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gigi TevzaZe







saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabruneba






























Tbilisi 2003



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sarCevi:
sarCevi: ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
I. wignis struqturis ganmarteba ....................................................................................................... 3
II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad ................................................ 4
III. pirveli Sesavali Back to USSR .................................................................................................. 6
Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi politikuri movlenebis orbita XX
saukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi .................................................................... 10
paterloo, anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebi ......................................................................................... 16
mcire jgufebis kanoni ................................................................................................................ 20
III. meore Sesavali iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvis ......................................................... 21
simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTi
gankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxeb ............................................................................. 22
III. mesame Sesavali trul-klapaciusis sindromi ..................................................................... 27
ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWire ............................................... 30
daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobs ............................................................................................. 32
IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa
kavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga ......................................................................................... 35
1. politikuri sistema Zalauflebis tipi ................................................................. 35
2. socialuri sistema ......................................................................................................... 37
3. ganaTlebis sistema .......................................................................................................... 40
4. sasamarTlo sistema ........................................................................................................ 42
5. jari da policia ............................................................................................................. 44
6. sagareo urTierTobebi .................................................................................................... 45
7. ekonomika ........................................................................................................................... 46
8. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ................................................................................................. 52
9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebi ................................................................. 55
10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebi ............................................................................ 57
11. eklesia da masmedia ........................................................................................................ 61
12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebi ........................................................... 65
V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs da mimsgavsebul
qveynebSi .................................................................................................................................................. 67
VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs ............................................ 71
VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyos da rogori
ar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, da ara marto is, jer
kidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul (regresirebul) versiad .............. 76
VIII. dasasruli pirveli Zalauflebis mokle istoria ......................................................... 78
VIII. dasasruli meore rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis, aryofnis da
yofna-aryofnis xarisxi ....................................................................................................................... 83
Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein Volk .............................................................................................................. 85
VIII. dasasruli mesame aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdeg ....................................................... 96
IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvis ............................................................................................... 101
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I. wignis struqturis ganmarteba

am wignis avtorma icis, rom Zalian Znelia erTsa da imave dros saqarTveloSi
arsebuli viTareba aRwero, am viTarebis Sesaxeb sociologiur-inteleqtualur-
istoriuli daskvnebi akeTo da, miuxedavad amisa, wigni mainc saintereso sakiTxavi
gamovides.
amitom wigns samjer iwyeben Tavidan. TiToeul Sesavals win uZRvis im sami tipis
mkiTxvelis aRwera, visac es gansxvavebuli Tavebi unda moergos. samive es aRwera
midis TavTan, romlSic 12 niSania aRwerili, da romlic wakiTxvac am wignis
gagebisaTvis aucilebelia. Semdeg, wigni aseve sami dasasruliT mTavrdeba.
albaT, mkiTxveli ukve Seafiqriana wina abzacis dasawyisSi motanilma frazam
iwyeben. ukve Sefiqrianebuli mkiTxveli amis gamarTlebas waawydeba zogierTi Tavis
dasawyisisas an dasrulebisas, sadac avtori da avtor-ego saubroben. es dialogebi,
simarTle rom iTqvas, erTgvari gamosavalia im sirTuleebidan, romlebSic msjeloba
Tavs rom amohyofs xolme. Tumca, meore mxriv, am dialogebs aqvs pretenzia,
mkiTxvelis im wuTs warmoSobili azri amoicnos da amiT wignis kiTxva ufro
saxaliso gaxados.
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II. ratom ar hqvia am wigns rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad
Tavidan, rodesac am wignis dawera gadavwyvite, mindoda saTaurad rigiTi
saqarTvelos gadasarCenad damerqmia. es iqneboda miTiTeba stiven spilbergis
cnobil filmze rigiTi raianis gadasarCenad. am filmSi meore msoflio omSi
monawile amerikeli jariskacis, saxelad raianis, gadarCenisaTvis filmis yvela
gmiri, Tavad raianis garda, kvdeba. aseT saTaurs albaT, bundovnad unda mieniSnebina,
rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis dasaZlevad Zalian bevr arsebul sistemaze
Tu Seguebul Rirebulebebze uaris Tqma mogviwevs. anda, ufro radikalur mkiTxvels
es saTauri etyoda, rom saqarTvelos gadasarCenad msxverplis gaRebaa saWiro.
samwuxarod, es saTauri gaugebari aRmoCnda am wignis umetesi adresatisaTvis,
mxolod imitom, rom maT filmi ar enaxaT. .
is saTauri, romelic wigns axla hqvia, kvlav kinoindustriaze miTiTebaa,
oRond ufro saSinelebaTa an action filmebze, sadac wina filmSi damarcxebuli da
TiTqos ganadgurebuli monstri (an gmiri) brundeba. imdenad, ramdenadac am seriis
pirvel wigns hqvia saqarTvelo Zalauflebis simulaciebi, meoris saxeli
saqarTvelo Zalauflebis dabruneba mimdevrobis garkveul wesze miuTiTebs.
saTauris, erTi SexedviT, simartivis miuxedavad, mkiTxvels Tavad mouwevs garkveva,
vin brundeba monstri Tu gmiri, Tu orive erTad.
am wigns serialis sxva Tvisebac aqvs; bevri Tanamedrove action siuJeti
Semdegnairia: pirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRiwereba raRac viTareba, rogorc
absoluturi da ueWveli. meore seriis/nawilis amoqmedebisas cxadi xdeba, rom
pirvel seriaSi/nawilSi aRwerili ambavi sxva, ufro vrceli siuJetis ganuyofeli
mcire elementia
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me Sevecdebi vaCveno, rom is, Tu rogor qveyanaSi vcxovrobT, sad vimyofebiT
da ra warmatebebi da warumateblobebi gvelis, mxolod da mxolod institutebis,
Rirebulebebis da socialuri struqturebis analiziTaa SesaZlebeli ganisazRvros
. xandaxan, pirveli nawilis dadebiTi personaJebi meores uaryofiTi
protagonistebi aRmoCndebian da piriqiT. es wignic, pirvel wignTan Zalauflebis
simulaciebTan erTad, aseTi tipis erTianobas qmnis.
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amis klasikuri magaliTia adamianebi SavebSi da adamianebi SavebSi 2.
.
aseve, Sevecdebi avxsna, ratom aRar muSaoben Sefasebis, dakvirvebis da gazomvis
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da ara politikuri sistemebis da subieqtebis gancxadebaTa zedapiruli analiziT da
analogiebis gatarebiT, rogorc es CvenSi xSirad xdeba.
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Zveli, kargad nacadi meTodebi, da ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom aseTi meTodebi
Tavidan dafuZndes. maqvs imedi, rom saqarTvelos SemoTavazebuli aRwera, SeiZleba
sxva, saqarTvelos analogiur socialur da politikur sinamdvileSi myofi qveynebis
mimarTac marTebuli aRmoCndes. me ar var Sepyrobili negatiuri nacionalizmiT, da
ver vityvi, rom raRac mxolod Cven gvWirs.
maT, vinc Cems wigns Zalauflebis simulaciebs icnobs, minda vauwyo, rom
simulaciis etapi damTavrda. daiwyo meore, Zalauflebis dabrunebis faza. Cven
gardauvlad miveqanebiT im mdgomareobisaken, romelic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc
Sua saukuneebi. is Sua saukuneebi, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia. erT-erTi
gza, romelic am mdgomareobidan gamogviyvanda, kvlav simulaciis aRdgenaa. Tu es
moxda, Cven saxifaTo wreSi aRmovCndebiT: ciklis Zalauflebis
simulaciebi/Zalauflebis dabruneba _ yovel gameorebasTan, anu ciklis tradiciad
qcevasTan erTad, sxva gzis arCeva sul ufro da ufro SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.
saTauris ganmarteba: Zalauflebis dabruneba niSnavs erTis mxriv, Zalauflebis
dabrunebas imis mier, vinc Zalauflebis simulacias
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maTTvis, visac saqarTvelo Zalauflebis simulaciebi ar waukiTxavs, simulaciis
ganmarteba im wignidan: simulacia, anu simulaciuri procesi, simulirebis saSualebiT
miiReba. simulacia iseve moqmedebs, rogorc Tavad is, risi simulirebac xdeba. oRond
safuZveli da dasayrdeni, romelic gaaCnia imas, risi simulirebac xdeba, simulacias ara
aqvs. simulaciuri procesi mTeli ZalebiT cdilobs daamtkicos, rom simulaciis ukan
Sesabamisi safuZvli da dasayrdeni imaleba. ase rom, simulacia arafers ar faravs, piriqiT,
is cdilobs aCvenos imis arseboba, rac ar aris.
awarmoebda, xolo meore mxriv,
dabrunebas im droSi, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalaufleba iyo Semqmneli, mokarnaxe da
ganmsazRvreli.
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es Sesavali gankuTvnilia im mkiTxvelisaTvis, visac istoria ufro itacebs, vidre
am istoriis analizi da usagno ganazrebebi. agreTve imaTTvis, visac axsovs da/an
ainteresebs, ra iyo sabWoTa kavSiri
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.
III. pirveli Sesavali Back to USSR
anu survili moxvde ssrk-Si
dRes xSirad gaigoneb politikuri analitikosisagan Tu inteleqtualisagan, rom
aba ra unda mosTxovo, man xom sxvanairi marTva ar icis. am man-Si, ra Tqma unda,
SevardnaZe igulisxmeba. bevria ganwyobili saimisod, rom is gaurkvevloba, rac
qveyanaSia da romelic yoveli moqalaqis bedze/cxovrebaze aisaxeba, prezidents
daabralos. magram, rac ar unda Zlieri iyos erTi adamianis pirovnuli zemoqmedebis
unari da Zalaufleba, mTeli qveynis Semotrialeba mas ar SeuZlia; ar SeuZlia maT
gareSe, vinc mas amaSi exmareba da eTanxmeba.
es msjelobac nacnobia qarTuli inteleqtualuri diskursisaTvis da am
SemTxvevaSi msjelobaSi irekleba xalxi, romelic bnelia da kvlav warsulSi unda
cxovreba. Tumca, xalxi rac ar unda totalurad warsulze orietirebuli iyos
is erTi subieqti arasodes aris, da Sesabamisad, arasodes ara aqvs erTi neba da
erTi piri. sociologebi da socialuri Teoretikosebi imasac amboben, rom xalxis
azri ufro am azris organizebasa da miwodebazea damokidebuli. erTi da igive
ganwyoba, romelic gavrcelebulia mosaxleobaSi, da romelsac myari socialuri
safuZveli aqvs, sxvadasxvaApolitikuri garemos, tradiciis da arsebuli faruli da
gacxadebuli devizebis gamo, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli socialuri
moTxovnebiT/molodinebiT/survilebiT gamovlindes:
is, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs, faqtia.
magram socialuri moTxovna, romelSic am gaWirvebidan gamosavlis Zieba gamoixateba,
erTi mxriv qveyanaSi arsebuli tradiciuli garemos, xolo meore mxriv
politikosebis mier aris nakarnaxevi. es gamosavali ZiriTadad JRers rogorc
davbrundeT sabWoTa kavSirSi (zog SemTxvevaSi SevuerTdeT ruseTs). Tumca,
politikuri garemos ganxsvavebulobis SemTxvevaSi es gadarCenis lozungi SeiZleba
iyos:
1. evrokavSirSi gawevrianeba;
2. nato-Si Sesvla;

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anu sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri.
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3. samxreT kavkasiis konfederaciis Camoyalibeba;
4. aziis qveyanaTa kavSiris Camoyalibeba da masSi gawevrianeba;
5. marTlmadidebelTa da muslimTa msoflio kavSiris [jer Seqmna, Semdeg] wevrad
gaxdoma;
6. raime sxva, romelic arafriT ar iqneba sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenaze ufro
uazro, suleluri da SeuZlebeli.
am viTarebis saTave albaT iq unda veZioT, rom Zalauflebis modeli, romelic
SevardnaZem saqarTveloSi Camoitana, da romlis gaxareba-ayvavebas noyieri niadagi
daxvda, iseTive iyo, rogoric mas sabWoTa kavSirSi gaaCnda. Zalauflebis sabWoTa
models Semdegi oTxi maxasiaTebeli hqonda:
1. ormagi standarti: ZiriTadi principi, romelic mosaxleobas avaldebulebda
garkveuli wesebis Sesrulebas, magram ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis mqone
partiuli elitis wevrebze. iseTi akrZalvebi, rogoricaa kerZo sakuTrebis da
sazRvargareTis bankebSi angariSis floba, qrTamis aReba, azartuli TamaSebi
da sxva ar vrceldeboda Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebze. Tumca, rodesac
Zalauflebis romelime warmomadgeneli isjeboda, mis mimarT swored am
akrZalvebis darRvevis braldebebi iyo gamoyenebuli;
2. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli sami saxis gadasaxadi: I. oficialuri, kanonSi
dafiqsirebuli; II. araoficialuri, xarki, romelsac qveda donis oficialuri
pirebi (qarxnis direqtorebi, sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelebi) uxdidnen zeda
donis oficialur pirebs. es xazi iwyeboda nebismieri sawarmodan da
partiuli elitis wveroSi mTavrdeboda. es gadasaxadi sayovelTao iyo da
gamoiyeneboda rogorc piradi sargeblobisaTvis, aseve partiuli salarosTvis.
Tumca, ZiriTadi, e. w. sakavSiro partiuli salaro ufro seriozuli
gadasaxadebisagan Sedgeboda (oqros warmoeba, xe-tyis gayidva); III.
moulodneli gadasaxadi, rodesac ufro maRali oficialuri piri ufro
dabal oficialur pirs gansakuTrebuli saWiroebisaTvis Tanxis Sovnas
avalebda. es fuli iSoveboda iqve, sadac zemoT aRwerili ori gadasaxadi
legalur da aralegalur sawarmoebSi;
3. kanonze maRla dgomis specialuri, institucionaluri instrumentebis
arseboba. kanonze maRla dgoma Zalauflebis ZiriTadi elementi iyo:
uSiSroebis samsaxuri erTsa da imave dros icavda da sjida Zalauflebis
mflobelebs: specialuri samsaxurebi awarmoebdnen Zalauflebis subieqtebis
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dacvas da maTi danaSaulis kvalis waSlas. Tumca es waSla absoluturi
arasdros ar iyo, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi waSlili faqtebi socialur da
partiul zedapirebze tivtivs iwyebda.
4. qveynis mTels teritoriaze Zalauflebis araTanabari gavrcelebuloba. amave
dros, sakuTari teritoriis nebismier wertilSi gansakuTrebuli
simkacris/sisastikis gamovlenis SesaZlebloba: mkacri da absoluturad
centralizebuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi Zalaufleba Tanabrad ver
nawildeboda. amitomac iyo, rom qveynis periferiebs (magaliTad, saqarTvelos)
Crdilovani ekonomikisaTvis da ideologiuri wnexis ararsebobis mxrivadac,
samoTxed miiCnevdnen. Tumca, rodesac es Tavisufleba garkveul dasaSveb
zRvars aWarbebda, represiebi, demonstraciebis daxvretis CaTvliT, miRebul
da aucilebel zomad iTvleboda.
ra Tqma unda, SevardnaZem aseTi Zalauflebis avan-Cavani kargad icoda, da misTvis
ideals swored aseTi Zalauflebis ierarqiis wveroSi moxvedra warmoadgenda.
samwuxarod, isini, vinc mas aq daxvda, an Semdeg SeuerTda, am idealis pirveladobas
aRiarebdnen. swored es mzadyofna iyo is, ramac saqarTveloSi dRes arsebuli
viTareba gamoiwvia.
aRmoCnda, rom maTTvisac, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gaizarda, sabWoTa Zalauflebis
struqtura iseTive misaRebi da sasurveli iyo, rogorc maTTvis, vinc sabWoTa
droSi mmarTvelobiTi elitis wevrad Camoyalibda. Sedegad, aseTi Zalauflebisaken
swrafvam gamoiwvia is politikur-socialuri garemo, romelSic sabWoTa kavSiris
kvlav miRweva mizani aRmoCnda.
aravin ar eubneba mosaxleobas Tavis politikur gamosvlebSi, rom germaniaSi
bevrad ukeTesi socialuri dacvaa, vidre ssrk-Si iyo, rom aSS-Si daqiravebuli
bevrad ufro daculia moulodnelobebisagan, vidre ssrk-Si, rom ganaTleba fineTSi
bevrad ufro maRali donisaa da a. S.
am bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi aravin ambobda, rom demokratia aris ara
mxolod referendumi da parlamentis arCevnebi, aramed, amave dros, adamianis
uflebebis Seulaxaoba da mikro, raionul, samosaxlos doneze gadawyvetilebebis
arCevnebis wesiT miReba. diskursi, romelic Cvens politikosebs axasiaTebdaT,
SevardnaZisagan modioda; is ambobda: me movedi da karg saqmeebs vakeTeb. iseTi ram,
rogoricaa warmomadgenlobiToba da pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis mimarT Zalian
mcire doziT arsebobda da arsebobs saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv sivrceSi.
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warmomadgenlobiTobis da pasuxismgeblobis siduxWiris kulminacia iyo prezidentis
gamosvla 2003 wlis biujetis parlamentSi Cavardnis Semdeg: man Tqva, rom
biujetis Cavardna aris ara xelisuflebis, aramed opoziciis da mosaxleobis
problema.
sabWoTa kavSirSi dabrunebis survili iyo da aris ara mxolod SevardnaZis da
misi ybadaRebuli klanis mizani. Zalauflebis dabruneba, anu sabWoTa tipis
Zalauflebis aRdgena, yvela im politikosis mizani iyo da aris, vinc Riad Tu
farulad, mTavrobaSi Tu mis gareT, ambobda da ambobs: me moval da, ai, naxavT, ra
karg saqmeebs gavakeTeb.
rodesac axali saqarTvelos axalma da Zvelma politikosebma ifiqres, rom
sabWoTa kavSiri SeiZleba calke aRebul qveyanaSi aRdges, maT ver gaiTvaliswines,
rom saqarTveloSi ver aRdgeboda is, rac sabWoTa imperias asuldgmulebda da rac,
marTalia, Zalauflebis maxasiaTebeli ara, magram misi winapiroba namdvilad iyo: es
winapiroba iyo socialuri SiSi usqeso, Tvisebebis da survilebis gareSe myofi,
zeadamianuri sabWoTa mmarTvelobis mimarT, romelic kremlis kedlebis miRma
imyofeboda. sabWoTa kavSiri axali tipis imperia iyo, romlis ekonomikur sistemasac
socialuri SiSi edo safuZvlad.
socialuri SiSis danergvas ki iseTi represiebi sWirdeboda, rogorc ssrk-Si
1924 da 1937 wlebSi gatarda. ver ityvi, rom SevardnaZem ar scada am tipis
represiebis dawyeba, magram mxedrioni aSkarad sxva mimarTulebiT wavida: mxedrionis
xelmZRvanelobas da gansakuTrebiT jaba ioselians aSkarad ar izidavda sabWoTa
represoris roli. garda amisa, ioseliani Zalauflebis mopovebis nacionalistur-
demokratiul meTodebzec amyarebda imeds, rac misi mxridan represiebis gamtareblis
rolis Sesrulebas gamoricxavda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ssrk-Si dabrunebis gamoTvla kargad ver moxerxda:
socialuri SiSi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis politikosebisaTvis imdenad TavisTavad
cxadi da saxelmwifos Tanamdevi faqti iyo, rom seriozulad aravis ufiqria misi
kvlavwarmoebis meqanizmebze. rodesac mixvdnen rom maTi sasurveli Zalaufleba
mxolod SiSis kvlavwarmoebiT miiRweva, ukve gvian iyo.
socialuri SiSis kvlavwarmoeba ver moxerxda imitomac, rom verc SevardnaZe
da verc misi garemomcveli politikuri elita mosaxleobis winaSe ver warsdga
rogorc yovelive adamianurisagan daclili Zalauflebis gansaxiereba. aseTi imiji
yvelaze didxans mxolod SevardnaZem SeinarCuna. Tumca, swored Zalauflebis
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simulaciis im proeqtis gamo, romelsac SevardnaZe mogvianebiT daTanxmda, rogorc
Zalauflebis misTvis sasurveli modelisaken pirdapir gzas, Zaluflebis
gansxeulebis da qveynisaTvis mzrunveli zeadamianuri arsebis saxe mosaxleobis
TvalSi yvelaze mtkivneulad manve dakarga.
qvemoT vecdebi mokled, ramdenime gverdze aRvwero Zalauflebis biografia
saqarTveloSi: misi gandevna, misi simulacia, misi dabruneba. es aRwera faqtobrivad
imis identuri iqneba, rac zemoT, oRond, amjerad mas ufro politikuri istoriis
saxe eqneba.
Zalauflebis biografia saqarTveloSi politikuri movlenebis orbita XX
saukunis bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi
1992 wels SevardnaZe dabrunda saqrTveloSi. samxedro sabWo, romelic qveynis de
faqto mmarTveli iyo, Sedgeboda a) yofili mojanyeebisagan, romlebic gamsaxurdias
mmarTvelobas ebrZodnen, b) liberalurad ganwyobili inteleqtualebisa da
inteligenciis warmomadgenlebisagan.
realuri Zalaufleba im dros jaba ioselianis (samxedro dajgufeba
mxedrionis damaarsebeli), Tengiz kitovanis (gamsaxurdias dros Tavdacvis
ministri da erovnuli gvardiis sardali) da Tengiz siguas (gamsaxurdias dros
premier-ministri, Semdeg gamsaxurdias mTavrobis mier devnili) xelSi iyo.
gamsaxurdias gandevnis Semdeg Seqmnili samxedro sabWo iyo pirveli organo,
romelsac Zalauflebis upirobo mopoveba surda da uars ambobda iseTi, ukve saeWvo
instrumentebis gamoyenebaze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qarizmatuloba. Tuki
gamsaxurdias xelisufleba mTlianad qarizmatulobas eyrdnoboda, ioseliani-
kitovani-siguas xelisuflebam Zalis demonstrirebis gza airCia. sxvadasxva
SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis Seqmna am politikuri aucileblobiTac iyo
ganpirobebuli.
rogorc Cans, maTTvis moulodnelad, samxedro sabWos xelmZRvanelebma
aRmoaCines, rom saerTaSoriso faqtoris gauTvaliswineblad qveynis marTva
SeuZlebelia. SesaZloa, es maT yovelTvis icodnen, da ubralod cdilobdnen
maqsimalurad didxans gaeZloT saerTaSoriso legitimaciis gareSe. xolo am
legitimaciis misaRwevad, saWiro iyo imdroindeli qarTuli demokratiis erTaderTi
garantis SevardnaZis saqarTveloSi Camoyvana.
11

marTalia, yofiTi Tu politikuri analitikosebi amboben, rom gamsaxurdias
winaaRmdeg gamosvlebi sulac SevardnaZis mier iyo organizebuli, magram es
SevardnaZis 1992 wels Camoyvanis aucileblobas sulac ar amcirebs:
gadatrialebis/ajanyebis/putCis
5
ase daiwyo saqarTveloSi Zalauflebis mier warmoebuli pirveli simulacia:
SevardnaZe samxedro sabWos imisaTvis sWirdeboda, rom liberalur-demokratiuli
gardaqmnebisaTvis sakuTari mzadyofna daedasturebina. ver ityvi, rom samxedro
sabWos meTaurTagan vercerTi ver xedavda demokratiis aucileblobas da ar undoda
momavalSi saqarTvelo demokratiul qveynad exila (magaliTad, ioselians da siguas).
magram im instrumentebidan, romelic maT upirobo Zalauflebis dasamyareblad
airCies, aseTi momavali sulac ar gamomdinareobda. Zalauflebis mier warmoebuli
simulacia ormagi iyo: 1. Zalaufleba (warmomadgenlebi: ioseliani-kitovani-sigua)
simulirebda, rom is demokratiul gardaqmnebze iyo orientirebuli; 2. imave dros
Zalaufleba simulirebda, rom is SevardnaZis (jer samxedro sabWos Tavmjdomaris,
xolo Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTauris) xelSi iyo. Tumca es
simulireba sakmaod martivad gaiSifra da maleve yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda. swored
aman aiZula SevardnaZe, aqtiuri moqmedebebisaTvis miemarTa. amisaTvis ki upirveles
yovlisa, mxedrionis, gvardiis da sxva gasamxedroebuli SenaerTebis, rogorc
Zalauflebis safuZvlis, gauqmeba iyo saWiro.
logikuri gamosavali, erTis mxriv Sida, xolo
meore mxriv gare legitimaciisaTvis, SevardnaZis Camoyvana iyo.
1993 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad miRebul ZalTa gadanawilebaSi
gamoCndnen is Zalebi, romlebsac SeeZloTYSevardnaZisaTvis iseTive samsaxuri
gaewiaT, rogoric SevardnaZem samxedro sabWos liderebisaTvis Seasrula. am Zalebs
is xalxi warmoadgenda, romelic SevardnaZis mier Zalauflebis mopovebis
SemTxvevaSi mas liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnebze mimarTul politikosad
darCenaSi daexmareboda. erTi, rac aSkarad icoda SevardnaZem, da rac mas Camohyva
rusuli, aSS-evropuli Tu qarTuli gamocdilebidan, iyo is, rom arsebul
viTarebaSi mxolod liberalur demokratiaze orietacia miscemda mas saSualebas
moepovebina da SeenarCunebina Zalaufleba. yvela sxva mcdeloba saqarTvelos
msgavs qveynebSi da TviTon saqarTveloSic ganwiruli iyo marcxisaTvis.

5
es aris sami saxeli, romliTac 90-91 wlis zamTris movlenebi dResac moixseneeba
qarTul miTologiaSi.
12

SeiZleboda aRmosavluri variantis gaTamaSebac, magram SevardnaZe swored imaT
ebrZoda, visac aseTi (Turqmenuli tipis) reJimis damyareba SeeZlo. Tanac
adgilobrivi myari fuladi wyaros (navTobi, bamba da a. S.) ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
Zneli iqneboda paternalisturi reJimis didi xniT SenarCuneba.
amitom, 1993 wlis parlamentSi, axali politikuri Zalebis gamoCenis Semdeg,
erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyda, rom saqarTveloSi fulis upirobo wyaro liberaluri
demokratia unda gamxdariyo. amitom SevardnaZem gamoacxada sakuTari e. w. garantis
tenderi, romlisTvisac brZolaSi im dros yofili mwvane da ukve moqalaqeTa
kavSiris mmarTvel fenaSi myofi zurab Jvania Caeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasawyis etapze TiTqos sxvebi imarjvebdnen, sabolood
es brZola Jvaniam moigo. realuri brZola SevardnaZeze gavlenis mosapoveblad
mimdinareobda. raRac etapze moqalaqeTa kavSiris Jvaniasadmi dapirispirebulma
frTam, romelsac moqalaqeTa kavSiris Tbilisis organizaciis lideri gia
JorJoliani meTaurobda, gadawyvita, sakuTari partia Seeqmna da bolomde moeqcia
SevardnaZe sakuTari gavlenis qveS: Camoecilebina is moqalaqeTa kavSirisagan,
romelic, Tavad SevardnaZis proeqtiT, Zalauflebis mTavari fari da demokratiis
simulirebis mTavari poligoni unda gamxdariyo.
arCevani, romlis winaSec SevardnaZe dadga, faqtobrivad arc iyo arCevani: erT
mxares idga xalxi, gaurkveveli partiuli momavliT, romelic cdilobda
xelisuflebis upirobo mrCeveli gamxdariyo, xolo meore mxares saqarTvelos
inteleqtualebis da inteligenciis umravlesobis mier mxardaWerili moqalaqeTa
kavSiri, JvaniasTan erTad, romelsac undoda ara mrCevloba, aramed meore kacoba
6
ZalTa imdroindeli ganawilebis mixedviT Jvanias mdgomareoba da survili
ufro cxadi, gasagebi da kontrolirebadi iyo, vidre sxvebisa: meore kacoba
gulisxmobda naTel, daqvemdebarebul da Tavis Tavze amRebis pozicias,
mrCevlobaSi ki, marTalia, gaurkvevlad da Camouyalibeblad, magram mainc
gamosWvioda Suasaukuneobrivi ruxi kardinalis silueti: gadawyvetilebebze
.
isic unda iTqvas, rom SevardnaZis garemocvaSi im dros JorJoliani yvelaze
gavleniani kaci iyo da, rogorc Cans, SevardnaZis piradi simpaTiiT da
mxardaWeriTac sargeblobda. magram aman ver SeuSala xeli SevardnaZes, sakuTari
proeqtis miznebisaTvis optimaluri kandidatura SeerCia:

6
es, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo gansxvaveba male gadamwyveti aRmoCnda.
13

gavlenis pretenzia pasuxismgeblobis gareSe, rac yovlad miuRebeli iyo
SevardnaZisaTvis. mas sruliad sapirispiro sWirdeboda: adamiani, vinc
pasuxismgeblobas aiRebda mis gadawyvetilebebze. aseTi kaci ki, arsebul
kandidaturebs Soris mxolod Jvania iyo. ase iqca Jvania aTkaciani fraqciis
lideridan Zalauflebis moziared marTalia, jerjerobiT mxolod
pasuxismgeblobis aspeqtSi, magram yvelaferi imaze miuTiTebda, rom male
gadawyvetilebis nawilic misi sakuTreba gaxdeboda.
Sedegad, axali konstituciis, SevardnaZeze teraqtis da axali parlamentis
arCevis Semdeg, Jvania parlamentis Tavmjdomare gaxda. man SevardnaZis axali gzis
gameoreba daiwyo: rogorc SevardnaZe airCia jer parlamentma, xolo Semdeg, 1995
wels xalxma, aseve, 1995 wels Jvania parlamentis wevrebma parlamentis
Tavmjdomared airCies.
Jvaniam Zalauflebis sakuTari wilic miiRo. am wilis mixedviT mas ufleba
hqonda, sakuTari momxreebi Seegrovebina. am Segrovebas SevardnaZec aqtiurad uWerda
mxars: simulaciis mwarmoebeli rac ufro meti iqneboda, miT ufro myari gaxdeboda
misi Zalauflebac. meore mxriv, realuri Zalauflebis gansamtkiceblad, SevardnaZem
Zalauflebis sakuTari (ufro mozrdili) nawilis mSeneblobasac mihyo xeli: ori
Zala, romelsac is kargad icnobda jer kidev saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis
centraluri komitetis mdivnobis dros, iyo 1) policia da 2) e. w. saqmosnebi,
romlebic amave dros komunisturi partiis elitasac warmoadgendnen.
yofili partiuli elita gawevrianda moqalaqeTa kavSirSi, ramac SevardnaZes,
kvlavac Jvanias gunds amofarebuls, saSualeba misca, Zalauflebis mpyrobel
Tanamdebobebze sakuTari xalxi moeyvana. am saqmis pirveli mercxali komunisturi
partiis Tbilisis organizaciis yofili xelmZRvanelis niko lekiSvilis
saxelmwifo ministrad daniSvna iyo. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac SevardnaZem
aSkarad gayo Zalaufleba: parlamenti Jvanias Caabara demokratiis da Zalauflebis
simulirebisaTvis, xolo aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba lekiSvils: Zveli
xelisuflebis subieqtebis gamocdili meTodebiT sakontrolod.
aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, konfliqti lekiSvilsa da Jvanias Soris
gardauvali iyo. paralelurad Jvania Zalauflebis sakuTar sqemas adgenda: iseve,
rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi, Jvaniasac sWirdeboda liberaluri demokratiis sayrdeni.
amisaTvis man erTis mxriv arasamTavrobo seqtoris da mediis Ria mxardaWera, meore
mxriv ki sakuTari gundis axali wevrebiT gamdidreba daiwyo. Zalauflebis
14

TvalsazrisiT am proeqtis mizani cxadi iyo: rogorc Tavis droze SevardnaZes da
ioselians, axla Jvaniasac sWirdeboda mxardamWerebi da liberaluri demokratiis
upirobo warmomadgenlebi sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.
1995-1999 wlebze modis im reformebis piki, romelic Jvanias gundma daiwyo.
Sesabamisad, amave dros emTxveva lekiSvilsa da Jvanias Soris dapirispirebis pikic.
yoveli konfliqti, romelic am dros warmoiSva, SesaZlebelia sulac ar iyo
Segnebulad stimulirebuli romelime mxaris mier, magram mimdinare procesebi
xSirad TviTorganizebis principiT muSaobdnen.
im wlebis yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli konfliqti telekompania rusTavi 2-is
gamo moxda, rodesac prezidentTan daaxloebulma ramdenime pirovnebam moindoma am
televiziis xelSi Cagdeba, anda, rogorc isini ambobdnen, maTi kuTvnili
telekompaniis dabruneba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli mxare iyo marTali, erTmaneTs
aSkarad daupirispirda prezidentis garemocva da kerZo biznesi, romelic maSin
samoqalaqo aqtivobis formas ufro hgavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros
xelisuflebas aSkarad SeeZlo brZola moego, is moerida saqmis gamwvavebas.
telekompaniam, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis imdroindeli Canasaxebis daxmarebiT,
romlebic telekompaniaSi sakuTar xats da msgavs xedavdnen, SeZlo daecva Tavi. es
ki iyo, susti magram mainc sagulisxmo niSani, rom xelisuflebis upirobo
Zalaufleba qveyanaSi arsebobas wyvetda.
SevardnaZis banakSi brZola Jvaniam kvlav moigo. lekiSvili gadadga. es Zalian
xaverdovani gadadgoma iyo: lekiSvili gaxda moqalaqeTa kavSiris Tavmjdomaris
moadgile da scada, mWidro kavSirebi daemyarebina JvaniasTan.
es kavSiri Jvaniasac daujda WkuaSi, mas Semdeg, rac SevardnaZem saxelmwifo
ministrad vaJa lorTqifaniZe, yofili ssrk
7

