Nhng bc pht trin mi trong cng ngh nano ca mt s nc

I. Pht trin cng ngh nano mt s nc chu - Thi Bnh Dng

1.1. Thng tin v c s h tng v chnh sch Nht Bn, mt trong nhng nc i u v mt cng ngh u t cho cng ngh nano t gia nhng nm 80, thng qua cc chng trnh quc gia khc nhau. u t ca Chnh ph Nht Bn cho cng ngh nano trn u ngi cao nht trong khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng v trn th gii. Nm 2002, u t cho cng ngh nano tng 20-30% so vi nm 2001. Theo s liu thng k ca Chnh ph Nht Bn, ngn sch nm 2003 dnh cho R&D ca cc chng trnh nano vo khong 900 triu USD, chim khong 11,5% tng kinh ph cho KH&CN ca Nht Bn dnh cho bn lnh vc u tin (khoa hc v cuc sng, cng ngh thng tin, mi trng v cng ngh nano). Ba lnh vc u tin khc cng c cc ti v cng ngh nano. Nu nh kinh ph cho tt c cc ti ny c tnh vo trong tng d ton th tng ngn sch ca Nht Bn dnh cho cng ngh nano s vo khong 1,49 t USD (cng vi ngn sch b sung). Cui nm 2003, Chnh ph Nht Bn d kin tng ngn sch cho R&D cng ngh nano nm 2004 ln 20% so vi nm 2003. Theo thng k ca Hi ng Chnh sch v Khoa hc v Cng ngh Nht Bn (CSTP), tng ngn sch dnh cho cng ngh nano v vt liu nm 2003 l khong 2,66 t USD bao gm c ngn sch ca trng i hc. Trung Quc, Hn Quc v i Loan u t mnh m vo cng ngh nano t nm 2001. Trung Quc c k hoch u t khong 2-2,5 t Nhn dn t (NDT) (250-300 triu USD) cho giai on k hoch 5 nm (2001-2005). Trung Quc ang chun b thc hin nhng sng kin to bo v h rt mong mun ui kp mc u t ca cc nc tin tin nh Hn Quc. Hin nay, Trung Quc ang xy dng Trung tm Quc gia v R&D cng ngh nano gn Trng i hc Bc Kinh, Thanh Hoa, v Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc. Trung tm ny c khnh thnh trong nm 2004. Mt c s cng nghip v cng ngh nano cng c xy dng Thin Tn (cch Bc Kinh khong 100km v pha ng) v a vo vn hnh vo cui nm 2003. Hn Quc cam kt dnh u t khong 2,391 nghn t Won (2 t USD) cho giai on 10 nm (2001-2010). B KH&CN nc ny cho bit, nm 2002 B KH&CN pht trin mnh nghin cu, cc c s v nhn lc trong lnh vc cng ngh nano. Theo , nm 2002 u t 203,1 t Won, tng 93,1% so vi nm trc (105,2 t Won nm 2001) v tng khong 400% so vi nm 2000. Tng th, B KH&CN dnh 160,1 t Won cho R&D, 34,6 t Won cho xy dng cc c s v 8,4 t Won cho cc
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chng trnh o to k s. Nm 2002, B KH&CN tng cng tm kim ti tr h tr cho cng nghip ho cng ngh nano. Mc tiu l u t khong 3 t Won cho xy dng mt phng th nghim nano quc gia v trung tm lin hp lin kt cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh nano theo k hoch nh. B KH&CN cng ra vic pht trin m rng cc chng trnh trao i vi nc ngoi v h tr cc chng trnh o to ti cc mng nc ngoi cng c ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc pht trin ni tri ny. D n Cng ngh Nano Quc gia bao gm 8 c quan ca Chnh ph, trong c B Gio dc v Pht trin ngun Nhn lc v B Thng mi, Cng nghip v Nng lng. B KH&CN ca nc ny nhnmnh rng s tp trung vo cc lnh vc la chn c tim nng thng mi ln nht. Cc lnh vc c trin vng l vt liu, cc linh kin in t, b nh my tnh v cc cu phn c bn khc trn c s nano. K hoch di hn chia nh thnh 3 giai on cho n nm 2010, Chnh ph s u t 1,37 nghn t Won, u t ca khu vc t nhn v Nh nc cho d n theo c ch u thu to iu kin cho vic xy dng c s h tng cho cng ngh nano trong vng 5 nm ti. Bng 1: K hoch u t cho cng ngh nano Hn Quc trong 10 nm (20012010) triu USD Giai on1 Giai on 2 Giai on 3 Tng (2001-2004) (2005-2007 (2007-2010) Chnh T Chnh T Chnh T Chnh T Tng ph nh ph nh ph nh ph nh n n n n R&D 203 44 232 137 232 206 667 387 1.054 Gio dc/o 31 18 19 73 73 to C s h tng 64 28 28 11 23 10 116 49 164 Tng 298 72 284 148 274 216 855 436 1.291 Ngun: www.nanoworld.jp Chnh ph Hn Quc lp k hoch n nm 2010 c t t nht l 10 loi sn phm ni tri v o to c 13.000 chuyn gia v cng ngh nano cnh tranh vi cc nc tin tin khc. Theo k hoch ny, B KH&CN s to ra mt thnh ph nano, trong c cc trung tm nghin cu v cc doanh nghip mo him mi khi s, ng thi thit lp mt mng nghin cu vi cc nc c cng ngh cao. Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca Sng kin Quc gia v cng ngh nano l lm cho Hn Quc tr thnh quc gia s 1 trn th gii trong mt s lnh vc cnh tranh nht nh v pht trin cc th trng thch hp cho s tng trng cng nghip. Hn Quc xc nh r vic tp trung vo s lng cc cng ngh then cht. K hoch nm 2002 ca Hn Quc v thc hin trin khai cng ngh nano c bt u vi hai chng trnh nghin cu thuc cc lnh vc mi l Trin khai cc cng ngh vt liu c cu trc nano v Trin khai cc cng ngh sn xut v c in t mc nano. Mi chng trnh c u t 100 triu USD cho 10 nm tip theo.
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Bn cnh cc chng trnh nghin cu v cng ngh nano, Chnh ph Hn Quc cn tin hnh thc hin cc chng trnh nghin cu ct li, c s, v c bn vi tng kinh ph nghin cu hng nm khong 200 triu USD cho giai on 6-9 nm ti. Nm 2002, mt trung tm sn xut nano c xy dng vi mc ch chnh l sn xut cc thit b c kch thc nano. Trung tm ny c t ti Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Tin tin Hn Quc (KAIST) Thnh ph Khoa hc Daejoen (Daejoen Science City), ni m c mt hu ht cc phng th nghim nghin cu ca Chnh ph. Chnh ph Hn Quc phn b 165 triu USD cho Trung tm ny cho giai on 9 nm (2002-2010). Chnh ph xy dng K hoch hnh ng trin khai cng ngh nano nm 2003. K hoch hnh ng ny bao gm Ngh nh ca Tng thng v iu lut buc thi hnh i vi vic thc hin Hnh ng thc y pht trin cng ngh nano. Mc ch ca Hnh ng ny l nhm chun b mt c s nghin cu vng chc cho cng ngh nano v khuyn khch cng nghip ha ngnh cng ngh nano non tr. Chnh ph Hn Quc cn dnh 380 triu USD (chim 19% tng kinh ph dnh cho cng ngh nano) cho Chng trnh Quc gia v Cng nghip ha nano. Ngn sch ny bao gm qu R&D trong cng nghip v qu vn kinh doanh. i Loan c Sng kin v cng ngh nano, c phn b trong 6 nm v bt u thc hin t nm 2003. Sng kin ny c th s a i Loan tr thnh mt trong nhng khu vc dnh u tin cao cho cng ngh nano. Nhng i Loan hiu rt r rng ch tng kinh ph th cha m cn cn phi ra nhng chnh sch thch hp nng cao cc u th cnh tranh, m ra cc hng nghin cu mi v lm cho ng o cng chng nhn thc c tt hn v tim nng ca cng ngh nano. Sng kin Quc gia ca i Loan v KH&CN nano l mt k hoch 6 nm vi tng kinh ph 620 triu USD t 2003-2008. C cu chin lc v chng trnh ca n c da trn Sng kin Quc gia v cng ngh nano ca M. Sng kin ny nhm t c hai mc ch l xut sc v mt l thuyt v to ra c nhng ng dng cng nghip mang tnh sng to thng qua vic thnh lp cc c s tin ch ch yu v cc chng trnh o to chung. Chng trnh xut sc v mt l thuyt bao gm cc ch : Nghin cu c bn v cc c tnh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc ca cc kt cu nano; Tng hp, lp rp, v gia cng cc vt liu nano; Nghin cu v trin khai cc my d v cc k thut thao tc; Thit k v ch to cc b phn ghp ni, giao din v cc h thng thit b nano chc nng; Trin khai cng ngh MEMS/NEMS; v cng ngh sinh hc nano. i Loan rt coi trng gio dc v cng ngh nano. Chng trnh gio dc ca i Loan nhm: Xy dng chng trnh Khoa hc v Cng ngh nano lin ngnh ti cc trng i hc v cao ng; Nng cao gio dc kin thc khoa hc c bn trong trng cao ng trn phng tin thng tin i chng v trong cc trng i hc. Tng cng hp tc quc t v trao i chuyn gia. Tuyn chn cc nhn ti t nc ngoi, bao gm c chuyn gia
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t Trung Quc v thc y hp tc cng nghip - vin nghin cu trong nghin cu v trao i chuyn gia. Cc nc khc trong khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng nh xtrylia, n , New Zealand, Singapo, Malaixia, Thi Lan, bt u thc hin cc chng trnh/sng kin v cng ngh nano. Hnh 1- So snh s u t vo cng ngh nano giai on 2003-2007 ca cc nc chu - Thi Bnh Dng gm Trung Quc, Hn Quc, Hng Kng, n , Malaixia, New Zealand, Singapo, i Loan v Thi Lan. Hnh 2 l s so snh ton cu v u t cho cng ngh nano giai on 20012003 ca chu u, chu v M. n v c tnh l USD. Vi gi hi oi: 100 yn bng 1 USD v 1 Euro bng 1 USD. Chng ta c th d dng nhn thy s tng t ngt trong u t cho cng ngh nano ca khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng trong nm 2003.
1200 1000 800 Tri 600 u USD 400 200 0
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Hnh 1: So snh du t ca cc nc chu - Thi Bnh Dng (khng tnh Nht Bn) cho cng ngh nano giai on 2003-2007 (Ngun: Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, www.nanoworld.jp/apnw).

1400 1200 1000 800 Triu USD 600 400 200 0

2003 2002 2001

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Ch u

Hnh 2: So snh u t ca cc nc chu u, chu v M cho cng ngh nano giai on 2001-2003. Lu rng u t ca M khng bao gm Microelectronics hoc MEMS (Ngun: Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, www.nanoworld.jp/apnw). Bng 2 di y trnh by tm tt thc trng h tr v chnh sch ca Chnh ph i vi c s h tng ca KH&CN nano trong truyn thng, xy dng mng li, cc c s tin ch ct yu quc gia, thng mi ha, gio dc v hp tc quc t trong khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng. Chng ta nhn thy rng hu ht cc nc chu hin ang yu km trong vic truyn thng, c bit bng ting Anh. Cc nc ny ang thi k hnh thnh mng li cn thit h tr hp tc nghin cu. Tuy vy, s phi hp cht ch phi c thit lp. Cc Trung tm quc gia v cc c s tin ch ct li cng ang trong giai on c xy dng. Cc Trung tm tin ch quc gia ti Nht Bn ang hot ng rt tt. Cc chng trnh gio dc hin c sn tt c cc quc gia c chng ti iu tra, tuy nhin nhng vn thc tin nh cc lnh vc chin lc v u t cn phi c chi tit. V phn h tr thng mi ha nh chuyn giao cng ngh, s hu tr tu, lin minh cng nghip v cc vn khc c lin quan cn phi c xc nh mt cch r rng, c bit l i vi cng ngh nano. Bng 2: nh gi v h tr ca Chnh ph cho c s h tng KH&CN nano cc nc thuc khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng. Quc Truyn thng bng Mng Tin H tr Cc H tr gia/Lnh ting Anh li ch thng kha hp th Quc mi o tc gia ha to quc t xtrylia ang ang ang C ang c c c sn c hnh hnh hnh hnh
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Trung Quc Hng Kng n

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thnh ang c hnh thnh ang c hnh thnh ang c hnh thnh C sn

