AP Psychology Semester A Final Exam Review

#1 Prologue: Pgs 1 15 Q1. How do we elaborate on behavior and mental processes regarding the definition of psychology? A1. Behavior is any action an organism does that can be observed or recorded. Mental processes are internal, subjective experiences inferred from behavior such as sensations, thoughts, and beliefs. Q2. Explain John Lockes argument that the mind at birth is a blank slate, and how did that contradict some of the earlier philosophers such as Plato and Renee Descartes A2. He believed that experience write on the minds blank slate. Plato and Descartes both believed that our knowledge is innate and we are born with our knowledge within us. Q3. Describe William Wundts first experiment and why is it considered the first experiment in the field of psychology A3. He made a machine that measured the time lag between peoples hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key. People responded in about two-tenths of a second when asked to press the key as soon as they consciously aware of perceiving the sound. This was considered the first experiment because it measured metal processing. Q4. Explain how the two early schools of psychology, structuralism and functionalism differed from each other, and which psychologists pioneered these early schools of psychology A4. Structuralism used introspection (looking into oneself) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. Wundts student, Edward Bradford Titchener introduced this school of psychology. Functionalism focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, or how they enable something to adapt, survive, and flourish. William James introduced this school of psychology. Q5. What were the contributions by the two American women psychologists, Mary Calkins, and Margret Floy Wasburn? A5. Mary Calkins was the first female presidents of the American Psychological Association. Margret Floy Washburn was pyshcologys first female psychology Ph.D.

Q6. Which American school of psychology, and pioneering psychologist led the way from the 1920s to the 1960s, and what were the particular criticisms about this particular school of psychology? A6. Humanistic psychology, pioneered by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. It was criticized because it focused only on environmental influences and left out the internal altogether. Q7. Why Humanistic psychology was considered a softer response to Freudian psychology, as well as behaviorism? A7. Rogers and Maslow found Freudian and behaviorism too mechanistic. Humanistic did not call up on childhood memories or focus on learned behavior. Instead is emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on growth potential. Q8. Describe the term Cognitive Revolution A8. Cognitive revolution supported the importance of considering internal thought processes and expanded upon those ideas in order to scientifically explore the ways we perceive, process, and remember information. Q9. Provide facts on how psychology is growing and globalizing. A9. Mass numbers of psychological societies have developed, over 500,000 people have been trained as psychologists, and international publications, meetings, and internet have all been developed therefore allowing psychology to grow and globalize. Q10. Describe the ancient roots of the nature-nurture debate. A10. The ancient Greeks debated if human traits develop through experience or if they are innate. Plato assumed character and intelligence are inherited. Aristotle said everything in the mind comes from external forces. Locke rejected the notion of inborn ideas and thought the mind was a blank sheet. Descartes believed some ideas are innate. Q11. What questions do contemporary psychologists ask concerning the naturenurture debate? A11. How are differences in intelligence, personality, and psychological disorders influenced by heredity and by environment? Is childrens grammar mostly innate or formed by experience? Are sexual behaviors more pushed by inner biology or pulled by extreme incentives? Should we treat depression as a disorder of the brain or a disorder of thought or both? How are we humans alike and different? Are gender differences biologically predisposed or socially constructed? Q12. How does the biopsychosocial approach incorporate various levels of analysis?

A12. The biopsychosocial approach considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Q13. List how psychologists from five current perspectives view anger? A13. Evolutionary psychologists might analyze how anger helped the survival or our ancestors genes. Behavior genetic psychologists might study how heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament. Psychodynamic perspective might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility. Cognitive psychologists might study how our interpretation of a situation affects or anger and how anger affects thinking. Social-culture psychologists might explore which situations produce the most anger, and how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts. Q14. Compare and contrast clinical psychology and psychiatry A14. Clinical psychology asses and treat mental, emotions, and behavior disorders. Psychiatry provides psychosocial therapy and have medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs. Q15. Provide three examples of how psychology influences modern culture. A15. Psychology influences culture to judge psychological disorders as a moral failing less, they less often regard and treat women as mens mental inferiors, and they less often view and rear children as ignorant.

#2 Chapter 1: Thinking critically with psychological science: Pages 19-30

Q1. Provide examples of hindsight bias, and why it is known as the I knew-it-allalong phenomenon?-Ex: People believing slogans/ People believing what they see and claiming they knew Q2. Describe the research done by Robert Vallone on how people are at predicting human behavior..-He had students predict at the beginning of the school year whether they would drop a course, etc. The students were 84% confident but only 71% were true.

Q3. What were the results of Ohio State psychologists Phillip Tetlocks experiment when he collected experts predictions of political, economic, and military situations? Experts who had felt more than 80% confident were right less than 40% of the time.

Q4. How did Magician James Randi disprove aura-seers, and what was his objective in doing so? He used Moses approach when testing those claiming to see auras around peoples bodies.

Q5. Explain the quote the rat is always right.. They function without humility, therefore doing what is natural and true.

Q6. Provide four examples of how psychologys critical inquiry debunked popular presumptions.. SURPRISING Ex: Brain tissue loss have long-term effects Ex: Newborns recognize mothers odor and voice Ex: Diverse groups report roughly comparable levels of personal happiness. DEBUNKED Ex: Opposites do not generally attract Ex: Sleepwalkers are not acting out dreams Ex: Most people do not suffer from low self-esteem Ex: Our past experiences are not all recorded verbatim

Q7. Apply the scientific method to self-esteem and depression.. Having them indicate their agreements to statements such as I have good ideas.

Q8. What standards are required to make a theory useful? Effectively organizes and predicts a theory or claim.

Q9. Explain and provide an example how a case study could be misleading..

A person may be atypical, unrepresented information can lead to mislead judgments.

Q10. How have case studies help study behaviors? They have overwhelming general truths about behaviors

Q11. Provide examples of how the wording effect can have major effects on a survey They can mislead answers by confusion.

Q12. How is random sampling critical in eliminating the false consensus effect? It gives an accurate mix of results.

Q13. Describe the dangers in generalizing from a few vivid but non-representative samples.. They could be wrong because maybe they werent studied close or long enough

Q14. Why is a survey using a smaller representative sample better than a larger unrepresentative sample? It gives a better accurate picture because of fewer results

Q15. How is naturalistic observation different from case study and survey methods in studying behavior? You watch and observe the cases and get more clues from watching them

Q16. Describe in detail the three examples if naturalistic observations done with humans.. Ex: ( A funny finding)- We laugh 30 times more often in social than in solitary situations. Ex: ( Sounding Out Students)- Observing waking hour activity in psych. Students. Ex: (Culture, Climate, and the pace of life)- Comparing pace of life in 31 countries.

#3 Chapter 1: Thinking critically with psychological science: Pages 30 44 Q1. Define and provide two examples of negative correlation and two examples of positive correlation A1. Correlation is how two things accompany each other. Positive correlations are when two trends rise and fall together (the more sexual content teens see on tv, the more likely they are to have sex, and the longer children are breast-fed, the higher their academic achievement is later) and negative correlations are when two trends relate inversely (the more tv is on the less time kids read, and the more income rose among a family, the less psychiatric symptoms children had). Q2. Describe the difference between a negative correlation coefficient and a positive correlation coefficient A2. A negative correlation coefficient would be -1 and a positive correlation coefficient would be 1. Q3. Describe the three possible cause-effect relationships regarding low selfesteem and depression and why is it not prove causation A3. Low self-esteem could cause depression, depression could cause low self-esteem, or distressing events could cause low self-esteem and depression. This does not prove causation because there are other factors that could cause these two things. Q4. Provide two other examples of illusory correlation A4. An illusory correlation could be the assumption that sugar makes children hyperactive or that weather changes trigger arthritis pain. Q5. How would watching basketball or monitoring investment adviser performance leads to misperception of order in random events A5. Random events may not look random because there is a chance for a streak which can look like a pattern to us. Q6. Why was it not bizarre that Evelyn Marie Adams won the New Jersey lottery twice, even if the newspapers reported the odds of her feat as 1 in 7 trillion? A6. She still had the same chance each time she bought a ticket to win the lottery. Q7. Why were results different when the National Institutes of Health conducted their massive experiment on hormone replacement hormones and lower rates of heart disease compared to correlation studies? A7. The women in the correlation studies that decided to get the hormones were also more likely to get medical care and be generally more healthy as opposed to the women in the study by the National Institutes of Health who were less healthy. Q8. Describe the independent variable, control condition, dependent variable, double-blind procedure in the research experiment studying Viagra and intercourse

A8. The independent variable was the new drug Viagra, and the depended variable was whether or not the intercourse was successful. The control condition was the people who were taking a placebo drug. The double-blind procedure was the fact that the men didnt know which pill they were getting nor did the person who gave them the pill. Q9. Explain the three measures of central tendency, and provide an example of which measure is affected by extreme scores A9. The three measures are mode, mean, and median. Mode is the most frequently occurring scores, mean is the total sum of the scores divided by the number of scores, and the median is the midpoint of the scores. The mean is the one most likely to be affected by extreme scores. Q10. Explain the differences between the two measures of variation, range and standard deviation A10. Range is the gap between the lowest and highest scores and standard deviation is how much the scores deviate from one another, or whether they are packed together or more dispersed. Q11. Why are representative samples better than biased samples? A11. Representative samples are better than biased samples because they provide a better display of the entire population. Q12. How are scores with low variability from a basketball player more reliable than cores with a high variability? A12. They are more reliable because they are better averaged together and closer to each other. Q13 How do comparisons of intelligence test scores among hundreds of thousands of first-born and later-born individuals provide statistical significance but little practical significance? A13. They provide statistical significance because there is a lot of evidence that is well researched and of a large scale but little practical significance because it does not seem like it makes much sense.
# 4 Chapter 1: Thinking critically with psychological science: Pages 44-56 Q1: What is the experimenters purpose of conducting an experiment according to Douglas Mook? Not to recreate the exact behaviors of everyday life, but to test theoretical principles. Q2: Provide four examples of how our shared biological heritage unites us as a universal human family. 1. People diagnosed with dyslexia, a reading disorder, exhibit the same brain malfunction whether they are Italian, French or British. 2. Variation in languages-spoken and gestured- may impede communication across cultures. Yet all languages share deep principles of grammar, and people from opposite hemispheres can communicate with smile or a frown.