7
sabWiTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri.
komunisturi partiuli elitis wevri,
saxelmwifo ministris moadgile, Semdeg saqarTvelos elCi ruseTSi, daniSna. vaJa
lorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo rogorc gamocdili moTamaSe da sxvadasxva SefasebebiT
Jvanias Tanabari mowinaaRmdege. lorTqifaniZe cnobili iyo ara marto politikosis
unarebiT, aramed seriozuli kapitaliT da rus biznesmenebTan kavSirebiT. is
SedarebiT axalgazrda da faqtobrivad, pirveli figura iyo, romelic Jvanias garda
SevardnaZis memkvidris postze seriozuli kandidati SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
lorTqifaniZemac daiwyo sakuTari simulaciuri TamaSebi mediasTan,
15

arasamTavroebTan mWidro urTierToba, rasac Jvania da misi gundi, ra Tqma unda,
ver moiTmenda. Jvanias ukve Zlieri mokavSireebi sWirdeboda. es Zlieri mokavSireebi
lekiSvilis daxmarebiT biznesmenebis gaCeCilaZisa da gamyreliZis _ jgufis saxiT
gamoCndnen.
SevardnaZe kvlav agrZelebda mousyidavi msajulis rolis TamaSs. es misi
pirveli da dauZleveli iluzia iyo; Jvaniam, sakuTari gundis, mediis da
arasamTavroebis daxmarebiT moaxerxa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
SevardnaZesTan yofiliyo gaigivebuli da SevardnaZisaTvis sasurveli formula
parlamentis Tavmjdomare da saxelmwifo ministri dapirispirebuli, TviTon maTze
maRla mdgomi, mousyidavi msajuli sazogadoebis TvalSi sakmaod male gaxda
fiqcia.
lorTqifaniZe damarcxda, SeiZleba iTqvas, swored Jvanias da axali Taobis
biznesmenebis koaliciis gamo. Znelia ivaraudo, ra iyo am koaliciis realuri
SemakavSirebeli da ra ara. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom 1999 wlis saparlamento
arCevnebis mogebis Semdeg, sadac gaCeCilaZe-gamyreliZis gundi moqalaqeTa kavSiris
siiT monawileobda, Jvanias gunds da biznesmenebs Soris konfliqti daiwyo. zogi
versiiT, aliansis piroba iyo saxelmwifo ministris posti daviT gamyreliZisTvis.
saxelmwifo ministris posti ki lorTqifaniZis Semdeg aSkarad neitralurma
figuram, gia arseniSvilma daikava, romelic, jer kidev kaxeTSi prezidentis
rwmunebulis Tanamdebobaze swored momrigebeli msajulis da konfliqtebze maRla
mdgomis rols TamaSobda. rols, romelic SevardnaZes saqarTvelos masStabiT
Tavisad miaCnda. SevardnaZes aSkarad undoda, arseniSvils Rirseulad Seecvala
lorTqifaniZe da dapirispireboda Jvaniasac da saakaSvilsac. magram arseniSvilma es,
aseve aSkarad, ar moindoma. amis Sedegad ZalTa ganawileba bundovani da gadRabnili
gaxda.
amaze cota xniT adre ramdenime mniSvnelovani movlena moxda. Jvanias gundis
ramdenime wevri aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi gadavida: iusticiis, Semosavlebis da
finansTa ministrebis postebi saakaSvilma, maWavarianma da noRaidelma daikaves. Se-
vardnaZes da albaT Jvaniasac, am SemTxvevaSi erTnairi motivebi amoZravebdaT: orives
undoda, egrZnobinebina TavTavianTi aRzrdilebisaTvis (SevardnaZes JvaniasaTvis, Jva-
nias saakaSvil-maWavarian-noRaidelisaTvis), rom maT gareSe isini ver gadarCebod-
nen. Sedegi sakmaod sapirispiro iyo orivesaTvis: saakaSvilma damoukidebeli TamaSi
daiwyo, rac dagvirgvinda nacionaluri moZraobis SeqmniT, Tbilisis sakrebuloSi
16

arCevnebis mogebiT da sakrebulos Tavmjdomared arCeviT, xolo maWavarianma da no-
Raidelma aSkarad SeiZines mniSvnelovani politikuri figurebis imiji.
SevardnaZem kidev erTxel scada aRedgina sasurveli wonasworoba da sakuTari
ze-pirovnuli msajulis roli: saxelmwifo ministrad avTandil jorbenaZe dainiSna.
rogorc Cans, jorbenaZe Tanaxma iyo, konfliqtis subieqti gamxdariyo. Jvanias
gadadgomis Semdeg da parlamanetSi e. w. Tematuri umravlesobis dafiqsirebis
miuxedavad, jorbenaZes rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi
ramdenime brZolis gadaxda/gamarTva mainc mouwia. ver ityvi, rom am Cum Tu Ria
brZolebSi (mamalaZis, kartozias, xazaraZis winaaRmdeg) jorbenaZis pozicia anti-
demokratiuli iyo, magram faqtia, rom, konfliqtis centri mainc ar SenarCunda
mTavrobasa da parlamentis Soris. Sedegad, xelisuflebis bzarebi ukve aSkarad
SesamCnevi gaxda.
paterloo
8
sadRac 2001-2002 wlebSi Zalauflebis arsebulma struqturam daSla daiwyo.
Zalauflebis struqtura, romelic SevardnaZis da Jvanias racionaluri Tu
iracionaluri Tanxmobis Sedegad demokratiis simulirebas da xelisuflebis
aRmasrulebel da kanonmdebel Stoebs Soris konfliqts gulisxmobda, veRar
muSaobda.
, anu aRgeniTi samuSaoebi
Semdegi movlenebic, romlebic, Cemo momTmeno mkiTxvelo, Cvens garemoSi xdeba,
anu romelTa Sesaxebac Seityob, Tuki SeeSvebi am wignis kiTxvas da televizors
mousmen anda dRevandel gazeTebs gadaxedav
9

8
Paterlaw (ingl.) mamis (mamaos) kanoni. es sityva gansakuTrebiT im inteleqtualebs
moewonebaT, romlebic am politikuri terminis ukan froidizmis gansxeulebas dainaxaven da
mis gadatanas, rogorc es xdeba xolme, Seecdebian iq, sadac erTaderTi Sedegi
fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebis metaforuli (ver vityvi maxvilgonivruli, radganac aseTi
miyenebebi sul ufro da ufro Tavsdeba rutinuli azrovnebis sazRvrebSi) gamoyenebis
xelovnebaa.
, am faqtze reaqcias warmoadgens:
xelisuflebaSi arsebobs mimarTuleba, Tavisi Zalian konkretuli warmomadgenlebiT,
9
es pasaJi exeba saqarTvelos (an postsabWoTa qveynis) moqalaqes da validuria am wignis
gamocemis dRidan maqsimum erT weliwads. Tumca, avtorisaTvis movlenaTa arasasurveli
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi es pasaJi SeiZleba am wignis meore, mesame da a. S. gamocemebis
drosac iyos aqtualuri.
17

romelic xels uwyobs Zalauflebis am struqturis aRdgenas, da aseve, arsebobs
mimarTuleba, romelic xels uwyobs am struqturis rRvevas. am Zalebis subieqtebi
ar aris mkveTrad dadgenili
10
2003 wlis dasawyisis ramdenime politikuri movlena aSkarad miuTiTebs imas,
rom xelisuflebas TiTqosda gamosavali ara aqvs da apirebs Zveli, saqarTveloSi
ukve gamocdili scenariT imoqmedos, anu Tavidan daadges im gzas, ramac
dRevandlamde mogviyvana: me minda gagaxsenoT, Tu ra iyo im Zalauflebis dasawyisi,
romelic dRes irRveva: 1) mkveTri dapirispireba prozviadistur ZalebTan
mimdinareobda mitingebis rbeviT da adamianis uflebebis darRveviT. es xdeboda
inteleqtualTa ZiriTadi nawilis mxardaWeris fonze, romlebic yvelaferze iyvnen
Tanaxma, oRond saqarTvelo demokratiul Tanamegobrobas eRiarebina. es imdroindel
(yofil partiul) funqcionerebsac awyobdaT, radganac arsebuli, memkvidreobiT
miRebuli resursebi amowuruli iyo, da erTaderTi saSveli maTTvis is
mravalricxovani kreditebi iyo, romelsac saqarTvelo miiRebda, Tuki mas
demokratiasa da liberalur demokratiaze mimarTul qveynad aRiarebdnen; 2)
arCevnebis Ria gayalbeba: xelisuflebas amaSic Cumi Tanxmoba hqonda miRebuli
rogorc funqcionerebisagan (gasagebia, ratomac), aseve,
inteleqtual/inteligenciisagan: esec iyo erTgvari sazRauri liberaluri
reformebis dawyebisaTvis; 3) terori mimarTuli revanSistul da mowinaaRmdege
politikur partiebisaken: esec Cumad marTldeboda, rogorc stabilurobis da
demokratiis safasuri.
, Tumca maTi diferenciacia mainc SesaZlebelia.
xelisufleba 2003 wlis dasawyisSi Seecada samive am maxasiaTeblis aRdgenas:
1) SeiaraRebulma jgufma daarbia axali memarjveneebis ofisi; 2) parlamentSi
Sevida kanonproeqti e. w. imperatiuli mandatis Sesaxeb, romelic partiul bosebs
saSualebas aZlevs, urCi partiis wevrebi gamoiwvion sakrebuloebidan; 3) daiwyo
momitingeebis rbeva: argumentebi da diskursi, romelsac policielebi iyenebdnen
Zalian waagavda 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis enas: mxolod sami adgilia TbilisSi,
sadac SeiZleba mitingebis gamarTva, aravis mivcem nebas, rusTavelze mitingi
moawyos, specialuri nebarTvaa saWiro meriidan da a. S. amave dros xelisufleba
cdilobs, Seqmnas inteligenciis jgufi, romelic amas yvelafers gaamarTlebs:

10
anu erTi da imave politikuri subieqti sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba an Zveli
struqturis aRdgenas exmarebodes, anda angrevdes mas da sxva wesrigisaken iyos mimarTuli.
18

moqalaqeTa kavSiri (ukve axali saqarTvelo) jorbenaZis xelSi isev cdilobs
inteligenciis karti gaaTamaSos. iseve, rogorc 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amjerad
mxardamWerTa jgufis erTi nawili mkveTrad gamoirCeva nomenklaturuli warsuliT
da awmyoTi, xolo meore nawils jerjerobiT ucnobi axalgazrdoba
11
xelisufleba cdilobs, kvlav Sekras demokratiis is simulaciuri veli,
romelic rRvevas iwyebs. isic unda iTqvas, rom xelisufleba am mcdelobaSic
erTiani ar aris; Tuki jorbenaZe cdilobs 90-iani wlebis Tavidan dawyebas da albaT
fiqrobs, rom TviTon ukeTesad SeZlebs, vidre Jvaniam SeZlo, SevardnaZis guli
aSkarad sabWoTa kavSirs ekuTvnis. amas miuTiTebs mis mier am bolo dros
gaxSirebuli apelireba sakuTar sabWoTa warsulze da gamocdilebaze. Tumca es
dapirispireba jerjerobiT mxolod Teoriulia, da zogjer Tu wamohyofs Tavs. es
zogjer iyo, rodesac jorbenaZem saxelmwifo kancelariis miseuli struqtura
warudgina SevardnaZes saxelmwifo ministrisaTvis didi uflebebis miniWebiT da
sxva qve-danayofebis (maT Soris uSiSroebis sabWos) daqvemdebarebiT. es proeqti
imdenad aSkarad cvlida ZalTa ganawilebas, rom SevardnaZem masze aseve aSkarad uari
Tqva. sxva mxriv aRdgeniT samuSaoebze TiTqos SevardnaZec Tanaxmaa Tundac
imitom, rom misTvis demokratiis simulaciis aRdgenis procesi da socializmi
adamianuri saxiT
warmoadgens.
12
Tumca, am saqmeSi isini martoni ar arian, da xan erT, xan ki meore opoziciur
partias wascdeba xeli aRdgeniT samuSaoebSi monawileobisaken: aseTi magaliTi arc
Tu ise cotaa, iqneba es axali memarjveneebis gaubedaoba adamianis uflebebis dacvis
moTxovnis saqmeSi Tu nacionaluri moZraobis survili, jumber patiaSvili Caweros
saparlameto saarCevno siaSi. rac Seexeba naTelaSvilis leiborizms, is mTlianad
aRdgeniTi samuSaos momxrea. ase rom Znelia, qarTvel leiboristebs opozicia
uwodo, imdenad mimarTulia maTi lideris mowodebebi sabWoTa kavSiris socialuri
da politikuri garemos restavraciisaken.
Zneli gansasxvavebeli iqneba.
bolo dromde axlebs aSkarad uWirdaT Segueba imasTan, rom mxolod
Tanabari pirobebis moTxovna ar unda iyos demokratiuli Zalis damaxasiaTebeli.

11
qarTuli politikuri JargoniT axali saxeebi.
12
socializmi adamianuri saxiT lozungi, romelic ssrk-s arsebobis bolo wlebSi
ideologias edo safuZvlad da sabWoTa banakis da dasavleTis demokratiuli qveynebis
simbolur daaxloebas isaxavda miznad.
19

xelisuflebasTan mkveTr gamijvnamde axlebs imedi hqondaT, rom Zveli
Jvaniaseuli meTodebiT moaxdendnen Zalauflebis mopovebas Tu ara, gaziarebas
mainc. maTac gadadges axalgazrda moqkavSirelebis istoriuli nabijebi: wavidnen
aSS-Si, elaparaknen wamyvan politikosebs, daarwmunes isini (an darwmundnen rom
daarwmunes) TavianT demoratiulobaSi, iqauri qarTvelebi lobistobisaTvis
gamoiyenes. mokled, Caidines yvelaferi, rac Jvanias gundma 90-ian wlebSi moimoqmeda.
magram Tu yovelive es Jvanias, am teqnologiis gamomgoneblis, SemTxvevaSi lamis
gamocxadebad Tu aRiqmeboda, Semdeg, axlebis mier gameorebisas rutinuli
Canacvlebis saxe miiRo. dRes axlebi ukve mkveTrad gamodian xelisuflebis
winaaRmdeg, maT gamosvlebSi ismis samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moTxovnebic.
miuxedavad amisa, patarkaciSvilTan, aseve, yofil nomenklaturasTan kaxa
TargamaZesTan kavSiris xSiri miTiTeba maT jer kidev aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis
mwarmoebelTa rigSi tovebs.
aseve, aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis monawile xdeba Jvanias partiac gaerTianebuli
demokratebi. ris winaaRmdegac maT jer-jerobiT xma aimaRles, aris politikuri
partiebis uflebebis Selaxva da dabali xelfasebi. es ukanaskneli, marTalia,
mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebazea mimarTuli, magram mainc mzrunveli
partia/momlodine, madlieri mosaxleobis sabWoTa institutis suni asdis. es ki
miuTiTebs, rom restavraciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki isini sxvanairad veRar darCebian
politikur zedapirze, siamovnebiT ganaaxleben im TamaSs, romelic kargad ician
Zalauflebis mier simulirebuli demokratiiT da demokratiis mier simulirebuli
ZalauflebiT.
nacionalur moZraobas rac Seexeba, cxadia, rom patiaSvilis CarTva sakuTar
siebSi maT mier xmebis dagrovebis surviliTaa gamowveuli: magram saeWvoa, rom
moZraoba am CarTviT ufro mets moigebs, vidre dakargavs. nacionaluri moZraoba
sakuTar momavals liberalur-demokratiul gardaqmnebs ukavSirebs. misi
wevrebisaTvis cxadia, rom isini verasodes daupirispireben maT winaaRmdeg arsebul
fuls ufro met fuls. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daupirispires, maTi unikaloba, anu
maqsimaluri demokratizaciis da liberalizmis talRaze xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaken
mimarTuloba, gaqreba: did fuls didi kompromisebi mosdevs.
20

mcire jgufebis kanoni
rogorc amas bolo aTi weli gviCvenebs, saqarTveloSi mxolod xmebis
dagrovebis gamo saarCevno siaSi gaerTianeba yovelTvis cudad mTavrdeboda.
Zalauflebis saswori yovelTvis im mcire jgufisaken ixreboda, vis sasargeblodac
didma jgufma mcire daTmoba moaxdina. ase iyo Jvanias SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is
yofil partiul nomenklaturasTan da axlebTan wavida garigebaze, aseve iyo
aRorZinebis SemTxvevaSi rodesac is mcire jgufma giorgi TargamaZis da sandro
bregaZis meTaurobiT faqtiurad daSala. amitom, savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom
patiaSvilis daxmarebiT gamarjvebuli nacionaluri moZraoba iseve Caeflos
kompromisebis da politikuri aucileblobebis WaobSi da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis
mwarmoeblebis rigSi Cadges.

21

es dasawyisi imaTTvisaa, vinc saqarTvelo Zalauflebis simulaciebi waikiTxes,
anda, ar waukiTxavT, da mainc ainteresebT, ra weria im wignSi. amave dros, moswonT
inteleqtualuri TamaSebi cnobili da arc Tu ise cnobili azrebis amocnoba,
maTi parodireba an maTTan SekamaTeba, daTanxmeba an ardaTanxmeba. .

III. meore Sesavali iZuleba socialuri realobisaTvis

sami wlis winaT, 1999 wels, Cems wignSi saqarTvelo Zalauflebis
simulaciebi vwerdi, rom saqarTvelosTvis aucilebelia iZuleba socialuri
realobisaTvis. imisaTvis, rom qveyana Camoyalibebuliyo rogorc garkveuli,
konkretuli tipis socialuri sistema, Zalauflebis im simulaciebze, romelsac
imdroindeli xelisufleba awarmoeboda, uaris Tqma mimaCnda saWirod.
wigni saqarTvelo Zalauflebis simulaciebi aris imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
simulirebs Zalaufleba liberalur demokratias, da aseve, Tu rogor xdeba
Zalauflebis arsebobis simulirebac: saqarTvelo aris qveyana, sadac Zalian Zlieria
sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli sistemebi, institutebi da Rirebulebebi. es
ganpirobebulia mravali mizeziT, rogoricaa sabWoTakavSiriseuli mmarTvelobis
gamocdilebis mqone xalxis mosvla xelisuflebaSi, axali gamocdilebis mqone
mmarTvelebis sisuste, qveyanaSi arsebuli simdidris arasamarTliani gadanawileba da
sxva. amave dros, warmatebiT mimdinareobs liberaluri demokratiis arsebobis
simulacia
13

13
simulacia aris is, rac faravs imas, rom mis ukan araferi ar aris. rac simulirebs
safuZvlis da kavSiris gareSe. anu simulacia simulirebs safuZvels, arsebiTs, ZiriTads,
ise, rom araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs imasTan, ris simulirebasac axorcielebs.
: xdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, masmediis, demokratiuli institutebis
simulaciuri orbitis Seqmna, romelic, erTi mxriv, qveynis SigniT, xolo meore
mxriv, qveynis gareT qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom sabWoTa reliqtebi kvdomadi da
umniSvneloa, xolo axali institutebis gavlenis zrda da momavali mniSvnelovani.
aseve, iqmneba Sexeduleba, rom bolos da bolos, demokratiuli institutebi
Caanacvleben sabWoTa reliqtebs da yvelaferi kargad dasruldeba. Cemi wignis
mizani iyo cxadad meCvenebina, rom aRweril mdgomareobas ara aqvs ganviTareba, rom
es balansi Zlieri reliqtebi da demokratiuli intitutebis simulaciuri orbita
maradiulia, Tu ar moxda gansakuTrebuli politikuri nebis Camoyalibeba. amis
22

safuZvels maZlevda simulaciuri (da ara marto simulaciuri) sistemebis
TviTkmari buneba, romelTa SigniT araferi ar aris iseTi, rom mniSvnelovani
struqturuli Secvla da gadasxvafereba gamoiwvios.
ra Tqma unda, arsad ar damiweria, magram namdvilad vgulisxmobdi, rom gza,
romelsac saqarTvelos mmarTveloba da sazogadoeba unda daadges, aris liberaluri
demokratiis gza, rom sxva SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, am sami wlis win
imedi mqonda, rom simulaciuri sistemebidan erTaderTi gamosavali iyo simulaciaze
uaris Tqma da liberalur-demokratiuli sistemis danergva/dadgena. magram es ase ar
moxda. am wignis mizania imis aRwera, Tu ra moxda am bolo dros da ra SeiZleba
moxdes: arsebobs Tu ara dRevandeli movlenebis ganviTarebis Sansi, Tu dResac,
iseve, rogorc sami wlis winaT, gayinvis winaSe vdgavarT.
ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, simulaciuri sistemis darRveva daiwyo ara
iqidan, saidanac me am gansakuTrebul politikuri nebas velodi
14
simulantebi da fsiqiatrebi, anu avadmyofobebis, moCvenebiTi avadmyofobebis, maTi
gankurnebis da vergankurnebis Sesaxeb
, aramed imaTi
mxridan, vinc reliqtur sistemebSi cxovrobda da maT kvlavwarmoebas axdenda. amis
mizezi isev simulaciuri sistemebis bunebaSia, romelsac pirobiTad simulanti
pacientis da fsiqiatris urTierToba SeiZleba davarqvaT.
arsebobs eWvi, rom giJebi mxolod mas Semdeg gaxdnen sapyrobileSi Casasmeli, rac
simulantebma socialuri sargeblis miReba daiwyes. anu maSin, rodesac simulacia,
rogorc socialuri fenomeni, safrTxis Semcveli gaxda.
erTaderTi meTodi, riTac mcodne fsiqiatri cnobs simulants, aris avadmyofobis
ganviTarebaze dakvirveba. simulanti ver simulirebs avadmyofobis ganviTarebas,
simulants mxolod stabiluri simptomebis simulacia SeuZlia britanel
fsiqiatr serJ iomasTan saubridan.
ambavi ki ase moxda: demokratiis da liberaluri momavlis simulacia saqarTveloSi
warmatebiT mimdinareobda. erTi SexedviT es ar zRudavda reliqtur, sabWoTa
Zalauflebas, magram SezRudva mainc arsebobda; es iyo TviTSezRudva, romelsac
reliqturi xelisufleba eweoda simulirebuli demokratiis da demokratiuli

14
me amas velodi, ra Tqma unda, im gundidan, romelic, rogorc maSin Canda, am simulirebas
imitom eweoda, rom namdvilis gakeTebis saSualeba ar hqonda.
23

Zalauflebis SiSiT. anu SevardnaZe
15
swored aq Semodis scenaze fsiqiatri, romelic mcodnec aris da
gamocdilic
, misi ojaxi, klanebi, romlebic nel-nela
yalibdeboda, ufrTxoda, erTi mxriv, dasavleTs, romelsac warmoebul simulaciaSi
liberaluri demokratiis garantis roli hqonda miniWebuli, xolo meore mxriv,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, romelic amave simulaciis scenarSi demokratiis Zlieri
damcvelis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.
16
sigiJe, misi imitacia da mkurnalTa mxridan mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gzebi,
meTodebi da gamocdileba
.
sigiJis da civilizaciis istorias rom gadavxedoT, vnaxavT, rom giJebis
gancalkeveba normalurebisagan da maTTvis specialuri adgilebis miCena ar unda iyos
maindamanc XVII saukunis pirmSo da represiis mesame aqti kacobriobis istoriaSi
(policiis da sasamarTlos Semdeg). giJebis socialuri izolacia ufro sargeblis
miRebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
sigiJidan da gansxvavebulobidan sargeblis miRebis SezRudvis survili unda
yofiliyo is, rac e. w. normalurebs, Zalauflebis mqoneT da normebis damdgenebs,
amoZravebdaT akrZalvebis da represiebis SemoRebisas. giJi da sigiJe ar adgas imave
gzas, rasac sazogadoebis normaluri wevri, da ar cdilobs imave mizans miaRwios.
amas mxolod simulanti akeTebs, anu is, vinc garkveuli miznis misaRwevad igiJianebs
Tavs. Sesabamisad, civilizaciis mmarTvelebi igoneben izolaciis meqanizms. marTalia,
giJs eniSneba da eZleva sazogadoebrivi simdidris nawili, magram es aranair
kavSiriSi ar aris im miznebTan da im simdidresTan, romelsac simulanti SeiZleba
eswrafodes. Sesabamisad, sagiJeTi es aris warmatebuli (an warumatebeli) mcdeloba,
gauqmdes simulaciis saWiroeba da xibli.
sagiJeTi, calke, izolirebuli dasaxleba giJebisaTvis, mimarTulia ara
sigiJis, aramed simulaciis winaaRmdeg. M

15
dRes ukve SevardnaZe aSkara reliqturi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelia, Tumca jer kidev
sami wlis win TviTonac aqtiurad monawileobda simulaciuri orbitebis SeqmnaSi.
16
mkiTxvelis vTxov ar gaaigivos es personaJi konkretul eduard SevardnaZesTan. Aam
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, fsiqiatri reliqturi xelisuflebis koleqtiuri
saxea, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT moqmedebda saqarTvelos politikur scenaze. is xan
SevardnaZea, xan abaSiZe, xan Jvania, xan rCeuliSvili, xan saakaSvili.
24

mxolod mogvianebiT, rodesac simulacia daZleulia, an hgoniaT rom
daZleulia, civilizacia mimarTavs mkurnalobis, dialogis da siCumis meTodebs.
anu mTeli marili isev da isev simulantis amocnobaSia, rac rTuli saqmea, da rasac
gamocdili fsiqiatri sWirdeba.
es inteleqtualuri pasaJi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba ase
iTargmnos: reliqturma mmarTvelobam, romelic sakmaod gamocdili iyo Tavis da
Tavisi msgavsebis dakvirvebaSi, aRmoaCina, rom liberaluri demokratia romelic e. w.
demokratiuli frTis mier iwarmoeba, ar viTardeba, da mudam erTsa da imave
TemebSi, problemebSi da sakiTxebSi trialebs. es aRmoCena sworxazovnad ar unda
gavigoT da ar unda CavTvaloT, rom SevardnaZem aRmoaCina, rom Jvania da saakaSvili
simulireben liberalur demokratias da daiwyo maT mimarT represiuli meTodebis
gamoyeneba, rac maT srul ignorirebaSi gamoixata. igive procesi SeiZleba aRvweroT
Jvanias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis urTierTobis mimarTac, rodesac Jvania
mixvda, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ramdenime arasamTavrobo organizaciaa da meti
araferi, da SevardnaZis msgavsad, adekvaturi nabiji gadadga maTi ignorirebisaken da
a. S.
mokled, daaxloebiT 2000 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mTelma politikurma
speqtrma aRmoaCina, rom is, risic eSinodaT, sul ar iyo saSiSi da angariSgasawevi.
Tumca, imisi Tqmac ar SeiZleba, rom Tavis droze, rodesac demokratiis
simulaciis proeqti mzaddeboda, am proeqtis mTavari safrTxobela saerTaSoriso
demokratiuli Tanamegobroba da demokratiuli qveynebi sulac ar iyo saSiSi
reliqturi Zaluflebis klubisaTvis: saqme isaa, rom Zalian bevri ram, rac dRes
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasicocxlo safuZvelia saxelmwifo kreditebi,
saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo grantebi, saerTaSoriso politikuri mxardaWera da a.
S. haerSi ekida da yvelam, maT Soris SevardnaZemac icoda, rom SevardnaZis
avtoriteti, misi Zlierebis miuxedavad, sakmaod sasruli iyo da Zalian male
amoiwureboda, ise, rom SeiZleboda erT saarCevno vadasac ar hyofnoda.
is, rac im dros saSiSi da mosafrTxilebeli iyo, marTlac aseTi iyo:
simulaciis proeqti xels aZlevda yvelas maTac, visac ZalauflebaSi mosvla
undoda, da maTac visac ar undoda wasuliyo Zalauflebidan: anu es awyobda
rogorc im gunds, romelic Jvanias garSemo yalibdeboda, aseve im gundsac, romelic
Tavs ikrebda SevardnaZis garSemo: Tumca, im dros, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, Jvania
jer kidev ar iyo erTaderTi: is ubralod saukeTeso partniori aRmoCnda
25

SevardnaZisaTvis. man SevardnaZes simulaciuri Zalauflebis da Zalauflebis
simulaciis gaziarebis safasurad aranaklebi SesTavaza. arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis politikuri bumi Jvanias damsaxurebaa, aseve, misi damsaxurebaa im
politikuri elitis Seqmna, romelic 5-6 wlis ganmavlobaSi 2001 wlis noembris
ambebamde warmatebiT eweoda simulaciis proeqtis ganxorcielebas da am proeqtSi
sxva gare Tu Sida aqtorebis CarTvas.
Sedegad moxda is, rac wonasworul sistemebs emarTebaT. azri, rom sistema
SeiZleba mudam iyos wonasworobaSi, da rom wonasworobis darRveva ara sistemis
Sinagani bunebidan, aramed subieqturi faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, iluziaa,
ucodinaroba Tu ara: subieqturma faqtorma SeiZleba wonasworoba Zalian didxans
SeinarCunos amis saukeTeso magaliTia SevardnaZe, romlis wonasworulma sistemam
(rogorc iqna) 2000 wlis bolos daiwyo rRveva. verc erTi subieqturi faqtori
ver Secvlis sistemis Sinagan Tvisebas: bunebrivia, sistemis amocanaa im safrTxeebis
ganeitraleba, rac mas garedan emuqreba: sistemam safrTxe sakuTar enaze unda
Targmnos, garkveuli kodireba mianiWos, imisaTvis, rom misi sawinaaRmdego Zalebi
sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCinos an gamozardos. Sesabamisad, arsebulma simulaciurma
sistemam gare safrTxe sakuTar, simulaciis enaze Targmna da, Sesabamisad,
simulaciurad aqcia. anu mTeli wonasworuli sistema darwmunda, rom safrTxe
safrTxe ar aris, Tu mas simulaciis enaze daelaparakebi.
es rTuli msjeloba saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis enaze niSnavs, rom
Jvanias gundi ise kargad aTamaSda, rom yvelas, maT Soris SevardnaZis mxaresac,
daanaxa, rom safrTxe simulaciuria, da rom erTi maRali saerTaSoriso reputaciis
mqone gundis arseboba sakmarisia, rom es safrTxe ganeitraldes. maSasadame,
simulaciuri meTodebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom realuri safrTxe gaqres.
TiTqosda sistema kvlav wonasworobaSi movida. magram amjerad TamaSSi
SevardnaZis mxarec CaerTo: maT reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis SemuSaveba ukve
dawyebuli hqondaT.
am axali proeqtis mixedviT, Tuki isini aRadgendnen Zvel Zalauflebas ise,
rom simulaciur fars xels ar axlebdnen, yvelaferi kargad iqneboda. Tumca, am
proeqtiT Zalaufleba araTanabrad nawildeboda: mTeli Zalaufleba reliqtur gunds
unda dabruneboda, xolo axal gunds mTlianad simulaciis TamaSebi unda eTamaSa. es
versia gamagrebuli iyo imiTac, rom politikur scenaze sxva, gamyreliZe/gaCeCilaZis
gundic gamoCnda, romelic Jvanias daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi sixaruliT
26