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1.2. Cc n lc thng mi ha khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng Chnh ph Nht Bn cam kt chc chn rng cng ngh nano s to nn cc ngnh cng nghip mi v phc hi li nn kinh t Nht Bn. Cui nm 2002, ti Hi ng Kinh t v Chnh sch Ti chnh (CEFP), Chnh ph thng qua Chin lc Pht trin Ngnh Cng nghip mi (NIDS) v cng ngh nano v vt liu. B Thng mi Kinh t v Cng nghip (METI) l B ch cht trong vic h tr cc ngnh cng nghip ca Nht Bn, nm 2003 phc hi nn kinh t tin hnh thc hin cc chng trnh R&D sau y: Cng ngh nano v vt liu: 20 d n; 11,6 t yn (116 triu USD); Cng ngh thng tin (IT) + vt liu: 23 d n; 22,4 t yn (224 triu USD); Khoa hc i sng + cng ngh nano v vt liu: 6 d n; 3,3 t yn (33 triu USD). Nht Bn c th mnh v sn xut cc gm tinh xo, chim hn 1/2 th phn ca th gii v sn xut knh hin vi in t c phn gii cao, kim sot 60-70% th phn ca th gii. Cn v cng nghip cng ngh nano, nh c trnh by ti bng 3 di y, Nht Bn hy vng s tr thnh quc gia dn u trong 5 lnh vc ch yu vo nm 2010. Bng 3: K hoch th trng ca Nht Bn nm 2010 v 5 ngnh cng nghip ch yu Cc ngnh cng nghip nano Nghn t Yn T USD Cc vt liu ti ch 0,6-1,4 6-14 Mi trng nano v nng lng 0,9-1,7 9-17 K thut sinh hc nano 0,6-0,8 6-8 Mng li v thit b nano 17-20 170-200 o lng v sn xut nano 0,8-2,2 8-22 (Ngun: Keidanren Japan) hu ht cc nc chu , R&D cng ngh MEMS c a vo trong cc chng trnh cng ngh nano. Ti Nht Bn, METI bt u thc hin Chng trnh cng ngh sn xut mi - D n MEMS. D n ny c M ti tr 20 triu USD cho giai on 2003-2005 nhm tp trung ch to cc thit b RF-MEMS, MEMS quang hc v cc b cm bin MEMS cc nh. Chnh ph Nht Bn cn xy dng cc chnh sch vt qua ro cn v thng mi ha nh thiu cc k s v MEMS, thiu cc cng ty kinh doanh, tiu chun ha cn qu yu, cc mng li cn qu ngho nn. Ti Nht Bn, c trn 10 xng c MEMS, bao gm c Olympus, Omron, Matsushita Electric v Sumitomo Metal. i Loan ang cnh tranh vi Nht Bn trong cc n lc thng mi ha MEMS. i Loan thnh lp Lin minh Cng nghip MEMS i Loan vi khong 9 xng c v 10 xng na ang bt u c xy dng. Mc tiu ca Lin minh
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ny l chun b mt din n trao i thng tin v k thut v th trng mi nht; Xy dng tiu chun ha cng nghip, hp nht cc cng ngh hin c v cung cp bn giao thng. Lin minh ny cn cung cp cc dch v hp php, cc dch v v t vnthng mi quc t. Thnh vin ca Lin minh ny bao gm Asia Pacific Microsystems, Inc.; Walsin Lihwa Corp.; Micro Base Technology Corp. v Neostones Microfabrication Co., Ltd. Cc nc nh n c cc ngnh cng nghip MEMS ni tri, Thi Lan, Trung Quc v Singapo hin ang c cc hot ng nghin cu v cc c s tin ch MEMS kh cnh tranh nhau. 1.3. u t cho cng ngh nano ca khu vc t nhn Trong khu vc kinh doanh Nht Bn, hai ta nh thng mi ln nht ca Nht Bn l Mitsui & Co. v Mitsubishi Cor. thnh lp nhng b phn kinh doanh cng ngh nano mi. H ang hot ng rt tch cc trong R&D cng ngh nano v to iu kin thun li cho thng mi ha v u t vo cng ngh nano. Ring Mitsui & Co bt u qu trnh xy dng mt doanh nghip cng ngh nano ton cu. Nhng cng ty hng u ca Nht Bn nh NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, NTT, Toshiba, Soni, Sumitomo Electric, Fuji, Xerox v mt s cng ty khc ang tip tc tin hnh cc n lc R&D cng ngh nano v thc hin nhiu bin php mnh m hn thc y vic thng mi ha R&D ca h. Ti Hn Quc, cc tp on nh Samsung, LG v cc cng ty khc ang u t mnh m vo R&D cng ngh nano v thng mi ha chng. Cc xng sn xut linh kin bn dn ca i Loan nh TSMC v UMC hin ang theo ui ro rit hng in t hc nano bn dn. Cc hng c vn kinh doanh nh Innovation Engine (Nht Bn), Apax Globis Partners & Co. (Nht Bn), v Juniper Capital Ventures Pte.Ltd (Singapo) u t vo trin khai cng ngh nano chu . Cc hng c lit k trong danh sch nh Cranes Software International Ltd (n) v Good Fellow Group (Hng Kng) u t cho cc cng ty kinh doanh cng ngh nano chu . Ngn hng Macquarie ca xtrylia v Pacific Dunlop l nhng nh u t chnh cho AMBRIcng ty cng ngh nano u tin c xp hng ca th trng chng khon xtrylia. Nhng lnh vc nng c u t chu bao gm MEMS, quang in t, b nh ca my tnh, cc vt liu carbon, cc cng c chn on, cc h thng phn phi thuc, cc cng c m t v o c, cc cng ngh hin th v sn ph b mt. 1.4. Cc nc trong khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng Nm 2003, B Gio dc, Vn ha, Th thao, Khoa hc v Cng ngh (MEXT) ca Nht Bn khai trng Trung tm Mng li cc nh nghin cu cng ngh nano
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ca Nht Bn vi hai mc ch cung cp cc c s h tng a ngnh, di hn do quc gia iu phi h tr cho cc nh khoa hc trong lnh vc KH&CN nano. Trung tm ny c u t hng nm vi khong hn 30 triu USD cung cp cho cc nh nghin cu Nht Bn cc dch v thng tin, h tr v phi hp t chc cc hi ngh, hi tho trong nc v quc t ti Nht Bn. Nghin cu, xy dng ngn hng d liu v h tr chuyn giao cng ngh v k thut. Cc nc thuc chu - Thi Bnh Dng ang rt tch cc trong vic xy dng cc trung tm cng ngh nano tm c quc gia, bt u t vic xy dng cc c s h tng c iu phi mt cch cht ch sao cho thch hp vi v th ca KH&CN nano. Cc nh lp chnh sch v cc nh khoa hc ang ngy cng nhn thc hn v bn cht an xen ca KH&CN nano v tin tng vo con ng dn ti s pht trin chng. Khng ging nh EU, cc nc trong khu vc ny khng sng lp ra Hi ng chu iu phi R&D cng ngh nano chu v hnh thnh cc mng li. Tuy nhin, nhn thc v s cn thit phi hp tc ngy cng tng. Hi ngh Cp cao v cng ngh nano chu (ANFoS2004) c t chc t ngy 10-11/5/2004 ti Ph Kt, Thi Lan, bi Vin Quc gia v Khoa hc v Cng ngh Cng nghip Tin tin (AIST) - vin nghin cu quc gia ln nht ca Nht Bn - phi hp cng vi Trung tm Quc gia v Cng ngh Nano (NANOTEC) ca Thi Lan mi c thnh lp. y l s c gng phi hp u tin nhm thit lp mt mng li khu vc v KH&CN nano v l c s cho vic tng cng s hp tc khu vc. Bng 4: Mng li tham gia ca cc nc chu - Thi Bnh Dng ti Hi ngh cp cao v cng ngh nano chu (ANFoS2004) Quc ANF T iu phi vin Website ca Mng li gia/Lnh th chc phi ANFoS2004 hp/Mng li xtrylia ANN Ngi triu tp: C Jagadish (ANU) Trung Quc HCNN Gim c: C.L.Bai Hng Kng HKUST Ch tch: Ching-Wu Chu n DST C vn: R.C.Srivastava Hn Quc KNRS Ch tch: Hanjo Lim Nht Bn AIST Gim c: H.Yokoyama www.aist.go.jp Malaixia ISIFSS Gim c: Halimaton www.kimia.fs.utm.my Hamdan Singapo NUS Gim c: Seeram Rama www.nusnni.nus.edu.sg Krishna i Loan SINICA Gim c: M.K. Wu Nanotaiwan.sinica.edu.tw Thi Lan NANOTE Gim c: Wiwut www.nanotec.or.th/index.
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C ANNHCNNHKUSTDSTKNRSAISTNUSSINICANANOTEC-

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Mng li cng ngh nano xtrylia, Trung tm Quc gia v KH&CN nano, Trng i hc KH&CN Hng Kng, V KH&CN , Hip hi cc nh nghin cu Cng ngh Nano Hn Quc Vin Quc gia v KH&CN Cng nghip Tin tin Trng i hc Quc gia Singapo Vin Hn lm SINICA Trung tm Quc gia v Cng ngh Nano

Ti Hn Quc, mt c quan hp php c thnh lp l Hi cc nh nghin cu cng ngh nano quc gia do B KH&CN cho php. GS. Hanjo Lim ca trng i hc Ajou c bu lm Ch tch. TS. JOWon Lee, thuc Chng trnh Mi nhn v Cc thit b Nano mc Tera v ng Jungil Lee t Trung tm Nghin cu cc thit b nano, KIST, c bu lm cc Ph Ch tch. Malaixia, nhm yu thch cng ngh nano c hnh thnh v cc iu phi vin ca cc trng i hc Malaixia c la chn. Kha o to Thc s Khoa hc v cng ngh nano s lun c sn ti trng i hc Kebangsaan Malaixia cng vi s phi hp vi cc trng i hc khc Malaixia v Vin Cng ngh chu Thi Lan. Cc nc chu - Thi Bnh Dng ang th hin nhng kht vng v n lc ln trong vic thc y quc gia mnh vn ti tng lai ca nano. Chu - Thi Bnh Dng ang tr thnh khu vc c kh nng thu ht cc i tc v cc c hi kinh doanh trong khng gian Nano. Cc u th ca vic hp tc vi cc t chc chu l: Cc ngun nhn lc di do; Cc c s tin ch tuyt ho (Nht Bn, Hn Quc); Cng ngh tin tin (Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan), tin b nhanh trong cng ngh v s tng trng th trng nhanh. 1.4.1. xtrylia Hi ng Nghin cu xtrylia (ARC, C quan ti tr chnh cho KH&CN xtrylia, tp trung vo khoa hc c bn, www.arc.gov.au) nhn thm 736,4 triu la xtrylia (A$) cho giai on 5 nm tng ngun u t c la chn ca ARC ln hai ln. Theo Chng trnh Ti tr La chn Quc gia, bn lnh vc u tin cho ti tr ca ARC nm 2003 c cng b: Vt liu nano v vt liu sinh hc; Nghin cu Genome-Phenome; KH&CN Lng t v cc h thng thng minh/phc tp. T nm 2003, 170 triu A$ c phn b trong vng 5 nm h tr cc d n v cc trung tm, 90 triu A$ c dnh cho Trung tm v Cc Chng trnh Xut sc (COE) ca ARC trong vng 5 nm, bt u t 2003, s kinh ph ny c phn cho 8 trung tm xtrylia. Cng ngh nano lin quan n
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COE bao gm: Cng ngh my tnh lng t; Quang hc Nguyn t - Lng t (Quantum-Atom Optics); Pin Quang in Silic tin tin v photonic (Advanced Sillicon Photovoltaics and Photonics) v cc linh kin bng rng siu cao cho cc H thng Quang hc (Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems). Bn cnh , khong 45 triu A$ c ti tr t cam kt u t ca Chnh ph, vn u t kinh doanh v cc nh u t thng mi khc. 1.4.2. Trung Quc Theo s liu iu tra ca B KH&CN Trung Quc (MOST), hin c khong trn 50 trng i hc, 20 vin nghin cu thuc Vin Hn lm khoa hc Trung Quc (CAS) v 100 cng ty ang rt tch cc trong R&D KH&CN nano Trung Quc. Chin lc ngn hn ca Trung Quc l ha nhp cng ngh nano vi cc ngnh cng nghip truyn thng, pht trin cc sn phm c hiu qu v cht lng cnh tranh cao lm cho cuc sng thng nht ca ngi tiu dng c ci thin hn. to iu kin cho vic thng mi ha cng ngh nano, Trung Quc ang xy dng mt Trung tm K thut v C s Cng nghip gn Bc Kinh v Thng Hi. Trong nm nay, vic nghin cu ng dng trong cc t chc R&D chnh Bc Kinh s c chuyn v thnh ph Thin Tn khi C s Cng nghip Cng ngh Nano ti y i vo hot ng. Chin lc di hn ca Trung Quc l cng c khoa hc c bn v nng cao tnh cnh tranh ton cu ca Trung Quc. Chnh ph dnh 270 triu NDT (33 triu USD) xy dng Trung tm Nghin cu Quc gia v Khoa hc v Cng ngh Nano. Trung tm ny s thng nht cc t chc R&D ng u nh Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc, cc trng i hc: Bc Kinh, Thanh Hoa, Phc Kin, Giang ng, Nam Kinh v trng i hc Khoa hc v Cng ngh ng Trung Quc. Mc tiu ca Trung tm ny l to iu kin cho vic iu phi tt hn cc nghin cu trong lnh vc KH&CN nano. Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc (CAS) c mt mng li cc c quan nghin cu ln nht Trung Quc v th gii. Trung tm K thut Cng ngh Nano Co. Ltd. thuc CAS (CASNEC) c thnh lp thng 11/2002 l c s thc y vic thng mi ha KH&CN nano trong CAS. Nh u t chnh ca Trung tm ny l Nhm Good Fellow (mt cng ty c xp hng Hng Kng). Nhm ny s hu 55% c phn ca cng ty. Tng kinh ph u t khong 50 triu NDT (6 triu USD). Trong , CAS c 20% c phn, cc nh khoa hc ca CAS c 15% c phn v Cng vin Cng ngh cao YongFeng c 10% c phn. CASNEC c hnh thnh vi mc ch ci t li hng cng nghip ha cng ngh v vt liu nano trong ni b CAS bng cch p dng hnh thc qun l t trn xung (top-down). CASNEC c xem nh mt vai tr kiu mu cho vic thc y c s cng nghip quc gia v cng ngh v vt liu nano ti Cng vin Cng ngh cao YongFeng Bc Kinh. CASNEC chim din tch khong 7000m 2 ca Cng vin Cng ngh cao YongFeng v nm v tr trung tm ca vng Zhong11