3. People in different cultures do vary in feelings of loneliness. But across cultures, loneliness is magnified by shyness, low self-esteem, and being unmarried. 4. Most Japanese prefer their fish raw and most North Americans prefer their cooked. But the same principles of hunger and taste influence all of us when we sit down to eat a meal. We are each in certain respects like all others, like some others, and like no other. Studying people of all races and cultures helps us discern our similarities and our differences, our human kinship and our diversity. Q3: How are men and women psychologically as well as biologically similar? Whether male or female, we learn to walk at about the same age. We experience the same sensations of light and sound. We feel the same pangs of hunger, desire and fear. We exhibit similar overall intelligence and well-being. We also tend to exhibit and perceive the very behaviors our culture expects of males and females. Q4: Provide explanations why psychologists study animals. To understand how different species learn, think and behave. They also use them to learn about humans. Q5: Describe the guidelines established by the British Psychological Society, and the American Psychological Association for the humane use of animals. It is a question of if we prefer the compassion for animals or the compassion of people. If we would rather do away with effective research that could lead to effective methods of disease stopping ideas. Q6: List the four ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society regarding experimentation on people. The experiment has to have a justifiable reason to be done. The people who are being experimented on have to know all they can know before the experiment begins. Q7: How is psychology manipulative to people, yet beneficial? Knowledge can be used for good or evil, so although psychology has the power to deceive, its purpose is to enlighten. Q8: Describe the origins of phrenology, and its contribution to the understanding of the brain? The German physician Franz Gall invented it, a theory that claims that bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits. Q9: How are we biopsychosocial systems? We are made of biological, psychological and social cultural aspects. Q10: Describe the structure of the neuron.

1. Cell body- the cells life-support center. 2. Dendrites- receive messages from other cells. 3. Axon- passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands. 4. Neural Impulse- electrical signal traveling down the axon. 5. Myelin sheath- covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses. 6. Terminal branches of axon- form junctions with other cells. Q11: Describe the process of a neuron firing an impulse. Q12: Explain the difference between depolarization and re-polarization of a neuron. Polarization is a property of waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. Electromagnetic waves such as light, along with other types of wave, exhibit polarization. Depolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive or less negative. In neurons and some other cells, a large enough depolarization may result in an action potential. Q13: Describe the all-or-none response. A type of response that may be either complete and of full intensity or totally absent, depending on the strength of the stimulus; there is no partial response. For example, a nerve cell is either stimulated to transmit a complete nervous impulse or else it remains in its resting state; a stinging thread cell of a cnidarians is either completely discharged or it is not.

#5 Chapter 2: Neuroscience and behavior: Pages 57 67 Madison J. Benicky Q1. What discovery did the British physiologist Sir Charles Sherrington regarding neural transmission? Sherrington noticed that neural impulses were taking an unexpectedly long time to travel a neural pathway. He found that the axon terminal and neuron are separated by a gap which he called the synapse. Q2. How do neurotransmitters assist in neural communication? Neurotransmitters unlocks tiny channels at the receiving site and allows ions to enter the neurons Q3. How do neurotransmitters affect our moods, memories, and mental abilities? (Give specific examples of neurotransmitters) See table 2.1 Norepinephrine helps control alertness and arousal. Undersupply can depress mood.

Acetylcholine enables muscle action, learning, and memory. Alzheimers disease deteriotes neurons that produce ACh Q4. Why does the brain contain opiate receptors? Opiate receptors receive endorphins, natural opiates that are released in response to pain and vigorous exercise. Q5. Contrast the effects of agonists and antagonists. Give an example of each. Agonist mimics a neurotransmitter EX. Morphine Antagonist blocks neurotransmitters EX. Botox The central nervous system brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system like CNS with bodys sense receptors, muscles, and glands Q7. Describe the three types of neurons Sensory neurons send information from bodys tissues and sensory organs to the CNS and spinal cord Motor neurons CNS sends instructions out to the bodys tissues via these Interneurons Processes information from the CNSs internal communication Q8. How is our autonomic nervous system a dual system? This controls the glands and muscles of our internal organs, it also influences internal functions EX. heartbeat Q9. How does Lebron James brain function as a computing machine? It adjusts for body position and movement, distance, and angle Q10. Compare the function of neural networks to cities? Neurons network with nearby neurons with which they can have short, fast connections Q11. What is encoded in neural networks? Your own enduring identity, your sense of self that extends across the years. Q12. Compare and contrast the endocrine system and nervous system The endocrine system produces hormones (chemical messengers) and the nervous system activates neural activity. Q13. Describe the influence of epinephrine and norepinephrine and their origin of secretion? Secreted from the adrenal glands. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar. Produces energy. Q14. Explain why the pituitary gland is considered the master gland? It influences your brain, behavior, growth, release of hormones. Q15.What was the significance of observing the effects of specific brain diseases and injuries? Because the brain enables the mind; all of our senses, thought and bodily processes. If it is damaged then we will no longer be able to function normally.

#6 Chapter 2: Neuroscience and behavior Pages 68 - 74 Q1. How do an EEG and its modern microelectrodes detect brain waves? An EEG is an amplified reading of regular brain waves. By presenting a stimulus repeatedly and having a computer filter out brain activity unrelated to the stimulus, one can identify the electrical wave evoke by the stimulus. Q2. What do PET scan hot spots show? Hot spots show which brain areas are most active as the person performs mathematical calculations, listens to music, or daydreams. Q3. How does an MRI musical aptitude and Schizophrenia? MRI scans reveal a larger-than-average neural area in the left brain of musicians who display perfect pitch. MRI scans can also reveal enlarged fluid-filled brain areas in some patients who have schizophrenia. Q4 How does the fMRI reveal the brains functioning as well as its structure? As a person looks at a face, for example, the fMRI machine detects blood rushing to the back of the brain, which processes visual information. Such snapshots of the brains changing activity provide new insights into how the brain divides its labors. Q5. How did fMRI locate increased brain activity with lying? In an experiment when participants lied about a playing card they held in their hand, the fMRI revealed increased activity in the two brain regions. One was the anterior cingulated cortex, an area typically active when we experience conflicting urges. Q6. Describe the role of the reticular formation within the brainstem? As the spinal cords sensory niput travels up the thalamus, some of it travels to the reticular formation, which filters incoming stimuli and relays important info to other areas of the brain. Q7.How is the thalamus like a hub through which traffic passes en route to various destinations? It receives information from all the sense except smell and routes it to the brain regions that deal with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching. The thalamus also receives some of the higher brains replies, which it then directs to the medulla and to the cerebellum. (Its like what London is to Englands trains.) Q8. How does David Beckhams cerebellum aid him in becoming a great soccer player? In addition to processing sensory information, the cerebellum coordinates voluntary movement. Q9. What do the cerebellum, thalamus, and brainstem have in relation with each other, regarding brain function? All three of them are apart of the old brain and always keep you functioning. Q10. How did some experiments confirm the amygdalas role in rage and fear? By surgically altering the amygdala neurosurgeons were able to observe how an ill-tempered monkey turned into a mellow creature. By electrically stimulating and moving an electrode in the

amygdala a defensive cat suddenly cowers in terror. Q11. Describe the positive and negative consequences of psychosurgery? Positive: In a few cases involving patients who suffered brain abnormalities it reduced first of rage. Negative: There were side effects on the patients everyday functioning. Q12. Describe the importance of the experiment on rats conducted by neurophysiologists James olds and Peter Milner? After incorrectly placing an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat, Olds and Milner recognized that they had stumbled upon a brain center that provides a pleasurable reward. Q13. How are reward centers critical in controlling animals actions? Animals come equipped with built-in systems that reward activities essential to survival. Q14. Define reward deficiency syndrome. A genetically disposed deficiency in the natural brain systems for pleasure and well-being that leads people to crave whatever provides that missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings. #7 Chapter 2: Neuroscience and behavior: Pages 74 82 (brianna) Q1. How does size relate to brain functioning concerning the cerebral cortex in animals and humans?
Answer: Frogs and amphibians have a smal cortex and operate extensively on programmed genetic instructions. The larger the cortex and mamals offers increased capacities for learning and thinking enabling them to be more adaptable.

Q2. How are gilial cells like neural nannies?

Answer: they support the neurons by providing nutrients abd ibsulating myelin and mop up ions and neuro trasmitters. Theymay also play a role in learning and thinking

Q3. Why is human cerebral cortex wrinkled?

Answer: the folds increase brain surface area. Without the brain would be the size of a pizza and wouldnt fit in a skull.

Q4. List the names and locations of the four lobes in the cerebral cortex?
Answer: frontal lobes behind your forehead, parietal lobes are at the top and to the rear, occiptal lobes at the back of your head, temporal lobes on the sides of the head just above the ears.

