Fluid Mechanics Example Problems Explained

ME 215.
3
Fluid Mechanics I
Example Problems
c James D. Bugg
January 2009
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Saskatchewan

1. The tank shown holds oil of specic gravity 0.89. The top of the tank is closed and the
space in the tank above the oil contains air. The U-tube manometer contains water
and the displacements are as indicated. Atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa. What is
the pressure of the air in the tank? (Solution: page 49)
6
c
m
4
c
m
1
5
c
m
Air
Air
Water
Oil
Open to atmosphere
2. A at, vertical gate holds back a pool of water as shown. Find the force that the water
exerts on the gate. (Solution: page 51)
3
m
3
m
= 1000 kg/m
3
hinge
gate (5 m wide)
stop
P
atm
= 100 kPa
1 ME 215.3 Example Problems
3. A Tainter gate is constructed from a quarter-cylinder and is used to hold back a pool of
water. The radius of the gate is 1.22 m and it is 2.44 m long. Calculate the hydrostatic
force on the gate. (Solution: page 53)
R
=
1
.
2
2
m
gate
= 1000 kg/m
3
length=2.44 m
4. A at, vertical gate holds back a pool of water as shown. Find the force that the stop
exerts on the gate. (Solution: page 56)
P
atm
= 100 kPa
= 1000 kg/m
3
hinge
gate (5 m wide)
stop
3
m
3
m
ME 215.3 Example Problems 2
5. A circular hatch on a submarine is hinged as shown. The radius of the hatch is 35 cm
above the centre of the hatch. Determine how hard a sailor has to push on the centre
of the hatch to open it. The seawater density is 1025 kg/m
3
and the centre of the hatch
is 2 m below the surface of the ocean. The air pressure inside the submarine is equal
to atmospheric pressure.
hinge
opening
hatch
hatch
70 cm
A
A
View A-A
g
submarine
outside of
submarine
inside of
force
6. A rectangular gate is hinged along the top edge as shown. The gate is 4 m long, 15 cm
thick, and is made of concrete (s.g.=2.3). Determine the water depth H if the gate is
just about to open. What force does the gate exert on the hinge? The water density
is 1000 kg/m
3
.
H
gate
45
o
2
m
hinge
g
7. A pool of uid has a density that varies linearly from 1000 kg/m
3
at the surface to
1600 kg/m
3
at a depth of 4 m. A 2 m by 2 m square gate is hinged along its bottom
edge and held in place by a force F at its top edge. Find the force F.
F
2 m
2 m
g
hinge
8. A long, square wooden block is pivoted along one edge. The block is in equilibrium
when immersed in water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) to the depth shown. Evaluate the specic
gravity of the wood.
hinge
wood
0.6 m
water
1.2 m
1.2 m
9. A cylindrical gate with a radius of curvature of
2 m holds back a pool of water with

a layer of oil oating on the surface. The gate is 8 m long. What force does the pinned
connection at A exert on the gate?
1 m g
A
2
m
Water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
)
Oil (s.g. = 0.8)
1 m
10. A parabolic gate 4 m wide (in the z direction) holds a pool of water as shown. Find
the tension in the cable AB required to hold the gate in the position shown. Find the
reaction force which the hinge at C exerts on the gate. Note that point A is directly
above point C.
C
A
B
y = x
2
Parabolic gate
0.5 m
2 m
1.5 m
g
= 1000 kg/m
3
water
y
x
Cable
Hinge
11. A partially submerged pipe rests against a frictionless wall at B as shown. The specic
gravity of the pipe material is 2.0 and the pipe has an outside diameter of 2 m. The
uid is water with = 1000 kg/m
3
. Find the inside diameter of the pipe and the force
which the wall exerts on the pipe. The ends of the pipe are closed.
g
s.g. = 2.0
0.5 m
B
12. A gate of mass 2000 kg is mounted on a frictionless hinge along its lower edge. The
width of the gate (perpendicular to the plane of view) is 8 m. For the equilibrium
position shown, calculate the length of the gate, b.
b
Water
hinge
1 m
30
o
13. A vertical, plane wall holds back a pool of water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) which is 1.5 m
deep. The wall has a triangular gate in it that is hinged along the bottom edge and
held closed by a horizontal force F applied at the top corner. Calculate the force F
required to hold it closed.
2
m
1 m
g
gate
gate
View A-A
A
A
1
.
5
m
hinge
F
14. A Tainter gate holds back a pool of water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) which is 2 m deep. The
radius of curvature of the gate is 2 m and it is 6 m long. The mass of the gate is 1000 kg
and its centre of gravity is at the position indicated on the diagram. Assume that the
point where the gate contacts the bottom of the pool is frictionless. Calculate the
reaction force on the hinge.
gate c. of g.
g
1.8 m
45
o
45
o
2 m
hinge
2 m
15. Determine H when the L-shaped gate shown is just about to open. Neglect the weight
of the gate and let the density of the uid be .
hinge
L
H
gate
g
16. What force F is needed to hold the 4 m wide gate closed? The uid is water and it
has a density of 1000 kg/m
3
.
hinge
3 m
F
9 m
17. A semi-circular gate is hinged at the bottom as shown. The density of the uid varies
linearly from 1000 kg/m
3
at the surface of the reservoir to 1500 kg/m
3
at the bottom
of the reservoir. Find the force F required to hold the gate in place?
1
m
A
A
g
hinge
Section A-A
gate
hinge
F
3
m
18. A circular cylinder holding back a pool of water is held in place by a stop as shown.
The height of the stop is 0.5 m and the water depth is 1.5 m. If the water depth were
increased beyond 1.5 m the cylinder would roll over the stop. Assuming that the water
contacts the cylinder surface right up to point A, what is the specic gravity of the
cylinder.
Diameter = 2 m
A
0.5 m
1.5 m
19. A gate composed of a quarter circle portion and a straight portion holds back a pool
of water. The gate is hinged at A and held in place by a force F applied as shown.
Find the magnitude of the force F required to hold the gate in the position shown.
The width of the gate is 8 m.
F
g
A
Width of Gate is 8 m
Water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
)
Hinge
1.5 m
0.5 m
R = 1 m
20. A circular cylinder of radius R = 50 mm, length b = 100 mm, and density
c
=
800 kg/m
3
blocks a slot in the bottom of a water tank as shown. The line joining
the centre of the cylinder and the point where the cylinder contacts the edge of the
slot subtends an angle of = 30
o
with the vertical. If h = 150 mm what is the force
exerted on the cylinder by the tank?
h
R
= 30
o
g
21. Water at 20
o
C is retained in a pool by a triangular gate which is hinged along its top
edge and held in place by a stop at its lowest point. What force does the stop exert
on the gate? What force does the hinge exert on the gate?
stop
3
.
5
m
7
m
g
A
1 m
Section A-A
A
hinge
22. A 35 kg, 10 cm cube of material is suspended from a wire in a uid of unknown den-
sity. The tension in the wire is 335.5 N. Determine the specic gravity of the uid.
(Solution: page 59)
23. A U-tube is used as a crude way to measure linear acceleration. Determine the mag-
nitude of the acceleration as a function of the geometry of the tube, the acceleration
due to gravity, and the displacement of the uid in the tube. (Solution: page 61)
24. An open-top cart half full of water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) is shown at rest in the gure
below. The cart begins to accelerate to the right at a constant 3 m/s
2
. After some
time, the uid reaches a hydrostatic state. Determine the net hydrostatic force on the
rear, vertical end of the cart. The cart is 0.8 m wide.
1
m
3 m/s
2
2 m
g
0
.
5
m
25. A container of water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) accelerates on a 30
o
slope. It is completely
closed except for a small hole in the position indicated. If the gauge pressure at point
A is 25 kPa, what is the acceleration a? If the width of the container (perpendicular
to the page) is 0.5 m, what is the net hydrostatic force on the top of the container?
0.75 m
g
hole
A
30
o
1 m
a
26. A partially full can with an open top spins around an axis as shown. The diameter of
the can is 50 cm and is spinning at 50 rpm. If the depth of the uid at the outer edge
of the can is 30 cm, what is the depth of the uid on the axis of rotation? (Solution:
page 63)
30 cm
50 cm
= 50 rpm
27. A cylindrical container is rotated about its axis. Derive a general relationship for the
shape of the free surface as a function of the rotation rate, container radius, and the
depth of the uid when it is not spinning. (Solution: page 65)
R
H
o
28. A cylindrical can of radius 4 cm and height 12 cm has an open top. It is initially at
rest and completely full of liquid. It is rotated about its axis at 250 rev/min until the
uid inside it achieves solid body rotation. The rotation is then stopped and the uid
within the container is allowed to come to rest. How deep will the uid in the container
be?
4 cm
g
12 cm
29. A U-tube manometer contains two uids with dierent densities as shown. The uid
positions shown in the diagram are for the case when the tube is not spinning. It is
then spun around the axis shown until the liquid level in both legs is equal? Find .
1000 kg/m
3
1200 kg/m
3
g
20 cm
1
0
c
m
30. The U-tube shown is rotated about the vertical axis indicated on the diagram at
60 rev/min. Determine the displacement of the water in each leg from its rest position.
Perform this calculation on the centreline of the tubes. What is the pressure at point
A?
Diameter, 8 mm
5
c
m
A
g
3 cm 10 cm
Axis of rotation
Diameter, 5 mm
Rest level
31. A 80 cm diameter cylindrical can has a closed top except for a small vent hole at the
centre. If the density of the uid is 1000 kg/m
3
and the can spins at 60 rpm, what is
the force on the top of the can? (Solution: page 67)
60 rpm
cylindrical can
= 1000 kg/m
3
vent
32. An upright, 10-cm diameter, cylindrical paint can 20 cm deep spins around its axis of
symmetry at 500 rpm. It is completely full of mineral oil (sg = 0.87) and there is a
very small hole in the lid at the rim of the can. Determine the net hydrostatic force
on the lid.
33. A quarter-circle, cylindrical gate 5 m long and with a 1.5 m radius is hinged at the
point indicated below. It holds back a pool of water ( = 998 kg/m
3
) with a horizontal
force F applied as shown. Determine the force F and the reaction at the hinge.
g
hinge 1
.
5
m
F
34. You are driving down the road at 100 km/hr with a cup of coee in your drink holder.
The cup has no lid and is 8 cm in diameter. The coee is initially 1 cm from the top
of the cup. You come to a curve in the highway which is not banked. Determine the
minimum radius of the curve for which the coee will not spill. If you go around a
curve whose radius is 75% of the minimum, how much coee will spill (in cm
3
)?
35. A square gate (1.25 m x 1.25 m) is hinged along a line 0.25 m from its top edge. A force
F
1
applied at the top of the gate holds it closed. The pool of water ( = 998 kg/m
3
) is
1.75 m deep. Calculate the force F
1
required to hold the gate closed.
1
.
7
5
m
g
gate
hinge
1
.
2
5
m
1
m
F
1
36. A cylindrical container is 40 cm deep and 30 cm in diameter and is open at the top.
Water is put in the container to a depth of 20 cm. The container is then spun around
its axis at an angular speed of until the water reaches a hydrostatic state. The
spinning is stopped and the water is allowed to come to rest. After coming to rest, the
water is 10 cm deep. Determine in revolutions per minute (rpm).
4
0
c
m
30 cm
g
2
0
c
m
initial water level
37. The police are using a re hose to move a at barricade. What is the horizontal force
on the barricade due to the stream of water? (Solution: page 69)
A
j
= 0.01 m
2
V = 15 m/s
38. A jet of water from issues from a 0.01 m
2
nozzle at 15 m/s. It impinges on a vane
mounted on a movable cart and is deected through 45
o
. If the cart is moving away from
the nozzle at 5 m/s, what is the force which the water exerts on the cart? (Solution:
page 72)
45
o
A
j
= 0.01 m
2
cart
39. A 50 mm diameter pipe carries water at 1 m/s. A nozzle with an exit diameter of
25 mm is attached at the end of the pipe. If the pressure just upstream of the nozzle
is 10 kPa, what is the force on the bolts at the ange connection attaching the nozzle
to the pipe? (Solution: page 79)
40. Consider the entrance region of a circular pipe for laminar ow. What is the frictional
drag on the uid between axial locations 1 and 2 in terms of the pressure at those
locations, the density of the uid, the mean velocity of the uid, and the pipe radius.
(Solution: page 81)
2 1 z
u(r) = U
max
(1 (r/R)
2
)
radius = R
circular pipe
U
o
r
41. A 50 mm diameter pipe carries water at 1 m/s. A nozzle with an exit diameter of
25 mm is attached at the end of the pipe. Assuming frictionless ow, nd the force on
the ange connection. (Solution: page 84)
42. If the nozzle from the previous problem has a pressure of 10 kPa at its entrance, what
is the loss coecient? (Solution: page 86)
43. A transition piece turns 45
o
and expands from 50 mm to 80 mm. The pressure at the
entrance is 20 kPa and the loss coecient is 0.50 based on the discharge velocity. Water
ows through the transition at 4 kg/s. Find the force required to hold the transition
in place. (Solution: page 87)
4 kg/s
K
m
= 0.50 (based on
discharge velocity)
transition piece
20 kPa
D
1
= 50 mm
D
2
= 80 mm
45
o
44. Air ( = 1.2 kg/m
3
) blows parallel to a at plate upon which a boundary layer grows.
The plate is 10 m long in the streamwise direction and 4 m wide (normal to the page).
At the leading edge of the plate the air speed is uniform at U
= 10 m/s. The velocity