Caenacvleboda mas. reliqturis aRorZinebis proeqtis mixedviT, jildo kargi
qcevisaTvis simulaciuri Zalauflebis samyarodan realuri Zalauflebis samyaroSi
gadayvana unda yofiliyo. ganxorcielebac daiwyo: Jvanias gundidan ramdenime kaci
dainiSna aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Tanamdebobebze: Semosavlebis, iusticiis,
finansTa ministrebi. magram amjerad procesSi is realoba CaerTo, romelic
simulaciis dros Seiqmna.
27

es mesame Sesavali imaTTvisaa, visac wakiTxuli aqvs Zalauflebis simulaciebi da
survili gauCnda avtors ufro mokled eTqva Tavisi saTqmeli. mesame Sesavali aris
umoklesi gza 12 niSnisaken, romelic samive Sesavlis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. . . . .
. .
III. mesame Sesavali trul-klapaciusis sindromi
stanislav lemis fantastikuri Janris erT-erTi moTxroba, romelic trulis
da klapaciusis mTels samyaroSi cnobili konstruqtorebis erT-erT mogzaurobas
eZRvneba, gviyveba, rogor Seuqmna trulma erT-erT gandevnil mefes saxelmwifos
miniaturuli simulaciuri modeli. Kkonstruqtori imdenad ecada, rom modeli
namdvilisaTvis daemgvanebina, rom misda uneburad axali, marTalia miniaturuli,
magram mainc, civilizacia gamouvida. miniaturuli adamianebi, sabolood, atomuri
energiis saidumloebas daeuflnen, mefe ki sakuTari asteroidis (maTTvis planetis)
xelovnur Tanamgzavrad gadaaqcies.
realoba, romelic simulaciurma procesebma gamoiwvia, iyo is minimumi,
romelic aucilebeli iyo simulirebisaTvis: imisaTvis, rom simulaciam iarsebos, mas
minimaluri realoba mainc sWirdeba realoba, romelic daadasturebs, rom
simulirebuli realuria. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi simulirebulis realuroba eWvqveS
dadgeba.
ase, simulants sWirdeba eqimi, romelic ityvis, rom is avadaa. aseve,
simulirebul politikur sistemas sWirdeba damadasturebeli, romelic ityvis, rom
politikuri sistema marTlac aseTia da ki ar simulirebs, aramed, realurad
awarmoebs demokratias.
saqarTveloSi realobis aseTi sul mcire sami agenti iyo saWiro, romlebic
daadasturebdnen, rom arsebuli saxelmwifo-politikuri sistema marTlac is iyo,
radac is Tavs asaRebda: es sami aucilebeli agenti, romelic rogorc demokratiuli
TanamegobrobisaTvis, aseve Sida politikuri diskursisaTvis daadasturebda
simulaciis realobas, iyo 1) Tavisufali masmedia; 2) samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
ZiriTadi birTvi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis simravle, maT Soris, adamianis
uflebaTa damcveli organizaciebis siZliere; 3) Tavisufali bazari, anu Tavisufali
da Zlieri mewarmeebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT sakuTari da sakuTari daqiravebulebis
uflebebis dacva, TviT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da romlebic aseve, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenen.
28

amis Sesaxeb saqarTvelo Zalauflebis simulaciebSi vwerdi da aranairi
survili ara maqvs Tavidan aRvwero is meqanizmebi, romlis saSualebiTac Zalaufleba
simulirebda Tavisufal masmedias da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs. aseTive
warmatebiT saxelmwifo Tavisufali mewarmeebis arsebobis simulaciasac eweoda;
ZiriTadad es xdeboda merkantilur-oligarqiuli sistemebis SeqmniT, sadac centrSi,
ra Tqma unda, prezidentis ojaxi iyo moTavsebuli. Tumca Tavisufali mewarmeebis
simulirebas e. w. demokratebTan dakavSirebuli biznesmenebic asrulebdnen. maTi
gvarebic ar emTxveoda politikos-liderebis gvarebs da oligarqiuli kavSirebisadmi
Tvalis midevneba rTuli iyo rogorc saSualo qarTvelisaTvis, aseve da miT ufro,
saqarTvelos megobari demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis. M
me aranairi survili ara maqvs es biznesmenebi sisxlismsmel wurbelebad
warmovadgino: ubralod, faqtia, rom am xalxisaTvis politikos-liderebTan
axlobloba aRmoCnda is gadamwyveti piroba, romelmac maT sxvebTan SejibrSi
gaamarjvebina. aseve araswori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi konkurencia ar
arsebobs da warmoebis da kvlavwarmoebis sferoebi mkacrad ganawilebulia
17
.
konkurencia mimdinareobs da mimdinareobs swored oligarqebs Soris
18
magram, oligarqiuli sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri dayofa:
oligarqiuli sistemebis wevrebi TviTon qmnian sakuTar ojaxebs, agulianeben
sakuTar xalxs da a. S. resursebi ki iseT qveyanaSi rogoric saqarTveloa, sadac
oligarqiulobis xelSemwyobi kanonebi miiReba, potenciurad amowurvadia.
Sesabamisad, konfliqti Zvelebs da axlebs Soris gardauvalia. resursebi
amowurvadia im azriT, rom aravin ar aris Tanaxma Tundac hipoTezur mogebaze Tqvas
uari. es daZabuloba farulad arsebobda mmarTveli partiis konklavebs Soris,
magram afeTqda noembris movlenebis Semdeg, rodesac mmarTveli partia daiSala.
. anu SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Tavisufali bazari arsebobs mxolod rogorc oligarqebis konkurencia.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas masmediis da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis qve-
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom masmedia Tavisuflad gamoiyurebodes, man am
Tavisuflebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinos. demonstrireba ki Semdegnairad unda
moxdes: konkretulma masmediis organom unda aCvenos mosaxleobas, rom is

17
Tumca 90-iani wlebis bolos mmarTvel partiaSi ZiriTadad aseT ganwyoba dominirebda.
18
iseve, rogorc ZiriTadi politikuri brZola, 2002 wlis noembramde, mxolod mmarTvelo
partiis SigniT mimdinareobda.
29

politikurad dapiripirebuli mxareebis Sesaxeb simarTles ambobs. anu simarTles
ambobs rogorc imis Sesaxeb, vinc mas simulirebs, aseve imis Sesaxeb, vinc am
simulaciis winaaRmdegia.
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom safrTxis ararsebobis aRmoCena, anu
fsiqiatriuli daskvnis gakeTeba, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde moxda, rodesac
saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisaTvis nebismier regionSi stabilurobas gacilebiT meti
mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre demokratias da sazogadoebis mowyobis liberalur
principebs. es iyo dro, rodesac Tundac teroristebis mier uzrunvelyofili
mSvidoba da siwynare misaRebi iyo rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis,
aseve, da ufro metad, evropis Zlieri saxelmwifoebisaTvis. miT umetes, Tuki es
wynari adgili geografiulad centraluri evropidanac ki sakmaod daSorebuli iyo.
amitomac, bunebrivia, saqarTveloSi daiwyo mzadeba sabWoTa kavSiris
restavraciisaTvis. erTi ucnauri ram ki moxda: Tuki am dromde reliqturi
xelisuflebis klubi mzad iyo yvela mieRo Tavis rigebSi, risTvisac sakmarisi iyo
formaluri dartyma liberaluri demokratiis romelime wyaroze (sityvis
Tavisufleba, sindisis Tavisufleba, adamianis uflebebi, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi), amis Semdeg es klubi daiketa, da gawevrianebis rac ar unda didi
survili gamoeTqvaT sxvebs, Tu maT genetikuri kavSiri ar hqondaT an aRsadgen
sistemasTan, an prezidentis ojaxTan, maTi miReba ar xdeboda.
Tuki xelisuflebam 2000 wlisaTvis aRmoaCina, rom demokratiuli
safrTxobela mxolod safrTxobela iyo, 2001 wlis Semodgomis movlenebma daanaxa,
rom isini aSkarad cdebodnen Tavis SefasebebSi. manamde maT Tavisi Secdomis
dadastureba telekompania rusTavi 2-is Jurnalistis, giorgi sanaias mkvlelobaze
Tbilisis mosaxleobis reaqciaSi SeiZleboda amoekiTxaT: giorgi sanaias mkvlelobis
gamoZiebis moTxovniT rusTavelis gamzirze mosul ramdenime aTas moqalaqes cxadad
unda eqcia demokratiis (am SemTxvevaSi xalxis mmarTvelobis) arcTu iluzoruloba
da simulirebuloba.
magram aq albaT rusuli analogiebi CaerTo movlenebis SefasebaSi kompania
N-s lideris listevis mkvlelobam, Tumca gamoiyvana xalxi quCaSi, magram aman
xeli ver SeuSala ruseTis xelisuflebas mogvianebiT saerTod daexura da
sakuTari mmarTveloba, marTalia arapirdapir, magram mainc, daeniSna.
swored am rusulma analogiam waaqeza 2002 wlis noemberSi e. w. Zalovani
ministrebi Seteva mietanaT rusTavi 2-is ofisze. konkretulad, 27 oqtombers
30

uSiSroebis saministros TanamSromlebi mividnen rusTavi 2-is saTao ofisSi da
finansuri dokumentaciis gadmocema moiTxoves. televiziis ukve gamocdilma
mflobelebma da Jurnalistebma erTaderTi swori gadawyvetileba miiRes: am faqtidan
satelevizio Sou dadges. saqmeSi telekamerebi CaerTvnen da is, rac xdeboda
rusTavi 2-is ofisSi, mTel TbilisSi gadaicemoda. Tavis dasacavad mowyobili
aqcia Semtev moqmedebad iqca. rusTavi 2-is SenobasTan Tavmoyra daiwyes
moqalaqeebma. rusTavi 2-Tan Ramis gatarebis Semdeg momitingeebma ukve parlamantis
win gadainacvles SevardnaZis da mTavrobis gadadgomis moTxovniT. ra Tqma unda, es
ukve, rogorc saqarTveloSi uyvarT
19
Tqma, marTuli aqcia iyo, magram verc erTi
mitingi ver Catardeba, Tuki ar arsebobs is, risi marTvac
20
ukanaskneli inteligentis brwyinvaleba da siduxWire
SeiZleba. 2002 wlis
noembris movlenebis SemTxvevaSi es iyo mosaxleobis ukmayofileba da protestis
grZnoba im socialuri Tu politikuri damcirebis mimarT, romelsac mTavroba yovel
wuTs, pirdapir, Ria eTeriT, Tu iribad, sakuTari warmomadgnelebis saSualebiT,
axorcielebda.
momitingeebis raodenoba sul ufro da ufro matulobda. xelisufleba
aSkarad dabneuli iyo. arsad Candnen kaxa TargamaZis naqebi policielebi. jaris
gamoyeneba imTaviTve gamoricxuli iyo oficrebSi antiSevardnaZistuli ganwyobis
gamo, romelmac 2002 wlis gazafxulze muxrovanis batalionis gaficvaSic amoxeTqa.
mitingi daiwyo rusTavi 2-is ambebis iniciatorebis Sinagan saqmeTa
ministris, kaxa TargamaZis, uSiSroebis ministris vaxtang quTaTelaZis da
generaluri prokuroris gia mefariSvilis gadadgomis moTxovniT. prezidenti ar
apirebda Tavisi erTguli xalxis gadayenebas. amitom sul ufro da ufro daJinebiT
ismoda prezidentis gadadgomis moTxovnebi. parlamentis Tavmjdomarem Jvaniam,
romlis urTierToba prezidentTan da mis garemocvasTan im droisaTvis ukve sakmaod
daZabuli iyo, gamoacxada, rom is gadadgeboda, Tuki prezidenti gadaayenebda

19
Tu ratom, ixile qvemoT.
20
marTulobis argumenti dRes xSirad gamoiyeneba opoziciis mier organizebuli
mitingebis Tu sxva aqciebis WinaaRmdeg. magram am erTi SexedviT uwyinari frazis ukan
imaleba marqsistul-leninuri Teoriis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs xalxis namdvili risxva, da
arsebobs burJuaziis mier agorebuli, romelic am agorebuls Semdeg gasamdidreblad
iyenebs. Zneli ar aris marTulobis diskursSi sabWoTa ideologiuri reliqti dainaxo.
31

ministrTa sameuls. SevardnaZes Jvanias gadadgoma WkuaSi daujda. generalurma
prokurorma dawera gadadgomis gancxadeba, xolo prezidentma mTeli mTavroba
daiTxova. amiT man, marTalia, formalurad, magram mainc ar Seasrula mitingis
moTxovna. Jvania gadadga. momitingeebi mainc ar iSlebodnen. Seqmnili viTarebis
mixedviT ukve opozicia wyvetda yvelafers: maTi gadasawyveti iyo gaaZlierebdnen
momitingeebis moTxovnas prezidenti gadadgeboda da axali realobis Seqmnis
rTuli da albaT mtkivneuli procesi daiwyeboda. ver SeTanxmdebodnen mitingi
adre Tu gvian daiSleboda da mxolod gadayenebuli mTavroba da gadamdgari Jvania
iqneboda mRelvarebis Sedegi.
mitingSi yvela opoziciuri partiis mxardamWerebi monawileobdnen. Tumca,
ZiriTadi sityva mainc Jvanias da saakaSvilis momxreebs ekuTvnodaT, Tundac imitom,
rom maSin maTi eleqtorati jer kidev ar iyo gayofili, da isini jer kidev erT
gundad aRiqmebodnen. Jvaniam CaTvala, rom miRweuli sakmarisi iyo da moerida
viTarebis gamwvavebas. rogorc Cans, mas surda daemtkicebina SevarednaZisaTvis, rom
Tanamdebobis datovebis miuxedavad, is mainc rCeboda parlamentis realur
ganmkargvelad. anu am SemTxvevaSi Jvaniam TamaSis nacnob sivrceSi amjobina darCena.
es iyo pirveli, marTalia, sazogadoebisaTvis jer kidev faruli, magram realuri
dapirispireba Jvaniasa da saakaSvils Soris. Jvaniam amiT aramarto ganacxada, rom is
ufro kuluaruli da ara sajaro politikis momxrea, aramed amiT isic Tqva, rom is
aris bolo inteligenti saqarTvelos politikaSi
21
1. nacnob garemoSi darCenis gadaulaxavi survili;
. inteligentobis niSnebi Semdegia:
2. protestis Zlieri ganwyoba;

21
maTTvis, visac ar axsovs an arc arasdros scodnia, ra iyo inteligenti, minda gavaxseno:
es iyo adamiani, romelic ruseTis imperiaSi gaCnda, da im droisaTvis ZiriTadad or niSans
atarebda: 1. absoluturi loialoba xelisuflebisadmi, ufro sworad: protestis
verSeZleba; 2. didi informaciis floba, Sesabamisad, mTeli cxovrebis sauniveristeto an
biurokratiul samuSaoze gatareba.
inteligentis saukeTeso magaliTia maqsim gorkis (iyo aseTi mwerali) klim samgini. sabWoTa
dros inteligentis cnebas daemata ramdenime maxasiaTebli. im dros is Camoyalibda, rogorc:
1. absoluturad mibmuli konkretul politikur-socialur garemoze: darwmunebuloba rom
es garemo ara marto misTvis, aramed saerTod erTaderTia; 2. protestis grZnoba sakuTari
garemosadmi; 3. darwmunebuloba, rom gamosavali ar arsebobs.
32

3. konstruqciulobaze anu ufro dialogze, vidre gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze, orientirebuloba;
Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Jvaniam Zalian gabeduli nabiji gadadga da datova
parlamentis Tavmjdomaris posti, man ver miatova is garemo, romlSic is
Camoyalibda rogorc politikosi: man arCia daemtkicebina, rom misi sakuTari
mniSvneloba metia, vidre formaluri regalia, da rom regaliebi ki ar qmnidnen mis
avtoritets, aramed TviTon qmnida regalias sakuTari avtoritetiT.
moaxerxa Tu ara es Jvaniam, misi momxreebis da mowinaaRmdegeebis
Sesafasebelia. mTavari am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom Jvania Seecada arsebuli garemos
SenarCunebas, rac, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmatebiT moaxerxa.
imas, rom Jvania bolo inteligentia qarTul politikaSi 2002 wlis
adgilobrivi TviTmmarvelobis arCevnebic adasturebs: Jvanias xma misca Tbilisis
mosaxleobis 7%-ma. Jvanias es amomrCeveli Tavisi opozicionerobis mcire xanSi ar
moupovebia: mas isini yovelTvis hyavda. anu es is xalxia, vinc warmoadgendnen da
warmoadgenen inteligencias, im jgufs, romelsac SevardnaZis nacvlad Jvania unda
prezidentad. imitom, rom Jvania maTi msgavsia, maTi sisxli da xorcia. amiT
samarTlianoba, ra Tqma unda, aRdgeba.
rac ar unda ifiqron inteligentebma, Tuki Jvaniam ver moaxerxa
inteligenturobis gadalaxva, ar gaxda ufro radikaluri da sistemebis Secvlaze
mimarTuli, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi is kvlav iZulebuli iqneba aRadginos simulaciis
nacadi sistemebi.
daskvna: revanSi mimdinareobs
yvela am aRdgeniTma samuSaom, romelic zogi warmatebiT, zogi ki warumateblad
mimdinareobs, migviyvana unikalur socialur viTarebamde: rogorc ukve aRvniSne,
Tuki mmarTveli partia da xelisufleba 90-iani wlebis Sua periodis aRdgenas
eswrafvis, SevardnaZis gulSi upirvelesi adgili, ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa kavSirs
ekuTvnis. imdenad, ramdenadac SevardnaZe Zalauflebis teqnologiebSi da mis
praqtikul gamoyenebaSic ufro gamocdilia, vidre danarCeni mmarTveli partia da
xelisfleba erTad, SevardnaZem maT ajoba da nel-nela socialuri cvlilebis
saswori sabWoTa kavSirisaken gadaxara: danaSaulebasTan misi brZolebi TandaTan
daemsgavsa 70-iani wlebis partiul zaCistkebs, xolo saxelmwifo kancelariis
TanamSromlebma TandaTan partiis centraluri komitetis funqcia SeiZines:
33

organizaciulad es damsgavseba saministroebis da departamentebis dublirebuli
ganyofilebebis SeqmniT gamoixata: iseve, rogorc sabWoTa warsulSi komunisturi
partiis centralur komitetSi, dRes yvela saministros da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis sxva damoukidebel organoebs aqvT TavianTi analogi saxelmwifo
kancelariaSi, romelic maT akontrolebs da zedamxedvelobas uwevs. rwmunebulebis
biuros Seqmnac am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji iyo: rwmunebuls, romelsac
regionebSi niSnavs prezidenti, akontrolebs kancelariis Cinovniki, romelic Tavis
mxriv mTlianad damokidebulia prezidentze. aseTi sabWoTa struqtura unikaluria:
rwmunebulebis sazogadoebrivi pasauxismgeblobis ararseboba da didi uflebebi maT
kompartiul warmomavlobaze aSkarad miuTiTebs.
sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis procesi SevardnaZes mxolod jorbenaZis
saxelmwifo ministrad daniSvnis Semdeg ar dauwyia: is am aRdgeniT samuSaoebs
Jvanias drosac awarmoebda. ubralod, im dros sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis survili
demokratiis simulaciis fonze upirobo kontrolis damyarebis mcdelobad
gamoiyureboda, rasac simulirebuli demokratia simulirebul winaaRmdegobas uwevda.
magram aq albaT isev socialur mecnierebaSi ganuswavlelobam iCina Tavi.
sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgena misi sruli aRdgenis gareSe gamoricxulia. aseT aRdgenas
ki ramdenime piroba unda daekmayofilebina:
1. unda aRdgeniliyo kontrolis da balansis sabWoTa sistema. es sistema
ki gulisxmobs Zlier partiul kontrols socialuri aqtivobis yvela
doneze, da amave dros Zlier policiur kontrols. saqarTveloSi am
sistemis erTi nawilis policiuri kontrolis mainc damyareba
gamoricxuli ar iyo, magram 2002 wlis noembris movlenebis Semdeg
cxadi gaxda, rom Zalauflebis es modusi moCvenebiTia da eqstremalur
viTarebaSi ar muSaobs. rac Seexeba partiul kontrols, misi
Canasaxebic arsebobda, magram swored Jvanias mier demokratiis
simulirebisaTvis saWiro realobis CarTvam SeuZlebeli gaxada
moqalaqeTa kavSiris kontrolis totalur instrumentad qceva;
2. unda aRdgeniliyo sabWoTa nacionalizmis safuZveli, anu qarTvelebs
myari imperialisturi cnobiereba unda gasCenodaT, rac maT sakuTari,
individualuri uflebebis dacvaze imperiis SenarCunebis fasad
uars aTqmevinebda.
34

3. unda Seqmniliyo myari partiuli elita, romlic amave dros qveynis
ZiriTadi simdidreebis gakontrolebas SeZlebda. es yvelaferi
kanonsawinaaRmdegod unda momxdariyo, raTa partiul xelmZRvanelobas
elitis wevrebis sruli marTva SeZleboda.
samive es piroba unda Sesrulebuliyo imisaTvis, rom sabWoTa kavSiri
aRdgeniliyo. saqarTvelos bolo aTi wlis istoriaSi Caxeduli verc erTi adamiani
ver ityvis, rom am samidan romelimes danergvis mcdeloba ar yofila. magram swored
imis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebaSi am sistemis Semaryeveli elementebic
iyvnen, xolo, meore mxriv, propagandisturma manqanam kargad ver imuSava, sabWoTa
sistema saqarTveloSi veRar damkvidrda.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom sabWoTa kavSiri mTlianad xelovnuli sistema
iyo da TviTregulirebad dinebad miSveba mas yovelTvis angrevda. mravalfeniani
kontrolis meqanizmebis saWiroeba amiT iyo gamowveuli. amitomac daingra sabWoTa
kavSiri mas Semdeg, rac am kontrolis meqanizmebis Sesanaxi Tanxebi aRar arsebobda.
amis sapirispirod, saqarTveloSi socialurad sruliad bunebrivma sistemam
daiwyo damkvidreba. cxadia, zemoT aRwerili mcdelobebis fonze liberalur-
demokratiuli wyoba ver dainergeboda. saqarTveloSi nel-nela Sua saukuneebma
daiwyo arseboba. im Sua saukuneebma, romelic saqarTvelos arasodes hqonia (an
hqonda Zalian cota xani im erTianobis dros manam, sanam monRolebi
Semovidodnen da maTTvis Cveuli Cinuri biurokratiis daxmarebiT qveyanas orad
dasavleTad da aRmosavleTad gahyofdnen).
35

IV. 12 niSani da amave dros argumenti imis sasargeblod, rom saqarTveloSi
sabWoTa kavSiris magivrad Sua saukuneebi aRdga
1. politikuri sistema Zalauflebis tipi
Zalian xSirad, saqarTvelos mmarTveloba/xelisuflebas eqspertebi aRweren
rogorc susts. maT amis gasamarTleblad mniSvnelovani argumentebi mohyavT.
amboben, rom
I. kanonebi ar sruldeba. ufro zustad, ar sruldeba mTel
teritoriaze erTnairad;
II. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelSi Tavmoyrilia mTeli
Zalaufleba. es aris ukiduresad centralizebuli sistema, romlis
mixedviTac, xelisuflebas regionebSi prezidentis mier daniSnuli
warmomadgenlebi e. w. gubernatorebi axorcieleben. maTi Zalaufleba
SeuzRudavia;
III. qveyanSi aris daumorCilebeli regionebi, maT Soris Sida omebis
Sedegad gandgomili afxazeTi da oseTi; aseve aWara, romelic
mxolod formalurad eqvemdebareba centrs;
IV. cxovrebis saerTo done Zalian dabalia. mTeli fuli da simdidre
ramdenime samTavrobo klanis xelSia, romelTa Sorisac prezidentis
ojaxur klanebs mTavari poziciebi ukavia;
V. konkurencia da Sejibri arsebobs, magram mxolod elitur wreebSi:
politikosebi ibrZvian sakuTari adgilebisaTvis da
urTierTCanacvlebisaTvis. mosaxleobas es naklebad exeba da awuxebs.
aseTi brZolis yvelaze cxadi magaliTi iyo moqalaqeTa kavSirSi
gamarTuli brZola, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda da
sabolood Jvanias da saakaSvilis gundebis opoziciur partiebad
gardaqmniT damTavrda;
VI. arsebuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT xelisuflebis agentebs SeuZliaT
TviTon gansazRvron da areguliron, vin ramdeni gadasaxadi unda
gadaixados. Sesabamisad, msxvil bizness xelisufleba akontrolebs.
amitomac ukanono Semosavlebi fantastikur masStabebs iRebs.
am niSnebis SemCnevisas nebismieri eqsperti daaskvnis, rom saxelmwifo, romelsac
aseTi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, sustia. magram, es marTebulia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis
36

mimarT. saqme imaSia, rom Sua saukuneebSi es parametrebi Zlieri saxelmwifos
maxasiaTeblebi iyo.
Sua saukuneebis evropul saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifosa da centraluri
xelisuflebis siZliered iTvleboda is, Tuki nobilebi, Tavadebi, provinciebis
mflobelebi mefes aRiarebdnen TavianT siuzerenad. mefes ar hqonda arc unari, arc
survili, emarTa saxelmwifos is mxareebi, sadac misi uSualo batonoba ar
vrceldeboda. sadamsjelo eqspediciebi ewyoboda, Tuki vasali mefis brZanebebs da
miTiTebebs sistematurad ar Seasrulebda.
ra Tqma unda, Sua saukeneebis saxelmwifoebis provinciebSi arsebobdnen
centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi da sxva moxeleebi,
romlebic, adgilobriv mmarTvelebTan garigebebSi Sediodnen da saukeTeso
SemTxvevebSi ori batonis msaxurni iyvnen.
xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rom romelime vasali TiTqos ar emorCileboda
mefes, magram garkveul pirobebSi centralur xelisuflebas aseTi vasalic awyobda,
Tuki is mis saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebulad aRiarebda Tavs.
Sua saukuneebSi, iseve, rogorc axla, biznesis geografia ar emTxveoda arc
saxelmwifos da arc regionebis sazRvrebs. amas kargad iyenebda nebismieri
xelisufleba da gadasaxadebs TviTneburad da sakuTari saWiroebis mixedviT
awesebda. mogvianebiT, swored mmarTvelTa es TviTneboba gaxda uflebebis dacvis
pirveli redikaluri moTxovnis safuZveli, ris Sedegadac Sua saukuneebis
farglebSi axali drois urTierTobebma daiwyo Camoyalibeba. Mmagram es ukve sxva
istoriaa da Cvens saganTan da qveyanasTan saerTo ara aqvs.
rogorc vxedavT, Zneli ar aris Cven mier aRweril Sua saukuneebis
saxelmwifosa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris gadamwyveti msgavsebis danaxva:
centrisa da regionis urTierToba, gadasaxadebis formirebis SemTxveviTobaze
damyarebuli wesi, Zalauflebis tipi zustad iseTia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi
iyo.
Suasaukuneobrivi urTierTobebis cxadi magaliTia 2003 wlis dasawyisSi
uSiSroebis saministrodan gavrcelebuli kanonproeqti eqstremistul da ucxour
kontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa da gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis,
likvidaciisa da akrZalvis Sesaxeb. es kanonproeqti zRudavs aramarto
organizaciebis moqmedebebs, aramed pirovnebis sityvis da TviTgamoxatvis
Tavisuflebasac. am proeqtis mixedviT, gamonaTqvamebic ki, mimarTuli ideologiuri
37

jgufebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba jer uSiSroebis saministros gamoZiebis sagani
gaxdes, xolo Semdeg ki uzenaesi an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier _ im
organizaciis moqmedebis SeCerebis safuZveli, romlis wevrsac es gamonaTqvami
ekuTvnis.
am kanonproeqtis momzadebis da Semdeg gamomzeurebis mizezebi bevri SeiZleba
iyos da yvela maTgani ukve gamoiTqva: zogis versiiT es aris xumroba, zogis azriT
ki _ ara. zogma CaTvala, rom xaburZania, uSiSroebis ministri, am
kanonproeqtiTYxalxs mouwodebs ajanyebisaken
22
eqstremistul da ucxour kontrols daqvemdebarebul organizaciaTa da
gaerTianebaTa saqmianobis SeCerebis, likvidaciisa da akrZalvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqti
Tavisi arsiT inkviziciuria, da gulisxmobs mtrebis likvidaciis potencialis erT
damsjel organoSi Tavmoyras. debulebac, rom saboloo verdiqts gansasjelis mimarT
sasamarTlo gamoitans, saocrad waagavs Sua saukuneebis inkviziciis ganCinebas,
rodesac is gansasjels braldebis damamtkicebeli sabuTebiT samoqalaqo
sasamarTlos gadascemda: daisajos usisxlod iyo naTqvami inkviziciis mimarTvaSi.
es ki, ubralod, braldebulis cocxlad dawvas niSnavda.
. iyo ufro SeTqmulebiTi versiac,
rom ministri aiZules, aseTi kanonproeqti daewera da man am gziT scada Tavi
aeridebina amisaTvis. Tumca Sua saukuneebis versia ufro Seesamabeba sinamdviles:
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis garemo imdenad Suasaukuneobrivia, rom is TviTon iwyebs
Sua saukuneebis cxovrebis wesis Sesabamisi kanonebis producirebas. am SemTxvevaSi
xaburZanias pirovneba arafer SuaSia: yvelaze cnobili inkvizitorebi Tavisi drois
uaRresad ganaTlebuli xalxi iyo. isini Teologiur traqtatebsac werdnen da
xandaxan amave traqtatebiT eretikosebis cecxliT dasjiskenac mouwodebdnen.
M magram xom SeiZleba es mxolod politikur qve-sistemas exebodes da sxva qve-
sistemebi Sors iyos am arc Tu ise saxarbielo msgavsebisagan. vnaxoT, rogoria
socialuri sistema:
2. socialuri sistema
Sua saukuneebSi gadaadgileba erTi geografiuli wertilidan meoremde
problematuri iyo: cudi gzebi, yaCaRoba, romelsac rogorc wesi, is eweoda, visac

22
aseTi versiis safuZveli TviTon xaburZanias gaministrebis droindeli interviu iyo,
sadac is aRtacebiT hyveboda aSS konstituciaSi dafiqsirebul xalxis uflebaze ZaliT
gadaayenos mmarTvelebi, Tuki isini arRveven maT uflebebs da a. S.
38

gzebis dacva evaleboda, mogzaurebis sruli daucveloba SemTxveviTobebisagan da
sruli gaurkvevloba, ramdeni dro dasWirdeboda mogzaurobas. mogzaurobas bedavdnen
mxolod a) kargi dacvis TanxlebiT; b) an isini, visac wasarTmevi araferi hqonda, g)
anda visac uRirda es mogzauroba riskad. mokled, mogzaurobdnen mxolod saeklesio
pirebi, mdidrebi, vaWrebi da studentebi.
Sesabamisad, kavSiri geografiul wertilebs Soris am mogzaurebiT
ganpirobebuli, da amdenad, SemTxveviTi iyo. dasaxlebuli punqtebi, qalaqebi,
soflebi avtonomiurad cxovrobdnen da rac ufro Sors iyvnen centrisgan, miT
ufro meti miTebi da legendebi icodnen centris Sesaxeb, miT ufro naklebi
konkretuli informacia hqondaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda iq, sadac simboluri
da realuri Zalaufleba iyo Tavmoyrili.
centridan periferiisaken mogzaurobebisas sagnebi kargavdnen maT centralur
mniSvnelobebs da periferiul mniSvnelobebs iZendnen. igive mosdiodaT RirebulebaTa
sistemebsac. yvelas vaWrebs, studentebs, saeklesio pirebs ambebis Tavisi
interpretacia CahqondaT. es interpretacia ki, Tavis mxriv, ganicdida cvlilebas da
momxdari ambavi xSirad sruliad sapirispiro SemTxvevad yalibdeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kavSirebi centrebsa da periferiebs Soris SemTxveviTi
iyo, isini manc erTgvarovanni iyvnen: soflebis, dasaxlebebis mcxovrebni mTlianad
TavianT mmarTvelebze iyvnen damokidebulebi. mmarTvelebic sakuTar upirobo
xelisuflebas axorcielebdnen.
mmarTvelebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen centris struqturebis analogebi SeeqmnaT
Tavis samflobeloSi. es ramdenime faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. Zalauflebis
vertikaluri tipi, romelic aiZulebda yvela mmarTvels, imperia iqneboda Tu
sagrafo, erTnairad emarTad; 2. subieqturi baZva centrisadmi provinciis mxridan; 3.
Zalauflebis legitimacia, anu imisaTvis, rom Zalaufleba ecnoT, is imave tipis da
imave tipis garemoSi unda yofiliyo. es sami faqtori, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
sainformacio saSualebebi da arc migraciebi Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebs ar
ganawyobda msgavsebisaken, maT erTgvarovani tipis struqturebad inarCunebda.
Sesabamisad, Tumca periferiis romelime socialurad dabal safexurze myofs
verasodes ver eqneboda Sexeba centris ierarqiul wverosTan, ierarqiac mkacrad iyo
daculi.
am yvelafris Sedegad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoeba
ierarqiuli iyo, kavSirebi am ierarqiis fenebs Soris TiTqmis ar arsebobda. garda
39

amisa, es ierarqia geografiul mdebareobazec iyo damokidebuli: centri ierarqiis
wveros adgili iyo, periferia ki Ziris. Tanac, ierarqiis yoveli Semdegi safexuri
ireklavda da imeorebda mTel ierarqias. daaxloebiT ase:












naxazze yoveli konkretuli samkuTxedi lokalur ierarqias warmoadgens.
punqtiriT aRniSnuli sibrtyeebi aris fenebi, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom
samkuTxedebi erTmaneTTan ar arian dakavSirebulni, maT erTgvarovnad da
homogenurad aqcevs. rogorc naxazidan Cans, daqvemdebareba pirobiTia da ar aris
struqturulad erTmniSvnelovani.
naxazze samkuTxedebis araTanabarzomieroba imas miuTiTebs, rom centris
ierarqiis arekvla ar iyo zusti da Tav-Tavisi mcire gadaxvevebi yvela periferiul
anarekls axlda
23
. Sua saukuneebSi socialuri garemo iyofoda ara warmomavlobis
(rogorc bevrs gonia), ara fulis raodenobis, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vis hqonda
Zalaufleba da vis ara. isini, ar hqondaT Zalaufleba, qveda punqtiriT
SemosazRvrul sivrceSi unda warmovidginoT. isini, ra Tqma unda, monawileobdnen
mcire da did ojaxur, Temur an sxva gaerTianebebSi, Zalauflebis ierarqebTan
Sexebac hqondaT, magram maTi wili ZalauflebaSi Zalian mcire iyo; miuxedavad imisa,
rom gars ekverodnen nebismier Zalauflebis ierarqias, ZalauflebaSi monawileoba da
gavlenis moxdena maT ar SeeZloT
24