Q5. Describe the discover y made by German physicians Fritsch and Hitzig?
Answer: they discovered that they could make different brain parts move. Stimulation caused movement to an arched shape region towards the back it was

the motor cortex

Q6. How do Neural prosthetics improve the life of a paralyzed human? Answer: They can move a robotic limb or command a cursor to write an email or surf the web Q7. If the motor cortex sends messages out to the body, where does the cortex receive the incoming messages? Cite specific examples. Answer: Sensory cortex idenified a cortia area that specializes in recovering information in the from skin senses and from movement body parts. Q8. Why might a bad bash in the back of the head cause blindness? Answer: The visual cortex is located back of the head Q9. Explain the phantom ringing sound experienced with people by hearing loss? Answer: associated with hallucinationsand activity in the temporal lobe on the brains opposite side Q10. Why is this one the most widespread falsehoods that we use 10 percent of our brain? Answer: association areas arent included in the 10% Q11. Describe Phineas Gages classic case of frontal lobe damage and personality? Answer: when it was damage he became more loopy and couldnt make decisions. He regressed and became easily upset and mad Q12. What dilemma occurs if the underside of the right temporal lobe was damaged due to stroke? Answer: speech and language Q13. Use the clues on page 81 to describe verbal communication Answer: if damaged occurs to frontal lobe person would struggle speaking. Temopral lobe would suffer from reading and understanding and nerve fibers would be damaged Q14. Describe these two principles involving the brains functioning-specialization and integration? Answer: moving your hand, recongnizing faces, and perceiveing color motion and depth all depend on special neural networks. Yet complex functiong such as learning, listening, and loving involve many brain areas

#8 Chapter 2: Neuroscience and behavior: Pages 82 - 91 Q1. Why/how does neural tissues reorganize in response to damage? A1. Most severed neurons will not regenerate. But it can reorganize by using plasticity. The sensory cortex will re-map itself and activity from what was once an index finger will become a second section for the middle finger, making it more sensitive.

Q2. How is the brains plasticity good news for those blind or deaf? A2. The region of the brain that controlled vision, for a blind person, will make another sense more acute or keen. Same with a deaf person, their sense of vision may become more attune. Q3. Describe vs. Ramachan-drans discovery of a mystery phenomenon connected to phantom fingers A3. The hand is found between the face and the arm in the sensory cortex. When stroking someones face whose hand has been amputated the person being stroked does not only feel it in his face, but in his non-existing fingers. Q4. Describe Sperrys and Gazzingas studies of split-brain people? A4. The studied cats and monkeys with split brains and found that there were no personality altercations. They also found that separating the corpus callosum eliminated seizures from over active brain activity. Q5. How could a split-brain patient identify a hidden spoon with the left hand, but not identify a picture of a spoon verbally? A5. Because they would be seeing the spoon in their right hemisphere of their brain and the right side is non-verbal. They would need to draw the spoon so the left brain could recognize it by association. Q6. What conclusions are drawn about the relationship of the left hemisphere and right hemisphere? A6. They are two separate minds in a way. Some people who have had split brain surgery have had to deal with a left hand putting groceries back that the right hand put in. But they eventually work together. Q7. How has hemispheric specialization been demonstrated in individuals with undivided hemispheres? A7. Most people recognize a picture better when it is flashed in the left visual field. But a word is easier recognized if it is flashed in the right visual hemisphere. Q8. What would happen to a deaf persons ability to read a sign if there is a stroke in the left hemisphere? A8. Nothing. Q9. Describe some facts about right-handed individuals vs. left-handed individuals. A9. Right handedness dominates all cultures. Left hander people are more common to have

migraines, allergy problems and learning disabilities. But also more common among artists some sports players athletes and musicians. Q10. Describe the correlation between left-handed individuals (southpaws and age) A10. Left handedness declines with age. The older the population gets the lower lefthandedness gets. This could be because left handed people die off earlier than right. Q11. What are some hypotheses that are accepted and rejected in according to this correlation? A11. The left handed person is prone to many more health problems than the right handed person, bad knees and immunity problems and headaches are common. But responses to that were harsh. Other scientist said that a six year period was not enough time to test, and others tested it and said that their predictions said no such thing like left hander were more likely to die. Q12. Describe Sperrys mind as a holistic system instead of actions of atoms, or activity of cells in the brain? A12. The brain controls and creates the emergent mind and the brain is influenced by it. (if you think about biting into a lemon, you may start to salivate)

#9- Chapter 5 pg. 197-203 1) How do we construct perceptions? We construct perceptions by detecting physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals, a process called sensation. Then we select, organize, and interpret our sensations- this is known as perception. 2) Describe prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is a type of failure perception- it is a condition in which one has complete sensation but incomplete perception. One can sense information but cannot recognize it. One cannot truly perceive. 3) Describe stimuli that we are extremely sensitive to? Our ears are most sensitive to sound frequencies that include human voice consonants and a babys cry. 4) Define absolute threshold and describe how a hearing specialist tests it. An absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time. A hearing specialist would expose ones ears to varying sound levels and define where half the time you correctly detect the sound and half the time you do not.

5) Define signal detection theory and provide two examples of circumstances in relation to signal detection theory. The signal detection theory predicts when we will detect weak signals, measured as our ratio of hits to false alarms. Two examples include how exhausted parents of a newborn will notice the faintest whimper from the cradle while failing to notice louder, unimportant sounds and how soldiers become more aware at wartime when failure to detect an intruder may mean death. 6) Can we sense stimuli below our absolute thresholds? Why/ why not? In one sense, yes- we can sometimes detect stimuli slightly below it. 7) Describe a subliminal priming phenomenon. An invisible image or word can briefly prime your response to a later question- in a typical experiment, the image or word is quickly flashed, then replaced by a masking stimulus that interrupts the brains processing before conscious perception. 8) Can advertisers really manipulate with hidden persuasion? Why or why not? Consensus of no. The subliminal messages may cause a subtle, fleeting effect, but not have a powerful, enduring effect on behavior. 9) Describe the experiment that led Greenwald to his conclusion Subliminal procedures offer little or nothing of value to the market practitioner? Greenwald randomly assigned university students to listen daily for five weeks to commercial subliminal tapes claiming to improve either self-esteem or memory. Students scores on tests for both self esteem and memorytaken both before and after revealed no effects, though the students perceived themselves as having the expected benefits. 10) Define and provide examples of the difference threshold. The minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time; if you add 10 g to a 100 g weight, you will detect the difference. 11) How does Webers law work well for non extreme sensory stimuli, and parallel some of our life expectancies? Webers Law- the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by at constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). I.e. if the price of a $1 chocolate bar goes up by 10 cents, shoppers might notice the change. 12) How does sensory adaptation offer an important benefit to us?

Sensory adaptation- our diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. It allows us to constantly adapt to the changes of the world. 13) How does our sensitivity to changing stimulation help explain televisions attentiongetting power? Cuts, edits, zooms, sudden noises, etc. demand attentionwe are drawn in by nonrepetitive, exciting actions and behaviors. We learn to adapt to and ignore repetitive and unexciting behaviors.

#10 Chapter 5: Sensation: Pages 204 214 Rae Q1. Describe the electromagnetic spectrum and how it strikes our eyes A1. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays as short as diameter of an atom to radio waves over a mile long. The narrow band of wavelengths are visible to the human eye extends from the shorter waves of blue-violet light to the longer waves of red light. Q2. Explain two physical characteristics of light that help determine our sensory experience A2. Wavelength, the distance from one wave peak to the next, and intensity, the amount of energy in light waves Q3. Describe the process of an incoming ray of light from a candle lit as it reaches the eyes receptor cells (Detail each step) A3. Light rays reflect from the candle pass through the cornea, pupil, and lens. The lens changes thickness to change nearby and distant and objects into focus on the retina. Light rays travel in straight lines. So rays from the top of the candle strike the bottom of the retina and those from the left side of the candle strike the right side of the retina. The candles retinal image is thus upside-down and reversed. Q4. If the retina receives an upside-down image, how can we see the world right side up? A4. The retina doesnt read an image as a whole but, millions of receptor cells convert light energy into neural impulses. These impulses are sent to the brain and constructed there into a perceived, up-right image. Q5. How do neural signals carry information to the brain? A5. At entry level, the retina processes information before routing it via the thalamus to the brains cortex. The retinas neural layers are not just passing along electrical impulses; they also help encode and analyze sensory information. Q6 Describe five differences between rods and cones A6. Rods are found in the periphery in the retina, high sensitivity in dim light, not color sensitive, not detail sensitive, and have about 120 million. Cones are in the center of the retina, low sensitivity in dim light, color sensitive,

detail sensitive, and have about 6 million. Q7. Describe adaptation in a dark theater. A7. the pupil dilates to let in more or less light. Q8. How do retinal cell fire messages? A8. Messages are sent to the brain by the optic nerve. Q9. What is the effect of the Necker cube? A9. As you stare at the cube, providing fairly constant stimulation to you retina, your perception- and accompanying neural activity in your brain- will change every couple seconds. Q10. Using parallel processing, how does the brain recognize a face? A10. The brain divides a visual scene into subdimentions such as color, depth, movement, and form and works on each aspect simultaneously. We then construct our perceptions by integrating the work of these different visual teams, working in parallel. Q11. Describe the phenomenon known as blind-sight A11. A bind spot is created when the optic nerve leaves and there are no receptor cells. Q12. Provide a simplified summary of visual information processing. A12. At entry level, the retina processes information before routing it via the thalamus to the brains cortex. The retinas neural layers are not just passing along electrical impulses; they also help encode and analyze sensory information. Q13. How does Young and Von Helmholtz describe additive color mixing vs. subtractive color mixing? A13. Mixing paint colors subtracts wavelengths. Mixing all three primary colors leave you with black. Mixing lights is additive, because wavelengths from each light in the mix reach the eye, and mixing all primary light colors create white. Q14. Describe how people are color-blind? A14. People are not really color blind they just lack red and green sensitive cones or sometimes both. Q15. Provide an example of color constancy? A15. Our experience on seeing color also deals with the surrounding context. If you only see a tomato the color will change as the light changes but, if you see it with a bowl and lettuce the color will remain the same.
#11 Chapter 5: Sensation: Pages 215 223 Sam Motes