prole is measured at the end of the plate and is found to vary with distance y from the
plate according to u = U
(y/)
1/7
where = 170 mm is the boundary layer thickness.
Determine the viscous force on the plate. Consider only the ow over the top surface
of the plate. The dashed line labeled A is a streamline in this ow.
A
170 mm
10 m
10 m/s
y
at plate
45. An object is placed in a 1 m diameter wind tunnel and the air velocity downstream
of the object is found to linearly vary from zero at the centreline of the wind tunnel
to a maximum at the wind tunnel wall. The air velocity upstream of the object is
a uniform 20 m/s. A mercury manometer indicates a 10 mm
Hg
pressure dierence as
shown. Assume the pressure is uniform across the wind tunnel at any axial location.
Neglect shear at the wind tunnel walls and let = 1.2 kg/m
3
. Determine the drag
force on the object.
10 mm
g
1 m diameter 20 m/s
mercury (s.g.=13.56)
46. A tank on wheels contains water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) and is held in place by a cable as
shown below. A pump mounted on top of the tank draws water from the tank and
discharges the water through a horizontal, 1 cm diameter nozzle at a mass ow rate
of 5 kg/s. The cable breaks and the cart begins to move. At some instant in time
later, the total mass of the tank, pump assembly, and the water remaining in the tank
is 100 kg and the velocity of the system is 20 m/s. Determine the acceleration of the
system at this instant in time. The ow rate supplied by the pump remains constant.
Pump
5 kg/s
g
Cable
1 cm dia.
47. A new type of lawn sprinkler is developed that has two arms of dierent lengths. The
arms lie in a horizontal plane and rotate about a vertical axis. Both nozzles are aimed
upward at 20
o
from the horizontal plane and have an exit diameter of 2 mm. The ow
to each arm is equal. One arm is 10 cm from the pivot and the other is 20 cm from the
pivot. If the pivot is assumed to be frictionless and the sprinkler delivers 2 L/min, nd
the angular speed of the sprinkler?
10 cm
D = 2 mm
20 cm
48. An aluminium block weighing 10 N is supported by a jet of water issuing from a 2.5 cm
diameter nozzle. What jet exit velocity is required to hold the block 10 cm above the
nozzle exit? The jet of water is deected through 180
o
when it strikes the block and
the guides holding the block in place are frictionless.
10 cm
guides
g aluminum block
2.5 cm
49. An elbow connected to a 5 cm diameter pipe discharges water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) as
shown. The dierence between the stagnation and static pressures P measured by
the pitot-static tube is 500 Pa. The mass of the elbow and the water which it contains
is 1 kg. The elbow has a minor loss coecient of 0.75 based on the inlet velocity. What
force does the pipe exert on the elbow at the ange connection?
D
1
= 5 cm
P
m
Pipe
Flange
g
Elbow
D
2
= 3 cm
50. A pipe 4 cm in diameter supplies water to a 2 cm diameter nozzle. The gauge pressure
just upstream of the nozzle is 60 kPa and the head loss in the nozzle is given by
h
L
= 0.2V
2
e
/2g where V
e
is the velocity at the nozzle exit. The jet of water (not
shown) hits a frictionless splitter plate which is inclined at 30
o
to the axis of the pipe.
Half of the water is deected downwards along this plate. Find the force required to
hold the plate in this position.
water
30
o
= 1000 kg/m
3
60 kPa
51. Water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) is pumped at volume owrate Q through the nozzle shown.
If the owrate is high enough, a force F will be required to keep the cart stationary.
Assume that the depth of the water in the cart remains at 0.8 m. Derive an expression
for F as a function of Q and indicate the range of Q for which it is valid. Sketch the
function.
2 m
D = 5 cm 45
o
F
g
Q
0.8 m
1 m
2 m
52. An engineer is measuring the lift and drag on an aerofoil section mounted in a two
dimensional wind tunnel. The wind tunnel is 0.5 m high and 0.5 m deep (into the
paper). The upstream air velocity is uniform at 10 m/s. The downstream velocity is
uniform at 12 m/s in the lower half of the wind tunnel. The downstream velocity in
the upper half is uniform. The vertical component of velocity is zero at the beginning
and end of the test section. The test section is 1 m long. The engineer measures the
pressure distribution in the tunnel along the upper and lower walls and nds
P
u
= 100 10x 20x(1 x) [Pa, gauge]
P
l
= 100 10x + 20x(1 x) [Pa, gauge]
where x is the distance in metres measured from the beginning of the test section.
The air density is constant at 1.2 kg/m
3
. Find the lift and drag forces acting on the
aerofoil. Neglect shear on the walls of the wind tunnel.
of
Test section
of
Beginning
1 m
g
12 m/s
x
10 m/s
0.25 m
0.25 m
End
Test section
53. A cart mounted on straight, level rails is used to test rocket engines. A 400 kg cart
has a rocket mounted on it which has an initial mass of 500 kg. Eighty percent of the
mass of the rocket is fuel. The products of combustion exhaust at a speed of 1000 m/s
relative to the rocket nozzle. Neglect friction in the wheels of the cart and aerodynamic
drag. Determine the speed of the rocket when the fuel is all used.
g
54. Water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) exits from a circular pipe 10 cm in diameter with a mass ow
rate of 4 kg/s and strikes a at plate at 90
o
. The velocity at the exit varies linearly
from a maximum at the pipe centreline to zero at the pipe wall as shown. Determine
the force exerted on the at plate. Compare this to the force that would be exerted at
the same mass ow rate if the pipe exit velocity had been uniform.
m = 4 kg/s
10 cm diameter
55. A two-arm sprinkler is constructed as shown below. The total mass ow rate of water
( = 1000 kg/m
3
) is 1 kg/s and it is divided equally between the two arms. At the end
of one arm a 12 mm diameter nozzle is oriented perpendicular to the arm and is in the
same horizontal plane as the arm. The other arm has a 1 mm wide slot that also emits
water in the horizontal plane. Find the rotational speed of the sprinkler in revolutions
per minute assuming that the pivot is frictionless.
Section A-A
15 cm 15 cm
A
A
Plan View
12 mm dia.
axis of rotation
1 mm
2 cm
(enlarged)
56. Two circular coaxial jets of incompressible liquid with speed V collide as shown. The
interaction region is open to atmosphere. Liquid leaves the interaction region as a
conical sheet. Obtain an expression for the angle of the resulting ow in terms of d
1
and d
2
.
d
1
V
V
V
d
2
V
57. A tank of water sitting on a weigh scale is being lled with water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
)
from a 2 cm diameter pipe at a rate of 5 kg/s. The tank is circular and has a diameter of
0.5 m. The empty tank has a mass of 2 kg. At the instant when the water is 0.5 m deep
in the tank, what force will the scale read? Carefully explain each of your assumptions.
5 kg/s
g
0.5 m
0.5 m diameter
0.5 m
2 cm
Scale
58. Calculate the force of the water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
) on the frictionless vane if
(a) the blade is stationary,
(b) the blade moves to the right at 20 m/s, and
(c) the blade moves to the left at 20 m/s.
5 cm
60
o
40 m/s
dia.
59. A jet of water ( = 998 kg/m
3
) strikes a frictionless splitter vane as shown. The
owrate is 1 kg/s while the diameter of the nozzle is 1 cm. The position of the splitter
vane is adjusted in the z direction so that there is no reaction in the z direction. What
is the reaction in the x direction?
vane
1 kg/s
D = 1 cm
splitter
x
z
45
o
60. Water at 20
o
C ows from a nozzle of diameter D = 5 mm at speed V = 10 m/s and
strikes a vane which splits the ow and deects it as shown. Thirty-ve percent of the
mass ow deects through 90
o
(to the left). What force does the uid exert on the
vane?
45
o
V
D
61. Water at 20
o
C ows through an elbow/nozzle arrangement and exits to atmosphere as
shown below. The inlet pipe diameter is 12 cm while the nozzle exit diameter is 3 cm.
The mass owrate is 1 kg/s. If the pressure at the ange connection is 200 kPa(gauge),
what is the force and moment on the anged connection? Neglect the weight of the
elbow and water.
Water
anged
45
o
30 cm
g
200 kPa
connection
62. A nozzle for a spray system is designed to produce a at radial sheet of water. The
sheet leaves the nozzle at V
2
= 10 m/s, covers 180
o
of arc and has thickness t = 1.5 mm.
The nozzle discharge radius is R = 50 mm. The water supply pipe is 35 mm in diameter
and the inlet pressure P
1
is 50 kPa above atmospheric. Calculate the force exerted by
the spray nozzle on the supply pipe through the anged connection.
R
35 mm
supply pipe
spray nozzle
P
1
diameter
Water
thickness, t
connection
anged
V
2
63. A ride at an amusement park consists of a wheeled cart that zooms down an inclined
plane onto a straight and level track where it decelerates to rest by means of a high-
speed jet of air projected directly forward through a nozzle. The jet is supplied by
a compressed air cylinder aboard the cart. The initial gross mass of the cart and its
occupants is 500 kg. Air escapes from the braking jet at a constant mass ow rate of
20 kg/s and a constant velocity (relative to the nozzle) of 150 m/s. At the instant when
the braking jet is activated, the speed of the cart is 40 m/s. Determine how much air
must escape in order to stop the cart. What is the stopping distance?
64. Fluid enters a 5 cm diameter pipe with a uniform velocity of U
o
. The uid exits the
pipe at two locations. One is a 5 cm diameter exit with a turbulent velocity prole
described by
u
z
= U
c
1
_
1
r
R
1
_
1/7
.
where u
z
is the axial component of velocity, U
c1
is the centreline velocity, r is the radial
coordinate, and R
1
is the radius of the pipe. The second exit is 1.5 cm in diameter and
has a laminar, parabolic velocity prole described by
u
z
= U
c
2
_
1
_
r
R
2
_
2
_
.
If U
c
1
is measured to be 2 m/s and U
c
2
is measured to be 1 m/s, what is U
o
?
1.5 cm diameter
laminar velocity prole
turbulent velocity prole
5 cm diameter uniform velocity
65. A 6 mm diameter angled nozzle is attached to the end of a 2 cm diameter pipe with
a anged connection as shown below. The angle between the nozzle and the supply
pipe is 45
o
. The pressure just upstream of the anged connection is 200 kPa (gauge).
Water ( = 998 kg/m
3
) exits the nozzle at 20 m/s. Determine the force and torque in
the anged connection.
4 cm
200
kPa
2 cm diameter
6 mm diameter
anged connection
66. A two-arm lawn sprinkler, as viewed from above, is shown in the sketch. Water is
delivered to the sprinkler at a volume ow rate of 5 L/min and it can be assumed that
this ow is split evenly between the two nozzles. The nozzles both have a diameter
of 2 mm and are both angled upwards from the horizontal plane at 30
o
. The density
of the water is 998 kg/m
3
. Assume the pivot is frictionless. Calculate the rotational
speed of the sprinkler.
15 cm
45
o
15 cm
67. Fluid ( = 850 kg/m
3
) enters a 5-cm diameter pipe with a uniform velocity of 3 m/s
at location A. At location B, the uid has a turbulent velocity prole described by
u
z
= U
c
_
1
r
R
_
1/5
where u
z
is the axial component of velocity, U
c
is the centreline velocity, r is the radial
coordinate, and R is the radius of the pipe. The pressure at location A is 4 kPa larger
than at location B. Determine the viscous force on the wall of the pipe between location
A and B.
B A
5 cm diameter uniform velocity
68. A 2ID steel pipe 50 m long carries water at a rate of 0.04 m
3
/s. There are two 90
o
regular anged elbows and an open anged globe valve. The net elevation change is
30 m. Calculate the pressure dierence between the ends of the pipe. (Solution: page
90)
69. Two reservoirs are connected by a pipe as shown. The elevation change between the
two reservoirs is 20 m. Find the volume owrate between the reservoirs. (Solution:
page 92)
20 m
= 1000 kg/m
3
L = 5 m
D = 2 cm
= 0.05 mm
D = 4 cm
L = 5 m
b
a
= 0.001 kg/(m s)
70. Calculate the frictional pressure drop in 100 m of 3-cm diameter smooth pipe with
water ( = 1000 kg/s, = 0.001 Pa s) owing at 1 kg/s. What would the frictional
pressure loss be if the roughness were 0.5 mm?
71. The frictional pressure drop in 100 m of 3-cm diameter smooth pipe with water ( =
1000 kg/s, = 0.001 Pa s) owing is 1 MPa. Determine the volume ow rate.
72. A piping system contains a valve (K
m
= 6.5) and discharges water ( = 998 kg/m
3
,
= 10
6
m
2
/s) to atmosphere. A mercury manometer 20 m from the end of the pipe
reads as shown. The right leg of the manometer is open to atmosphere. The pipe is
smooth and its diameter is 5 cm. Determine the volume owrate through the pipe in
L/min.
g
20 cm
20 cm
73. A pump has a characteristic curve that can be approximated by a parabola as shown.
It pumps water through 100 m of 20 cm diameter cast iron pipe. What is the owrate?
(Solution: page 94)
Flowrate(m
3
/s)
P
u
m
p
H
e
a
d
(
m
)
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
100
80
60
40
20
0
74. Two large water ( = 10
6
m
2
/s) reservoirs are joined by two equal-length pipes as
shown. The 25 mm diameter pipe has a roughness of 0.5 mm while the 20 mm diameter
pipe is smooth. The ow rates through the two pipes are equal. What is the total ow
rate between the two reservoirs? Neglect minor losses.
25 mm, = 0.5 mm
g
20 mm, smooth
75. Water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
, = 0.001 Pa s) ows through a horizontal section of 4 cm
diameter pipe. The pipe has a roughness of 0.2 mm. A stagnation pressure tap and a
static pressure tap are mounted 1 m apart as shown. The pressure dierence between
these two taps is measured with a mercury (s.g.=13.56) manometer which shows a
displacement of 5 cm. The manometer tubes are otherwise full of water. What is the
volume ow rate of the water?
Stagnation tap
g
Q
5 cm
1 m
Static tap
76. A vertical section of 4 cm diameter pipe with = 0.2 mm has two pressure gauges
mounted 5 m apart which, at the current ow rate, read the same (P
A
= P
B
) . A uid
with a kinematic viscosity of 4 10
6
m
2
/s ows through the pipe. Does the uid ow
up or down? What is the volume ow rate?
5 m
D = 4 cm
g
P
B
P
A
77. A pump draws water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
, = 0.001 Pa s) from a reservoir and discharges
it into 100 m of 10 cm diameter pipe which has a roughness of 0.1 mm. The discharge
of the pipe is 20 m lower than the surface of the reservoir. Neglect minor losses. If the
pump characteristics are represented by the pump curve shown below, estimate the
owrate.
Flow Rate (m
3
/min)
H
e
a
d
(
m
)
5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
78. An engineer needs to measure the minor loss coecient of a reducing elbow which
has already been installed in a piping system. Because of limited access to the piping
system, the only available pressure taps are 1 m upstream and 0.75 m downstream of
the elbow. A mercury manometer is attached at these locations and reads 7.5 cm
Hg
when the mass owrate is 1 kg/s. What is the minor loss coecient for the elbow?
Assume that all pipes are smooth. The owing uid is water with = 1000 kg/m
3
and
= 0.001 Pa s.
2 cm diameter
1 m
7.5 cm
0.75 m
Reducing elbow
not to scale
g
m = 1 kg/s
4 cm diameter
79. A centrifugal pump has a pump curve that can be described by
h
p
= 4 10Q
2
where h
p
is the pump head in metres of water and Q is the volume owrate in L/min.
This pump is used to supply water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
, = 10
6
m
2
/s) to the system
shown below. The sum of all minor loss coecients is 12 and the total length of tube
is 8 m. The tube has an inside diameter of 5 mm and roughness = 0.025 mm. What
is the owrate achieved?
2.0 m Diameter D = 5 mm
Total length L = 8 m
Roughness = 0.05 mm
atmosphere
Discharge to
80. A centrifugal pump draws water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
, = 0.001 Pa s) from a large
reservoir and pumps it through 1335 m of 30 cm inside diameter pipe with roughness
= 0.5 mm. Over the range of interest the pump head can be expressed by
h
p
= A BQ
2
where h
p
is the head produced by the pump, Q is the volume owrate, and A and B
are constants. When the pipe exit is at the same elevation as the reservoir surface
the owrate is 17.0 m
3
/min. However, when the exit of the same pipe is raised to an
elevation of 50 m the ow reduces to 13.3 m
3
/min. How high can the exit be raised
before the ow will be zero? For all conditions the pipe discharges to atmosphere.
Neglect minor losses in this problem.
81. A 6 mm internal diameter, thin-walled, smooth rubber hose 12 m long is used to siphon
water ( = 1000 kg/m
3
, = 10
6
m
2
/s) from a large tank. The outlet of the hose is
6 m below the water surface in the tank. What will the volume owrate be? Neglect
minor losses due to bends in the hose.
6 m
6 mm I.D., 12 m long
82. The piping system shown is tted with a centrifugal pump whose characteristics can
be approximated by h
p
= 462.5Q
2
where h
p
is the head produced by the pump in m
of water and Q is the volume owrate in m
3
/min. What is the owrate through this
piping system?
Gate valve
All pipes have = 0.15 mm
All elbows shown are 90
o
, regular, anged.
Pump
L = 340 m
D = 200 mm
L = 170 m
D = 100 mm
Sudden
contraction
expansion
Sudden
Fully open
83. You are going to measure the minor loss coecient of a new valve design using the
apparatus shown. Assume that the water tank is large and the pipe discharges to
atmosphere. The 2-cm diameter smooth pipe is 4 m long. The free surface in the tank
is 5 m above the pipe exit. If you measure the owrate to be 60 L/min what is the
minor loss coecient of the valve? Let = 10
6
m
2
/s.
New valve
D = 2 cm
5 m
L = 4 m
84. A centrifugal pump is connected to a piping system as shown below. The pipe is 5 cm
in diameter and has a roughness of = 0.5 mm. The two valves are identical and have
minor loss coecients of 1.0 when fully open and 20 when 50% open. With both valves
fully open, the pressure guage reads P
A
= 250 kPa. When both valves are 50% open,
the ow is 355 L/min. The pump curve can be represented by a parabola. The free
surface in the tank is at the same elevation as the pipe exit. Let = 10
6
m
2
/s and
= 998 kg/m
3
. Determine P
A
if the rst valve is fully open and the second valve is
fully closed. Neglect losses which occur on the suction side of the pump.
25 m 25 m 25 m 25 m
Valve Valve
Pump
P
A
85. A portion of a piping system is shown below. At point B, the piping system discharges
to the atmosphere. The two elbows each have a minor loss coecient of 2.4. The valve
has a minor loss coecient of 6.9. The pipe is 25 mm in diameter and has a roughness
of 0.05 mm. There is a total of 15 m of pipe between point A and point B. Point B is
3 m above point A. The pressure P
A
is 200 kPa guage. Determine the volume ow rate
(in L/min) if the uid is water with = 998 kg/m
3
and = 0.001 Pa s.
B
A
P
A
Valve
86. Flow around a certain bridge pier can be modelled by a freestream and a single source.
If the freestream velocity is 5 m/s and the pressure a long distance upstream is 50 kPa,
what is the pressure at point A on the pier surface? The stagnation point will be 1 m
upstream of the source. (Solution: page 96)
A
y
x
2 m
87. A pair of doublets of equal strength are placed in a freestream as indicated below. The
streamline which passes through the origin also passes through the point (4 m, 1 m).
What is the doublet strength? Referenced to P
, what is the pressure at the origin?

