Lesson Plan in Muscular Systems

Group no. 3 Group members: Ilagan, Karol Lopez, Howlin Dave Perez, John Christopher

Submitted to: Prof. Josephine Tondo G-Sci-02 Biological Science Department

I. Objectives: At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: 1. Describe the muscular system. 2. Distinguish different types of muscle tissues. 3. Identify skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and function. 4. Compare the different types of muscle contractions and processes. 5. Comprehend the diseases of the muscles and how to prevent or treat it. 6. Explain how to take good care of the Muscular System. II. Subject Matter: Topic: The Muscular System Subtopics: 1. Types of Muscles a. Skeletal Muscles b. Smooth Muscles c. Cardiac Muscles ` 2. How Muscles Work a. Muscular Contraction b. Muscular Relaxation 3. Common Muscular Diseases 4. How to take good care of Muscles A. References: 1. Book References: a. Dela Cruz, S.B. (2002). Muscular System. Phoenix Next Century Biology (pp. 225-227) .Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House b. Muscles. (1996). In The World Book Encyclopedia (vol.13, pp. 713-716). Chicago Illinois: World Book Inc. c. Villee, C.A., (1972) Skelatal Muscles. Biology ( pp.430433, 6th ed.). U.S.A.: W.B. Saunders Company & Japan: Toppan Company, Ltd 2. Electronic References: a. The Muscular System. (n.d.). In librarythinkquest.org. Retrieved from: http://library.thinkquest.org/2935/ Natures_Best/ Nat_Best_Low_Level/ Muscular_page.L.html b. Muscle Types (n.d.). In brianmac.co.uk. Retrieved from: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/muscle.htm c. joelgreat.(2011). Proper Care of Muscles. In expertscolumn.com. Retrieved from: http://experts column.com/content/proper-care-muscles

d. Other references: y http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/musclecramps/symptoms y http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/painmanagement-spasticity y http://www.healiohealth.com/muscle-atrophytreatment.html y http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tendinitis/article_em. htm B. Materials: visual aids, activity sheet, muscle topic diagrams and tables, chalk, muscle puzzles III. Daily Routine: A. Motivation: Organize an energizer before the introduction of the topic. B. Lesson Presentation: B.1 Prayer B.2. Checking of Attendance (if not administered) B.3. Recap of the previous lesson *note: if one day is not enough, a same lesson presentation: B.1-B.3. will be administered on the next meeting 1. For Types of Muscles a. Review test for types of muscles b. Ask the students for any background of the topic c. Give an introduction for muscular system through discussion d. Show a muscular system chart e. Conduct a puzzle activity f. Discuss the three types of muscles g. Let the students differentiate the three after the discussion h. Ask a summary of the lesson to some random students 2. For How Muscles Work a. Show a dissected diagram of a biceps muscle b. Discuss basics parts needed to be familiarized before going to the muscular contraction process c. Show a diagram of actin and myosin relationship d. Discuss the relationship of ATP to the topic e. Show a diagram of the complex process of how muscles are stimulated

f. Discuss the complex process of how muscles are stimulated g. Relate the topic in the food that we eat by asking selected students h. Help the students familiarize common terminologies of the actions of muscles through a biceps diagram 3. For Common Muscular Diseases a. Show a table for identifying common muscular diseases b. Discuss and relate it usual experiences 4. For How to take good care of Muscles a. Show a visual aid for common tips for taking good care of the muscles b. Discuss and relate to everyday life C. Generalization: 1. At the end of the discussion, call selected pupils to summarize the topic. Follow up his/ her answers. a. Muscle Types b. Muscle Processes c. Muscle Diseases d. Taking good care of Muscular system D. Valuing: Ask the selected students the following: 1. how valuable muscles to everyday part of their lives 2. the importance of learning the muscular system 3. the importance of exercise in relation to muscular system IV. Evaluation: A. Enumeration: 1-3: Types of Muscles 4-5: Myofilaments responsible for muscle contraction 6-8: Possible muscle diseases 9-10: Ways to take good care of the Muscles B. Relationship test: 1. heart: cardiac; bones:_______ 2. Flex:_____; levitate: depress 3. Muscle Contraction: shorten; ______ ______: relax 4. Quadriceps: Hamstrings; Triceps:______ 5. Flexor:_____; actin:_______