23
SeniSvna maTTvis, vinc filosofiis istoria icis: socialuri struqturis am mowyobam
xom ar ubiZga laibnics monadebis miseuli aRwerisaken?
. Tumca, ZalauflebaSi monawileobac ar iyo
24
Zalauflebis ganviTareba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc am samkuTxedebis SeerTeba erT
naxazad. dRes Tanamedrove, modernuli da modernulobis Semdgomi saxelmwifo mmarTveloba
mimarTulia, yvelas miaRebinos ZalauflebaSi monawileoba an (memarcxene SefasebiT) imis
40

erTnairi yvela wertilSi: iyvnen qalaqebi, sadac moqalaqeebs didi roli da
mnSvneloba eniWebodaT da marTavdnen qalaqebs. aseTi qalaqebi ar iyvnen aucileblad
damoukideblebi: aseTi qalaqi xSirad amave dros mefis rezidenciasac warmoadgenda.
Zneli ar aris am zogad aRwerasa da dRevandel saqarTvelos Soris aramc Tu
msgavsebis, identurobis danaxvac: arafers vityvi gzebze da mogzaurobebze.
socialuri sistemebic iseve muSaoben, rogorc zemoT aRweril Sua saukuneebSi:
regionebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis institutebi romlebic baZaven centris marTvis
wesebs. centris anarekli, rac ufro periferiisaken moZraobs, saxes icvlis da es
saxecvlileba kulminacias aWaraSi, tipur Sua saukuneebis sagrafo/safaSoSi aRwevs.
imis gamo, rom eleqtroenergia TiTqmis ar aris satelevizio sivrciT
qveynis gaerTianeba ar xdeba. imis gamo, rom gazeTebi fuli Rirs, xolo periferia
fulis niSnebis fizikur naklebobas ganicdis, centraluri gazeTebi SezRudulad
vrceldeba. amitom, regionSi centris Sesaxeb miTi da legenda moZraobs. amitom
qveyanas, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Zalauflebis tipi da ierarqiis erTgvaroba
aerTianebs, da ara sainformacio-sakomunikacio sivrce, rogorc es Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoebSia. mosaxleobis didi nawili gagdebulia Zalauflebis ierarqiidan.
politikuri brZola, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, ori tipisaa: 1) ubralo
urTierTCanacvlebisaTvis brZola (sasaxlis intrigebi), 2) Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi
sxva, manamde ucxo agentebis CarTvis da am gziT arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTari
TaviT Secvlis gza (reformacia, ajanyebebi, a. S.).
3. ganaTlebis sistema
formalurad saqarTvelos ganTlebis sistema imis adekvaturi da Sesabamisia, rac
dasavleT/centralur/CrdiloeT evropaSi da aSS-Si gvxvdeba. anu arseboben
universitetebi, specialuri umaRlesi saswavleblebi, skolebi, profesiuli
saswavleblebi, sabavSvo baRebi. rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve, yofiT doneze
arseboben am qve-sistemebis formalizebuli makavSireblebi.
magram am, erTi SexedviT, mwyobr sistemaTa erTianobis uknidan Sua saukuneebi
iWyiteba. amis gamosaaSkaraveblad sakmarisia swavlis procesis aRwera. XX saukunis
dasawyisSi jon diuim Tqva, rom ganaTleba aris is, Tu rogor xdeba swavla, da ara

iluzias qmnis, TiTqos yvela iziarebdes Zalauflebas. principuli gansxvavebac dRevandel
da Sua saukuneebis marTvis tipebs da ierarqiebs Soris esaa.
41

is, Tu ras swavlob da sad. anu ganaTleba aris procesi. vnaxoT, ra saxe aqvs am
process saqarTveloSi:
imisaTvis, rom skoladamTavrebulma moswavlem swavla gaagrZelos, man
misaRebi gamocdebi unda Caabaros. rogorc wesi, skolaSi miRebuli codna da Cvevebi
sakmarisi ar aris. amitom saWiro xdeba repetitorebTan, anu moswavlis mSoblebis
mier specialurad daqiravebul adamianebTan momzadeba. es specialurad daqiravebuli
adamianebi amzadeben moswavles im sagnebSi, romelSic sasurvel umaRles
saswavlebelSi misaRebi gamocda unda gaimarTos. aris SemTxvevebic, rodesac
umaRles saswavlebelSi erTi safexuridan meoreze gadasasvleladac aseTi xalxis
daqiraveba xdeba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, es xalxi imave saswavleblebis
leqtorebi arian.
profesiuli ganaTleba naklebad aris standartebze orientirebuli da,
ZiriTadad, specialistis mier Tavisi codnis moswavlisTvis pirdapiri gadacema
xdeba, dakvirvebis da monawileobis (Segirdobis) gziT.
Tuki saqarTveloSi karieris moZraobas davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom Zalian cota
politikosis Tu biznesmenis dRevandel mdgomareobas aqvs safuZveli maT
ganaTlebaSi. profesional politikosebs da bizensmenebs Soris Zalian cotaa
iuristi, ekonomisti, socialuri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli. maTi warmateba,
sazogadoebis da maTive TvalSic, SeWidulia ara ganaTlebasTan, aramed, sasargeblo
kavSirebTan, naTesaobasTan, da a. S. saswavlebelSi SeZenili codna da unarebi
warmatebul karierasTan nakleb, an saerTod aranair kavSirSia.
zemoT moTxrobili saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis mxolod erTi mxarea. rac
Seexeba mis marTvas, is mTlianad centralizebulia: skolebi mTlianad eqvemdebareba
ganaTlebis saministros da ganaTlebis saministros Tanxmobis gareSe arcerTi met-
naklebad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba ar xdeba. skolebi warmoadgenen
ganaTlebis saministros nawils, maT sakuTari biujetic ki ara aqvT. skolis
biujetebi isazRvreba ganaTlebis saministros warmomadgenlis da adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis organoebis SeTanxmebiT.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifo universitetebs, isinic mTlianad centralur
xelisuflebaze arian damokidebulni. marTalia, nominalurad isini avtonomiurni
arian, magram maTi bedis gadawyveta, survilis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis umaRles ierarqebs
yovelgvari sakanonmdeblo winaaRmdegobis gareSe SeuZliaT.
42

aRwerili viTareba identuria imisa, rac Sua saukuneebSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT:
ganaTlebis miRebas hqonda rogorc Sinauri, aseve, formaluri, tradiciis saxe:
Sinauri iyo imdenad, ramdenadac xdeboda ostati/Segirdis sqemis gaTamaSeba yvela
doneze rogorc glexebis da xelosnebis, aseve, didgvarovanTa wreSi: glexebi
codnas Svilebs uSualod gadascemdnen, xelosnebi Segirdebs, didgvarovnebi
TavianTi SvilebisaTvis maswavleblebs qiraobdnen. xSirad ganaTleba aqve mTavrdeboda
da danarCeni dro praqtikas eTmoboda: rogorc politikaSi, aseve vaWrobaSi,
gamocdilebis da unarebis SeZena saqmianobasTan erTad xdeboda da miRebul
ganaTlebasTan aranair pirdapir kavSirSi ar iyo. verc iqneboda, imdenad, ramdenadac
imdroindeli universitetebi mxolod iuridiul, samedicino da saRvTismetyvelo
kolejebs warmoadgendnen da profesiaTa farTo speqtrTan ar iyvnen dakavSirebuli.
skolebi mxolod saeklesio iyo, iswavleboda is, rac eklesiis ideologias ar
scildeboda. Sesabamisad, saeklesio skolebSi mxolod wera-kiTxvis swavlas da
bibliis kiTxvas eTmoboda dro.
rac Seexeba dRevandel qarTul universitetebs, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom
maTSi mniSvnelovani dResac igive specialobebia, oRond RvTismetyvelebas ekonomikis
fakultetebi anacvlebs. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqac am fakultetebis
damTavreba sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara sabuTs da uflebas muSaobis dawyebisaTvis.
danarCeni, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, gzadagza SeiZineba.
maSasadame, saskolo da profesiuli ganaTlebis Sinauri xasiaTi, sauniversiteto
ganaTlebis formaluroba, da kidev erTi universitetebis da skolebis Zlieri
daqvemdebareba saxelmwifosa da misi ideologiisadmi, ar unda tovebdes eWvs, rom
Cveni ganaTlebac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobriv yalibSia moTavsebuli.
4. sasamarTlo sistema
Zalian bevri adamiani dRevandel saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo reformis Sesaxeb
laparakobs. politikis mwarmoebel fenebSi midis kamaTi da imis mtkiceba, Tu vin
aris reformis avtori. sasamarTlo reformis avtorobis miwera/dabraleba
saakaSviliWanturiaSevardnaZis Skalaze moZraobs. am mxriv mxolod erTi ramis
Tqma SeiZleba: imdenad, ramdenadac amdeni gavleniani politikosi reformis mamobas
iCemebs, Cans, rom mniSvnelovani ram ganxorcielebula.
dRes saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb mxolod erTi ramis Tqma
SeiZleba: mosamarTleebi aRar arian uSualod da ganuyoflad daqvemdeberebulni
43

partiul mmarTvelobas, rogorc es sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo. Sesabamisad, gaizarda
maTi warmomavlobis socialuri geografia da, maSasadame, maTi kavSirebis sivrcec.
anu Tuki adre, ssrk-Si mosamarTleze gavlena mxolod partiul xelmZRvanelobas
hqonda, dRes am gavlenis SesaZlebloba ganuzomlad didia. es ki, sabWoTa kavSiris
sasamarTlo sistemasTan SedarebiT, ganuzomlad ukeTesia, ufro humanuri da win
gadadgmuli nabijia. ZiriTadi rac sasamarTlo sistemaSi Seicvala es aris.
arsebobs kidev ramdenime iuridiuli niuansi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, uzenaesi
sasamarTlo, rogorc saboloo instancia da a. S. magram ZiriTadi, rac xalxma
igrZno da es marTla moxda, aris gavlenis SesaZleblobis gazrda.
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis mowyobis socialuri wesi arafriT ar
gansxvavdeba misi Suasukuneobrivi analogisgan: sasamarTlo sistema
centralizebulia, eqvemdebareba uzenaes sasamarTlos
25
am bolo dros sasamarTlo sistemas moulodneli damcvelebic gamouCdnen:
xSirad, gansakuTrebiT iuristebis wreSi, gaigonebT frazas, rom sasamarTlo
safrTxilo Temaa da masze frTxiladaa laparaki saWiro. imitom, rom sasamarTlo
isaa, razec saxelmwifo dgas da ar SeiZleba xalxs movuspoT rwmena da a. S. saqme
isaa, rom e. w. xalxs sasamarTlos rwmena didi xania aRara aqvs da mas iseve
aRiqvams, rogorc saxelmwifos. xalxi ufro xSirad mimarTavs sasamarTlos, magram
ara imitom, rom samarTlianobis rwmena ganumtkicda, aramed imitom, rom maT ician,
rom am gziT garkveuli saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRwevaa SesaZlebeli.
, mosamarTleebi Tavs daculad
grZnoben, naklebad awuxebT mosaxleobis ganwyoba maT mimarT. xSirad ikvrebian
centris adgilobriv warmomadgenlebTan da am SemTxvevaSi maTi gavlena Zlierdeba.
imasac amboben, rom mxolod iseTi saqmis samarTliani gansjaa mosalodneli,
romelSic dainteresebuli mxare an ar arsebobs, an Zalian sustia.
sasamarTlos ar Seexo iseTive tipis gamoTqmaa rogorc cudi ar unda Tqva
qarTvel xalxze, qarTul saxelmwifoze, ar unda daabezRo qarTuli saxelmwifo.
rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve sasamarTlos SemTxvevaSic saqme erTnairadaa: aravin ar
abezRebs saxelmwifos da cuds ar laparakobs qarTvel xalxze, ramdenime naklebad

25
iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi mefis xelisuflebas. dRevandeli saqarTvelos
sasamarTlo sistemis da uzenaesi sasamarTlos realuri damoukideblobac politikuri
mmarTvelobisagan sakamod saeWvoa Tundac im politikuri da administraciuli
gadawyvetilebebis gamo, romlebsac mas bralad uyeneben (Jvania-mamalaZis, meqrTame
mosamarTlis saqmeebi).
44

ganaTlebuli inteleqtualis garda (es inteleqtualebi SeiZleba amoicnoT
frazebiT: saxelmwifod ver SevdeqiT, qarTveli eris mentalitetia aseTi da ra
vqnaT). yoveli realuri sayveduri da e. w. dabezReba konkretul adamianebs
miemarTeba. am adamianebs sruliad arasworad aigiveben im institutebTan, romelTa
warmomadgenlebadac isini gvevlinebian mocemul momentSi. anu mosamarTlis
(Tundac ramdenimes) mxileba ar niSnavs sasamarTlos ideis mxilebas. iseve, rogorc
SevardnaZis, narCemaSvilis da xaburZanias mxileba adamianis uflebebis darRvevis
mcdelobebSi ar niSnavs qarTveli xalxis (waikiTxe saqarTvelos) mxilebas imave
saqmeSi.
es yvelaferi im Sua saukuneebis diskursis bralia, romelmac ise warmatebiT
Caanacvla sabWoTa ena, rom misma matareblebma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma adamianebma,
verc gaiges am Canacvlebis ambavi
26
5. jari da policia
. es ena mokled aRiwereba mefe-mzis fraziT
saxelmwifo es me var.
sakmaod Znelia gaigo, ratom arsebobs saqarTveloSi SeairaRebuli Zalebi im
saxiT, rogoriTac is arsebobs: mudmivi naxevrad mSieri mdgomareoba, sabWoTa
periodidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli dedovSCina, aRWurvilobis faqtiuri arqona.
aseTi arsebobis erTaderTi gamarTleba aris erTis mxriv is, rom biujetis
garkveuli raodenoba unda daixarjos, xolo meore mxriv SesaZlebelia
jariskacebis gamoyeneba muSa Zalad. ra Tqma unda, xelisuflebaSi jars aravin
uyurebs seriozulad is raRacnairad aucilebeli borotebis saxiT arsebobs da
ZiriTadad mowodebulia is xalxi Seinaxos, romelic am jars unda emsaxurebodes.
garda amisa, arian jaris nawilebi, romlebsac mTavroba seriozulad ufrTxis,
maTi cxel wertilebSi gamocdilebis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mowodebiT samxedroobis
gamo. esec aris erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom xarjavs qveyana biujetis nawils,
Tundac Zalian cotas, iseT jarze, romlic mas arasodes araferSi gamoadgeba: es

26
Sua saukuneebis diskursis mier sabWoTa enis Canacvleba SeiZleba istoriuli
kanonzomierebiTac aixsnas: sabWoTa imperia Tavisi arsiT Sua saukuneebs ekuTvnoda, oRond
unikaluri teritoriis da gansxvavebuli saxelwifo mowyobis gamo ise iyo Secvlili, rom
misi amokiTxva SeuZlebeli xdeboda. ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg patar-patara saxelmwifoebi
sabWoTa tipis Zalauflebis SenarCunebis SeuZleblobis gamo TandaTan daemsgavsnen im
garemos, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris ideas edo safuZvlad.
45

aris faqtiurad, sabrZolo jgufebis iseTive Senaxva, iseTive xarkis gadaxda,
rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda: mTavroba maT minimums aZlevs imisaTvis, rom
isini ar ajanydnen, ise, rogorc es 2002 wlis gazafxulze moxda.
sxva mxriv, mTeli saqarTvelos mmarTveloba daqiravebuli jaris imedzea. es
daqiravebuloba sxvadasxva saxisaa: dawyebuli aSS-s daxmarebiT momzadebuli
qarTveli wvrTnis da aRWurvis programis monawileebidan, e. w. komandos
batalionidan, damTavrebuli aWaraSi ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro baziT, romelic,
faqtiurad, aWaris reJimis SenarCunebis garantiaa.
garda amisa, yvela Tavisi Tavis pativismcemel regionalur mmarTvels hyavs
Tavisi xalxi, romelic mas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daicavs. es xalxi, rogorc wesi,
adgilobrivi policiaa, Tumca, SeiZleba ramdenime gamonaklisic arsebobdes
gaurkveveli SeiaraRebuli formirebis saxiT.
policia arsebuli sistemis mTavari damcvelia. amitomac, saxelmwifo
dafinansebis lamis yvelaze didi wili policiaze modis. aqac Sua saukuneebis
daqiravebul meomrebTan gvaqvs saqme, romlebsac ufleba aqvT micemuli, Zarcvon
mosaxleoba, ra Tqma unda, gonierebis farglebSi, oRond saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
mmarTveloba daicvan.
rogorc cnobilia, aseTma wesma ar gaamarTla: daqiravebulni Tavs anebebdnen
samsaxurs imav wuTs, ra wuTsac maTi Semosavali wydeboda.
6. sagareo urTierTobebi
Sua saukuneebSi, imis gamo, rom sainformacio saSualebebi ar iyo ganviTarebuli,
informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda sazRvargareT, sakmaod gadRabnili da
gaurkveveli iyo. marTalia, arsebobdnen werilebi, romlebsac dainteresebuli
mxareebi erTmaneTs swerdnen, magram imis gamo, rom am werilebis daniSnulebis
adgilamde miRwevas didi dro sWirdeboda, aravin iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, rom
mosuli ambavi, Tundac Zalian didi sizustiT, Tundac prustiseburad, aRwerili,
jer kidev sinamdviles Seesabameboda.
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Sua saukuneebSi informacia icvleboda manam, sanam
daniSnulebis adgils miaRwevda. amitom, Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebebi undoblobiT
uyurebdnen mezobeli qveynebis mcxovreblebs. maTi Sinauri miTebi mezoblebis
sisastikis, borotebis, araadamianurobis damadasturebeli ambebiT iyo savse. es ki
46

mxolod xels uwyobda rogorc qveynis Sida, aseve gare procesebis marTvas
xelisuflebis mier sakuTari, viwro da moklevadiani interesebis Sesabamisad.
SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom raRac SemTxvevebSi sagareo politika naTeli momavlis
imediT da masze orientaciiT iyo nakarnaxevi, magram is arasodes ar iyo mimarTuli
qveynis ubralo mcxovrebis yofiTi pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
utyuari sabuTi ori qveynis erTmaneTisadmi damokidebulebisa, iyo an omSi
mekavSireoba, an omSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego mxares dgoma.
didwilad saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebi waagavs aRweril viTarebas: sruli
gaurkvevlobaa, ra mimarTebaSi arian didi saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelosTan: TiTqos
cnobilia, rom aSS megobaria da ruseTi mteri, magram sul ismis brZnuli
mosazrebebi, rom saqarTvelo an ukve gaicvala (an eraySi, manamde baltiis
qveynebSi), an unda gaicvalos.
saqarTvelos mTavrobac, imisaTvis, rom sakuTar TavSive sicxade Seitanos,
cdilobs, rac SeiZleba swrafad da rac SeiZleba formalurad Caebas yvela
dawyebul Tu dauwyebel omSi
27
rac Seexeba sagareo urTierTobebs xelisuflebisgan Zalian xSirad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego ganmartebebi moedineba. sul erTia, exeba es saqarTvelos
megobari qveynebis jgufs, savizo reJims Tu sxva rames. ra Tqma unda, amas
sainformacio saSualebaTa CamorCenilobas ver daabraleb. Sedegi ki zustad iseTivea,
rogorc Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoebebis mkveTri Caketiloba da undobloba
rogorc axlo, aseve Soreuli qveynebis mimarT. es ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
xelisuflebas ubiZgebs sakuTari viwro an didi erovnul miznebisaken mimarTos
qveynis politika, magram arasodes sakuTari moqalaqis cxovrebis pirobebis an
SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebisaken.
. es mis mdgomareobaSi, Tundac cota xniT, Sua
saukuneobriv garkveulobas Seitans.
7. ekonomika
ekonomikis magaliTze yvelaze kargad Cans, Tu rogori Sua saukuneebi dadga
saqarTveloSi. amis magaliTebia:

27
aq me aSS-erayis da aSS-avRaneTis oms vgulisxmob. 2003 wels, aSS-erayis omis dawyebamde,
ise, rom aSS-s mTavrobas saqarTvelosTvis arc uTxovia, SevardnaZem gamoacxada, rom is
mzadaa qveynis samxedro aerodromebi aSS-s samxedro Zalebs SesTavazos. avRaneTSi aSS-s
samxedro operaciis dros daaxloebiT msgavsi mzadyofna gamoiTqva.
47

1. biznesmenebi mkveTrad arian orietirebulni mTavrobasTan kargi
urTierTobis damyarebaze. xSir SemTxvevebSi TviTon mTavrobis da
mmarTvelobis wevrebi warmoadgenen msxvili korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebs.
2. biznesmenebi ver xedaven TavianT adgils samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, anu
maTTvis dResdReobiT ufro momgebiania saxelmwifosTan da mis
warmomadgenlebTan mWidro kavSirSi yofna.
3. Sedegad, saqarTveloSi mxolod iseTi biznesi (sulerTia, msxvili, saSualo
da wvrili) arsebobs, romelsac kargi kavSirebi aqvT saxelmwifosTan, anu
rogorc umaRles, aseve umdablesi rangis moxeleebtan, policielebis
CaTvliT, romelTa gareSec nebismieri wvrili biznesis warmoeba
SeuZlebelia. kanonmdeblobac, romelic gadasaxadebs da sxva biznesTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs aregulirebs, isea mowyobili, rom saxelmwifo
moxeleebs did gasaqans aZlevs. Sesabamisad, zRudavs konkurenciis
SesaZleblobas. amitom, biznesebis ricxvic Seesabameba ara moTxovnis da
miwodebis kanonebs, aramed, saxelmwifos gavleniani moxeleebis ricxvs da
maT Soris konkurencias. eqspertebis SefasebiT, iseve rogorc politikaSi,
ekonomikaSic brZola erTi ojaxis, erTi dajgufebis farglebSi
mimdinareobs da sabazro moTxovnebTan kavSiri ara aqvs. bolo wlebis
yvelaze STambeWdavi brZola, rogorc amboben, prezident SevardnaZis
ojaxis farglebSi moxda: SevardnaZis Svilis simamr guram axvlediansa
da SevardnaZis ZmisSvil nugzar SevardnaZes Soris. rogorc amboben,
gaimarjva guram axvledianma da iseT mniSvnelovan eqsportze, rogoricaa
benzini da sxva sawvavi, erTpirovnuli kontroli daawesa. aseTi brZolebi
imarTeboda da imarTeba, magram cota maTgani Tu gamodis samzeoze.
saqarTvelos ekonomika albaT mxolod 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi (sadRac 1995-97
wlebSi) cdilobda Tavisufali bazris principebze gadasuliyo. Semdeg
xelisuflebis wevrebma da maTTan axlo kavSiris mqone pirebma Caigdes xelSi
ZiriTadi saSualebebi da konkurencia Tavis wreSi gadaitanes, sadac man mkveTri
politikuri Seferiloba miiRo da Tavisufali bazris formebs saerTod daSorda.
Tuki saqarTveloSi raime Tavisufali konkurencia arsebobs, es albaT, isev
wvril movaWreebs Soris, romlebsac sakuTari riskis fasad CamoaqvT an
saqarTveloSive yiduloben kontrabandul produqts. Tumca es konkurencia uSualod
did bazrobebze imarTeba; aqac gavleniani pirebis Carevaa saWiro, wvrili movaWre
48

rom daxlTan miuSvan. Zalian xSirad, mewarmeebs Soris brZola jer bazris
segmentis lamis kanonis ZaliT xelSi CagdebisaTvis imarTeba
28
magram, miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, ekonomika ZiriTadad damyarebulia
unikalurobis principze, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo, da ara moTxovnis
dakmayofilebis wesze. anu sabWoTa kavSirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnebebiT rom
vTqvaT, ekonomika deficituria: Semosavali agebulia produqtis unikalurobiT da
Znelad wvdomadobiT gamowveul fasis zrdaze, da ara produqtis tiraJirebiT
miRebul Semosavalze. aseTi produqtebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. TiTqmis yvela
produqti, romelic saqarTveloSi iwarmoeba, deficituria, imdenad, ramdenadac, maTi
fasis regulireba ara uSualod mwarmoeblis, aramed politikuri gavlenebis
sferoSi Zevs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es nawilobriv exeba bazrobebze gamotanil
saqonels da mTliand exeba sxvadasxva dargebis ekonomikebs.
, da mxolod amis
Semdeg, Tuki bazarze ramdenime Zlieri mimwodebeli dafiqsirda, romelTac erTmaneTi
ver CaZires, iwyeba konkurencia.
magaliTisaTvis, aseTia saqarTvelos rkinigza, romlic mTlianad awyobilia
deficiturobaze da monopolistobaze: mas uzarmazari Tanxebi Semosdis
gadazidvebidan, da amave dros, is arafers ar akeTebs imisaTvis, rom samgzavro
matareblebi gaaumjobesos: rkinigza jer kidev rCeba gadaadgilebis ZiriTad
saSualebad, Sesabamisad, deficituri Semosavali garantirebulia.
aseve, deficituri ekonomikis magaliTia ganaTleba: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi
formaluri saxe ar Seesabameba mis Sinaarss: rogorc saSualo, aseve, umaRlesi
skolebi ZiriTadad mxolod garkveul sabuTebs (diplomebs) awarmoeben, romelic
SeiZleba Semdgom karieras daedos safuZvlad. im codnas, romelsac moswavle
saxelmwifo universitetebSi Tu skolebSi iRebs, naklebad Tu endoba vinme da
ZiriTadad isev calke specialur momzadebas, unarebis ganviTarebis pirad
SesaZleblobebs da sasargeblo kavSirebs eyrdnobian. aseTi warmoeba ver miebmeba
Tavisufal bazars imitom, rom realurad sabuTis (skolis, an umaRlesis
damTavrebis mowmobis) fasi ganuzomlad cotaa im safasurTan SedarebiT, rac am
sabuTis gacema Rirs: mis RirebulebaSi Sedis profesor-maswavleblebis xelfasebi,
Senobebis, inventaris Rirebuleba da a. S. amave safasurSi Sedis yvela im pirovnebis
socialuri dacva, romelic CarTulia am procesSi.

28
amisaTvis ki sakanonmdeblo Sesworebebic gamoiyeneba, sxva xerxebTan erTad.
49

Sesabamisad, raki bazarze fasi mxolod dokuments aqvs, misi gacemis procesi
aRaravis ainteresebs. amitom swavlebis xarisxi ZiriTadad nulzea dasuli.
konkurencia mimdinareobs, magram am SemTxvevaSi, konkurencia aris ara moTxovnis da
miwodebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanisaTvis, aramed im safasuris gazrdisaTvis, romelsac
damamTavrebel mowmobaSi ixdian: am Teoriuli msjelobis yvelaze kargi ilustracia
saxelmwifo univeristetebis magaliTia: Tavi rom davaneboT im fuls, romelsac
mdidari mSoblebi aralegalurad ixdian imisaTvis, rom maTi Svili sabiujeto (e. w.
ufaso) adgilze moxvdes, dResdReobiT saxelmwifo umaRlesi ganaTlebis donori
oria: kerZo pirebi, romlebic safasurs ixdian, da saxelmwifo, romelic
yovelwliurad adgilebis garkveul raodenobas afinansebs
29
. saxelmwifo TiToeul
studentSi mizerul Tanxas ixdis, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar aris sakmarisi evropis
universitetebis swavlebis xarisxTan odnav miaxloebisTvisac ki. kerZo piris
gadasaxadi, romelsac unversitetis xelmZRvaneloba awesebs, aseve Zlier CamorCeba
saWiro raodenobas, magram, orjer an metjer metia im safasurze, rac saxelmwifo
mxridan modis. maSasadame, miRebulia Semdegi sqema: arc saxelmwifo da arc kerZo
piri fulis sakmaris raodenobas ar ixdis. orive es fuli Seadgens garkveul
moculobas, romelic Semdeg eZleva im profesor-maswavleblebs, romelebic orives
fasiansac da ufasosac aswavlian. Sesabamisad, xdeba im fulis, romelsac kerZo
piri ixdis, gamoyeneba ganaTlebis imaTTvis misacemad, visac fuls saxelmwifo
uxdis. ase viRebT saxelmwifos mxridan fulis gamoZalvis sqemas, romlic yvela
saxelmwifo universitetSi xorcieldeba. xolo mTeli am sqemis foni deficituri
ekonomikis principia: saxelmwifo universitetebi jerjerobiTY mainc monopolistebi
arian: isini aweseben iseT safasurs, romlis gadaxdac TiTqmis yvelas SeuZlia. es
xdeba imitom, rom saxelmwifo universitetebi naklebad an saerTod ar zrunaven
swavlebis xarisxze
30

29
yvelaze ucnauri is aris, rom isini, vinc aralegalurad ixdian fuls ufaso adgilebze
moxvedrisaTvis, amas mxolod tradiciis da prestiJis gamo sCadian. sxva safuZveli amas ara
aqvs. fasiani adgili bevrad ufro iafi Rirs.
. is safasuri romelsac isini aweseben, sabolood mainc sabuTis
30
amas ver akeTebs kerZo umaRlesi saswavlebeli, radgan misi sazrunavi swored swavlebis
xarisxia da man realuri fasi unda daados swavlas. amitom jerjerobiT kerZo umaRlesi
saswavleblebi saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis amindze ver axdenen gavlenas da
elitarulebad rCebian.
50

safasuria da naklebad moqmedebs im codnaze, romelsac isini am sabuTis misaRebad
kanoniT dadgenil procesSi monawileobis gziT iReben.
sqemaze rom gamovsaxoT aseTi ekonomikis muSaobis wesi, Semdegs miviRebT:

1. sawyisi viTareba






2. moTxovnis seleqcia warmoebis saSualebis mier







3. seleqciis Semdeg moTxovnis miwodebiT dakmayofileba






am naxazze naCvenebia, rom rodesac warmoebis saSualebebi SezRudulia da amave
dros monopolisturi, xdeba ara miwodebis gazrda, aramed moTxovnis xelovnuri
gadarCeva. igulisxmeba, rom warmoebis saSualeba am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos
warmoadgens. es sabWoTa ekonomikis sqemaa, magram amave dros Sua saukuneebis
ekonomikasac Seesabameba: rodesac sawarmoebeli produqti unikaluria da misi
raodenoba bevrad CamorCeba moTxovnas, mwarmoebeli iZulebulia awarmoos
moTxovna
miwodeba
warmoebis saSualeba
warmoebis saSualeba
moTxovna
miwodeba
moTxovna
warmoebis saSualeba
miwodeba
51

momxmarebelic
31
. sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis safuZveli SeiZleba imaSic davinaxoT,
rom raRac etapze iseTi raodenobis da gavlenis mqone moTxovna warmoiSoba, rom
warmoebis saSualebis
32
magram es jer kidev ar aris saqarTvelos ekonomikis sruli aRwera. jerjerobiT
Cven reliqturi komponentebi aRvwereT, da mTavari maxasiTeblis aRweraze ar
gadavsulvarT: saqme isaa, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikis mTavari RerZi, iseve,
rogorc Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebSi omis ekonomikaa:
mier moTxovnis seleqcia SeuZlebeli xdeba.
xSirad amboben, rom qveynis erTianobis safuZveli erTiani ekonomikaa. es
safuZveli saqarTveloSi marTlac arsebobs, Tanac iseTi, romelic Tavis TavSi
aerTianebs rogorc aWaras, aseve oseTsac da afxazeTsac. magram, isic unda iTqvas,
rom es ekonomika danaSaulebrivia da moicavs rogorc ubralo kontrabandas, aseve
narkotikebis da iaraRiT vaWrobis gzebsac, romelic saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT
iwyeba da ruseTis sazRvrebTan mTavrdeba. kontrabandis sayovelTaoba eWvs ar iwvevs:
kontrabanduli saqonlis Semosvlis ori ZiriTadi gza arsebobs: TurqeTidan da
samxreT oseTidan, erT-erTi gandgomili regionidan. Tumca es gzebi SedarebiT
uwyinaria, da realurad, garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos teritorias kveTs, aseve,
saSualebas aZlevs gaWirvebaSi myof mosaxleobas mdgomareoba odnav mainc
gamoisworos. ra Tqma unda, kontrabanduli saqonlis gzebiT aramarto mosaxleoba,
aramed am gzebis sabaJoebi da sxva makontroleblebic ikvebebian, magram es saqmis
viTarebas ar cvlis.
ufro sainteresoa narkotikebiT da iaraRiT vaWroba, romelSic mosaxleobis
didi nawilia CarTuli. am kargad damuSavebul gzas xan Txilis biznesi ebmeba, xan
kidev sxva ram. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi ram faqtia: dRes afxazeTic da samxreT
oseTic gacilebiT ufro mWidrod arian saqarTvelosTan integrirebulebi, vidre es
maT undaT aCvenon. narkotikebis da iaraRis gzebis kvalis naxva yvelgan SeiZleba,
mosaxleobis didi nawili CarTulia masSi, magram, ra Tqma unda, did mogebas isev
politikuri elita iRebs.
faqtia, rom omis ekonomika afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi omis dros daiwyo da
mas Semdeg ganviTarebis didi gza ganvlo. dRes is mWidrod aris instalirebuli

