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, . . (2005).
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Booker, K. (2004). Exploring school belonging and academic achievement in African
American adolescents. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue, 6(2), 131-143.
Connell, J.P., Halpern-Felsher, B., Clifford, E., Crichlow, W., Usinger, P. (1995).
Hanging in there: Behavioral, psychological, and contextual factors affecting whether
African-American adolescents stay in school. J Adolesc Res.,10(1), 41-63.
Croninger, R.G., Lee, V.E. (2001). Social capital and dropping out of high schools:
Benefits to at- risk students of teachers support and guidance. Teachers College
Record, 103(4), 548-581.
Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual
Review of Psychology, 53, 109-132.
Kaplan, A., & Maehr, M. L. (1999a). Achievement goals and student well-being.
Contemporary Educational Psychology, 24, 330-358.
Kaplan, A., & Maehr, M. L. (1999b). Enhancing the motivation of African American
students: An achievement goal theory perspective. The Journal of Negro Education,
68, 23-41.
Lee V.E., Smith, J.B., Perry, T.E., Smylie, M.A. (1999). Social Support, Academic
Press, and Student Achievement: A View From the Middle Grades in Chicago.
Chicago, Ill: Chicago Annenberg Challenge.
Lumsden, L. (1994). Student motivation to learn. Eugene, OR: ERIC
Mitchell, M., (1993). Situational interest: Its multifaceted structure in the secondary
school mathematics classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 424-436.

16
Midgley, C., Feldlaufer, H., Eccles, J. S. (1995). Differences between elementary and
middle school teachers and students: A goal theory approach. Journal of Early
Adolescence, 15, 90-113.
Pintrich, P. R., (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student
motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95,
667-686.
Resnick, M.D., Bearman, P.S., Blum, R.W. (1997). Protecting adolescents from
harm: findings from the national longitudinal study on adolescent health. JAMA,
278, 823-833.
Roeser, R. W., Midgley, C., & Urdan, T. C. (1996). Perceptions of the school
psychological environment and early adolescents psychological and behavioral
functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging. Journal of
Educational.
Rosenberg, N. (1979). Conceiving the self. Basic Books, New York, Psychology, 88,
408-422.
Ryan AM, Patrick H. (2001). The classroom social environment and changes in
adolescent motivation and engagement during middle school. Am Educ Res J. 38(2),
437-460.
Vroom V.H. Work and Motivation N.Y. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 1964
Woolfolk, E. A. (1998). Educational Psychology (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

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