it IIEN KEf BA

1. LiAn ki[1Idon Ta d5. 'hiSt! m8,] c~'p electron chuug dia, hai nguyen til' dUgiC tfnh ]a m9~lieD k6t Va, a-~gc Meu dien bang m(H gaeh n6i gi (lSi, kf lli¢u c(]a ~ha:u :f1gUy~!1 ttl d6., eac nguyen tir uUJ1Ig cac phan to cia 'Ret uhu H ,_ H, H - C1 d'e~]lien kel v6i Mal] b~'[lJ,g~,i6n kEt. don. Li¢j~, don luon 1,'"16]1, l'uSn k61: 5, d'uqc tao rhsnh tit 51! Ken kit la pbu true \'~ dluon,g ben vUng.
J!'., Lh~nket doi Trong phi~n tll" elden ttiH~) m5i nguyen tit cacbon ,co fHf Iai boii giiJa mql, obuan S 'VD,t hal obitan p rheo ,ki~u 100hoa spJ., Cac obitan lai l108J, tao m~t J[,eTIl, kef cr &~:m:.,hai nguyen tU cacbon vii hai lien k€t 0' vm hai :Nguye.n 'm hidm. MS,] nglJ.y~n lit C;aCOO'l1CQ~l mQl obitan p khong rham gia lai hoa, se xen Ji~]i]ben vO'i l,dULU t~ lien kr:t 'ft. Lien kei g~~)a hai 'Dl(guyen rCitcecbon Ii:!.lien 'k_lt d6i, g6m m(~! H~nl kit Ci va th~t lien k~t 7t~ C-a,c B.~n ke~ n; kem ben hon so v6:ij, lien lket cr {h inn. 3" 11).,
j

3. Lien ket ha Ngn.1yet1J. 'W: Nco 5. electron lOp ngoAi cnng, kill ~lnh lfu~nhphan tit N2~n16i l1lgUyen tit' gOp 3 electron dOc tha:n tao mann ba. lien k~. NgU(t.Lta g91 do L~Hen k€l ba Chung ta 'C-O the dg;a V,JO Gi~uh1m electron liT n,go;ai cung cua nguyen tit nito d~ giai thfch lien k€ft trong phan hI. nih).
1 ~;, ~. ;, '" nm C~4:I,u. IL..~ h electron 16p. H(JOru euna cua nguy en nr mro : . .. . be,
,)If,

[ill 11 II 2:t J ~'t ~ -_ :2~Z


p

M6i nguy~n tit nitc dUlill,g mOt obitan 2p;::.(quy lrae liy iruc Z linn true litn k:~'t) d~ tao lie.:t1 k~t gt mt~. ai nguyen tit thee ki~lJ xen phil U"VC" ~o lien 'kE~o, h
Hal obitan p con l~ (2p , 2Py) se xen phil OOl] 'lim nhsu tUng d6i m·t'}t f@.O ra hai. lien k€t it. M,5i lien ket ki h]~u bang nJ\lt gach noi, oOng thuc cau tao cua ph.full rtt niio c6 dang lien k€t ba : g6m m,Ql litn k:et 0' va b ail Hen k€t ;liL

C6rlg

~ac ca"u l~O ooa lJh~{] .rO nil.v,

Lien ki/t gb£{.~ hal nguyen tEl alf(/'(,' th~(,chi¢n biii m~t lien kit '0: va m¢.t. hay hai lj.fn kef 17: dl.(~'f.Wi ia lMn U, b9~'·

1. llh® nao Ila 3.

51! lai

hoa

?
ba ki ~ u

2. 18V GiEl.o th idu minn

~Q~

I':aih~ 00 hoc,
la~hQ~.

4.. Mo. fa s~ hinh thanh Ij~nr ik,e.;, tn'OliIgcao ph:an tfr H20, NHJ nhu si/ lal hoa sp$· cac AD hoe m cu~ cac ngl,.ly,~tJ1 0 v.a N. He:y. .r'lt6 ta h]n h d~n9. ,cG,t!I ao pniJrn ·at ,do, e 5.. The nao la :s!/ xen phi'} true Val gl/ Ken phil oon ? liy thi du mil1h ho~. B. T: e' nao la I:i@n ket co, li,ej'fl k~~ 1C va neu tillh ohat COal ch~[1Jgl?

Me ta ~ienkat hoe h9C

troog 'pM" tlt BeH2• phan til' BIF''3.ph~nr tir CH4 ·~eo, th~t

ta

'1. The rrao la Vi@nket don ?: LI~n k~t do~? LJl€:n k~t ba ? Ch.o' nill d IJ, 8. Mo ta :51/ hin h I:hanhl cae lien kGt tron g: phil1n tll' H.Ct C:;:H4" CO2,, N2,

LUY~N T ~P V£, :

,""

su
.c"

LI ~ K'~TCQNG 'HOlt, TRI. LAJ Ho,A, c.A,( OBITAI NGUYEN

LIEN KEY 10', .

111

- LM:n ktJi hoe nee.

• cu ~g ICO esc k~'itltll'illCrc ::


iM,'.,~ ~oj.;.

-~.v 1~mn' u~&thi


,I;.,
=~

- Sf! hi!Jh ttfifmh N€m ,kilt'ion


.100

va ,(tan 'Chit tQ,~ li~n ktt ion" ;(t' CvJ1g f~O.a'~:rf v.a ~on c""a;l [,.ru':8i ,rl£trl ,,,,8'~' ,oR t...., 'h~ "" ._.1. ,r" ~ ,~, ....~ ~I~-nro;::
r-"i;;
i....