(Solution: page 99)
x
U
= 10 m/s
doublets
30
o
2 m
2 m 2 m
y
88. The landing gear strut on a small aircraft has a crosssection as indicated below. This
shape can be modelled as a Rankine Oval with a source and a sink placed as shown.
The aircraft is ying at 45 m/s and the air density is 1.2 kg/m
3
. What is the dierence
in static pressure between points A and B? (Solution: page 101)
A
U
12 cm 12 cm
B
sink source
30 cm
89. Consider the irrotational ow around a circular cylinder which is creating no lift.
(a) Derive an expression for the velocity along the positive y axis in terms of U
, a,
and y.
(b) Sketch this function.
(c) Consider the streamline labelled A. Far upstream of the cylinder this streamline
is a distance L from the horizontal plane of symmetry. At what distance from the
origin does the streamline cross the y axis?
(Solution: page 104)
a
U
g
L
A
x
y
90. Consider the ow of air ( = 1.2 kg/m
3
) over a 20 cm diameter circular cylinder. The
freestream velocity is 20 m/s. The volume owrate per unit length between the two
streamlines labelled A and B is 1.19 m
2
/s. The streamline labelled B passes through
the point (x, y) = (0, 0.12 m). What is the lift force per unit length on the cylinder?
(Solution: page 107)
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
B
A
y
x
(x, y) = (0, 0.12 m)
91. An inviscid ow of air ( = 1.2 kg/m
3
) is produced by a freestream (U
= 50 m/s)
aligned with the x axis, a source at the origin, and a second source of equal strength
located at (x, y) = (0.1 m, 0). The stagnation streamline crosses the y axis at y = 9 cm.
Determine the gauge pressure at the point where the stagnation streamline crosses the
y axis. Determine the acceleration 2 cm upstream of the rst stagnation point.
92. An inviscid ow is produced by a freestream (U
= 10 m/s) aligned with the x axis,