Q1. How are sound waves like a shove being transmitted through a concerts hall crowded exit tunnel? It is jostling molecules of air, each bumping into the next Q2. Provide three examples of particular sounds and their decibel levels -jet at 500 feet: 110 decibels, busy street corner: 80 decibels, whisper: 20

decibels Q3, How do we transform sound waves into nerve impulses that our brain interests? The amplitude of the sound waves determine their loudness Q4. How are hair cells like quivering bundles that let us hear? because damage the these result in hear loss Q5. How do hair cells detect loudness? The amplitude of the sound waves send to the cochlea Q6. Describe the psychological effects of noise. Sound waves produce noise. Q7. Describe the two theories that explain how we hear high pitched sounds and low pitched sounds Place theory: different pitches because of thew waves hitting different places of the cochlea Frequency theory: the frequency of x anout of waves sends x amount of pulses to the auditory nerve Q8. Describe the volley principle. Nerve cells transmit information by generating brief electrical pulses called action potentials. Q9. Provide two reasons why two ears are better than one ear. If there is a sound on one side that ear will hear it before the other ear. One may not hear sounds with low or varing intensities. Q10. How well do we locate sound that is equidistant from our two ears, such as those that come from directly ahead, behind, overhead, or beneath us? Why? Because such sound strikes the ears stimultaneously. The brain uses parallel processing to detect processing. Q11. Contrast the two types of hearing loss. Conduction hearing loss: eardrum is punctured, sensorineural hearing loss: damage to cochleas hair folicles or the nerves attached Q12. Explain the debate concerning the use of cochlear implants and how they work. An electrical implant that stimulates impulses to the cochleas nerves Q13. Explain this statement by Helen Keller found deafness to be a much greater handicap than blindness. Deafness cuts people off from people Q14. Provide example of how deafness is like visual enhancement. People who lose one channel of sensation do seem to compensate with slight enhancement of. #12 Chapter 5: Sensation Pages 224 - 234 Q1.What are the consequences if infant rats are deprived of their mothers grooming touch Q2. Define and provide examples of the four skin senses A1. Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain Q3. What are the consequences of being born without pain? A3. Pain is there for a reason; it lets your body know something is wrong and it needs to be fixed. Q4. Describe Carrie Armel and Vilanaynur Ramachandrans experiment on pain

A4. They simulated hurting someones hand and the crowd thought they were actually hurting the people, so they responded with increased skin perspiration. Q5. Describe phantom limb sensations, phantom sounds, and phantom tastes A5. PLS- indicate that with pain, as the sights and sounds, the brain can misinterpret the spontaneous CNS activity that occurs in the absense of normal sensory input. PS- A ringing-in-the-ears sensation PT- such as ice water seeming sickingly sweet Q6. How do individuals afflicted by Arthritis stimulate the gate-closing activity? A6. Some people w arthritis wear a small, portable electrical stimulation unit next to a painful area. The unit stimulates the nerve area, much like rubbing the area you hurt to stimulate nerve fibers makes it feel better. Q7. Describe the experiment of patients undergoing colon exams Q8. Provide three examples of pain control Q9. List the five taste sensations Q10. Provide four fascinating facts about taste Q11. Why is it no fun to eat when you have bad cold? Q12. Describe the phenomenon synasthesia Q13. How do olfactory receptors recognize odors individually? Q14. How do odors have the power to evoke memories and feelings? Q15. How do we sense our body position and maintain balance?
#13 Chapter 6: Sensation: Pages 237-242

Q1. How would you describe alternative interpretations of the Necker cube? A1. The Necker Cube has many interpretations but you can only experience one at a time. This shows selective attention which means at any moment our awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of an experience.

Q2. Describe the cocktail party effect. A2. This is the ability to attend to only one voice at a time, but if another voice calls your name that is immediately brought to your attention.

Q3. Explain the results of the experiments conducted by Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris. A3. They did an experiement where they show a one minute video and ask you to count how many black shirted people catch the ball. At sometime during the video a man in a gorilla suit come through. Many fail to notice due to inattentional blindness. Which means failing to see visivble objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Q4. How would you compare the differences between change blindness and choice blindness?

A4. Change blindess is when we are oblivious to slight change or variation, out of sight out of mind. Choice blindess is the failure to detect change when something pops out at us. For example when a male was shown a picture of a girl smiling, her smile stuck out and he said she was attractive, but when shown another picture he failed to realize it was not the same woman. We are more likely to defend our choices. When its choice blindness we are less likely to believe in a change when someone else makes it.

Q5. How do we experience pop-out? A5. When a strikingly distinct stimlui catches our eye.

Q6. Why do the girls in illusion 2 seem to change size when they switch places? A6. It is a perceptual illusion, the room is distorted. Through the peep hole it is a rectangle shape, but actually it does not. We judge size based on the false assumption that she is the same distance away.

Q7. In illusion 3, why is the St. Louis Gateway Arch deceiving to see? A7. Because relative height makes vertical dimensions longer than horizontal counterparts.

Q8. Why cant your brain perceive illusion 5as flat? A8. Our brain persists in making ripples that are not there. Depth consistant with the assumed light source.

Q9. Describe the illusion, and the sense fooled, pointed out by William Wundt A9. The illusion is the pattern of clock sounds. It strikes the ear. When we hear a steady beat of a clock we unconciously assign a pattern to it even though there isnt one.

Q10. Provide an example of visual capture? A10. If vision competes against other senses it usually wins. For example if the sound of a movie comes from the projector behind us we perceive it as coming from the screen where we see the actors talking. Meaning vision won over hearing.

Q11. How can hearing touch another sense? A11. Hotting and Roder invited volunteers to count mechanical touches of their fingers while hearing multiple tones. When one touch is accompanied by more than one tone, people often reported perceiving more than a single touch.

Kenneth Sanders

AP Psych Final Review.

#14 Chapter 6: Sensation Pages 242 - 254 Q1. How do sensation and perception blend into one continuous process? Sensation and perception blend into one continuous process, progressing upward from specialized detector cells and downward from our assumptions. Q2. Describe the fundamental truth that gestalt psychologists illustrate? Gestalt psychology provided compelling demonstrations of gestalt perception and described principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions. Q3. Describe reversible figure and ground illustrations? Figure-ground relationship continually reverses- but always we organize the stimulus into a figure seen against a ground. Such reversible figure and ground illustrations demonstrate again that the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception. Q4. Describe the 5 rules identified by Gestalt psychologists for grouping stimuli together Proximity- We group nearby figures together we see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines. Similarity- We group together figures that are similar to each other. We see the triangles and circles as vertical columns of similar shapes, not as horizontal rows of dissimilar shapes. Continuity- We perceives smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This pattern could be a series of alternating semicircles, but we perceive it as two continuous linesone wavy one straight. Connectedness- because they are uniform and linked, we perceive the two dots and the line between them as a single unit. Closure- We fill in gaps to create a complete whole object

Q5.Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk devised the visual cliff to provide what principles about infants? It put speculation on maybe infants, by crawling age had learned depth perception. Q6. Describe the 8 monocular cues and examples
1. Relative Size- if we assume that two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that

casts the smaller retinal image as farther away.

2. Interposition- If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer. 3. Relative Clarity- Because light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, we

perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects.

4. Texture Gradient- A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct

texture signals increasing distance.

5. Relative Height We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away.

Because we perceive the lower part of a figure ground illustration as close.

6. Relative motion- as we move, objects that are actually atable may appear to move. 7. Linear Perspective- Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with

distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
8. Light and Shadow- Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical

objects, the dimmer one seems farther away.

Q7. Describe stroboscopic phenomenon. The brain perceives continuous movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images. Q8. How do our expectations about perceived size and distance contribute to some visual illusions? Given the size and distance from the object, we unconsciously infer the objects size

Q9. How does the Muller-Lyer illusion reflect cultural experience? Our experience in rectangular contexts helps us construct our perceptions, top down Q10. Explain the terms brightness constancy, lightness constancy, and relative luminance Lightness and Brightness Constancy- We perceive an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies. Relative Luminance- The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings. Q11. Reading this word THEDOGATEMEAT involves what processes? This process involves not only organization but interpretation- discerning meaning in what we perceive. #16 Chapter 18: Social Psychology Pages 723 730 (Kristin White) Q1. How does Herman Melville's quote "We cannot live for ourselves alone. relate to social psychology" A1. The quote says that humans are connected in some way or another and influence each other. Social psychology is the study of this connectedness Q2. How did David Napolitan and George Goehtals illustrate the fundamental attribution error in their experiment? A2. The experiment of fundamental attribution error showed that even when the subjects were told someone was acting, they believed actions were indicative of personality, representing the fundamental attribution error in humans. Q3. How does the fundamental attribution error effect your perceptions towards a teacher, the 9/11 terrorists, and Nazi death commanders? A3. Our perception of teachers based on the fundamental attribution error is that they are outgoing, even if they may be shy, or we think they are mean people or nice based on the work load they give. We perceive Nazi death commanders and 9/11 terrorists as evil people, and crazy, even though they had normal lives before this.