,w'"~

cQn,g hoa' (n" ·' 11~_.;i' ~ • 2. ", = CqC J1.~~iV I&JI J'I.O? i$p~ !fi;P "~ $P~. _ Ii Varni dY!nn H ~hruue:t:d'~.l.am I1iilot
~ \~;S

tll!ll;;:ll.F

,so da:ntra

hi! i fa

frli

ca~ bi~.,

A - KISN 1- lIl:N

rrurc

CAN NAM VU'NG

K:ETHoA

HOC

1~Khw nf~m ve ~ n ket hoa h91; ie Khi noi I]C;_rJj kct h(Y{~, ~QC~ khong :n,,6i Ki~!], ~l it-mng cho toan plUIJI.l til, ma chi J ta k noi m(J[ l~'e~l nao d6 gi:cra hal nguyen tit wong phfin tit kC"t, 1",.... 1-., Ii..,_t:f.~. "L. .~. .... ''f! J"I'U'.lJig LA tU' S·o·2: co.r nar'II' - ~I;-t [loa, u9C gJ~;;il nguyen ht I1';l\I!. h:~ n h v,8i. pnan ~ ." deili _uy Tit.t d. -' '1l"..~,
Y

hai nguyen tl~ oxi, trong do .LTiI,Otien ke1' bi lien k"'tt doi, eon litn kc!t thl1Y hai I,i}, l 11E.nk~t cho - '~.lb~Il,

2. Ap dyng quy rae bait ,tLr d~ g1ai mfch ~~ hi nh thanh lien ket hoa hec Quy de btt 1"11 8 electron) lEt quy l~~ [llli~rtil iiJ:i tWch khuynh hUQngella ngu ye:!'I1 ( g t Ii. cac ng uyen h! 006 tb~ nll.trdim,g hay l1b~n them dec tron, h.o~:c g6p' ,dlliUi.. g electron ~ d~t d~]'~ cffu hloh Mn vung i:;u.a, eac i<JJi biew."
II ~ LIEN'

~ cae khaJ'i rd¢m

KET

fON :

+ Cation :' u~ mang (]i~n tfch diuong, ion + Anion ;.J.ti ion 'mang d'i¢JJl tfch am.

Cation hay anion co th& 15J m9t, nhom nguy~n U] (lJJhieu nguyen ui) 'trI.ang dl?m rich ,cJUCMg hay am, con duqc gQ'ii ]A ion da nguyd,~'I, nt.

+ Lien ktt ion. l~ lien ke't duqc tao thanh do I~c ~6t tinh dien gifra cac ion meng
"j~n Hch tnii di"fu.

In ~ LIEN KE:T CONG HoA TR, - U(Jn, k~~(.'~'ng fwa tri la lito k~l, duqc h]r111 thanh gifra hai l1guy€:~ tLt ~~ng U1LQt hay nbieu cap electron chung, - £)~i electron d'ung chang co th-e; Dam 0 gi1la hai ]'Iguye41 tl[ lien ket (lien kGt, c¢ng hoa trj, khong CiJc).. hoac l~ch ve nguyen lit C'ua IDQl nguy~n 1,6 (lien ket C~J:bg hot tr:1, co cue), - Khi bi&. di~n cong thut electron cu,a pbS_n tli~ngum, ta lTIuong bieu d~ hal obitan xen phil ~o 1ten 'kef bAng m(t-tc~p electron dimg ehung (bA.ng hai dsu cham gi U"a hai ngl,],~n ti Hen k,e~). - I\-~t)'ttrong cac thuyet hi~n d{i.i V,6 lien k~i boa, hoc cho ring: Nguyen nhsn cua s'l$' htnh [h~itm ]i~n k6t ,et)UIJg Iloa til ia do s~ xen phil. cLua die 0 bitan OgU,y@:'I)j t,i:;r.'. N~1!1 vfing xen phll giffil cac obuan cang lOn, E~n k€t hlnh 'thanh can bfJ1.

IV - S,," LA. HoA

cAe OB,ITAN
l,

NGUYEN

nr

cua cae "guy,en to' khac teo thtuih cac lien k~t eQng hoa tt~, - Giai th§d'l. su ~6hop dLC obitan nguyen m: d~ rtlnh thanh cac ki~u lai hoa SI\, s,p~,~ v~, My cac thi du m inh hoa s,p"3 B-

,_Lai hoa l~ SCi! ~6 esc o hit an haa h.-i ericl m'~l n.gu}'ln tif: (j ctk phan lap kllilc h~p nhau, tao fhanh cac obitan Ial hoa, gi,oug nhau d~ xen phu v6ti cae obi tan, hoa ITi

sAl TAP .
quy t§c 1::1911' V~fiI d~ng quy t~{; tOr. cac ph@!n 1)1): Li F, KBr, C;§JCI,2ngu~n bat

• T,rinh b~ly n~i dung eua thahh W}n kl'l: ion lml'ig

ta d~

Qliai thich .~fl/'hj nh

2. Si1dl}ng me; h]nh xen phiJ roa ~c: obitan

tU' ,d@giai "h'ch sitt hinh thanh li'en:k~t

c¢ng ho~ 't~~ ttiong cac phan t~ ; 12, HBr. 3. HaY' vtet oong thltc etecnen va c()ng ~hll:J'a c:au tao cila, cac phsn I.U' sau : PH;" HNO~" CdH 1O'
4, D\I'8ltwn Ilthuy$t lai hca cac ooHa.n nguy~'r"J~U,rub

.s Oa.

phlin 'tiE' :: BeCI;2. BGla" El.iel phaln d~n91 'tam giac. deu.

tu-

hlnh thanh IMn k~t trong cac BeCI2 00 d1~ng dutrng 1hing, ~61l phi¥rn tilt Bela, co
$~

ta

i3.H6A 10. NC - B

TINH THE NGU'YEN TINH THe PHAN JI'

....

I .. TINt!
1. Thl dl,l

THE NGUY~N
tinh

III

Mang rinh the: kim cltCmg :


Mang

tb,e kim enong dU'Q'C tao 'bin cac ngny~rl ttl cac bon, Trang tinh the kim Ctfoog,
...... ..l "!I

1iL1.6i [i!2:t1V~ ItIT caebon ('i trarH! thai, lai boi sp3 lien kiet c.qng hoo tr] vd'i bon rnguytn ru cacbon g~ Malt nam b b6n diM c.i~um~t ni di~n de.I] r lb~lg b611 4P electron chung, M8j nguy~n tit caeben (; dll]b lai ]i~n k.€t vOl cac nguy~1Jit:.LI' cacbon khac, ""'hoangeach giua hai !1gbly,~nilr
'!!Ii'

caebon c'~111b nban rrrong m~n,g rinh th~ kim cnong l~,0,]:5-, nm (hlnh 3.] 2),~~n v(ij (to d~ lien Mt d® C~Ctrong phan hidrocacbon no,

tu

fflf#]g

H'iilIt'I 3;;t:2. Me. hil'i"h linn tile kim cl:l'l:Wg

;2 finlrl (hat, chung


r.