three sources placed as shown, and a single sink with a strength appropriate to form
a closed streamline in the ow. The streamline shown on the diagram is a distance a
from the x axis far upstream of the origin and passes through the point (x, y) = (0, 2a).
Determine the thickness of the object at x = 0 if a = 0.2 m.
a
sink sources
x
2a
y
a
a
U
= 10 m/s
93. The maximum pressure dierence between any two points on the surface of the Rankine
oval shown below is measured to be 500 Pa. The source and the sink are placed 40 cm
apart. The maximum thickness of the oval is 20 cm. Determine the freestream velocity
if the density of the air is 0.8 kg/m
3
.
U
source
sink
40 cm
2
0
c
m
Solution: Problem # 1
Given:
Air trapped over oil in a closed tank as shown
g
z
1
B
A
P
atm
= 101.3 kPa
h
2
=
6
c
m
h
3
=
4
c
m
h
1
=
1
5
c
m
Air
Air
Water
s.g = 0.89
Oil
Open to atmosphere
Find:
Calculate the air pressure in the tank.
Assumptions:
uid is in a hydrostatic state
no acceleration
density of the air is negligible

w
= 998 kg/m
3
(constant)

oil
is constant
g is constant
Analysis:
P = (g a)
g = g
k
a = 0
P = g
k
dP
dz
= g
dP = gdz
Since and g are constant,
P = gz
Now,
P
1
= (P
1
P
B
) + (P
B
P
A
) + (P
A
P
atm
) + P
atm
P
1
=
oil
g(z
1
z
B
)
air
g(z
B
z
A
)
w
g(z
A
z
atm
) + P
atm
z
1
z
B
= h
3
z
A
z
atm
= h
1
P
1
=
oil
gh
3
+
w
gh
1
+ P
atm
P
1
=
w
g(h
1
sg
oil
h
3
) + P
atm
P
1
= 998
_
kg
m
3
_
9.81
_
m
s
2
_
(0.15[m] 0.89(0.04)[m]) + 101, 300[Pa]
P
1
= 102.4 kPa(abs)
The pressure in the air chamber is 102.4 kPa (abs).
Given:
A rectangular gate holding a pool of water.
g
x
z
gate (5 m wide)
hinge
= 1000 kg/m
3
P
atm
= 100 kPa
3
m
3
m
stop
Find:
The force which the water exerts on the gate
Assumptions:
no acceleration
g is constant
is constant
Analysis:
Establish a coordinate system (see diagram).
F
s
=
__
S
P ndA
P = (g a)
g = g
k
a = 0
P = g
k
dP
dz
= g
dP = gdz
_
dP = g
_
dz
P = gz + C
at z = 0, P = P
atm
. Therefore, C = P
atm
.
P = gz + P
atm
n =
F
s
=
_
z
2
z
1
_
w
0
(gz + P
atm
)dydz
F
s
=
_
z
2
z
1
(gz + P
atm
)dz
_
w
0
dy
F
s
= w
_
gz
2
2
+ P
atm
z
_
z
2
z
1
F
s
= 5[m]
_
1000
_
kg
m
3
_
9.81
_
m
s
2
_
(6
2
3
2
)
2
[m
2
] + 100, 000[Pa](6 3)[m]
_
F
s
= 2.16 MN
The water will exert a horizontal force of 2.16 MN on the gate.
Given:
A Tainter gate holding back a pool of water
R
=
1
.
2
2
m
g
z
x
= 1000 kg/m
3
gate
length=2.44 m
Find:
The net hydrostatic force on the gate
Assumptions:
atmosphere is constant pressure
density of water is constant
g is constant
no acceleration
Analysis:
Establish coordinate system (see diagram).
F
s
=
__
S
P ndA
P = (g a)
g = g
k
a = 0
dP
dz
= g
P = gz + C
at z = R/
2, P = 0 (gauge).
Therefore, C = gR/
2.
P = g(R/
2 z)
n = cos + sin
n
dA = Rddy
F
s
=
_
w
0
_

