Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the science of the small; the very small. It is the use and manipulation of matter at a tiny scale. At this size, atoms and molecules work differently, and provide a variety of surprising and interesting uses. The prefix of nanotechnology derives from nanos the Greek word for dwarf. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or to put it comparatively, about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair. The image1 shows a further size comparison.

Nanotechnology should not be viewed as a single technique that only affects specific areas. It is more of a catch-all term for a science which is benefiting a whole array of areas, from the environment, to healthcare, to hundreds of commercial products. Although often referred to as the ' tiny science' nanotechnology does not simply mean , very small structures and products. Nanoscale features are often incorporated into bulk materials and large surfaces Nanotechnology is already in many of the everyday objects around us, but this is only the start. It will allow limitations in many existing technologies to be overcome and thus has the potential to be part of every industry: Health and medicine - With advances in diagnostic technologies, doctors will be able to give patients complete health checks quickly and routinely. If any medication is required this will be tailored specifically to the individual based on their genetic makeup, thus preventing unwanted side-effects. As a result, the health system will become preventative rather than curative.
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Double Walled Nanotube, Homepage of Dr. Chris Ewels, http://www.ewels.info/img/science/gallery/DWNT.jpg. Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Mariam Salib

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Society and the environment - Renewable energy will become the norm. For example, solar cells based on quantum dots could be as much as 85% efficient. Wind, wave, and geothermal energy will also be tapped more effectively using new materials and stored or delivered more efficiently through advances in batteries and hydrogen fuel cells. New ambient sensor systems will allow us to monitor our effect on the environment and take immediate action, rather than waiting to see. Nanotechnology will also help us clean up existing pollution and make better use of the resources available to us. New materials - Nanomaterials such as quantum dots, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes will have applications in many different sectors because of their new properties. So quantum dots can be used in solar cells, but also in optoelectronics, and as imaging agents in medical diagnostics. Carbon nanotubes can be used in displays, as electronic connectors, as strengthening materials for polymer composites, and even as nanoscale drug dispensors. Fullerenes can be used in cosmetics, as containers for the delivery of drugs, in medical diagnostics, and even as nanoscale lubricants.

Nanoscale materials and devices hold great promise for advanced diagnostics, sensors, targeted drug delivery, smart drugs, screening and novel cellular therapies.1 The future of nanotechnology has great potential. However, it also has the potential to change society more than the industrial revolution. It will affect everyone and so should be developed for everyone.

References:
Nanoforum.org: European Nanotechnology Gateway. www.nanoforum.org.
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[Nanotechnology] , Harvard University. Massachusetts General Hospital. Center for Molecular Imaging Research, cmir.mgh.harvard.edu/imgs/nano/main.png. Bibliotheca Alexandrina Compiled by Mariam Salib

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Bibliography
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Schulte, Jurgen, ed. Nanotechnology: Global Strategies, Industry Trends and Applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2005. BA Call Number: 620.5 N186g (B1) Vo-Dinh, Tuan, ed. Protein Nanotechnology: Protocols, Instrumentation, and Applications. Methods in Molecular Biology 300. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. BA Call Number: 572.6 P9674p (B1) Waser, Rainer, ed. Nanoelectronics and Information Technology: Advanced Electronic Materials and Novel Devices. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003. BA Call Number: 620.5 (B1) Vi ovsk, tefan. Optics in Magnetic Multilayers and Nanostructures. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006. BA Call Number: 538.4 V832 (B1) Yao, Nan, and Zhong Lin Wang, eds. Handbook of Microscopy for Nanotechnology. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2005. BA Call Number: 620.5 H23617 (B1)