31
sxvadasxva xerxiT: qrTamis aRebiT, CawyobiT, fizikuri gamoxSirviT.
32
farTo azriT. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis warmoebis
saSualebebic.
52

mosaxleobis saarsebo garemoSi da faqtiurad erTaderTi ramaa, rac dasavleT da
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aerTianebs.
aravin ar malavs (rogorc iqna), rom saqarTvelos centralurma
xelisuflebam afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan warmoebuli omebi waago. magram is,
rac am omis Sedegad miiRes gandgomilma regionebma, aSkarad ar hgavs mogebis Sedegs:
is, rac afxazeTma da samxreT oseTma moaxerxa, aris Sua saukuneebSi Cavardna. isini
nel-nela, aWarasTan erTad, sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebisgan gadaiqcnen
patara Suasaukuneobriv samTavroebad, da am mdgomareobidan gamosavali kidev ufro
naklebia, vidre saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi.
8. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
Sua saukuneebSi TviTgamoxatvis ZiriTadi forma gaerTianebebis Seqmna da maTi
saSualebiT politikur, inteleqtualur Tu sxva saxis cxovrebaSi monawileoba iyo.
aseTi mowyobis da mimarTebis safuZveli albaT, aramarto antikur tradiciaSi,
aramed Sua saukunebis saxelmwifoebis da msoflmxedvelobebis organizebis wesSi
unda veZioT, sadac jgufs da mis warmomadgenels ufro meti mniSvneloba hqonda,
vidre erT calkeul adamians, Tuki am adamianis ukan oficialuri an araoficialuri
qarizma ar idga saRvTo kurTxevis saxiT. metic: albaT, mxolod jgufis wevrobiT
SeiZleboda raimes miRweva, iseve, rogorc amas qristes mowafeebma qristes
mociqulebad gaerTianebiT miaRwies. Sua saukuneebi unikaluri adamianebis da maT
garSemo Seqmnili dajgufebebis samyaro iyo. jgufis gavliT xdeboda Cveulebrivi
adamianebis ziareba unikalurobasTan. jgufs hqonda erTaderTi mniSvneloba da misi
warmomadgeneli iyo aramarto jgufis, aramed im unikaluris warmomadgenelic,
romlis garSemoc Tavis droze jgufi Seiqmna.
rogor iqmnebodnen es jgufebi, istoriaa, Sua saukeneebisTvisac ki. sabolood
ki Sua saukuneebis samyaro warmoadgenda gaerTianebebis gaerTianebas, romelTaganac
zogs ordeni erqva, zogs gildia, zogs loJa, zogs kidev universiteti
33

33
universitetebi ufro gildiebis (profesorTa da studentTa) erTianobas warmoadgendnen,
vidre calke avtonomiur gaerTianebebs.
. es
gaerTianebebi rogorc qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobaSi, aseve samefo karzec seriozul
rols asrulebdnen: ordenebi da gildiebi bevri mniSvnelovani politikuri da
socialuri movlenis saTaveSi idga. Tuki vinmes, ubralo warmoSobis adamians,
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis miReba surda, is aseT gildiaSi anda
53

ordenSi unda gaerTianebuliyo. gildiis wevroba ki advili ar iyo: is mowafe-
Segirdis institutis garda sxva, ufro rTul farul Tu Ria meqanizmebsac
iTvaliswinebda.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi mTlianad gildiuria. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi mxolod arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani
organizaciebi warmoadgenen. es ki iwvevs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tavis TavSi
Caketvas da misi ganviTarebis stagnacias: arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani organizaciebis
arsebobis materialuri wyaro is finansuri daxmarebaa, romelsac ucxoeli donorebi
an pirdapir, an adgilobrivi fondebis saSualebiT awarmoeben. rogorc wesi, am
daxmarebis mizani keTilSobiluria, da xSirad amarTlebs kidevac mizans, iqneba es
uflebebis dacva Tu sxva romelime konkretul sferoSi gamWvirvaleobis da
angariSvaldebulebis danergva.
magram, meore mxriv, swored es finansuri daxmarebaa, romelic samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas organizaciebis sazRvrebSi ketavs da ar aZlevs saSualebas
moqalaqeebs, yovelgvari organizaciuli CarCos gareSe, samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi
CaerTon: finansuri resursebi SezRudulia, Tavisufali bazris elementaruli
kanonebi karnaxoben arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, ar gazardon sakuTari ricxvi, arc
monawileebis da arc axali aqtorebis axali organizaciebis _ Seqmnis xarjze.
meore mxriv ki, mxolod axali organizaciebis Seqmnis xarjze aris SesaZlebeli
samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTva da im materialuri Tu socialur-kulturuli
sargeblis miReba, romelic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrs saqarTveloSi aqvs.
amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ricxvis zrda
saqarTveloSi miuTiTebs ara samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, aramed piriqiT,
misi ganviTarebis SeCerebas.
marTalia, am bolo dros, mosaxleobis gaaqtiureba da mis mier sakuTari
samoqalaqo uflebebis dacva SeimCneva (yvelaze mZafrad es TviTdacva 2002 wlis
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis dros gamovlinda). magram es ara arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis daxmarebiT, aramed, ufro xSirad, maTi gverdis avliT mimdinareobs.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi aris ara sazogadoeba, aramed, iseve,
rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, mediatori sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebas Soris. Sua
saukuneebSi xelisufleba gildiebis warmomadgenlebs elaparakeboda da maT ukan,
marTalia bundovnad, magram mainc, gildiebis wevrebs, maT ojaxebs, sazogadoebas
54

xedavda. dRes saqarTvelos xelisufleba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
warmoamdgenlebs esaubreba, im imediT, rom isini sazogadoebas warmoadgenen.
ekonomikuri jgufebi ar arian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebi. amis mizezi ki
sul ubraloa: dRes maTTvis ufro momgebiania saxelisuflebo wreebTan urTierToba
da maTi keTilganwyobis mopoveba am jgufebSi fulis dabandebiT, vidre samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi dacvis Zieba. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, amis droc saqarTveloSi
mogvianebiT dadgeba: rodesac xelisuflebaSi fulis dabandeba wamgebiani gaxdeba,
xolo kanonierebis dacva da ganviTareba ufro perspeqtiul danaxarjad gamoCndeba.
es ki SeiZleba ramdenime sababis gamo moxdes: 1. saxelisuflebo wreebis raodenobis
gazrda ise, rom maTSi dasabandebeli fulis raodenoba gaizrdeba da es dabandeba
ararentabeluri gaxdeba; 2. saxelisuflo wreebis mier biznes-mimarTulebebis
dablokva; 3. analogiuri biznesebis magaliTi axlo Tu Soreuli qveynebidan
iqauri da aqauri mogebis araTanabarzomieroba
34
amis niSnebi, Tumca jerjerobiT mxolod niSnebi, ukve gamoCnda. yvelaze Zlieri
iyo borjomis saqme: saqarTvelos mTavrobam e. w. saukunis proeqtSi baqo-jeihanis
navTobsadenSi CarTvis gadawyvetileba jer kidev 90-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi
miiRo. marTalia, es navTobsadeni saqarTvelos did finansur mogebas ver moutans,
magram saxelmwifosa da arsebuli reJimis usafrTxoebsTvis marTlac SeuZlia
samsaxuris gaweva. proeqti wlebis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda. proeqtis momzadebaSi
yvela, visac ar ezareboda, CarTuli iyo. gakeTda aTasnairi eqspertiza, samTavrobo
da arasamTavrobo garemosdacviTi da samecniero organizaciebis monawileobiT.
yvelaferi TiTqos kargad midioda.
.
ucbaT, am sayovelTao harmoniaSi, zustad navTobsadenis gayvanis dawyebis win,
disonansi Seitana ara romelime garemosdacviTma arasamTavrobo organizaciam, aramed
biznesmenma, mamuka xazaraZem, romlis warmatebuli biznesis didi nawili borjomis

34
2003 wlis aprilSi msxvilma biznesmenebma gaakeTes gancxadeba, rom isini SevardnaZis
xelisuflebiT ukmayofiloni arian. amas SevardnaZis mZafri reaqcia mohyva da erT-erT
gamosvlaSi oligarqebs gamdidrebaSi sakuTari damsaxureba gaaxsena. rogorc badri
patarkaciSvilma Tqva, is momavals axlebs da gaerTianebul demokratebs ukavSirebs. es
fraza SeiZleba gavigoT ise, rom biznesmenebs imedi aqvT, rom maT iseTive samoTxe eliT am
partiebisgan, rogoric Tavidan SevardnaZisagan miiRes. aseve, SeiZleba gvegonos, rom
biznesmenebi ukve Tanabari SesaZleblobebisaTvis ibrZvian. nebismier SemTxvevaSi erTianobas
arsebuli xelisufleba_biznesmenebi _ bzari gauCnda.
55

mineraluri wylis CamosxmasTan da distribuciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. xazaraZem
gamoacxada, rom navTobsadeni katastroful Sedegebs moitans borjomis xeobisaTvis,
iq dabinZurdeba wyali, ganadgurdeba ekosistema. xazaraZe ar malavda, rom misi
biznesi did safrTxeSi iyo, magram es iyo SemTxveva, rodesac biznesi iRupeboda
regionis ekosistemis daRupvis Sedegad. am gancxadebis Semdeg garemosdacviTma
organizaciebmac amoiRes xma da rogorc mTavrobas, asev British Petrolium-s, romelic
navTobdsadenis gayvanazea pasuxismgebeli, didi problemebi SeeqmnaT. rogor
damTavrdeba es dapiripireba aravin icis. SeiZleba navTobsadenma gadaswios sxva
teritoriaze, SeiZleba ara. sainteresoa is aris, rom am SemTxvevSi ramdenime axal
da moulodnel aqtorTan gvaqvs saqme:
1. arcerTi mxare, arc mTavroba, arc British Petrolium-i ar eloda biznesmenis
mxridan winaaRmdegobas, imdenad uigivdeba qarTuli (zogadad kavkasiuri)
warmatebuli biznesi mTavrobis mxridan daculobas;
2. miuxedavad imisa, rom British Petrolium-ma TiTqos gadawyvita arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis problema maTi saeqsperto samuSaoebSi CarTviT, da
maSasadame, yidviT, Sida, dauwereli kodeqsis mixedviT, xazaraZis
gancxadebis Semdeg arasamTavroboebs protestisadmi SeerTebis garda sxva
araferi darCenodaT;
3. biznesmenma moaxerxa borjomis xeobis mcxovreblebis protesti gamoewvia,
rac aseve moulodneli iyo mTavrobisaTvis, Tundac imitom, rom maTi
azriT, wurbela biznesmenis da Cagruli xalxis sabWoTa opozicia
mosaxleobaSi jer kidev myarad muSaobda. maT, ubralod, ar icodnen, rom
sabWoTa kavSiri Sua saukuneebma Secvala, sadac sisxlismwoveli
kapitalisti samuSaos mimcemma da mfarvelma nobilma Caanacvla.
9. socialuri kontrolis faruli formebi
Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifo ideologia da eklesia samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
jgufebs sakuTari gavlenis SesanarCuneblad da gasavrceleblad iyenebda. yvelaze
ufro moxerxebuli forma berebis ordenebi iyo. berebis pirveli ordeni francisk
asizelma Camoayaliba. ordenis kodeqsi, garda RmerTis msaxurebisa, Seicavda
sakuTrebis, piradi grZnobebis da midrekilebebis uaryofas. bunebrivia, aseT xalxs,
romelic simdidris uaryofas da RvTiuri samarTlianobisaken swrafvas sakuTari
magaliTiT aCvenebda, kontrolis SemTxvevaSi, kargi samsaxuris gaweva SeeZloT
56

xelisuflebisaTvis. berebis ordenebi Camoyalibda rogorc saeklesio xelisuflebis
alternativa, Tumca sabolood yvela ordeni xelisuflebis kontrols qveS moeqca.
amave dros, maT sazogadoebrivi momxibvleloba mTlianad ar daukargavT.
sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis erT-erTi saidumloa, Tu romelma partiulma
funqcionerma gadawyvita berebis ordenis analogi Seeqmna sazogadoebaze kontrolis
gaZlierebis mizniT. es proeqti warmatebiT ganxorcielda da misi Sedegi Cvens
garemoSi dRemde aqtiurad cocxlobs. es aris socialuri instituti, romelic
kanonieri qurdis saxeliTaa cnobili.
Tavidan kriminaluri avtoritetebis gamoyeneba sabWoTa xelisuflebam iseve
scada, rogorc yvelam cixeebSi da gadasaxlebis adgilebSi kontrolisaTvis.
kriminalebs lagerebSi da cixeebSi politpatimrebis kontrolisaTvis iyenebdnen.
kriminalebi faqtiurad policiur funqcias asrulebdnen da lagerebSi da lageris
tipis cixeebSi stabilurobis garantebi iyvnen. xom SeiZleboda politpatimrebs
ajanyeba gamoewviaT an, kidev uaresi, sxvagvarad azrovneba daenergaT. rogorc
yofili politpatimrebi igoneben, lagerebSi specialuri terminologiac ki
arsebobda: CB socialni vrag (socialuri mteri) eseni iyvnen politpatimrebi,
da socialno bliJni (socialurad axlo) kriminalebi.
dRemde burusiTaa moculi, kriminalebis gaerTianebisaTvis beruli ordenis
saxis micema lager-cixeebSi moxda Tu Tavisuflebaze, rodesac partiuli
inteleqtualebi mixvdnen, rom yvela ukmayofilos daWeras, daxvretas an
gadasaxlebas ver SeZlebdnen. kriminalurma gaerTianebebma ucbad SeiZines berobis
niSnebi: kanonieri qurdebis kodeqsi Seicavs yvela im kanons, romelic berebs
hqondaT: celibati, sakuTrebaze uaris Tqma, gaWirvebulebis da miusafrebis
TanagrZnoba, politikaSi Caurevloba da sxva. Tumca, TandaTan, sabWoTa kavSiris
istoriis manZilze, qurdebis kodeqsis dacva sul ufro da ufro formaluri
xdeboda. Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebrivi sivrce berebis mier wesdebis darRvevebis
Sesaxeb WorebiT Tu namdvili ambebiT iyo savse. miuxedavad amisa, beri mainc rCeboda
Tavmdablobis, morCilebisa da RvTismsaxurebis simbolod. aseve, CvenSic, miuxedavad
imisa, rom kanonieri qurdebi sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolomde inarCunebdnen da
axlac inarCuneben xibls, mravladaa legendebi/Worebi kodeqsis erTguli da
uarmyofeli berebis/qurdebis Sesaxeb.
kanonieri qurdebis institutis saSualebiT warmatebiT moxerxda
ukmayofiloTa re-orientacia politikuridan kriminalur samyaroze: ukmayofilo da
57

samarTlianobaze orientirebuli axalgazrdebi advilad Tavsdebodnen, xelis SeSlis
gareSe, qurdul ierarqiaSi. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa xelisufleba or kurdRels erTad
iWerda: 1. Tavidan icilebda momaval politikur oponentebs; 2. sakuTar
kontrolqveS aqcevda maT. es kontroli xan faruli, umetes SemTxvevebSi ki Ria iyo
da kanonier qurdebsa da samarTaldamcavebs Soris mWidro kavSiriTac gamoixateboda.
ra Tqma unda, kanonier qurdebs Sorisac iyvnen daumorCileblebi da maTze
legendebis warmoeba da kvlavwarmoeba isev da isev sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis
daxmarebiT xdeboda imisaTvis, rom kanonier qurdTa ordenis xibli gaeZlierebinaT.
iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, sabWoTa kavSirSic, politikuri orientirebis
da taqtikis cvlileba berebis ordenebze/kanonier qurdebze xelisuflebis
Setevebs/represiebs iwvevda. partiul funqcionerebs es represiebi rogori
taqtikuri mosazrebebiTac ar unda ewarmoebinaT, isini nebismier SemTxvevaSi
ordenebis popularobas zrdida da, Sesabamisad, sistemis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.
socialuri kontrolis arcerT farul meqanizms ar umuSavia ise warmatebiT,
rogorc berebis ordenebma imuSava Sua saukuneebSi da kanonieri qurdebis ordenma
sabWoTa kavSirSi. garda sxva faqtorebisa, kanonieri qurdebi Seadgendnen im
socialur jgufs, romelic uzrunvelyofda sistemis SenarCunebas.
marTalia, dRevandel saqarTveloSi kanonieri qurdebis gavlena iseTi aRar
aris, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris dros, magram ordenuli xibli, romlis erT-erTi
mTavari momenti politikaSi Rirseuli Caurevlobis principia, kvlavac
SenarCunebulia. am princips xSirad iyeneben samTavrobo Zalebis warmomadgenlebi,
ZiriTadad ise, rom misi warmomavlobac ar ician rodesac opozicias
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis da Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis survils abraleben.
is, rom kanonieri qurdebis instituti partiuli elitis pirvelma talRam
moifiqra, eWvs ar iwvevs sxva Tu ara, vis unda scodnoda ase zustad Sua
saukuneebis socialuri kontrolis faruli meTodebi, garda im xalxisa, visac
sauniveristeto da sasuliero ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli.
10. politikuri partiebi da arCevnebi
bunebrivia, aseT sistemas sakuTari ideologiuri da sulieri
institucionalizebuli mxardamWeri unda hyavdes. Sua saukuneebSi am funqcias
Teologebi asrulebdnen, romelTaganac yvela wesrigis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda,
magram maTi nawili adre Tu gvian eretikosis tituls imsaxurebda. Teologebi
58

arsebuli sistemebis myar safuZvels qmnidnen da maT naazrevze sulac ar iyo
damokidebuli, Tu romeli maTgani gaxdeboda eretikosi an netari.
amis gadawyveta sxvagan xdeboda da am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad ara
Teologiuri aramed socialur-politikuri motivebi hqonda. CvenSi es funqcia
warmatebiT aiRes e. w. samTavrobo politikurma partiebma: aseTi partia, romelic
xelisuflebis mxardamWerad aRiarebs sakuTar Tavs, ramdenimea da isini erTi da
imave cnebebiT operireben. socialistebis, moqalaqeTa kavSiris, aliansi erTiani
saqarTvelosaTvis, mrewvelebis leqsikonebSi demokratias, xelfasebs, pensiebs,
ekonomikur aRmavlobas a. S. mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. magram, amave dros, yvela
es cneba am politikuri partiebis programebSi sxvadasxva raimes niSnavs. romeli
mniSvneloba gaxdeba wamyvani da romeli mniSvneloba daigmoba es aravin icis, da
damokidebulia ara am mniSvnelobebze, aramed imaze, Tu vin ukeTes urTierTobas
daamyarebs da visi kavSirebi ufro damarwmunebeli aRmoCndeba SevardnaZisaTvis. anu
xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mamalaZiseuli da xazaraZiseuli versia gaxdeba wamyvani,
romlebic apireben opoziciuri partiebi amxilon danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi, Tu
jorbenaZiseuli xaverdovani gadasvlis da adamianis uflebebis damcvel
arasamTavroboebTan urTierTobis damyarebis politika gaimarjvebs, es mxolod
SevardnaZis kabinetsa da masTan mimdebare ramdenime oTaxSi wydeba. iseve, rogorc
Sua saukuneebSi, arc erTi gadawyvetileba saboloo ar aris da SeiZleba dadges
dro, rodesac eretikuli moZRvreba kvlav WeSmaritad aRiaron. eretikosebsac sxva
raRa darCeniaT, morCilad unda daelodnon saqmis maTTvis sasikeTod Semobrunebas.
rac Seexeba opoziciur partiebs, isini aSkarad iyofian or jgufad:
cvlilebis partiebi, romlebic amomrCevels arsebuli sistemebis cvlilebebs
hpirdebian, da Camnacvlebeli partiebi, romlebic sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis da misi
mmarTvelebis Canacvlebas sTavazoben mosaxleobas. amis analogi, Tuki Sua
saukuneebSi maT Zebnas daviwyebT, SeiZleba protestantuli religiebis (sistemis
Semcleli) da am protestantuli religiebis wiaRSi warmoSobil revoluciur
moZraobebs (sistemis aqtorebis Camnacvlebeli) SevadaroT. revoluciuri moZraobebi
mxolod arsebul mmarTvel adgilebze Tavisi liderebis dasmas sTavazobdnen
mosaxleobas, protastantuli religiebi ki arsebuli wesrigis sxva wesrigiT
Secvlas hpirdeboda maT. revoluciuri, rogorc wesi, glexTa, moZraobebi agebdnen
im SemTxvevebSic ki, romdesac isini protestantuli religiuri mimdinareobebis
wiaRSi warmoiSobodnen. protestantuli religiebi ki, rogorc wesi, imarjvebdnen,
59

axal wesrigs ki axali cxovreba mohqonda, rogorc amas wina saukuneSi yvela
saxelis mqone veberi (maqs, endriu loid, da a. S.) amtkicebda.
aq avtors kiTxva gauCnda: aqamde saqme kargad midioda, magram am bolo, meaTe
argumentis gadmocemisas
35
avtor-ego: SeiZleba. Tumca, saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri procesebis
rogorc, erTi mxriv, Sua saukuneebis naxevrad saeklesio, naxevrad saero
xelisuflebis da, meore mxriv, protestantuli religiuri da glexTa moZraobebis
urTierTobebis aRwera ar unda iyos gonebamaxvilobas moklebuli.
, zedmetad xom ar gautie, Cemo avtor-ego?
avtori: eg SeiZleba egrec iyos, magram, Sen aq mkiTxvels namdvilad abnev:
gansakuTrebiT opoziciuri partiebis interpretaciebSi. ra gamodis glexTa
moZraoba gaerTianebuli demokratebia, xolo nacionaluri moZraoba protestanti
luTeranebi?
avtor-ego: aba ra. ise, xom moxdenili da paradoqsuli interpretaciaa: am dros ki
maTi qceva sul sapirispiroa: nacionaluri moZraoba ise iqceva, rogorc Sua
saukuneebSi ian husis mimdevrebi, Jvaniam ki lamis samelne esrolos kedels. ise,
aseTi gansazRvreba erTmniSvnelovani ar aris, Tumca isic xom cxadia, rom rac ufro
Canacvlebazea mimarTuli moZraoba, miT ufro cota Sansi aqvs, rom gamarjvebis
Semdeg Zalaufleba SeinarCunos, xolo sistemis Semcvlelebi perspeqtivaSi ufro
stabilurebi arian.
avtori: mere ar SeiZleboda, ase dagewera?
avtor-ego: rogor ar SeiZleboda, magram CemTvis mosawyeni iqneboda, albaT,
mkiTxvelisTvisac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis Semdeg saqme, rogorc erT rusul
anekdotSia, iseve gasrialdeba, rogorc karaqze (anu kargad wava). miT umetes, rom
iseTi aSkarad kargad dasamuSavebeli da Sua saukuneebTan kargad gasaanalogiebeli
Temebi axlovdeba, rogoricaa arCevnebi da eklesia. isic unda vTqva, rom am 12
argumentis dasrulebamde arc Tu ise bevri gverdi darCa.
Sua saukuneebSi arCevnebi xdeboda, magram, mxolod iseT qalaqebSi sadac Zlieri
gildiebi, anu TviTmmarTveloba iyo. es arCevnebi mxolod gildiebs Soris

35
aba Cven avtori xom ver mogvatyuebs: cxadia, aq mas SeeSinda, rom mkiTxveli Tavs
daanebebda wignis kiTxvas da avtors da avtor-egos mouxmo gadasarCenad. cxadia, rom
avtori ori kurdRlis daWeras cdilobs: Tan cota gagvarTos da wignis kiTxvis gagrZeleba
gvaiZulos, Tan mogvagonos, rom saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebSi Cavardnis 12 arguments
vkiTxulobT.
60

tardeboda: isini irCevdnen qalaqis Tavs, qalaqis mmarTvelobas. oRond, yvela es
TviTmmarTvelobiTi aqcia im hercogebis, baronebis, mefeebis da princebis nebarTviT
unda momxdariyo, romlebic am qalaqebs an kanonierad, anda de faqto ganagebdnen.
bevri ityvis, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosTan Zalian cota Tua saerTo, garda
imisa, rom arCevnebi ZiriTadad qalaqebSi tardeba, da isic yvelaSi ara. aseTi
qalaqebi, sadac arCevnebi tardeba Zalian cotaa: Tbilisi, gori, SeiZleba quTaisi.
soflebi ki mTlianad mowyvetilia am demokratiul fufunebas. TiTqos isic sworia,
rom arCevnebi realurad iq tardeba, sadac samoqalqo sazogadoeba, Cven rom
gildiuri vuwodeT, Zlieria. magram, gansxvavebiT Sua saukuneebisagan, metyvis
kritikulad ganwyobili mkiTxveli, es arCevnebi tardeba ara xelisuflaTa
TanxmobiT, aramed maTi survilis winaaRmdeg.
es TiTqos marTalia, magram saqme isaa, rom xelisufleba yvelafers akeTebs
imisaTvis, rom arCevnebi zustad iseTi gaxdes, rogorc es Sua saukunebSi iyo: amis
niSnebi 2002 wlis zafxulis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebze gamoCnda: xelisuflebam
ar (da ver) gaiyvana moqalaqeTa kavSiri, magram yvelaferi gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom
kontroli ar daekarga. Semdeg es kontroli dakarga, magram DdRevandel
saqarTveloSi Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis uzrunvelmyofi pirobebi arsebobs da
Zlierdeba:
rogorc amboben, xelisufleba naTelaSvils daexmara imiT, rom samxedro
nawilebis xmebi leiboristebs gadauloca. aseve, amboben, man gamoiyena Tavisi gavlena
maswavleblebze da ganaTlebis sxva muSakebze. marTalia, am daxmarebam naTelaSvils
bevri veraferi Sehmata (xmebis 7-8 procenti), magram mogebulebSi pirvel adgilze
namdvilad gaiyvana.
mkiTxvels axsovs, rom mas Semdeg, rac nacionalurma moZraobam da leiboristebma
gaimarjves, didxans mimdinareobda sakrebulos gauqmebis, an moqmedebis dawyebis
gadavadebis mcdelobebi. es ar moxerxda, magram jerjerobiT araferi momxdara iseTi,
rac migviTiTebs, rom xelisuflebam Suasaukuneobrivi arCevnebis Catarebis
mcdelobebze uari Tqva.
mokled, arsebuli procesebi migviTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi arCevnebi mxolod
qalaqebSi SeiZleba Catardes, garegnulad unaklod, magram mxolod imaTi
monawileobiT, visac xelisufleba amis uflebas miscems. anu iseve, rogorc es
ekonomikis SemTxvevaSi iyo, xelisufleba aqac mowodebulia TviTon awarmoos
amomrCeveli. iseve, rogorc ekonomikis SemTxvevaSi, deficituri produqtis
61

warmoebisas, momxmarebeli iwarmoeba. es arc ise fantastikuri momavalia, rogorc
erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos.
11. eklesia da masmedia
albaT, mkiTxveli Seecdeba am qveTavs gadaaxtes. Tuki man am qveTavs kiTxviT da
ara furcvliT miaRwia, mas sul ar gauWirdeba gonebis Tvali gadaavlos
saqarTveloSi eklesiebis da religiebis mdgomareobas da Tqvas, rom Tu sadme aris
Sua saukuneebi, is rwmenis institucionizirebul formebSia. magram, minda giTxraT,
rom saCqaro araferia. win saintereso socialuri deteqtivia, Tavisi damnaSaveebiT,
gamomZieblebiT, mowmeebiT da bolos, msxverpliT:
90-iani wlebis meore naxevramde eklesiebi saqarTveloSi, maT Soris
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia, sakmaod gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi iyo.
sabWoTa kavSiris damTavrebis Semdeg maT SezRudvebTan erTad is privilegiebic
dakarges, rasac sabWoTa kavSiri aniWebda. amitom, daaxloebiT 95-97 wlebamde
rogorc qarTuli marTlmadidebeli, aseve sxva eklesiebi cdilobdnen Caweriliyvnen
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konteqstSi. amisaTvis qarTulma marTladideblobam
raodenobrivi gavrcelebis gza airCia: maT gadawyvites maqsimalurad bevri
RvTismsaxuri ewarmoebinaT da am simravliT daebrunebinaT is 70 wlis winandeli,
Tu 70 wlis periodSi SeZenili privilegiebi. daaxloebiT am periodze da, albaT,
swored am raodenobrivi zrdis gzis arCevis gamo, modis eklesiaSi
ganxeTqilebebis dawyeba: cnobili damrbevi vasil mkalaviSivli swored 1995 wlis
31 ivliss gankveTes eklesiidan. am dros, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom qarTuli
marTlmadidebeli eklesia Tavidan iwyebda arsebobas da mas swrafad unda gaevlo is
etapebi, romlebic marTlamdidebelma eklesiam Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli
ganvlo. sqizmebs da dapirispirebebs ganaTlebis da siwynaris etapi unda
mohyoloda
36

36
Tuki dainteresebuli mkiTxveli basil mkalaviSvilis gankveTis oqms gaecnoba, naxavs, rom
misi gansja xdeba marTlmadidebluri saeklesio samarTliT, romelic adreul Sua
saukuneebSi Seiqmna da romlis oqmSi citirebuli nawilebic TiTqos zustad mkalaviSvilis
SemTxvevisTvisaa dawerili. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imas, rom qarTul marTladidebel
eklesiaSi 1995 wels swored is procesebi iwyeboda, ramac adreul Sua saukuneebSi
saeklesio pirebi aiZula Sesabamisi saeklesio samarTali SeemuSavebinaT.
da a. S. magram, am procesSi Careva moxda. es Careva, ra Tqma unda, ar
iyo mxolod garedan mosuli ar arsebobs warmatebuli Careva, Tu SigniT ar aris
62

amisaTvis mzadyofna magram mainc es Careva iyo is, ramac qarTuli
marTmadidebeli eklesia Sua saukuneebSi gadaisrola, an, gnebavT, gayina:
1997-98 wlisaTvis moqalaqeTa kavSirSi gaCnda idea, rom marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis politikaSi gamoyeneba upriani iqneboda. gegma Semdegnairad aewyo:
xelisufleba miscemda marTladidebel eklesias SeRavaTebs, eklesias es moewoneboda
da mTlianad dauWerda mxars moqalaqeTa kavSirs. am proeqtis aqtorad xan Jvania
saxeldeba, xan SevardnaZe. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is faqtia, rom am ideis xorcSesxma im
parlamentSi daiwyo, romelsac Jvania Tavmjdomareobda.
didxans rom ar gavagrZeloT, Sedegad miviReT saxelmwifosa da eklesiis
SeTanxmeba, ramac eklesia politikis damxmared ki ara, politikis subieqtad
gadaaqcia, rogorc es Sua saukuneebSi iyo. anu rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, Cven miviReT
saxelmwifo, romlic Tavis politikas atarebs da eklesia, romelsac aseve Tavisi
politika aqvs. Zalian xSirad es ori politika erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba.
magaliTisaTvis isic sakmarisia, rom 1999 wels saqarTvelos evrosabWoSi
gawevrianebis paralelurad, saqarTvelos marTladidebelma eklesiam msoflio da
evropuli saerTaSoriso saeklesio kavSirebi datova. eklesiis da mrevlis
urTierTobac ZiriTadad Suasaukuneobrivia: xSirad eklesiebs kanonieri qurdebi Tu
yofili an axlandeli funqcionerebi aSeneben. iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aqac
sarwmunoebis administracias ar ainteresebs, rogor moipova fuli im adamianma,
visac eklesiis mSeneblobisaTvis Tanxmoba misces. xSirad aseTi mSenebloba
marTlmadidebluri indulgenciaa da damatebiT fars qmnis amSeneblisaTvis, romelic
mas Tu aSenebis momentSi ara, momavalSi mainc, samarTaldamcavi organoebisagan Tavis
dasacavad aucileblad dasWirdeba.
saeklesio sivrce sakmaod Caketilia gareSe TvalisaTvis, magram is Worebi Tu
CurCulebi, romlebic am tabudadebul kedlebs scdebian, Sua saukuneebSi utyuari
yofnis grZnobis momgvrelia: cxondeba Tu ara msaxiobis suli, mounaTlavi bavSvi
jojoxeTSi moxvdeba da a. S. es is Temebia, razec dRes saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis warmomadgenlebi azrovneben. sul sxva Temaa is
darRvevebi, romlis gamoc sasuliero pirebis saqmeebi samarTaldamcav organoebSi
xvdeba _ humanitaruli saqonlis komerciul fasebSi gayidva da a. S. aseve, xSiria
miTqma-moTqma marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi mravalricxovani dajgufebebisa da rusuli
specsamsaxurebis mWidro kavSiris Sesaxeb. mokled, am yvelafers im droSi
gadavyavarT, rodesac eklesia yalibdeboda rogorc organizmi da sazogadoebrivi
63

sivrce, oRond ara qarTuli istoriisa, aramed evropis istoriis monakveTisa,
rodesac gabatonebuli eklesia zogierTi Crdiloevropuli qveynisaTvis politikur
mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda
37
iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, dResac gabatonebuli eklesia saero
xelisfulebis sawinaaRmdegod iqceva da sawinaaRmdego gzavnilebs avrcelebs.
religiuri eqstremizmi, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi monawileoba, damnaSaveebis
mfarveloba es yvelaferi aris is, rac Sua saukuneebis eklesias axasiaTebs.
gamosavali, romlic evropaSi axali drois dadgomasTan erTad ipoves, da ramac
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba moaxdina rogorc evropis saxelmwifoebis, aseve evropuli
eklesiebis Camoyalibebaze gadaaqcia isini konkretuli adamianis cxovrebaze da
socialur problemebze orientirebulad iyo reformacia. Tuki qarTuli
marTlamdidebeli eklesia ar Seicvala, ar moxda misi Sinagani cvlileba, reformacia
gardauvalia. gardauvalia Tundac imitom, rom sabolood TviTon saxelmwifo
daiwyebs reformaciis xelSewyobas. sxva finali Sua saukuneebis am scenars ara aqvs,
Tuki Sua saukuneebidan gamosvla unda moxdes. Sua saukuneebSi darCenis an Sua
.