2
1
g(R/
2 z)(cos + sin
k)Rddy
z = Rsin
F
s
= gwR
2
_

2
1
_
cos
2
+
sin
2
sin cos sin
2
k
_
d
Recall that
sin
2
=
1 cos 2
2
F
s
= gwR
2
_
sin
cos
sin
2
2

1
2
_

sin 2
2
_
k
_
F
s
= gwR
2
_
_
sin
sin
2
2
_
k
_
cos
2
+

2

sin 2
4
__
/4
/4
F
s
= 1000
_
kg
m
3
_
9.81
_
m
s
2
_
2.44[m]1.22
2
[m
2
]
_
__
1
2

1
4
_
1
2

1
4
__

k
__
1
2
+

8

1
4
_
_
1
2

8
+
1
4
___
F
s
= 35630[N]
_

k
_
4

1
2
__
F
s
=
_
35.6 + 10.2
k
_
kN
With respect to the coordinate system shown on the diagram, the net hydrostatic
force on the gate is (35.6 + 10.2
k) kN.
Given:
A rectangular gate hinged at the top holding back a pool of water
g
x
z
gate (5 m wide)
hinge
= 1000 kg/m
3
3
m
3
m
P
atm
= 100 kPa
stop
Find:
The force which the stop exerts on the gate
Assumptions:
no acceleration
is constant
g is constant
hinge is frictionless
Analysis:
Establish coordinate system (see diagram)
Draw a free body diagram of the gate.
x
F
s
F
b
F
t
z

M
o
= 0
(H
k

F
b
) +

M
s
= 0
M
s
=
__
S
P(r n)dA
r = z
k
n =
r n = z
k = z
P = (g a)
a = 0
g = g
k
dP
dz
= g
P = gz + C
at z = 0, P = gh
0
. Therefore, C = gh
0
.
P = g(z + h
0
)
dA = dydz
M
s
=
_
w
0
_
z
2
z
1
(z )g(z + h
0
)dzdy
M
s
= gw
_
z
2
z
1
(z
2
+ h
0
z)dz
M
s
= gw
_
z
3
3
+
h
0
z
2
2
_
z
2
z
1
M
s
= 1000
_
kg
m
3
_
9.81
_
m
s
2
_
5[m]
_
3
3
3
[m
3
] +
3[m]3
2
2
[m
2
]
_
M
s
= 1104 kN m
Recall that,
(H
k

F
b
) +

M
s
= 0
k

F
b
=
1104
3[m]
[kN m]
F
b
= 368 kN
The stop exerts a force of 368 kN on the gate.
Given:
An object suspended in a liquid by a wire
g
z
10 cm cube, m = 35 kg
Find:
The specic gravity of the uid
Assumptions:
no acceleration
block is in equilibrium
mass and volume of wire are zero
is constant
g is constant
Analysis:
F
z
= 0
F
b
+ T W = 0
gV + T mg = 0
9.81
_
m
s
2
_
(0.1[m])
3
+ 335.5[N] 35[kg]9.81
_
m
s
2
_
= 0
= 800 kg/m
3
sg = 800/998
The specic gravity of the liquid is 0.801.
Given:
A Utube manometer used to measure linear acceleration
g
L
z
x
a
2
1
d
h
Find:
The magnitude of a in terms of geometry, g, and h
Assumptions:
a constant
and g are constant
Analysis:
Points 1 and 2 are at the same pressure. Therefore,
_
2
1
dP =
_
2
1
dR

P = 0
dR = dx + dz
P = g a
g = g
k
a = a
P = g
k a
dR

P = adx gdz
0 =
_
2
1
(adx + gdz) = a(x
2
x
1
) + g(z
2
z
1
)
0 = aL + g(h)
a = gh/L
The acceleration of the tube is gh/L.
Given:
A partially full container rotating around its axis.
1
2
z
r
g
= 50 rpm
50 cm
30 cm
Find:
The depth of the uid on the axis
Assumptions:
is constant
is constant
g is constant
Analysis:
The pressure at 1 and 2 are equal. Therefore,
_
2
1
dP = 0 =
_
2
1
dR

P
dR = dr r + dz
k
P = (g a)
g = g
k
a =
2
r r
P = g
k +
2
r r
0 =
_
2
1
(gdz +
2
rdr)
g(z
2
z
1
) =

2
2
(r
2
2
r
2
1
)
0.3[m] z
1
=
(5/3[1/s])
2
(0.25[m])
2
2(9.81)[m/s
2
]
z
1
= 21.3 cm
The uid is 21.3 cm deep on the centreline.
Given:
A cylindrical container rotating about its axis.
g
r
z
R
H
o
Find:
Derive an equation for the shape of the liquid surface if the container spins at about
the z axis.
Assumptions:
is constant
g is constant
is constant
Analysis:
The surface is a line of constant pressure. Therefore, dP = 0 along the surface.
0 =

dR

P
dR = dr r + dz
k
a =
2
r r
P = (
2
r r g
k)
0 =
2
rdr gdz
_

2
r
g
dr =
_
dz
z =

2
r
2
2g
+ C
Equate the initial and nal volumes.
_
R
0
z2rdr = H
0
R
2
H
0
R
2
= 2
_
R
0
_
2
r
3
2g
+ Cr
_
dr
H
0
R
2
= 2
_
2
r
4
8g
+
Cr
2
2
_
R
0
H
0
R
2
=

2
R
4
4g
+ CR
2
C = H
0

2
R
2
4g
The surface is dened by
z = H
0
+

2
2g
_
r
2
R
2
2
_
Given:
A closed cylindrical container rotating about its axis.
r
60 rpm
z
g
cylindrical can
= 1000 kg/m
3
vent
Find:
The force on the top of the can (net hydrostatic force)
Assumptions:
is constant
g is constant
Analysis:
Establish a coordinate system (see diagram).
F
s
=
__
S
P ndA
P = (g a)
g = g
k
a =
2
r r
P = g
k +
2
r r
Need P as a function of r. Therefore,
P
r
=
2
r
P =

2
r
2
2
+ C
at r = 0, P = 0. Therefore, C = 0.
n =
k
dA = rdrd
F
s
=
_
2
0
_
R
0
2
r
2
2
(
k)rdrd
F
s
=
2
2
2
k
_
R
0
r
3
dr =
2
k
R
4
4
F
s
= 1000
_
kg
m
3
_ _
2
_
1
s
__
2
0.4
4
[m
4
]
4
F
s
= 794
k N
The net hydrostatic force on the lid of the can is 794 N upwards.
Given:
A jet of water hitting a at barricade.
A
j
= 0.01 m
2
V = 15 m/s
2
2
1
y
x
g
Find:
The force that the water exerts on the barricade.
Assumptions:
steady state
jet is horizontal
jet deects to vertical plane
pressure uniform on control surface
neglect body forces
neglect uid shear
uniform ow
Analysis:
Since we are asked to nd a force we should probably consider the linear momentum equation.
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R =
d
dt
___
V
(
V )dV +
__
S
V (
V
r
n)dA
Consider the control volume shown.
Each term of the momentum equation will now be discussed.
Body Force:
___
V
gdV = W
k
W is the weight of EVERYTHING in the control volume, water, air, barricade etc.
Pressure Force:
__
S
P ndA = 0
P is uniform over the entire control surface. Therefore, the net pressure force is ZERO.
Viscous Force:
F
v
= 0
The ow is perpendicular to the control surface everywhere.
Reaction:
R = 0
We have chosen a control surface which cuts the support so we can nd

R.
Unsteady term:
d
dt
___
V
(
V )dV = 0
Steady state is assumed.
Momentum transport term:
__
S
V (
V
r
n)dA =
d
( m
V )
d
i
( m
V )
i
The properties at all inlets and discharges are assumed to be uniform.
With these simplications, the momentum equation becomes
W
k +

