SEMINAR ON

A Review of Hybrid Renewable/Alternative Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation Configurations, Control, and Applications

Under the guidance of

M N SUNEETHA Asst. Professor Dept. of E and E Engineering UVCE , Bengaluru 01

presented by MD ABDUL RAHEMAN (10GAME1006)

i. Introduction:
Hybrid system: convert all there sources into one form (typically electrical) and/or store the energy into some form (chemical, compressed air, thermal, mechanical flywheel, etc.), and the aggregated output is used to supply a variety of loads. proper technology selection and generation unit sizing are essential in the design of such systems Different generation sources may also help each other to achieve higher total energy efficiency and/or improved performance. Storage is an integral part of a hybrid RE/AE power generation system

TABLE I DIFFERENT RE/AE POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES

II. hybrid energy system configuration

A. Integration Schemes The methods can be generally classified into three categories: 1. DC-Coupled Systems
the different AE sources are connected to a dc bus through appropriate power electronic (PE) interfacing circuits. If there are any dc loads, they can also be connected to the dc bus directly, or through dc/dc converters

The system can supply power to the ac loads (50 or 60 Hz), or be interfaced to a utility grid through an inverter
if the system inverter is out-of-service, then the whole system will not be able to supply ac power

FIG.1. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A DC-COUPLED HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM

To avoid this situation, it is possible to connect several inverters which case synchronization is needed A proper power sharing control scheme is also required to achieve a desired load distribution 3 among the different inverters.

2. AC-Coupled Systems:
AC coupling can be divided into two subcategories: PFAC-coupled and HFAC-coupled systems. PFAC-coupled system is where the different energy sources are integrated through their own power electronic interfacing circuits to a power frequency ac bus In HFAC-coupled system the different energy sources are coupled to an HFAC bus, to which HFAC loads are connected. The HFAC configuration can also include a PFAC bus and utility grid (through an ac/ac or a dc/ac converter), to which regular ac loads can be connected.

In both PFAC and HFAC systems, dc power can be obtained through ac/dc rectification

FIG. 2. SCHEMATIC OF AC-COUPLED HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM: (a) PFAC; (b) HFAC.

3. Hybrid-Coupled Systems:
Instead of connecting all the DG sources to just a single dc or ac bus the different DG sources can be connected to the dc or ac bus of the hybrid system some energy sources can be integrated directly without extra interfacing circuits control and energy management might be more complicated than for the dc- and ac-coupled schemes.

FIG. 3. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A HYBRID-COUPLED HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM.

B. Unit Sizing and Technology Selection

Available application software can be used to properly select generation technologies and
their sizes for specific applications: HOMER software, developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

Distributed Energy Resource Customer Adaption Model (DER-CAM) software, developed

at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) Power system optimization methods such as linear programming (LP), interior point-

method (IPM), and heuristic methods such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm
optimization (PSO) can be used for component sizing and energy management of hybrid RE/AE systems

C. Storage 1) Storage Diversity: The ideal storage technology would offer fast access to power whenever needed provide high capacity of energy, have a long life expectancy, and is available at a competitive cost.

2) Storage Types:
a. access-oriented: super-capacitors Fly wheel SMES offer fast access to the stored energy have a very high cycle life of charge and discharge operations very high round-trip efficiency However, the cost per unit of stored energy is also very high

I. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil which has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. II. Fly wheel A heavy rotating disc is accelerated by an electric motor, which acts as a generator on reversal, slowing down the disc and producing electricity. Electricity is stored as the kinetic energy of the disc.

b. capacity-oriented do not have fast response time used for long-term energy storage/release such as managing slow load variations

i.

flow battery

An advantage of flow batteries is that their power and energy capacity can be designed independently power rating can be increased by increasing the cell area energy capacity can be increased by using larger volume of electrolyte solutions in larger tanks flow batteries can be stored and shipped completely discharged as the reaction only takes place when the electrolyte circulation pumps are turned ON zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZBFB) and vanadium redox batteries (VRB)

ii. conventional battery Ni-MH batteries have included usage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and distributed RE systems