Q4. How does the effect of attribution explain social conservatives, and liberal's viewpoint towards social issues? A4. Conservatives dont like things like charity because they attribute those is poverty as weak while liberals blame their environment rather than their personalities. Q5. Provide an example of how strong social pressure weaken the attitude-behavior connection A5. In this case, democrats voted for a Republican because it was publically popular. Q6. How was the Chinese "thought-control" an example of the foot in the door phenomenon? A6. The Chinese would make simple requests then increase their requests until they could get the Americans to do things like radio announcements and false confessions. Q7. Provide examples how the attitudes-follow-behavior phenomenon works for good deeds as well as bad for bad A7. After the civil rights movement, Americans lost some of their racial prejudice, but those acting like prison guards can transform their personalities and cause cruel actions Q8. Compare Phillips Zimabrdo's experiment to the Abu-Gharib Prison and how both situations prove role-playing affects attitude A8. Zimbardos experiment involved cruel actions developing from playing as prison guards and Abu-Gharib prison was actually a prison , but both took advantage of their position nd abused their prisoners. Q9. How did the Greece military junta take advantage of the foot-in-the door phenomenon? A9. The Greek trained their military by using small steps, slowly moving them from guards to torturers. Q10. Define then relate the cognitive-dissonance theory to the U.S invasion of Iraq? A10. Cognitive-dissonance is the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts are inconsistent. When our actions dont match our attitudes, we act to change that. In Iraq, when the reason for starting the war, finding WMDs, werent found , people pretended we initially started the war to spread democracy and such so we could justify the war.

#17 Chapter 18: Social Psychology: Pages 730 - 737 Q1. Provide the four examples of how behavior is contagious -if one perspn laughs, coughs or yawns another person nearby will mostly do the same. - if a group of people are looking upward passersby will look up too. - street musician will put money in their cups to suggest that others have donated. - after 9/11 children reported red rashes. Parents thought that biological terrorism was at work. Q2. Describe the chameleon effect We unconsciously mimic others expressions, postures, and voice tones. It explains why we feel happy around happy people and sad around sad people. Q3. Provide examples of how the effects of suggestibility are serious After the Columbine killing there were copycat threats in many other states. Also there was a high suicide rate. Q4. Describe the results of Solomon Asch's conformity There were three lines and you had to match the two that were the same. It was obvious which two were the same but he got a group to say it was a different line and when a new person that didnt know about the experiment was asked the question and the group said it was the other line it many times cause the new person to change their answer or reconsider their answer. Q5. List the conditions that strengthen conformity - One is made to feel incompetent or insecure - The group has at least three people - The group is anonymous - One admires the groups status and attractiveness - One has made no prior commitment to any response - Ones culture strongly encourages respect for social standards Q6. Describe normative social influence Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Q7. Describe how Robert Baron and his colleagues demonstrate the informational social influence Hey showed University of Iowa students a slide of a stimulus person, followed by a slide of a 4 person line up. They either saw the lineup for 5 seconds or seeing the lineup for half a second. When the accuracy of their judgment seems important people rarely conform when the task was easy but when the task was difficult they would conform. Q8. Describe Stanley Milgram's controversial experiment on obedience He had people play the experimenter and the learner. He put the learner in room next door and hooked him up to a fake electroshock simulator. They were going to be given questions by the volunteer. The volunteer that knew nothing about the experiment was put in the adjoining room and was told to give them an electric shock every time they get an answer wrong. The

experimentor was watching in the same room as the volunteer and would tell them to give the shock. Everytime question that the learner got wrong the voltage would go up and the learner would fake being shocked. Q9. What were the results of Milgram's follow up obedience experiment? Men aged 20 to 50 63% complied fully- right up to the 450 volt shock. Q10. When obedience was highest based on Milgram's experiment? - When the experimenter giving orders was precieved to be a leginament autorivite figure - The authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution - The vivtum was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room - There was no role models for defiance Q11. Provide the two examples that demonstrated blind obedience and defied obedience during the holocaust - Nazi accually gasses or shot Jews during the holocaust because they felt it was a high authority even though it went against their morals. Q12. How did Stanley Milgram exploit the foot in the door phenomenon on the teachers? Because they have already complained to doing the experiment and giving the small shocks they felt like they were obligated to give the stronger shocks. Q13. Explain how Nazi Soldiers exploited the foot of the door phenomenon with German civil servants Because they already agreed to round up the Jews they felt like they had to shoot them if they were asked to.

#18 Chapter 18: Social Psychology Pages 738 742 (Sarah Walker) Q1. How did Norman Triplett prove his hypothesis that the presence of others boosts performances? A1. Had adolescents wind a fishing reel as rapidly as possible. He discovered that they would reel faster if there was someone else doing the same thing in the same room. Q2. Describe social facilitation when a difficult task is done in front of others compared to an easily mastered task A2. People perform less well then when it is a simple task Q3. How does social facilitation explain the funny effect of crowding? A3. The more people, the funnier the act/subject is. With comedians people laugh more when they are in close quarters with someone else. People laugh because those around them are laughing.

Q4. Describe the experiments done by Alan Ingham and Bibi Latane demonstrating social loafing A4. Asked blindfolded University of Massachusetts students to pull the rope as hard as they could. When he fooled them into thinking that there were three people pulling behind them they exerted 82% as much effort as when they knew they were alone. Q5. How did Watson and Zimbardo demonstrate deindividuation? A5. Depersonalized KKK style hoods delivered twice as much electric shock to the victim (not real shocks) as did the identifiable women. Tribal warriors who had their faces painted, or masks on are more likely to kill, torture, or mutilate captured enemies than those with exposed faces. Q6. Describe the beneficial and dire consequences of group polarization A6. Amplifies a sought after spiritual awareness or reinforces the resolve of those in a self help group, strengthens feelings of tolerance in a low prejudice group - When in a group, high- prejudice students become more prejudice when they discuss racial issues. Q7. How does group polarization lead to terrorists mentality? A7. Usually arises among people who get together because of a grievance and then become more and more extreme as they interact in isolation from any moderating influences. Q8. How does the internet provide a medium for group polarization? A8. Its tens of thousands of virtual groups enable parents, peacemakers, and teachers to find solace and support from kindred spirits. Q9. How did the personnel involved in the Iraq WMD issue demonstrate several aspects of groupthink? A9. Examining few alternatives, selective gathering of information, pressure to conform within the group or withhold critism and collective rationalization. Q10. How did three individual soldiers resist the power of influence in the case of Abu Graib prison? A10. Lt. David Sutton put an end to one incident which he reported to his commanders. Navy dog handler William Kimbro refused pressure to participate in improper interrogations using his attack dogs. Specialist Joseph Darby brought visual images of the horrors into the light of day providing incontestable evidence of the atrocities. Each risked ridicule or even court- martial for not following orders.

#19 Chapter 18: Pages 742-748 (Maddie Richardson) Q1. Explain how prejudice is an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group. A1. It is a mixture of beliefs (called stereotypes), emotions (hostility, envy, or fear), and predispositions to action (to discriminate). Usually these discriminations are false. Q2. Provide examples of implicit racial associations, unconscious patronization, race-influenced perceptions, seeing black and reflexive bodily responses. A2. Implicit racial associations: 9 in 10 white respondents took longer to indentify pleasant words as good when good was presented with black faces rather than white faces. Unconscious patronization: white university women were asked to evaluate a flawed essay, when they evaluated an essay written by a black fellow student, the women did not put so harsh of comments than they did with the white students essays. Race-influenced perceptions: people were asked to press buttons to shoot or not shoot black or

white men who suddenly appeared on the screen holding either a gun or a harmless object. People most often mistakenly shot targets that were black. Seeing black: black faces looked more criminal to police officers; the more black, the more criminal. Reflexive bodily responses: even people who consciously express little prejudice may give off telltale signals as their body responds selectively to anothers race. Q3. Provide examples of modern prejudices in public settings A3. Even though African Americans are 13.5% of the car occupants, 15% of the speeders, but 35% of the drivers pulled over. Q4. Provide examples of gender prejudice and discrimination A4. People tend to perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers. Q5. How does prejudice rationalize inequalities, and describe the blame the victim dynamic? A5. If one person of a group does something wrong, we tend to blame the whole group. Q6. Describe ingroup bias and out group in reference to high school cliques A6. High school cliques tend to not want to expand to get to know other people, so they only stay in their ingroup, and not talk to others in an outgroup. Q7. Provide example of the scapegoat theory, and how it restores self-esteem to individuals? A7. Students blaming the teacher for a failing grade. It restores self-esteem by proving no blame or failure of the individual, just the scapegoat. Q8. Describe the effects of categorizing people into groups. A8. People begin to bias others according to the group, restricting their diversity. Q9. What is a vivid case and how do vivid cases feed stereotypes? A9. Vivid cases are judging the frequency of events by instances that readily come to mind. They feed stereotypes by influencing judgment of a group. Q10. Define and provide an example of the just-world phenomenon. A10. It reflects the idea that good is rewarded and evil is punished. An example is observing someone receiving painful shocks leads many people to think less of the victim. Q11. How did the experiment conducted by Ronnie Janoff-Bulman and her collaborators illustrate the phenomenon of blaming the victim and hindsight bias? A11. When given a detailed account of a date that ended with the womans being raped, people percieved the womans behavior as at least partially to blame. In hindsight they thought, She should have known better. Blaming the victim also serves to reassure people that it couldnt happen to them. #22 Chapter 12: Motivation 470-Pg.473 Brenna Bocinsky Q1. Describe the four perspectives psychologists have used in their attempt to understand motivated behaviors A1. Instinct Theory: when a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned. Drive reduction Theory: emphasizing the interaction between inner pushes and external pulls. Arousal Theory: emphasizing the urge for optimum level of stimulation. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs: describes how some motives are if unsatisfied more basic and compelling than others