'W8 tJnh ti1A nguy,en tU

'Ibih the. t~o bCr~cae nguyen

lien 1\,:& cong


c6

boo tri,

'~ir Am 6 cae m:it C'ua mang, li~rtJ k€l v6i. nhau bing D
Thf du : Ki m

Lien ke1 cgng hoa ~r'j, it lien k€t ben nen cac tinh 'th~ nguyen tit (Si, Ge,.,,) d'eu l

[00, nhi¢{: CIt)nong chiy v,a,nh i~l d¢ d:<> cnng lon :lli1at so v6ic;k tinh th~ khac,

ct~citng

861] C;aJO.

C[tOllg

00

II ,_11NH TH~, PH AN
1~ Mij1t s6 m~ngtinh

ru
'w

1th~ phan

aJ) M~ng tin h the phan

tit cua Ior Phan til iot b. phan 'tit hai nguyen '~la, c~c pha n HI iot I:l~rn rren cac dlnh v:a tam cac lua1! cu a ~
hlmlr l~p 'p.~ntOJtg!. ~9l .1~ tinh '~h£,~,~p hunng p

Tinh the rili~ lfi iot k~~bl[Qg l;], lot co the chl1yen M '[]]~n.g'ltr 'lb~Jiilll sang ~~~'lHJi(:s~ [~Ilg' hoa). h) M~,n g ~inh

tam dien (hlnh 3,,, 3). A

:the phan

t8' ell 3 nU'JJ1c 3 d

M~I;ogtin h the nude d'a, u.hu¢c ,!o~i tinh th.~ phln tit. M,o.i p:b&l1JJ tili' n~ lieo t,~l, \f,rti, bSn ph:§:n

khiic gttn n.6 n~15tMm bt:n bom d'iI1m cua m:t)t hteh m:.l' di~n d'~:~, hlnh :3 .14 ). (

tu

1..J1~F1'h ~~_1;"M6. .fJAl'ih m~ng utrh Iht pfBt.i ,tit raJ

0:

Cffu tnic cua tinh tht ph&.o 'Il! :nu6.e -dii thuOc C!lU tnic ro dien, _]m c~u mic :r;6ng neu ,n'~ d~ co d k:1101]]hi) hen khi n~r(1(:b t~:r:'IJg ltdi long, th .. , tuch eLl,a. ooc d.~ e n 0. 'U',€J,ng thSiidang d~c lUfi hen khi 0: trzyng th!i i long:

2~ TI~nhchM ellling ella tinh tI1,~phan

Ll!C tuung tac giifa' cae ,pb1iJn h~'" yet] nen C~,C'cll~t Go. ,cjfl] tao t1nn tll.£ phA:n 'lit :ri£t ttn.rbng rneftt co. p hi~t dO, nong ohay -rhap" d~ hay hoi,
l

84

B.AtT~P
1, Tim
~Ui

:!II

......'

saL

A. Kim .c:tiong la m~~ dl~lng thll hlnh cUa, C-8GDQn; thuOc Ilo9i tinh th~ n'Quy@n IS. Trong m@lr~g ti nil this ngUyen thea m~1 tr~;t' '~~ n~aJtdil1h.

tll.

to, cac

n guy~n t~ d~c.

pha

00 lut3rFl phijen d~L1I d~n

C. Li~n ke;t giUia


2,. TIm C;3;U sai.

cae Jl:guyen ~Cr ~ronglti ntl Uile 1ril9u.yen

IU' ~a"iem Mt y4u.

D. linn th~ ngl!Jy~n '~~'b~n vi1i'nQ!, r~"1 citi9, nhi;¢t 09 ~ng

chay v.~,nh iWt 09 $di kha ,O~:tO·.

A, Hu.r& liI'a th U9G lo~f,ti nil th~ ph~ n 'td'. B ..Trorlg ·~n.h

~he'prn;j~ til, H@:n!\,e"l giNa

cse

pns n

tU I~ Ii®~ Ike',t c¢ng' !loa tri.

G. Tr-ong Hnh th~ ph&n 'tUr"

Iva tlfdllgl tl§,c gilfa

cac phil;n t& rat yeu,

D., linll'L thif idt 'thu~c. ~\Q~itlnh th~ phaFl '!}1}.. J" Tai sao b~ng phlen va rot ,de d~rlg thang hoa va khong 'd~n di~ n "{ Bi~ttrnn,g b~ng phie'n '~hL!~ m~ng tillh th ~ phan ill': 4. I?-tay mQ

ciu true cua m~ng tinh the kim <p!1cmg. lie n k&t 9 i!1a cae ki~'u lien kJel gl '[ eno bf €t ti'nh 'Gh~t G~8J tin'h 'lhg kim cl!frJn9~

'La

rigury'@!'iii

til' do la,

5'0 Hay ehe -bi131 s~ khElC nhau 'g~ua tinh the 'fiIgluy.en tU' 6, H~y mO

va tin h th;@: ion. Lay


th~ pha n tit

lhli dIJ min h hca


J1!~C

t13 c&'u

~UG ella man g ~lnh'lh~ phan

ta l:ot~ trnh

Cia:

v,~ neu

nhQ'n'9 ~rnh oo~: cua ctnC!ng.

HoA

HI~U DO A
H()C

OlEN ,

vA

LI~N "'ET
,cih: l\tirG.u 1~len

.. Hwtu d"9 ,am (n~n anh hlfrong thii


ke~thoi hQlc. ?

"aO d,rn

• Phin lo~~ iiin rkiet hoa h9C 'bheo h i~u

.:99' ,am cUtin.