Guan-Cun l khu vc c Trung tm Cng nghip v Trung tm R&D Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trung Quc. Mc ch hot ng ca CASNEC l cung cp c s chuyn giao cng ngh cho R&D ca CAS. Nhng ngun li nhun chnh ca CASNEC c thu t cp giy php, sn xut mc trung bnh v cc dch v t vn. i vi sn xut mc cng nghip, CASNEC c hp tc cht ch vi cc nh sn xut ln ang c ng vng vi cc ngnh cng nghip v th trng c lin quan. Mi y, CASNEC k mt tha thun cp giy php cng ngh vi Nhm ERDOS, nh sn xut len d ln nht Trung Quc, chim khong 30% th trng ni a. Doanh thu hng nm ca n khong 3 t NDT (362 triu USD). So snh vi nhng cng vic kinh doanh khc, CASNEC c nhiu u th hn trong vic tip cn trc tip vi cc thnh qu R&D ca CAS; tip cn vi mt vn qu cc nh khoa hc, k s xut sc v giu kinh nghim; lun nhn c s h tr n nh v ti chnh t pha Chnh ph. CASNEC hin c 26 tin s, 112 thc s, 3 c nhn ton hc v 7 k thut vin. 1.4.3. Hng Kng Hng Kng, ti tr cho cc hot ng R&D cng ngh nano ch yu t hai ngun: Hi ng Ti tr Nghin cu (RGC), v Qu Cng ngh v Cch tn (ITF). RGC ti tr ch yu cho cc nghin cu c bn ti cc trng i hc, ITF cung cp ti tr cho nhng nghin cu va v nh cc trng i hc v cc ngnh cng nghip vi mc ch pht trin cc tin b cng ngh, nng cao tnh cnh tranh ca cc ngnh cng nghip hin c. Cc nh qun l ca RGC v ITF thng xuyn lin lc vi nhau v cng iu phi cc chng trnh ti tr ca mnh trnh s chng cho. ITF bt u tin hnh cc chng trnh chin lc v cng ngh nano nm 2001 sau khi Hi ng Lp php ph chun Pht trin cc Sng kin v Cng ngh Nano 31/10/2001. Tng u t giai on 1998-2002 khong 20,6 triu USD cng vi 2,3% t cng nghip. u t cho hai trung tm chnh v cng ngh nano c ph chun, Trng i hc Khoa hc v Cng ngh Hng Kng (HKUST) nhn 7,3 triu USD, v Trng i hc Bch khoa Hng Kng nhn c 1,6 triu USD. Tng kinh ph u t cho hai trung tm ny giai on 2003-2004 l 8,9 triu USD. 1.4.4. n n, mt t nc c hn 1 t dn, hin ang hng n k nguyn ca cng ngh nano. Chnh ph n bt u thc hin Sng kin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Nano. Cc c quan ti tr khc nhau nh V Khoa hc v Cng ngh (DST) v Hi ng Hc bng cc Trng i hc (UGC) bt u thc hin cc chng trnh nghin cu khoa hc nano trn phm vi rng. Nghin cu chnh ang c tin hnh ti cc vin nghin cu nh Vin Khoa hc n (Bangalore), Vin Cng ngh n (Madras, Chennai, Kharagpur, Bombay, Mumbai, v New Delhi), Vin Nghin cu K thut in t Trung tm (Pilani), cc Trng i hc ca
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Pune, Phng th nghim Vt l Cht rn (Delhi), v Vin Nghin cu C bn Tata (Mumbai). Mi y, mt s c quan cng bt u c s phi hp cc nghin cu v KH&CN nano. l cc n v: Vin Nghin cu Raman (Bangalore), Phng Th nghim Ha hc Quc gia (Pune), Vin Nghin cu Trung tm v Gm v Thy tinh (Jadavpur), Trng i hc Tng hp ca Delhi, v Trng i hc Tng hp ca Hyderabad. Ba nm trc y, Chnh ph bt u thc hin mt Chng trnh 5 nm vi kinh ph 15 triu USD v vt liu thng minh c iu phi bi nm c quan Chnh ph v thu ht s tham gia ca 10 trung tm nghin cu ca n, tp trung chnh vo cng ngh MEMS. Vn v vt liu nano cng c cp n v ang ch i s u t thm m rng Chng trnh. Vo nm trc, V KH&CN bt u thc hin mt Chng trnh Cng ngh nano Quc gia vi tng kinh ph c cam kt l 10 triu USD cho giai on 3 nm ti. Vin Khoa hc n (IISc) quyt nh cp 1,0 triu USD cho Trung tm Nghin cu Nano ca n. IISc c bit n nh l Trung tm Kin thc ca n . Khoa hc v cng ngh nano n bao trm nhiu ch , trong c MEMS, tng hp cu trc nano v cc c tnh, con chp DNA, in t nano (transistor, tin hc lng t, quang in t), v cc vt liu nano (ng nano carbon, cc ht nano, bt nano, nano composit). Cng nh Trung Quc, mng li KH&CN v thng mi ca n c mt khp mi ni trn th gii. Khng nh Trung Quc, vic ngi n ni ting Anh thnh tho to cho h kh nng tip cn vi th gii phng Ty d dng hn, v vy n thu ht c nhiu vn u t v cc c hi hp tc ton cu. V d, Din n v Nano n mi c hnh thnh bi cng ng M-n Silicon Valley nhm mc ch thit lp mng li gia cc phng th nghim ca vin hn lm, cc cng ty, Chnh ph v t nhn ca n vi cc doanh nghip, cc cng ty mi thnh lp, cc nh u t, cc lut s s hu tr tu, cc lin doanh, cc nh cung cp dch v, cc d n mi c bt u thc hin, v cc khi lin minh chin lc. Mi y n c mt s tin b ng ch trong ngnh cng ngh nano. Cc cng ty t nhn bt u u t cho phng th nghim R&D ca cc trng i hc v cc t chc chnh ph. Trc y, cc cng ty t nhn khng ho phng u t cho cc nghin cu. Cc trng i hc v cc trung tm nghin cu quc gia lm vic mt cch bit lp. Thiu s hp lc v hp tc gia hai khu vc ngn cn s pht trin sng to trong cng ngh. Ch khi cn thit, cc cng ty t nhn mi lm vic vi cc phng th nghim ca cc trng i hc theo phng thc t vn, s hp tc tp trung ch yu vo gii quyt cc vn c hon ton xc nh, hu ht di dng khc phc cc s c. Hnh thc hp tc ny s khng bao gi sn sinh ra c mt mi quan h c tm nhn rng v di hn i vi nhng sn phm nhn c t nghin cu hoc trin khai cng ngh.
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Tuy vy, Phng th nghim MEMS CranesSci, Phng th nghim Nghin cu MEMS u tin ca n c cc cng ty t nhn ti tr, l lin doanh gia Vin Khoa hc n v Cng ty TNHH Quc t Cranes Software (CSIL) Bangalore, c thnh lp vi mc ch to iu kin pht trin vic thng mi ha cng ngh nano v cng ngh micro n. Bn cnh , n cn thc y s phi hp gia cc t chc nghin cu cng cng vi cc ngnh t nhn. CSIL l cng ty c xp hng ti th trng chng khon Bombay, vi vn th trng khong 20 triu USD, n l cng ty hng u v cc sn phm phn mm, cc gii php k thut v khoa hc c cht lng cao. Phng th nghim ny c xy dng vi mt trit l v song. N c tm nhn rng v sn xut trn nn tng ca s kinh doanh, trch nhim x hi v gio dc. Phng th nghim ny khng ch chuyn i cng ngh MEMS t phng th nghim ra th trng, m cn tp trung vo cc vn khc nh quyn li ca s hu tr tu, nhng nhu cu chin lc ca t nc v nhn loi ni chung, cung cp cc nghin cu khc v qun l kin thc h tng trong cng ngh MEMS. 1.4.5. Malaixia Malaixia, cng ngh nano c xp sau Nghin cu chin lc (SR) ca Chng trnh cc Lnh vc Nghin cu c u tin (IPRA) thuc K hoch 5 nm Ln th 8 ca Malaixia (2001-2005). N c B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (MOSTE) ti tr. Cc d n SR phi c thc hin trong vng 60 thng. Phn kinh ph khong 1 t RM (263 triu USD) t ngn sch ca K hoch Ln th 8 c dnh cho IPRA. u t cho SR chim khong 30% ca IPRA v bao gm 8 lnh vc c phn b kinh ph nh nhau l: cng ngh phn mm v thit k, cng ngh ha tinh vi chuyn dng, cng ngh quang hc, cng ngh nano v k thut chnh xc. u t cho cng ngh nano v k thut chnh xc trong 5 nm l khong 23 triu USD (i vi mt t nc c khong 20 triu dn). (Xin lu rng i Loan c s dn khong 21,5 triu v u t cho cng ngh nano trong 6 nm l 620 triu USD). Cc lnh vc nghin cu khoa hc nano bao gm: lng t nano, cc h thng sinh hc nano, in t hc nano, cc vt liu c cu trc nano v h thng o lng nano. Chin lc ngn hn ca Malaixia l: * Xc nh cc nh nghin cu xut sc trong cc lnh vc khc nhau ca khoa hc nano, * Nng cp v trang b cho cc phng th nghim v khoa hc nano bng cc thit b v phng tin hin i, Chun b mt chng trnh pht trin ngun nhn lc thng minh o to cc nh khoa hc v nano.
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Chin lc di hn ca Malaixia l: * Trau di kin thc trong nghin cu khoa hc nano cho cc nh nghin cu, Gy dng c mt i ng cc nh khoa hc c danh ting. 1.4.6. New Zealand Gn y, cc hot ng chnh v KH&CN nano New Zealand c iu phi thc hin ti Vin Cng ngh Nano v cc vt liu tin tin MacDiarmid, l t chc nghin cu hng u ca New Zealand v cc nghin cu cht lng cao v o to nghin cu trong khoa hc vt liu v cng ngh nano. N c xy dng trn nguyn tc hp tc a ngnh. N c qun l bi hai Trng i hc: Victoria Wellington v trng i hc Canterbury, cng vi cc t chc i tc nh Cng ty TNHH v Nghin cu Cng nghip (IRL) v Vin cc Khoa hc v Ht nhn v a cht (IGNS) v cc nhm nghin cu trng i hc Massey v Otago. Vin Nghin cu ny hot ng da vo hng lot cc li th c t trc y nh s hp tc nghin cu nng ng, nng lc k thut v khoa hc c bit, s lnh o tuyt vi, mng li quc t khng g snh kp, s kt ni gia cng nghip v thng mi cht ch, v dy dn kinh nghim trong o to cc sinh vin t ng cp quc t. Trong s cc iu tra vin chnh ca Vin c 9 ngi l thnh vin ca T chc Hong gia New Zealand, v 6 ngi c tng thng Hun chng Khoa hc c uy tn RSZN. Vin trng Vin MacDiarmid l GS. Paul Callaghan FRS, v Vin ph, TS. Richard Blaikie. Hin nay, Vin ang tp trung vo cc vt liu v cng ngh c sc thu ht s ch ca quc t, bao gm thit b v vt liu k thut nano, cc hot ng quang in t trong thit b v vt liu bn dn, cc cht siu dn, cc cht do dn in, cc ng nano carbon, cc h thng m phng v cm bin, cc lp ph v vt liu chuyn dng, cc vt liu tch tr nng lng, cc vt liu quang ha v thu nh sng, cc vt liu do, cc vt liu sinh hc v cht lng hn hp. 1.4.7. Singapo Nh ti tr chnh cho KH&CN Nano Singapo l T chc Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Nghin cu (A*STAR). Sng kin Cng ngh nano ca A*STAR c bt u thc hin vo thng 9/2001. Cch tip cn ca Singapo l da vo cc nng lc c tch ly trc y v thc y vic i mi trong cc lnh vc cung cp nhin liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip Singapo. A*STAR trin khai cc chng trnh nghin cu cng ngh nano thng qua cc chng trnh pht trin nng lc hin c ti Vin Nghin cu vt liu v k thut (quang lng t, cc vt liu tin tin). Ti Vin Vi in t v Vin lu tr s liu (cht bn dn, in t hc); v ti Vin K thut Sinh hc v Cng ngh nano (cng ngh nano sinh hc). Cc n lc ca h ang tp trung gii quyt bng c mi trng cng ngh trong cc ngnh cng nghip chnh Singapo nh cng nghip in t, ha hc v y hc sinh hc. Bn cnh , U ban Pht trin Kinh t Singapo l mt c quan ti tr h tr nhng
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ng dng vo cng nghip ca R&D, c bit u t cho nhng khi u ca cng ngh nano v cc lin doanh quc t. 1.4.8. i Loan Cc chng trnh v MEMS ca i Loan c bt u t nm 1996 v c ti tr bi Hi ng Khoa hc Quc gia (NSC) v B Cc Vn Kinh t (MOEA). T nm 1998, NSC thnh lp 3 trung tm chnh v MEMS (cc Trung tm Nghin cu MEMS min Bc, Trung v Nam) vi mc ch xy dng cc c s tin ch chung v R&D MEMS v cc cng ngh ct li i Loan. T nm 2003, cc chng trnh v MEMS c lng ghp vo Chng trnh KH&CN v cng ngh nano. MEMS ca i Loan tp trung vo cng ngh thng tin, cc qu trnh/thit b cng nghip, thng tin lin lc, in t hc cho khch hng, bn dn v cng ngh y sinh hc. MEMS ca i Loan ang c chuyn i t R&D sang sn xut thng mi. Cng vic sn xut ca MEMS i Loan c bt u t nm 2000 v gn y i Loan c 9 xng ch to MEMS. Tng vn u t cho sn xut MEMS i Loan l khong 0,5 t USD. Lin Hp Asia Pacific Microsystems (APM) l nh my ch to MEMS hng u i Loan, c ra i 8/2001, vi s vn khong hn 50 triu USD. S nhn cng ca n hin nay c khong 200 ngi. Hin cng ty ang tip tc theo ui cng ngh ch to MEMS v tp trung vo cc ng dng nh vi phun mc, b chuyn i thng minh, v tuyn in v MEMSsinh hc. N cung cp cho khch hng cc dch v ti ch bao gm h tr thit k, xy dng quy trnh, sn xut khi lng ln, ng gi, lp rp v kin trc APM tip qun xng sn xut phin silic 5-inch t Cng ty in t Winbon chuyn sang sn xut con chip CMOS v bin i n thnh mt nh my sn xut MEMS tng thch vi CMOS 6- inch ti Cng vin Cng nghip khoa hc Hsinchu. APM ang phnu sn xut 8.000 chic/thng vo nm 2003. Cc c ng chnh ca APM l Cng ty Cng nghip Chi Mei, Cng ty in t Mobiletron, Cng ty Vi in t Th gii, Cng nghip Wintek (mt chi nhnh ca cng ty Acer) v c khong 30% vn u t kinh doanh. (Thng tin chi tit v APM c th c tham kho ti www.apmsinc.com) 1.4.9. Thi Lan T chc ti tr ln nht cho KH&CN l B Khoa hc v Cng ngh (MOST). C quan Pht trin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Quc gia (NSTDA) thuc MOST ang h tr cho 3 trung tm quc gia chnh l Trung tm Quc gia v K thut Gen v Cng ngh Sinh hc (BIOTEC), Trung tm Cng ngh Vt liu v Kim loi (MTEC) v Trung tm Cng ngh My tnh v Kinh t Quc gia (NECTEC). Trung tm Cng ngh Nano (NANOTEC) c Chnh ph Thi Lan ph chun thnh lp thng 8/2003. Mc tiu ca Trung tm ny l:

Xc nh v tp trung vo cc lnh vc thch hp trong cng ngh nano,

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Tp hp v gy dng mt i ng cc nh nghin cu c cht lng v cng ngh nano, Gi vai tr l c quan iu phi gia vin hn lm, ngnh cng nghip, v Chnh ph. Ngn sch c ph duyt cho giai on 2004-2008 l 25 triu USD vi khong 300 nhn s. Cc lnh vc tp trung ca R&D l cht do tin tin, carbon nano, thy tinh nano, kim loi nano, cc ht nano, lp ph nano, tng hp nano, v ng dng vo cng nghip t, thc phm, nng lng, mi trng, y-t v sc khe. Hin c 14 phng th nghim ca 6 trng i hc v 5 phng th nghim thuc hai c quan Chnh ph, vi hng trm nh nghin cu. Nhng lnh vc nghin cu hin nay trong cng ngh nano ch yu l cc ht nano, cc linh kin chm lng t, ng nano carbon, lp ph nano v MEMS.

II. Pht trin cng ngh nano Chu u v M

2.1. Pht trin cng ngh nano chu u
2.1.1. Chnh sch T trc n nay, chu u vn l mt khu vc quan trng v chin lc v l khu vc i tin phong trong lnh vc KH&CN. i vi lnh vc pht trin nhanh nht v cn u t ln l cng ngh nano, chu u khng ngng tng cng ch trng vo vic tr thnh khu vc ng hng u trn th gii, ngy 14 thng 5 nm 2004, U ban chu u (EC) thng qua phng php truyn thng "Hng ti chin lc cng ngh nan ca chu u" (COM 224 338) nhm cng c hot ng (R&D) ca ton chu u v cng ngh nano v bin cng ngh nano thnh cc sn phm c kh nng thng mi ho. EC nh gi cao tm quan trng chin lc ca cng ngh nano l do: o Tim nng i mi v kh nng ng dng ca n trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi, o Kh nng to dng cc c hi kinh t cho nhiu ngnh, khu vc, o Tim nng cho s pht trin bn vng thc s, o Nhng thch thc ln i vi cng ng khoa hc: khoa hc, gio dc, t chc (a ngnh). o EC nhn thy cng ngh nano nh l mt cng c c kh nng nng cao cht lng cuc sng v t c s pht trin kinh t bn vng. o EC thng qua mt gii php chnh thng khng ch tnh n tnh a ngnh ca Cng ngh Nano, cc thch thc trong khoa hc, tim nng kinh t, m cn tnh n cc tc ng ln n mi trng v ton x hi.

17

EC tin hnh iu tra cc Mng li cng ngh nano ti cc quc gia thnh vin v cc quc gia lin i. C 110 mng li ang phi hp hot ng. Hn 1/2 trong s ang hot ng phm vi quc t. Cc mng li ny bao gm khong 2.000 nhm v bao trm tt c cc lnh vc v cng ngh nano. Cc chi tit v kt qu iu tra c c sn trn Website v cng ngh nano ca EC: www.cordis.lu/nanotechnology. Theo EC, cc vn khc lin quan n khoa hc nano chu u l c s h tng, khng c chnh sch i mi hi ha cp tng th, cc vn v kh nng lu ng ca cc nh nghin cu, ri ro v to vn v qun l vn, vn sng ch, mi trng qun l doanh nghip yu km v khung i mi khng cht ch. V vy, sng kin khoa hc nano mi c ra nhm cng c cc lnh vc yu km nu trn: Nhm tng cng u t v iu phi R&D y mnh ng dng cng ngh nano trong cng nghip, Pht trin c s h tng R&D t trnh quc t, p ng nhu cu ca cc c quan nghin cu ln ngnh cng nghip, Khuyn khch gio dc o to lin ngnh cho cc nh nghin cu, nhnmnh vo t duy qun l doanh nghip, To iu kin tt hn cho chuyn giao cng ngh v i mi cc sn phm hu ch c thng mi ho, Phn tch v tch hp cc nhu cu hoc mi quan tm ca x hi vo qu trnh R&D, Gii quyt tt c cc yu t gy tn hi, nh sc kho ca cng ng, an ton, mi trng v ri ro i vi ngi tiu dng, nhm thc hin nh gi ri ro ca tng cng on trong vng i sn phm ca cng ngh nano. t c cc hot ng nu trn cn c s hp tc tt hn v cc sng kin tm quc t. T thng 7/2002, EC bt u thc hin Chng trnh Din n nano vi tng kinh ph cho giai on bn nm khong 2,7 triu euro. Din n nano chu u ny (www.nanoforum.org) l mt t chc mng li cung cp ngun thng tin tng hp v tt c cc lnh vc ca cng ngh nano cho Chnh ph, cng ng x hi, khoa hc v doanh nghip. Din n ny h tr cho chin lc cng ngh nano chu u v gip hi nhp cc nc ng c vin vo Lin minh chu u (EU). N t chc cc cuc hi tho v cc ch chnh, tp trung vo o to. N xut bn cc bo co tp trung vo cc vn x hi, k thut v chnh sch. Ngoi ra, n xy dng trang web v c s d liu duy tr cc thng tin v R&D cng ngh nano chu u v cc c hi kinh doanh. EC trin khai thc hin Chng trnh Khung ln th 6 (FP6, 2002-2006) vi tng kinh ph khong 13.345 triu euro. Trong EU, c l nc c mc u t cao nht cho cng ngh nano, tip l Anh. Nhn thy M v Nht Bn ch trng hn chu u, v d nh o lut R&D cng ngh nano c Chnh ph M k nm 2003,
18

EU xut tng gp 3 u t vo cng ngh nano n nm 2010 nhm duy tr kh nng cnh tranh trn ton cu. Ngoi ra, EU s gii quyt vn cha c chng trnh R&D cng ngh nan tp trung m M chng trnh ny ni bt nht. Khc vi nhng chng trnh khung trc y, FP6 nhnmnh n vic cng c nn tng KH&CN ca ton ngnh cng nghip v khuyn khch mang tnh cnh tranh hn tm quc t. FP6 c cu trc thnh 3 tiu chnh sau: 1. Tp trung v hi nhp cc nghin cu ca cng ng, 2. Xy dng lnh vc nghin cu ca chu u, 3. Cng c nn tng ca lnh vc nghin cu ca chu u. Cc hot ng v trin vng ca chnh sch nghin cu ca EU trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu c nu ra ti Hi ngh cp cao Lisbon thng 3/2000 v ti cc hi ngh cp cao chu u tip theo (ti Goteborg thng 7/2001 v Barcelona thng 3/2002) c khng nh ti Tm nhn ca Lnh vc Nghin cu ca chu u (ERA). Mc tiu ca ERA l xy dng mt chnh sch phi hp nghin cu ca chu u c iu chnh v gii quyt thch hp cho phm vi ca tng quc gia, khu vc v ton chu u. N khng hn ch vic nghin cu, v vy c p dng cho tt c cc lnh vc khi xy dng chnh sch, bao gm c cc ngun nhn lc v gio dc, kha cnh x hi, o c, cc vn ton cu, tm c quc t, v.v N lm cho chi ph nghin cu tng ln khong 3,0% GDP ca ton chu u. Cc hot ng xy dng Lnh vc Nghin cu ca Chu u bao gm: nghin cu v i mi, ngun nhn lc v tnh bin ng, h tng c s ca nghin cu, Khoa hc v X hi. By ch u tin (TP) c khng nh trong FP6 l:
TP1 cc khoa hc v cuc sng, gen v cng ngh sinh hc i vi sc khe,

TP2 cc cng ngh x hi ha thng tin, TP3 cng ngh v khoa hc nano; cc vt liu a chc nng thng minh, cc qu trnh v cc thit b sn xut mi, TP4 hng khng v V tr; TP5 an ton v cht lng thc phm, TP6 pht trin bn vng, thay i ton cu v cc h sinh thi, TP7 Ngi dn v vic qun l trong mt x hi tri thc. Trong TP1, TP2, TP3 bao gm cc d n hon chnh v KH&CN nano. Tng kinh ph dnh cho KH&CN nano trong FP6 cho giai on 4 nm l 700 triu euro. Theo nh gi ca EC, tng chi ph hng nm cho KH&CN nano ca chu u l khong 700 triu euro.

19

TP1 gm c cng ngh nano lin quan n gen, protein, nh hng ch yu cho sc khe (pht trin con chip sinh hc, giao din ca t bo, v d nh ntron, nghin cu v no, cng c chn on v iu tr bnh). TP2 gm in t nano, quang in t, lng t, cng ngh nano siu nh. TP3 gm cc nghin cu a ngnh di hn, cng ngh sinh hc nano, k thut nano, cc vt liu v thit b chuyn dng v xy dng, cc cng c v k thut, sn xut nano, cc ng dng cho y t, cng nghip, mi trng v cc lnh vc khc. Chng trnh cng ngh nano v gen bao gm cc vt liu, cc qu trnh sn xut, cng c, thit b v cc ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc ca nn kinh t. EC tin rng cc yu cu mi v khoa hc, trin khai v cc c hi ch c th c iu khin v khai thc trn vn nu n c thc hin trong bi cnh ton cu thng qua hp tc quc t. Chnh v vy, cc chng trnh ca EC v tng th l hon ton m cho s tham gia ca quc t. C ba kh nng chnh sau y cho s hp tc quc t: H tr trc tip cho cc quc gia mc tiu trong nhng lnh vc c lin quan nh, y t, nng nghip hoc nc, Cc tha thun song phng vi hng lot quc gia v KH&CN, Cc k hoch c th v cc hot ng lin kt, hu ht c th hin bng cc vn bn ghi nh. Hp tc ca EC v Qu NSF ca M v khoa hc vt liu v cng ngh nano c bt u t 12/1999 v tp trung vo: Cc c hi c th so snh c tham gia vo cc chng trnh khc, Trao i rng ri thng tin, Tng cng hp tc, Phi hp tm kim ti tr cho cc xut d n, Lin kt t chc cc hi ngh, hi tho, H tr cng tc o to. Cho n nay c ba hp tc tm kim u t c thc hin vi 12 d n c ti tr v c phi hp gim st ngay t khi chun b v 5 hi tho c phi hp cng t chc theo hp tc gia EC v NSF. Mt trong nhng hng chnh trong khoa hc v cng ngh nano l phi nhn dng c cc ro cn hin ti (hoc tng lai) v nhng c gng h tr thc hin cc gii php vt qua cc ro cn bng cch tnh n tt c cc kha cnh c lin quan v tng lai ton cu. 2.1.2. C s h tng
a. Mng li 20

EC ang u t cho mt s lng ln mng li i mi KH&CN cho cc quc gia thnh vin ca EU v cc quc gia lin i. Cc u mi Lin lc Quc gia (NCP) ang h tr cc cuc hi ngh thng qua cc xut d n EU ku gi ti tr. Mi ch u tin li c mt NCP ring, trong bao gm c ch u tin v cng ngh nano. EC cn u t cho vic i mi Mng li Trung tm Tip m (IRC). Cc Trung tm ny s h tr cho vic chuyn giao cng ngh quc t trong khi EU v trong cc quc gia lin i. Cc h tr khc ca EU cho mng li bao gm D n Gate2Growth vi mc ch ph hp ha cc nh doanh nghip cch tn vi cc nh t bn kinh doanh, Minanet, mt c s d liu trc tuyn ca European Microsystems, v cc d n nghin cu cng ngh nano. Nh cp trn, EC ang ti tr cho din n nano mt mng li ch c s dng nh mt cng ra vo ca Cng ngh nano chu u. Mng li ny gm cc dch v cung cp thng tin cho cc nh nghin cu, cc nh cng nghip, cc nh lp chnh sch, sinh vin, v cng chng. Bng 5: Tm tt mng li h tr R&D cng ngh nano ca EU Quc Mng li Website M t gia/Khu vc EC Din n www.nanoforum.org Mt mng li ch do Nano EU ti tr, c s dng truyn tin v tnh hnh nghin cu nano, cc c hi thng mi, cc kha cnh khc ca x hi cho cc loi khn gi khc nhau. N s xut bn nh k cc tin tc, bi bo, nphm, cc s kin, cc t chc v cc c hi ti tr trn trang web. EC Cc u mi www.cordis.lu/fp6/ncp.ht Cc NCP h tr cc hi lin lc quc m ngh trnh cc xut gia d n cho EU ku gi ti tr. Mi ch u tin c mt NCP ring, trong bao gm c ch u tin v cng ngh nano EC NEXUS www.nexus-emsto.com/ NEXUS l mt t chc phi li nhun, c tr s ti Grenoble, nhm mc ch cung cp cho cc chuyn gia chuyn ngnh Microsystems: 1) Truy cp
21