R = (
w
A
2
V
2
)
V
2
+ (
w
A
3
V
3
)
V
3
(
w
A
1
V
1
)
V
1
Consider only the x direction
R
x
=
w
A
1
V
2
1
R
x
= 998
_
kg
m
3
_
0.01[m
2
]
_
15
_
m
s
__
2
= 2.25 kN
This is the force exerted on the control volume by the mounting strut. The force exerted
on the barricade is in the opposite direction.
The water exerts a force of 2.25kN to the right on the barricade.
Given:
A jet of water deecting o a vane mounted on a moving cart
45
o
V
c
= 5 m/s constant
A
j
= 0.01 m
2
V
j
= 15 m/s
cart
Find:
Force which the water exerts on the cart
Assumptions:
neglect body forces
neglect friction on vane
uniform ow
cart travelling at constant velocity
Analysis:
Since we are asked to nd a force we should probably consider the linear momentum equa-
tion.
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R =
d
dt
___
V
(
V )dV +
__
S
V (
V
r
n)dA
We must choose a control volume.
Should it be stationary or moving? (we will try both) What should it look like?
First consider what the control volume should look like. It is important to consider what we
are being asked to solve for. In this case we are looking for the force that the water exerts
on the cart. Therefore, one possible choice for a control volume is
.
plate (gap shown only
for clarity)
C.S. between water and
Consider the left-hand side of the momentum equation for this choice.
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R = ...
The body force term is assumed to be zero. We are neglecting the weight of the water
on the vane.
The pressure term is unknown.
the pressure everywhere except on the surface of the plate is zero
the integrated eect of the pressure acting on the plate is what we were asked to
nd in this problem
this term gives the force ON the CV. Therefore, it is equal and opposite to the
unknown in this problem
The viscous force term is zero since we are assuming a frictionless surface.
The reaction force is zero since this CS does not cut through any solid objects.
Another choice for a CV may be as follows.
Consider the LHS of the momentum equation now.
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R = ...
The body force term is zero as before.
The pressure is now zero everywhere on the control surface.
The viscous force term is zero as before.
Now the control surface cuts through the cart. Therefore, the reaction force is NOT
zero. If we consider a freebodydiagram of the cart, we realise that

R is opposite to
the force which the water exerts on the cart.
Moral of the Story!!
Either choice for a CV is ne. It only changes which term on the LHS gives us the information
we want.
We will continue the problem with the second option.
1. Stationary Control Volume
Attach the coordinate system AND the control volume to the cart.
z
x
This is considered a stationary control volume because it is not moving with respect
to the coordinate system.
The coordinate system is inertial because it is moving at constant velocity.
We have already simplied the LHS so now,
R =
d
dt
___

V dV +
__

V (
V
r
n)dA
Since nothing in the CV is changing with time, it is a steady problem. Also, assume uniform
ow.
R = ( m
V )
out
( m
V )
in
or, because m
out
= m
in
R = m(
V
out
V
in
)
m = (V
j
V
c
)A
j
V
in
= (V
j
V
c
)
Assuming that the vane is frictionless, the magnitude of this velocity will not change at the
outlet.
V
out
= (V
j
V
c
)
_
2
2
+
2
2
k
_
R = (V
j
V
c
)A
j
_
(V
j
V
c
)
_
2
2
_
( +

k) (V
j
V
c
)
_
R = (V
j
V
c
)
2
A
j
__
2
2
1
_
+
2
2
k
_
R = 998
_
kg
m
3
_
_
10
_
m
s
__
2
0.01[m
2
]
__
2
2
1
_
+
2
2
k
_
R = (292 + 705
k) N
Remember, this is opposite to the force the water exerts on the cart.
The water exerts a force of (292 705
k) N on the cart. The coordinate system is

shown on the diagram.
2. Moving Control Volume
Now, attach the coordinate system to the pipe but attach the control volume to the cart.
The ow inside the control volume is still steady. Therefore,
R = m
_
V
out
V
in
_
is still true and
m = (V
j
V
c
)A
j
is still true. However,

V
out
and

V
in
are dierent. Now,
V
in
= V
j
V
out
still has a magnitude of (V
j
V
c
) when viewed with respect to the vane. However, in
our coordinate system, the forward velocity of the cart must be added to this.
(
V
j
V
c
)
2
/
2
(
i
+
k
)
V
out
V
c
V
out
= (V
j
V
c
)
2
2
( +

k) + V
c

Now,
R = (V
j
V
c
)A
j
_
(V
j
V
c
)
2
2
( +

k) + V
c
V
j
R = (V
j
V
c
)A
j
_
(V
j
V
c
)
2
2
( +

k) (V
j
V
c
)
_
This intermediate result is identical to the stationary CV. Therefore, the answer will be
identical.
3. Stationary Control Volume
Try again with a dierent stationary control volume.
Attach the coordinate system to the supply pipe.
Draw a stationary CV such that the cart is in it at a certain instant in time.
How is the analysis dierent now?
Again, the LHS is the same.
R =
d
dt
___
V
V dV + ( m
V )
out
( m
V )
in
The unsteady term is NOT ZERO anymore. The uniform ow assumption is still valid.
Consider a sketch showing the CV at two times.
The total momentum (
___

V dV ) in (ii) is greater than in (i) because the column of liquid

going at V
j
is longer. This column is getting longer at speed V
c
. Therefore,
d
dt
___

V dV = V
j
A
j
V
c
Now, at the inlet
( m
V )
in
= (V
j
A
j
)V
j
However, note that m

in
= m
out
for this analysis because mass is accumulating in the CV.
m
out
= m
in
A
j
V
c
m
out
= V
j
A
j
V
c
A
j
= A
j
(V
j
V
c
)
Back to the momentum equation.
R = V
j
V
c
A
j
+ A
j
(V
j
V
c
)
__
2
2
_
(V
j
V
c
)( +

k) + V
c
_
V
2
j
A
j

(i)
(ii)
z
x
z
x
R = (V
j
V
c
)A
j
_
(V
j
V
c
)
2
2
( +

k) (V
j
V
c
)
_
Again, this is the same intermediate result so the answer will be the same.
Given:
A nozzle which discharges water from a pipe
1
x
z
D
2
= 25 mm
V
1
= 1 m/s
D
1
= 50 mm
10 kPa
2
Find:
The force on the bolts at the ange connection
Assumptions:
neglect body forces
no viscous force on CV
uniform ow
steady state
Analysis:
Since we are asked to nd a force, consider the linear momentum equation.
Choose a control volume that will help us nd what we are after. Therefore, cut the bolts
with the control surface.
A coordinate system is also shown on the diagram.
Consider the linear momentum equation.
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R =
d
dt
___
V
(
V )dV +
__
S
V (
V
r
n)dA
Consider each term in this equation.
1. Neglect the body force. We have no information about weight of the nozzle.
2. Use gauge pressures so that the only nonzero pressure is at 1.
P
1
= 10 kPa
n =
Since P
1
is uniform and n doesnt vary,
__
P ndA = P
1
()A
1
= P
1
A
1
3. Neglect the viscous force term. There is no ow parallel to the CS.

4. Since our CS cuts the bolts, the reaction force will give us what we want to nd.
5. The unsteady term on the right-hand-side is zero because this is a steady problem.
6. Assume uniform ow to simplify the last term in the equation.
So, the momentum equation becomes
P
1
A
1
+

R = m(
V
out
V
in
) = m(
V
2
V
1
)
V
1
= 1 m/s
Find the magnitude of

V
2
from conservation of mass
d
dt
_ _
V
_
()dV +
_
S
_
(
V n)dA = 0
For steady, uniform ow this becomes
V
1
A
1
= V
2
A
2
V
2
= V
1
A
1
A
2
= V
1
_
50
25
_
2
V
2
= 4 m/s
R = 10 10
3
[Pa]
4
(0.05)
2
[m
2
] + 998
_
kg
m
3
_
1
_
m
s
_

4
(0.05)
2
[m
2
](4 1)
_
m
s
_
R = 13.8 N
This means the bolts are exerting a force ON the CV in the direction. Therefore, the
bolts are in tension.
There is a tensile force on the bolts of 13.8 N.
Given:
The inlet section of a laminar pipe ow
1
u(r) = U
max
(1 (r/R)
2
)
radius= R
circular pipe
U
o
r
z 2
Find:
Frictional drag on the uid between 1 and 2 in terms of P
1
, P
2
, , U
o
, and R
Assumptions:
neglect body forces
uniform ow at 1
steady state
is constant
Analysis:
Since we are asked for a force (drag) on the uid we should consider the linear momentum
equation.
A coordinate system has already been given in the problem.
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R =
d
dt
___
V
(
V )dV +
__
S
V (
V
r
n)dA
The dashed line on the diagram is chosen as the CV. Consider each term of the momentum
equation.
1. Since no information has been give about the orientation of the pipe and we are only
interested in frictional drag, ignore the body force term.
2. The only signicant pressure forces on our CS are at 1 and 2. Although pressure is
certainly acting on the rest of the CS, it is equal around the circumference and therefore
yields no net force.
3. The viscous force term is the unknown in this problem. We have chosen a CV including
just the water on the pipe so that the friction at the pipe walls enters the momentum
equation through this term.
4.