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Hirose, Kikuji, et al. First-Principles Calculations in Real-Space Formalism : Electronic Configurations and Transport Properties of Nanostructures. London: Imperial College Press, 2005. ebrary Reader e-book. Source: ebrary (Database) Kawa, Jamil, Charles Chiang, and Raul Camposano. EDA Challenges in Nano-Scale Technology. In Proceedings of the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference 2006. New York: IEEE, 200-. PDF e-book. Source: IEEE Xplore (Database) Manasreh, Omar. Semiconductor Heterojunctions and Nanostructures. McGraw-Hill Nanoscience and Technology Series. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005. ebrary Reader e-book. Source: ebrary (Database) Mansoori, G. Ali. Principles of Nanotechnology: Molecular-Based Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2005. ebrary Reader e-book. Source: ebrary (Database) Osawa, Eiji, ed. Perspective of Fullerene Nanotechnology. New York: Kluwer Academic, 2002. ebrary Reader e-book. Source: ebrary (Database) Sasses, Jennifer. Nanotechnologys Invisible Threat: Small Science, Big Consequences. NRDC Issue Paper. New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 2007. PDF e-book. Source: www.nrdc.org/health/science/nano/nano.pdf accessed 17 July 2007 Tomnek, David. Computational Nanotechnology: From Clusters to Devices. In AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 777. No. 1. New York: American Institute of Physics, 2005. PDF e-book. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) United States. National Academies. Institute of Medicine. Board on Health Sciences Policy. Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. Implications of Nanotechnology for Environmental Health Research. Edited by Lynn Goldman and Christine Coussens. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005. ebrary Reader e-book. Source: ebrary (Database)

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Articles
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Chiuman, William, and Yingfu Li. Efficient Signaling Platforms Built from a Small Catalytic DNA and Doubly Labeled Fluorogenic Substrates. Nucleic Acids Research 35, no. 2 (2007): 401-405. Source: nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/2/401?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESU LTFORMAT=&fulltext=nanotechnology&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=20&resourcetype= HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007] Couvreur, P., et al.Nanotechnologies for Drug Delivery: Application to Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 34, no. 2-4 ( July 2006): 231235. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Drezet, A., et al. Surface Plasmon Mediated Near-Field Imaging and Optical Addressing in Nanoscience. Micron 38, no. 4 (June 2007): 427-437. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Ebbesen, Mette, and Thomas G. Jensen. Nanomedicine: Techniques, Potentials, and Ethical Implications. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology (2006): 1-11. Source: www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/JBB/2006/51516 [accessed 29 August 2007] Endo, Tatsuro, et al. Excitation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Using a Core Shell Structured Nanoparticle Layer Substrate and its Application for Label-Free Detection of Biomolecular Interactions. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 21 (30 May 2007): 1-10. Source: www.iop.org/EJ/article/0953-8984/19/21/215201/cm7_21_215201.pdf [accessed 29 August 2007] Faber, Brenton. Popularizing Nanoscience: The Public Rhetoric of Nanotechnology, 19861999. Technical Communication Quarterly 15, no. 2 (April 2006): 141-169. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Ferrari, Mauro, and Gregory Downing. Medical Nanotechnology: Shortening Clinical Trials and Regulatory Pathways?. BioDrugs 19, no. 4 (2005): 203-210. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Ferrari, Mauro. Cancer Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Challenges. Nature Reviews Cancer 5, no. 3 (March 2005): 161-171. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database)