37
aq mkiTxvels, ra Tqma unda, SeniSvna da kiTxva gauCndeba: mkiTxveli ikiTxavs: ki magram,
es avtori, Tavisi avtor-egoTi, am evropul Sua saukuneebs rom gvaxvevs Tavs, sad aris
Cveni erovnuli, qarTuli Sua saukuneebi? es xom cxadia, raki saqarTvelo varT, Sua
saukuneebic Cveni unda iyos rkiniseburi, argumentirebuli nacionalizmi gamoereoda
mkiTxvels azrSi. avtori avtor-egos mier uflebamosilia ganacxados, rom Sua saukuneebSi
saqarTvelo arc cxovrebis wesiT da arc arsebuli institutebiT, arc socialuri fenebiT
ar iyo evropuli qveyana. is SeiZleboda gangvexila rogorc sazRvarze mdgomi, anda
aRmosavluri, anda gansakuTrebulad qarTuli, magram, aramc da aramc, evropuli qveyana. mas
Semdeg saqarTveloSi evropa ara mxolod ruseTis gavliT, aramed, pirdapirac Semovida. isic
unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSiri marTalia diqtatura iyo, magram evropuli, kanonze da ara
aRmosavlurad mTlianad pirovnebaze damyarebuli. anu XVIII saukunidan saqarTvelo nel-
nela evropul qveyanad gadaiqca, anu daSorda Tavis warsuls. institutebi, socialuri
fenebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi evropuli gaxda. Sesabamisad, rodesac XX saukunis
bolos, XXI saukunis dasawyisSi qveyana Sua saukuneebSi gadavarda, is ver gadavardeboda iq,
sadac gadasavardni ar hqonda namdvil, istoriul, qarTul Sua saukuneebSi. is
gadavarda im Sua saukuneebSi, rac axlandel, evropis nawil, evropuli institutebis da
Rirebulebebis saqarTvelos unda hqonoda. (avtor-egom Caicina, warmoidgina ra
inteleqtualebis siame da politologebis aRSfoTeba am abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg. xolo
Semdeg gaicina, warmoidgina ra inteleqtual-politologi, romlic am abzacs kiTxulobs).
64

saukuneebis/demokratiis simulaciis qanqarSi moxvedris SemTxvevaSi araferi ar
Seicvleba.
Tumca, iseTi scenaric SesaZlebelia, rom sazogadoeba mTlianad
sekularizebuli gaxdes, xolo marTlmadidebeli eklesia iZulebuli Seiqnes erT-
erTi reliqtis saxiT iarsebos, gavlenisa da mrevlis gareSe, manam, sanam fizikurad
ar gaqreba.
cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneebSi masmedia ar iyo, magram, iyo media institutebi,
romlebic Suamavlobdnen saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. media
institutebis rols rogorc eklesiebi, aseve gildiebi, loJebi da universitetebi
asrulebdnen. rogorc eklesiebs, aseve gildiebs hqondaT Temebi, romlebsac isini
exebodnen da romlebic maTi mediatorobis mandatSi iyo Casmuli, da aseve, iyo
Temebi, romelzec maTi mediatorobis uflebamosileba ar vrceldeboda.
es media institutebi awarmoebdnen ganwyobebs, viTarebebs, molodinebs. magram,
iyo sferoebi, romelTa mimarT aranairi ganwyoba ar yalibdeboda, imitom, rom maTze
arcerTi media instituti ar laparakobda. aseTi tabuirebuli Temebi ar iyo bevri:
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sida wesebi, eklesiis Sida da gare politika, saidumlo
savaWro garigebebi mmarTvelobebTan es iyo is Temebi romlebsac mediatorebi,
eklesia da gildiebi, ar exebodnen, da romelTa Sesaxeb laparakis dawyebac axali
mediatoris gamoCenas da gadatrialebis dasawyiss niSnavda. aseTi gadatrialeba
moaxdina savonarolam, rodesac man arsebuli movlenebis axali interpretacia
miawoda mosaxleobas, aseve, ian husma, aseve, SeiZleba, luTermac. aseTi mediatoruli
Carevisa da gamonaTebis kidev bevri magaliTebis monaxva SeiZleba.
saerTo ki Sua saukuneebis mediatorebs da Cvens masmedias erTi aqvs: arsebobs
tabuebi, da es imdenad bunebrivad iTvleba, rom am tabuirebis uzrunvelmyofi
meqanizmebi daviwyebulia, anda sruliad gamqrali. amitom, rodesac raRacis gamo,
tabuze laparaki da mediatoroba iwyeba, es, rogorc wesi, seriozul cvlilebebs
iwvevs, radganac yvela, vinc tabus arseboba icoda da amitom mis arsebobas
Seguebuli iyo, erTveba momavali cvlilebis procesSi.
saqarTvelos masmediaSi didi xania igive mdgomareobaa. arsebobs tabuirebuli
Temebi. rodesac garRveva xdeba, es, adre Tu gvian, am tabudadebulis mkveTr
cvlilebas iwvevs. aseTi Tema iyo kaxa TargamaZis droindeli Sinagan saqmeTa
saministro, policielebis Zaladoba, prostitucia, ganaTlebis saministro da
65

saxelmwifo universitetebi. maTma gan-tabuirebam am sferoebis Tu institutebis
cvlilebebic gamoiwvia, an uaxloes momavalSi gamoiwvevs.
tabuebi kvlavac arsebobs, dRevandel saqarTveloSi esenia narkobiznesi,
iaraRiT vaWroba, eklesia, kazinoebis (ukacravad, samorineebis) biznesi. albaT, maTi
gan-tabuirebac male daiwyeba. Sua saukeneebidan gamosvla albaT am SemTxvevaSi
tabuebis moxsnas niSnavs. gan-tabueba ar niSnavs kritikas. gan-tabuireba zrdasrul
asakSi Sesvlis dasawyisia, rac TavisTavad cvlis garemos. Sesabamisad, sanam Cvens
masmediaSi tabu iarsebebs, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlaze laparakic zedmetia. Tumca,
gan-tabuireba, tabusagan dacla, sasruli procesia da odesRac mTavrdeba. mTavrdeba
maSin, roca tabuirebas azri aRara aqvs.
12. saqarTvelos oligarqebi da biznes-jgufebi
rogorc ukve vTqviT, CvenSi, iseve rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, oligarqebi da biznes-
jgufebi mTavrobaze arian mibmulebi. maTTvis jerjerobiT wamgebiania samoqalaqo
sazogadoebasa da sasamarTloze dayrdnoba. bunebrivia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
sazrunavia iseTi garemos Seqmna, rodesac biznesmenisaTvis sakuTari Tavisa da
warmoebis dasacavad saxelmwifoze dayrdnoba wamgebiani gaxdeba. Sua saukuneebidan
gamosvlisaTvis es sayrdenis gamocvla aucileblad unda ganxorcieldes, radganac
sanam biznes-jgufebi ar gaxdebian samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gildiuri wevrebi,
Sua saukuneebidan ver gamovalT.
es gamosvla ki daiwyeba maSin, rodesac, swored imitom, rom saxelmwifosTan
kavSiri da omis ekonomika wamgebiani gaxdeba, biznesis subieqtebi daiwyeben
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaZlierebasa da ganviTarebaze zrunvas. rodesac biznesmeni
Tavis fuls ara mxolod sakuTari biznesis dacvisTvis gamoiyenebs, aramed im
kanonebis da struqturebis danergvisTvisac, romlebic zogadad biznesis usafrTxo
da stabilur arsebobas uzrunvelyofs.
magram swored am dros gaxdebian oligarqebi realurad saSiSni raRac
momentSi isini aucileblad CaTvlian, rom maTze Zlieri ukve aRaravin aris da
moindomeben Zalis demonstrirebas. amitom es iqneba erT-erTi pirveli da
mniSvnelovani safrTxe, rodesac Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlas daviwyebT.
kiTxva, romelic am 12 argumentis moyvanis Semdeg unda davsvaT, aris is, Tu ra
gvemuqreba, rogoria ganviTarebis scenarebi da rogor aisaxeba Cveni aseTi
mdgomareoba Cvens garemoze.
66

saqarTveloSi arsebuli Sua saukuneebidan orgvari gamosavali arsebobs da
orive mcired gansxvavdeba istoriuli analogidan. TiTqosda cxadia arCevani: an
darCena Sua saukuneebis qveynad, an axal droSi gadasvla, ZiriTadi sistemebis
mTlianad gamocvla da Tanamedrove saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba.
meore, ufro dafaruli SesaZlebloba, aris kvlav Zalauflebis simulaciaSi
dabruneba. amis ganxorcieleba TiTqosda ufro advilia: sakmarisia is niSnebi
movaSoroT sistemas, romelic man bolo wlebSi SeiZina, da kvlav simulirebulebis
samyaroSi amovyofT Tavs. magram, imdenad, ramdenadac Zalauflebis simulaciebi
socialuri garemos mxolod mcire fenebs Tu exeba, xifaTi da realoba imisa, rom
kvlav Sua saukuneebSi CavvardebiT, iarsebebs, da xSir SemTxvevebSi ganxorcieldeba
kidec. Semdeg, kvlav mosalodneli iqneba gamosvla da Tuki politikosebs da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtorebs Soris ZiriTadi cvlilebebisTvis saWiro Zala da
SesaZlebloba kvlavac ver moinaxa, kvlavac Zalauflebis simulaciebSi aRmovCndebiT.
am Caketili wridan gamosvlis Sansi sul ufro da UufroO Semcirdeba yovel
gameorebasTan erTad. bolos mivalT mdgomareobamde, rodesac sakuTar Tavs
aRmovaCenT mudmivad mimoqceuls Sua saukuneebsa da demokratiis simulaciebs Soris,
gamosavlis yovelgvari imedis gareSe.
samwuxarod, dRevandeli qarTuli politika ise gaewyo, rom masSi Zalian
cota Zalaa Zireul cvlilebebze orientirebuli. ZiriTadi mowodebebi, romlebic
gvesmis, gvTavazoben arsebuli xelisuflebis sakuTari TaviT Canacvlebas. es
mowodeba ki orive mxridan gaismis, rogorc opoziciis, aseve xelisuflebis im
nawilis mxridan, vinc SevardnaZis Semdeg apirebs mmarTvelobaSi darCenas.
Sua saukuneebis kvalad, albaT, avtoris valia mkiTxvels universaluri
sazomi anda filosofiuri qva SesTvazos, romelsac, iseve rogorc Sua
saukuneebSi, albaT, aravin da veravin gamoiyenebs.

67

V. politikosebis universaluri sazomi saqarTveloSi, sxva mis msgavs da
mimsgavsebul qveynebSi

rogorc wina Tavidan gairkva, gamosavali mxolod cvlilebaSi unda iyos. magram,
rogor unda gavigoT, ra aris es cvlileba? bolos da bolos, mkiTxveli-
amomrCeveli mkiTxavs, rogor gavigo, politikoss, romelsac me arCevnebSi xmas
mivcem, sulerTia is maRali da aSS-Si ganaTlebamiRebuli iqneba, saSualo tanis da
ganaTlebiT biologi, Tu saSualo tanis da gaunaTlebeli, yofili sabWoTa
prokurori, ra unda cvlileba Tu sakuTari TaviT SevardnaZis Canacvleba? Tumca,
albaT, SevardnaZis Canacvleba yvelas unda. maSin, rogorc gavigo vis unda
cvlileba, xolo vis ki yvelafris isev ise datoveba da qanqaris Sua
saukuneebi/Zalauflebis simulaciebi marTva? sakiTxavi ai es aris.
politikosebi Cveulebrivi adamianebi arian, da amitomac maTdami
gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebis wayenebas azri ara aqvs
38
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi oficialuri, da xSir SemTxvevebSi opoziciuri
politikac aseTi moTxovnebiT emaslaaTeba sakuTar Tavs da erTmaneTs. xelisuflebis
formirebis wesi, sulerTia, saparlamento da samTavrobo doneze erTi da imave rames
gulisxmobs: oficialur politikaSi mosulebma ar unda ifiqron araferze garda
politikisa, rac gamoixateba maT xelfasebSi da im samuSao pirobebSi, romlebiTac
maT saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. es meqanizmi yvelam icis da, rogorc wesi, miCneulia
sabWoTa marTvis principis gadmoRebad, rodesac sistema aiZulebda politikoss,
equrda da Semdeg am faqtiT yurebiT eWira
. uazrobaa politikoss
mosTxovo ifiqros da imoqmedos mxolod demokratiisaTvis, ar ifiqros da araferi
ar gaakeTos sakuTari TavisTvis, karierisaTvis, aseve gaugebaria moiTxovo, rom man
ar ifiqros garTobaze da ar hqondes seqsi, rakiRa politikosoba airCia, yovelive
piradulze uari unda Tqvas da yvelaferi qveynis, demokratiis, partiis da a. S.
msaxurebas daumorCilos.
39

38
qvemoT vnaxavT, rom am gansakuTrebul moTxovnebsac aqvs Rrma da saxifaTo safuZveli.
igi. magram es monetis erTi mxarea:
meore mxare ki is aris, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazogadoebebi darwmunebulni
arian imaSi, rom politikosi marTlac aseTi, saqmisTvis Sewiruli da asketi unda
39
am sistemas Tavisi naklic aqvs; dRes SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelas erTmaneTi uWiravs, ase
rom yurebiT Weris faqtma devalvacia ganicada.
68

iyos, ubralod eseni, vinc axla arian, cudebi da borotebi arian, da mova dro,
rom maT kargebi da keTilebi Secvlian.
TavisTavad am bolo msjelobis diskursic miuTiTebs, rom saqme mTlad
zrdasrul gansjasTan ar unda gvqondes. meore mxriv, aucilebelia kiTxvis dasma,
rom Tuki politikosebi bunebrivad arian karieristebi da maTTvis Wama da seqsic
ar aris ucxo, sad aris is kriteriumi, romliTac Cven unda gavigoT, vin aris kargi
da vin cudi? anu ufro zrdasrulad rom gamovTqvaT, vin aris is, visac arCevnebSi
mxari unda davuWiro?
dRes saqarTveloSi ori politikuri programa ebrZvis erTmaneTs: erTni,
romlebic amboben, rom mTavaria kargi xalxi movides xelisuflebaSi, nebismieri
meTodebis gamoyenebiT, swori gamocdilebiT, da Semdeg daiwyos demokratiis da
Tavisuflebebis damyareba da meore, romelic ambobs, rom saWiroa dResve vizrunoT
demokratiisaTvis da TavisuflebebisaTvis, da mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebebi
moeqcevian demokratiul sistemebSi, an daiwyeben amgvar sistemebSi moqcevas, isini
TviTon gansazRvraven, samarTliani arCevnebis saSualebiT, Tu vis unda hqondes
xelisufleba.
politikosTa am or jgufad gayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia, imdenad,
ramdenadac arc erTi qarTveli politikosi arc erT am programas srulad ar
axorcielebs. Tumca es ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom dRes saqarTveloSi mxolod es
ori politikuri programa arsebobs da sxva rac xdeba, aris meoreuli da am
programebTan SedarebiT umniSvnelo.
arc erTi politikosi da politikosTa jgufi am strategias altruistuli
mosazrebiT ar SeimuSavebs. orive taqtika xelisuflebaSi mosvlis gzaa. orive gzas
aqvs Tavisi upiratesoba da nakli, orive Seicavs xifaTebs da xafangebs, riskebs da
garantiebs. orives hyavs Tavisi mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi, rogorc
mTavrobaSi, aseve mis gareT, politikosTa, politologTa, arasamTavro
organizaciaTa wreebSi, orive eZebs mokavSireebs sazRvargareT da poulobs kidec da
a. S.
saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc albaT yvelgan, politikosebisadmi midgoma
orgvaria: warsulze da momavalze orientirebuli. warsulze mimarTuli midgoma
ukavSirdeba politikosis warsuls, mis gamocdilebas, mis wres da a. S. am
SemTxvevaSi imas, Tu ras akeTebs an ras hpirdeba es politikosi sazogadoebas,
naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. momavalze orietirebuli midgoma ukavSirdeba imas, Tu ras
69

akeTebs politikosi da ra unda, rom gaakeTos, risTvis ibrZvis da a. S. iseve,
rogorc arc erTi es damokidebuleba arc erT amomrCevelSi wminda saxiT ar
arsebobs, iseve ar arsebobs warmatebuli saarCevno programa, romelic mxolod erT-
erTi grZnobis gaRvivebas cdilobs amomrCevelSi; Tu cdilobs, is ganwirulia
marcxisaTvis (moqalaqeTa kavSiris bedi bolo, 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis
arCevnebze). yoveli kandidatis arCevisas gadamwyvetia, Tu romel midgomas Tvlis
amomrCeveli mniSvnelovnad, romeli midgomaa gabatonebuli qveyanaSi, da ara is, ra
dReSi arian moqalaqeebi da rogoria maTi Semosavali.
orive midgomas aqvs arsebobis ufleba, magram saqarTvelos pirobebSi, anu Sua
saukuneebis daZlevisas, mniSvnelobas arCeuli gzis gardauvloba iZens da ara gzis
amrCevis principuloba da sityvis kacoba. Tanamedrove qarTveli politikosis
universalur sazomi unda iyos is, Tu ramdenad uzrunvelyofs esa Tu is
politikuri programa ZalauflebaSi mosvlis universalurobas, anu sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, ramdenad gadis ama Tu im politikosis ZalauflebaSi mosvlis gza Cemi,
rogorc rigiTi amomrCevlis keTildReobaze da dadebiT momavalze.
pirveli poziciis (jer Zalaufleba, Semdeg demokratia) pasuxi am kiTxvaze
gaurkvevelia, radganac is Zalauflebis miRwevis gzaze rigiT amomrCevelTan
TanamSromlobas ar gulisxmobs, da apirebs garkveuli jgufebis saSualebiT movides
qveynis saTaveSi. am SemTxvevaSi radikaluri reformebis gardauvloba saeWvoa xdeba,
radganac valebs gastumreba unda, kudebs moSoreba da a. S.
meore pozicia (jer demokratia, mere Zalaufleba, anda, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, orive erTad) gulisxmobs rigiT amomrCevelTan TanmSromlobas da mas
centralur rols aniWebs Tavis momavalSi. amitom, bunebrivia, am politikuri
programebis dapirispirebaSi, rigiTi moqalaqis, qveynis momavlisa da keTildReobis
interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT, meore pozicia imarjvebs, ara imitom, rom meore pozicia
unakloa, aramed imitom, rom politikuri pragmatizmis mixedviT iq moqalaqe
arsebobs, rasac pirvel poziciaSi ver vamCnevT.
daiwyebs gaqrobas Tu gaagrZelebs arsebobas is xuTi ZiriTadi umsjelo
40

40
avtorma da avtor-egom bevri ifiqres, Tu ra sityviT unda Caenacvlebina pre-judice,
, Vorurteil, da gadawyvites, rom yvelaze kargi axali sityvis gamogonebaa,
imdenad, ramdenadac aqamde arsebuli qarTuli Sesatyvisi crurwmena mxolod, nawilobriv

azri, romlic saqarTveloSi rom arsebobs da faqtiurad kravs yvela diskurss da
70

teqsts, am proeqtebidan erT-erTis gamarjvebazea damokidebuli. es xuTi
umsjeloba, romlebic Cveni qveynis yvela kuTxeSi da yvela gzaze gvxvdeba, imdenad
zedapirze Zevs, rom maT arsebobas verc ki vamCnevT.

asaxavs am azris Sinaarss. Prejudice naklebad aris rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli da ufro metad
ukritikod raimes miRebas da mis mixedviT moqmedebas niSnavs. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT
vnaxavT, xuTi umsjelo azri, romelsac saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba upyria,
semantikurad da istoriulad rwmenas ukavSirdeba.
71

VI. xuTi ZiriTadi umsjeloba, romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs

1. kariera da karieraze mimarTuloba cudia. Tavmdabloba, mcireTi
dakmayofileba maRali Rirebulebaa;
es crurwmena/devizi ambobs, rom karieraze Sen ar unda izruno. is Sen
mogecema, Tuki Sen kargad moiqcevi. Seni kargad qceva ki aris Seni saqmisadmi, Seni
ufrosebisadmi erTguleba. Seni kargad qceva aucileblad dafasdeba. am crurwmenis
yvelaze xSiri arekvla gvxvdeba mTavrobis warmomadgeneli politikosebis
diskursSi, romelTac xSirad wamoscdebaT xolme opoziciis mimarT magaT xom
xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba undaT. aseve, arc Tu ise iSviaTia am umsjelo azris
gamonaTeba opoziciuri partiebis mxridanac, romlebic erTmaneTs Zalauflebisaken
swrafvaSi adanaSauleben. cota xnis winaT Zalian xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac
Jurnalistis mier braldebis toniT dasmul SekiTxvaze _ Tqven xelisuflebaSi xom
ar gindaT mosvla? _ opoziciuri partiis warmomadgeneli ibneoda da xSirad
wiTldeboda.
aseTi ganwyobis mizezi mnisvnelovanwilad formaluri da araformaluri
ganaTlebis sistemaSia saZiebeli. saswavlo wignebi da literatura savsea karieraze
orientirebuli uaryofiTi gmirebiT da Tavmdabali, morcxvi dadebiTi
protagonistebiT. qarTveli mwerlebi da kinoreJisorebi, sabWoTa periodSi da
Semdegac, gatacebiT asuraTxatebdnen am binarul opozicias.
sabWoTa xelisufleba am umsjelobis damkvidrebas aqtiurad uwyobda xels.
amisaTvis is socialuri kontrolis farul meqanizmebsac iyenebda. erT-erTi aseTi
meqanizmi kanonieri qurdebis instituti iyo, romelic, rogorc zemoT ukve
aRvniSneT, Tavmdablobas, politikaSi Caurevlobas, anti-karierizms, berul cxovrebas
qadagebda.
2. saqmis Cumad, CaZiebulad (siyvaruliT) keTebaa saWiro; gakeTebul an
gasakeTebel saqmeze yvirili, anu PR-i sircxvilia;
aranakleb gavrcelebulia es meore umsjelobac, romelic pirvelidan gamomdinareobs
da saqmisadmi upirobo erTgulebas qadagebs. aq isev wina debulebis damsabuTebeli
struqturaa gameorebuli: adamiani imdenad unda iyos Tavisi mowodebis erTguli,
Cafluli masSi, rom sircxvilia ifiqros anazRaurebaze an TviTreklamaze. es mas
TavisiT miuva, Tuki Tavs Seaklavs Tavisi saqmis keTebas. yoveli saqme aris
TviTkmari fenomeni, romlis Rirebuleba maradiulia da is ar aris damokidebuli
72

arc yoveldRiurobaze, arc istoriul pirobebze, arc anazRaurebaze. am umsjelobis
anarekls da kvals Tanamedrove
41
aseTi ganwyobis safuZveli erTis mxriv, marTalia, socialuri
indiferentizmia, magram meores mxriv, am ganwyobis ukan aSkarad Cans Tavis saqmes
Sewiruli adamianis/asketis landi, romelic mcirediT unda dakmayofildes, magram is
saqme, romelic mas avalia, unda Seasrulos. aseve, aseTi landebis gamoa, rom arc
erTi opoziciuri partia ar fiqrobs seriozuli programis SemuSavebaze, romelic
saxelmwifo moxeleebis anazRaurebas gazrdis. saxelmwifo
moxelis/asketis/saqmisTvis Sewiruli adamianis sameba mkvidrad aris dafuZnebuli
meore umsjelobaze.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samsaxuris gamarTlebis
ideologiaSi vpoulobT: is, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi ministris xelfasi odnav
Tu aRemateba 100 aSS dolars, korumpirebulobaSi cxadad artikulirebul
brladebas arasodes warmoSobs. aravin kiTxulobs, rogor unda SesZlos ministrma,
sxva, ufro dabalanazRaurebian saxelmwifo samsaxurze rom araferi vTqvaT, am
xelfasiT arseboba. es ar warmoSobs sazogadoebriv wuxils da, Sesabamisad, ar
gardaiqmneba arc Jurnalistur SekiTxvad, arc Jurnalistur gamoZiebad.
rac Seexeba sakuTari miRwevebis Sesaxeb laparaks es qedmaRlobaa da
sircxvilia. is, rac CV-s safuZvelSia, ar aris swori, imitom, rom qedmaRlobis
niSania. yvelaze kargad sxvebma ician, rac gaakeTe, da saqmenman Senman unda
warmogaCinos. ara sityvebma. miT umetes, Senma sityvebma.
3. politika saSinelebaa. igi Cveulebrivi xalxis saqme ar aris. politikaSi
ar unda Caerio (dauSvebelia vinmes _ mag., studentebis _ politizireba);
politizacia uaryofiTi, lamis eSmakeuli cnebaa;
bunebrivia, wina ori umsjelobidan pirdapir gamomdinareobs azri, rom politika
es gansakuTrebuli adamianebis saqmea, romelic arc unda gansajo, arc unda Caerio
masSi. RmerTma dagvifaros xelisuflebaSi mosvlis an misi mopovebis survilisagan.
politikas miaRwev, Tuki mTeli cxovreba Tavdauzogavad iSromeb, Tavs Seaklav
saqmes. bolos cidan etli mogevlineba da zecaSi agiyvans, sadac iseTive
damsaxurebis xalxSi, rogoric Sen xar, poveb adgils. manam, sanam es ar moxdeba,
uzneobaa zecaSi asvlis survili. kidev ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki vinmes

41
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi am sityvis gamoyeneba am wignSi TandaTan sul ufro da ufro
uxerxuli xdeba.
73

axalgazrdebis gareva moundeba politikaSi es xom igivea, rom patara bavSvebs
kama-sutra ukiTxo. politikaSi Careva mxolod garkveuli asakidanaa SesaZlebeli. es
asaki ki namdvilad ar emTxveva studentobis asaks.
garda amisa, politikaSi Careva gagsvris. sakuTar Tavs, suls dagaviwyebinebs.
4. ar unda miiRo monawileba gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. ar unda gaisvaro;
aravis ar unda emxrobode, unda icavde samarTlianobas, obieqturobas;
magram mainc, umaRlesi Rirebuleba araferSi monawileobaa. mTavari sazrunavi Seni
suli da kulturulobaa
42
ufro meti saSinelebaa, Tuki gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi iReb monawileobas da
ambob, rom es asea da ara sxvagvarad. es calmxrivoba da sibrZnis naklebobaa.
WeSmariteba mudam sadRac SuaSia, da mxolod SuaSi yofna aris Rirseuli adgili
. ar unda gaisvaro yoveldRiurobaSi da
simdidrisken/cnobilobisken swrafvaSi. es uRirsi sacielia: am dros, bunebrivia, Sen
iviwyeb sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar Sinagan bunebas fulze cvli da hyidi.
43
5. sakuTari pozicia arasodes ar unda daafiqsiro mkveTrad, araferi ar unda
Seafaso, gadawyvetileba ar unda miiRo;
.
arc erT mxares ar unda aRmoCnde. radikalizmi miuRebelia da araferi kargi ar
moaqvs.
xSirad es umsjeloba saqarTveloSi radikalizmis dagmobis saxeliT aris cnobili.
radikalizmi aris upirveles yovlisa imis gancxadeba, Tu ra mogwons da ra ar
mogwons. es ki sircxvilia, radganac Sen ar ici (sanam ar gaizrdebi) ra mogwons da
ra _ ara. radikalizms, anu poziciis mkveTr dafiqsirebas moaqvs ubedureba, ZmaTa
Soris sisxlisRvra. bolos da bolos sul ar aris saWiro ibrZolo, imitom rom
yvelas yvelaferi miezRveba odesme.
es xuTi umsjeloba tradiciuli qristianuli rwmenis, maT Soris
marTlmadideblobis, interpretacias warmoadgens. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi es
interpretacia warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda sazogadoebis kontrolisaTvis da
formaluri Tu araformaluri ganaTlebis da ideologiis saSualebiT
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis qvakuTxedad iyo qceuli.

42
rac, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, eklesiasTan da qarTul rwmenasTan igivdeba.
43
aseTi cnobierebisaTvis idealur viTarebad qanqaraSi Sua saukuneebis/demokratiis
simulacia moxvedra moCans.
74

bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi kaTolikur religias didi gavlena hqonda da
isic warmatebiT iyenebda am gavlenas sakuTari politikuri interesebis
gasatareblad. romis politikuri interesebi ZiriTadad patara saxelmwifoebis
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. germaniis samTavroebSi reformaciis mxardaWeris
safuZveli swored politikuri interesebis Widili gaxda: bibliis sxvagvari
wakiTxvis da zemoT moyvanili xuTi umsjelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma luTerma
mxolod imitom moipova politikuri mxardaWera, rom misi religiuri reformis
lideris _ da politikuri subieqtebis interesebi emTxveoda erTmaneTs. es
interesebi ki mokled SeiZleba erTi fraziT gamovxatoT: avtonomiurobisken swrafva
da gare gavlenisagan Sida politikis maqsimaluri ganTavisufleba.
istorikosebi, sociologebi da kulturis Teoretikosebi am politikuri
faqtidan gamomdinare Sedegebs sxvadasxvanairad aRweren. me ar daviwyeb kamaTs,
protestantuli eTika Tu romis gavlenisagan politikuri ganTavisufleba gaxda
axali drois
44
ra Tqma unda, axali interpretacia, romelic axal evropas daedo safuZvlad,
ar mouwodebda qedmaRlobisaken, ampartavnebisaken da radikalizmisaken. is ubralod
sakuTari qmedebis realuri Sefasebis, miznis dasaxvis da miRwevis, socialur
cxovrebaSi pasuxismgeblobis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis da arCevanis
mniSvnelobis/gardauvlobis debulebebs amkvidrebda Zveli umsjelobebis nacvlad.
safuZveli, magram faqtia, rom amis Semdeg tradiciuli
interpretaciis politikuri gamoyeneba, romelic pasiurobisaken, umoqmedobisaken da
saero mmarTvelebisadmi upirobo morCilebisken mouwodebda, socialur cxovrebaSi
gamoiricxa.
saqarTvelos socialur sivrceSi umsjelobebi, romlebic zemoT aRvwereT, iseve,
rogorc evropis Sua saukuneebSi, myaradaa fesvgadgmuli. isev da isev, Tu Cven mier
zemoT naxseneb or politikur programas davubrundebiT, am xuT umsjelobas emyareba
pozicia, romelic ambobs, rom me moval da cxovrebas gagiumjobesebT. gansxvavebiT
meore programisagan, romelic gveubneba, rom mxolod Cven SegviZlia sakuTari
cxovrebis Secvla.
Tumca isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tuki Cveni socialuri sivrcis
mosaxleTa umetesoba xuT umsjelobas Seupyria, gamarjvebis mosurne politikosma,

44
maT Soris, aSS-s safuZveli, romelic protestantebma aaSenes.
75

imanac ki, romelic mTlianad meore, Sua saukuneebidan gamosvlis proeqtis momxrea,
Tavis diskursSi blomad unda gaurios qanqarisTvis
45
Sesabamisad, ar unda velodoT, rom winasaarCevno sityvebSi da dapirebebSi am
or programas cxadad amovicnobT da martivad davadgebiT Sua saukuneebidan
gamosasvlel gzas.
damaxasiaTebeli elementebi.
gamosavali isev gadawyvetilebis miRebaSia, romelic ukve TavisTavad
ewinaaRmdegeba CvenSi arsebul umsjelobebs da crurwmenebs, da mcdari arCevnis
SemTxvevaSic ki mniSvnelovani nabiji iqneba Sua saukuneebidan Tavis dasaRwevad.

45
pozicia, romelic Sua saukuneebi/demokratiis simulaciebs Soris mudmivi qanqariskenaa
mimarTuli.
76

VII. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, misi jgufebi, Semadgenloba, rogori unda iyos
da rogori ar aris is dRevandel saqarTveloSi. anu ratom rCeba saqarTvelo, da
ara marto is, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris (Sua saukuneebis) modernizebul
(regresirebul) versiad
46
eg iseTi kacia, erTi wesieri

proeqtic ar eqneba dawerili
xalxuri

dRes ukve TiTqmis aravis ar epareba eWvi, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba qveynis
politikis da socialuri arsebobis aucilebeli komponentia. am aRiarebamde rogorc
CvenTan, aseve dasavleTis ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebSic, samoqalaqo
sazogadoebas rTuli gzis gavla dasWirda. marTalia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
cnebis Zirebi da amosavali jer kidev hegelTan gvxvdeba, magram didi dro unda
gasuliyo, vidre samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saxelmwifo/sazogadoeba diqotomiaSi
sazogadoebas Caanacvlebda.
Tumca CvenTan samoqalaqo sazogadoebam gareSe TvalisaTvis ucnauri forma
miiRo: samoqalaqo sazogadoebis farglebi emTxveva arasamTavrobo aramomgebiani
organizaciebis farglebs. bolo dros SeimCneva tendencia, rom samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi CaerTon ara mxolod arasamTavrobo aramomgebiani organizaciebi,
aramed samoqalaqo aqtivistebic, romlebic ar arian romelime organizaciuli
CarCoebiT SemozRudulni. magaram jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi saqme isea, rom
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cneba emTxveva samoqalaqo da moqalaqeebis uflebebis
dacvis cnebas. anu is, vinc icavs adamianis uflebebs da ar aris saxelmwifo
organizaciis warmomadgeneli aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan moicavs yvela im aqtivobas da
organizaciul formas, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo: gildiebs, romlebic Sua
saukuneebSi Seiqmna, qmnidnen rogorc profesorebi, aseve studentebi da vaWrebi,
xelosnebze rom araferi vTqvaT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba aris organizebuli
moqmedeba, romelic ar momdinareobs saxelmwifo institutebidan da ar eyrdnoba
saxelmwifo institutebs. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawilebi, jer kidev

46
maT sayuradRebod, vinc, sruliad samarTlianad, amCnevs rom saqarTveloSi bevri ram
Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg, da miaCnia, rom es neli, magram utyuari demokratizaciis
da qveynis sasikeTo momavlis niSania.
77

Sua saukuneebidan, arian profesiuli jgufebi, korporaciebi, uflebadamcveli
organizaciebi, da aseve, yvela is moqmedeba, romelic garkveuli mizniT warmoiSoba
(ar eyrdnoba saxelmwifos romelime instituts) da Semdeg, am miznis SesrulebasTan
erTad qreba. qreba albaT imisaTvis, rom kvlav moaxdinos sxva mizniT gaerTianeba.
ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gansxvavebis mkveTri xazi gadis
ara pirovnebebze, aramed institutebze. pirovnebebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen
ganmsazRvrelni iq, sadac institutebi da Rirebulebebia gamijvna-gancalkevebis
safuZveli. Tumca swored pirovnebebi aqceven am gamijvnas aqtualurad.
Cveni yurisaTvis am gansazRvrebas TiTqos ara uSavs, da emTxveva imas, rac
saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, an riskenac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi miiswrafis.
magram es samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebis xelovnuri da mavne SezRudvaa:
sainteresoa, rom aseTi SezRudva xels maT unda aZlevdes, vinc ar apirebs
saxelmwifos yvelganCamrevis da yvelafrismkeTeblis roli gauSvas xelidan.
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi imis Sebrunebuli viTareba SeimCneva, rac
liberalur/demokratiul qveyanas unda hqondes da saiTkenac miemarTeba
demokratiuli qveynis ganviTareba: dasavleTSi saxelmwifo arsebobs imisaTvis, rom
swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebis moqmedebaTa kontroli moaxdinos, anu
Tvalyuri adevnos, rom maT ar daarRvion mTeli rigi kanonebisa da amiT
moqalaqeebis cxovreba ar gaarTulon. amisaTvis saxelmwifos gankargulebaSia
makontrolebeli da damsjeli organoebi da sabolood saxelmwifo negatiuri
Zalauflebis mflobeli xdeba: anu is zRudavs da ar qmnis, is Tavis Zalauflebas
iyenebs ara SeqmnisaTvis, aramed farglebis, CarCoebis, sazRvrebis dadgenisaTvis.
Tanamedrove idealuri saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemebis CaTvliT Nnegatiuri
Zalauflebis mflobelia.