EC

PHANTOMS

www.phantoms.net.com/

vo cc ch dn c bn thng qua cc bo co cha ng nhng phn tch mi nht v th trng, cng ngh, cc ng dng, cc xu hng pht trin di hn; 2) Thng tin thng qua cng website, cc bn tin thng k bng e-mail, bo , cc hi tho chuyn v c cc hi ngh; 3) Cc c hi vo mng bc cao nh c cc cuc gp g thng xuyn ca cc nh cung cp/ngi s dng, cc chuyn gia khc; NEXUS l mng MEM/MST ln nht chu u. PHANTOMS l mt mng li tuyt ho, s mnh ca n l cung cp din n v cc dch v v thng tin cho cc nh nghin cu ang hot ng trong lnh vc cng ngh nano nhm mc ch x l v lu tr thng tin. S mnh ny c thc hin nh cung cp cc thng tin c cp nht, ni lu tr cc bi bo, cc bn tin, trung tm phn mm, nhng nghin cu c trng

b. Truyn thng Bng 5: Tm tt cc ngun thng tin v thc trng cng ngh nano chu u. (cc cng thng tin ca EU) Quc Mng li Website M t gia/Khu vc EC Chng www.cordis.lu/nanotechnol V tr Cng thng tin Chnh trnh EC ogy ph ca EC EC MINANET www.minanet.com MINANET l c s d liu truy cp trc tuyn ca cc
22

EC

NanoForum www.nanoforum.org

d n nghin cu v microsystems v cng ngh nano chu u. Cc d n c th c ti tr bi EU, Chnh ph quc gia v khu vc t nhn. Nanoforum v cng ngh nano l mng li ch do EU ti tr, c s dng truyn tin v tnh hnh nghin cu nano, cc c hi thng mi, cc kha cnh khc ca x hi cho cc loi khn gi khc nhau. N s xut bn nh k cc tin tc, bi bo, nphm, cc s kin, cc t chc v cc c hi ti tr trn trang web.

c. Cc tin ch Cc trung tm tin ch chnh ca EU cho R&D cng ngh nano hin c khp chu u c nu tm tt ti bng 7. Bng 7. Cc trung tm tin ch chnh cho thc hin R&D cng ngh nano ti chu u Quc Tin ch Website M t gia/Khu vc B IMEC www.arec.be Trung tm nghin cu c lp hng u chu u v trin khai v cp chng nhn cc cng ngh vi in t, cng ngh thng tin v vin thng (ICT) Php MINATEC www.minatec.com c t ti CEA Grenoble, trung tm 170 triu euro ny ang lm ch cc cng ty mi thnh lp, cng nh ang tr gip cc cng ty trung bnh v ang gp phn vo cc chng trnh R&D ca cc hng ln.
23

CCN

www.kompetenznetze.de

Anh

NPL

Wwwnpl.co.uk

Thu in

MC2

www.nc2.chalmers.se/mc2

CeNS

www.cens.de

Anh

IRC

www.nanoscience.cam.ac.u k.irc

Trung tm c thm quyn v cng ngh nano (CCN) bao gm 6 mng li c thm quyn c xy dng vi s t vnca Hip hi K thut c (VDC). iu ny lm tng cng s nh hng ln nhau v trao i qua li gia cc vin nghin cu v cng nghip. Phng th nghim Vt l Quc gia (NPL) l mt trung tm v cng ngh nano ngang tm th gii. MC2 c trnh khoa hc v cc tin ch k thut tr thnh mt trung tm nghin cu hng u th gii v cng ngh nano v Micro. Trung tm v Khoa hc Nano (CeNS) ra i nm 1998 vi mc ch khuyn khch v tr gip cc nghin cu a ngnh trong tt c cc lnh vc v khoa hc nano, t hp vt l, ha hc, ha sinh, cc khoa hc v s sng. CeNS l mt nhm cng tc c t ti Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversitat (LMU) Munich, c. Cc thnh vin v cc chi nhnh ca CeNS ang tin hnh nghin cu ti LMU v ti cc t chc khoa hc khc. H hp tc vi mng li ngang m mng li ny ang hot ng nh cam kt t nguyn ca h. Mc ch chnh l xy dng Hp tc Nghin cu a ngnh (IRC) nh l mt
24

Thu in

NCCR

www.nanoscience.unibas.c h/ncer

Italia

ELETTRA www.elettra.trieste.it Chuyn v Phng th

trung tm hng u ca quc t v cng ngh nano vi cc mc tiu sau: 1) Sn xut t hp cc kt cu c kch thc ba chiu vi chnh xc phn t; 2) Pht trin cc lp mng bng phng php t tng hp trc tip trn nn mu; 3) Xc nh cc c tnh in t v c ca cc giao din c kch thc nano; 4) Pht trin cc thit k ca cc thit b s dng trong y sinh hc v cng ngh thng tin; 5) M rng hng lot d n cho khu vc thng mi; 6) o to cn b v nghin cu a ngnh. Khoa hc v nano-mt Trung tm Quc gia c nhim v nghin cu (NCCR) l mt n lc nghin cu a ngnh di hn, tp trung vo cc cu trc nano, mc ch cung cp nhng tng v tc ng mi cho cc ngnh khoa hc phc v s sng, s dng bn vng cc ngun nguyn liu v cho ICT. Trong ni b ca NCCR, trng i hc Basel l c quan chnh, hin l ni ang duy tr mng li gia cc trng i hc, cc vin nghin cu ca lin bang, cc i tc cng nghip c hp tc cht ch vi cc nh khoa hc ca nhiu ngnh khc nhau. ELETTRA l Phng th nghim ln v nh sng Synchrotron a ngnh, c
25

nghim v nh sng

hnh thnh cung cp cc dch v cho cc nh nghin cu t cc lnh vc c bn v ng dng khc nhau nh vt liu v cc khoa hc v s sng, vt l, ha hc v a cht. ELETTRA c trang b cc ngun sng trng trong di ph t UV n tia X v xut mi trng cnh tranh quc t cho cc nh nghin cu ca cc trng i hc, cc phng th nghim quc gia v cc doanh nghip t khp ni trn th gii.

d. Gio dc Cc chng trnh gio dc lun c sn hu ht cc quc gia chu u. Mt s v d c nu ti bng 8. Bng 8: Danh mc cc kha hc v cng ngh nano hin c sn ti cc trng i hc chu u. Quc gia T chc Lnh vc chuyn su an Mch Trng i hc Aarhus, Aarhus Trng hc v nano an Mch Trng i hc Copenhagen, Cu trc nano v cc khoa hc v Copenhagen phn t c Universitat Kassel, Kassel Cu trc nano v cc khoa hc v phn t c Universitat Wuzburrg, Wuzburg Nghin cu k thut cu trc nano c Trng i hc cc Khoa hc Cng ngh nano v sinh hc ng dng Sudwest-falen, Isserlohn c Trng i hc ErlangenKhoa hc v phn t Nuremberg, Erlangen c Trng i hc cc Khoa hc o to Thc s v k thut micro ng dng Munich, Muchen v nano c Bundesanstalt fur Arbeit, o to k s v cng ngh nano Numberg c Trng i hc quc t Khoa hc v phn t nano Bremen, Bremen c Universitat Bielefeld K s v cng ngh nano Civen, Venice Thc s quc t v cng ngh nano
26

Netherland Netherland Netherland Swizeland Anh Anh

Thc s v cc h thng micro v cng ngh nano Anh Trng i hc Leeds ca o to trn gi Thc s v Khoa Sheffield, Leeds, Sheffield hc v Cng ngh nano Cc thng tin y hn c th tm thy trn trang web: www.nanoforum.org, thuc phn ban Education Carreer. e. H tr thng mi EC ang ti tr cho Mng li ca Trung tm Relay cch tn (IRC). Cc IRC ny s h tr vic chuyn giao cng ngh quc t trong khi EU v trong cc nc lin i. D n Gate2Growth cng ang c ti tr bi EC vi mc ch ph hp ha cc nh doanh nghip cch tn vi cc nh t bn kinh doanh. Hot ng phi hp h tr cho thng mi cng ngh trn ton chu u c ti tr bi EC c xy dng mt cch hon chnh nh l mt phn ca c s h tng ca khoa hc v cng ngh. Chi tit v mng li ca EU c th tm thy trn website c trnh by trong bng 9. Bng 9: Cc chng trnh h tr thng mi ha nghin cu ca EC Quc Mng li Website M t gia/Khu vc EC Gate2Growth www.gate2growth.com Gate2Growth, mt sng kin ca EC, xy dng v hon thin trn gi cc dch v h tr cc nh doanh nghip la chn chnh xc cc nh u t, xy dng cc k hoch kinh doanh thuyt phc cc nh u t ny ng h cho cc d n ca h. Sng kin Gate2Growth ang
27

Trng i hc Delft TU v Trng i hc Lieden, Delft Trung tm Khoa hc vt liu, Trng i hc Groningen, Groningen MESA + Vin, Trng i hc Twente, Enschede PhilosophischNaturwissenschfliche Fakult at der Universitat Basel, Basel Trng i hc Sussxex, Brighton Trng i hc Cranfield

Thc s v khoa hc nano Topmaster Cc kin thc c bn v cng ngh nano o to thc s v nano Khoa hc v cng ngh nano

EC

Trung tm Relay cch tn

Irc.cordis.lu/

thc hin hng lot cc dch v v mng li lm cho qu trnh thu ht u t nhanh v r hn i vi cc hng k thut cao cn non tr nhng c tim nng pht trin ln. IRC h tr chuyn giao cng ngh quc t trong EU v cc nc lin i

2.2. Pht trin cng ngh nano M

2.2.1. Chnh sch pht trin cng ngh nano Thng 12 nm 2003, Tng thng Bush k o lut R&D cng ngh nano Th k XXI, c H vin v Thng vin ng h vi i a s. o lut ny c c th ho trong cc hot ng v chng trnh lut c Sng kin v Cng ngh Nano Quc gia h tr, l mt trong cc u tin R&D ca nhiu c quan cao nht ca Tng thng. o lut yu cu 3,7 t USD u t cho R&D cng ngh nano trong ti kho 2005-2008. Sng kin v Cng ngh Nano Quc gia ca M (NNI) l N lc ca cc c quan nhm ti a ha s hon vn u t cho R&D cng ngh nano ca chnh quyn cc lin bang, thng qua vic phi hp cc hot ng u t, nghin cu v pht trin c s h tng ca tng t chc. NNI khng ch cung cp ti chnh cho nghin cu, cc tin ch v gio dc, m cn gi vai tr ch cht trong vic thc y pht trin cc mng li a ngnh v cc quan h i tc v trong truyn thng ti cc t chc tham gia v cng chng, thng qua cc hi tho v cc cuc hp, cng nh Internet (www.nano.gov). Cui cng, n khuyn khch kinh doanh, c bit kinh doanh nh nhm thc hin cc c hi do cng ngh nano to ra. Cc thng tin u t ca NNI mi nht c th tm thy trn trang Web: www.nano.gov v c trnh by trong bng di y. Bng 10: T chc 2001 2003 2004 2005 % thay Thc chi Thc chi D kin xut i ca 2004 NSF 150 220 254 305 20 DOD 125 322 315 276 -12 DOE 88 134 203 211 4 HHS 40 78 80 89 11 (NH) DOC 33 64 63 53 -16

% thay i ca 2001 103 121 140 122 61

28

(NIST) NASA USDA EPA DHS (TSA) DOJ Tng DHSDOCDODDOEDOJDOTEPAHHSNASANIHNISTTSAUSDA-

22 0 5 0 1 464

36 0 5

87 1 5 1

35 5 5 1 2 982

-5 400 0 0 0 2

1 862

2 961

59 Chng trnh mi Khng thay i Khng thay i Chng trnh mi 112

B An ninh Ni a B Thng mi B Quc phng B Nng lng B T php B Giao thng C quan Bo v Mi trng Cc dch v cho Con ngi v Sc khe C quan Hng khng v V tr Quc gia Cc Vin Sc khe Quc gia Vin Tiu chun v Cng ngh Quc gia C quan An ton Giao thng B Nng nghip ca M

u t ca NNI (M) t n con s 1 t USD nm 2004 v c kh nng s tng ln 2% nm 2005, gp 2 ln so vi u t ca nm 2001 (464 USD), l thi im ca NNI bt u c thc hin. C 15 t chc tham gia vo thc hin cc hot ng ca NNI. Ring kinh ph cho nm 2005 ca NSSF, DOD, DOE v NIH c kh nng s tng gp 2 ln so vi nm 2001. iu ny cho thy rng trong chin lc u t ca NNI, h tr cho cc nghin cu c bn, nng lng, y t v quc phng s c tng cng hn. Thng 12/2004, K hoch Nghin cu v Trin khai cng ngh nano ca Th k 21 c Chnh ph M thng qua. NNI ca 2005 s tip tc tp trung vo cc nghin cu c bn v ng dng thng qua hng lot chng trnh c iu hnh bi cc iu tra vin c uy tn, cc trung tm lin ngnh xut sc v pht trin c s h tng. Cc hot ng nh gi s chp nhn ca x hi v cng ngh nano bao gm cc vn lin quan n o c, lut php, sc khe, mi trng v gio dc vn c duy tr. Khong 65% kinh ph hin nay ca NNI c dng h tr cc nghin cu l thuyt, ngoi tr mt phn ng k c dnh cho vic tng cng quan h i tc gia cc nh nghin cu v cc doanh nghip t nhn lm n by cho u t cng cng. NII h tr cho hn 100 trung tm KH&CN nano v cc mng li ti nng cho cc c nhn v c quan. Mc ch ca cc trung tm ny l cung cp din n v h tr cc nghin cu a
29

ngnh cho cc nh nghin cu thuc cc ngnh v cc khu vc nghin cu khc nhau, bao gm: vin hn lm, cng nghip v cc phng th nghim quc gia. Theo k hoch, cc trung tm ny s c m rng phm vi v cc ch v phn b a l. Cc Trung tm ti nng (COE) chnh ca NNI v cc c s h tng khc c tm tt di y. 2.2.2 C s h tng a. Mng li c c s cho vic h tr cc nghin cu a ngnh ca cc nh nghin cu thuc cc ngnh v cc khu vc nghin cu khc nhau, bao gm: cc vin hn lm, cc ngnh cng nghip v cc phng th nghim quc gia, NNI thc hin ti tr cho cc COE. Cc Trung tm ny khng ch i u trong cc nghin cu tin tin, m cn xy dng c mi quan h cht ch tng cng s chuyn giao cc kt qu nghin cu thnh cc ng dng cho cc ngnh cng nghip. COE c ti tr bi NNI c tm tt trong bng 11. Bng 11: Tm tt v Trung tm ti nng ca NSF Tn Trung T chc Website Ch tm Cc Trung tm Khoa hc v k thut nano (NSEC) T hp cc Trng i www.nsec.nort cng ngh hc hwestern.edu pht hin Northwestern v m hnh nano Cc h thng kch thc nano trong cng ngh thng tin Khoa hc v cc h thng kch thc Trng i hc Cornell www.cns.corne ll.edu u t 5 nm (triu USD)

Cc phng php pht hin DNA/RNA, polymer, cng nhn sinh-ha, tng hp trc tip b mt, cc b cm bin. in t hc nano, lng t hc, t hc h tr cho khoa hc.

