TRANSGENIC ANIMAL

Dr. Sharad sharma

CONTENTS Introduction Description Application Effect

WHAT IS TRANSGENIC ANIMAL?

Transgenics animals are genetically modified organisms with DNA from another source inserted into their genome and process known as transgensis.

A large number of transgenic animals have been created such as Mice, Cows, Pigs, Sheep, Goats , Fish etc.

METHODS Microinjection Embryonic stem cells mediated gene transfer. Retrovirus mediated gene transfer

MICROINJECTION

Discovered by-- Gordon and Ruddle, 1981

Involves-- direct microinjection of a chosen gene construct into the fertilized ovum.

Implantation of these eggs into a surrogate mother.

One of the first methods that proved to be effective in mammals.

PROCESS

Advantage

It is applicable to a wide variety of species.

Disadvantages

There is a probability that the introduced gene will not insert itself into a site on the host Successful microinjection causes swelling of pronucleus.

RETROVIRAL VECTORS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

Retroviruses are used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the cell. Viral vector is modified so that it will not cause disease in host embryo.

Retrovirus is transfered to embryo.

Implantation of these embryo into a surrogate mother.

PROCESS

Advantage
A single copy of the transgene is integrated into the genome. Increase the probability of expression.

Disadvantage
Time and labor-intensive process to prepare the viral vector.

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER

Prior insertion of the desired DNA sequence into an in vitro culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Introduced by means of a vector or by electroporation.

ES cells are injected directly into a normal blastocyst embryo,then to recepient mother.

PROCESS

Advantage

Allow testing for transgenes at the cell stage.

Disadvantage

It takes very much time.

APPLICATION Medical importance

Use to discover some drugs and see impact of drug, vaccines.

Gene therapy
Play role in treatment of various disorders. Finland scientist discover a calf that carry gene, promote growth of red blood cell in humans.

Xenotransplantation
Scientist are working on transgenic pig to develop human organ, so that human organ transplantation can be done.

Pharmaceuticals
Used to produce insulin, growth hormone and blood clotting factor in transgenic animals. Product conveniently appears in the milk of the animal.

PHARMING PRODUCTS CURRENTLY IN DEVELOPMENT

Animal sheep cow cow cow pig chicken, cow, goat

Drug/protein alpha1 anti trypsin alpha-lactalbumin factor VIII fibrinogen factor VIII, IX monoclonal antibodies

Use deficiency leads to emphysema anti-infection treatment of hemophilia wound healing treatment of hemophilia other vaccine production

Disease resistance
Produce disease-resistant animals, such as influenza-resistant pigs.

Quality
Transgenic cows exist that produce more milk or milk with less lactose or cholesterol.

Industrial
Scientist inserted spider gene into goat which produce silk used to produce army uniform,tenis racket etc.

TRANSGENIC FISH

Tilapia Salmon/trout Catfish Can grow up to 6 times faster than wildtype fish Most have extra copies of growth hormone (GH) gene

Transgenic Wildtype

TRANSGENIC CATTLE

Dairy cows carrying extra copies of two types of casein genes produce 13% more milk protein. The milk is more nutritious, it would allow for less milk to make more cheese.

TRANSGENIC RABBIT

Alba is a transgenic rabbit. It contains a jellyfish gene that makes her glow green when illuminated with the light. Eduardo Kac injected green fluorescent protein (GFP) of a Pacific Northwest jellyfish into the fertilized egg of an albino rabbit.

EFFECT OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

Risk of altering ecosystems.

Transgenic biotechnology presents challenges, such as health risks. Transgenic technology holds great potential in agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Thank you