Q2. Describe two human instinctive behaviors A2. 1. Infants rooting 2. Infants sucking Q3. Define and provide an example of homeostasis A3. Homeostasis is a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; regulation of blood glucose level. Q4. The food-deprived person who smells baking bread feels a strong human drive. What is the incentive in this statement, and why? A4. The baking bread is the incentive because the good smell lures the hungry person. Q5. List two examples of how curiosity drives organisms A5. 1. Curiosity drives a 9-month old infant who investigates every accessible corner of the house. 2. Drives a scientist whose work this text discussed. Q6. A lack of stimulation will increase arousal to some optimal level. What will occur if there is too much of stimulation? A6. Stress comes with too much stimulation Q7. Describe the stages from the base to the apex, of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs A7. Physiological needs: needs to satisfy hunger and thirst. Safety needs: needs to feel safe, secure, and stable. Belongingness and love needs: need to love and be loved. Esteem needs: need for achievement, competence, and independence. Self-actualization needs: need to live up to ones fullest potential. Q8. What are the differences in the priority of needs between poor nations and wealthy nations A8. In poorer nations that lack access to money and the food and shelter it buys, financial satisfaction more strongly predicts subjective well being. Q9. Why does self-esteem matter most in individualistic nations? A9. Because their citizens tend to focus more on personal achievements than on family and community identity. Q10. Describe critics argument about Maslows hierarchy of needs? A10. They say Maslows sequence of needs is not universal, his hierarchy provides a framework for thinking about motivated behaviors.
#23 Chapter 12: Motivation Pg.473- Pg.480 (Dasha Soropulova)

Q1. Describe how the experiment conducted by Ancel Keys proved the needs hierarchy for food

A1. Ancel Keys fed 36 male volunteers just enough to maintain their initial weight. Then, for six months, they cut this food level in half. The men became obsessed with food; they talked about food, they daydreamed about food, they collected recipes, read cookbooks, and everything else in the world didnt seem to matter to them. Q2. How did Washburns experiment prove there is a physiological source of hunger? A2.Washburn showed that stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger. Q3. How do the levels of blood glucose affect hunger? A3. If your level of blood glucose drops, your hunger increases. Q4. Describe the role of the lateral hypothalamus in controlling hunger A4. Activity along the sides of the lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger. Q5. Describe the consequences if the ventrome hypothalamus is destroyed A5. If it is destroyed, the persons stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, causing it to become extremely fat. Q6. Describe the role of the hormones ghrelin and leptin A6. Ghrelin is a hunger-arousing hormone while leptin is a hunger-dampening hormone. Q7. Why do some researchers argue that there is not a true set point, but instead a settling point? A7. They believe that slow, sustained changes in body weight can alter ones set point. Q8 What did Paul Rozins experiment conclude about memory and appetite? A8. As time accumulates since we last ate, we anticipate eating again and start feeling hungry. Q9. Why do we crave carbohydrates when feeling tense or depressed? A9. Carbohydrates help boost levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has calming effects. Q10. Describe neophobia A10. Neophobia is our tendency to avoid unfamiliar foods. Q11. Describe the characteristics of families of anorexics, and bulimia patients A11. Mothers of girls with eating disorders are themselves often focused on their own weight and on their daughters weight and appearance. The families of bulimia patients have a higherthan-usual incidence of childhood obesity and negative self-evaluation. Q12. Who are the most vulnerable to eating disorder, and why? A12. Those who most idealize thinness and have the greatest body dissatisfaction. Q13. Describe the results of an experiment by Barbara Fredickson describing gender differences and self-image A13. For the women but not the men, wearing the swimsuit triggered self-consciousness and shame that disrupted their math performance. Q14. How did Eric Stice and heather Shaw demonstrate the thin-ideal exemplified in fashion magazines, advertisements and even in some toys? A14. Stice and Shaw gave some adolescent girls a 15-month subscription to a teen fashion magazine, vulnerable girls exhibited increased body dissatisfaction and eating disorder tendencies. Q15. Describe the consequences of the statement fat is bad on womens motivation concerning dieting?
A15. It motivates millions of women to be always dieting, and that encourages eating binges by pressuring women to live in a constant state of semistarvation. #24 Chapter 12: Motivation 481 - 494
Q1. Describe the contributions of Albert Kinsey relevant to sexual motivation

A1. Kinsey found that most men and nearly half of women admit to having premarital sex, most women and virtually all men reported masturbating, and that women who reported masturbating to orgasm before marriage seldom had difficulties experiencing orgasm after marriage. His book also revealed enormously varied sexual behavior and a wide range of sex drives. Q2. Explain each phase of the sexual response cycle described by Masters and Johnson A2. During the initial excitement phase, the genital areas become engorged with blood, a womans vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge. In the plateau phase, excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. The penis becomes fully engorged and some fluid frequently containing enough sperm to enable conception may appear at its tip. Vaginal secretion continues to increase, the clitoris retracts, and orgasm feels eminent. Muscles all over the body contract during orgasm, accompanied by further increases in breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates. The genital contractions during this phase help facilitate conception by drawing the sperm further inward. During the resolution phase the body gradually returns to its unaroused state as the engorged genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood. During this phase the male enters a refractory period in which he is unable of another orgasm. Q4. What are the two effects of sex hormones? A4. Sex hormones direct the physical development of male and female sex characteristics, and they activate sexual behavior. Q5. Describe the effect of abnormal estrogen and testosterone levels on males and females A5. Low levels of sex hormones cause sexual drive to wane. Q6. Why do people who do not have genital sensation still feel sexual desire? A6. Sexual desire is felt in the brain. Q7. Describe the five reasons of why American adolescents have lower rates of contraceptive us, and higher rates of teen pregnancy A7. Ignorance, guilt related to sexual activity, minimal communication about birth control, alcohol use, and mass media norms of unprotected sex. Q8. Describe the four predictors of abstinence A8. High intelligence, religiosity, father presence, and participation in service learning programs. Q9. Describe the results of a Dutch study concerning homosexuality, and the percentage of homosexuality in the United States A9. Fewer than one percent of participants in a Dutch study reported being actively bisexual. A large number of adults in the study reported having an isolated homosexual experience and most people reported having had an occasional homosexual fantasy. The estimated homosexual population in the United States is 2.5 percent of all adults. Q10. How does the APA view homosexuality compared to 3 decades ago? A10. The American Psychiatric Association dropped homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses in 1973; it is now more accepting of sexual orientation. Q11. Describe the cause of homosexuality regarding the four questions presented at the bottom of page 488 A11. Homosexuality does not appear to be caused by problems in a childs relationships with parents, a fear or hatred of the other gender, levels of sex hormones or childhood molestation, seduction or sexual victimization by an adult homosexual. Q12. Describe the rate of homosexuality in certain populations, and the reason behind the phenomenon the fraternal birth-order effect

A12. Homosexuality seems to be more common among poets, fiction writers, artists and musicians. Men who have older brothers are also more likely to be gay. According to the fraternal birth-order effect, the odds of homosexuality are roughly 3% among first sons, 4% among second sons, 5% among third sons and so on. Q13. Describe Simon LeVay's research concerning the brain and sexual orientation A13. One hypothalamic cell cluster in the brain is larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men; the same difference is found in male sheep displaying other-sex versus same-sex attraction. Q14. Describe the evidence that there is a genetic influence on sexual orientation researched by Brian Mutanski and Michael Bailey A14. Shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins and sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated. Q15. Describe prenatal hormonal influences on sexual orientation A15. Altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and in animals. Q16. What are some attitudes that support a more accepting view of homosexuality? A16. Support for equal job rights for gays and lesbians has risen, as has agreement that homosexuality should be an acceptable alternative life-style Q18. What are the consequences of fetal testing in the possible identifying sexual orientation? A18. Genetic markers of sexual orientation could someday be identified through fetal testing and the fetus could be aborted simply for being predisposed to an unwanted orientation.

#25 Chapter 12: Motivation 495-Pg.499(Jonny Day)

Q1.How did the need to belong ensure survival amongst our ancestors?
A1. Being in groups and having social bonds helped people to survive because it was proven that people with less friends and family around them did not live as long.

Q2. When asked what was their most satisfying moment in the past week, what were the responses of American and South Korean collegians? A2. Satisfaction of self-esteem and relatedness-belonging needs contributed to the peak moment.

Q3. Describe Ubuntu, explained by Desmend Tutu, and how it expresses a wanting to belong? A3. my humanity is caught up, is inextricable bound up, in yours.

Q4. How does Mark Leary describe self-esteem?

A4. Self esteem is a gauge of how accepted and valued we feel.

Q5. When something threatens or dissolves our social ties, how do our emotions and self-esteem become affected? A5. It becomes harder for us to become attached or have a real relationship. We start being more negative about ourselves and think that we arent good enough.

Q6. Describe the effects of ostracism on children and adults researched by Kipling Williams A6. Ostracism is social exclusion and it can be much, much worse for adults than for children.

Q7. How is the Anterior Cingulated Cortex affected by ostracism? A7. It elicits increased activity in this area.

Q8. Describe the results of the studies conducted by Jeane Twenge and her collaborators. A8. They told people that they would either have successful relationships or be shunned and the group who was told that they would not have successful relationships were more likely to engage in self-defeating behaviors.

Q9. How do close relationships affect health? A9. People with close relationships are usually happier which leads to a healthier and positively motivated life. #26 Chapter 12: Motivation pg. 500-pg. 510

Q1. How did Mihaly Csikzentmihayli formulate the flow concept A1: He said peoples quality of life increases when they are purposefully engaged. He said there is a middle between being stressed and anxious, and being bored. He concluded it after watching artist paint for many hours, they worked well when they concentrated but were not worried about getting it done.