78

amis Semdeg mkiTxveli kvlav sami dasasrulis winaSe amohyofs Tavs. es
konkretuli, pirveli dasasruli imaTTvisaa, visac socialuri Teoria ainteresebs
da unda Cveni qveynis magaliTze naxos, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos Sua saukuneebidan
gamosvlis Tu gamousvlelobis mizezi.

VIII. dasasruli pirveli Zalauflebis mokle istoria
saerTod, saxelmwifo Zalauflebis evropuli da aSS-s istoria SeiZleba
daiweros rogorc moZraoba pozitiuri Zalauflebidan negatiurisaken: albaT,
mxolod XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi iyo Zalaufleba is, rasac dRes Zalauflebad
miiCneven sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT. manamde, Sua saukuneebSi, is iyo
formaluri, Zalauflebis mkacri da sastiki afeTqebebiT, da Semdeg aris
negatiuri.
is, rasac dRes Zalauflebad miiCneven arSemdgari diqtatorebi TavianT
sizmrebsa da ocnebebSi, aris saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebis dawyebuli
ideologiis formirebiT, damTavrebuli ojaxSi mimdinare procesebiT warmarTva
yvela saSualebebiT. anu es aris daaxloebiT iseTi Zalaufleba, evropaSi rom iyo
XVIII-XIX saukunemde. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic qmnis, angrevs, ganmartavs, sjis
da a. S. es aris Zalaufleba, romelic awesebs kanonebs sakuTari saqmianobis
legitimaciisaTvis, es Zalaufleba met-naklebad Tanabrad aris gavrcobili qveynis
yvela nawilze da misi kanonebis wamieri darRvevis winaaRmdegac ki arsebobs Zviri
da mouxeSavi institutebi: sasamarTlo, policia a. S. es iyo is, ramac warmoSva
komunisturi partiis manifesti igi warmoSva zewolam, romelsac Zalaufleba
awarmoebda sakuTari proeqtebis ganmxorcieleblebze, da am zewolis Sedegad
socialur horizontze gamoCenilma kasturma sistemam.
im dros Tavisufali bazari arsebobda rogorc saxelmwifos nawili da aseve
msxvili kapitalic, YTavisi moqmedebebiT da ganwyobiT, saxelmwifos nawilad iyo
miCneuli. Tavis mxriv, msxvil kapitalsac ar SeeZlo uari eTqva saxelmwifosTan
daqvemdebarebul TanamSromlobaze, radganac misi bazari jer kidev saxelmwifo
sistemebiT, maT Soris sazRvrebiT da saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobiT iyo
SemozRuduli.
79

Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo XVII-XIX saukuneebamde warmarTvada procesebs,
romlebic masSi mimdinareobdnen: rogorc ekonomikurs
47
Zalauflebis tipis gamocvla pozitiuridan negatiurisaken ekonomikuri
jgufebis kvlav samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi dabrunebis Sedegia es moxda maSin,
rodesac didi korporaciebi ufro gaZlierdnen, vidre saxelmwifoebi da maT aRar
sWirdebodaT saxelmwifoebTan sasicocxlo kavSiri. Sesabamisad, Sesustda moraluri
kontrolis moTxovnac, imdenad, ramdenadac Zlieri ekonomikuri jgufebis samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi dabrunebam cxadi gaxada, rom sazogadoebrivi filosofiebis
(sulieri moTxovnilebebis da maTi aRsrulebis wesebis) sivrcec iseve (Tu ufro
meti ara) mzardi bazaria, rogorc yvela sxva.
, aseve ideologiurs
saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo sistemebiT da mkacri moraluri klimatis, anu
moraluri sazRvrebis SenarCunebiT. amis yvelaze ufro cxadi magaliTia
merkantilizmis periodi, rodesac saxelmwifo Zalian mWidrod iyo biznes-
korporaciebTan dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom praqtikaSi merkantilizmi
meqrTameobas uigivdeboda, amboben, rom im periodSi es ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo. Tumca adam smiti, pirveli politekonomiuri TeoriiT, ukve
moiTxovda merkantilizmis gauqmebas. Zalauflebis istoriaSi es periodi imdenadaa
mniSvnelovani, rom evropis da aSS-s istoriaSi warmoadgens pozitiuri Zalauflebis
bolo SemTxvevas.
am dabrunebis Sedegad XIX da XX saukuneSi cxadi gaxda sazogadoebrivi
sivrcis, anu samoqalaqo sazogadoebis topologia, romelic daiyo or procesze
da mizanze orientirebuli jgufebad.
dRes samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori tipis jgufisagan: is jgufebi,
romlebic mizanze arian orietirebulebi, da isini, vinc procesze arian mimarTulebi.
es dayofa, ra Tqma unda, iseve, rogorc yvela klasifikacia, pirobiTia, da Tuki
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis socialuri jgufebis Seswavlas daviwyebT, saeWvoa, rom
zedapiruli gamokvleviT iq romelime jgufi wminda mxolod mizanze an mxolod
procesze orietirebuli _ saxiT aRmovaCinoT. rodesac jgufebi da dajgufebebi
iwyenen muSaobas, anu rogorc filosofosni ityodnen, aqtualurni xdebian,
gonebamoqnili mkvlevari maT moqmedebaSi mizanze mimarTulobasac SeniSnavs da

47
aramarto gadasaxadebis dawesebis da amoRebis kontrolis meSveobiT, aramed did
korporaciebTan mWidro kavSiriTac.
80

proceszec mimarTulobasac. magram me es klasifikacia Tavad klasifikaciis
gulisaTvis ar momixmia: Cemi mizania principuli gansxvavebis monaxva, rac cxadad
dagvanaxebs, Tu ra aklia Cvens sakuTar garemos da ra unda gaxdes misi aucilebeli
nawili.
rogori xangZlivic ar unda iyos mogebaze orientirebuli organizaciis
konkretuli saqmianoba, mxolod misi miznis aRsrulebiT izomeba misi moqmedebis
dadebiToba-uaryofiToba. magram es mxolod ekonomikis/warmoebis/biznesis sivrceSi
dakavebul organizaciebs da jgufebs ar exeba: mizanze orientirebulia nebismieri
lobisturi organizacia/jgufi, rogori iuridiuli formac ar unda hqondes mas.
aq upriani iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom mizanze orietirebuloba Sedegze
orientirebulobaSi ar unda agverios. yoveli konkretuli adamianis moqmedeba
Sedegzea orientirebuli da verc movifiqrebT da verc davasaxelebT moqmedebas,
romelic aseTi ar aris: cocxali arseba cdilobs sakuTari moqmedebis Sedegi
nebismieri formiT miiRos sasurvelia iseTiT, rogorsac elodeba.
principulad sxvaa socialuri jgufis mizanze orientirebuloba: mizanze
orientirebuloba niSnavs, rom moqmedebas aqvs mizani, da es mizani iqvemdebarebs
mTel process. procesis yoveli gverdiTi Sedegic ki an exmareba aqtorebs miznis
ganxorcielebaSi, an ewinaaRmdegeba amas. mizanze mimarTuloba homogenuri fenomenia
da Tu rame ar emsaxureba miznis ganxorcielebis amocanas, is mas ewinaaRmdegeba.
zemoT moyvanili ori magaliTi, rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba, aseve, lobisturic,
swored mizans daqvemdebarebuli jgufebis moqmedebebia.
magram sazogadoeba mxolod aseTi organizaciebiT/jgufebiT ar amoiwureba:
mniSvnelovani adgili masSi procesze orietirebul jgufebs/organizaciebs uWiravT.
es jgufebi (Sedegze orientirebuli) adamianebis kidev erTi samyofelia. es iseTi
organizaciebia, romelTa mier warmoebul saqmianobis process ufro meti
mniSvneloba aqvs da ufro metad Rirebulia, vidre mizani, romelic am saqmianobas
aqvs dasaxuli. es iseTi saqmianobaa, romlis gacxadebuli, racionaluri,
Camoyalibebuli mizani Zalian wvrilmania im SedegebTan SedarebiT, rac am saqmianobis
process Tan sdevs.
magaliTad: saqarTvelos erT-erT raionSi gaxsnili sportuli klubis mizania
kargi sportsmenebis aRzrda. sworad warmoebuli sawvrTneli programa da sportis
saxeobis propaganda ki iwvevs axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawilis CamoSorebas
kriminalur samyaroSi CaTrevis SesaZleblobisgan. aseve, adamianis uflebebis
81

damcveli organizaciebis yoveli konretuli saqmianobis mizani konkretulia: an
konkretuli adamianis dacva, an diskriminaciuli kanonis winaaRmdeg brZola,
romelic an warmatebit mTavrdeba, an warumateblad, xolo es procesi
warmoebuli PR kampania da a. S. _ mosaxleobaSi sakuTari uflebebis dacvis
survils iwvevs, zrdis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis moZraobaSi moqalaqeTa
integraciis xarisxs, rac sabolood mTlianad liberaluri demokratiis da,
maSasadame, saxelmwifos ganviTarebaze axdens gavlenas.
zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom Zalauflebis ganviTarebis erT-erTi safexuria mizanze
orietirebuli jgufebis samoqalaqo sivrceSi dabruneba saxelmwifo/biurokratuli
sivrcidan. es procesi aucilebelia Zalauflebis negatiurad gadaqcevisaTvis, anu
Zalauflebisa da socialuri sistemis im tipis miRwevisaTvis, sadac Zalaufleba
aris ara mCagvreli, aramed Cagvris prevencia. amisaTvis ki sul mcire ori piroba
unda Sesruldes: 1. ekonomikis agentebi unda gaTavisufldnen saxelmwifos
pozitiuri (CareviTi) gavlenisagan; 2. ekonomikis agentebma sargebeli unda naxon
saxelmwifosgan ganTavisuflebaSi.
saqarTveloSi politikosebi, zemoTmoyvanili daxasiaTebebidan da aRwerebidan
gamomdinare, jer kidev pozitiuri Zalauflebis Rirebulebebze arin mimarTulebi.
SedarebisaTvis SeiZleba mokled ase davaxasiaToT Cveni socialur-
politikuri garemo: CvenSi negatiuri Zalaufleba arasamTavro organizaciebs aqvT,
xolo pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki kvlav saxelmwifos xelSia. anu zustad imis
ukuRmadaa saqme, vidre ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveyanaSi unda iyos. es ki niSnavs,
rom mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad, Zalauflebis buneba mTlianad da radikalurad
unda Seicvalos.
Zalauflebis bunebis SecvlisaTvis ki ekonomika/biznesi unda gamovides
saxelmwifos mfarvelobidan. magram es ar moxdeba manam, sanam xelisufleba
pozitiuri Zalauflebis matarebelia, xolo arasamTavrobo seqtori anu
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba negatiuris. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes saqrTveloSi
aravis ar mosdis TavSi bizness an biznesmens samoqalaqo sazogadoebis nawili
uwodos, imitom, rom isini ar arian da arc SeiZleba iyvnen negatiuri Zalauflebis
nawilebi. erTaderTi pozitiuri Zalaufleba ki saxelmwifos xelSia.
amocana am mxriv TiTqos martivia biznesi unda iqces samoqalaqo
sazogadoebad. magram es unda moxdes da sirTulec aq iwyeba ara PR kampaniebiT
da bizensmenTa Segneba-cnobierebis aweva-amaRlebiT aseTi dasawyisi garda imisa,
82

rom Sedegs ar moitans, saxifaTocaaa SeiZleba NGO proeqtebis bumis kidev erT
sababad iqces aramed Sesabamisi garemos SeqmniT. garemos Seqmna ki aris im
kanonebis miReba romlebic uzrunvelyofen: 1. mcire biznesis umtkivneulo
ganviTarebas: amiT biznesmenad gaxdomis saSualeba eZleva yvelas, anu samoqalaqo
sazogadoebaSi pozitiuri Zalauflebis Seqmna iwyeba; 2. saSualo da did biznesze
saxelmwifo ze-kontrolis saSualebebis anulirebas: anu saxelmwifo dainteresebis
mxolod saxelmwifo dakveTebiT Semofargvlas.
yovelive zemodTqmuli ki lobirebas gulisxmobs: mxolod sakanonmdeblo
lobirebiT aris SesaZlebeli, arsebul ZalTa ganawileba Sua saukuneebisaken
midrekilidan Tanamedroveobaze mimarTuliT Seicvalos. SeiZleba gviTxran,
yvelaferi rom miuSva Sua saukuneebidan Tanamedroveoba istoriuli
aucileblobiT Camoyalibdeba. magram es mxolod istoriis magaliTia, da sul ar
aris aucilebeli, ase ganmeordes Cvens sinamdvileSic: Sua saukuneebis evropaSi,
rodesac Tanamedroveobis Camoyalibeba daiwyo, socialuri sivrce met-naklebad
erTgvarovani iyo. procesi bunebrivi iyo imdenad, ramdenadac maT, vinc am process
saTaveSi edgnen bankirebs da biznesmenebs Zlieri poziciebi hqondaT da
faqtiurad, sakuTari uflebebisaTvis ibrZodnen. garda amisa, swored evropis
erTgvarovnebis gamo es procesebi met-naklebad Tanabrad mimdinareobda da
gaerTianebul winaaRmdegobas, Tundac Zlier politikurs, aseTive gaerTianebuli
fronti xvdeboda. dRevandel saqarTveloSi saqme sxvagvaradaa Zalian bevri gareSe
faqtori
48
saqarTvelos modernizaciis mimarT indiferentulia. Tuki
gaviTaliswinebT, rom am faqtorebs emateba Sida Zalebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian
modernizacias
49

TavisiT am procesis mogvareba, anu TanamedroveobaSi gadasvla
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia da dRiTidRe sul ufro da ufro fantastikuri xdeba.


48
maT Soris ruseTs ar uWiravs maindamainc gansxvavebuli pozicia.
49
maT Soris arian ara mxolod politikosebi (opoziciis CaTvliT) aramed biznesmenebic.
83

dasasruli meore maTTvis, visac maindamainc ar moewona da arc daujera
Sua saukuneebTan analogiebs. Aam dasasrulSi demokratiis im axal ganzomilebebze
iqneba laparaki da Tanac mkiTxveli fantastikis Janris siuJetsac waawydeba

VIII. dasasruli meore rogor unda gaizomos qveyanaSi demokratiis yofnis,
aryofnis da yofna-aryofnis xarisxi
Tanamedrove samyaros ZiriTadi problema
ar aris nacionalizmi, is faqtia.
problema isaa, Tu rogor unda iqnes
miRweuli liberalur-demokratiuli,
sistema nacionalizmis pirobebSi.
ernst gelneris suli erT-erTi demokratiuli forumis mier
Catarebuli spirituli seansis dros (TefSis saSualebiT).
bolo dros sul ufro da ufro xSirad ismis kiTxva demokratiis sazomis
Sesaxeb. anu ra aris is, romelze dayrdnobiTac SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ama Tu im
qveyanaSi aris an ar aris demokratia. amisaTvis ki jer pasuxi unda gavceT kiTxvas,
ra igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi demokratiis cnebaSi.
pirveli, rac XXI saukunis adamians mosdis TavSi sityva demokratiis
gagonebisas, aris arCevnebi. anu viTareba, rodesac xalxi, moqalaqeebi sakuTar
Tanamoqalaqeebs parlamentis wevrebis, prezidentis, premier-ministris, kancleris da
sxva msgavs Tanamdebobebze irCeven. rodesac yvela aseTi Tanamdeboba arCeviTia, maSin
sakiTxi TiTqos garkveulia, da SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am qveyanaSi demokratia
arsebobs. magram ra unda vTqvaT maSin, rodesac am Tanamdebobebis mxolod nawili
aris arCeviTi MmTeli mosaxleobis mier, xolo nawili ki am arCeulebis mier
airCeva, anda zog SemTxvevaSi iniSneba kidec? aris Tu ara es demokratia, da xom ar
SeiZleba warmovidginoT viTareba, sadac aseTi naxevradarCeviToba sruliadac ar
ganapirobebs mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianobas, anda
sulac aseTi mmarTvelobebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, raRac sxva mizezebis
gamo principulad da gardauvlad usamarTloa?
aseTi magaliTebi, rodesac umaRlesi mmarTvelobebis arCeviToba ar
uzrunvelyofs am mmarTvelobebis samarTlianobas, bevria. qveyana, romelSic Cven
vcxovrobT, aseTi qveynebis siaSi mowinave adgils daikavebs. aseve, visac ar axsovs
sabWoTa kavSiri, minda vuTxra, rom mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSic arCeviTi iyo,
84

rogorc aRmasrulebeli, aseve partiuli. arCevnebi sabWoTa kavSirSi daaxloebiT
iseve tardeboda, rogorc dRes aWaraSi.
magram, es aris viTareba, romelsac Zala da Zaladoba ganapirobebs. am
SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia Tavi davimSvidoT, rom rogorc ki sabWoTa stilis
xelisuflebis mier warmoebuli Zaladoba moixsneba, arCevnebi kargad Catardeba.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven, vinc sabWoTa kavSirSi gavizardeT, msgavsi imedi gvqonda. ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom msgavsi imedi hqondeT imaTac, visac msoflmxedveloba bolo
10-12 wlis ganmavlobaSi Camouyalibda: maT mravali saSualeba hqondaT enaxaT da
ganecadaT Zalis da Zaladobis gamoyenebiT warmoebuli arCevnebi.
magram, aranaklebia SemTxvevebi, rodesac sworad Catarebuli arCevnebi
aSkarad diskriminaciul, sxvisi uflebebis damTrgunvel da sxvisi sicocxlis
xelmyof xelisuflebas (e. i. Sedegebs) iZleva. aseTi arCevnebis Sedegebi aravis
brali ar aris, magram faqtebi jiutia. aseTi arCevnebi iyo warsulSic da ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom momavalSic Catardes Cvens da aramarto Cvens garemoSi.
rogorc wesi, arCevnebis demokratiulobis sazomad damkvirveblebis angariSebi
gamoiyeneba, magram gamomdinare Tavad am institutis mouqnelobidan da Tundac Cveni
qveynis im gamocdilebidan, rom 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi aWaraSi
sanimuSo wesrigiT mimdinareobda, aseTi Sefaseba ver iqneba Tundac minimaluri
sarwmunoobis matarebeli.
metic, Tuki SevadarebT Tbilisis da baTumis arCevnebs, da vityviT, rom
Tbilisis arCevnebi 2002 wels fardobiTad mainc ufro demokratiuli iyo, vidre
baTumis, maSin vinme SeiZleba mivides daskvnamde, rom rac ufro meti areuloba xdeba
arCevnebze, miT ufro demokratiulia qveyana. sabolood ki am daskvnis avtori miva
debulebamde, rom CaSlili arCevnebi qveynis demokratiulobis utyuari niSania.
es marTlac SeiZleba ase iyos saqarTveloSi, anu vinmem SeiZleba ifiqros,
rom Tuki arCevnebi ar Catardeba, es Riaobis da gamWvirvalobis niSani iqneba. magram
am SemTxvevaSi Cven yoveli qveynis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva kriteriumis dadgena
mogviwevs, rac usasrulo Sromaa da veRarasodes migviyvans saerTo mniSvnelamde.
amitom kiTxva X qveynis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb iqceva kiTxvad, Tu rogor
gaizomos qveyanaSi aramarto demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba,
aramed am gadawyvetilebeblis liberalurobac. anu ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom
demokratiuli gziT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi amave dros iyvnen liberalurnic, ar
85

arRvevdnen adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da Tavisuflebebs, anda, rogorc XVII-XVIII
saukuneebis evropaSi ambobdnen, ar unda laxavdnen
50
imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvas pasuxi gavceT, kargi iqneba erTi mcire siuJeti
gamovigonoT, da misi saSualebiT movaxdinoT CvenTvis saintereso viTarebaSi
garkveva.
sxvisi Tavisuflebis sazRvars.
Ein Planet, Ein Reich, Ein Volk
warmovidginoT, rom X planetaze erTi saxelmwifo arsebobs.
ucxoplanetelebma
51
Sesabamisad, ucxo (da ara X) planetaze socialur sivrceSi sruli
konsensusi sufevs. Cvenma Tanaplanetelma zogierTma gonebasxartma adamianma SeiZleba
daaskvnas, rom am SemTxvevaSi teqnologia am planetaze ar unda ganviTarebuliyo.
Tumca es ase ar moxda, imdenad, ramdenadac ucxo planetaze arsebobs universaluri
komunikaciuri sivrce da problemebi, romlebic dedamiwaze socialuri daZabulobiT
warmoiSoba da xandaxan teqnikaSi povebs gadawyvetas, iq, im planetaze telepatiur-
verbaluri komunikaciis dros ibadeba da wydeba, rogorc im planetis
konstituciaSi weria:
=~| w.|@ w~_ 7_ .@_ ~
# 7 ~ |. ~~ ~7 ~ .
~ . m (am komunikaciur sivrceSi potenciurad yvela
moqalaqis CarTvis SesaZleblobis arsebobiT).
isini sakmaod velur mdgomareobaSi aRmoaCines. davuSvaT, rom
ucxoplanetelebi telepatebi arian da imisaTvis, rom TavianT qveyanaSi miiRon
demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebi, ar sWirdebaT rTuli institutebis gamogoneba:
yoveli maTganisaTvis maTi Tanamoqalaqis azri, zraxva, crurwmena da umsjeloba
cnobilia da isini telepatiuri dialogis saSualebiT konsensusiT iReben yvela
gadawyvetilebas. amis warmodgena CvenTvis Znelia, magram sityvaze unda davujeroT
siuJetis avtors.
rogorc mixvdiT, iq, ucxo (da ara X) planetazec mxolod erTi saxelmwifo
arsebobs, ubralod metis saWiroeba ar aris. Sesabamisad, X planeta, sadac maT erTi
saxelmwifo ipoves, maTTvis TiTqosda Cveuli aRmoCnda. magram isini gaakvirva
velurobis im donem, rac maT daxvdaT: daSlili saxelmwifo, mouwesrigebeli da
dauregulirebeli politikuri da socialuri urTierTobebi, separatizmi,

50
orive, Selaxvis da gadalaxvis azriT.
51
am planetis mimarT ucxoplanetelebma.
86

danaSaulis maRali done, gabatonebuli meqrTameoba, socialuri da politikuri
Rirebulebebis devalvaciis procesi da a. S.
amitom, ucxo (ara X) planetelebma gadawyvites gamoegonebinaT iseTi
socialuri meqanizmebi, romlebic, marTalia, ver gautoldeboda, magram
daemsgavseboda mainc maT mSobliur sazogadoebaSi arsebul moqmedebis wesebs da
odnav mainc uzrunvelyofda universaluri komunikaciuri sivrcis msgavsi raRacis
arsebobas X planetaze. anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ucxoplanetelebs undodaT iseTi
socialuri meqanizmebi daenergaT X planetaze, romlebic omebis, danaSaulis da
qrTamebis gareSe uzunvelyofdnen sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, iseTi mdgomareobis
miRweva surdaT, rodesac yvela monawileobs gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi da miRebul
gadawyvetilebebs Tu yvela ar eTanaxmeba, aravin ewinaaRmdegeba mainc.
pirveli, rac ucxoplanetelebis mikrokomunikaciur sivrces TavSi mouvida
52
magram cota xanSi ucxoplanetelebma, romlebic mcire drois Semdeg isev
mofrindnen X planetaze, raTa Tavisi namoqmedaris Sedegi enaxaT (mogexsenebaT, azrs
uWirs vakuumis gadalaxva, amitom maT ar SeeZloT sakuTari planetidan
telepatiuri saSualebebiT gaegoT X planetis ambebi), arc Tu ise saxarbielo
suraTi daxvdaT: zogierTi ucxoplanetelis azriT, X planetaze saerTod araferi
Secvlila, Tumca zogi maTgani aRniSnavda, rom, marTalia, X planetelTa
umetesobisaTvis yvelaferi Zveleburad darCa anu policia isev ise Cagravda
xalxs, mmarTvelebi isev ise iyvnen CarTulebi qrTamebis aRebaSi, qveyana kvlav

iyo X planetis saxelmwifos mmarTvelebis arCevnebis mowyoba. marTalia, X
planetis mosaxleobas telepatiuri unari ar gaaCnda, magram isini kargad
eqvemdebarebodnen ucxoplanetelebis komunikaciuri sivrcis mier gamoSvebul
impulsebs, ise, rom egonaT, es maT TavebSi gaCenili ideebi da konstruqciebi iyo.
amitom es problema advilad gadaiWra: arCevnebi moewyo da X planetelebma airCies
mmarTveli organoebi. istorias ar Semounaxavs, Tu ra saxis mmarTveloba daamyares
ucxoplanetelebma, magram raRac parlamentis da raRac prezidentis msgavsi
namdvilad iyo arCeuli.

52
mikros imitom, rom isini erT kosmosur xomaldSi isxdnen da amitom komunikaciuri
sivrce ekipaJis wevrebiT da xomaldis sazRvrebiT Semoifargleboda. kosmosuri
mogzaurobebisas ucxoplanetelebma aRmoaCines, rom azrs uWirs vakuumis gadalaxva. am
aRmoCenis gverdiTi Sedegi is iyo, rom ucxo planetaze universitetebi ar arsebobs.
87

gaxleCili iyo separatizmiT, mainc SeiniSneboda ramdenime cvlileba: 1.
inteleqtualTa fenebis gavlenis zrda, 2. mosaxleobis ufro meti
gaTviTcnobierebuloba sakuTar uflebebSi, 3. ori Tu sami kanoni, romelic
mmarTvelebs aiZulebda nebismieri informacia gaecaT msurvelTaTvis, 4. masmedia,
romelic mmarTvelobis diqtatisagan Tavisufali iyo da amitom saintereso, 5.
mdidari xalxis raodenobis zrda da mdidari kaci = Cinovniks tolobis
gauqmeba.
Tumca, kvlav SeuZlebeli iyo iseTi mdidari kacis monaxva, romelsac ar
hqonda Zlieri kavSirebi mmarTvelebTan.
magram rogorc mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem daaskvna, es sulac ar iyo is,
risi miRwevac maT undodaT: X planetis mosaxleobis didi nawili, 80-90 % mainc
isev Zveleburad, Tu ufro uaresad ara, cxovrobda. metic, X planetis mosaxleobam
ramdenime iseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo, romlebic mTels saxelmwifoSi garkveuli
jgufebis uflebebis gauqmebas/daCagvras iwvevda. es ki Semdegnairad moxda: arCeulma
mmarTvelebma, romlebic, marTalia, airCies, magram grZnobdnen, rom Semdeg arCevnebSi
mosaxleoba maT xmas aRar miscemda, daiwyes qveynis mtrebis gamogoneba imisaTvis,
rom mosaxleobas sakuTari ukmayofileba sxvebze, da ara mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg
miemarTa. Sedegad maT referendumic ki Caatares, romlis Sedegebsac am warmosaxviTi
mtrebis uflebebi unda SeezRuda, da miaRwies kidec amas. Sedegad, X saxelmwifos
masStabiT umciresobebi iCagrebodnen da mTeli umravlesoba (anu visac kvadratuli
yurebi hqonda) Tanaxma iyo daCagruliyvnen isini, visac mrgvali sasmeni organoebi
hqonda.
rodesac SeZrwunebulma ucxoplanetelebma gamoikvlies arsebuli viTareba,
aRmoaCines, rom im adgilebSi, sadac kvadratulyurianebi da mrgvalyurianebi erTad
cxovrobdnen, referendumma uaryofiTi an TiTqmis uaryofiTi Sedegebi aCvena. Tumca
referendumis Semdeg saerTo dasaxlebis adgilebSic iseve iCagrebodnen
mrgvalyurianebi, rogorc sxvagan.
Semdegi nabiji, romelic ucxoplanetelebma gadages, X saxelmwifos nawilebad
dayofa da am nawilebSi SedarebiT avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis SemoReba iyo.
samwuxarod, nawilebis mmarTvelebs arCeuli mmarTvelebi niSnavdnen da amitom
arCeuli mmarTvelebi maT mier daniSnul xalxs sakuTari Zalauflebis
ganmtkicebisaTvis da mosaxleobis CagvrisaTvis iyenebda.
88

logikuri iyo, rom ucxoplanetelebs mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad
mikrommarTvelebis arCevnebi SemoeRoT. maTi azriT, romelic mikrokomunikaciur
sivrceSi Camoyalibda, mikrommarTvelebis arCeva makrommarTvelebis Zalauflebas
SezRudavda, aiZulebda mosaxleobas ufro gaazrebuli gadawyvetilebebi mieRo da
momaval arCevnebSi Tu referendumebSi sakuTari mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT mieca
xma.
am Sinaarsis impulsis gaSvebis Semdeg ucxoplanetelebma SeniSnes, rom
makrommarTvelebis qcevaSi sifrTxilem iCina Tavi, opoziciurma partiebma
programebis momzadeba da PR kampaniebi daiwyes, xalxmac ufro didi imedebi daamyara
arCevnebze da a. S. kmayofilma ucxoplanetelebma xomaldi Tavisi planetisaken
mimarTes da makrokomunikaciur sivrceSi CasarTavad gaeSurnen.
garkveuli drois Semdeg ucxoplanetelebi isev dabrundnen, magram mainc ar
daxvdaT is suraTi, rasac moelodnen: marTalia, mosaxleobis aqtiuroba gazrdiliyo
xalxi monawileobda arCevnebSi, ewinaaRmdegeboda makro da mikro mmarTvelebis
Zaladobas, magram, amave dros, da rogorc am samoqalaqo aqtiurobis gazrdis
moulodneli Sedegi, umciresobis Cagvris moTxovnebic gazrdiliyo.
marTalia, referendumebis mowyobas aravin iTxovda, magram Zalian gaizarda
mrgvalyurianebis cemis, angariSsworebis da uflebebis sxva darRvevis SemTxvevebi.
marTalia, mikrommarTvelebis arCevnebma Seasusta makrommarTvlebis Zalaufleba,
magram amave dros, Sesustdnen is Zalebic, romlebic adre mosaxleobis mier
urTierTZaladobis SemTxvevebs gamoricxavdnen. mikrosivrceebSi policia
makrodaqvemdebarebaSi iyo da marTalia mTlad ara, magram nel-nela kargavda
gavlenas.
mogvianebiT am problemas X planetis mcxovreblebma TviTon mixedes da
mikropolicielebis arCevac TiTonve daiwyes. magram arc es aRmoCnda saSveli: xSirad
arCeuli mikropoliciac iseve iqceoda, rogorc makro, ubralod, meti ufleba
hqonda, imitom rom arCeuli iyo: iseve arRvevda adamianis uflebebs da xSirad am
darRvevebs amomrCevlebis Tanxmobac erTvoda.
Sesabamisad, ucxoplanetelebma cxadad dainaxes, rom sayovelTao
keTildReobamde (anu maTi planetis mdgomareobamde) kvlavac Sors iyo: marTalia,
odnav gaizarda im xalxis ricxvi, vinc realurad monawileobda gadawyvetilebebis
formirebaSi, anu imaTi, vinc inteleqtualebis, mdidari xalxis da biurokratebis
simravleSi Sedioda, magram am procesma ukve uaryofiTi Sedegebis motana daiwyo:
89