NaS batteries have been used in Japan in distributed energy systems and to firm up wind energy in the grid on a large scale, up to 34 MW of power and 245 MWh of energy
iii. Fuel cell A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent without combusion Hydrogen is the most common fuel

III. controls and energy management The control structure can be classified into three categories; centralized, distributed, and hybrid control paradigms
A. Centralized Control Paradigm

The centralized controller acts as an energy supervisor and makes decisions on control actions based on all measured signals and a set of predetermined constraints and objectives It will prioritize and manage energy utilization among the various energy sources of the microgrid

The control signals are then sent to the corresponding energy sources to output FIG. 5. ILLUSTRATION OF A CENTRALIZED CONTROL PARADIGM. proper power the scheme suffers from heavy computation burden
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B. Distributed Control Paradigm

In a fully distributed control paradigm, the measurement signals of the energy sources of the hybrid system are sent to their corresponding local controller The controllers communicate with one another to make compromised operating decisions and achieve global optimization. With this control structure, the computation burden of each controller is greatly reduced its disadvantage is still the potential complexity of its communication system

FIG. 6. ILLUSTRATION OF A DISTRIBUTED CONTROL PARADIGM.

C. Hybrid Centralized and Distributed Control Paradigm

hybrid control paradigm, combines centralized and distributed control schemes The distributed energy sources are grouped within a microgrid centralized control is used within each group, while distributed control is applied to a set of groups local optimization is achieved via centralized control within each group while global coordination among the different groups is achieved through distributed control.

FIG. 7. ILLUSTRATION OF A HYBRID CENTRALIZED AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL PARADIGM.

iV. cURRENT STATUS, FUTURE TREND, AND SAMPLE APPLICATIONS OF RE GENERATION A. Current Status and Future Trend of Renewable Power Generation

FIG. 9. HISTORY AND FUTURE PROJECTION PROFILES OF WORLD RENEWABLE GENERATION AND THE TOTAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION

FIG. 10. PERCENTAGE OF WORLD RENEWABLE GENERATION OVER THE TOTAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION

According to the projection of the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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B. Sample Applications Around the World

1) Utsira Island, Norway: An autonomous hybrid wind-hydrogen-fuel-cell system with flywheel and battery storage and a hydrogen engine supplies power to the island residents 2) Kahua Ranch, Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park, USA: This hybrid wind-PV-electrolyzer-FC energy system was initially developed as a part of Hawaii Hydrogen Power Park program for technology validation and research. The system provides emission-free electricity to Kahua Ranch located on the Hawaii Island. 3) Starkenburger Lodge, Austria: A completely off-grid hybrid PV-storage system, including a CHP-based engine, supplies the power demand of the remote Alpine Lodge in the Austrian Alps. 4) Fuel cells and Energy Networks of Electricity, heat, and hydrogen, Japan (Project NEXT 21): More than 5000 PEMFCs (fueled by natural gas) were installed in residential households on an experimental basis by the end of 2009. The PEMFC units provide electricity and hot water to the households. 5) The Kythnos Island microgrid project, Greece: The system is a single-phase PV-storage-diesel-engine microgrid installed on the island to provide uninterruptible power to the island residents. The system is used to test centralized and decentralized control and power management of the microgrid in islanded mode. 6) The Hachinohe microgrid project, Japan: The purpose of this renewable-energy-based microgrid, built in the urban city of Hachinohe, is to investigate its grid integration and stabilization, as well as control and 15 reliable operation in islanded mode.

7) Wind2H2 Project, National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA: The Wind2H2 system was initially approved for demonstration operation in March 2007. The system produces hydrogen directly from RE sources through electrolyzers. The generated hydrogen is stored in high pressure storage tanks and can be used both as a transportation fuel and as an energy storage medium.

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vi. conclusion

This paper provides a summary of available approaches and those currently under research for optimal design of hybrid RE/AE energy systems

Different approaches for system configuration, unit sizing, and control and energy management of hybrid systems Current status and future trends of RE Power Generation

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vII. REFERENCES

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