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Ford, M. J., C. Masens, and M. B. Cortie.The Application of Gold Surfaces and Particles in Nanotechnology. Surface Review & Letters 13, no. 2/3 (April 2006): 297-307. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Garnett, Martin. Nanomedicines: Delivering Drugs Using Bottom Up Nanotechnology. International Journal of Nanoscience 4, no. 5/6 (October-December 2005): 855-861. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Granqvist, C. G . Nanomaterials for Benign Indoor Environments: Electrochromics for Smart Windows, Sensors for Air Quality and Photo-Catalysts for Air Cleaning. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 91, no. 4 (15 February 2007): 355-365. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Grunwald, Armin. Nanotechnology - A New Field of Ethical Inquiry?. Science & Engineering Ethics 11, no. 2 (April 2005): 187-201. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Gulson, Brian, and Herbert Wong. Stable Isotopic Tracing -- A Way Forward for Nanotechnology. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 10 (October 2006): 1486-1488. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Guz, I. A., et al. Developing the Mechanical Models for Nanomaterials. Composites. Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing 38, no. 4, (April 2007): 1234-1250. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Heijkants, Ralf G. J. C. Nanotechnology Delivers Microcoatings. Medical Device Technology 17, no. 8 (October 2006): 14-16. Source: TOC Premier (Database) Hudson, L.K., J. Eastoe, and P. J. Dowding Nanotechnology in Action: Overbased Nanodetergents as Lubricant Oil Additives. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 123-126, (16 November 2006): 425-431. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Jayasinghe, S. N., and N. Suter. Aerodynamically Assisted Jetting: A Pressure Driven Approach for Processing Nanomaterials. Micro & Nano Letters 1, no. 1 (July 2006): 35-38. Source: IEEE Xplore (Database)

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Jiang, Chunhai, Eiji Hosono, and Haoshen Zhou. Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Batteries. Nano Today 1, no. 4 (November 2006): 28-33. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Johnson, Ann. Institutions for Simulations: The Case Nanotechnology. Science Studies 19, no. 1 (June 2006): 35-51. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) of Computational

Jord-Beneyto, M., et al. Hydrogen Storage on Chemically Activated Carbons and Carbon Nanomaterials at High Pressures. Carbon 45, no. 2 (February 2007): 293-303. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Journal of Nanoparticles Research 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2006), Nanoparticles and Occupational Health. Source: www.springerlink.com/content/p13817kll818/?sortorder=asc&p_o=0 [accessed 29 August 2007] Kassies, R., et al. Combined AFM and Confocal Fluorescence Microscope for Applications in Bio-Nanotechnology. Journal of Microscopy 217, no. 1 (January 2005): 109-116. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Katzel, Jeanine .The Amazing World of Nanotechnology. Control Engineering 53, no. 7 (July 2006): 66-71. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Kim, Eun-Young, et al. A Real-Time PCR-Based Method for Determining the Surface Coverage of Thiol-Capped Oligonucleotides Bound onto Gold Nanoparticles. Nucleic Acids Research 34, no. 7 (2006). Source: nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/7/e54?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESU LTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=nanotechnolog y&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=40&sortspec=relevance&fdate=1/ 1/2006&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007]

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Kim, Jun Sung, et al. Toxicity and Tissue Distribution of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Mice. Toxicological Sciences 89, no. 1 (2006): 338-347. Source: toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/89/1/338?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RES ULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=nanotechnolo gy&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=30&sortspec=relevance&fdate=1 /1/2006&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007] Kim, Juyoung, Justin D. Mann, and Soonjo Kwon .Enhanced Regeneration with Lignocellulose-Based Phosphorus Removal Media Coating Nanotechnology. Journal of Environmental Science & Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 41, no. 87-100. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Adsorption and Using Molecular Health. Part A. 1 (January 2006):

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Lu,Yi, and Juewen Liu. Functional DNA Nanotechnology: Emerging Applications of DNAzymes and Aptamers. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 17, no. 6 (December 2006): 580-588. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Madou, Marc. Nanotechnology: Dry versus Wet Engineering?. Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry 384, no. 1(December 2005): 4-6. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Maynard, Andrew D. Nanotechnology: The Next Big Thing, or Much Ado about Nothing?. Annual Occupational Hygiene 51, no. 1 (2007): 1-12. Source: annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/51/1/1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RES ULTFORMAT=1&title=nanotechnology&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and &andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&fdate=1/1 /2006&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007] Mazur, Carlos, and Andr Auberton-Herve .Engineering Wafers for the Nanotechnology Era. Semiconductor International 29, no. 3 (March 2006): 36-42. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) McShame, Brian. Nanotechnology. Professional Safety 51, no. 3 (March 2006): 28-34. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Miura, Kouichi, et al. Nano-Reactor for Producing High Performance Nanomaterials. Chemical Engineering Science (2007?). Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Mohamadi, Mohamad Reza, et al. Nanotechnology for Genomics and Proteomics. Nano Today 1, no. 1 (February 2006): 38-45. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Moser, H. O., et al. Making and Measuring Nanostructures: Nanoscience and Technology at the Singapore Synchrotron Light Source. Crystallography Reports 51, suppl. (2006): S170-S182. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Myers, Marc D., and Andrew S. Gurwood. Is Nanotechnology The Next Frontier In Eye Care?. Review of Optometry 143, no. 8 ( August 2006): 62-72. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database)