VI d¢· ~m 'Q'i~nG~la mt?t.' nguy&rT t:tJ d'~c tn:..rng One kh!i Mng I'tdt ele.ctron cn1a nguyen til nguy~\n tiJ d'6 khi hinh thann li~:n kef hoa h9G, nen sir kh~C nhau v€ (j¢) ~m di~n' giiNJ C'aC nguy~fJ' tfi tham gi,1f;l.lien kel s~ quJ1It ainn (:~p eJe.c4mn dung chl)ng Mi fhuOc v4 Itai

!Jgu~n to' "~n k~.'t VOl mac ap. n.twi'nhau (lien k-~-t c9n9 flea ttj kh6ng eve), I~ch It~ p/li?J llg.uy~n tit cO d(J am tli#;n JCJnhOn (!.fen M~;;to9'ng' ho&- i1] c6 cliO) hsy noan .to~'nfhu¢o v6 m¢f trong hai riglJyen ttl (lien h,it ion). Ceo Milu Jwn Ai~'n$y If!Jn qU8n dIn h~v' c1~ ~m ~itin. cua hM fi,9.llJyen tl1 {r;if}n kit v6i nh&u.

I ~ HIEU DO AM D.Ii;N vA lI~N K~T HoA HOC


1. Hi~u dQ ~m di,n
TmlilJg eae phsn

va lien

k~ cQ ng hoa tri kh6ng cue

D6 1 cae lien kef c(mg hoa 1'1! thuan tIJY,. !I.

rU' tao th,anh boi. hal Jjglly~n tIT ci'u~cung m~t nguyen to hoa hec nfm H2~02' Q2."·'·' h~u dQ am d:il~.nciaa die nguyen tir iham gla lien ket bang O.

Khi eae nguyen ttl tham gia lien kel (;6 hieu 0'0 am di.. nno. hen 0,4, d~ phan en C'~c dJa lien ke:·1. 6 gij ui nllJo din m.t'tc trong th'!Jc t$ kh6.ng xac t1'inh duqc! 1ten e ke"t vin dlU't? col ~ml len 'ktft ,c;~~ng h08 trl khbng cil!c.,. Nhu v~.y, nglrOi£a quy uO-c. rAng : Khi hieu d'¢ am di¢.n eua, hai nguyen t11111~m trong khoAng tU: 0 den n110 hon O.~4 till lien kat. cong boii rri dU'Q'C coi 131. khl5ng ~.

,2. Hi~

dO am d~en va ~ii!n Q)ng hail trl cO CUt: kel

Llen ket, cOng hod ui 06 rC1$.'c.t(rc .h'i lien k.~·tC¢ng hoa ·~rl.ltlrfl c~p electron chung t bi L¢c.b p:hfa mot flguye[l 'ttl tham gla Hen Iret~ duqc tao Ihanh gi.iia t:a.c nguyen IU ~6hieu d¢ am rn.~rl am trong ,kh0\i:1ngttr 0,4 Mn nho hrm 1~7. n Thi dJ.,l .. Lien k6t H-CI. vm h]~u dQ am di~ru cia do v~. hidro oong r[) t96 m" [j en k€t cqog hoi tri co eire. Lien ~'t H-O trong phAn tir mrOc ,,'61 ~ti~l!1 am d'i¢n g]i'fa oxi va hidro bru.1g 1,,24. lit) c[ing Ht 1119t lien k~t oQng hml tri co (arc. Hieu d~, am di?n cang 1(11'1hl ch, phan cue cang manh. t

·w

B6

3. Hj~ dOam' {fj~n va Iii?:n ket ion


Khi hi~u Cf4 mn di~n 8i~7antli ngu.yen u{ tharn gia h.en kef 2 !.,7~nguyen 'lit co d~ .fir}'} di~:tl ]On (kha nang' hut electron manh) dli kba nang nhsn hoan loan dec tron ~ua nguyen til' ] i,an k€t v6i n6 trO' th.al'lb ion am ~eon ngiUyen t,a 'm:!r electron ~ trcr thanh ]01] dtrong, lt1'tt l~ xay ra &1} rao thanh Ilt n k~1 ion.

de

Thi th,~: Trong phan tit NaG. ht~,u d<>am dien Qu,a 0 ~ttl kEt ,gi,LtaNa va, Cl lalien kef iOI1. Trong phfh1 Hi M,gO" m~udO an, cti¢m]cua 0 k6t giw 0 va M'g Hi.'Iien :k£t' ion"

va Na

la 3~16 - O~93= 2 23~

va Mg

lit. 3.,44 _, '1,31 ::::2,1.3, l.i6n

11-

KEY

LU~N

Nlur vij!y, d~ta vao hi~u dO am di~l1 git:m hai nguyen tham gia l'j~H'1J k~tco th~ d.-IIc10an dUde met lien ke~t: inh thanh thuoc loal lien Ibet: ion, Hen kf-t oOng hoa h . I. _ ... -~

tu

tri c6 cl!c hay ~ k~t cong hoa, lri khong ien

c\JC(f').

BAI4-P
1. C ?n cliu dung Jrnn,g eae oau sau ':
A. Trrong Ii:~n ket c¢ing hoa trio c~p electron chlJng I~ch v~ phfl'tIJ nguyen t(ir 00 d¢, ~m dien nho hen,
• '!

1B ..U~~n ket ~ng tina tri 00 eve du'(tc t~o t'himh


trong khoang

tu 0.4 den

gr[{(;a

:2 filguyen 'tlt WI hi,ru d'i) am ai,~n

nh6 hon 11,,7.

C. lien kat oi)ng ,hoa, b1 kholfl~ ct!;C dlvtrc tao ne n tl.J cac ngluyelll ~i1 khac h~n nhau ve' ti nh chit hoa hC;H~. D, Hi~lJJ! Q am di~n giU'a, 2 ~Ulyen d 2. Hay (iho, 'biE~1 Reo th6 hoa tJi khong cue,

t\l' l{!lfidhi plilaliJ til phan eJ;(c y~u. la ilie~ k€it c9ng hoa trj khong eVe? Cho ba Hlt d'~ va lien

ket c¢ng

3. May v.ie.l oo,11g thW:f eleciran ,cOa p:h~n hll' F2., phan tii" HF, .ph~nl'tU H2,., H,~'Y cho ~bi~1.~ trro~' esc phan do tIli phaln t~ nao cO li€m ~gt C¢l!'bgh08Jtr~ co, cq,c, va kh6ng CIJ¢.

ta

4. Xet eac phan tU :~H1ilJ day: NaCI" MgCI2i Ale~3 Hel. Hay cho bi€tlien 'k€t trong phaFl tlt nao 1.8lie'n hi~l c.~ng ho~ tr~ va li4n kat ~oillg pho8il"i :nao Ie lien ke1 ion. ti1
5, X~l eae phan tel sau day : H8r, O2, H2" N~. OiJC, lien i{gt tmng ph811 ttl' nao kh.o ng c~.