Karol Angela V. Ilagan INTRODUCTION

I-II

Prof. Josephine Tondo

One of the most amazing things about the human body is the incredible range of movement and mobility it has. This day to day activity is accomplished by our muscles through the extraordinary and fascinating ability of converting chemical energy, energy stored in nutrients, into mechanical energy, energy of movement. Muscles are unique and very useful because they can contract. Muscles are often viewed as the "machines" of the body. They help move food from one organ to another, and carry out our physical movement. The muscular system makes up nearly half the weight of the human body, this is why when we train we sometimes put on weight instead of losing it. We put on muscle weight.The muscles provide the forces that enable the body to move. Muscles stretch across joints to link one bone with another and work in groups to respond to nerve impulses. The muscular system is the largest system in the body. Muscles are located in practically every region. And control virtually all movement. The limbs are almost entirely made up of muscles. There are over forty muscles located in the skull. TYPES OF MUSCLES

There are three types of muscle found in the human body: y y y Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle (heart muscle)

Cardiac Cardiac muscles are involuntary and found only in the heart. They are controlled by the lower section of the brain called the medulla oblongata, which controls involuntary action throughout your body. Think about how horrible it would be to have to consciously tell your heart to beat, with the consequence of forgetting being death. What about when you went to sleep? But luckily enough, the medulla oblongata does all that for us. This type of muscle is found solely in the walls of the heart, Each containing a single nucleus, one of the key factors in determining which of the three classes any particular muscle is. Like skeletal muscle tissue, it is striated (the muscle fibers contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers). Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, its contraction is usually not under conscious control (involuntary).

Located at the walls of the heart, its main function is to propel blood into circulation. Contraction of the cardiac tissue is caused by an impulse sent from the medulla oblongata to the SA nerve located at the right atrium (linkcirculatory). However this type of muscle is highly specialized. It is under the control of the autonomic nervous system, however, even without a nervous input contractions can occur due to cells called pacemaker cells. Cardiac muscle is highly resistant to fatigue due to the presence of a large number of mitochondria, myoglobin and a good blood supply allowing continuous aerobic metabolism. Generalization: y y y y As the name should tell you, cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. It can stretch, just like smooth muscle, and contract like skeletal muscle. It is a twitch muscle - it only does short single contractions Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is involuntary. It'd be rather dangerous if it were voluntary - we could stop our heart beating any time we wanted.

Smooth Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, throat, small intestine, urinary bladder and all the others, except your heart. Your smooth muscles, like your cardiovascular muscles, are involuntary (not under conscious control), and they are non-striated (smooth), they are generally spherical, as most other human cells are, and each contains one nucleus. Smooth muscle tissue, like skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, can undergo hypertrophy. In addition, certain smooth muscle fibers, such as those in the uterus, retain their capacity for division and can grow by hyperplasia.

Smooth muscle is also sometimes known as involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movements, or not striated as it does not have the stripy appearance of skeletal muscle. This muscle type is stimulated by involuntary neurogenic impulses and has slow, rhythmical contractions used in controlling internal organs, for example, moving food along the Esophagus or contracting blood vessels during Vasoconstriction. Generalization: y Smooth muscle is found in our internal organs: in our digestive system, our blood vessels, our bladder, respiratory organs and, in a female, the uterus. Smooth muscle can stretch and maintain tension over extended periods. Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles - in other words we do not have to think about contracting them because they are controlled automatically by the nervous system. It would be pretty inconvenient if we had to think about digesting our food, for example.

y y

Skeletal Unlike either of the other two classes, skeletal muscles contain multiple nuclei because of its large size, being in strips up to a couple of feet long. They are only voluntary muscles of your body, and make up what we call the muscular system. They are all the muscles that move you bones and show external movement.

Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location - attached to bones. It is striated; that is, the fibers (cells) contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers. Skeletal muscle tissue can be made to contract or relax by conscious control (voluntary). All skeletal muscle fibers are not alike in structure or function. For example, skeletal muscle fibers vary in color depending on their content of myoglobin (myoglobin stores oxygen until needed by the mitochondria). Skeletal muscle fibers contract with different velocities, depending on their ability to split Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Faster contracting fibers have greater ability to split ATP. In addition, skeletal muscle fibers vary with respect to the metabolic processes they use to generate ATP. They also differ in terms of the onset of fatigue. Based on various structural and functional characteristics, skeletal muscle fibers are classified into three types: Type I fibers, Type II B fibers and Type II A fibers. Not all fibers within skeletal muscles are the same. Different fiber types contract at different speeds, are suited to different types of activity and vary in color depending on their Myoglobin (an oxygen carrying protein) content Generalization: y y y y There are nearly 650 skeletal muscles in the human body. Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton They work in pairs: one muscle moves the bone in one direction and the other moves it back again Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles - in other words we think about what movements we want to make (at least, usually!) and send messages via our nervous system to tell the appropriate muscle(s) to contract. Muscle contractions can be short, single contractions or longer ones.