11,1

11,6

Trng i hc Harvard

www.nsec.harv ard.edu

u d qut, in t hc 10,8 lin kt, cc cu trc hn hp

30

nano v ng dng ca cc thit b Truyn ng ca in t trong cc cu trc nano phn t Khoa hc nano trong k thut mi trng v Sinh hc Tng hp trc tip cc cu trc nano Trung tm Sn xut Nano theo Lp v Tng hp (SINAM) Cc h thng sn xut Hain-C kch thc nano (NanoCEMMS) COE khc ca NSF Trung tm Cng ngh v Khoa hc Cng ngh Sinh hc Nano

Trng i hc Columbia

www.cise.colu mbia.edu/nces

Truyn ng ca in tch trong cc phn t, cc giao din ca ng nano carbon, t hp

10,8

Trng i hc Rice

Cnsst.rice.edu/c Fullerines, cc vt liu ben nano trong t bo, k thut sinh hc, cc ng dng trong mi trng

10,5

Hc vin Bch khoa Rensselaer Trng i hc California, Los Angeles Trng i hc Illinois ca UrbanaChampaign

www.rpi.edu/de Cc cht gel v composit 10 pt/nces nano trn nn polymer, cc vt liu phn t sinh hc c cu trc nano, nguyn l www.cnsiThch ha ng vi 17,7 uc.org nano, tng hp nano, k thut chnh xc cp nano, in t hc nano www.mie.uiuc. edu Cc mng li nano v micro lng, nh v kch thc nano, dng c kim tra t hp sinh-ha 12,5

Trng i hc Cornell

ww.nbtc.comell Cc thit b phn t sinh .edu hc v phn tch, ng lc hc ca phn t sinh hc, cc vt liu cp nano, sinh hc t bo c kch thc nano
31

b. Cc c s tin ch R&D cng ngh nano i hi phi c s h tr ln v linh hot cho c s h tng nhm mc ch to iu kin, khuyn khch cc pht minh mi v cch tn v to iu kin thun li cho chuyn giao nhng kt qu nghin cu c gi tr thng mi t phng th nghim ti th trng. Tuy nhin, chi ph cho cng c, thit b, v cc tin ch ca cng ngh nano l kh cao. iu ny hn ch vic trin khai nghin cu ca cc t chc c u t hn ch. Ti tr ca Chnh ph cho pht trin c s h tng, m u t c th n vi cc nh nghin cu v n phc v cho xy dng cc tin ch ct yu mang tnh quc gia v quc t, c th lm ti u u t cho R&D ca chnh ph. Mt hng tp trung quan trng ca NNI l xy dng cc php o v cc tiu chun, cng c nghin cu, nng lc v m hnh ha v m phng, cc c s tin ch mang tnh quc gia cho ngi s dng R&D. Kiu ti tr ny ang c s dng h tr Mng li h tng C s Sn xut Nano cp Quc gia (NNIN) v Mng li m hnh ha v m phng cho tnh ton cng ngh nano, c hai ci u c ti tr bi NSF. Ti tr cho c s h tng nghin cu cng c DOE s dng xy dng 5 trung tm nghin cu khoa hc nano (NSRC) c t cng vi cc tin ch chnh hin c ti cc phng th nghim ca DOE trn ton nc M. Cc c quan Lin bang ca M ang cam kt m bo cc c s h tng b sung h tr cc n lc ca NNI, bao gm cc c s tin ch cho khoa hc nano ca Phng th nghim Nghin cu Naval (NRL) ca DOD v mt phn ca Phng th nghim o lng Tin tin ca NIST. Tin ch cho ngi s dng R&D cng ngh nano ca NNI ti M c tm tt bng12: Bng 12: Tm tt cc tin ch R&D ch yu v cng ngh nano ca M Tn Tin Website T chc M t ch Mng li www.cnf.cornell.edu C s Tin ch Sn Tin ch c s C s h xut v khoa hc v dng h tr cc tng Sn nano, Trng i nghin cu a ngnh xut nano hc Cornell v sn xut, tng Quc gia hp, m t c im ca NSF v xy dng cc kt (NNIN) cu, thit b v h thng t kch thc nguyn t n kch thc ln phc tp. www.howard.edu/keckc Trung tm Keck Trung tm ny tp enter/default.htm thit k cc vt liu trung vo thc hin vi s tha nhn cc nghin cu c
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phn t, Trng i hc Howard

Snf.stanford.edu

Mng li www.nanohub.purdue.e ca NSF du cho tnh ton cng ngh nano (NCN)

bn v k thut cn thit cho thit k cc vt liu nano i vi s tha nhn phn t C s Tin ch Sn Mt C s Tin ch xut Nano, Trng vi 10 phng lm i hc Quc gia vic cht lng v Pennsyvania c trang b bi mt mng li chuyn gia gii ang cung cp y cc kh nng x l cc vt nn c ng knh ln tn 6 inch. C s Tin ch ny m bo k nng tinh xo trong sn xut nano trn-xung v di-ln. C s Tin ch Sn To iu kin cho xut Nano Stanford, cc nh nghin cu Trng i hc truy cp cc thit b Stanford v k nng sn xut nano mt cch hiu qu v kinh t. C s Tin ch Sn m bo k nng xut Nano, Trng trong vic sn xut i hc California, cc thit b bn dn, Santa Barbara cung cp y cc qu trnh cho cng ng cc nh khoa hc v nghin cu. Cc trng i hc NCN pht trin c s Purdue, Illinois, h tng mang n Stanford, Florida, cho sinh vin/gio Texas, Northwestern vin/thc nghim and Morgan State. vin v cc nh nghin cu khc phng php tnh ton cng ngh nano. Mc tiu ca Nanohub l m rng ti cc lnh vc nh ha hc, ng lc
33

Cc Trung www.cfn.bnl.gov tm nghin cu Nano ca DOE (NSRC)

Trung tm v cc Vt liu Nano chc nng (CFN), Phng th nghim Quc gia Brookhaven

cint.lanl.gov

Trung tm v cc Cng ngh Nano t hp, Phng th nghim Quc gia Sandia

www.cnns.ornl.gov

Trung tm v cc Khoa hc v Vt liu Nano (CNMS), Phng th nghim Quc gia Oak Ridge

hc phn t v c hc Cung cp cc nng lc cn thit cho vic sn xut v nghin cu cc vt liu c kch thc nano, nhnmnh v sn xut cc vt liu kch thc nguyn t nhm t c cc c tnh v chc nng nh mong mun. CFN s phc v nh l mt u mi tc nghip v l ni h tr cho cc nghin cu v vt liu tin tin vng ng Bc M. Cc c im ca CINT l s tp trung vo khm ph con ng t pht minh khoa hc n hi nhp cu trc nano vo th gii ca vi m v v m. CNMS l mt trong s 5 trung tm NSRC ca DOE sn sinh ra mng li quc gia thng nht. Mc tiu v t chc tp trung ca CNMS l cung cp cc c hi tt nht cho s hiu bit v cc vt liu c kch thc nano, s hi nhp v cc hin tng k l khc thng qua vic to ra hng lot s hp lc s y
34

nano.anl.gov

Trung tm v cc Vt liu Nano, Phng th nghim Quc gia Argome

foundry.lbl.gov

Xng c phn t, Phng th nghim Quc gia Berkeley

C s Tin ch cho Khoa hc Nano ca DOD

www.nrl.navy.mil

Phng th nghim Nghin cu Naval

nhanh cc qu trnh khm ph pht minh. Mc tiu l thit k cc h thng-nh nanocomposite ca nam chm vnh cu cc mnh, in t v cm bin, cc h thng lu tr v bo tn nng lng cm quang, vt truyn ca phn t-c chc nng c bit i vi cc ng dng c lin quan n cc dng nng lng khc nhau. Xng sn xut phn t l mt c s tin ch cho ngi s dng trong thit k, tng hp, v m t cc vt liu kch thc nano. N l mt trong hai c s tin ch quc gia cho ngi s dng thuc B phn cc khoa hc v vt liu ca Phng th nghim Berkeley v l mt trong nm n v ca Phng th nghim Berkeley. R rng rng ci ni cc ngnh khc nhau c th cng chia s cc k nng v kinh nghim nhm xc nh v khm ph cc c hi hp tc a ngnh, trc y l khng th truy cp c. Chnh v
35

Vin Quc gia v Tiu chun v Cng ngh (NIST)/c c Trung tm ca ngi s dng

www.nist.gov

Phng th nghim o lng tin tin, Chng trnh Nghin cu Khch ni a ca NIST, Trung tm v Nghin cu Neutron

vy, C s Tin ch ny s n tip cc nh khoa hc t cc ni n thm C s trong khong thi gian ngn hn v di hn; S quan tm hp tc c biu hin sn sng bng s lnh o ca cc t chc nghin cu y v nc ngoi. S mnh ca NIST l pht trin v cng c o lng, tiu chun, v cng ngh nng cao nng sut, to iu kin cho thng mi ha v ci thin cht lng cuc sng. NIST ang tin hnh thc hin s mnh ca n trong 4 chng trnh hp tc: 1) Cc phng th nghim ca NIST; 2) Chng trnh Cht lng Quc gia Baldrige; 3) Quan h i tc trong m rng sn xut; 4) Chng trnh cng ngh tin tin.

c. Gio dc NNI nhnmnh tm quan trng ca gio dc v KH&CN nano ti cc trng i hc, ph thng v cho cng chng. Cc chng trnh gio dc hin c sn ti COE ca NNI, c bit, cho o to lc lng cng nghip v cng ngh nano trong tng lai. Bng di y (bng 13) nu tm tt cc kha hc v cc cp hc hin c ti M.

36

Bng 13: Tm tt cc chng trnh gio dc v KH&CN nano ti M Cp T chc Lnh vc chuyn su hc/Kha hc Tr ging v Trng i hc Pennsynvania v Cng ngh cc Trng cao ng cng ng nano ti Pennsynvania Tr ging Trng i hc Minnesota v v: Trng cao ng k thut Dakota - Khoa hc ng dng - Cp trong khoa hc nano Thc s khoa Trng i hc Rice hc chuyn ngnh v Vt l nano PhD v M.S Trng hc v cc khoa hc nano v k thut nano, trng i hc Albany PhD Trng i hc Washington Cc kha Trng i hc Quc gia Kansas Gii thiu v c hc lng t hc (phys.educ.ksu.edu) cho cc hc sinh PTTH v cao ng cng vi cc chng trnh my tnh hp dn c kt ni Cc kha Trng i hc Quc gia Penn Cc c s tin ch sn xut nano hc (www.nanofab.psu.edu/education/ phc v cc i tng l sinh defalt.htm) vin, cc nh gio dc chuyn nghip v cng chc ngnh cng nghip Cc kha Trng i hc Purdue Khoa hc v k thut nano hc cp i (engineering.purdue.edu/ChE/Res hc earch/Nanotech/index.html) Cc kha Hc vin Bch khoa Rensselear NSEC ca NSF ng gp cc hc (www.rpi.edu/dept/nsec/edukha hc cho cc i tng t programs.html) nh tr n sinh vin, c nhn v cc chuyn nghip gia Cc kha Trng i hc Rice Gii thiu v khoa hc nano hc (nanonet.rice.edu/intronanosci/ind (GS.Vicki Colvin trnh by) ex.html) Cc kha Trng i hc California-LA ng gp cc kha hc v hc (www.cnsiphng th nghim a ngnh
37

uc.org/education.html) Cc kha hc cp i hc Cc kha hc cp i hc Cc kha hc cp i hc Cc kha hc cp i hc Cc kha hc tng tc Trng i hc Delaware (www.ece.udel.edu/~kolodzey/co urse.html) Trng i hc Florida (www.acis.ufl.edu/index.php? l=170) Trng i hc Notre Dame (www.nd.edu %7Endnano/index.html) Trng i hc Nam California (www.lmr.usc.edu%7Elmr)

gm: sn xut nano, quang hcnano, v thng tin sinh hc Kha hc v cc nguyn l ca thit b in t nano (GS.James Kolodzey trnh by) Tnh ton nano Cc thit b lng t tin tin Ngi my nano