{!jy. mo

bim lien k.:el mng phil:n IU nao

c6

(;;:) ]D1il~ghl!}l.l.d~ !1:n di.~!J. die llhlm !,{!I~ilien 'tee !tv.i hQC chi 12l111On,gdm, 00n !thatl,'! ph,i:ii hqp vOi tll'Jl!C nghi.f.m.

tv r:IDth'3g 'Ilgoai, i~

I'D '\ ,.

":Ddt·

... Ca5ch xtlc din:h h oa If! cua 1~9't MgUyE!M to' bl~H1lg I ieln kEft ~on va !Iiin I~e;tCqJIl!g holt, t~i i!1 h u t h,r na.o 1 '
.1

ss oxi hoa ilia gi' ?' X6c di!nh SA$"

a'XI~hoa

b~.fi_ig cac:h

filI

3@"1

1~Moo vi' trong hep ell ait ion


H'aa tri ella m{U nguy.en ta'lrang hflP duft ion S{)i Ja di¢n: hall rrf
-r I.., cua ~. ~t.{:~,~
lOft

'}\a bS.ng

tJ,i¢it

u;O"
ltffU!!.'bl f(i'b/htg

...1l'1

T hI dl} .-U"OIIJg phflln. 'W: N a,(]! natri 00 di.¢:n 'floa tt! l~, 14-, clo c6 di?TI, hoil, tJi, la 1-.
"])"1 ;:u)di¢ll

ho.&.tri ('~1aW1'r?t

10 dO. I'tJmilnS hoq.c' thu

de taa tnann im~",

sll electron mJ .n.gl:~y.e;1 tit. cua

ngu;)itll dj'~l1

C{w::h ght.' .di¢fl. hot1 tTj ,tlW ,ngu_v&:.!'1 hf ': Gh i, tr.~ s6 di~n ttch tlillUc, dau dm
tich
sau,

2. Ho~ trl treng hl,lp d1~t c(;ng hoa trl


,Boa I:rj Cl~a m~t ~gu;Ylen To'trong h4P chat cong ho.ti Iri gqd M c¢ng hod fr~ 'Va Mng N~n kit, c¢ng hod Irf, mJ ng~l)i'e.nl.U'cua 'iJ.gUY.&!1 u/ dtJ tao ra ch(t;I:e voi~cac ,~gl>i:ybt tU lrA&c trong phar.i tir.,

so

Trong cae hQP eMt cqng hoa 06 cli!'c hay k:h6n:g' cue, s6 H~t1 k€l xung quan~jJ nguyen t4 d'ttQC xac di.nb bang sO'c~p electron Ch:UDg tao ro, ~'i¢n:ktt
. I .

tv.

Thi 4t:t .- Trong oong '.

ilJ111~CdLil

tao OUfL ehan ll1NH3·. H - N - H. nzuven fir. N co 3. lien, Kel ",!t"" ~ I It: ...

o1)ng hoa tr] 3 ;,'mOl Iilglly&fJ. tLt H 06 1 .H~~ k~;t c~ng hoa tri, nguyen t6 H:co oQng fuoa tr] L
c(l

e:qn.g boo, tri, '[ilg~y~n'ftO N

- Trang 06ng thu\:; c~u tao cua :phrAn tu' H20" H - 0 - H~,]guCY'eu to H co cemg hOtl ] tri 1.1 nguyell, 'W0 Co ocQng ho,! ~ri 2,

Ii

- Trong oong thUic

cau

tao [Cl]a.pt1ij}n

m Q[. " H

- C - H, nguyen
,~

to C

co. c{lng

II

-so OXI HOi..


{)~ thuan 1ii.~11 C ho vi~ G nghi en c (nJ. phan

'I1ng oxi

h 03 - k hbl ngU'oi lao dimg til:' ci'ta nguyen

s6 oxi hoa.
OK:!. hOB. eua nguyen to Hl. 'mO~s.6 [6 d6 mer! cac quy t~ san :

56

dal s.6 duqc g,a-ncho nguyen

Quy tar 1 : Trong cac [don ctu.at. s6 oxi hoa cua ngULyen. t6 b~ng khong,
Thi'ill! .' SO OX] h,oa cua cit; ngu)'~n.r.6 CUI ZfI, H, .N, 0, .., troug cae dO'rl chat 01, z», H2'~N2~ 2"., d~ubang kbbng, Quy tic _. ; Truu.gm,qr pMn tit, b.5ng s6 s6 oxi Iloa eoa cac nguyen toban,g khong

Quy

3 : 'Irong CAe; ion d(fn ngu.yE:IlJ 56 oxi boa cua fil~FfI.I.y¢n [[1') h~ng d:i~fl tfch t~, C'~,~,]00 d6...Trong. jon tla rtg lJI.y6n.1u, l6t~g &6 oxl hoa cU@. c~ic nguyen ~6ban.g A'.& tl~1-.. .. • u L~1l IlY m cua Ion. l
lit'

so

f..._J:u y

uk 4 : Trang ID hlt cac hop chit, au

:so ox i hoa cU a. 'hidro

kim. IQ~.i.(NaB,. CaHh ... ). 86' OX] ho~.CO!! oxi h~ng -2, pcoxit (cluln.g han H_20l ,... ).

tro.· ·~.rlrOng hop' OF2 va

b~ng + l t !rlt hidrua

TId dlf .. Tlnh s6 oxi hoa cira nguyen t6 nito trong amoniac (NH~), a~j'£nitro

(HN02) va, an ion N0i .


l

Trong .N113:: x, + 3{+],)

=0

~, x

=: -3"
~

Trong HN0;2: (+1)

+- x + 2(-2) = 0. -;li- X
=I ~ x
g

+3.