R = 0 since no solid member penetrates the CS.
5. Since this is apparently a steady ow, assume the unsteady term is zero.
6. The nal term in the equation must be handled carefully. Although we do have uniform
ow at the inlet, we certainly dont at the outlet. Therefore, we can apply the uniform
ow assumption at 1, but not at 2.
(P
1
P
2
)R
2
k +

F
v
=
__
2
V (
V
r
n)dA( m
V )
1
At 2,
(
V
r
n) = u(r)
V
2
= U
max
_
1
_
r
R
_
2
_
k
dA = rddr
F
v
= (P
2
P
1
)R
2
k +
_
R
0
_
2
0
_
U
max
_
1
_
r
R
_
2
__
2
krdrd U
o
R
2
U
o
F
v
= (P
2
P
1
)R
2
k + 2U
2
max
k
_
R
0
_
1
2r
2
R
4
+
r
4
R
4
_
rdr U
2
o
R
2
F
v
= (P
2
P
1
)R
2
k + 2U
2
max
k
_
r
2
2

2r
4
4R
4
+
r
6
6R
4
_
R
0
U
2
o
R
2
F
v
= R
2
_
(P
2
P
1
) +
U
2
max
3
U
2
o
_
k
Eliminate U
max
with conservation of mass (steady).
d
dt
_ _
V
_
()dV +
_
S
_
(
V n)dA = 0
0 =
__
2
U
max
_
1
_
r
R
_
2
_
rdrd U
o
R
2
0 = U
max
2
_
R
0
_
r
r
3
R
2
_
dr U
o
R
2
0 = U
max
2
_
r
2
2

r
4
4R
2
_
R
0
U
o
R
2
0 = U
max
2
R
2
4
U
o
R
2
U
max
= 2U
o
F
v
= R
2
_
(P
2
P
1
) +
(2U
o
)
2
3
U
2
o
_
k
The frictional drag on the uid is
R
2
_
(P
2
P
1
) +
U
2
o
3
_
Given:
A nozzle mounted at a pipe exit
D
2
= 25 mm
x
z
?
V
1
= 1 m/s
D
1
= 50 mm
2 1
Find:
Force on the bolts assuming frictionless ow
Assumptions:
frictionless ow
uniform inlet and outlet
steady, incompressible ow
no shaft work or heat transfer
no elevation change
Analysis:
The control volume and coordinate system are shown above. Since we are asked for a force,
consider the momentum equation.
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R =
d
dt
___
V
(
V )dV +
__
S
V (
V
r
n)dA
With the assumptions listed this becomes (see solution on page 79 for more details)
R = V
1
A
1
__
V
1
A
1
A
2
_
V
1
_
P
1
A
1

Bernoullis equation is
P
1
+
V
2
1
2
+ gz
1
= P
2
+
V
2
2
2
+ gz
2
Since z
1
= z
2
P
1
=

2
(V
2
2
V
2
1
) =
998
2
_
kg
m
3
_
(4
2
1
2
)
_
m
2
s
2
_
P
1
= 7485 Pa
R = 1000
_
kg
m
3
_
1
_
m
s
_

4
(0.05)
2
[m
2
]
_
1
_
m
s
_
_
50
25
_
2
1
_
m
s
_
_
7485[Pa]
4
(0.05)
2
[m
2
] = 8.82 N
The tensile force in the bolts is 8.82 N.
Given:
A nozzle mounted at the exit of a pipe
D
2
= 25 mm
V
1
= 1 m/s
D
1
= 50 mm
10 kPa
z
x
2 1
Find:
The loss coecient for the nozzle
Assumptions:
no shaft work, no heat transfer
no elevation change
Analysis:
Bernoullis equation
P
1
+
V
2
1
2
+ gz
1
= P
2
+
V
2
2
2
+ gz
2
+ P
L
P
L
= P
1
+

2
_
V
2
1
V
2
2
_
P
L
= 100000[Pa] +
998
2
_
kg
m
3
_ _
1
2
_
m
2
s
2
_
4
2
_
m
2
s
2
__
P
L
= 2515 Pa
P
v
= K
m
V
2
1
2
K
m
= 5.04
The loss coecient of this nozzle based on the inlet velocity is 5.04.
Given:
A transition piece as shown
K
m
= 0.50 (based on
.
discharge velocity)
y
x
20 kPa
D
1
= 50 mm
D
2
= 80 mm
45
o
4 kg/s
2
1
Find:
Force required to hold transition in place
Assumptions:
neglect body forces
uniform inlet and outlet
Analysis:
Since we are asked to nd a force, consider the linear momentum equation.
Begin with the complete equation
___
V
gdV
__
S
P ndA+

F
v
+

R =
d
dt
___
V
(
V )dV +
__
S
V (
V
r
n)dA
Since we have no information about the mass of the transition, or even the direction
of g, we will neglect body forces.
Choose a CV which isolates the transition piece. Therefore,

R becomes the unknown
in the problem.
A uniform pressure exists at 1 and 2.
The ow is steady so
d
dt
___

V dV = 0
Use the uniform ow assumption for the last term since we have no information about
how the velocity varies across the pipe.
Now, we have
__
P ndA +

R = m(
V
2
V
1
)
V
1
=
m
A
1
=
4[kg/s]
998[kg/m
3
]
4
(0.05)
2
[m
2
]
= 2.04 m/s
V
2
=
m
A
2
_
2
2
_
( + ) =
2
2
4[kg/s]
998[kg/m
3
]
4
(0.08)
2
[m
2
]
( + ) = 0.5638( + ) m/s
Now, lets work on the pressure force term. At 1,
P
1
= 20 kPa
n =
At 2
n =
_
2
2
_
( + )
P
2
=?
We must nd P
2
using Bernoullis equation. Write Bernoullis equation (with pressure losses)
from 1 to 2.
P
1
+
V
2
1
2
= P
2
+
V
2
2
2
+ P
L
P
L
= K
m
V
2
2
2
P
2
= P
1
+

2
(V
2
1
V
2
2
) K
m
V
2
2
2
P
2
= 20, 000[Pa] +
998
2
_
kg
m
3
_
_
(2.04)
2
2(0.5638)
2
_
_
m
2
s
2
_
0.5
998
2
_
kg
m
3
_
2(0.5638)
2
_
m
2
s
2
_
P
2
= 21.6 kPa
Now, return to the momentum equation
R = P
1
A
1
+ P
2
A
2
2
2
( + ) + m(
V
2
V
1
)
R = 20, 000[Pa]
4
(0.05)
2
[m
2
] + 21, 600[Pa]
4
(0.08)
2
[m
2
]
2
2
( + )
+ 4
_
kg
s
_
(0.5638 + 0.5638 2.04)
_
m
s
_
R = (31.6 + 79.0 ) N
The force required to hold the transition in place is (31.6 +79.0 ) N in the coordinate
system shown.
Given:
A piping system as shown below
90
o
, regular, anged elbows
g
Q = 0.04 m
3
/s
water, 20
o
C
30 m
open, anged, globe valve
1
2
50 m, 2 I.D. steel pipe
Find:
P
1
P
2
Assumptions:
uniform ow at 1 and 2
no diameter change
Analysis:
Write Bernoullis equation with losses from 1 to 2.
P
1
+
V
2
1
2
+ gz
1
= P
2
+
V
2
2
2
+ gz
2
+ f
L
D
V
2
2
+
K
m
V
2
2
Since there is no diameter change, V
1
= V
2
. Also, let z
1
= 0.
P
1
P
2
= gz
2
+ f
L
D
V
2
2
+
K
m
V
2
2
P
1
P
2
= gz
2
+
V
2
2
_
f
L
D
+
K
m
_
V =
Q
A
=
0.04[m
3
/s]
(2(0.0254))
2
/4[m
2
]
= 19.74 m/s
We need to nd f. It is a function of roughness () and Reynolds number (Re). For steel
pipe, = 0.046 mm (Table 6.1). Therefore,
D
=
0.046
2(25.4)
= 0.000906
Re =
V D
=
V D
=
19.74[m/s](2(0.0254)[m])
1 10
6
[m
2
/s]
= 1 10
6
From the Colebrook equation with this (/D) and Re we get f = 0.0195. Now nd the
minor loss coecients from table 65.
K
valve
= 8.5
K
elbow
= 0.39
P
1
P
2
= 998
_
kg
m
3
_
9.81
_
m
s
2
_
30[m] +
998
2
_
kg
m
3
_
_
19.74
_
m
s
__
2
_
0.0195
50
2(0.0254)
+ 8.5 + 2(0.39)
_
P
1
P
2
= 5.83 MPa
The pressure drop between 1 and 2 is 5.83 MPa at this owrate.
Given:
A pipe connecting two reservoirs as shown
20 m
= 1000 kg/m
3
L = 5 m
D = 2 cm
2
1
= 0.05 mm
D = 4 cm
L = 5 m
b
a
= 0.001 kg/(m s)
Find:
Volume owrate between the reservoirs
Assumptions:
V
1
= V
2
= 0
P
1
= P
2
no heat transfer or shaft work
Analysis:
Write Bernoullis equation (with losses) from 1 to 2.
P
1
+
V
2
1
2
+ gz
1
= P
2
+
V
2
2
2
+ gz
2
+ f
L
D
V
2
2
+
K
m
V
2
2
gz
1
= f
a
_
L
D
_
a
V
2
a
2
+ f
b
_
L
D
_
b
V
2
b
2
+
K
m
V
2
2
Minor losses:
K
m
source
entrance 0.5 Figure 6.21
expansion 0.56 Figure 6.22
exit 1.0 Figure 6.21
gz
1
= f
a
_
L
D
_
a
V
2
a
2
+ f
b
_
L
D
_
b
V
2
b
2
+
V
2
a
2
(K
ent.
+ K
exp.
) +
V
2
b
2
(K
exit
)
From conservation of mass,
V
b
= V
a
A
a
A
b
= V
a
_
D
a
D
b
_
2
gz
1
=
V
2
a
2
_
_
f
L
D
_
a
+
_
f
L
D
_
b
_
D
a
D
b
_
4
+ K
ent.
+ K
exp.
+ K
exit
_
D
a
D
b
_
4
_
_