Q2. How does flow affect us in a positive way? A2: WE become excited and happy when we are fully engaged. IT boosts our selfesteem, competence, and well-being. Q3. Describe psychological contract? A3:The subjective sense of mutual obligations between workers and employers Q4. What items are the best at selecting job performance? A4: A new stradegy is used. Ask applicants to answer some questions, then assess which applicants excelled on the job, then identified items on the earlier test that best predicted who would succeed. Q6. What four factors describe the interview illusion? A6: Interviewers disclose the interviewees good intentions, which are less revealing than habitual behaviors. Interviewers more often follow those that have been successful than those who havent been. They presume that the people are what they seem to be when they are interviewed. Also interviewers preconceptions and mood color how they perceive the answers given. Q7. What are the benefits of a structured interview vs. an unstructured interview? A7: They offer a disciplined method of collecting information. SO you can ask the same questions to every person and analyze the results better. Unstructuredinterviews can be easier fro street smart people who know how to answer question better and work around a structured answer. Q8. Describe twp appraisal performance methods? A8:checklists- on which supervisors simply check behaviors that describe the workers. Graphic rating scales- on which a supervisor checks the extent to which a worker is dependable or productive. Q9. Describe Halo errors, leniency and severity errors, and recency errors A9: Halo errors occur when ones overall evaluation of an employee, or of a trait, biases ratings of their specific work-related behaviors, such as reliability. Leniency and severity reflect evaluators tendencies to be either too easy or to harsh on everyone. Recency errors occur when raters focus only on easily remembered recent behavior. Q10. Describe the study on the 1528 California children whose intelligence scores were in the

top 1 percent? A10: They did study on some kids whose scores were in the top 1 percent and followed their careers. When they checked their performance in life they found that the difference was motivation. The people who were successful were more motivated. The motivated ones were more active in high school. Q11. Does employment satisfaction also contribute to successful organizations? A11: yes, positive satisfaction and positive correlation went together. People who were happy at work did better and the place was more succusful. Q12. Describe Robert Owens great experiment A12:He went to a mill in Scotland with poor working conditions and bought it. He then renovated it and set up all these things to help his employees. The productivity and morality improved tremendously. Q13. What are four characteristics of great managers? A13: they help people identify and measure talents, match tasks to talents, care how their people feel about their work, and reinforce positive behaviors Q14. What are the benefits of implementation techniques? A14:they are action plans that specify when and where and how people will achieve goals, it helped people focus in their work and on-time completion is more likely. Q15. Describe differences between task leadership and social leadership? A15:task leadership is setting standards, organizing work and having attention goals, while social leadership is mediating with conflicts and building high-achieving teams. Its more of a interactive way of handling. Q16. Describe voice effect A16:If given a chance to voice their opinion during a decision making process, people will respond more positively to the decision.

# 27 Chapter 13: Emotion Pg. 513- Pg.519 (Chris Tippins) Q1. Describe the two controversies, over the interplay of our physiology, expressions, and experience in emotions A1. 1. Does your physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? 2. Does cognition always precede emotion?

Q2. Imagine that your brain could not sense your heart pounding on your stomach churning. According to the James-Lange theory, and the Cannon-Bard theory, how would this affect your experienced emotions? A2. James-Langethere would be no feeling of emotion because there is no body response to follow. Cannon-Bardthere would be a feeling of emotion but no physiological response to occur simultaneously. Q3. How is Schachter and Singers two factor theory similar and different to the two previous theories on emotions? A3. Similarphysical arousal is involved in emotion Differenta cognitive label of the physiological response Q4. How do the sympathetic division and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system control our arousal? A4. Sympatheticdirects adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. Parasympatheticinhibits further release of these stress hormones, and those already in bloodstream linger awhile, so arousal diminishes gradually. Q5. How do prolonged physical arousal and too little arousal affect particular tasks? A5. It depends on the tasklower arousal optimal for more difficult tasks, higher arousal optimal for easier tasks. Q6. How does the amygdala affect emotion? A6. By being the center for fear and anger. Q7. Provide example of how emotions affect different areas of the brain cortex? A7. Depression-prone people and those with generally negative personalities also show more right frontal activity. When people experience positive moods, when they are enthusiastic, energized and happy, there is more left frontal lobe activity. Q8. Describe the importance of the nucleus accumbens regarding to emotion A8. This small region of a cluster of neurons lights up when people experience natural or druginduced pleasures. Q9. What evidence did psychologist George Hohmann provide supporting the James-Lange theory? A9. People paralyzed from the neck down only felt a mental response to emotion and not a bodily response. Also there were increases in emotion expression in regions above the neck. Q10. What evidence supports the Cannon-Bard theory? A10. Whether we fear the man behind us on the dark street depends entirely on whether we interpret his actions as threatening or friendly, thus saying that emotional experiences also involve cognition. Q11. How did Schachter and Singer prove the spillover effect?
A11. Having people in a room with people that are euphoric or irritable and the subjects caught on with the emotion the person was feeling in the room.

# 28 Chapter 13 Emotions 520 526 (Meghan Smith) Q1. How does a lie detector or polygraph work, and what are the two problems that make it a flawed test?

A1: A lie detector measures several physical responses that accompany emotion. Tow problems that make this a flaw test are that our emotions all prompt similar physiological reactivity and the tests make mistakes about one-third of the time. Q2. Provide evidence how we experience emotion unconsciously before cognition? A2: Evidence that supports this is when people repeatedly view stimuli flash briefly for them to perceive and recall, they come to prefer those stimuli. Also, after viewing a subliminally flashed happy face, fifty percent of thirsty people drank more fruit-flavored drink than when flashed a neutral face. Q3. How did Paul Whalen and his colleagues describe the role of the amygdala? A3: The amygdala is the emotional control center and enables quick emotional responses before our intellect intervenes. Q4. How does Richard Lazarus explain cognition plays a role in emotional responses without conscious awareness? A4: Emotions arise when we appraise an event as beneficial or harmful to our well being, whether we truly know if it is or not. Q5. Describe the two routes of emotions, demonstrated by Zajonc and LeDoux compared to Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer. A5: Zajonc and Leboux emphasize that some emotional responses are immediate, before any conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer emphasized that the out appraisal and labeling of events also determines our emotional responses. Q6. Describe the research study conducted by Joan Kellerman, James Lewis, and James Laird. A6: They wondered if intimate gazes could stir an attraction and asked unacquainted malefemale couples to gaze intently for two minutes at each others eyes or hands and found that the eye-gazers reported a tingle of attraction and affection. Q7. How did Robet Kesterbaum, explain how we read nonverbal cues? A7: By exposing different parts of emotion-laden faces, he found that we read fear and anger mostly from the eyes, and happiness from the mouth. Q8. How does experience sensitize us to particular emotions? A8. Past experiences can affect how a person perceives in emotion on ones face. For example, when shown a face with a mixture of fear and anger, physically abused children are more likely to perceive the emotion as anger. Q9. How did womans intuition apply to Jackie Larsens encounter with Christopher Bono? A9: Jackie Larsen felt a sharp pain in her stomach and choose to follow her instincts as a woman to not trust Christopher Bono. Her intuition was right. Q10. Describe specific gender differences in nonverbal sensitivity, empathy, and expressiveness. A10: Men tend to explain their emotions in simpler descriptions and hide their true feelings while women tend to show and descried their emotions more openly and are more likely than men to describe themselves as empathic.
# 29 Chapter 13: Emotion pg. 527-531 (Danni Mitchell)

Q1 How did Paul Ekman and Maureen O Sullivan explain the difficulty to detect deceiving smiles? A1: Smiles are a social phenomena as well as emotional reflexes. Activated muscles under the eyes and raised cheeks suggest a natural smile. A feigned smile such as one we make for a photo often continues for more than 4 or 5 seconds. Most authentic expressions have faded by that time. Feigned smiles are also switched on and off more abruptly than is a genuine happy smile. Q2. Provide examples of nonverbal body language, and subtle expressions in revealing feelings of individuals towards others A2: Fidgeting may reveal anxiety or boredom. Folded arms can signify either irritation or relaxation. Q3. How did Justin Kruger and his colleagues explain that communication via email is ambiguous regarding emotions? A3: Through e-mail it is hard to understand the point that one is trying to get across. The absence of expressions make it hard foe people to understand the emotions of the person they are emailing. Without having vocal nuances people often misread communications, vocal nuances make it possible for people to recognize the type of emotion given off by others. Justin and his colleagues show that communicators often get the point that they are just kidding but without foreseeing interpretations nonverbal cues can lead to misinterpretations. Q4. Provide examples of how gestures vary with culture A4: Psychologist Otto Kleinberg observed that in Chinese literature people clapped their hands to express worry or disappointment, laughed a great Ho-Ho to express anger and struck out their tongues to show surprise. Q5. Explain how facial expressions also have different meanings A5: Although there are universal facial expressions, the amount of expression differs. In cultures that encourage individuality emotions are often intense and prolonged. These people focus on their own views and goals and attitudes so this is how they express themselves. Q6. How did Charles Darwin explain how people share universal facial explanations? A6: He speculated that in prehistoric times before our ancestors communicated in words, their ability to convey threats, greetings, and submission with facial expressions helped them survive. That shared heritage, he believed is why all humans express the basic emotions with similar facial expressions. Q7. Provide examples of how cultures differ in how much emotions they express? A7: When watching a film of someones hand being cut off an American would grimace whether alone or with viewers, but in the presence of others Japanese viewers would hide their emotions. Q8. Describe the research findings relevant to the facial feedback effect A8: Researchers found that if manipulated into furrowing their eyebrows people feel sadder while looking at sad photos. Saying the phonemes e and ah, which activate smiling muscles, puts

people believe it or not in a better mood than saying the German u which activates muscles associated with negative emotions. Q9. How did Sara Snodgrass demonstrate the behavior feedback phenomenon while walking? A9: She found that you can duplicate a participants experience, walk for a few minutes while taking short, shuffling steps, keeping your eyes downcast. Now walk around taking long strides, with your arms swinging and your eyes looking straight ahead. You can feel a mood shift. Going through the emotions awakens the emotions. Q10. How did Kathleen Burns Vaugn and John Lanzetta, provide evidence that there is a neural basis for empathy?