Trang N0:l' ; x + 3(-2);:


Cfu:h g~li s(f

+5.

oxi hoa .-SO oxi ht?a. d:u:qc d~l ph fa.tren ki hieu cua ngu.ycfIl lb. Ohio
+4-2 3,1
fj-2

dAu ti'UOt.~ s6 sau,

S 02.; NH;

~ NOi,

1. S5 ox~ hOB oua n itd troog NH:t.


A. +5 • = ,3 • + 3 C, +3 ~= 3. +5

1'1012'va HN03 Ian lU'9t~ B" - 3 • +3, , 45


[}_ '+3 , +5 , -3

Ch9n d'p .3Jil

&Jr1g,

2. SO oxi hoo CU9Jkim !o~wMn Fe trongF:eC~3! S tr,o'9 SOJ' P' rong PO:~ Ian

~uT9t I'a

A.O, +3, +6,""5


Co +3 +5" 0, +6j

c I'"ji IV:!
~'I

+.o"j;, ..J.,

-+"'~r +,6-.' "

10. +-S, +6, +3, 0

OhQn dap &n dun:g" 3. Hla~ cho bh~t dle,n 1100'bi cO;:! cac nguyen to trong

cae

h"p chat sau d.~ry ':

BaO, AI.20;1, N.aCI, KF, CalClz. 4. Hay XEW ~n h cgng hoa r] CUI~it cec n~uy~n t,6 tro.ng oac :~p C ~t sa U H20. CH.q,.Hel, NH 35. X:ac d1~nhs6 oxi

hoa

cua

CS,i;

ngUiy@tf!t6 trong cac ph~n titr


CIl", 2'''''
! .... ,"

va

ion sau :

··0" °0- .-. Ni""'IJ CO'·2~ H 2·-·,.,;1, 'J! NH :), "v.,2> N""+ Cu2+ . a) H2S, 8" H2S01• H2SO4' SO~, 50:3 .
b}

~",,2-+ E'",,3,~A·'J3 •

6. x.i3c ~n~ s6 old hoe cua l'lJUhu}'nll • clo, m.af!!g~H'!va nikf b"OI1'g Hel, HCIO, 'laCI~, HiCI04l:

cae

ch ~t \I,a, ion S8U :

c) Mn,

MnC~,

Mr.I~,

KMn04;

d) Mn04 ,SO~- ,N H~~CIO~. •

'90

fRdi

23 LI£

KIM LOAI

1- KHAil NIE

V£ LIEN KET KIM LOAI

nay vi cac ion du(tng tao nell Hen kct k im loai, Nhu Y~y ; Lien kit kim 100li iii IUn kif dUf/i' hinh. thiJ.nh giiia cac nguyen Ii}. ion kim ioai trons m(JJ~~ tilth thl do SU loom eia ed'C' electron tu do. a.-o 0I •
I'

tUn het cac kimloai b die1U ki,¢n. thuOng deu ton tai dU'di. dang ~~.nb (nu Hg), th~ Trong tinh the kim Ioai ion dtrong va. nguyen tu: kim lo~.i :n~m b nhtJ!I]g nut cua m.~ng tinh 'thi,. Cac electron. hoa tri lien kt!t y~1l vOi. har [JJban nen de 'ffich khill l guyen tii· ......chu.y€n d¢ng b_! do tron .. m~ng tinh th$. li!' hut gma cac electron a g

~I'

coo

i,~a

11- MANG 11 H THE KIM LOtti 1~MOt sCikl~u m~ng tinh


iJ

'aie kim lO?i too t*i duo! ba dang tioh 'lhi ph.d b~~nsan: L(Jp phuong tam kho; _" ae [lg!uyen ti'r, C ion kim. loai nam tren eac d'inh va .Wm cua hlnh l@pphuong (hinh 3" 15a). L"p pn1£f.1ng Id~'11'di4:n : Cac nguyen til'; ion kim loai n~r[j_tren cac ~in.h va tam cac n't~1ena hmh 1~.pphuong'
b) (h1rnh 3...15b). tilill)n s..1:!. Lit.£' ph.U'(lug ."Ole: nguyen tw.. ion kim. M6 flinfl' mjrlg lm.n tM rm& tlidn 008' idrli' ~; loai n.am tren cae dinh va tam cac a) I....~p p!JtJCng farn iVJOJ rn.t,tt etta bmh t~,c gi~c d'u:ng va ba b) L~p. j1/11lti'rlg r,§J]1 dijn nguyen rtr, inn nitn phia trona ella (;') Lr,t9.piJl.ltmg hlnh l~.c g i (h1nh 3.150)_ K~.~u crill true 111~l!.1gtinh ph6 bie!'[l ·eua mt)t s6 kim '1 tiuqc t6ng kef, trong o~.i btilng 3"1- Chung la co th~ tra cuu kh] m.116n biet kim loai ~.)gh·~en etCH e6 kieu

ac

~he

TI1L,!-ng tinh tfur~ na{.JI.

Thi ,dl! ,"Ttr bAV'Dg3_1 cho tJhiiy kim loai sat thuoc dang timih l.h,e, l~p 'p!n,ITJ]lg tarn khdi, dong thu¢c.d~1Jg tin h th€ l~p :phl1ong tam di~n va coban tl':IJl.t(lc. ~,g tiiOh th~ d Iuc phuong. Ngwi ta dung dQ d~r; khft P H~e[ih!n ~ritm t k:hrna Cae nguyen tlIT

the

911

tnmg cho timg :J.d~u C,flJU tr lie,,'V ill k ieu c;:hI,true :~~p p:huOin,g];~m kh6i" P = 68% : KielJ! ca:u tnlc l~p plnrong tam dien, p = 74% ; Kieu crliutole luc pir~~ p ~ 74%" Ph,5n tram con l~i, trong ti nh ~h8 'ltL k:h6ng gian

chiem trong tinh

th€ ct~ d~

Thf d~ _" e;~ cae t'jm loai 'co cau, tnic kj~UJ] ~p ,p~n11b'ngam, khal esc nguyen D wJi t tlll kim, IQ~ chiem 6J3'% the tk]] elm tinh th~ . Khong gian tJ.'6ng cua d~h d\e 1 31% ~hclfch t~nh the. t
l,