Trng i hc Washington v Khoa hc v cng ngh nano Phng th nghim Quc gia Ty c ti tr bi NSF Bc Thi Bnh Dng (www.nano.washington.edu/pnnl/ overview.html) Cc kha Trng i hc Arkasas v Vt l v cu trc nano bn dn hc cp i Trng i hc Oklahoma hc (www.nhn.ou.edu/cspin/) Cc kha Trng i hc CaliforniaGii thiu v Micro v Cng hc cp i Berkeley ngh sinh hc nano hc (http://bioeng.berkeley.edu/syllab us/121syllabus.html) Thng tin v cc chng trnh gio dc v cc ngun thng tin khc cho gio vin v hc sinh ti USA c sn ti: www.nano.gov/html/edu/eduteach.html d. Mng li khc Bn cnh COE ca NNI, ti M cn c cc trung tm chnh khc v cng ngh nano c cc c quan Chnh ph v cc trng i hc ti tr. Chi tit c trnh by ti bng 14 v 15. Bng 14: Tm tt thng tin v cc trung tm c cc c quan Chnh ph ti tr. Tn t chc Website Ch /M t Trung tm Trng i Qun i M hc Trung tm Trng i www.me.umn.edu/ Pht trin cc phng php Nghin cu hc Minnesota %7Emrz/CNER.ht mi v s tng trng v s Nng lng m hnh thnh cc ht nano, cc nano vt liu c cu trc nano v cc tip cn m t chng
38

xc nh c tiu chun pht nng lng ca cc kt cu nano v mt s c tnh khc lin quan n nng lng. Khoa Sc khe phc v con ngi ca M Trung tm Trng i sn xut nano hc v t tng Northwestern hp phn t

www.nanotechnol ogy.northwestern. edu

Nhim v l h tr cc n lc quan trng trong cng ngh nano, cc c s tin ch phc v m t vt liu hin i cho ngi nh, v tp trung cc n lc nhm vo gii quyt cc vn then cht v cng ngh nano. Tt c cc phng th nghim v khoa hc v cng ngh nano ca cc Vn phng DOD nh Vn phng cc d n nghin cu tin tin quc phng, Vn phng nghin cu Naval, Vn phng nghin cu qun i v Vn phng v nghin cu khoa hc ca Khng qun. Chng trnh nghin cu a ngnh ca URI (MURI) ang tr gip cc nhm nghin cu ca cc trng i hc m nhng n lc nghin cu ca h lin quan t nht n hai lnh vc khoa hc truyn thng v ngnh k thut tr ln. Chng trnh DURINT ang h tr cc nhm nghin cu ca cc trng i hc thc hin cc nghin cu c bn v cng ngh nano. Chng trnh ny bao gm 2 thnh phn: nghin cu v trang thit b, c hai thnh phn ny
39

DOD Khoa Cc phng th nghim nghin cu quc phng v khoa hc v cng ngh nano Cc sng kin nghin cu a ngnh ca cc trng i hc

www.nanosra.nrl. navy.mil/laborator ies.php

www.nanosra.nrl. navy.mil/muri.php

Cc sng kin nghin cu a ngnh ca cc trng i hc v cng ngh nano

www.nanosra.nrl. navy.mil/muri.php

u tham gia h tr cho o to. Cc trung tm c thnh lp theo sng kin ca cc trng i hc c nu tm tt trong bng di y. Bng 15: Tm tt thng tin v cc trung tm chnh c thnh lp theo sng kin ca cc trng i hc Tn t chc Website Ch /M t Trung tm, Trng i Vin hc Trung tm v - Trng i www.nhn.ou.edu/c S mnh ca n l pht trin Vt l bn hc Arkansas, spin/index.html hoc sn xut v m t cc dn trong cu - Trng i kt cu nano trong vt liu trc nano hc Oklahoma bn dn; nghin cu cc tnh cht vt liu mi lin quan n tng c th hoc c nhm kt cu nano; cui cng l n c th c s dng nh th no trong h thng ha hc, quang hc v in t th h tip theo. Trung tm v Trng i www.ctn.northwes Nhim v ca Trung tm v cng ngh hc tern.edu cng ngh nano trong giao nano trong Northwestern thng thuc cc Trng i giao thng hc Northwestern l pht trin o to v cc lnh vc nghin cu v cng ngh nano ng dng trong khu vc giao thng vn ti. Vin nghin Trng i www.nano.neu.ed Vin Nghin cu ny hin cu sn xut hc u ang xy dng mt chng nano Northwestern trnh nghin cu thng nht tp trung vo sn xut cc kt cu v thit b c kch thc micro v nano ti trng i hc Northwestern. Trung tm - Trng i www.phyics.unc.e D n ny nhm mc ch North hc ca North du/ nm vng v iu khin tnh California v California, %7Ezhou/muri/nc cht ha-l ca vt liu ca Vt liu nano - Trng i cnm.html cc ng nano v cc vt liu hc Quc gia t ng nano; nh gi tim North nng ng dng ca chng v California tng cng kt cu, lu tr nng lng; pht trin cc
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Nhm nghin Trng i cu v khoa hc ca North hc nano California (NSRG)

thit b mu in t v c hc nano. www.cs.unc.edu/R NSRG l mt t chc gm esearch/nano/ nhiu nhm khc nhau nghin cu v khoa hc nano lin quan ch yu ti trng i hc North California ti Chapei Hill.