REFERENCES: http://library.thinkquest.org/16421/noframes/systems/muscular/muscular.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/2935/Natures_Best/Nat_Best_Low_Level/Muscular_p age.L.html http://www.brianmac.co.uk/muscle.htm http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/types_of_muscle.ph

John Christopher Perez

I-11

Prof. Josephine Tondo

How Muscles Work? *All muscles contract when they are stimulated. Before we start to analyze the complex process of muscle contraction, we begin first to dissect the certain components of the muscles. At the end part of the dissected muscle, notice the strands of further parts that seem to be like hairs. These are what we call myofilaments. Microfilaments contain the actin and myosin filaments which are responsible for the contraction process. A theory, called the sliding filament theory, proposes that muscle fibers thick myosin filaments have numerous small projections (Huxley H.E., 1900). These projections, called myosin crossbridges, spring away from the myosin filaments when the muscle fibers are stimulated.

When the muscle is relaxed, each sarcomeres1 involved are in its maximum width. During contraction, the cross-bridges pull the actin filaments. As the actin filaments slide, they pull the ends of the muscle toward its middle, making the muscle fibers shorten. Hence, the sarcomere shortens, the I bands2 as well, and the H bands3 gradually disappears.
1 2 3

Sarcomere- basic unit of a muscle, has actin and myosin filaments I Bands- distance between two sarcomeres H Band- a lighter region

Note: In order for the myosin cross-bridges to work, the substance adenosine triphosphate (ATP) must be produced by the muscle cells. ATP provides the energy to slide actin filaments. It is produced when the oxygen in muscle fibers combines with chemicals from food. Each muscle fiber contains only a small amount of ATP. When muscles work hard, the bodys ability to turn food and oxygen into energy increases to make the needed amount of ATP. Trivia: Muscle fatigue occurs when energy reserves are all used. How muscles are stimulated?

Muscles are stimulated by nerves or by hormones, depending on the muscle involved. When the muscles are stimulated, its electrical potential changes rapidly4. This change in the electrical potential in the muscle cell triggers the release of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum5. The calcium is the main key to cause actin filaments to attract myosin cross-bridges and produce contraction. Muscle relaxation occurs when the level of calcium drops back to normal.

4 5

Electrical potential results from the presence of sodium and potassium ions. Sarcoplasmic reticulum- a storage area for calcium ions

Other Key Terms: A. Pairs of muscles- at least pairs of muscles are needed for muscles to work together 1. Agonist/ prime mover- muscles that brings about the movement of a bone. 2. Antagonist - muscles that relaxes upon movement of a bone * When the flexor contracts, the opposing extensor must relax to permit the bone to move. * Other agonistic pairs of muscles: 1. flexors and extensors- bends and pulls parts of the body 2. adductors and abductors- move parts of the body toward or away the central axis of the body 3. levators and depressors- raise and lower parts 4. pronators and supinators- rotate body parts downward and backward (pronators); rotate body parts upward and forward (supinators) 5. sphincters and dilators- decrease and enlarge size of the opening

B. Muscle basic parts: 1. tendon- tough, flexible connective tissues that joins most skeletal muscles 2. insertion- the end part of the muscle that moves upon contraction 3. origin- the end part of the muscle that remains relatively fixed when the muscle contracts 4. muscle belly- the thick portion between the end parts of the muscles

References: Dela Cruz, S.B. (2002). Muscular System. Phoenix Next Century Biology (pp. 225-227). Quezon City: Phoenix House Muscles. (1996). In The World Book Encyclopedia (vol.13, pp. 713-716). Chicago Illinois: World Book Inc. Villee, C.A., (1972) Skelatal Muscles. Biology ( pp.430-433, 6th ed.). U.S.A.: W.B. Saunders Company & Japan: Toppan Company, Ltd

Howlin Dave Lopez

I-11

Prof. Josephine Tondo

The following are common muscle diseases: Common Muscle disease Muscle Spasticity Symptom/s Increased muscle tone Involuntary movements, which may include spasms (brisk and/or sustained involuntary muscle contraction) and clonus (series of fast involuntary contractions) Pain Decreased functional abilities and delayed motor development Difficulty with care and hygiene imbalance of signals from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the muscles Cause/s Treatment/s

Baclofen Physical Therapy

Reference: http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/pain-management-spasticity

Common Muscle disease Muscle Atrophy

Symptom/s back pain walking problems Stooped posture

Cause/s

Treatment/s

some atrophy that occurs normally with aging cerebrovascular accident (stroke) spinal cord injury peripheral nerve injury (peripheral neuropathy) other injury prolonged immobilization osteoarthritis

Application of moist heat active exercises

Reference: http://www.healiohealth.com/muscle-atrophy-treatment.html

Common Muscle disease Tendinitis

Symptom/s Painover the affected tendon Swollen over the affected tendon.