A10: Students were asked to make a pained expression whenever an electric shock was apparently delivered to someone they were watching. With each electric shock the grimacing observers perspired more and had faster heart rate than observers who didnt imitate the expression. Just seeing a loved one wince at a light electrical shock also activates a pain-related brain region. This suggests a neutral basis for empathy for literally feeling the others pain.

# 31 Chapter 13: Emotion 537- 545 (Maricarmen Montano) Q1. Provide facts of how negative emotions have been focus of psychology throughout its history A1. Anger communicates strength and competence, Ruminating inward about the causes og you anger serves only to increase it. Q2.provide evidence of how our ups and downs tend to balance according to David Watson and Daniel Kaheman and his colleagues. A2. Studing peoples day-to-day moods confirms that stressful event- an argument, a sick child, a car problemtrigger bad moods Q3. How did the reports of Daniel Gilbert and colleagues prove the statement that we overestimate the duration of emotions and underestimate our capacity to adapt A3.when a faculty members up for tenure expected their lives to deflate by a negative decision. Years later, those denied were not noticeably less happy than those who awarded tenure. Q4. What are the research findings that substantiate peoples view that they would be more happier if they had more money? A4. One research finding that has been made about being happier if had money is about winning the lottery. Once their rush of euphoria wears off, state lottery winners typically find their overall happiness unchanged. Q5. Describe how wealth is like health, and the effects of growing up rich

A5. Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it does not guarantee happiness. Rich kids are at greater-than-normal risk for substance abuse, anxiety, and depression. Q6. Explain why those of us who enjoy the abundance of the affluent Western world not happier, and how has it influenced the wealthier but no happier phenomenon in China? A6. People in the western world are not happier even though they are wealthier because money does not buy happiness. They tend to be less happy than those who dont have the abundances. Even though the income of the average Chinese family has increase dramatically surveys have should a decline on the satisfaction in their lives. Q7. Based on research studies of Richard Ryan, Tim Kasser, and H.W . Perkins, what predicts a higher life satisfaction? A7. One who strives for intimacy, personal growth, and contribution to the community experience a higher quality of life. Q8. According to the adaptation-level phenomenon, why could we never create a permanent social paradise, and how does this phenomenon explain why material wants can be insatiable? A8. Because if there was a social paradise you would feel euphoric for a time, but soon your adaption level would gradually recalibrate. That also helps explain the material want because when a kid has a new toy they will be happy for some time but soon the adaption level will recalibrate. Q9. Provide examples of how relative deprivation leads to the effect of comparison. A9. Comparison understand why the middle and upper-income people in a given country, who compare themselves to the relative poor, tend to be slightly more satisfied with their class. Q10. Describe the five predictors of happiness, and five factors that are not related to happiness. A10.preditors- having a high self-esteem, be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable, have close friend or a satisfying marriage, have work and leisure that engage their skills, have a meaningful religious faith, sleep well and exercise. Not related to happiness- age, gender, education levels parenthood, physical attractiveness. Q11. Describe the happiness set point A11.A point in which disposes some people to be ever upbeat and other to be negative. # 32 Chapter 3: Nature v. Nurture Pg.95-Pg.101
Q1. Describe the similarities between evolutionary psychology, and the environment (parents, peers, and culture) A1. Evolutionary Psychology-studies behavior, emotions and thinking capaities that seemingly allowed our distant ancestors to survive. Environmantinfluence our beliefs and values,and our language and appearance. Q2. What is the role of a behavior geneticist? A2. Study of our differences and weigh the relative effects of heredity and environment. Q3. How is every human close to being your identical twin?

A3. You share about 99.9 percent of your DNA with that of everyone else only having .1 percent of your own.

Q4. How are geneticists and psychologists interested in DNA? Q4. They are interested in ocasional variations found at particular gene sites in the DNA, variations that define each persons uniqueness. Q5. Describe gene complexes Q5. Many genes acting in concert. How tall for expamle, reflects the height of your face, length of your bones, etc.

Q6. How are fraternal twins genetically different from identical twins, and describe the implications A6. Fraternal Twins develop from separate fertilized eggs. Fraternal twins are no more similar than normal brothers and sisters with identical twins are. Q7. What is the significance of Jim Lewis and his brother? A7. Jim Lewis and his brother were completey identical in appearance,personality, lifestyle, thought process and everything, but niether of them knew about each other until his brother was informed and searched for him. Q8. What were Thomas Bouchards critics argument concerning twin similarity? A8. They believe that if any two strangers wereto spend hours comparing their behaviors and life stories,they would probably discover many conicedental similarities. Q9. Describe the stunning finding from studies of hundreds of adoptive families comparing adopted children to their adopted parents and biological parents? A9. People who grow up together do not resemble each other in personalitly, adopties traits resemble their biological parents. Their environment factors have virtually no influence.

#33 Chapter 3: Nature v. Nurture

Jason Deegan

Q1. Describe the four findings concerning temperament A1. The most emotionally reactive newborns tend to also be the most reactive 9 months old. Four Month olds who react to changing scenes with arched back, pumping legs, and crying are usually fearful and inhibited in their second year. Those who react with relaxed smiles are usually fearless and sociable in their second year. Exceptionally inhibited and fearful 2 year olds

often are still relatively shy as 8 year olds; about half will become introverted adolescents. The most emotionally intense preschoolers tend to be relatively intense as young adults. In one ongoing study of more than 900 New Zealanders, emotionally reactive and impulsive, aggressive, and conflict-prone 21 year olds. Q2. How do identical twins have a more similar temperament? A1.Compared fraternal twins, identical twins have more similar temperaments, indicating that heredity may predispose temperament differences. Q3. Is heritability higher in dramatically different environments or very similar environments? A1. As environments become more similar, heredity as a source of differences necessarily becomes more important. Q4. How does heritable individual differences imply heritable group differences? A1.Heritable individual differences need not imply heritable group differences. If some individuals are genetically disposed to be more aggressive than others, that doesnt always explain why some groups are more aggressive than others. Q5. How are genes self-regulating? A1. Genes and environment- nature and nurture- work together like two clapping hands. Genes not only code for particular proteins, they also respond to environments. Q6. Give an example of how environment triggers gene activity, and how our genetically influenced traits evoke significant responses in others? A1. Environments trigger gene activity. And our genetically influenced traits evoke significant responses in others. Thus, a childs impulsivity and aggression may evoke an angry response from a teacher who reacts warmly to the childs model classmates. Q7. Which psychological disorders are genetically influenced, and how do molecular geneticists seek out the implicated genes? A1. Genetically influenced disorders are learning disabilities, depression, schizophrenia, aggressiveness, and alcoholism. To tease out the implicated genes, molecular geneticist seek links between certain genes or chromosome segments and specific disorders. First, they find families, then they draw blood or collect some form of DNA. Then they examine their DNA looking for differences. Q8. How does prenatal screening poses ethical dilemmas? A1. Prenatal screening can show how a fetus genes may differ from normal pattern. For

example, because of screening a child might be labled with a learning disability and the risk is this leading to discrimination. Prenatal Screening has lead to an increase of abortions. Q9. How is progress a two-edged sword as imagined in Brave New World? A1. Aldous Huxley imagined in his Brave New World, that the government genetically assigned to roles, such as clever Alphas and dim-witted Epsilons. In todays more plausible new world millions of parents will freely select for health, and perhaps for brains, beauty, and athleticism. But as always, progress is a two-edged sword, raising both hopeful possibilities and difficult problems. By selecting out certain traits, we may deprive ourselves of future Handels, and van Goghs, Churchills and Lincolns, Tolstoys and Dickinson.

QUESTION # 34

Q1. What did Belyaev and Trut demonstrate about certain traits when selected? - They demonstrated that when certain traits are selected those traits will prevail over time.

Q2. How does our behavioral and biological similarities arise from our shared human genome? Give examples - Our behavioral and biological similarities arise from a shared human genome. No more than 5 percent of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences.

Q3. Give an example of how we are predisposed to behave in ways that promoted our ancestors surviving and reproducing? - We love the taste of sweets and fats, which once were hard to come by but which prepared our ancestors to survive famines. Q4. Elaborate on the three examples of gender differences in sexuality - Males are more likely than females to initiate sexual activity.

Q5. How does natural selection explain womens more relational and mens more recreational approaches to sex? - While a woman normally incubates and nurses one infant, a male can spread his genes through females.

Q6. What do heterosexual men and women find attractive in the other sex? - Men judge women to be most attractive when they look younger. Women are also attracted to healthy looking men, but especially to those who seem mature, dominant, blood, and affluent.

Q7. What are some of the social consequences of evolutionary psychology? - often starts with an effect and works backwards to propose an explanation.

Q8. Describe the differences between same-placenta identical twins and separate placenta identical twins? - Same placenta twins share a more similar prenatal environment. While separate placenta twins, one placenta sometimes has more advantages because they may be better placed to provide nourishment. Q9. Why was Mark Rosenweig discovered by his experiment? - He separated young rats, half of them in solitary confinement and the other half in a communal playground. When they died the brains were analyzed and It was found that those living in the enriched environment usually had a thicker cortex.

Q10. Describe the process of pruning? -It is the result of puberty is massive loss of unemployed connections (process known as pruning)

Q11. Does our neural tissues change throughout life and how? -yes, boh nature and nurture sculpt our synapse.

Q12. How is parental nurture like nutrition -Parents help you develop by teaching you different things.

Q13. Provide a specific example of peer influence on children -preschoolers who disdain a certain food despite parents urgings often will eat the food if put at a table with a group of children who like it