III. Th trng v sn phm nano

Th trng cng ngh nano c c tnh s t khong 1.000 t USD vo nm 2015 v y cng s l lnh vc cnh tranh gay gt. C th ni l iu l lng khi cng ngh nano (c hiu nh mt k xo ch to cc vt liu v my mc c kch thc rt nh) ang to ra nhng tc ng c bit tri ngc trong kinh doanh. Thay bng vic ch to ra ci g thc t hn, ngi ta li to ra ci rt v v v lm cho n c v nh thn diu. Nu bn mun cng ty, sn phm ca bn nghe c v c o hn, bn hy gn thm tip u t "nano" vo v bn s l mt phn ca Vt to ln Tip theo (The Next Big Thing). iu cng ging nh khi cc cng ty thm ci ui ".com" trong giai on bng n Internet hay "tech" trong nhng nm bng n my tnh xch tay (PC). Cc cng vic kinh doanh lin quan n cng ngh nano ang m ra c mt lnh vc mi bao gm cc ngun lc sn c. V vy, cc cng ty ang c sp xp li nhng g h ang tin hnh. Tt nhin mc tiu ca h l kim tin. Theo mt c tnh, cng ngh nano s l mt th trng t tr gi 1.000 t USD trong vng khong mt thp k na. Hin nay, s tin u t vo lnh vc ny ca Chnh ph M v khu vc t nhn ln ti 3 t USD v vn ang tip tc tng ln. Chng trnh "Xc tin Cng ngh Nano" ca Chnh ph M kin ngh chi tiu 847 triu USD cho nghin cu trong nm 2004, tng 9,5% so vi nm 2003 (nm 1997 - 116 triu USD; nm 2000 - 270 triu; nm 2001 422 triu v nm 2002 - 518 triu, cha k cc ti ca cc trng i hc k vi cc c quan quc phng, an ninh v mt s cng ty ln, trong thng c phn R&D lin quan ti cng ngh nano). Nhng, trc khi cc nh u t, cc nh kinh doanh vn mo him v cc quan chc Chnh ph bt u tung tin ra, c th h s mun c mt ci nhn, phm vi nano, vo gi tr thc ca cng ngh mi ny. Ti chu u, c h tr rt mnh cho vic pht trin cng ngh nano. c c mt Chng trnh thng nht giao cho B Gio dc v Nghin cu qun l vi kinh ph chung chi t ngn sch khong 7 t USD, trong 1/4 c chi cho u t i mi cng ngh. Nh nc c cn thng qua Chng trnh EXIST nhm tr lng v th lao cho cc cn b nghin cu v sinh vin i hc tham gia nghin cu cng ngh nano. Chng trnh EXIST cn chi tin lp cc cng ty cc trng i hc cho vic
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thc hin cc mc tiu c bit,... B Gio dc v Nghin cu c s b nh gi tim nng to ln ca th trng cng ngh c doanh s tim nng ng k ny m h hy vng nc c s c vai tr dn u trong vic nm bt cc c hi. Theo B ny, mt s lnh vc trng tm sau y c tim nng doanh s cao: Cc lp siu mng (chiu dy vi nguyn t) 20 t USD, cc kt cu dc cnh (lateral) 2 t USD, x l b mt siu chnh xc 12 t USD, o lng v phn tch cc kt cu nano 13 t USD, cc vt liu nano v kin to phn t 4 t USD. c c khong 60 cng ty quan tm c bit ti cng ngh nano. Trung Quc, Vin Hn lm Khoa hc qun l nhiu chng trnh R&D v cng ngh nano. Mt trong nhng hng tp trung l cng ngh ch to bn dn v cc thit b in t da trn cng ngh nano. Trung Quc c 17 trng i hc v 11 cng ty ln thc hin nghin cu v cng ngh nano v khong 200 doanh nghip c rng buc trong quan h bun bn cc thit b, sn phm cng ngh nano. Ti Hn Quc, B KH&CN thng qua Chng trnh "Khi pht cc thit b nano mc tera" ti tr cho cc trng i hc v ngnh cng nghip pht trin cc thit b in t th h tng lai ti y. Tp on Samsung, ngi khng l ca cng nghip Hn Quc, lp hn mt c quan khoa hc l Vin Cng ngh tin tin thc hin cc nhim v nghin cu cng ngh, thng mi ho cc cng ngh vi in t v h tr vic ng dng cc h thng vi in t (microelectro-mechanical). C quan Thc y u t Thng mi Hn Quc cng gp mt vai tr tch cc trong vic cung cp thng tin lin quan n u t vo cng ngh nano. V cc sn phm mi ca cng ngh nano: "Nhanh hn, nh hn, nh hn" l ch chnh ca cc sn phm cng ngh nano, p ng nhu cu khch hng v gim trng lng, th tch, gim tiu th nguyn vt liu, nng lng hoc tng tc x l v sn xut. Ngc li vi cc lnh vc cng ngh cao khc, cng ngh nan v bn cht hm cha nhiu c trng k thut nh vy trong cng ngh. Nhm cc sn phm sp ti s rt phong ph v xm nhp vo hu ht cc lnh vc cng nghip. Sau y l mt s v d: sinh hc, sn phm cng ngh nano "hnh mu" ca tng lai l cc thit b gi r hoc c th ti s dng, dng chn on phng bnh cho ngi. Cc thit b ny gip Chnh ph gim chi ph cho y t, gip cc c nhn t theo di tnh trng sc kho v gp phn vo s tin b ca ngnh y. Chip sinh hc nhn dng cc phn t, chui ADN hoc protein s dng chn on. Ging nh vi chip bn dn, chip sinh hc pht trin theo xu hng tng cng nng theo thi gian, nh cc c ch ging nhau: din hot ng phn tch c th gim lin tc trong khi phm vi cng nng li gia tng. Chip sinh hc s a nng ton din hn khi cc phn ng c th c thch nghi vi nhu cu ca khch hng v chi ph tnh theo chc nng gim. Vi vic gim thiu kch thc hn na, cng ngh nano s c vai tr quan trng hn trong ngnh ch to. V d, khi cn phn tch cht lng, cht lng phi i qua cc knh rt nh vi dung sai cp nano. Cc h thng vi cht lng nh vy s l cu phn xy dng c bn cho cc
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phng th nghim trn chip (lab-on-the-chip). Hin nay c th trng ny, c th l thit b dng sp xp chui ADN v chip protein, nhng chng cn rt t. Tuy nhin, iu ny s thay i khi cng ngh nano pht trin to c cc h thng vi cht lng hiu qu v cng ngh s c tim nng ln khi kt hp c s lng ln cm bin sinh hc trn c s cc nguyn l khc nhau. Mt khi cng ngh chn mui c th sn xut vi chi ph thp, cc ng dng chc chn s l y hc d phng, kim nh ti ca thc phm, cm bin bo ng thng minh pht hin kh,v.v... Nhiu n lc nghin cu khoa hc hin nay hng vo vic pht trin cc b mt vt liu tng thch sinh hc. Mc ch l to ra cc mng tng thch sinh hc thay th m ca ngi, dng cha tr cc tn thng. Cc b mt hu c ny c to cu trc nano c th l vt ch cho cc t bo sng, thc y s pht trin ca chng khi c a vo trong c th. Trong lnh vc cng ngh nano, vn kch thc rt quan trng. Mt nanmt bng mt phn t mt, tc l bng mt phn 75000 ng knh ca mt si tc ca ngi, trong khi cng ngh nano ni chung cp n k thut lin quan n cc vt liu c kch thc nh hn 100 nanmt. Bng cch ch to ra vt cht kch thc nh vy, cc nh nghin cu c th to ra cc vt liu chc chn hn, nh hn hay cng hn so vi vt liu thng thng. Cc hng nh Lee Jeans v Eddie Bauer cho ra loi qun kaki bng cht liu nan c kh nng chng li cht mu. Cht liu ny c x l bng cc ht t mt cng ty mang tn Nano-Tex, cc ht ny c gn vo si c-tng v to ra mt bc ro chn c th y li c nhng k th t nhin ca cht liu si nh c ph, mc, phm mu... Cng ty m phm LO real a nhng vin nang nh t xu cha y vitamin A vo trong cc loi kem dng m ca mnh c th thm tt hn trn da. Nhng cho d nhng sn phm ny n , bao gm c mn chng nng trong sut v bng chi tennis c bn cao, c hu ch v l th bao nhiu i chng na, th chng cng kh c th pht trin thnh mt cuc cch mng cng nghip tip theo. Theo kin ca nh Bin tp Howard Lovy, ca t Small Times, th cc vt liu nano c s dng trong cc sn phm mn chng nng v vi kaki ch l mt bc tin tip theo ca cc ngnh vt liu, ho cht v c th truy ngc ci ngun mt cht quay v vi phin bn gc ca Eric Drexler - Tc gi ca cun sch "Engines of Creation" (Nhng ng c sng to) xut bn nm 1986, trong ng nhn thy trc mt cuc cch mng o ln t dui ln trong ngnh ch to. ng dng thut ng "cng ngh nano phn t" phn bit s lp rp phm vi phn t vi vic s dng cc mng v vt liu c kch thc nano nhm cng c cc quy trnh c, ging nh vic ch to ra loi qun bnh thng bng vt liu chng dy mu. Ngoi ra, cc cng ty ang min cng khc t mt c hi yu cu mt s i mi cho php h tnh gi thm t 20% n 30% vo cc sn phm hin ti ca h. iu tip thm sc cho cng vic kinh doanh chnh l cc gii php m cng ngh nano c th dn ti cc phng php ch to vi mch mi hay thit k ra cc t bo nng lng mt tri c hiu sut cao, nhng gi r lm gim cc chi ph nng
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lng. Mihail Rocco - ngi lnh o xc tin cng ngh nano, ang mun tm kim nhng tin b trong vic cung cp thuc vo c th tiu dit cc t bo ung th ging nh mt ngi bn ta c bit. ng Rocco cho rng, cng ngh nano s c th ko di tui th thm t 20 n 30 nm, bi v "chng ta c th thanh ton cn bnh Alzheimers v cc bnh v no khc". Tt c cc tin b s cn phi ch hng thp k na nu tin trin theo hng tt. Vy lm cch no khng lu na cc sn phm ca ngy nay c th bin thnh mt th trng tr gi 1 nghn t USD. iu ng ngc nhin l con s ny c lp li nhiu ln trong mt bo co ca Qu Khoa hc Quc gia (NSF) M nm 2001. Nhng nu xem xt k hn th c th thy l cc nh nghin cu ca NSF thc hin nhng bc nhy vt thc s ln trong nim tin ca h. V d, h d bo rng, mt na trong tng sn lng thuc sn xut trong tng lai s ph thuc vo cng ngh nano, vi tr gi khong 180 t USD. Nhng iu ny khng ging vi vic pht biu rng, ngay lp tc s c mt th trng cc loi thuc mi tr gi 180 t USD. Theo kin ca nh phn tch Mike Richardson thuc Hng t vnFreedonia, doanh thu trc tip t cng ngh nano c th s ln n 35 t USD vo nm 2020. Tuy nhin, ng cng tha nhn rng con s ny ch l suy on, bi v y l mt lnh vc hon ton cha c khai ph. Cho n nay, c nhiu cng ty rt thch con s 35 t USD, iu ny gii thch ti sao tip u t "nano" c gn vo tn ca nhiu cng ty. V d, cng ty NanoPierce Technologies, trc y mang tn Sunlight Systems, cng ngh ca h to ra cc mi lin kt gia cc vi mch v cc b phn in t khc c kch thc gn bng kch thc nano. Mt s cng ty khc mun gn thm ci tn nano cho cng ty mnh bi v h mun n u s bng n cng ngh nano v to cho cc sn phm ca h c tnh cnh tranh hn. Th d na: Hng ch to knh hin vi nguyn t Veeco Instruments, c doanh thu trong qu 2/2004 t 73,5 triu USD v Hng FEI trong cng giai on cng t c mt phn li nhun nh t vic bn sn phm knh hin vi chm tia in t ca mnh vi doanh thu 89,8 triu USD. Nhng tt c cc cng ty ni trn u l nhng ngi chi cn nh, c bit khi so snh vi IBM v Hewlett-Packard l cc hng tin hnh rt nhiu nghin cu v cng ngh. V th trng ng nano, Bo co mi nht ca Hng Business Communication Company, Inc. nhan "ng nano: phng hng v cng ngh Nanotubes: Directions and Technologies" nh gi: khi lng ng nano ng knh t 1 n 300 nm (bao gm c 2 loi: n thnh vch v a thnh vch) sn xut trong na u nm 2003 c tnh khong t 10 n 20 kg, tr gi 5-10 triu USD, khi lng sn xut nm 2002 l 22,1 kg, tr gi 11,9 triu USD. Th trng ng nano cacbon phn thnh 2 nhnh cng nghip: cng nghip vt liu phc v nghin cu cng ngh nano v cng nghip vt liu phc v nghin cu cc lnh vc khc. Hin nay khi lng nano cacbon sn xut trn th gii cn nh b vi gi thnh cn cao.
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Trn thc t, ng nano a thnh vch c ng dng t 5 nm nay lm thay i tnh cht ca polyme. ng nano lm cho polyme tr thnh vt liu dn in, ng dng trong cng nghip my tnh, cng nghip sn xut a CD v cng nghip t ng ho. Bo co cng a ra d bo rng, trong thp k u ca th k 21, th trng nghin cu ng nano s pht trin khng mnh bng th trng ng dng thng mi. Hin ti, ng nano c kh nng ng dng thng mi rng ri trong cc lnh vc: vt liu composit, k thut in t, c cu dn ng, mn hnh, knh hin vi, cquy, t in v pin nhin liu. Trong giai on hin nay, gi ch to ng nano cn kh cao ang l ro cn i vi vic thng mi ho loi vt liu ny. Tuy nhin, d bo trong nhng nm ti y, gi ch to ng nano s h dn, hn na nu sn xut vi khi lng ln gi sn xut cn tip tc h. Gi tr th trng th gii v ng nano nm 2001 l 7 triu USD, 2002 l 11,9 triu USD v d bo nm 2006 s l 231,5 triu USD. Trong tng lai xa hn, th trng ng dng ng nano s tng ln c nhiu t USD. Trong vng 5 nm ti y, ng nano c th s thay th vi mch trn c s silic v tranzito hin nay. quy m ng dng rng hn na, ng nano s c s dng trong sn xut pin nhin liu. Ngoi ra, ng nano cn c th ng dng trong cng nghip quc phng. M bt u quan tm thc y thng mi ha cng ngh nano Nhng nm va qua, nh hot ng tch cc ca cc t chc nh Lin minh Doanh nghip Nano (LDN), m cng ngh nano M ri khi lnh a ca KH&CN thm nhp vo lnh a ca kinh doanh thng mi, ng thi gip a cc vn ca cng ngh nano ln hng u trong chng trnh ngh s v chnh sch cng ngh. Nhng ai am hiu v qu trnh i mi u bit rng nhng pht minh ln trong KH&CN mi ch l bc khi u ca s i mi cng ngh. Cc t chc nh LDN l nhng loi t chc c c ch to iu kin v ngun kinh ph gip a nhng kin thc thu c t R&D thnh ra nhng sn phm v dch v, gip tng lng ca ci, pht trin kinh t v to ra cng n vic lm. Nhng t chc l nhng nhn t quan trng cho cng vic i mi. Cc nh khoa hc, cc k s, cc doanh nghip v cc nh lm chnh sch ca c thnh ph ln bang New York, nh tm nhn v quyt tm ca mnh to ra mt m hnh pht trin kinh t da vo cng ngh nano. Phn ng gp to ln y l thuc v Thng c Pataki, ngi va qua c cun "The Nanotech Report 2002" nh gi l mt trong nhng nhn vt c nh hng ln nht ti cng ngh nano. Theo ng
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Pataki, " Cng ngh nano c nhiu ha hn nht i vi s thnh vng trong tng lai ca New York v ca c dn tc". Vi nim tin nh vy, New York khng tic tin ca v cng sc xy dng kt cu h tng, m bo cho cng ngh nano c th tng trng, pht trin v nhn rng. V khu vc hn lm: 3 trng i hc New York (Cornell, RPI, Columbia) c nhn nhng khon ti tr u tin ca NSF thnh lp cc trung tm cng ngh nano. Ngoi ra, cc trng SUNY Albany, SUNY Buffalo v Alfret cng c cc chng trnh ln v cng ngh nano. Cc doanh nghip ln: New York c mt s tp on ang u t mnh cho cng ngh nano, v d IBM, Kodak, GE, Bausch&Lomb, Xerox v.v Cc cng ty khi s: Mt lot cc cng ty khi s, vi xut pht im t v s cc ti ng dng t cng ngh nano. Cc t chc phi li nhun: New York l a im t tr s ca LDN, m c vn phng Ulster County. New York v ang l lnh a ca vi in t v c th ni rng cng l lnh a nano ca c nc M: c 2 lnh a u c xc nh rt r pht trin, thng mi ho v gt hi cc li ch kinh t ca cng ngh nano ang ni ln. Tt c nhng iu gip em li nhng nhn nh di y: "Cch tt nht d bo tng lai l sng to ra tng lai ". Cu gi ny l ca Alan Kay pht biu nm 1971 ti Hi ngh ca cc cn b v k s ca Cng ty Xerox. Cu ni ny lc ng: nhng n lc ca h gp phn quan trng lm thay i ngnh cng ngh thng tin. V iu ny vn ng cho hm nay. Alan Kay cn c mt cu ni na cng rt ng v quan trng nh th, l: "Nhng ngi thc s thng minh v nu c cp kinh ph y s c th lm c hu ht mi vic." Hin nay, nc M t ti mt giai on, trong cng ngh nano dnh c lng nhit tnh v ng h to ln. Tuy nhin, by gi cng l lc mi ngi bt u phn tch k lng hn tim nng kinh doanh ca n, bi mt s nhn t nh sau: Nano ni ln thnh mt s kin ln. C l y l tt cng ca cc cng ngh to ra nng lc mi, bi l n lin quan n nhng phn t c bn nht to nn s sng v vt cht. Kh m hnh dung ra c ngnh no khng lin n khi ta c c kh nng am hiu v khai thc c tim nng ca vt liu cp nano. Do vy, tc ng kinh t ca nano l ln lao. Cuc chy ua pht trin v thng mi ho nano c mt ngha to ln i vi quc gia, doanh nghip v mi ngi. Vi nhng hm su xa nh vy, nhng li tuyn b lin quan n n khng th trnh khi s quan tm v xem xt.

Nhn xt
Trong khi M ang tip tc pht trin chnh sch v hp tc trong trin khai khoa hc v cng ngh nano thng qua vic h tr mnh m trong iu hnh v chnh sch ca Chnh ph cng nh xy dng c s h tng trn ton nc M, th EC v
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khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng ang theo st M trong nh hng xy dng chnh sch v xy dng c s h tng cho chnh mnh. Din n v nano chu u 2003 c t chc vo 9-12/12/2003 ti Trieste (Italia) thng bo r rng rng EC phi thc hin nhiu hn na cc bin php chin lc sao cho khng th tt hu so vi M v Nht. TS. E. Andreta, Gim c Cc Cng ngh Cng nghip (EU) nhnmnh rng kin thc phi c chia s trn phm vi quc t v EU s m rng mng li ca n khng ch trong khi EU, m cn kt ni vi M, chu -Thi Bnh Dng, v cc chu lc khc. K hoch Nghin cu v Trin khai cng ngh nano th k 21 c thng qua thng 12/2003 ti Quc hi M, tuyn b m bo s lnh o ton cu ca M trong vic pht trin v ng dng cng ngh nano v i u ca M trong nng lc sn xut v cnh tranh cng nghip do c u t n nh, thch hp v c iu phi cho cc nghin cu di hn v khoa hc v k thut cng ngh nano. Chng ta ang nhn thy cng ngh nano ngy mt ang tr thnh mc tiu theo ui ton cu v ang pht trin mnh m. S dn u ca M trong R&D cng ngh nano lm tng u t cho lnh vc ny trn khp th gii, thi thc thc hin hng lot chng trnh nghin cu v cc sng kin quc gia mi ca th gii. Khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng, mt khu vc c s pht trin kinh t nhanh, vi s nhit tnh v nng ng so vi M, vi s a dng v vn ha v truyn thng so vi EU, chng ta phi bt u hp tc lm vic vi nhau theo phng thc phi hp v lin kt cht ch hn. Chng ta phi trau di kin thc nghin cu a ngnh mt cch ng n v phi xy dng s lnh o ton cu v pht trin KH&CN nano thng qua s phi hp v hp tc ca khu vc mt cch chin lc hn. Chng ta hy vng rng Hi ngh Din n Thng nh v nano ca chu (ANFoS2004) s a tt c chng ta n mt tng lai tt p hn cho khu vc. Bin son: TS. Phng Minh Lai CN. Phng Anh Tin

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Ti liu tham kho

1. Weekly Report, Commentary and Analysis on Nanotechnology Activities inside Asia Pacific Area written by Lerwen Liu, Ph.D., a nanotech watcher and consultant. www.nanoworld.jp 2. Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative, 5/2004 3. Taiwan National Nanotechnology Initiative and Infrastructure Summary (5/ 2004) 4. India National Science and Technology Initiative (5/2004) 5. Nanotechnology in Singapore, Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1, Singapore (2003) 6. Current Status of Nanotech in Thailand, Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, 2003-2004. 7. Australian Nanotechnology Funding and Strategy, . Nano is moving to the Center of Excellence in Australia. Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1-2, #Australia (2003-2004). 8. The European Nanotechnology Gateway : Nanoforum, Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1, #Europe (2003). 9. Status of Nanotech Industry in China. Leading Nanotech Research Center in China. Hong Kong Business Entering Nanospace. Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1-2, #China (2003-2004). 10. Japan Nanotech Reaching the Highest Political and Industrial, 5/ 2004. Japan Government Launched nanotech Business Strategy. Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1-2, #Japan (2003-2004). 11. Malaysia Nanotechnology Part 1, Part 2, Part 3. Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1-2, #Malaysia (2003-2004). 12. Taiwan National Nanotechnology Initiative and Infrastructure. Taiwan ITRI Gaining Speed in Nanotechnology Industrialization. Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1-2, #Taiwan (2003-2004). 13. Trends in Nanotechnology Market and Start-Ups. Asia Pacific Nanotech Weekly, Vol.1, #World (2003). . 14. . Tech Monitor, 2002. MRS, No 8/2004 15. Nanotech Market, Tech Monitor, 2003, No 3. 16. U.S. News & World Report, 12/2003 17. Nanotechnology and Nano economy, 18. 19. www.saigontimes.com.vn/tbktsg/ detail.asp? muc=11&Sobao=717&SoTT=26 - 63k 20. http://irv.moi.gov.vn/socuoithang/toancanhkhcn/2004/3/1 2204.ttvn

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