Cause/s Overuse and repetitive motion from recreational, athletic, or occupational activities

Treatment/s Ice the affected area 20 minutes at a time every several hours for at least the first 24-48 hours. Elevate and immobilize the affected extremity.

References: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tendinitis/article_em.htm#Tendinitis Causes http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tendinitis/page6_em.htm#Medical Treatment http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tendinitis/article_em.htm

Common Muscle disease Symptom/s Muscle Cramp Burning feeling Lump in the cramping muscle Muscle pain that may be severe and sharp Muscle weakness Twitching

Cause/s Treatment/s Failure to stretch and warm up a Stop the activity muscle prior to that caused the exercise cramp. Muscle strain Gently stretch and massage Overexertion the cramping (prolong exercise muscle. without proper fluid and Hold the joint in electrolyte a stretched replacement) position until the cramp stops. Overuse injury Remaining in one position for an extended period of time

References: http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/muscle-cramps/symptoms http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/muscle-cramps/causes http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/legpainandinjuries/a/muscle_spasms.htm

Common Muscle disease Myopathies

Symptom/s Cramping Pain Paralysis Rigidity Stiffness Swelling Wasting (atrophy) Weakness

Cause/s Congenital myopathies, that are present at birth Familial periodic paralysis Glycogen storage disease of muscle (including Pompes disease) Mitochondrial myopathies (abnormalities of the cellular components known as mitochondria) Muscular dystrophy

Treatment/s Acupuncture Massage therapy Yoga

References: http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/myopathy/symptoms http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/myopathy/causes http://www.bettermedicine.com/article/myopathy/treatments

Taking good care of your muscles: Do you think our body would look good if we had no muscles? Together with bones, muscles give our body its shape. We can move because of our muscles. It is important to take care of our muscles so that they will be strong and healthy. Here are some tips to take care of your muscles:

Eat right. Just as there are foods good for the bones, so there are also foods good for the muscles. Muscles need energy to move. This energy comes from nutrients in food. Protein is a nutrient found in milk, eggs, cheese and meet. It is needed for growth of muscles and for repair of muscles that are worn out. Carbohydrate is a nutrient that provides energy. This is found in cereals such as rice, wheat and corn. It is also found in some fruits and vegetables. Fats and oils are nutrients that provide energy to carry our different chemical processes in the body. Diary products, meat, avocados, olive oil and some fish are sources of fats and oils. When you eat foods containing the different nutrients, your body also gets vitamins and minerals it needs. You eat right when you eat foods with proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins in just the right amount. These foods will keep your muscles strong and healthy. Exercise. Muscles become smaller and weaker when they are not used. Exercise is needed to keep the muscles in good condition. Some exercises require the body to move from one place to another. Examples of these are walking, jogging, swimming and cycling. In exercises like these, the muscles need more oxygen and they get it. Exercises temporarily increase the rate of respiration and heartbeat is called aerobic exercises. During these activities, the body takes in more oxygen. Some exercises do not require movement from one place to another. These are called isometric exercises. In these exercises, you move some parts of your body so that the muscles will contract and relax but you stay in the same place. These exercises increase the strength of muscles. Rest. If you use your muscles for a long time, waste materials will collect in the muscle tissues. When this happen, your muscles will not be able to contract well. Muscles cannot do their work if they do not contract well. When you fell tired while doing an activity, it is a signal that your muscles need rest. When your body is at rest, it will have time to remove the waste. Relaxing by sitting and listening to soft music is a good way to rest. Another way is by taking a short nap.

Pleasurable and relaxing activities remove stress, fatigue and tension and help keep the body in good condition. Maintain Good Posture. Make a good posture a habit. Keep your body erect whether you are sitting, standing or walking. Good posture keeps your muscles in good condition.

*Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are food nutrients that are good for keeping muscles strong and healthy. Proper exercise keeps the muscles in good condition. Rest is good for the muscles. Good posture helps the muscles work well.

Reference: http://expertscolumn.com/content/proper-care-muscles