inteleqtualebma, mdidarma xalxma, biurokratebma erTad daiwyes arsebuli
viTarebis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunva. es gansakuTrebiT moulodneli iyo
intelqtualebisagan, romlebic manamde Cagrulebis/uflebadarRveulebis damcvelebi
da reformebisaTvis mebrZolebi iyvnen. cxadi gaxda, rom Seiqmna fena, romelsac ar
undoda mkveTri cvlilebebi da mzad iyo mTeli Tavisi cxovreba Cagrulebis dacvisa
da kanonmdeblobis farglebSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebisaTvis brZolisaTvis
mieZRvna.
ra Tqma unda, maT es gacnobierebuli ar unda hqonodaT, magram albaT
miaCndaT, rom imdenad, ramdenadac maT sasurveli Tavisufleba miiRes, sxvebi am
Tavisuflebas mxolod maTi meSveobiT unda ziarebodnen. Sesabamisad, X planetaze
Seiqmna viTareba, rodesac Cagrulebis dacvisTvis brZola arc win wavidoda, arc
ukan, is ubralod SenarCundeboda. es ki rogorc mmarTvelebs, aseve marTulebis
nawils xels aZlevda, vinaidan marTulebis es nawili nel-nela da SeumCnevlad ukve
mmarTvelebad gadaqceuliyvnennen, oRond gansakuTrebuli tipis. . . . . .
ucxoplanetelebi TiTqosda CixSi moemwyvdnen: erTis mxriv, maT ar datoves
arc erTi mmarTvelobiTi mdgomareoba, romlis arCevac ar SeiZleboda, magram meore
mxriv, mmarTvelobebis xarisxi ar gaumjobesda da ise Canda, rom yvelaferi gayinva-
gaCerebisaken, arsebuli mdgomareobis maradiulad SenarCunebisaken midioda.
saswrafod Seiqmna mikro-komunikaciuri sivrce, romelic dasawyisSi sakmaod
WrialiT warimarTa: erT-erTi hipoTeza, romelic SemuSavda, moiTxovda, rom
inteleqtualebic da uflebebis damcvelebic aerCiaT jer regionul, xolo Semdeg
qveynis donezec. meore hipoTezis mixedviT gamosavali X planetis X saxelmwifos
patar-patara saxelmwifoebad daSlaSi da iq yvelafris Tavidan dawyebaSi
mdgomareobda. ganviTarebis mesame modeli arsebuli sistemebis gauqmebas da
ganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis institutis SemoRebas iTvaliswinebda, eyrdnoboda ra X
planetis cnobili moazrovnis, notalpis cnobil Txzulebas. samive es modeli
damuSavebisas kidev ufro uaresi gamodga, vidre arsebuli:
pirveli modelis ganviTarebis gaTamaSebisas aRmoCnda, rom arCeuli
inteleqtualebi da adamianis uflebebis damcvelebi mTlianad gauigivdnen arsebul
biurokratias da TavisuflebiT marTvis Canasaxic ki moispo.
meore modelma aCvena, rom sindromi, romelic maTTvis kvadratulyurianebis
mier mrgvalyurianebis Cagvris saxeliT iyo cnobili, Zlierdeboda da Zalauflebis
mTavari ganmsazRvreli xdeboda.
90

mesame modelirebisas ganaTlebuli mmarTvelebis mesame Taobam iseTi terori
daiwyo, rom mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce TavisiT gamoirTo.
magram, ra ucnauric ar unda yofiliyo, mesame modelma miuTiTa gamosavalze:
ucxoplanetelebi ukve mixvdnen, rom mTavaria sazogadoebis didi nawili
ZalauflebiT marTvidan TavisuflebiT marTvaze
53
ra Tqma unda, mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce imis SesaZleblobasac uSvebda, rom
romelime aseT konkretul marTvaSi SeiZleba ZalauflebiT marTvis xarisxi
gazrdiliyo TavisuflebiT marTvis Semcirebis xarjze. magram arsebul struqturas,
kanonebs da qcevis miRebul wesebs aseTi saxecvlilebis totaluri gavrceleba unda
SeeCerebinaT. mokled, rogorc amas ucxoplanetelebi ambobdnen, unda momxdariyo
zrunvis institucionalizacia. marTalia, maT kargad ar esmodaT, ra azri iyo
Cadebuli am sityvebSi
gadarTo. Sesabamisad, maTTvis
saWiro iyo TavisuflebiT marTvis iseTi formis povna, sadac, marTalia, mTlianad
ara, magram minimumamde iqmeboda dayvanili ZalauflebiT marTva. aseTi formis
maxasiaTeblebi ki Semdegi unda yofiliyo: 1. mmarTvelebs ver unda enaxaT verc axlo
da verc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi piradi sargebeli; 2. marTva unda yofiliyo
damyarebuli arCevanze; 3. mokle vadaSi misaRwevi piradi sargebeli, romlis
gamoricxvac SeuZlebeli iyo, minimumze unda yofiliyo dayvanili; 4. miuxedavad
zemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceulad unda yofiliyvnen
dainteresebulni; 5. garda amisa, aucilebeli piroba iyo, rom aseTi marTva yvela
sxva marTvis mowyobis modeli unda gamxdariyo, ise unda Seesisxlxorcebina igi
yovel X-planetels.
54
mas mere, rac es xuTi piroba Camoyalibda, ucxoplanetelebma daiwyes Zieba,
Tu sad iyo SesaZlebeli am pirobebis ganxorcieleba X planetaze arsebul
struqturebSi. jer scades es makrommarTvelobis da mikrommarTvelobis doneze
ganexorcielebinaT. ra Tqma unda, sruli kraxi ganicades, imdenad, ramdenadac am
doneze mxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli, Sesabamisad, TavisuflebiT
, magram es sityvaTSexameba X-planetelebis srul
aRfrTovanebas iwvevda.

53
anu rodesac marTva aris Tavisuflebis instituciuri gavrceleba: rodesac marTulebi
aZleven mmarTvels Tavisuflebis instituciuri marTvis uflebas da instituciurad ufleba
aqvT marTvis es ufleba ukanve daibrunon.
54
mogexsenebaT, ucxo planetaze telepatiuri makrokomunikaciuri sivrcis arsebobis gamo
institucionalizacia rogorc calke instituti ar arsebobs.
91

marTvis xarisxi katastrofiulad dabali iyo: ra Tqma unda, demokratiuli
gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda, magram es gadawyvetilebebi sakmaod Sors idga
samarTlianobisagan da, rogorc wesi, sargeblis miRebas emsaxureboda. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac es gadawyvetileba samarTlianobiT gamoirCeoda, es
SemTxveviTobis wyaloba ufro iyo, vidre aucileblobisa. sargebeli, romelsac
gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni moelodnen, yovelTvis ar iyo uaryofiTi, magram am
doneze arafriT ar moxerxda arCevanis procesSi sargeblisken swrafvis minimumamde
dayvana: nebismieri gadawyvetileba gadawyvetilebis mimRebebis mier axlo momavalSi,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki Soreul momavalSi, sargeblis miRebis molodinebis
urTierTSejerebiT miiReboda. Sesabamisad, marTva Zalauflebis gaziarebiT, gadacemiT
da warTmeviT mimdinareobda.
anu aravin aravis Tavisuflebas ar gadascemda: Tuki es ase xdeboda,
Tavisufleba minimaluri iyo, da Tu kanoniT ara, tradiciebiT, crurwmenebiT,
umsjelobebiT da SiSiT iyo ganpirobebuli. bolos da bolos, am yvelafris
dasaZlevad aravinac ar iwuxebda Tavs, Tuki es pirad sargebels ar exeboda. unda
aRiniSnos, rom, rogorc wesi, ar exeboda.
ucxoplanetelebi gasaWirSi Cavardnen. mikro-komunikaciuri sivrce ver
poulobda gamosavals. zrunvis institucionalizacia vera da ver xerxdeboda.
bolos ucxoplanetelebi mixvdnen, rom maT TavianTi gardaqmnebis impulsTa
warmarTvaSi raRac mniSvnelovani gamorCaT, anu iseTi raRac gamorCaT, rac X-
planetelebis cxovrebas gasdevda, mniSvnelovnad iyo CarTuli X-planetelebis
cxovrebaSi, magram kvlav totalitarul-diqtatoruli iyo da Tanac erTsa da imave
dros, dafarulic da zedapirze myofic.
ra eqnaT ucxoplanetelebs! kidev erTxel Causxdnen maTTvis sruliad ucxo
socialuri struqturebis analizs. sakuTar komunikaciur sivrceSic Caixedes, rom
zrunvis safuZvel-elementi epovaT. da ai, dadga momenti, rodesac mikro-
komunikaciuri sivrce abazanidan amoxta da evrikas ZaxiliT Semourbina kosmosur
xomalds. maT rogorc iqna ipoves adgili, sadac zrunvis institucionalizacia iyo
SesaZlebeli, da romelic TiTqos zemoTCamoTvlil xuTive kriteriums
akmayofilebda: es iyo ganaTleba. saqme is gaxlavT, rom mmarTvelobiTi institutebis
gademokratiulobaze zrunvis procesSi ucxoplanetelebs gamorCaT is, rac X
planetis sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZveli iyo, is, rac ayalibebda sazogadoebis
wevrebs, uviTarebda ZiriTad Sexedulebebs da warmodgenebs, mokled rom vTqvaT,
92

gadascemda im ZiriTad Rirebulebebs da idealebs, romlebic Semdeg sazogadoebriv
da yvela sxva cxovrebaSi vlindeboda.
ucxoplanetelebma gadaxedes ganaTlebas da didad imedgacruebulni darCnen:
saqme is iyo, rom rogorc skolebSi, aseve umaRlesi ganaTlebis SenobebSic yvela im
Rirebulebebis da struqturebis daswavla/axsna xdeboda, romlebsac isini amdeni
wlis ganmavlobaSi X planetaze wvalebiT nergavdnen: arCevnebi, xelisuflebis
gayofa, pasuxismgebloba mosaxleobis winaSe, qrTamis aRebis damRupveloba,
sasamarTlos samarTlianoba da Zala, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, es is iyo, rasac
ganaTlebis procesSi didi yuradReba eqceoda, SeedginaT saswavlo kursebi,
maswavleblebi specialurad emzadebodnen am sagnebis swavlebisaTvis. magram saSveli
mainc ar Canda. qveyana kvlav ixliCeboda winaaRmdegobebiT, separatizmiT da
SeuwynareblobiT.
is-is iyo, ucxoplanetelebi yureb, xeleb, fexeb, saceceb, borbleb da kud-
Camoyrili xomaldis ukan, Tavisi planetisaken daZvras apirebdnen, rom uceb
mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce kvlav ayvirda: marTalia, swavlebebis procesi TiTqosda
sasurveli mimarTulebiT warmarTuliyo, magram TviTon organizaciebi, anu
instituciuri mowyoba kvlav totalitaruli iyo, anu yvela iniSneboda, sazogadoeba
ar iyo CarTuli aranair gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi (an CarTuli iyo mxolod
gaSualebulad, ramdenadac irCevda imaT, vinc Semdeg ganaTlebis xelmZRvanelebs
niSnavda).
Sesabamisad, yoveli bavSvi, romelic skolaSi midioda, Tavs amoyofda iseT
sistemaSi sadac mas araferi ekiTxeboda da mxolod viRacis davaleba unda
Seesrulebina. mSobeli, romelic bavSvs skolaSi uSvebda, verc ki warmoidgenda, rom
ramenairad Careuliyo saswavlo procesSi da sakuTari pirobebi wamoeyenebina. Semdeg
es bavSvi, romelic totalitarul garemoSi izrdeboda, xvdeboda sistemebSi, sadac
misgan arCevanis gakeTebas iTxovdnen. es ki misTvis rTuli gaxldaT da rogorc
skolaSi da sxva saswavleblebSi iyo miCveuli, davalebis Sesrulebas iwyebda. ar
SeiZleboda imis Tqma, rom X planetaze ar arsebobdnen iseTi skolebi, sadac
aramarto mSobels ekiTxvebodnen, ra surda mas, rom mis Svils eswavla, aramed
moswavleebis azrsac iTvaliswinebdnen, magram aseTi skolebi gamonaklisi iyo da
aminds ver cvlida. X planetis mosaxleobis umravlesoba ganwiruli iyo saxifaTo,
usamarTlo da umciresobebis damCagvreli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis, imdenad,
ramdenadac mas arc arCevanis Cveva hqonda da arc zrunvis gamocdileba, anu mis
93

kompetenciaSi arasodes Sedioda mis gverdiT myofis bedis gadawyveta: is yovelTvis
misgan Zalian daSorebul problemebs wyvetda: mmarTvelebis arCevis sakiTxs, sadRac
Sors arsebuli umciresobebis beds. . . X planetis mosaxleobis gamocdilebiT
mxolod ZalauflebiT marTva iyo SesaZlebeli. maTi gamocdilebis mixedviT
SeuZlebeli iyo aramarto erTmaneTze, aramed sakuTar Svilebzec zrunvac ki: es
viRacas, maT mier gaSualebulad arCeuls, unda gadaewyvita, TviTon ki am
gadawyvetilebas unda damorCilebodnen.
es TiTqosda problemis gadawyveta iyo, magram ucxoplanetelebma aqac kinaRam
Secdoma dauSves, magram mikrokomunikaciuri sivrce risi sivrce iqneboda, es rom ar
SeemCnia: sakuTari ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis sruli Tavisufleba
anu aramarto maswavleblebis da mmarTvelebis SerCeva, aramed saswavlo procesis
Sinaarsis gansazRvrac mxolod ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba
ganxorcielebuliyo. amitom, ucxoplanetelebma gadawyvites X planetaze zrunvis
institucionalizacia nabij-nabij daewyoT: jer mSoblebisaTvis da
maswavleblebisaTvis miecaT skolis direqtorebis, maswavleblebis da damatebiTi
sagnebis arCevis Tavisufleba, Semdeg nel-nela gaezardaT sagnebis arCevis es
Tavisufleba da bolos mieRoT viTareba, rodesac yoveli moswavlis saswavlo
programis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas mSobeli, maswavlebeli da moswavle erTad
miiRebdnen. saboloo zrunvis institucionalizacia am gziT ganxorcieldeboda. amis
Semdeg aseT sazogadoebaSi aRarc samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba iqneboda
rTuli.
skolis sistemis arCeviT institutad gadaqceva ucxoplanetelebis
SemuSavebul xuTive kriteriums akmayofilebda. anu: 1. mmarTvelebi (romlebSic
arCeuli mSoblebi umravlesoba unda yofiliyo) ver naxulobdnen verc axlo da
verc Sors mimaval perspeqtivaSi pirad sargebels: maTi gadawyvetilebebi exeboda
maT Svilebs; 2. marTva arCevanze iyo damyarebuli mmarTvelebi irCevdnen swavlebis
ganmxorcieleblebs da swavlebis mimarTulebebs; 3. ra Tqma unda, piradi gamorCena
SesaZlebeli iyo, Tundac skolis saxsrebis gamoyeneba piradi miznebisaTvis, magram am
SemTxvevaSi sxva mSoblebis mxridan kontrolis meqanizmi amoqmeddeboda. garda amisa,
nakleb mosalodneli iyo, rom romelime mSobeli sakuTari bavSvis momavals Tavisi
gamorCenis mizniT sasworze Seagdebda; 4. imdenad, ramdenadac saqme mmarTvelebis
bavSvebs exeboda, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, mmarTvelebi marTvaSi sisxlxorceulad
iyvnen dainteresebulebi; 5. aseTi marTva, anu marTva, ganpirobebuli zrunvis
94

institucionalizaciiT, yvela sxva marTvis mowyobis modeli gaxda: skolis
moswavleebi socializaciis pirveli nabijebidanve eCveodnen arCevas da zrunvas.
zrunviT da TavisuflebiT marTviT ganpirobebuli qceva X sazogadoebis safuZvlad
iqca.
es yvelaferi ar uzrunvelyofda, ra Tqma unda, arc ZalauflebiT marTvis
Sesustebas da arc problemebis gaqrobas. magram sazogadoebis mowyobis safuZveli,
romlic totalitaruli iyo, zrunvaze da arCevanze damyarebuli gaxda, ramac X
sazogadoeba maqsimalurad dauaxlova ucxo planetis makrokomunikaciur sivrces.
zrunvis institucionalizacia iyo garanti, rom mcire (erT jgufSi, qve-
sazogadoebaSi) da didi (planetis masStabiT) gadawyvetilebebi samarTlianobasTan
maqsimalurad yofiliyo miaxloebuli. e. w. saSualo, konkretul-mmarTvelobiTi
gadawyvetilebebi X planetaze, ra Tqma unda, kvlav rCeboda problematurad, radgan
subieqtebis angarebisagan da ZalauflebiT marTvisagan ganTavisufleba SeuZlebelia.
metic, es arc aris saWiro, radganac, swored individualuri Tavisufleba aris
zrunvis institucionalizaciis SesaZlebloba
55
meore mxare, romelic mikrokomunikaciurma sivrcem aRmoaCina da romelic
aseve gamorCa mas sareformo impulsebis siidan, iyo masobrivi komunikaciisa da
informaciis saSualebebi, rac uaxloes momavalSi ganaTlebasTan erTad meore
yvelaze mniSvnelovani instituti unda gamxdariyo masSi CarTuli mosaxleobis
raodenobis mixedviT. marTalia, teqnikis ganviTarebas sul male Tavad unda
uzrunveleyo saiformacio sivrcis demokratiuloba da arCeviTobaze damyareba,
magram sanam es sul male dadgeboda, televizia rCeboda sazogadoebis formirebis
.

55
bunebrivia, qarTvel mkiTxvels ramdenime eWvi gauCndeba, rac dakavSirebulia, ZiriTadad,
separatizmTan, anu somxebi somex direqtors airCeven, azerebi azerbaijanels da a. S. rac
sabolood qarTul enaze mimdinare ganaTlebas sul gaauqmebs. am Tvalsazrisis damcvelebs
minda vuTxra, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri somxebiT dasaxlebul regionSi
samcxe-javaxeTSi somxuri ganaTlebis sistema ki ar ejibreba qarTuls, aramed rusuli, da
isic imitom, rom regionis mcxovreblebi sakuTar momavals ruseTs ukavSireben da ara
saqarTvelos. saqarTvelos mmarTveloba ki yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom saqarTveloze
orientacia mouspos am regionis moqalaqeebs dawyebuli gzis SeukeTeblobiT,
damTavrebuli im mxareSi navTobsadenis milis gayvanaze uaris TqmiT, risi faruli
argumentic aris, rom iq somxebi cxovroben. .
95

Zalian mniSvnelovan instrunmentad, magram ara Sinaarsis mixedviT
56
sainformacio komunikaciis momavali bedi, ucxoplanetelebis varaudiT,
waagavda saskolo ganaTlebisas: aqac, momavalSi TiToeul moqalaqes miecemoda
saSualeba gadaewyvita, romeli arxebisaTvis da sainformacio sistemebisaTvis
edevnebina Tvali, da TviTon Seedgina, magaliTad, sakuTari satelevizio programa.
magram, iseve rogorc ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac saWiro iyo sawyisi pirobebis
Seqmna, romelic Semdeg axal stadiaze gadasvlas gaaadvilebda.
, aramed
mravalferovnebiT da mraval potenciur momxmarebelze orientaciiT. es problema,
bunebrivia, telegadacemebis uzrunvelmyofi resursebis arCevanze damyarebuli
gamanawilebeli sistemiT unda gadawyvetiliyo.
ucxoplanetelebi mixvdenen, rom amis metis gakeTebas isini ver SeZlebdnen,
rom es iyo maTi planetis da X planetis msgavsebis maqsimumi. SvebiT amoisunTqes da
gauCinardnen.


56
rogorc es X planetis zogierT politikoss egona, rom satelevizio gadacemebze
cenzuris dawesebiT SesaZlebeli iyo mavne zegavlenisagan sazogadoebis dacva.
96

mesame dasasruli maTTvis visac male unda es wigni damTavrdes, Tanac ise,
rom cxadi warmodgena hqondes, ra aris avtoris azriT saqarTveloSi gasakeTebeli
imisaTvis, rom Sua saukuneebis 12 niSani sabolood daiZlios. amave dros es
dasasruli gankuTvnilia imaTTvisac, visac demokratiis da saxelmwifos marTvis
Sesaxeb didi wignebis kiTxva uyvars.

VIII. dasasruli mesame aleqsis de tokvilis winaaRmdeg

demokratiulobis Tanamedrove sazomi principulad igivea, rac 150 wlis
winaT iyo da mis ucvlel wyaros aleqsis de tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi
warmoadgens. bunebrivia, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi kriteriumebis ucvleloba eWvs
unda iwvevdes, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, dRemde politikuri mecniereba tokvilis
SemuSavebuli struqturiT xelmZRvanelobs.
rogorc cnobilia, tokvilisaTvis, mis mier safrangeTSi dakavebuli
Tanamdebobis gamo, amerikuli demokratiis Sefasebis sababic da empiriuli
amosavalic penitencialuri sistema iyo, ufro zustad ki cixeebi, romelTa
Seswavlac misi da misi megobari bomonis amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamgzavrebis
oficialuri sababi Seiqna. Sesabamisad, iuridiul sistemas mis wignSi demokratia
amerikaSi gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs: pirveli wigni mTlianad eZRvneba qveynis
federalur mowyobas da sasamarTlo sistemas. meore nawili sazogadoebis
struqturis aRweraa. meore wignis sagania demokratiis gavlena yoveli amerikelis
cxovrebaze, demokratiis gavlena inteleqtualur cxovrebaze, amerikelebis
grZnobebze, Cvevebze, politikur sazogadoebaze.
Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria am, tokvilis mier dasaxul, paradigmas ar
gascilebia: XX saukuneSi demokratiis da ekonomikuri sistemebis urTierTobis
ganxilvac ar midis Sors tokvilisagan (Tavi: rogor aZvireben miwis rentas da
amcireben miwis rentis vadebs demokratiuli institutebi da Cvevebi da sxva).
anu Tanamedrove politikuri Teoria, demokratiis aRwerisas, Sefasebisas da
dagegmvisasac ki, isev tokvilis mier SemuSavebuli paradigmiT xelmZRvanelobs.
ra Tqma unda, tokvili wers ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. metic, misTvis didi
mniSvneloba aqvs samoqalaqo ganaTlebas (rogorc Cven mas dRes vuwodebT) da didi
simpatiiT laparakobs amerikelebis unarze, Tavisuflad da naTlad ilaparakon
sakuTari qveynis konstituciur safuZvlebze, sakuTar uflebebze, maTi sistemis
97

upiratesobaze, amerikelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel azris SemuSavebisa da gamoTqmis
wesebze
57
Tumca, impliciturad, ra Tqma unda, rodesac is TviTmmarTvelobaze
laparakobs, igulisxmeba, rom ganaTlebis organizaciaSic TviTmmarTvelobis xarisxi
maRali unda iyos. magram es Tema (ganaTlebis TviTmmarTveloba) wignSi demokratia
amerikaSi sruliad ar aris Tematizebuli.
. magram is gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas ganaTlebis Sinaarss aniWebs, rogorc
Tanamedrove politikis mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa umetesoba, da arafers ambobs
ganaTlebis organizaciis Sesaxeb.
aseve, imdenad, ramdenadac informaciul-teqnologiuri sivrcis cneba
tokvilis dros saerTod ar arsebobda, ubralod, sainformacio eleqtronuli
saSualebebis ararsebobis gamo, tokvili arafers ambobs sainformacio saSualebebis
flobis da ganawilebis demokratiuli principebis aucileblobaze.
es arc aris gasakviri: XX saukunemde demokratiis da, saerTod,
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis problema iyo iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, romelsac
unda Seeqmna sayovelTao CarTulobis uzrunvelmyofi marTvis instituti. im dros
eklesiis garda ar arsebobda arcerTi socialuri da administraciuli erTeuli,
romelSic mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba rogorc tradiciis ZaliT, aseve iZulebiT
iqneboda CarTuli. Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebis sistemebidan Tanamedroveobaze
gadasvlis dasaxuli politikuri amocana eklesiis tradiciuli Sinaarsis Secvlis
garda, marTvis iseTi sistemis SemoReba iyo, romelic yoveli moqalaqis pirdapir
monawileobas uzrunvelyofda.
amis miRweva, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, SesaZlebeli gaxda eklesiisTvis
tradiciuli eTikuri normebis ZiriTadi interpretaciebis SecvliT. ramac, Tavis
mxriv, iseTi religiebis popularobas Seuwyo xeli, romlebic azris gamoxatvis
SezRudvebisagan maqsimalurad Tavisufalni iyvnen. meore mxriv, iseTi religiebi,
romlebsac Sinaganad aseTi gademokratiuloba ar SeeZloT, maqsimalurad Ria gaxdnen
gare samyarosadmi (mag., kaTolicizmi, anglikanuri eklesia). Sesabamisad, eklesiebi
ase Tu ise gademokratiuldnen, maTi gavlena da Zalaufleba demokratiis samsaxurSi
Cadga. eklesiis problema moixsna, religia da religiuri ganwyobebi samarTlianad

57
ix. Tavebi: wigni I, nawili II: rogor exmareba demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebas
amerikelebis ganmanaTlebloba, Cvevebi da praqtikuli gamocdileba; wigni II nawili III:
SeerTebul StatebSi gogonebis aRzrdis Sesaxeb.
98

iqcnen qveynis da demokratiulobis kriteriumad. esec swored tokvilis
damsaxurebaa, romelmac mniSvnelovani adgilebi miuZRvna eklesiis da religiebis
rols demokratiuli sazogadoebis aRwerisas. dResac saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
fokusirebis erT-erT punqtad (sruliad samarTlianad) aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebaa
miCneuli.
magram Semdeg, rogorc Cans, Cvens samyaroSi viTareba Seicvala: gaCnda
ramdenime instituti, romelmac mTlianad da maqsimalurad, rogorc Cans, iseve,
rogorc adre eklesiam, moicva qveynis mosaxeloba. zogadi ganaTlebis
universalurobis principma unitarul saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo Camoyalibeba da mizani,
rogorc wesi, ideologiis gavrceleba da biurokratiuli aparatis uzrunvelyofa
iyo. damatebiTma faqtorebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, nacionalizmi da sabazro
ekonomika, zogad ganaTlebaze moTxovnileba sayovelTao da aucilebeli gaxada.
zogadi ganaTlebis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomobis safuZveli demokratiuli tipis
moTxovnaa, rom yvelam icodes is, ris gareSec mas gauWirdeba Tanamedrove samyaroSi
cxovreba. meore mxriv, zogadi ganaTlebis sistema, rogorc sayovelTao instituti,
sakmaod erTmmarTvelur anda TviTmmarTvelobamoklebul saxelwifoebSi gaCnda.
Sesabamisad, TiTqosda TavisTavad igulisxmeboda, rom zogadi ganaTlebis
mmarTveloba centralizebuli an centralizebulTan miaxloebuli unda yofiliyo.
amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom zogadi ganaTlebis dabadebidan yuradReba
mis Sinaarss eqceoda da ara mis mowyobas
58
. anu is, rom sakmaod Znelia aswavlo
demokratiulobis da pasuxismgeblobis unar-Cvevebi sistemaSi, romelic
erTmmarTvelobas da pasuxismgeblobebis urTierTmiweras emyareba, jerac ar aris
socialurad da amitom inteleqtualurad cxadi idea. Tumca es winaaRmdegoba
empiriul doneze gacnobierebulia da ganaTlebis im sistemebSi, sadac
TviTmmarTvelobis principebi ar arsebobs, an arasruladaa ganxorcielebuli,
negatiuri pasuximgeblobis meqanizmebia danergili
59
daaxloebiT asevea saqme komunikaciebis sferoSi: absoluturad demokratiuli
meqanizmis internetis ganviTareba male saSualebas miscems am qselSi yovel
.

58
socialur struqturebSi Sinaarsis da formis Sesabamisoba sakmaod axali ideaa da masze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba ZiriTadad frankfurtis skolis damsaxurebaa. es idea jer kidev
elodeba Sesabamis damuSavebas.
59
anu moswavles da mSoblebs ufleba aqvT, uari Tqvan garkveul gakveTilebze daswrebaze.
aseve, ufleba aqvT, uSualod mimarTon politikosebs sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis moTxovniT.
99

CarTul yovel adamians TviTon Seadginos misTvis sasurveli TV programa da
Semdeg cvalos, rogorc unda. magram manam, sanam es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba,
sazogadoebebi SezRuduli resursebiT satelevizio sixSireebiT arian
gaerTianebulebi. rac ar unda izrunos calke sazogadoebriv aqtivistTa, xolo
calke kanonmdebelTa korpusebma, televiziis programebi mxolod maSin gaxdeba
sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo biznesi, rodesac rogorc SezRuduli resursebis
(sixSireebis) ganawilebis, aseve televiziebis mmarTvelobebis sistemebi
demokratiul, Ria, gamWvirvale principebze iqneba agebuli
60
magram, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, yoveli konkretuli eklesia, ekonomika da
televiziac Sinaganad vertikaluri struqturebia. anu moTxovna, rom isini Sinaganad
demokratiulni gaxdnen sakmaod gulubryviloa, arasamarTliania da xandaxan
damRupveli. swored amitom aris SesaZlebeli totalitarul sistemebSi sabazros
mimsgavsebuli ekonomika, oRond cota xniT. Tumca es cota xani SeiZleba ara erTi
da ori Taobis sicocxles udrides.
. ra Tqma unda,
zemoTqmuli gulisxmobs saxelmwifo televiziebis gaqrobas da maTi sazogadoebrivi
televiziebiT Canacvlebas.
eklesiebis, ekonomikebis da televiziebis SemTxvevaSi ar unda avurioT
erTmaneTSi marketingi, romelic momxmareblis azris gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs
(televizia mayureblis, eklesia mrevlis), da demokratia, romelic aiZulebs
sistemas imarTos arCevnebis da gamWvirvalobis saSualebiT. es gansxvaveba Cans
gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis Semowmebisas: episkoposis an biznesmenis miRebuli
gadawyvetileba SeiZleba efuZnebodes an ar efuZnebodes umravlesobis mosazrebas

60
saqarTvelosTvis satelevizio sixSireebis gadanawilebis samarTliani da gamWvirvale
sistema aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre ganaTlebis sistemis Secvla: SeuZlebelia imas, rac
Tavisi SinaarsiT totalitarulia da erTpirovnul mmarTvelobazea damyarebuli,
liberaluri diskursiT metyveleba mosTxovo. Sesabamisad, socialuri da politikuri
garemo ise unda moewyos, rom, magaliTad, unda gamoiricxos ideologiis propaganda
televiziiT (winaamRdeg SemTxvevaSi misi mayureblis raodenoba Semcirdeba, mas Seumcirdeba
Semosavali da sabolood daixureba), monopolistoba ekonomikur sistemaSi (ar unda iyos
iseTi viTareba, romelic uflebas miscems mewarmes, mxolod sakuTari surviliT daadginos
fasebi da amiT mogeba miiRos) da fundamentalizmi eklesiebis da religiebis mxriv (aravis
unda mieces saSualeba, sxva religiebis da aRmsareblobebis CagvriT an adamianebze
ZaldatanebiT gazardos sakuTari gavlena da mrevli).
100

(marketingul gamokvlevas), xolo arCevnebis Sedegebi upiroboa da maTi darRveva
mmarTelobiTi sistemis darRvevas iwvevs.
amitomac demokratia Tanamedrove samyaroSi qveynis konkretul institutebSi
ideologiis, fundamentalizmis da oligarqobis arsebobis gazomviT unda dadgindes,
miT umetes, rom samive es faqtori advilad da lamis maTematikuri sizustiT aris
gazomvadi, Tundac mxolod kanonmdeblobis da sxva normatiuli aqtebis analiziT.
101

IX. daskvna samive dasasrulisaTvis
avtor-ego: viTareba, romlis aRwera vcade am wignSi, miuTiTebs, rom Cven
dabrunebuli Sua saukuneebis Zalauflebis sivrceSi aRmovCndiT. isic TiTqosda
cxadia, rom radikaluri cvlilebebis gareSe Cveni momavali istoria SesaZloa, erTi
mxriv, Zalauflebis da demokratiis simulacias, xolo meore mxriv, dabrunebul,
pozitiur Zalauflebas Soris qanqariT Semoifarglos.
avtori: me TiTqos vcade is gzebi momeniSna, saiTkenac wasvla am cud usasrulobaSi
gadagvagdebs, magram, vfiqrob, rom cxadi aRwera imisa, Tu riTi unda moxdes
arsebuli totaluri mimarTulebebis Canacvleba, ar momicia. erTaderTi, rac
SevZeli, iyo im istoriebis mokle gadmocema, Tu rogor gamovida evropa Sua
saukuneebidan, da imis Tqma, rom mxolod arsebuli sistemebis da Rirebulebebis
cvlilebisken mimarTulobaze gvmarTebs fsonis Casvla.
avtor-ego: ki magram, es xom gadarCenis diskursia, me amas mesianur da moseanur
diskurss davarqmevdi. me, rogorc avtor-ego, ara var winaaRmdegi, erTxel xom ase
ukve moxda, magram xom SeiZleboda, simartivisaTvis da mkiTxvelisTvis holividuri
Tavgzaabnevis nacvlad, wignisTvis Zalauflebis dabrunebis magivrad kvlav
holivuduri, oRond ufro zusti rigiTi saqarTvelos gadasarCenad dagerqmia?
avtori: daviwyoT Tavidan ratom ar hqvia am wigns rigiTi saqarTvelos
gadasarCenad (ix. gverdi 1).

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