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Nanotechnology, Fuel Cells, and the Future. Global Environmental Change Report 17, no. 6 (June 2005): 1-4. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Nasalean, Lorena, et al. Controlling RNA Self-Assembly to Form Filaments. Nucleic Acids Research 34, no. 5 (March 2006): 1381-1392. Source: nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/5/1381?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESU LTFORMAT=&fulltext=nanotechnology&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=10&resourcetype= HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007] Pan, Fenggang, et al. Fabrication of Au-DNA-Au Nanostructure with New-Type DNAAu Conjugate. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, no. 50 (2006): 317-318. Source: nass.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/1/317?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESU LTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=nanotechnolog y&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=10&sortspec=relevance&fdate=1/ 1/2006&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007] Pandey, Rajesh, and G. K. Khuller. Oral Nanoparticle-Based Antituberculosis Drug Delivery to the Brain in an Experimental Model. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 57, (2006): 1146-1152. Source: jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/57/6/1146?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESU LTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=nanotechnolog y&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=50&sortspec=relevance&fdate=1/ 1/2006&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007] Pedroso, Seidy, and Isabel Alicia Guillen. Microarray and Nanotechnology Applications of Functional Nanoparticles. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 9, no. 5 ( June 2006): 389-397. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Petrovi , Z. Lj., et al. Data and Modeling of Negative Ion Transport in Gases of Interest for Production of Integrated Circuits and Nanotechnologies. Applied Surface Science 253, no. 16 (15 June 2007): 6619-6640. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Prasad, Paras N. Emerging Opportunities at the Interface of Photonics, Nanotechnology and Biotechnology. Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals 446, no. 1 (2006): 1-10. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database)

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Puurunen, Karina, and Petri Vasara. Opportunities for Utilising Nanotechnology in Reaching Near-Zero Emissions in the Paper Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 15, no. 13-14 (September 2007): 1287-1294. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Qiao, Wei, et al. Hub-based Simulation and Graphics Hardware Accelerated Visualization for Nanotechnology Applications. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 12, no. 5 (September-October 2006): 1061-1068. Source: IEEE Xplore (Database) Rae, Alan. How Nanotechnology Applies to Electronics. Printed Circuit Design & Manufacture 23, no. 9 (September 2006): 22-27. Source: TOC Premier (Database) Rangelow, Ivo W. Scanning Proximity Probes for Nanoscience and Nanofabrication. Microelectronic Engineering 83, no. 4-9, (April-September 2006): 1449-1455. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Reinert, Kevin, Larry Andrews, and Russell Keenan. Nanotechnology Nexus Intersection of Research, Science, Technology, and Regulation. Human & Ecological Risk Assessment 12, no. 5 (October 2006): 811-818. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Salamanca-Buentello, Fabio, et al. Nanotechnology and the Developing World. PLoS Medicine 2, no. 5 (May 2005): 383-386. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Schulte, Paul A., and Fabio Salamanca-Buentello. Ethical and Scientific Issues of Nanotechnology in the Workplace. Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 1 (January 2007): 5-12. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Schummer, Joachim. Gestalt Switch in Molecular Image Perception: The Aesthetic Origin of Molecular Nanotechnology in Supramolecular Chemistry. Foundations of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2006): 53-72. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) She, James Pei M. and John T. W. Yeow. Nanotechnology-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks: From a Device Perspective. IEEE Sensors Journal 6, no. 5 (October 2006): 1331-1339. Source: IEEE Xplore (Database)