D
_
a
=
0.05[mm]
20[mm]
= 0.0025
_

D
_
b
=
0.05[mm]
40[mm]
= 0.00125
392.4 = V
2
a
_
250f
a
+
125
16
f
b
+ 1.1225
_
Initial guess, fully rough zone f
a
= 0.025, f
b
= 0.021.
Procedure:
calculate V
a
from the previous equation
use V
a
to get Re
a
and Re
b
use Re
a
and Re
b
to get new f
a
and f
b
repeat if necessary
V
a
Re
a
f
a
Re
b
f
b
7.22 144,300 0.026 72,200 0.024
7.09 141,770 0.026 70,900 0.024
This result is converged because the fs have stopped changing.
The volume owrate between the reservoirs is 0.00223 m
3
/s.
Given:
The head versus owrate characteristics of a pump
Water is pumped through 100 m of 20 cm diameter cast iron pipe
Water temperature is 20
o
C
Flowrate, m
3
/s
Parabola
P
u
m
p
h
e
a
d
,
m
2.5 0
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 1.5 2 0.5
Find:
Flowrate
Assumptions:
no elevation change
no minor losses
pump inlet the same diameter as exit pipe
pump inlet pressure same as pipe exit pressure
no heat transfer
Analysis:
Writing Bernoullis equation from the inlet of the pump (1) to the exit of the pipe (2) gives,
P
1
+
V
2
1
2
+ gz
1
= P
2
+
V
2
2
2
+ gz
2
+ P
f
+ P
m
P
p
With the assumptions stated above this reduces to
P
f
= P
p
or
h
f
= h
p
The pump curve can be described by,
h
p
= 80 20Q
2
where Q is in m
3
/s and h
p
is in m. The frictional head loss is
h
f
= f
L
D
Q
2
2gA
2
.
(80 20Q
2
)[m] = f
_
100[m]
0.2[m]
_
Q
2
2(9.81[m/s
2
])
_
4
(0.2[m])
2
_
2
80 = 25, 821fQ
2
+ 20Q
2
Q =
_
80
25, 821f + 20
For cast iron pipe, = 0.26 mm so /D = 0.0013. The fully rough friction factor for this
/D is f = 0.0210. Therefore,
Q = 0.3772 m
3
/s
Check the Reynolds number.
Re =
V D
=
V D
=
QD
A
= 2.4 10
6
This is fully rough so we can accept the answer.
The ow rate is 0.377 m
3
/s.
Given:
Flow around a bridge pier
U
= 5 m/s
P
= 50 kPa
stagnation point is 1 m upstream of source
2 m
x
1 m
A
y
Find:
Pressure at point A
Assumptions:
two-dimensional ow
incompressible, steady ow
inviscid, irrotational ow
Analysis:
Must nd the source strength required to give the stagnation point 1 m upstream of the
source. Place the source at the origin.
Therefore, for the source
v
r
=
m
r
At the stagnation point, u = 0. Therefore,
0 = U
m
r
0 = 5
_
m
s
_
m
1[m]
Therefore, m = 5 m
2
/s. Now we need the velocity at point A.
=
freestream
+
source
= U
r sin + m
Therefore,
v
=

r
= U
sin
v
r
=
1
r
= U
cos +
m
r
We need the (r, ) coordinates of point A to nd these velocities. At the stagnation point
= , r = 1 m/s. Therefore,
sp
= 0 +m = m
Since A is on the same streamline
A
= m
In (x, y) coordinates.
= U
y + mtan
1
_
y
x
_
at A,
5[m
2
/s] = 5[m/s]2[m] + 5[m
2
/s] tan
1
_
2
x
_
x
A
= 0.9153
r
A
=
_
(0.9153)
2
+ (2)
2
= 2.200 m
A
= tan
1
_
2
0.9152
_
= 1.142 rad
Therefore,
V
2
A
= v
2
+ v
2
r
= (5 sin(1.142))
2
+ (5 cos(1.142) + 5/2.200)
2
V
2
A
= 39.61 m
2
/s
2
P
A
= P
+
1
2
(V
2
V
2
A
) = 50, 000[Pa] +
1000
2
_
kg
m
3
_
(5
2
39.61)
_
m
s
_
P
A
= 42.7 kPa
The pressure at A is 42.7 kPa.
Given:
A pair of doublets as shown
U
= 10 m/s
x
U
= 10 m/s
doublets
30
o
2 m
2 m 2 m
y
Find:
Doublet strength
Pressure at the origin
Assumptions:
two-dimensional ow
Analysis:
=
fs
+
d1
+
d2
= U
(y cos xsin )
sin
1
r
1
sin
2
r
2
= U
(y cos xsin )
(y 2)
(y 2)
2
+ (x 2)
2

(y 2)
(y 2)
2
+ (x + 2)
2
0,0
=
4,1
0,0
= 0
(2)
(2)
2
+ (2)
2

(2)
(2)
2
+ (2)
2
0,0
=
2
8
+
2
8
=

2
4,1
= 10(cos 30
o
4 sin 30
o
)
(1)
(1)
2
+ (2)
2

(1)
(1)
2
+ (6)
2
4,1
= 11.34 +

5
+

37
=

2
_
1
2

1
5

1
37
_
= 11.34
= 41.54 m
3
/s
The doublet strength must be 41.54 m
3
/s.
By symmetry, only the freestream contributes to the velocity at the origin. Therefore, the
pressure there is the same as the pressure far away from the doublets.
The pressure at the origin is P
.
Given:
A landing gear strut
U
= 45 m/s
= 1.2 kg/m
3
A
U
12 cm 12 cm
B
sink source
30 cm
Find:
P
A
P
B
Assumptions:
two-dimensional ow
Analysis:
A Rankine oval can be modelled by superimposing a source and a sink with the freestream.
=
fs
+
source
+
sink
= U
r sin + m
source
m
sink
Find m.
At the stagnation point, u = 0.
0 = U
m
(0.15 0.12)
+
m
(0.15 + 0.12)
m = 1.519 m
2
/s
Need V
B
.
At B, v = 0. Therefore, we only need u at B.
= U
y + mtan
1
_
y
x + a
_
mtan
1
_
y
x a
_
u =

y
= U
+
m
1 +
_
y
x+a
_
2
_
1
x + a
_
m
1 +
_
y
xa
_
2
_
1
x a
_
PROBLEM!!!!! Dont know y at B.
B
=
sp
= 0
0 = 45y + 1.519 tan
1
_
y
0.12
_
1.519 tan
1
_
y
0.12
_
Note that
tan
1
_
y
0.12
_
= tan
1
_
y
0.12
_
0 = 45y + 2(1.519) tan
1
_
y
0.12
_
(1.519)
45y = 1.519 2(1.519) tan
1
_
y
0.12
_
y = 0.07027 m
Now,
u
B
= 45 + 1.519
_
1
1 + (
0.07027
0.12
)
2
_
1
0.12
__
2
u
B
= 63.85 m/s
P
A
+
1
2
U
2
A
= P
B
=
1
2
U
2
B
P
A
P
B
=
1
2
U
2
B
=
1.2
2
(63.85)
2
P
A
P
B
= 2.45 kPa
The pressure dierence between points A and B is 2.45 kPa.
Given:
Flow over a circular cylinder creating no lift
a
U
g
L
A
x
y
Find:
Derive an expression for the velocity along the positive y axis in terms of U
, a, and
y.
Sketch this function.
Consider the streamline labelled A. Far upstream of the cylinder this streamline is a
distance L from the horizontal plane of symmetry. At what distance from the origin
does the streamline cross the y axis?
Assumptions:
two-dimensional ow
Analysis:
Non-lifting ow over a cylinder can be modelled by a doublet and a freestream.
=
fs
+
doublet
= U
r sin
sin
r
= sin (U
r

r
)
At the stagnation point, = and r = a. Therefore,
sp
= 0
Therefore, = 0 on the circle. Therefore,
U
a

a
= 0
= U
a
2
= U
sin (r
a
2
r
)
Along the y axis, v
r
= 0
v
r
= U
sin
_
1 +
a
2
r
2
_
=

2
v
/2
= U
_
1 +
a
2
r
2
_
Along the positive y axis, u = v
. Therefore
u
U
= 1 +
a
2
r
2
The velocity along the positive y axis is given by
u
U
= 1 +
a
2
r
2
.
sp
= U
A
= U
L
U
L = U
sin
_
2
_
_
r
a
2
r
_
L = r
a
2
r
r
2
Lr a
2
= 0
1
u/U
r/a 1
2
r =
L
2

_
L
2
+ a
2
_
Since r > a, we want the positive root.
r =
L
2
+
_
L
2
+ a
2
_
The streamline labelled A crosses the y axis at a distance of
L
2
+
_
L
2
+ a
2
_
from the origin.
Given:
Flow around a circular cylinder
U
= 20 m/s
= 1.2 kg/m
3
Volume owrate per unit length between streamlines A and B is 1.19 m
2
/s.
Streamline B passes through point (x, y) = (0, 0.12m)
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
B
A
y
x
(x, y) = (0, 0.12 m)
Find:
Lift force per unit length
Assumptions:
two-dimensional ow
Analysis:
This ow can be modelled by combining a freestream, a doublet, and a vortex.
=
fs
+
doublet
+
vortex
= U
r sin
sin
r
K ln
_
r
a
_
For = 0 on r = a,
0 = U
a sin
sin
a
= U
a
2
A
= Q = 1.19 m
2
/s
Therefore,
B
= 1.19 m
2
/s
Now, at (x, y) = (0, 0.12 m)
1.19
_
m
2
s
_
= 20
_
m
s
_
(0.12[m])
20[m/s](0.1)
2
[m
2
]
0.12[m]
K ln
_
0.12[m]
0.1[m]
_
K = 2.505 m
2
/s
= 2K = 15.74 m
2
/s
Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
F
L
= U
F
L
= 1.2
_
kg
m
3
_
20
_
m
s
_
_
15.74
_
m
2
s
__
F
L
= 378 N/m
The lift force per unit length is 378 N/m.

Fluid Mechanics Example Problems Explained

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ME 215.

2 m holds back a pool of water with

= 10 m/s. The velocity

, what is the pressure at the origin?

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k) N on the cart. The coordinate system is

75 ME 215.3 Example Problems

V dV ) in (ii) is greater than in (i) because the column of liquid

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