-):{""Q t,UU";,,O'

Bang ,'J'.1

'wan
lA,

K~eucau true mc;lng tinh th~ phd. bi~n rna


hoan

!m:(Jt

sO kim leal troo,g bang

'i.;i.ltM

,K
F::I!J; C!l:

c...
:9~
~I

)$C!

t'l'
ZIt

V Nb

0, Ma
Mt;

~EI' R'U

Pi) Nl Ol,j Zrri


Rt..
'p"j

lOa In

!i3e ,~ I
$nI $b

i:ii~' Br
T~'

IK~

o
o o

Y n.~1
Aii.'

ire

A.9

,C;;II

'x...

!.~p ph~.ng 1;iJm itt!~,

m' Ta

~e nts

Pit

Fr, IR.\3
I

L~p phu'ct1g ~['Il~I~

c:~ Tn

P. INc:! P"mI
1;1',111

Sm' FIll

lip

EI,l IG'd , bm' eM

Tb

,-,

rJIy
Cf

11'10 ~

~~ 'TiM "Wit lo
1Fli'ii lUJt! N¢;
Lt,

St,

2. nnh c.hit eua tinh th.e kim loc;ti'


Vi trong tinh lilt kim .I o~,j eO. tthfitl:,g electron ~'!!do" di ClruU~l dlrg.c trong mang 'Hem:tinh ~h6 kim loai 06 nh:iling tinh cha~; co b~ln SHU : Co ,anh k lm, din di¢tll i ~n

nhiet

lot'

va co tinh

(leo"

1~ Ha,y 000 m¢l tihi ell! ve m~lIiIgtlnh th~ kim IItl{i:i va cho bjet I:i@nk€it. trong tin h ~h~ ol'~ ~o '~halnh nhlJ" th.§ m"3.0 ?'

kim

lo~j'

2" H,ay 1k4 n h !10Ql k'lelll m gI ng '~in'hth~ p\h8 b'i~nl ella ki m leal. Cho U9'1d It,
3_,

H~y neu cao linn aha~: iE~ Hnh th~ klm lQ<~i c
I

4. [l'l,1:a v~O Ib~nQi 3.1 • ,hay cho biet I!::TetJ ca'JU trne m9"g ~ijl1hth@' eli a ~ac Kim IGl~i : C!.I, Na ce :M··~""I 'iJ.
~'I~.

92

LUY£N

rAp

C :U(J G 3

A ~ KIEN THUC CAN NAM VUNG I - SO SANH UI!N Ktr ION~U~N 1<1::1 ONG HoA Til" VA LIEN KET C KIM lD~1
1 . So santi li~n ket ion va lien k'et e'ong hail tri
3}

va .~] n kt~~¢ng hoa tri gi6ng nhau ve nguyen nhan @ hlnh lhanh Hen kit cae nguy~n tu ] 'i em k~t vm uhao t~o (harm pn,aJI'itf! de:·00 c2l'u. htnh electron ben yimg eua khf hjSm.
G.i6ng' nhau ,:Lien .k·e:~ ion

b) Jrhii e n hau : l.i6tl kti't ion y~ 'ben ket cQ·ng fuoa tr¥ khac nhau

ve bit!] ch~"t .1itn.

ke:i va J:it~ kien lien keto


,I:.o~i

Ue~ ket
Batl' ch~j1t li~n k~t

LB II!JChm 1Jhh rlr~n gtiI1a can;. loll1


m~l\g

rn~rn ~IdT dai"u t~~i,

La sIJ dung G_hurra cac


U' 1fT

ef;ectron

+ .;..ti •
0;..;'&"
I!;I"

H -Ai· ....... ~-.


...

e.~fuk~n
It-en ket

blll1 nhlf:l~ '!l~. bGtn .mgt ho~ n!Q{; nh~u'h~~c g~r1 gi6ng nha~'v€ ban (ti:Jj~Flg ;xa~' ra wi ',C'tl@ kim lot,11 dh~t ooa h~c (th'u'eing ",illy r~ 'vOl d'i~[l l'iIr:niJI va ~i kim di~n Minh) cae rJgoy~n 'It( phi Mm nt16rn IVA~

X~y fa ~ ina nhj1'rl~nguyen 16 k~se

....... ra gllJ~ ViSlIU11,g!u~n iSly

V..:;

',,.,,,, ..J,j;,

'1k.iI

,;[

grORgi

.....

VA. VIA, VUA) TOOnthuc M!',~trong hfu hlt eac lntoo-: I4QP 'tf~g thai lien kef. W;;:JJ ang drill chii1 m ci}J'J.g hmi tri viili:a mang lfnb ~'hat]0:0.. Ova ~~a(:l tri hieu ·ci'q am di,~n giiIla. hai gia, :DJJ.guybn tir vUli.m.qt Hen k6t ta 06 'dl~ 'b1jet dUQc ]o~i lien k€t nso chiem U.11the:

0,0 -~ ,< GA, 0.4 ~ ---to -c 1,7 'G:; 1,7

Lien

~itC~P1,g

hoa tr[ ft.Jh6ng 0lJt

lien kit C91f19hOB tr~ CJ.je c6 Li~n kEf't ioF'l

2. So san h ien kM kim lnal \poi !fen ket ci)ng hoa b"f va lien ket ~on
Lien ket ki m loa i va U~nk~~cong ho~ ~rigi6ng nhau ~a00 nhun,g electron chnng cua cac ngl!l yen tir, nhung electron chong trong 'Iien k~t kim loai Hi c;::uaMil ll.him.g ngl.1ytn to' kim l.o~'ico m~t rrol'l:g don chat .' -

ca

Lien k~t ki In Ioai va lien kGt ion Mu duq.c.; hinh l.hiUID do luc hlilt tinih di~n g]U;a cac pilau Lit' tich di:~ trai dfu, nhung cac phru1 t~ neh di~n u-a j, d~111 trong hen kit kim loai ]i1 ion drrong Va cac electron 'ttl! do.