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Silva, Gabriel A. Neuroscience Nanotechnology: Progress, Opportunities and Challenges. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 65-74. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Singer, Peter. Nanotechnology: Turning Nanoscience into Nanomanufacturing. Semiconductor International 30, no. 1 ( January 2007): 36-40. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Sobolev, Konstantin, and Miguel Ferrada Gutrrez. How Nanotechnology Can Change the Concrete World: Part One of a Two-Part Series. American Ceramic Society Bulletin 84, no. 10 (October 2005): 14-17. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Sobolev, Konstantin, and Miguel Ferrada Gutrrez. How Nanotechnology Can Change the Concrete World: Part Two of a Two-Part Series. American Ceramic Society Bulletin 84, no. 11 (November 2005): 16-19. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Staszczuk, P. World of Nanostructures - Nanotechnology Surface Properties of Chosen Nanomaterials. Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry 79, no. 3 (March 2005): 545-554. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Stylios, George, Taoyu Wan, and Peter Giannoudis. Present Status and Future Potential of Enhancing Bone Healing Using Nanotechnology. Injury 38, no. 1, Suppl. 1 (March 2007): S63-S74. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Sweet, Leonard, and Bradford Strohm. NanotechnologyLife-Cycle Risk Management. Human & Ecological Risk Assessment 12, no. 3 (June 2006): 528-551. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Teker, Kasif, Eric Wickstrom and Balaji Panchapakesan. Biomolecular Tuning of Electronic Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes via Antibody Functionalization. IEEE Sensors Journal 6, no. 6 (December 2006): 1422-1428. Source: IEEE Xplore (Database) Tjong, S. C., and Haydn Chen. Nanocrystalline Materials and Coatings. Materials Science and Engineering. R. Reports: A Review Journal 45, no. 1-2 (30 September 2004): 1-88. Source: ScienceDirect (Database)

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Tomnek, David. Computational Nanotechnology: From Clusters to Devices. AIP Conference Proceedings 777, no. 1 (2005): 118-122. Source: Academic Search Complete (Database) Tratnyek, Paul G. and Richard L. Johnson Nanotechnologies for Environmental Cleanup. Nano Today 1, no. 2 (May 2006): 44-48. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Uldrich, Jack. A Cautionary Tale: Nanotechnology and The Changing Face of the Electric Utility Industry. Management Quarterly 47, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 16-26. Source: TOC Premier (Database) Warheit, David B., et al. Pulmonary Instillation Studies with Nanoscale TiO2 Rods and Dots in Rats: Toxicity Is Not Dependent upon Particle Size and Surface Area. Toxicological Sciences 91, no.1 (2006): 227-236. Source: toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/91/1/227?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RES ULTFORMAT=1&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=nanotechnolo gy&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=60&sortspec=relevance&fdate=1 /1/2006&resourcetype=HWCIT [accessed 29 August 2007] Yu, B., and M. Meyyappan.Nanotechnology: Role in Emerging Nanoelectronics. Solid-State Electronics 50, no. 4 (April 2006): 536-544. Source: ScienceDirect (Database) Yu, Min-Feng, Masood Z. Atashbar and Xiaolong Chen. Mechanical and Electrical Characterization of -Ga 2O3 Nanostructures for Sensing Applications IEEE Sensors Journal 5, no. 1 ( Feb. 2005): 2025. Source: IEEE Xplore (Database) Zch, M., et al. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Advanced Energy Systems. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 10, no. 3-4 (June-August 2006): 132-143. Source: ScienceDirect (Database)

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Periodicals
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Web Resources
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