111-TINH TH~ ION,. llNH THE NGU'VtEN TU TINH THI:, PHAN TU VA TINH TH~ KIM LO~I
F

oi

..,

Ii

,.

Tiin'h thi
'ng,uyim

bl

" IILU<@i IP an ij",?,...,.- h tlo; -1 . TIn'h"'" ,~'"h" 'Wi unnme ki1m IO~I

KJ1laJii
l1Ii~m

Tinh the ion dUQc nnt;.~hA dUo'c nIh hi than h tu hlnh thanh iff' ~(; n:IlUhg ion rna ng nguyen Ml
,di~n'Jrbhtr,ai

hi,n h thJ$ n h .
000 ph:j n

Ti nh

the

ouae

c:t6

v.a anion
L~ Jien.

,Ia ·eric 'catfpr; .

~au~

tU

itt

'llnl:1 hInh

tne

d'IJQc

tV ~im

n hCing ion, nguyen


11,1~

'ttlfMrtl

tU

lo~~ cac va

electron

do

k¥t

b~n \Jha:i" fTrdl w~n b~rL Gh~t cqng

Lire lien ke't c6.

LLl'C li~,n ket 06 L~

lien kel 18 l!...ilC I,i~ n

kit

06

hOO ~

I~

ph~n

tLf6ng

'tu-

tac ~n chii finh dR'~n

:II"

Ann

kim

';"D~n dl~n~ dan


'i:

soi thap!

ma~l~a nhr~t ctt? ~ LJeo

N'hi&l. d& nOI1:Q

nhi~t tot.

94

Itl -

H,oA TRI VA s6 OXI HoA


'bi tmn g hpp chat
ion

1~ Hoa

• lOld§ "Ii~m ~l di¢'I~h6a Ul di¢n fwa tri.

m ,~ tri ClJaJ, ngll,gen :Roo,

tG trong hqp that. ion 6a:rgc g~i

t6 bang 3-6 electron ml tJ~~'yef)l, ~lrcu~ ngu yen -[i) do run:utWn~I b,o~c thu ,d€ tzyo th~l[m,ion.

'~Cdd~ xdc djnh t1~n hoa tr; ,,- £15dli~ hmi 'Tti

tui oUa 'm(}1tnguytn

2. Hoa tr!' Irang hOp chM: cOng hoa trl Khai 1J.i~m vt! ('(mg ho&' tri :' Hoa cr! eua ~UYM 1"6trong hop chit c{l.fLg hox1ni du?C g9i lilt c'!jng hoa tri,
'I'

~ C &dt xac i#nA c(ing hmi tr

mil. ngu )feIiJ tlfu cua nguyen p~harn tU.

t tOng hod tr,j, ~Ua rnQt nguyet] W~ s6 lj~~]k~;~ bAng to do ra duqc voi cac nguyen tfr khac trong
,i,

~Q

3. So oxl

nDa
'~,e' d oxi s

IWG .' 86' oxi hoi! c'~a [i!.i9l nguy,en '~6troBg phm tit b di~n tfch ciwa nguyen 'rfr ngu yoe" t6 {:to n~h1 gi a, d:'~nh 'ti&n hft gi [ta, ctic nguytn til trong phan rlrt.' 'Ha lien l'el iO:[JJ •
'. Khrii n'fim

• C&ch xde ajJ'lh. !J:o ox! hod' ~ Thea

4, guy

die da dl1gc trmh bay;

.~'. \l\iet
.9)

pt'n1t;tlllg ijinh

bie~ dien st! hlnh 'Hlanh esc fIon saw aay tCreac nguy4n WI t~ng Un!Q :
"
d)

Na ~

Na+

CJ

'-4 Cl"

b) Mg. --+ Mg.'2+

~1 S

---7 52;,

c) AI _;;. ,AdJ,,,"

.2. 'fir] nh b,a~ a) Li,e1n k&t:

sv g ionQI nhau
i!Ot1I ;

~ 0' --4" O~-

v~ IMlJ"8cf1Ih~u giCh:! 3 Jo~i lien .ke~' au s


,ct$C :

b} Lien ke:t {It?.ng h oa


,3", C:ho ,day o);;R ssu ;

't~i hong k

c) Ue n !ki!: ci]n,g hOB' tri, cO c!¥fCNaJ20~MgO, AI;2Q~, SiO~j Pz0s, 30:l;., ('.1201D~ \raO g~a ti] h~~U' Am di~n, rna :2 ~guy~:n dQ

Ikel '~ron9 ti1lng ph:a n tL'!, o.xit (d ~ v€l,o $6 'Ii~~ a

ba ng 2-3'~-

tif 'frong

pth~n'til, h.§y ){9C:

!1! nh kl6u

II~rb

C,hllung

'" Theo quan ,diim h I~r-.nay, ,the; nla~1 chM oki tlo~"eh~t ~hO', Ie £1;1' o)tt ;h;o~(, 'sV jkh!t." ~han' \Jw:tg ~~b ho~?' Lam th~' m3fj Jd~ ~~p, u~c pHtidfig trinh hoa hgc,tJJ~ 'phah ~9 0)<1 hot! - khil? a

~nu

,/ Ngoai oaeh p,hBn !0~i ph~lIl Uhg da dtJVO h~, f1~wj ta co. th~ ph§Lt11~i phan U'rt,gnoa h9C theo"oorch khat ~IO kfl6ng ? ,./trhe: h;8lQ'I'a pha~, ttlu nh]$t ?

,t'mg hQ~ h9(·· to;~ In f."ti~t, .ph~n

L'mg hioa

noc,

M(N@rell'g d&U'Ajan-g i:ifD r~ ng,gn Ilia khol'1g lei ~ilan (}rfQ a-0i noo • khl1' l'iftjv too fa mqt, luqng nhi¢:t Oi,ft: 1&11 t~ na ~J:IIJ.'nRI~ ~~ klli)ll9 :khr ><~ngqJll(!!nh I~n ~$tcao.

char

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